[ {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "MONSTRELET, VOL. 10 [OF 13] ***\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n _H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London_\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART finishes,\n and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by others to\n the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES ... VOL. X.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE TENTH VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n The king of France countermands his summons\n to the duke of Burgundy, forbids\n him to come to Montargis, and orders\n him to send thither three or four of his\n nobles to consult with the other peers of\n France. Slight mention made of the sentence\n passed on the duke of Alen\u00e7on in\n the town of Vend\u00f4me, with the reservation\n CHAP. II.\n The king's sentence on the duke d'Alen\u00e7on\n read in his presence while seated on his\n judgment-seat, by his chancellor 6\n CHAP. III.\n The English make an inroad on the Boulonnois\n from Calais. The duke of Burgundy\n sends an embassy to the pope, and fortifies\n his towns against the English. Arthur\n of Brittany dies, and is succeeded in\n the dukedom by the count d'Estampes.\n CHAP. IV.\n The king of France summons the twelve\n peers of France to the town of Montargis,\n to hear sentence passed on the duke\n d'Alen\u00e7on. Of the death of pope Calixtus.\n The king transfers the court of justice\n CHAP. V.\n The duke of Alen\u00e7on is convicted, and condemned\n to death for having intended to\n deliver up his strong places to the English,\n the ancient enemies of France, and to introduce\n CHAP. VI.\n The ambassadors from England are denied\n access to the king of France. The duke\n of Cleves attends the meeting of princes\n at Mantua. The dauphiness brought to\n bed of a son at Genappe. The king of\n Scotland killed by a splinter from a bomb 41\n CHAP. VII.\n Slight mention made of the rebellion and\n discord in England. Other incidents 48\n CHAP. VIII.\n Edward earl of Marche, eldest son to the\n late duke of York, defeats in battle queen\n Margaret of England and obtains the\n crown by means of the Londoners. The\n CHAP. IX.\n King Charles of France, having been told\n that it was intended to poison him, fell\n CHAP. X.\n Twelve houses are burnt in the village of\n Juchy, near Cambray. The duke of Burgundy\n holds the feast of the Golden\n Fleece, at St Omer. The dauphiness\n brought to bed of a princess, at Genappe.\n Ambassadors from the Holy Land come to\n the court of France, and thence to the\n CHAP. XI.\n Of the death of Charles VII. king of\n France. Of the troubles and difficulties\n he had to encounter at the commencement\n of his reign, and of his glorious and great\n CHAP. XII.\n The dauphin and the duke of Burgundy\n make preparations to go to Rheims, for\n the coronation of the dauphin. Of the\n interment of the late king Charles. The\n coronation of king Louis XI. at Rheims.\n CHAP. XIII.\n King Louis XI. makes his public entry into\n Paris. The handsome reception he meets\n with. The great magnificence of the\n duke of Burgundy and his attendants 77\n CHAP. XIV.\n The king and the duke of Burgundy take\n leave of each other, and depart from Paris.\n Events that happened in divers parts 85\n CHAP. XV.\n The count de Charolois waits on the king\n of France at Tours, where he is magnificently\n entertained. He loses himself\n while at the chase. He returns to Artois\n through Normandy, of which the king\n CHAP. XVI.\n Duke Philip of Burgundy dangerously ill,\n but recovers. Other matters which happened\n CHAP. XVII.\n A more particular account of the funeral\n services performed at Paris and St Denis,\n on the death of king Charles VII. of\n CHAP. XVIII.\n The disgraceful death of John Coustain,\n master of the wardrobe to duke Philip of\n Burgundy. The cause of it. The death\n CHAP. XIX.\n The duke of Burgundy causes a number of\n rogues and vagabonds to be executed in\n his country of Artois. The death of the\n abbot of St Vaast at Arras. Other events.\n Taunting replies made by the lord de Chimay\n CHAP. XX.\n The duchess of Bourbon comes to reside\n with her brother the duke of Burgundy.\n The king of France grants succours to the\n queen of England. Other events that\n CHAP. XXI.\n Of the many different events that happened\n during the course of the above year. Of\n the hard fortune of Margaret queen of\n CHAP. XXII.\n The king of France gives the county of\n Guisnes to the lord de Croy. The count\n d'Estampes quits his attachment to the\n house of Burgundy. Other events 127\n CHAP. XXIII.\n The king of France repurchases the towns\n and lands on the river Somme that had\n been pledged to the duke of Burgundy.\n He meets the duke at H\u00eadin. Other\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The death of the dowager queen of France.\n The king summons the count de Saint\n Pol and the lord de Genly to appear personally\n before him. The marriage of the\n son of the duke of Gueldres. The abolition\n CHAP. XXV.\n A coolness takes place between the duke of\n Burgundy and his son the count de Charolois.\n The count makes heavy complaints\n against the lord de Croy to the\n deputies of the three estates assembled by\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The answer of the deputies of the estates of\n Flanders to the count de Charolois. Peace\n restored between him and his father the\n duke of Burgundy. The king of France\n CHAP. XXVII.\n Of the expedition of the bastard of Burgundy.\n The king of France detains prisoner\n Philip of Savoy, notwithstanding\n he had given him a safe conduct. The\n count de St Pol pacifies the king of\n France. A battle shortly noticed to have\n taken place in England. Other matters 159\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n The king of France comes to H\u00eadin a second\n time. What passed at the meeting\n between him and the duke of Burgundy.\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The bastard de Reubempr\u00e9 is sent to Holland,\n to attempt to take the count de Charolois.\n CHAP. XXX.\n The king of France summons deputies from\n the towns on the Somme, and from other\n places to come before him. His harangues\n to them. He appoints the count de Nevers\n governor of Picardy, and sends an\n embassy to the duke of Burgundy, at\n CHAP. XXXI.\n The answer of the count de Charolois to\n the ambassadors from France. The king\n of France orders Crevec\u0153ur, near Cambray,\n to be taken possession of. The\n duke of Burgundy sends an embassy to\n the king of France. The death of the\n CHAP. XXXII.\n The marriage of king Edward of England,\n and the alliance he wishes to form with\n France. The bastards of Burgundy return\n from their expedition. The duke\n of Burgundy dangerously ill. The family\n of Croy are dismissed from their\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n A copy of the letters which the count de\n Charolois sent to the nobles and principal\n towns under the dominion of the duke\n of Burgundy, to explain the reasons why\n he had dismissed the lord de Croy and\n his friends from his father's service 197\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n The duke of Berry, only brother to the\n king of France, withdraws himself from\n the court of France, and takes refuge\n with the duke of Brittany. The count\n de Dammartin escapes from prison. Letters\n from the duke of Berry to the duke\n CHAP. XXXV.\n A correspondence takes place between the\n king of France and the duke of Bourbon.\n The king publishes other letters throughout\n his realm, and the count de Nevers\n issues proclamations in all the towns within\n his lieutenancy for the king of France 216\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n The duke of Burgundy pardons his son.\n He orders a large body of men to be\n raised for the assistance of the duke of\n Berry against his brother the king of\n France. Other events that happened at\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The count de Charolois takes leave of the\n duke of Burgundy, and marches his army\n and artillery toward France. He crosses\n the river Somme, and subjects to his obedience\n the towns of Neelle, Roye, and\n Mondidier. He besieges Beaulieu, and\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The count de Charolois passes the river\n Oise, advances to St Denis, and draws up\n his army in battle-array before Paris.\n The count de St Pol gains possession of\n the bridge of St Cloud, and crosses the\n Seine with his division of the count's\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n The king determines to combat the count\n de Charolois. A battle takes place below\n CHAP. XL.\n The conduct of the count de Charolois after\n the victory he had gained over the king\n of France. The consequences of it in\n CHAP. XLI.\n The dukes of Berry and of Brittany meet\n the count de Charolois at Estampes, where\n they are also joined by the dukes of Bourbon,\n of Calabria, and of Nemours, with\n the count d'Armagnac and others of their\n confederation. The king of France leaves\n CHAP. XLII.\n The various accounts of the success of the\n battle of Montlehery that were reported\n CHAP. XLIII.\n The king of France forms an alliance with\n the Liegeois, to make war on the duke\n of Burgundy and the count de Charolois.\n They besiege the town of Luxembourg 268\n CHAP. XLIV.\n The inhabitants of the town of Dinant insult\n the count de Charolois with mockeries.\n The king of France meets the\n count de Charolois at Conflans. The\n duke of Bourbon takes the town of\n CHAP. XLV.\n The death of the countess de Charolois.\n The count de Nevers is made prisoner in\n the castle of Peronne. The Liegeois are\n discomfited at Montenac. The treaty of\n Conflans, between the king of France\n and the confederated princes 281\n CHAP. XLVI.\n A royal edict respecting what the king of\n France had conceded to the count de Charolois\n CHAP. XLVII.\n The king is present at a review of the count\n de Charolois' army. The count takes\n leave of the king, and marches his army\n against the Liegeois. The duke of Berry\n does homage to the king for the duchy\n CHAP. XLVIII.\n The entry of the duke of Berry into Rouen.\n The king of France goes into Normandy\n and retakes possession of that duchy. He\n causes some of the lords of that country,\n who had supported his brother, to be\n CHAP. XLIX.\n The count de Charolois enters the country\n of Liege with his army. The Liegeois\n demand and obtain a truce, but, although\n a peace is made, it does not last long 306\n CHAP. L.\n After the treaty concluded at Saint Tron,\n the inhabitants attempt to murder the\n men of the count de Charolois, but are\n overpowered. The count returns to his\n father at Brussels. The king of France\n raises a large army, in consequence of\n which the count de Charolois puts himself\n CHAP. LI.\n The Liegeois in Dinant break the peace, and\n recommence the war against the duke of\n Burgundy. Dinant is besieged and battered\n CHAP. LII.\n Dinant is forced to surrender to the will of\n the duke of Burgundy. The treatment\n it receives, for a perpetual example to\n other towns in a like situation 325\n CHAP. LIII.\n The duke of Burgundy after the destruction\n of Dinant, makes dispositions to\n march his army into the territories of\n Liege. Several towns surrender to him.\n A peace is concluded between them 335\n CHAP. LIV.\n Sir Anthony, bastard of Burgundy, goes to\n England, to tilt with the lord Scales, brother\n CHAP. LV.\n The death and interment of the noble duke\n Philip of Burgundy, and the grand obsequies\n performed for him in the church\n CHAP. LVI.\n Prologue to the chronicles of the most\n christian, most magnificent, most victorious,\n and most illustrious kings of France,\n Louis XI. of the name, and his son\n CHAP. LVII.\n Some recapitulations of the description of\n the battle of Montlehery by Monstrelet,\n with the addition of facts which he had\n CHAP. LVIII.\n A true account of several events that happened\n during the reigns of king Charles\n VII. and his son Louis XI. which have\n been omitted, or slightly mentioned, in\n the chronicle of Enguerrand de Monstrelet 365\n CHAP. LIX.\n The king of France comes to Paris, and returns\n to Rouen. The bastard de Reubempr\u00e9\n is arrested on the coast of Holland.\n The king goes to Tours and other\n places, and then to Poitiers, whither the\n Parisians send him a deputation respecting\n certain of their franchises. Ambassadors\n arrive there from the duke of Brittany,\n who carry off the duke of Berry. The\n death of the duke of Orleans. The duke\n of Bourbon makes war on the king of\n France, and other events that happened in\n the year MCCCCLXIV. omitted by Monstrelet,\n and some facts relative to the\n death of the good pope Pius II. and concerning\n pope Paul II. more than is contained\n CHAP. LX.\n The king of France enters the Bourbonnois,\n and takes many towns and castles. Events\n at Paris and elsewhere. The king besieges\n Rioms, in Auvergne. Other incidents\n up to the period of the war of\n Montlehery, omitted by Monstrelet 380\n CHAP. LXI.\n The king comes to Paris after the battle of\n Montlehery. Several persons are executed\n there. Events that followed the battle of\n Montlehery, which have been omitted\n CHAP. LXII.\n The Burgundians and Bretons quarter themselves\n round Paris; on which account the\n citizens add to the fortifications of their\n town during the king's absence in Normandy.\n The king returns to Paris, when\n several sallies are made thence on the\n enemy, during the lieutenancy of the\n count d'Eu. Other events omitted by\n CHAP. LXIII.\n Commissioners appointed by the king and\n the confederates to settle the differences\n between them. The nobles of Normandy\n come to Paris to serve the king. Several\n sallies and assaults on each side. Other\n events that happened in this same year\n MCCCCLXV. omitted by Monstrelet,\n until the final peace between the king and\n CHAP. LXIV.\n After the treaty, of Conflans between the\n king and princes, provisions are brought\n to the confederate army from Paris, on\n payment being made for them. The count\n de Charolois, on mustering his troops, declares\n himself vassal to the king. He does\n homage for what he holds under the\n crown of France. The duke of Berry\n and the others do their homage. Peace is\n HERE BEGINNETH\n THE TENTH VOLUME\n OF THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n _ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\n THE KING OF FRANCE COUNTERMANDS HIS SUMMONS TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY,\n FORBIDS HIM TO COME TO MONTARGIS, AND ORDERS HIM TO SEND THITHER\n THREE OR FOUR OF HIS NOBLES TO CONSULT WITH THE OTHER PEERS OF\n FRANCE.--SLIGHT MENTION MADE OF THE SENTENCE PASSED ON THE DUKE OF\n ALEN\u00c7ON IN THE TOWN OF VEND\u00d4ME, WITH THE RESERVATION OF THE KING'S\n APPROVAL.\nOn the return of Golden Fleece king at arms, about the beginning of\nJune, he told duke Philip his lord, that the king having learnt that he\nintended coming to Montargis with a very numerous army, which would\nunavoidably do great damage to the countries they should pass through,\non that account held him excused from coming thither in person, and\nentreated that he would send three or four of his council to represent\nhim.\nThe duke immediately appointed the count d'Estampes, sir Simon de\nLalain, knights, and some clerks of his council, together with Golden\nFleece king at arms, as his proxies at the ensuing meeting.\nBefore this, however, took place, a great meeting was held at\nGravelines, between commissioners from England and others sent by\nduke Philip. Soon after, the count d'Estampes went under a passport\nto Calais, where he was grandly feasted by the English; and it was\nreported that a truce was then agreed on between the two countries.\nThe king of France, considering that Montargis could not hold the\nnumbers of people summoned to attend the judgment of the duke of\nAlen\u00e7on, changed the place of meeting to Vend\u00f4me, where he appeared\nin so royal a state that it was a pleasure to see him,--and all who\nhad been summoned were expected to come thither. On the day appointed,\nonly the proxies for the duke of Burgundy appeared before the king, of\nall the temporal peers: in consequence, by royal authority, he named\nproxies for the duke of Bourbon, the count de Foix, the count de la\nMarche, and the count d'Eu, to assist the king in passing sentence on\nthe duke d'Alen\u00e7on.\nWhen the court had been thus regularly formed in the place prepared\nfor it, master John L'Orfevre, president of Luxembourg, and one of the\nproxies for the duke of Burgundy, arose, and besought the king that\nhe would be pleased to hear what he had been charged by his lord to\nsay, in defence of the duke d'Alen\u00e7on. The king having granted him\npermission to speak, he began an harangue of some length, very well\narranged and ornamented, with apt quotations from the Scriptures,\ncontaining four propositions which the duke of Burgundy had ordered him\nto lay before the king, to induce him to incline to a merciful sentence\non the duke of Alen\u00e7on, whom his lord considered as his near relative.\nThe first proposition was, that it belonged at all times to royal\nmajesty to show mercy, and use clemency.\nThe second, that the duke of Alen\u00e7on was nearly related to the king.\nThirdly, that the services which the duke of Alen\u00e7on himself, and\nhis ancestors, had rendered to the crown of France, should be well\nconsidered; and, fourthly, the weakness of mind of the duke of Alen\u00e7on,\nwhich being added to the three foregoing propositions, if duly weighed\nby the king, might induce him to show clemency to the duke.\nThe cardinal de Constance answered in the king's name, that his majesty\nhad carefully listened to all the reasons that had just been offered\nby the duke of Burgundy, to incline him to show mercy on the duke\nd'Alen\u00e7on: that in reply to the first proposition, it was true, mercy\nand clemency properly belonged to kings and sovereign princes,--but to\ndo justice was also an inherent right in them, and it was in virtue of\nthis that kings reigned; for if that were neglected, their kingdoms\nwould be devoured by robbers and thieves.\nAs to the second point, that the duke d'Alen\u00e7on was related to the\nking, he should answer, that so much the more was he bounden to guard\nthe preservation and welfare of the king and his crown.\nAs to the third point, touching the services done by the duke's\nancestors to the crown of France, &c. he should say, that he had not\nin these instances followed their steps: and since children should not\nsuffer for the evil deeds of their fathers, neither ought they to claim\nany merit from their services.\nWith regard to the last point, he should reply, that the lord d'Alen\u00e7on\nhad clearly shown that he was not very wise; but he was not so simple\nas had been stated, for he had, in the matters charged against him,\nproceeded with great subtilty and malice, as was apparent and might\nbe seen in the evidence on his trial: that it had not depended on him\nthat his treason was unsuccessful, and that he was equally deserving\npunishment as if his treachery had taken effect. The cardinal concluded\nby saying, that the king would act in this business with the advice of\nthe princes of his blood, and the members of his council; that the\nking would have been glad, and was desirous of the able assistance of\nthe duke of Burgundy, whose absence he regretted, but that he would\nact in such wise that the duke of Burgundy and the public should be\nsatisfied with the sentence he would give.\nCHAP. II.\n THE KING'S SENTENCE ON THE DUKE D'ALEN\u00c7ON READ IN HIS PRESENCE WHILE\n SEATED ON HIS JUDGMENT-SEAT, BY HIS CHANCELLOR.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France. Having been duly\ninformed that John duke of Alen\u00e7on, peer of France, has entered into\na treasonable correspondence, by himself and others, with our ancient\nenemies and adversaries the English,--we make known, that having\npersonally examined in our chamber of peers, and others for this\nbusiness called in, the charges and evidence produced against John\nd'Alen\u00e7on, together with his confessions, and other facts brought\nduly forward,--we, by the advice of the aforesaid chamber of peers,\nhave declared, and by these presents do declare, that the said John\nd'Alen\u00e7on is guilty of high treason against us and our crown,--for\nwhich we have deprived, and do deprive him of the honour and dignity of\na peer of France, and of all dignities and honours attached thereto.\n'We have also condemned, and do by these presents condemn, him to\nsuffer death according to law, and have declared, and do declare, all\nthe effects of the said John d'Alen\u00e7on to be confiscated to our use,\nand to belong to us, saving, however, any further orders or regulations\nwe may make concerning the same.'\nThis sentence having been publicly read, the king declared his will to\nbe, that the execution of the duke d'Alen\u00e7on should be deferred until\nhis further pleasure were known: that in respect to the confiscation\nof his effects, &c. although his children ought, according to law\nand usage, to be deprived of every honour, prerogative and property,\nand reduced to such beggary as may be an example to all others,\nconsidering the enormity of the crimes of their father,--nevertheless,\nin remembrance of the services done by their ancestors to the kings\nand crown of France, and in the expectation that these children\nwill conduct themselves toward the king as good and loyal subjects\nshould do to their sovereign lord, and likewise out of favour to the\nsolicitations of the duke of Brittany[1], uncle to the duke of Alen\u00e7on,\nthe king, out of his grace, declares, that the effects of the duke\nof Alen\u00e7on shall remain to the wife and children of the said duke of\nAlen\u00e7on; but the king reserves to himself all artillery, arms, and\nmilitary stores.\nWith regard to the lands and lordships, the king retains the towns,\ncastles, and viscounties of Alen\u00e7on, Domfront, and Verneuil, as well\non one side of the river Aure as on the other, with all their rights,\nprivileges, and dependences, which, from this moment, he incorporates\ninto the domain of the crown of France. The king retains also the\ncastlewick and lordship of St Blansay in Touraine, together with the\ntolls which the said d'Alen\u00e7on had and received from the bridges of\nTours, to regulate at his pleasure.\nItem, the king reserves to himself all the homage, dues, and\nacknowledgments which appertained to the said d'Alen\u00e7on on account of\nhis country of Perche, on the town of Nogent le Rotrou, with all its\ndependances, and all other lands belonging to the count du Maine, in\nright of the countess du Maine his wife.\nItem, in regard to the other lands and effects immoveable, the king\nwills that they belong to the children of the said d'Alen\u00e7on,--namely,\nthe county of Perche to be enjoyed by his only son R\u00e9n\u00e9, and his heirs\nin lawful marriage, without, however, any dignity or prerogative of\npeerage. As for the other effects of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, the king\nwills, that they be divided among the younger children, who are to\nbe under the wardship of the king until they become of an age to\nmanage for themselves,--they to enjoy these estates as their own free\ninheritance, and the said estates to descend to the heirs of their\nbodies lawfully begotten in marriage, according to the usages of the\ncountries in which those estates are situated.\nWhen this had been finally settled, the king ordered the duke d'Alen\u00e7on\nto confinement in the strong prison of the castle of Aiquesmortes,[2]\nnot far from Avignon.\nCHAP. III.\n THE ENGLISH MAKE AN INROAD ON THE BOULONOIS FROM CALAIS.--THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY SENDS AN EMBASSY TO THE POPE, AND FORTIFIES HIS TOWNS AGAINST\n THE ENGLISH.--ARTHUR OF BRITTANY DIES, AND IS SUCCEEDED IN THE DUKEDOM\n BY THE COUNT D'ESTAMPES.--OTHER EVENTS.\nAbout this period, eight hundred combatants issued out of Calais and\nmarched to Estaples,[3] where they found many vessels laden with wines\nfrom Poitou, which the Bretons had brought thither to sell, all of\nwhich the English made them ransom. They gained also numbers of mules,\nwhich some merchants from Languedoc had conducted thither to carry back\na cargo of salted herrings: these were also ransomed, and they carried\naway several prisoners.\nThe duke of Burgundy sent this year, about Christmas, a handsome\nembassy to pope Pius at Rome, to do him homage for all his states, like\na good son of the church, and, shortly afterward, another embassy to\nthe king of France, to avoid a war, which every body conjectured would\nensue, because the dauphin resided with the duke contrary to the will\nof his father, and had refused to return to France.\nThe English, on the frontier of Calais, made continual inroads on the\nterritories of the duke; and to check them, he strengthened with men at\narms the garrisons of Bologne, Ardres, Gravelines, Fiennes and St Omer.\nThey were ordered to oppose force by force, and to hang all whom they\nshould take.\nAbout Christmas died Arthur duke of Brittany, without leaving any male\nheir: he was therefore succeeded in the duchy by John de Bretagne\ncount d'Estampes, son to the brother of a former duke of Brittany by\na sister of the duke of Orleans. Notwithstanding that he was count\nd'Estampes, John of Burgundy, brother to the count de Nevers, assumed\nthe same title, but without advantage,--for the king held possession of\nEstampes, and gave the revenue of it to whomsoever he pleased.\nAt this time, peace was restored between the duke of Burgundy and the\ncount of St Pol, so that the count was on the same familiar terms with\nthe duke and as much beloved by him as before: he was likewise in the\ngood graces of the count de Charolois.\nNearly at this period, an embassy from Greece, of about fifty horsemen,\nwaited on the duke, to request that he would personally attend, or send\nhis proxies, to a meeting appointed by pope Pius, of all the princes\nof Christendom, touching the welfare of the catholic church. The duke\nreceived them honourably, and gave them rich presents, and said, that,\nunder God's pleasure, he would send proxies to the meeting they had\nmentioned.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: Duke of Brittany. Q. if it should not be of Burgundy.]\n[Footnote 2: Aiquesmortes,--a town in lower Languedoc, five leagues\nfrom Montpellier.]\n[Footnote 3: Estaples,--a town in Picardy, at the mouth of the Conche,\nfour leagues from Bologne.]\nCHAP IV.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SUMMONS THE TWELVE PEERS OF FRANCE TO THE TOWN OF\n MONTARGIS, TO HEAR SENTENCE PASSED ON THE DUKE D'ALEN\u00c7ON.--OF THE\n DEATH OF POPE CALIXTUS.--THE KING TRANSFERS THE COURT OF JUSTICE FROM\n MONTARGIS TO VEND\u00d4ME.\nIn the year 1458, the king of France summoned the twelve peers of his\nrealm, secular as well as temporal, and the members of his court of\nparliament, to assemble in the town of Montargis on the 8th day of\nJune, in which place he intended holding a court of justice, and for\nconsidering other matters that greatly affected the welfare of the\nrealm. The most part of those summoned attended, and were there for\ntwo months, treating on the condemnation or acquittal of the duke of\nAlen\u00e7on, cousin-german to the king, and one of the peers of France.\nThe duke of Alen\u00e7on had been imprisoned for certain treasonable acts\nimputed to him, and of which he was said to be guilty. There were\npresent at this meeting the count de Dunois and de Longueville, the\nchancellor of France, master Pierre du Reffuge,[4] general of France,\nand many other great lords and officers. The duke of Burgundy would not\nappear, although he had been summoned, and was the first of the peers.\nHe had refused to come in consequence of an article in the treaty of\nArras, by which he could not be constrained to attend any meeting but\nat his own free will.\nThe king remained at Baugency during these two months, always intending\nto have gone to Montargis; but fearing the epidemic distemper which\nraged there, and the badness of the air, he dissolved the meeting, and\nappointed it to assemble within fifteen days afterward at Vend\u00f4me.\nOn the 4th of April, in this year, died pope Calixtus,--and Pius, a\nnative of Italy, was elected in his room.\nThe 15th of August, all the king's counsellors, as well laics as\necclesiastics, of his court of parliament, who had been summoned, came\nto Vend\u00f4me,--even the bishop of Paris and the abbot of St Denis, who\nhad not appeared at Montargis.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 4: Reffuge. Q.]\nCHAP. V.\n THE DUKE OF ALEN\u00c7ON IS CONVICTED, AND CONDEMNED TO DEATH FOR HAVING\n INTENDED TO DELIVER UP HIS STRONG PLACES TO THE ENGLISH, THE ANCIENT\n ENEMIES OF FRANCE, AND TO INTRODUCE THEM INTO NORMANDY.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all to whom these\npresents may come, health and affection. Whereas we have been duly\ninformed, that John duke of Alen\u00e7on, a peer of France, has held various\ntreasonable correspondences with our ancient enemies the English; and\nthat for this purpose he has sent divers messengers to England without\nour leave or licence, and without making us acquainted with the purport\nof them, to the great danger and prejudice of us and our realm. To\nobviate the evil effects that might have arisen from such conduct, we\nprovided a remedy, and, in conscience, commanded, under our letters\npatent given at Chastelier, near Esbrimbe, the 24th day of May, in the\nyear 1456, our dear and well beloved cousin the count de Dunois and\nde Longueville, our beloved and faithful counsellors and chamberlains\nPierre de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, lord of Varennes and grand seneschal of Normandy, John\nle Boursier, superintendant general of our finances, William Cousinot,\nknight, bailiff of Rouen, and Odet d'Aidi\u00e9, bailiff of Coutantin, to\nlay hands on and arrest our said nephew the duke of Alen\u00e7on; and for\nthe furtherance of his trial, we issued our orders, dated at Mont\nRichart[5] the 23d of last May, for our court of parliament, then\nsitting at Paris, to adjourn to the town of Montargis, on the first\nday of June last, and to remain there until the whole of the judicial\nproceedings on this subject should have been brought to a conclusion.\n'We also summoned to attend this court of justice, at Montargis, a\nsufficient number of presidents and counsellors of our said parliament,\ntogether with the peers and princes of our blood, the chancellor, some\nmasters of the requests of our household, and others of our council. In\nconsequence whereof, our said chancellor, our well beloved and faithful\ncounsellors, the archbishop-duke of Rheims, the bishops and dukes of\nLaon and Langres, the bishops and counts of Beauvais, of Ch\u00e2lons and\nNoyon, peers of France, our said presidents, masters of requests, and\ncounsellors of our court of parliament and the members of our council\nhave regularly assembled in the town of Montargis, and have there taken\nthe preparatory steps for the judgment of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, by the\ninterrogation of his accomplices and adherents, which occupied them\nuntil the 10th day of July last passed.\n'These lords did not proceed further, in the expectation of our\ncoming thither to bring the matter to a conclusion in our presence;\nbut we delayed going to Montargis on account of the great mortality\nthat then existed in the towns of Orleans, Sully, and other places\naround, through which we must have passed; and not only to avoid the\nconsequences that might have arisen from this mortality we deferred\ngoing thither, but also having heard that our enemies had fitted out\na considerable fleet, with the intent of invading our kingdom on the\ncoasts of Saintonge, Poitou, and lower Normandy. That we might be\nready to oppose any such attempts, we, by the advice of our council,\ntransferred this court of justice from Montargis to the town of Vend\u00f4me.\n'We ordered the members of the said court to assemble at Vend\u00f4me on\nthe 15th day of August, then and there to continue sitting until they\nshould have brought this trial to a close.\n'We afterward came to Vend\u00f4me in person, where were assembled\nmany of the princes of our blood, peers of France, both laics and\necclesiastics, and those before named, with the members of our council\nand court of parliament, and others for this business summoned thither.\nWhile we were seated on our judgment-seat, the court being filled\nwith the whole of its members, the said d'Alen\u00e7on was brought before\nit, who, after having had the oath administered to him, to declare the\nwhole truth respecting the crimes with which he was charged, frankly\nand voluntarily confessed as follows.\n'That after lord Shrewsbury had taken Bordeaux, an Englishman called\nJames Hay, attached to sir Richard Woodville, an English knight, came\nto him at Alen\u00e7on, under a passport, and made secret proposals to him\nof a marriage between his daughter and the son of the duke of York:\nthat, as well in regard to this marriage as for other matters they\nmutually wished to be acquainted with, they held many conversations,\nand agreed on a certain manner of squeezing the hand and thumb, as a\nsignal that every person was to give before he delivered any message\nrelative to this business, to prevent their being betrayed.\n'That about the month of August in the year 1455, he, the said duke of\nAlen\u00e7on, sent for a priest living at Domfront, called Thomas Gillet,\nwhom, having sworn to secrecy, he told that he intended to send him\nto England, and detained him some time with him for this purpose, and\ncarried him to La Fleche in Anjou, expecting to be enabled to send\nhim from thence: that while he was at La Fleche, an English herald,\ncalled Huntingdon, came thither, to whom he opened his intentions, and\ncharged him to return to England, and to exhort his countrymen, by\nevery possible means, to make a descent in Normandy, desiring them, by\nthe aid of God, or the devil, to make up their internal quarrels, and\nnot think of any thing else but this invasion: that now was the time or\nnever; and should they allow the present most favourable opportunity\nto slip by, they would never again find another; for that the king\nwas at a distance, and his army separated in three divisions,--one\nin Armagnac, another in Guienne, and the third employed against the\ndauphin: that the nobles and great towns, as well as the people of all\nranks, were more discontented than could be conceived; and that he, the\nduke of Alen\u00e7on, was himself so displeased with the present government\nthat, if the English would support him, he would aid them to the\nutmost of his power,--for that he had sufficient stores and artillery\nto combat for a day ten thousand men. He advised that the king of\nEngland should come in person, and with not less than from thirty to\nforty thousand combatants: that there was in Normandy only one of the\nking's generals, with but four hundred lances, and that they might\nconquer the greater part of the country before any resistance could be\nmade.\n'He advised that the king of England should, on his landing, issue\na proclamation, by sound of trumpet, to forbid any one, under pain\nof instant death, to take goods or other effects from husbandmen\nor labourers by force, and to leave every one at peace in their\nhabitations. The king of England was likewise to revoke all the gifts\nmade by his father and by himself, to grant a full pardon to every one,\nand to proceed as if it were a new conquest.\n'In consequence of this treachery, our enemies did land in several\nparts of our dominions, namely, the king of England and the duke of\nYork in lower Normandy, the duke of Buckingham at Calais, to march\nthrough Picardy to the country of Caux, and to cut off all intercourse\nwith us, should we attempt to oppose them. Those of Guienne, according\nto the duke of Alen\u00e7on, were much discontented; and if our enemies\nwould support them, they would rise in rebellion against us,--and, in\nshort, we should lose all that part of our country. The enemy was to\ninform the duke of Alen\u00e7on three months before they intended to land,\nthat he might provide his places with stores, and prevent us from\ntaking possession of them.\n'On their landing, the English commander was to send the herald\nHuntingdon to the duke to make him acquainted with their numbers and\nplans, that he might take measures to act in concert with them. The\nduke particularly insisted, when he sent Huntingdon to England, that\nking Henry should bring with him as much money as possible; and that he\nshould deliver at Bruges, or elsewhere, twenty thousand crowns, or at\nleast ten thousand, at his disposal, should be there deposited without\nloss of time, and not longer than a month after their landing, for him\nto pay his men, and put his artillery on a respectable footing; for he\ncharged the herald to say, that on their landing they would find part\nof his artillery at Alen\u00e7on or Domfront.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on confessed that he had promised, on oath, to\nHuntingdon, that he would punctually perform the engagements he had\nentered into with the enemies of our realm; and he made this herald\nswear that he would tell all these things to the duke of York, Richard\nWoodville, and James Hay, and that he would reveal them to none others\nbut them.\n'That our enemies might not have any doubts of the truth of the above\nengagements, the said d'Alen\u00e7on gave to Huntingdon, on his departure,\ncredential letter addressed to the duke of York, signed with an N,\nwith a stroke through it, containing as follows; 'Gentlemen, have the\ngoodness to believe what the bearer of this shall tell you from me. I\nthank you for your kind intentions, and it shall not be my fault if\nthey be not farther strengthened.' In saying this, our said nephew\nhad well remembered that he had given to Huntingdon the fullest\ninformation respecting his own affairs, as well as those of our\nkingdom, in order to accomplish his designs, and then had sent him to\nEngland.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on confessed, that some time afterwards, he had\nalso sent thither Thomas Gillet, the priest before mentioned, and\nhad charged him to acquaint the duke of York or Richard Woodville\n(having previously made the signal with the thumb) with the state of\nour kingdom, and the discontent of the people, and to press them to\nmake the invasion as soon as they could, and with as large a force\nas possible,--to tell them, that they were very thoughtless in not\nhaving before attempted it, for they could never have so fair an\nopportunity of recovering what they had lost; and if they would land\ntwenty thousand men, they would regain the greater part of the country\nbefore we could provide any effectual resistance; for we were at a\ndistance, in Berry, on an expedition against our son the dauphin: that\nthere were no forces in that part of the kingdom: that the people were\nexceedingly discontented, and that now or never was the time for\nreconquering Normandy. Thomas Gillet said, that the duke d'Alen\u00e7on was\nmuch surprised he had not heard from them, nor from the herald; that\nthey should send him back with intelligence of their intentions; and he\ntold them frankly, that unless they showed more vigour and activity,\nthe enterprise had better be dropped. He spoke to them likewise of the\ntwenty thousand crowns that had been stated as necessary, by the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on, to Huntingdon; and the said d'Alen\u00e7on had bidden him assure\nthe duke of York, that he was the most beloved of all his family in\nNormandy, and that the people of the country would do more for him than\nfor any one else.\n'Thomas Gillet was also charged to tell the English, on their\nlanding, not to forget to issue the proclamations he had mentioned to\nHuntingdon; and if he were spoken to concerning the marriage of his\ndaughter with the eldest son of the duke of York, to say all he knew\nand all he had seen of her. The said d'Alen\u00e7on gave to Gillet letters\nof the following tenour, to deliver to the duke of York. 'Sir,' &c. 'I\ncommend myself to you, and entreat that you will instantly let me hear\nfrom you, and have me in your thoughts. For God's sake, use diligence\nin his designs: it is time: and acquit yourself manfully, for who waits\nbecomes displeased. Hasten to send me money, for your service has cost\nme much, and may God grant all your desires.' Written as above, and\nat the bottom 'always yours, N.' adding a postscript, to say, that a\nlittle before Christmas, he would send a person, called Pierre Fortin,\nto Calais, and would instruct him to make the signal of the thumb, that\nhe might converse with James Hay or Richard Woodville, and know from\nthem if they had any intelligence to give him from the herald or Thomas\nGillet.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on also confessed, that between Christmas and the\nEpiphany, Thomas Gillet and the herald returned from England, and\nreported to him, that the duke of York and the chancellor of England\nthanked him for his good intentions; that the parliament of England\nwas not as yet assembled, nor the king of England in a situation to\nsend him an immediate and decisive answer,--but that the parliament\nwould shortly be holden, and the matter should then be so arranged that\nthe duke of Alen\u00e7on should be satisfied, and that he should receive\ninformation thereof in the course of the ensuing Lent, by the said\nWoodville.\n'Gillet added, that the duke of York commended himself to the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on, thanked him for his good wishes, and begged of him to\ncontinue them to him,--and assured him that before the month of\nSeptember next the duke, accompanied by the greatest lords of England,\nwould invade Normandy with such a large army that the said d'Alen\u00e7on\nshould be contented; but he was required to secure some good sea-port\non that coast for their landing,--and they wished to know whether the\ndauphin would go into Normandy. A nearly similar message did Gillet\ndeliver from the chancellor of England.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on likewise confessed that, on the return of these his\nmessengers, he had dispatched to England a person called master Edmund\nGallet, having first sworn him on the Scriptures to secrecy, and then\nhe gave him a letter addressed to the duke of York, signed with his\nreal name 'John,' and sealed with his own signet: it was cut into four\npieces, and contained as follows: 'My lords, I commend myself to you.\nThe messages you sent me have been delivered; and I beg to hear further\nfrom you as speedily as may be, if you propose undertaking the measures\nthe bearer will explain to you: it is now time, and I will support you\nin such wise that you shall be satisfied. You may believe all that the\nbearer shall say to you from me.'\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on owned that he had charged Gallet to bring him\nback an answer as to the marriage, and the other things that he had\nmentioned to the English lords by Gillet and the herald: to tell them\nthat it was now full time to begin the business, if they looked for\nsuccess; and that he wished they were landed in Normandy in bodies as\nthick as flies or hailstones.\n'That the said d'Alen\u00e7on was assured that we intended to march against\nour son the dauphin; and that if they landed and entered into proper\nengagements with him, the dauphin would join them, and give up to them\nhis artillery and strong places, and every thing else within his power:\nhe repeated, therefore, that they must not delay nor fail to come,--and\nthe twenty thousand crowns must be instantly paid.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on said, that being astonished that Gallet was not\nreturned from England, he sent about Easter the said Fortin to Calais,\nand charged him, after making the usual signs, to talk with the\nEnglish, and learn whether they intended invading Normandy or not. He\nadded, that Gallet came back from England about Low Sunday, and brought\nletters signed, as he said, by the king himself, namely, Henry, and\nthat these letters contained in effect as follows: 'Very dear cousin,\nwe thank you for your good will toward us: we shall send commissioners\non the first day of next August to Bruges, to propose a truce between\nus and our fair cousin of Burgundy, where we shall hope that they may\nmeet commissioners from you, to settle every thing between us, and we\nshall act in such wise as, please God, you may be satisfied.'\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on said, that Gallet had informed him the king of\nEngland had taken the government into his own hands, and that the\nduke of York had retired into Wales, which had caused the said Gallet\nto address himself to the king in person, telling him of the good\ninclinations of the duke of Alen\u00e7on, for which he thanked him, and\nsaid, that he should send ambassadors to Bruges, as he had stated\nin the said letters, and that the duke d'Alen\u00e7on should send others\nfrom him to meet them; that these ambassadors would settle every\nthing relative to the twenty thousand crowns, and they would mutually\nexchange written documents respecting the matters under consideration.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on confessed, that because the term for the payment\nof the said twenty thousand crowns was remote, and because he wished\nto be made acquainted with the state of preparation of our enemies, he\nagain sent Gallet into England, to press the advance of the money, and\nto obtain a blank passport, for any one of his people whom he might\nwish to send thither touching these several matters, should there be\nany necessity for it; that he told the said Gallet, as the chance of\nwar was uncertain, he wished to secure a retreat in England, should\ntheir plans prove abortive, and mentioned the duchies of Bedford, of\nGlocester, and of the lands which the dukes of the said duchies held\nfor life, that he might speak of them to the king of England.\n'That, on the departure of Gallet, the said d'Alen\u00e7on gave him letters,\naddressed to the duke of York, containing as follows: 'My lord, I\ncommend myself to you, and am very much surprised that I did not\nreceive any intelligence from you by the bearer of this on his return\nfrom England. I entreat that I may speedily hear from you,--and you may\nsafely believe whatever he shall tell you from me.' He wrote also other\nletters to master Louis Gallet, residing in England, father to this\nEdmund Gallet, thanking him for his good inclinations toward him, of\nwhich he had been informed by his son, to whom he desired that he would\nalways address himself on this business.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on added, that as he and master Edmund were\nconversing on this subject, master Edmund told him that it was the\nintention of the English to send the duke of Glocester and the son\nof lord Shrewsbury, to make a landing in Guienne, with ten or twelve\nthousand men,--while the king, the duke of York, and a large body\nof nobles should invade our province of Normandy: that the duke of\nBuckingham, with the earls of Wiltshire and Worcester, should land\nat Calais, with ten or twelve thousand combatants, and march through\nPicardy. He likewise confessed that he had spoken on this subject to\nFortin, one of the gentlemen of his chamber, to induce him to join\nhim in his plans to support the English, and that he had sent him to\nGranville,[6] to examine the state of that place, if it were well\nfortified, and what repairs had lately been made there, especially on\nthe side where it had been formerly taken; and if that Fortin joined\nthe English, as it appears he did, he was to find out some means of\ndelivering up Granville, and as many other places as possible to them.\n'The said d'Alen\u00e7on confessed, that he had been induced by his\ndifferent messages to excite the English to invade our kingdom by the\nadvice and instigation of a person called Matthew Prestre, whom he knew\nnot otherwise than by name, but who said he was from the country of\nthe Lionnois and attached to the bastard d'Armagnac, and who, (as the\nsaid d'Alen\u00e7on said) had brought him credential letters from our son\nthe dauphin, and from the bastard d'Armagnac. Of the letters from the\ndauphin, the said d'Alen\u00e7on said, that he had his suspicions of their\nreality from their not being in the usual style in which the dauphin\nwas accustomed to write to him: he also suspected the signature was not\nthe dauphin's. On this matter, and at the request of the said d'Alen\u00e7on\nseveral witnesses specified by him, and of his household, have been\nexamined by our commissioners, who have affirmed that they saw the said\nMatthew Prestre.\n'The said Edmund Gallet has also been examined, to whom the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on had declared that he had made most ample communications\nrespecting the said Matthew Prestre; and the said Gallet has been\nconfronted with the said d'Alen\u00e7on, and interrogated respecting the\ndifferent messages he had carried to England, as well as others of\nhis accomplices, who, it may be supposed, would know if the statement\ntouching this Matthew Prestre were true, who have all denied any\nknowledge thereof, so that it may be presumed, from their depositions,\nthat the contrary to what the said d'Alen\u00e7on had said was the fact:\nbesides, the said d'Alen\u00e7on declares that he never had any letters from\nour said son, nor any communication from him on these matters, but\nthrough the said Matthew, and that he knew not whether he communicated\nthe above from himself or from others,--and that he, the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on, had never any instructions from our said son on this subject.\n'Several remonstrances having been made to the said d'Alen\u00e7on on this\npart of his conduct, it has appeared that the whole was a contrivance\nto cover his treasonable practices, and to give a colour to them,--for\nthe said d'Alen\u00e7on said, that he knew not what reply to make to these\nremonstrances. As a further confirmation, when the said d'Alen\u00e7on has\nbeen interrogated as to this Matthew, he has varied in his answers on\nmany points, as may be clearly seen in the evidence of his trial.\n'From all of which, and from the whole of what has been advanced by the\nsaid d'Alen\u00e7on, as well as from the interrogatories of the different\nwitnesses respecting Matthew Prestre and his interference, and from\nother evidence examined at the request of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, we have\nnot found any thing wherewith we could accuse our said son the dauphin,\nnor the bastard d'Armagnac, as any way implicated in the treasons of\nthe said d'Alen\u00e7on.\n'When the whole of the evidence had been gone through, there only\nremained judgment to be given. And we make known that the court,\nhaving fully and maturely examined the different interrogatories and\nconfrontations, together with his voluntary confessions, have declared,\nand do declare, by these presents, the said d'Alen\u00e7on guilty of high\ntreason, and, as such, to be deprived of the honour and dignity of the\npeerage of France and all other dignities and prerogatives, and do,\nbesides, condemn him to death by the public executioner. The court has\nalso declared, and does declare, that all his effects whatever shall\nbe confiscated to our use, and that they shall henceforth be reputed\nlegally to belong to us as we may please to dispose of them.\n'Such was the sentence passed by the peers of France and the other\nmembers of the court of justice held at Vend\u00f4me. We, however, reserved\nto ourself the power to make whatever changes we should please; and we\nnow declare our will to be, that the capital part of the said sentence,\non the said John d'Alen\u00e7on, be deferred until our further pleasure be\nknown.\n'With regard to the effects of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, considering the\nenormity of his guilt, his children ought to be deprived of them, and\nreduced to a state of beggary, to serve as an example to all others.\nNevertheless, remembering the good services their ancestors have\ndone to the crown and kingdom of France, and in the hope that these\nchildren will behave themselves as good and loyal subjects toward their\nsovereign; and in consideration of the earnest solicitations for mercy\nfrom our very dear and well-beloved cousin the duke of Brittany, uncle\nto the said d'Alen\u00e7on, we, out of our especial grace, shall moderate\nthese confiscations,--and declare our pleasure to be, that the moveable\neffects shall remain to the wife of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, and to his\nchildren, with the exception of his artillery and military stores,\nwhich we reserve to ourself.\n'In regard to his lands and lordships, we shall moderate the\nconfiscation as follows: We retain the town and castlewick of Domfront,\nthe town, castle, castlewick and viscounty, of Vernueil, on both\nsides of the river Aure, with all their appurtenances, lordships and\ndependances, which we from this moment unite, incorporate and adjoin,\nto the patrimony and domain of our crown.\n'We shall likewise retain in our hands the duchy of Alen\u00e7on, together\nwith its town, castle, lordship, rights, appurtenances, revenues, and\nimmoveable effects, and every claim that might have belonged to the\nsaid Alen\u00e7on as duke thereof, and all rights and duties that may have\nbeen granted from our crown as an appanage to the said d'Alen\u00e7on,\nwith the reserve of the country of Perche, concerning which we shall\nhereafter ordain, according to our good pleasure.\n'We retain also the castle and castlewick of St Blansay in Touraine,\ntogether with all the duties the said d'Alen\u00e7on received for pontage in\nour town of Tours, and the other rents and revenues he was accustomed\nto receive from the said town, to order as we may please best. We\nlikewise reserve to ourself the homages appertaining to the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on as count du Perche, on the town of Nogent le Rotrou and its\ndependances, and also on the lands and lordships of our very dear and\nwell-beloved cousin the countess du Maine, wife to the said d'Alen\u00e7on.\n'In respect to the other lands and lordships that did belong to the\nsaid d'Alen\u00e7on, we will that they remain to the children of the said\nd'Alen\u00e7on, in manner following,--that is to say, the only son of the\nsaid d'Alen\u00e7on shall have and retain the county, lands, and lordships\nof Perche, to be freely enjoyed by him and his male descendants,\nlawfully begotten in marriage, but without any dignity or prerogative\nof peerage. With regard to the remaining lands, lordships, and other\nimmoveable effects, we will that they belong to the other children, as\nwell males as females, of the said d'Alen\u00e7on, for them to enjoy the\nsame under our tutelage until they become of a proper age to manage\nfor themselves,--and that they descend to the heirs of their bodies\nin lawful marriage, according to the usages and laws of the countries\nthese different estates may be situated in. In testimony of which,' &c.\nGiven at Vend\u00f4me, the 10th day of October, in the year of Grace 1458,\nand of our reign the 37th.\nThis sentence was pronounced in the absence of the said John d'Alen\u00e7on,\nbut read to him afterwards in his prison by the first president of\nthe parliament de Thorette, master John Boulanger, counsellor to the\nking in his court of parliament, master John Bureau, treasurer of\nFrance, and others of the king's council, which much astonished and\noverwhelmed the said John d'Alen\u00e7on, and not without cause.[7]\nIn the month of January, in this year, that most noble and potent\nprince Arthur duke of Brittany departed this life, who, before and\nafter he had succeeded to the dukedom, had been constable of France. He\nwas succeeded by the lord Francis, son to madame d'Estampes, sister to\nthe duke of Orleans, who, in person, conducted him to take possession\nof the duchy of Brittany.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 5: Mont Richart, or Mont Tricard,--six leagues from Amboise.]\n[Footnote 6: Granville,--a sea-port in Normandy, six leagues from\nCoutances.]\n[Footnote 7: 'John duke of Alen\u00e7on was condemned to death by a\ncelebrated sentence given by king Charles VII. sitting in a bed of\njustice, at Vend\u00f4me, the 10th of October 1458, which sentence was\ninstantly commuted to perpetual imprisonment. The duke was confined in\nthe castle of Loches until Louis XI. came to the throne in 1461, who\ngranted him a free pardon in the month of October in the same year.\n'The duke could not remain quiet, but attempted again to throw the\nkingdom into confusion,--and Louis XI. had him arrested a second time,\nthe 22d September 1472. Another sentence was passed on him, but its\nexecution was again suspended,--and the duke remained a prisoner in\nthe Louvre, but did not die there, as is supposed. He was transferred\nto the house of a burgher, as a private prisoner. He died in the year\nSee more in the note from which this is copied, page 595 of the viiith\nvolume of the Memoires de l'Acad\u00e9mie.]\nCHAP. VI.\n THE AMBASSADORS FROM ENGLAND ARE DENIED ACCESS TO THE KING OF\n FRANCE.--THE DUKE OF CLEVES ATTENDS THE MEETING OF PRINCES AT\n MANTUA.--THE DAUPHINESS BROUGHT TO BED OF A SON, AT GENAPPE.--THE KING\n OF SCOTLAND KILLED BY A SPLINTER FROM A BOMB.\nThis year, ambassadors from England arrived in France, anxious to\nobtain an alliance with the king by a marriage or truce; but the king\nwould neither hear nor see them. They were, therefore, forced to return\nwithout effecting any thing; and what was more, neither lord nor lady\nwould accept of their palfreys, which they had brought with them in\nnumbers, to gain the friendship of the lords and ladies of the court.\nIn the month of June, in this year, the duke of Burgundy, being very\ndesirous of the welfare of Christendom, sent his nephew the duke of\nCleves, as his proxy and ambassador, to Mantua, where the meeting was\nto take place of the pope and the princes, and cardinals of Europe, to\nconsider on the means of opposing the enterprises of the grand Turk,\nwho was making daily conquests on the Christians, more especially in\nGreece. The duke of Cleves was nobly received wherever he passed, as\nwell to honour the duke of Burgundy, whose proxy he was, as out of\nrespect to his own personal worth.\nAbout this time, the count d'Estampes, by orders from his uncle\nthe duke of Burgundy, made prisoner, in the town of Amiens, the\nviscount d'Amiens and lord of Pecquigny, whom he carried prisoner to\nVilvorden,[8] on account of his having conducted himself in a manner\nunbecoming a person of his rank.\nToward the end of July, in this year, the princess Charlotte of Savoy,\ndauphiness of France, was delivered of a fair son, who was baptised\nby the name of Joachim. Great rejoicings took place for this event\nthroughout the territories of the duke of Burgundy, wherein the dauphin\nresided during the time he was in ill estimation with his father king\nCharles VII. and indeed so long as the king lived, keeping his court\nat the castle of Genappe in Brabant. These rejoicings were, however,\nturned to grief, for the child did not long survive its birth.\nIn the month of August, it happened that while the king of Scotland\nwas pointing a cannon, to try its power, it burst, and the king was\nso severely wounded by a splinter that he died soon after: it was a\nmelancholy accident. He had married a daughter of the duke of Gueldres,\nand niece to the duke of Burgundy, by whom he had several children.[9]\nA terrible and melancholy transaction took place this year in the town\nof Arras, the capital of the country of Artois, which said transaction\nwas called, I know not why, Vaudoisie;[10] but it was said, that\ncertain men and women transported themselves whither they pleased from\nthe places where they were, by virtue of a compact with the devil.\nSuddenly they were carried to forests or deserts, where they found\nassembled great numbers of both sexes, and with them a devil in the\nform of a man, whose face they never saw. This devil read to them, or\nrepeated, his laws and commandments, and in what manner they were to\nworship and serve him; then each person kissed his backside,--and he\ngave to them, after this ceremony, some little money: he then regaled\nthem with great plenty of meats and wines, when the lights were\nextinguished, and each male selected a female for amorous dalliance,\nand suddenly they were all transported back to the places they had come\nfrom.\nFor such criminal and mad acts, many of the principal persons of the\ntown were imprisoned; and others of the lower ranks, with women and\nsuch as were known to be of this sect, were so terribly tormented\nthat some confessed matters to have happened as has been related.\nThey likewise confessed to have seen and known many persons of rank,\nprelates, nobles, and governors of districts, as having been present\nat their meetings,--such, indeed, as, upon the rumour of common fame,\ntheir judges and examiners named, and, as it were, put into their\nmouths,--so that, through the pains of the torments, they accused many,\nand declared that they had seen them at these meetings.\nSuch as had been thus accused were instantly arrested, and so long and\ngrievously tormented that they were forced to confess just whatever\ntheir judges pleased, when those of the lower ranks were inhumanly\nburnt. Some of the richer and more powerful ransomed themselves from\nthis disgrace by dint of money,--while others of the higher orders were\nremonstrated with and seduced by their examiners into confessions,\nunder a promise that, if they would confess, they should not suffer in\nperson or fortune. Others again suffered the severest torments with the\nutmost fortitude and patience.\nThe judges received very large sums of money from such as were enabled\nto pay them: others fled the country, or completely proved their\ninnocence of the charges made against them, and remained unmolested.\nIt must not be concealed, that many persons of worth knew well that\nthese charges had been raked up, by a set of wicked persons, to\nharrass and disgrace some of the principal inhabitants of Arras, whom\nthey hated with the bitterest rancour, and, from avarice, were eager\nto possess themselves of their fortunes. They had first maliciously\narrested some persons deserving punishment for their crimes, whom\nthey had so severely tormented, holding out promises of pardon, that\nthey forced them to accuse whomsoever they were pleased to name, and\nthem they arrested and tormented as mentioned above. This matter was\nconsidered, by all men of sense and virtue, as most abominable; and it\nwas thought that those who had thus destroyed and disgraced so many\npersons of worth would put their souls in imminent danger at the last\nday.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: Vilvorden,--a town in Brabant, between Brussels and\nMechlin.]\n[Footnote 9: 'While king James was observing the effects of\nhis artillery, (at the siege of Roxburgh-castle) one of the\nrudely-contrived cannons of that age, consisting of bars of iron,\ngirded with circles of metal, suddenly burst: a fragment struck his\nthigh,--and the great effusion of blood produced a death almost\ninstantaneous. The earl of Angus, who stood next to James, was wounded.\n'It is impossible to express the grief of the camp, or of the kingdom,\nat the premature loss of a beloved sovereign, in the flower of his age,\naggravated by the circumstances and the strange fatality of the case.\nThe young regretted a youthful prince, and an ardent leader: the old\nsighed at the prospect of another minority.\n'Could any consolation have arisen, it must have proceeded from the\nspirit of the queen, Mary of Gueldres, who, immediately upon the\ntidings, arrived in the camp with the infant heir of the monarchy, and\nshowing him to the soldiers, while tears gushed from her eyes, she\nconjured them by every domestic tie, by the memory of their sovereign,\nby the fame of Scottish valour, not to depart from their design, but\nto destroy this calamitous fortress. The castle was taken and levelled\nwith the ground.'\n_Pinkerton's Hist. of Scotland_, v. ii. p. 244.]\n[Footnote 10: Vaudoisie,--a nocturnal meeting of sorcerers.--DU CANGE.\nSupplement. See Valdenses, in his glossary.]\nCHAP. VII.\n SLIGHT MENTION MADE OF THE REBELLION AND DISCORD IN ENGLAND.--OTHER\n INCIDENTS.\nIn this year, there were great troubles, civil wars, and murders in\nEngland. Some held for the party of king Henry, such as the duke of\nSomerset and others; and some held for the party of the duke of York,\nnamely, the earl of Warwick, the earl of Salisbury and others. A severe\nbattle took place, in which numbers of each side fell; but it was\ngained by the duke of York,[11] who made a treaty with the king, in\nsuch wise that, on the decease of the king, the duke was to succeed to\nthe crown, to the prejudice of the prince of Wales, son to king Henry\nand the daughter of R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily.\nThis treaty was so contrary to the will and interests of the queen\nthat she raised another army, of all who were inclined to her and her\nson the prince of Wales, and took the field, to offer battle to the\nduke of York, who had increased his army as strongly as possible, to\ndefend his rights. On the first day of January, in this year, the\nbattle took place, which was very bloody, and hardly contested; but\nthis time, fortune turned against the duke, who was made prisoner,\ntogether with his second son[12] and the earl of Salisbury[13]. Shortly\nafter, the queen had them beheaded, and their heads put on the points\nof three lances: and on the head of the duke was placed, by way of\nderision, a paper crown, to denote his eagerness to be king, and his\nhaving failed in the attempt. The earl of Warwick[14] found means to\nescape after the battle, and quit the kingdom, which he did in a small\nboat, with great danger, and arrived safely at his government of Calais.\nIn this year, the rector of a village near to Soissons would have the\ntithes from a farm, near to this village, belonging to some croisaders\nin the holy land. The farmer refused to pay the tithe,--and the rector\ninstituted a suit against him and the croisaders, which he lost, and,\nfor this reason, conceived a great hatred against the farmer and the\nfarmer's wife.\nIn this same village resided a sorceress, a woman of very bad fame, and\nusing the black art, who having quarrelled with the farmer's wife for\nsome trifle, complained to every one of the wrong that had been done\nher, and even made complaint of it to the rector. He, full of hatred\nagainst the farmer's wife, said that he wished to be revenged on her\nif he knew but how; when the sorceress instantly said, that if he\nwould do as she should direct, he would have ample vengeance on her.\nThe rector replied, that there was nothing he would not do to satisfy\nhis revenge. The sorceress then went and brought him an earthen pot, in\nwhich was a large toad that she had long kept and fed, and said, 'Take,\nsir, this animal, and baptize it in the same manner as if it were a\nchild, and christen it John; then consecrate a holy wafer and give it\nhim to eat, and leave the rest to me.'\nThe accursed priest, blinded by his hatred, baptized the filthy beast\nby the name of John, and gave it to devour the holy body of our Lord,\nthen returned it to the hag, who instantaneously cut it in pieces, and\nmade a drink of it, with other diabolical ingredients. She then gave\nit to a young girl whom she had, bidding her carry it to the house of\nthe farmer at his dinner-hour,--and after holding some conversation\nwith the farmer, his wife and children, while they were at dinner, to\nthrow it under the dining-table and come back to her. The girl did\nas her mother had ordered, when the consequence was, that the farmer,\nhis wife, and one of their sons who was dining at the table, felt\nthemselves suddenly taken with qualms as if they had eaten something\nnauseous,--and all died within three days.\nThis coming to the knowledge of the magistrates, the sorceress, her\ndaughter, and the rector, were arrested; and, on the truth coming out,\nthe hag was publicly burnt in the town of Soissons: the girl, being\nwith child, was sent back to the prison, whence she escaped, but was\nafterward retaken, and carried by an appeal before the parliament. The\nrector was confined in the prisons of the bishop of Paris, whence he\nescaped by dint of friends and money. I know not what became of the\ngirl.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Battle of Northampton.]\n[Footnote 12: Second son,--Edmund earl of Rutland.]\n[Footnote 13: Battle of Wakefield. For particulars of this reign,\nsee the english historians, particularly Wethamstede, a contemporary\nwriter.]\n[Footnote 14: The earl of Warwick--was not present at this battle, for\nhe and the duke of Norfolk had the charge of king Henry and of the city\nof London: it was from the second battle, of St Alban's, that he fled\nto Calais.]\nCHAP. VIII.\n EDWARD EARL OF MARCHE, ELDEST SON TO THE LATE DUKE OF YORK, DEFEATS IN\n BATTLE QUEEN MARGARET OF ENGLAND AND OBTAINS THE CROWN BY MEANS OF THE\n LONDONERS.--THE QUEEN SEEKS AID FROM THE SCOTS.\nOn Palm Sunday, the 28th of March, in this same year, Edward earl\nof Marche, eldest son to the duke of York, who had so lately been\nbeheaded, accompanied by the earl of Warwick and other english barons,\nmarched in arms to London, where he was received as king, and was\noffered the crown, but refused to accept of it, until, as he said, he\nshould drive his enemies out of the kingdom. He thence led his army to\nYork, where the queen, the duke of Somerset, and those of her party,\nwere waiting in great numbers to give him battle.\nWhen the two armies approached, an engagement was agreed on between\nthe parties, to take effect near to a place called Ferrybridge, eight\nleagues from York[15]; and when the day of battle arrived, the earls\nof Marche and of Warwick ordered their van to advance, under the\ncommand of earl Warwick's uncle, which was severely handled by the\nLancastrians, and put to the rout. The duke of Somerset, thinking the\nbattle won, allowed his troops to plunder and strip the dead. News of\nthis was carried instantly to the earl of Marche, whose army, though\nvery large and unbroken, was much alarmed at the intelligence. When the\nearl saw them thus panicstruck, he had it proclaimed through the ranks,\nthat whoever was frightened might return home, but that all who were\nwilling to share his fortune should, if successful, receive a sum of\nmoney; and that whoever fled, after having agreed to remain, the person\nwho put him to death should be handsomely paid for so doing.\nThe earl of Warwick, hearing that his uncle was slain, and his men\ndefeated, cried out, with tears, 'I pray to God that he would receive\nthe souls of all who die in this battle:' then added, 'Dear Lord God, I\nhave none other succour but thine now in the world, who art my Creator\nand Redeemer, to apply to: I beg therefore, vengeance at thy hands!'\nthen drawing his sword, he kissed the cross at the handle, and said to\nhis men, 'Whoever chooses to return home, may, for I shall live or die\nthis day with such as may like to remain with me.' On saying this, he\ndismounted, and killed his horse with his sword.\nOn the morrow, the main body of each army was so near that a general\nbattle took place, which was most bloody and severe; insomuch that\nit lasted three days,--and for some time no one could tell which\nside would be victorious: at length, the queen's party were defeated\nand almost all killed or made prisoners. Among the principal persons\nof note who fell that day were the earl of Northumberland, the lord\nClifford, the lord Muelle[16], brother to the earl,--the lord\nWilloughby, the lord Wells, son to the duke of Buckingham, the lord\nGrey, sir Andrew Trollop, a terrible man at arms, who had done\nmarvellous deeds of valour at this and other battles, and numbers of\nother valiant gentlemen, and others, to the amount of thirty thousand.\nSome that were made prisoners were afterward beheaded at York.[17]\nAfter the battle, Edward entered York, and had the heads of his father\nand of his other friends taken down from the gates and most honourably\ninterred; and magnificent obsequies were performed for their souls\nin the cathedral. He then returned to London, triumphant after his\nvictory, where he was joyfully received, and soon after crowned king of\nEngland.\nOn the other hand, the queen and the duke of Somerset had retreated\nto a castle, wherein they remained until they heard that king Edward\nwas marching to besiege it[18]. On this, they fled from the castle,\nand sought a refuge with Mary queen of Scotland, daughter to the duke\nof Gueldres. The two queens concerted a marriage between the young\nprince of Wales and queen Mary's eldest daughter, to secure the aid\nof the Scots against Edward; but the duke of Burgundy, uncle to Mary,\ninstantly dispatched to her the lord de Groothuse, to break off this\nmarriage, because the king of Sicily, father to queen Margaret, was no\nfriend to the duke,--and thus the match was interrupted[19].\nHowever, soon after the lord de Groothuse had left Scotland, the\nScots formed an alliance with the queen of England and her son, on\ncondition that the town and castle of Berwick, with its dependances,\nthen possessed by the English, on the borders of Scotland, should be\nrestored to them; and the marriage before mentioned was agreed on,--the\nScots thus adventuring their princess to regain Berwick rather than not\nobtain it, as it was of very great strength,--although the prince and\nprincess were both too young to be then united, as neither of them were\nmore than seven or eight years old.\nDuring these troubles, and prior to the coronation of king Edward, he\nhad sent his two younger brothers into Holland that they might escape,\nshould he prove unsuccessful, confiding in the generous mind of the\nnoble duke of Burgundy. They remained in that country some time in\nsecret: but the duke no sooner knew who they were than he sent to seek\nthem, and had them brought to him at Bruges, where he showed them every\nhonour, and grandly entertained them. When king Edward had conquered\nhis enemies, he sent to request the duke to cause his brothers to be\nescorted home, which the good duke very cheerfully complied with, and\nhad them honourably accompanied as far as Calais, toward the end of\nApril, in the year 1461.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 15: The battle of Towton. Ferrybridge is 20 miles only from\nYork.]\n[Footnote 16: Muelle. Q. Nevill?]\n[Footnote 17: Those who were employed to number and bury the dead,\n(as we are told by a contemporary writer, who lived near the scene of\naction, Continuat. Hist. Croyland, p. 533.) declared that their number\namounted to thirty-eight thousand. Amongst these were many persons of\nrank and fortune; as the earls of Northumberland, Westmoreland, and\nShrewsbury,--the lords Clifford, Beaumont, Nevil, Willoughby, Wells,\nRoos, Scales, Grey, Dacres and Molineux,--besides a prodigious number\nof knights and gentlemen!\n_Henry's Hist. of England_, vol. v. pp. 137, 138, 4th ed.]\n[Footnote 18: Edward did not leave York until after Easter, and was\ncrowned the 29th of June at Westminster. The dukes of Somerset and\nExeter, seeing the battle lost, fled with the king, queen, and prince\nof Wales, and never thought themselves safe until they arrived at\nEdinburgh. Henry, on coming to Edinburgh, was only attended by four men\nand a boy.\n_Note to Pinkerton's Hist. of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 248.--From the\nPaston Letters.]\n[Footnote 19: 'A marriage between Edward prince of Wales and Mary,\nthe daughter of Scotland, was proposed and resolved, but delayed by\nthe youth of the parties, and finally prevented by the misfortunes\nand death of the prince. To conciliate the expected aid, Berwick was\nsurrendered to the Scots: an object, often wished and attempted since\nthe disgraceful invasion of Edward Baliol. In return, a Scottish army\nentered England and laid siege to Carlisle, which held for Edward IV.\nbut the English, led by lord Montague, raised the siege, and defeated\nthe Scots with great slaughter.'\n_Pinkerton_, p. 248.\nThe Paston Letters say, that six thousand Scots were slain at Carlisle.\nThe lord Montague, I imagine, should be sir John Nevel, brother to the\nearl of Warwick, created lord Montacute after the battle of Towton.]\nCHAP. IX.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE, HAVING BEEN TOLD THAT IT WAS INTENDED TO\n POISON HIM FELL SICK AT HEART AND DIED.\nAbout the beginning of July, in this year certain rumours having been\nspread abroad by evil-minded persons, that it was intended to poison\nthe king while he resided at Mehun sur Yevre[20], and these reports\ncoming to his ears, he never afterward tasted joy. It was told him by\none of his captains, whose attachment he knew,--and therefore he put\nsuch confidence in the tale that he refused to take any kind of food,\nbecause he had not any faith in those about his person; nor could he\nbe prevailed on to take any nourishment for eight days, until his\nphysicians told him, that if he pursued this plan, he would die. He\nthen attempted to eat,--but he had left off so long that his stomach\nrefused its functions. On this, he confessed himself, and made his\npreparations like a good Catholic; and finding himself grow daily\nweaker, he devoutly received all the sacraments of the church, and made\nhis last arrangements and will according to his pleasure. He ordered\nhis executors to bury him in the same chapel where his father and\ngrandfather had been interred, in the church of St Denis, and ended his\ndays on Magdalen-day in the month and year above mentioned, in the town\nof Mehun sur Yevre.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 20: Mehun sur Yevre,--a town in Berry, four leagues from\nBourges.]\nCHAP. X.\n TWELVE HOUSES ARE BURNT IN THE VILLAGE OF JUCHY, NEAR CAMBRAY.--THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS THE FEAST OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, AT ST OMER. THE\n DAUPHINESS BROUGHT TO BED OF A PRINCESS, AT GENAPPE.--AMBASSADORS FROM\n THE HOLY LAND COME TO THE COURT OF FRANCE,--AND THENCE TO THE COURT OF\n BURGUNDY.\nAbout this period, twelve houses were burnt in the village of Juchy,\nnear Cambray. The fire began in the house of a man who had thrice, that\nsame day, thrust his own mother of it, saying the third time, with\ngreat malice, that he would see his house on fire rather than that she\nshould remain another day in it. Shortly after, his house took fire, no\nbody knew how, and was burnt down, with twelve of the adjoining houses,\nwhich seemed to prove the Divine vengeance against this wicked man.\nThe good duke of Burgundy held his feast of the order of the Golden\nFleece on the first of May, in this year, at St Omer, right nobly. Most\nof the knights of the order were present,--among whom were Charles\ncount de Charolois his son, the duke of Cleves, his brother Adolphus\nnephew of the duke of Burgundy, the count d'Estampes, the marshal of\nBurgundy, the lord de Croy, his brother, and the lord de Launoy their\nnephew the lord de Hautbourdin, the bastard de St Pol, the lord de\nBievres bastard of Burgundy, and many more. The dukes of Orleans and of\nAlen\u00e7on were not present,--but they sent their proxies. Several great\nlords from Germany, France, Scotland, and other countries, came to this\nfeast, which lasted for three days in the usual manner.\nNotwithstanding the regulations of this order, that every knight of it\nmust be without reproach, a knight assisted at the feast as proxy for\nthe duke of Alen\u00e7on, whom the king of France had declared guilty of\nhigh treason against him, and for this had sentenced him to perpetual\nimprisonment. But the duke of Burgundy held him for a nobleman of\nhonour, and without reproach,--and said that the king of France had\nthus condemned him through the envy and wicked insinuations of others,\nand had wrongfully dishonoured him! This language he publicly held\nduring the three days of the feast!!\nAs it was the custom, after this feast, to hold a chapter of the order\nand to elect new companions in the room of such as had deceased, they\nnow elected sir Phillip Pot lord de la Roche-Bourguignon, the lord de\nGroothuse a Fleming, the lord de Roye a Picard, and also the king of\nArragon, to whom the duke sent the collar of the order, by the lord de\nCrequy, notably accompanied.\nAt the conclusion of the feast, and when all business was done,\nthe count de Charolois, Adolphus of Cleves, and Anthony bastard of\nBurgundy, held a just against all comers, which was followed by another\nnoble feast.\nAt this time the dauphiness, consort to the lord Louis, eldest son to\nthe king of France, was brought to bed of a daughter at Genappe in\nBrabant, where he resided for fear of his father, in whose ill graces\nhe was, as mentioned before.\nIn this same month of May, there arrived at the court of France\nambassadors from the holy land and other eastern countries. In the\nnumber was a prelate dressed like a cordelier friar, who called himself\npatriarch of Antioch,--a knight from the king of Trebisonde,--another\nknight from the king of Persia,--one from the king of Georgia and\nMesopotamia, who was more strangely dressed than the rest. He was a\nstout, robust man, having two tonsures on his head like to the one our\npriests have in France,--and to each ear hung a ring. There was also an\nambassador from the little Turk[21], who said, that if the Christians\nwould make war on the grand Turk, his lord would join them with fifty\nthousand combatants. There was another ambassador from the king of\nArmenia, a handsome and genteel knight; and, to conclude, there was\nanother from Prester-John, who, the others said, was a most learned\nman. It was reported, that they had been more than seventeen months\njourneying from their own countries before they came to France.\nOn their presentation to the king of France, they styled him the most\nChristian king,--and requested that he would send an army under his\nbanner against the grand Turk, and assured him that he would have\nthe assistance of all the kings and princes whose ambassadors were\nnow before him. They declared, that they wanted not his money, for\nof that their lords had enough; but that if the king would send his\nbanner, under the command of one of his experienced captains, the grand\nTurk, and his whole army, would be more alarmed than by one hundred\nthousand other persons. I know what answer the king made them, but\nhe caused them to be grandly feasted and entertained. Shortly after,\nthey departed from France, for the court of the duke of Burgundy, who\nreceived them most honourably, entertained them well, and made them\nmany rich presents. It is to be supposed that they made to the duke\na request similar to that which they had made to the king of France;\nfor the duke replied, that if they could prevail on the king of France\nto guarantee his possessions during his absence, he would assist them\npersonally, and to the utmost of his power.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 21: Little Turk. Q. The cham of the Tartars?]\nCHAP. XI.\n OF THE DEATH OF CHARLES VII. KING OF FRANCE.--OF THE TROUBLES\n AND DIFFICULTIES HE HAD TO ENCOUNTER AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS\n REIGN,--AND OF HIS GLORIOUS AND GREAT FEATS OF ARMS.\nOn the 22d day of July, in the year 1461, departed this life, at\nMehun sur Yevre, king Charles VII. of France, in the 58th year of his\nage, and the 39th of his reign. Fortune was so adverse to him at the\nbeginning of his career that he lost the whole of that part of his\nkingdom which extended from the seas of Flanders and England to the\nriver Loire, by the efforts and courage of Henry king of England, who\nhad married his sister, and contended to be king of France through the\naid of the duke of Burgundy, because king Charles had been consenting\nto the murder of his father duke John of Burgundy, at the town of\nMontereau sur Yonne, notwithstanding they had sworn to keep peace\nand friendship between them on the holy sacrament, and had divided\nthe wafer between them as a pledge of their amity,--which was a most\ndisgraceful act, and never can be enough condemned.\nHowever, duke Philip of Burgundy, from loyalty to the crown of France,\nand a dislike to see the English in possession of that country, which\nthey were destroying, at the earnest request and solicitations of king\nCharles, agreed to a peace, which was signed at Arras in the 35th year\nof the king's reign.\nThe English from that moment lost ground in France; and king Charles\nprospered so much that he reconquered from them the whole of his\nkingdom, with the exception of Calais, Guines and Hammes, which are\nsituated on the confines of the Boulonois. After these conquests,\nhe always kept on foot fifteen hundred lances, and from five to six\nthousand archers, on regular pay,--namely, for each man at arms and\nthree horses, fifteen florins, royal money, and for each archer seven\nflorins, per month. These sums were raised by taxes on the inhabitants\nof the good towns and villages, and, in common, so punctually collected\nthat there was scarcely any delay in the payments.\nThe men at arms and archers were under such good discipline that no\npillager or robber dared to infest the highways for fear of them, as\nthey were continually on the look-out and in pursuit of such with the\nofficers of justice. These men at arms escorted the merchants who\ntravelled with their merchandise from place to place, so that every\none was pleased with them; for before their appointment, those called\nSkinners, from their robbing all who fell in their way, were the sole\nguides of merchants, whom they plundered.\nCHAP. XII.\n THE DAUPHIN AND THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MAKE PREPARATIONS TO GO TO\n RHEIMS, FOR THE CORONATION OF THE DAUPHIN.--OF THE INTERMENT OF THE\n LATE KING CHARLES.--THE CORONATION OF KING LOUIS XI. AT RHEIMS.--OTHER\n MATTERS.\nAs soon as the dauphin heard of the death of his father, he sent off,\nin haste, a messenger to H\u00eadin, to inform the duke of Burgundy of this\nevent; but he was already acquainted with it. These two princes now\nappointed a day for meeting at Av\u00eanes in Hainault, thence to proceed\nto the city of Rheims, for the coronation of the dauphin as king of\nFrance. For greater security, the duke ordered all his nobles to be\nunder arms, in and about St Quentin in the Vermandois, on the 8th of\nthe ensuing month of August; and there was not a lord or baron who did\nnot equip himself in the handsomest array, and come attended with, the\ngreatest possible number of archers,--so that, when all assembled, it\nwas a fine sight to be viewed.\nBut when the dauphin learnt that the duke of Burgundy had collected so\nnumerous an army, he was fearful that all the country it should march\nthrough would be ruined and wasted: he therefore requested the duke to\ndisband it, and bring with him only the greater barons of his country\nin their usual state, armed or disarmed. The duke willingly complied\nwith this request, and dismissed to their homes the greater part of his\narmy, retaining, to attend him, only about four thousand combatants,\nthe best appointed that ever nobles were; but it was said, that if he\nhad not disbanded the army, he would have been escorted by more than\none hundred thousand fighting men.\nThe great lords of France came daily to pay their obedience to the\ndauphin, and to acknowledge him for their king, as did deputations from\nthe principal towns.\nSoon after the news of the late king's death was known to the duke of\nBurgundy, he set out for Av\u00eanes in Hainault, where the dauphin waited\nfor him; and on his arrival, a grand funeral service was performed\nfor king Charles during the second and third days of August. At this\nservice, the dauphin was the chief mourner, dressed in black, supported\nby the duke of Burgundy and the count of Charolois, and followed by\nthe count d'Estampes, James de Bourbon, Adolphus of Cleves, and many\nother great lords. When the service was over, the dauphin, whom I shall\nhenceforth call king, immediately dressed himself in purple, which is\nthe custom in France; for as soon as a king there dies, his eldest son,\nor next heir, clothes himself in purple, and is called king,--for that\nrealm is supposed never to be without a king.\nKing Louis departed from Av\u00eanes, on the 4th day of August, for Laon;\nand on the next day the duke of Burgundy set out for St Quentin, to\nmeet the nobles of his country, whom he had ordered to assemble there\nand to accompany him to the coronation of the king.\nWhile these things were going on, the body of the late king was\nembalmed, placed on a car covered with cloth of gold, and carried to\nthe church of N\u00f4tre Dame in Paris, where a solemn funeral service was\nperformed, and thence carried to St Denis, where another service\nwas performed,--and the body was then interred with the kings his\nancestors, who were all buried in the church of this abbey.\nOn the 14th of August, king Louis made his entry into the city of\nRheims, attended by the noble duke Philip of Burgundy, the count de\nCharolois his son, the duke of Bourbon, the duke of Cleves, his brother\nthe lord of Ravenstein--all three nephews to duke Philip,--the count of\nSt Pol, and such numbers of barons, knights and gentlemen, all richly\ndressed, that it was a handsome spectacle. There were also present the\ncounts of Angoul\u00eame, of Eu, of Vend\u00f4me, of Grand-pr\u00e9, sir Philip de\nSavoye, the count de Nassau, and numbers of other lords.\nThe morrow, being the feast of the Assumption of our Lady, king Louis\nwas crowned king of France, by the hands of the archbishop of Rheims,\nin the presence of all the peers of France, or their proxies. When\nthe king was dressed, and on the point of being mounted, he drew his\nsword, and, presenting it to the duke of Burgundy, desired that he\nwould make him a knight by his hand,--which was a novelty, for it has\nbeen commonly said that all the sons of the kings of France are made\nknights at the font when baptised. Nevertheless, the duke, in obedience\nto his command, gave him the accolade, and with his hand dubbed him\nknight, with five or six other lords, then present,--namely, the lord\nde Beaujeu, his brother James, both brothers to the duke of Bourbon,\nthe two sons of the lord de Croy, and master John Bureau, treasurer of\nFrance.\nThe duke was then entreated to make all knights who wished to be so,\nwhich he did until he was weary, and then gave up the office to other\nlords, who made so many that it would be impossible to name them all:\nlet it suffice, that it was said that upwards of two hundred new\nknights were created on that day.\nMany fine mysteries were performed at this coronation,--at which were\npresent, besides the twelve peers and great officers of state, the\ncardinal of Constance, the patriarch of Antioch, a legate from the\npope, four archbishops, seventeen bishops, and six abbots.\nAfter the ceremonies in the church, the twelve peers of France dined,\nas usual, with the king. When the tables were removed, the duke of\nBurgundy, with his accustomed benevolence and frankness, cast himself\non his knees before the king, and begged of him, for the passion and\ndeath of our Saviour, that he would forgive all whom he suspected of\nhaving been the cause of the quarrel between him and his late father;\nand that he would maintain all the late king's officers in their\nplaces, unless, after due examination, any should be found to have\nacted improperly in their situations. The king granted this request,\nwith the reserve of seven persons,--but I know not who they were.\nAfter this, the duke said,--'My most redoubted lord, I at this moment\ndo you homage for the duchy of Burgundy, the counties of Flanders\nand of Artois, and for all the countries I hold of the noble crown\nof France. I acknowledge you as my sovereign lord, and promise you\nobedience and service, not only for the lands I hold of you, but for\nall others which I do not hold of you; and I promise to serve you\npersonally, so long as I shall live, with as many nobles and warriors\nas I shall be able to assemble, and with as much money in gold and\nsilver as I can raise.'\nThen all the other princes, dukes, and counts and lords did homage to\nthe king. From Rheims, the king departed, after the coronation, to\nMeaux in Brie, and thence to St Denis, to pay his devotions at the\nsepulchre of his father. In the mean time, the duke of Burgundy went,\nwith a small attendance, from Meaux to Paris, where he arrived on\nSunday, the last day but one of August, and found there his son, and\nthe greater part of his attendants, who had arrived eight days before\nhim.\nCHAP. XIII.\n KING LOUIS XI. MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO PARIS.--THE HANDSOME\n RECEPTION HE MEETS WITH.--THE GREAT MAGNIFICENCE OF THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY AND HIS ATTENDANTS.\nOn Monday, the last day of August, the noble duke of Burgundy issued\nout of Paris, after dinner, grandly accompanied, to meet the king of\nFrance, who was waiting for him in the plain of St Denis, to attend\nhim on his entrance into the city of Paris, which was to take place\non that day, for the first time since his coronation. After the first\ncompliments on their meeting, they arranged their men, for their\nentrance, in order following: First rode before all the rest, the lord\nde Ravenstein, the lord de Baussegines, and the lord de la Roche,\nabreast, each having six pages behind him so nobly mounted and richly\ndressed that it was a pleasure to see them. Next came the archers of\nthe count d'Estampes, two and two, in number twenty-four, and well\nappointed, with two knights as their leaders, followed by the two\nbrothers, the counts de Nevers and d'Estampes, the count d'Estampes\nhaving behind him thirteen pages magnificently dressed,--then upwards\nof thirty of the lords and gentlemen of the household of the count,\nsuperbly equipped.\nNext came the archers of the duke of Bourbon, amounting to more than\ntwenty-four; then thirty archers of the count de Charolois, very well\nappointed, having two knights for their captains; then two other\nknights, leaders of the duke of Burgundy's archers, to the number of\none hundred, handsomely dressed; then the lords and gentlemen of his\nhousehold, with the other great barons who had accompanied him, most\nmagnificently dressed, themselves and their horses, to the amount of\nupwards of two hundred and forty, with housings trailing on the ground,\nwhich was a noble sight.\nAfter them came the admiral and marshal of France, with many great\nlords and gentlemen of the king's household, with forty very splendid\nhousings; then came the counts d'Eu, de la Marche, and de Perdriac\nabreast, and without housings, who were followed by the heralds of\nthe king and princes, to the number of seventy-four; then the king's\narchers, amounting to six score, well equipped, each having a valet\non foot beside him; then fifty-and-four trumpeters,--but none sounded\nexcepting those of the king. After the trumpets came the marshal of\nBurgundy and the lord de Croy, very richly dressed; then Joachim\nRohault, master of the horse to the king, bearing the royal sword in\na scarf, followed by the son of Flocquet, bearing the king's helmet,\nhaving thereon a very rich crown of gold. Between these last and the\nking was a led horse covered with trappings of blue velvet, besprinkled\nwith flowers de luce of gold; then came the king, mounted on a white\nsteed, dressed in a white silk robe without sleeves, his head covered\nwith a hood hanging down. He was surrounded by four of the burghers of\nParis, who bore on lances a canopy over his head of cloth of gold, in\nthe same manner as the holy sacrament is carried from the altar. Behind\nthe king were two men at arms on foot, having battle-axes in their\nhands. The king was followed by the duke of Burgundy so splendidly\ndressed, himself and his horse, that the whole of his equipment was\nvalued at ten hundred thousand crowns. Nine pages attended him,\nmagnificently appointed, each having a light but superb helmet, one\nof which was said to be worth a hundred thousand crowns,--and the\nfrontlet of the duke's horse was covered with the richest jewels. On\nhis left hand was his nephew, the duke of Bourbon, handsomely dressed\nand mounted, and on his right his son, the count de Charolois, most\nsuperbly dressed.\nAbout a stone's cast in their rear came the duke of Cleves, himself and\nhis horse highly adorned with precious stones; then all the other lords\nof France in such numbers that there were upwards of twelve thousand\nhorse, so finely equipped that it was a pleasure to see them, although\nnot with such splendid trappings as the Burgundians,--for many among\nthem knew not whether they were well or ill in the opinion of the king.\nBefore this grand entry commenced, a cardinal and the principal\nburghers of Paris came out of the town to pay their obedience to the\nking while in the plain. The duke of Orleans did not come out of Paris,\nas well on account of his age as because he mourned for the death of\nking Charles, but placed himself at an apartment which looked towards\nthe street, from the windows of which he saw the procession pass, as\ndid the duchess of Alen\u00e7on with her son the count du Perche, then about\nfifteen years old, of a noble figure, and in high spirits,--for his\nfather was released from prison immediately on king Charles's death.\nAt the entrance of the gate of Paris was the representation of a ship\nelegantly made, from which two small angels descended, by machinery,\nright over the king as he passed, and placed a crown on his head; which\ndone, they re-ascended into the ship. In the street of St Denis was a\nfountain that ran wine and hippocras for all who chose to drink. At\nthe corner of a street leading to the market was a butcher of Paris,\nwho, on seeing the duke of Burgundy, cried with a loud voice, 'Frank\nand noble duke of Burgundy, you are welcome to Paris: it is a long time\nsince you have been here, although you have been much wished for.'\nAt the entrance of the Ch\u00e2telet was a representation of the capture of\nthe castle of Dieppe from the English, which had been taken by king\nLouis while dauphin. In other parts were pageants of the crucifixion\nof our Lord, and of divers subjects from history. The streets were\nso crowded with people that with difficulty the procession went\nforward, although it had been proclaimed by sound of trumpet that no\none should be in those streets through which the king was to pass;\nbut the anxious desire thus to see all the nobility of France caused\nthe proclamation to be little regarded,--for the whole of the nobles\nwere there excepting king R\u00e9n\u00e9 of Sicily and his brother the count\ndu Maine, who were with the widowed queen their sister.--Neither the\nduke of Brittany, the duke of Alen\u00e7on, nor the count d'Armagnac were\npresent, for the late king had banished the two last his kingdom, and\nconfiscated their fortunes. However, soon after, namely, on the 18th\nday of September, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on came to the new king at Paris,\nwho received him most kindly, and granted him a free pardon: he then\nwaited on the duke of Burgundy, who gave him a very kind reception.\nOn the king's arrival at Paris, he went straight to the church of N\u00f4tre\nDame, where he paid his devotions, and then took the usual oath which\nthe kings of France take on their first entrance into Paris,--and while\nin the church, he created four new knights. He then remounted his\nhorse, and went to the palace, which had been highly ornamented for his\nreception, where he held open court and supped: the peers of France,\nand those of his blood, sat at the royal table. On the morrow, he fixed\nhis residence at the Tournelles.\nThe duke of Burgundy was lodged at his h\u00f4tel of Artois, which was hung\nwith the richest tapestries the Parisians had seen: and his table\nwas the most splendid any prince ever kept, so that all the world\nwent to see it, and marvelled at its magnificence. Even when he rode\nthrough the streets or went to pay his devotions at church, crowds\nfollowed to see him, because every day he wore some new dress or jewel\nof price,--and he was always accompanied by seven or eight dukes or\ncounts, and twenty or thirty of his archers on foot, having in their\nhands hunting spears or battle-axes.\nIn the dining hall of his h\u00f4tel was placed a square sideboard, with\nfour steps to each side, which, at dinner-time, was covered with\nthe richest gold and silver plate: at the corners were unicorns, so\nhandsome and finely done that they were surprising to behold. In this\ngarden was pitched a superb tent, covered on the outside with fine\nvelvet, embroidered with fusils in gold, and powdered over with gold\nsparkles. The fusils were the arms of all his countries and lordships,\nand were very richly worked. In short, whether the duke remained in his\nh\u00f4tel or came abroad, every one pressed to see him, on account of his\nnoble appearance and great riches.\nCHAP. XIV.\n THE KING AND THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY TAKE LEAVE OF EACH OTHER, AND DEPART\n FROM PARIS.--EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN DIVERS PARTS.\nThe king, during his stay at Paris, dismissed some of his officers\nfrom their places, and nominated others to fill them. He then made\npreparations to leave Paris, for Amboise, to visit the queen his\nmother, who there resided. The day before his departure, he went to\nthe h\u00f4tel of Artois, to take leave of his uncle of Burgundy, who was\nthen sitting at dinner; but he rose from table the moment he heard\nthe king was coming, and went out far in the street, and, on meeting\nhim, knelt down to salute him. The king instantly dismounted, and they\nwalked together in the h\u00f4tel; and then, in the hearing of the whole\ncompany, the king thanked the duke for all the honours and services\nhe had done him, acknowledging that he was indebted to him for every\nthing he possessed,--for had it not been for his friendship, he would\nnot, perhaps, have been now alive. He then took leave of the duke,\nand returned to the palace of the Tournelles,--and on the morrow,\nthe 24th of September, set out from Paris, escorted by the duke and\nall the lords of his company, very far on the road, notwithstanding\nthey had taken leave of each other the preceding day. The king then\nagain thanked him for his friendship and services,--and the duke most\nhonourably offered him his life and fortune whenever called upon.\nThe king continued his road toward Amboise; and the duke returned to\nParis with his noble company, where he remained until the last day of\nSeptember, and then went to St Denis, staying there two days with his\nniece the duchess of Orleans. He had a magnificent funeral service\nperformed in the church of St Denis, as well for the soul of the late\nking Charles as for the souls of all the kings who had been there\ninterred, and from whom he was descended. He gave dinners and banquets\nto the lords and ladies who had accompanied him thither from Paris.\nFrom St Denis the duke returned by Compi\u00e8gne, and the places of the\ncount de St Pol, who grandly feasted him, to the town of Cambray; for\nthe king of France, while at Paris, had made up the quarrel between\nthe count and the duke of Burgundy. Peace was also made between the\ncount de St Pol and the lord de Croy, who before hated each other\nmost mortally. At length, the duke arrived at his city of Brussels in\nBrabant.\nHis son the count de Charolois took his leave at St Denis, and, with\nthe duke's approbation, went into Burgundy, where he was grandly\nfeasted, for he had never before been in that country, having been\nbrought up in the town of Ghent. Before he left Burgundy, he went to\nvisit the shrine of St Claude[22], on the confines of that country,\nand thence took the road to wait on the king at Tours.\nIn this year, the summer was very fine and dry: the wines and corn were\ngood, and the last very cheap. However after August, there were many\nfevers and other disorders, which, although not mortal, lasted a long\ntime.\nAbout the feast of St Remy, all the gabelles and taxes throughout the\nrealm were proclaimed to be let to the highest bidder. It happened\nthat the populace in Rheims rose against those who had taken them, and\nkilled several; they then seized their books and papers, wherein their\nengagements were written, and burnt them in the open streets. The king\non hearing this, ordered thither a large body of troops, who, dressing\nthemselves as labourers, entered the gates by two and three at a time,\nso that, soon being assembled in sufficient force, they threw open the\ngates for the remainder of the army, under the command of the lord de\nMoy, who instantly arrested from four score to a hundred of those who\nwere the most guilty of this outrage, and had them beheaded,--which so\nintimidated the rest that they dared not longer oppose the will of the\nking.\nIn this year died at Bordeaux, Poton de Saintrailles, seneschal of\nthe Bordelois, who had been in his time wise, prudent, and valiant in\narms, and together with another great captain, called La Hire, who died\nbefore him, had aided the late king Charles so ably and gallantly, to\nreconquer his kingdom from the English, that it was said his success\nwas more owing to them than to any others in his realm.\nOn the 11th of October, in this year the church and town of Encre[23]\nwere almost entirely destroyed by fire in less than half an hour, which\nwas a sad misfortune to the poor inhabitants.\nBetween September and the 1st of November, marvellous signs were seen\nin the air like to lighted torches, four fathoms long and a foot\nthick, where they remained fixed for half a quarter of an hour,--and\nthey were thus seen at two different times. Some said they had observed\nin the night the appearance of battles in the air, and had heard great\nnoises and reports.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 22: St Claude, or St Oyen,--a city in Franche-comt\u00e9: it owes\nits origin to a celebrated abbey, founded in the fifth century, so\ncalled after St Claude archbishop of Besan\u00e7on.]\n[Footnote 23: Encre. Q. Ancre or Abbert? a town in Picardy, seven\nleagues from Peronne.]\nCHAP. XV.\n THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS WAITS ON THE KING OF FRANCE AT TOURS, WHERE\n HE IS MAGNIFICENTLY ENTERTAINED.--HE LOSES HIMSELF WHILE AT THE\n CHASE.--HE RETURNS TO ARTOIS THROUGH NORMANDY, OF WHICH THE KING HAD\n MADE HIM HIS LIEUTENANT.\nAfter the count de Charolois had performed his pilgrimage to Saint\nClaude, he took the road to Tours, where king Louis resided at that\ntime. The count was accompanied by a number of great lords and nobles,\nand about three hundred and fifty horsemen.\nWhen the king knew that he was near to Tours, he sent out to meet him\nthe greatest lords of his household, who gave him a joyful reception,\nand, by the king's commands, led him to dismount at the palace, where\nhe was met by the king and received most honourably by him and his\nwhole court. The king took him for his amusement to all the handsome\nplaces around,--and he was grandly feasted at each of them. The king\none day took him to hunt a red deer, which showed much sport, but ran\nso long, the count pursuing him, that when night came, he knew not\nwhere he was, and had but four other persons with him. They, however,\nproceeded, although it was dark night, until they stumbled on a good\ninn, wherein they were lodged.\nThe king, on his return from the chase, not hearing any thing of the\ncount, no one being able to give him the least intelligence what\nwas become of him, was exceedingly vexed and alarmed, and instantly\ndispatched people to all the adjacent villages, and had lighted torches\nfixed to the church steeples, that, should the count see them, he\nmight find his road back again to Tours: those who were sent into the\nforests carried lighted brands or torches.\nThe king was so troubled, for fear of some accident happening to the\ncount, that he swore he would not drink until he should hear something\nof him. In the mean time, the count, doubting that the king would be\nuneasy at his absence, and learning from his host that he was but\ntwo leagues from Tours, wrote him an account where he was by one his\nservants, whom he sent under the guidance of a peasant, and desired him\nnot to be uneasy at his absence, for that he had only lost his way. The\nking, on the receipt of this letter, was much rejoiced and sent for him\nvery early the next morning.\nThe duke of Somerset was at this time with the king of France, having\nbeen banished England by king Edward, whose enemy he was, and against\nwhom he had made war, in support of queen Margaret's quarrel. He had\nfled to France to take refuge under king Charles, but, on his arrival,\nhad found him dead. He had been arrested by the officers of the new\nking, and carried to his h\u00f4tel; but at the request of the count de\nCharolois, the king gave him not only his liberty but handsome presents\nof gold and silver, for he was a great favourite with the count,\nbecause he was his relative, and also because he preferred the party\nof king Henry to that of king Edward, although he knew well that his\nfather the duke of Burgundy, was of a contrary way of thinking. The\nduke of Somerset was desirous of retiring into Scotland; but as he\nwas informed that king Edward had put spies to watch his conduct, he\nwithdrew to Bruges, where he remained in private a considerable time.\nThe count de Charolois, having staid nearly a month with the king, was\ndesirous to take his leave, which the king granted, together with an\nannual pension of thirty-six thousand francs, and appointed him his\nlieutenant general of Normandy. The count returned by Blois, where he\nwas handsomely entertained by the duke of Orleans, and thence proceeded\nthrough Normandy. He was met by processions from all the principal\ntowns through which he passed, and received as many honours as if he\nhad been the king himself,--for the king had so ordered, by commands\nwhich he had sent to the different towns. At Rouen, in particular,\nhe was magnificently received. He passed through Abbeville and H\u00eadin\nwithout stopping any where, until he came to Aire, where his countess\nwas: from Aire he soon after departed, to wait on his father the duke\nof Burgundy then at Brussels.\nAbout this time, John bishop of Arras, through the instigation of\nthe pope, prevailed on the king of France to abolish the pragmatic\nsanction[24], which had been established in France for upward of\nthirty years. In return for having done this, the pope sent him the red\nhat, and made him a cardinal, under title of Cardinal of Arras. While\nthis pragmatic sanction was in force, the benefices of the kingdom\nwere disposed of at the nomination of the universities, whence arose\ninnumerable law suits,--and this practice was greatly prejudicial to\nthe court of Rome.\nAt this period died Flocquet, one of the king's commanders, valiant\nand subtile in war. By his subtilty he won Pont de l'Arche from the\nEnglish, and was the first cause of the total loss of Normandy to the\nEnglish.\nAt this time also died master Nicholas Raullin, at Autun in Burgundy.\nHe had first been an advocate in the parliament, then chancellor\nto duke Philip, whom he governed very wisely in many difficult\naffairs during the whole time he held this office, and was a great\nfavourite with the duke; but while he managed his lord's business\nso well, he was not neglectful of his own,--for he acquired, during\nhis service, upwards of forty thousand francs of landed revenue and\nmany lordships,--so that his sons were rich and great lords, and his\ndaughters married very nobly.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 24: The title of the Pragmatic Sanction was given to an\nassembly of the French clergy at Bourges, called by Charles VII. where\nin the presence of the princes of the blood, and of the chief nobility\nof the kingdom the canons of the council of Basil were examined and\nbeing found, for the most part, to be very wise and just, and perfectly\ncalculated to extinguish the capital grievances that had been so long\ncomplained of, they were compiled into a law for the benefit of the\ngallican church. The power of nominating to ecclesiastical dignities\nwas taken from the see of Rome; and those branches of the papal\nprerogatives which were not abolished were so curtailed as to be less\ninjurious to the people and detrimental to the monarchy.]\nCHAP. XVI.\n DUKE PHILIP OF BURGUNDY DANGEROUSLY ILL, BUT RECOVERS.--OTHER MATTERS\n WHICH HAPPENED AT THIS PERIOD.\nAbout Candlemas, in this year 1461, the duke of Burgundy was taken\nso dangerously ill, in the city of Brussels, that the physicians\ndespaired of his life; and the duke, in consequence, sent in haste\nto his son, then at Quesnoy, who instantly came to him. The count de\nCharolois, seeing the duke in so great danger, issued orders throughout\nhis father's dominions for the priests and monks of all churches and\nabbeys to offer up ardent and devout prayers to God, that he would be\npleased to restore his father to health. Processions were, therefore,\nmade, and prayers offered up with so much affection that God, full of\npity and mercy, restored the duke to health,--for he was beloved by his\nsubjects as much as prince ever was.\nHis son the count de Charolois, who had no legitimate children, showed\nhis affection in another manner; for he never quitted his bedside,\nand was always at hand to administer to him whatever was prescribed\nin his illness. He was three or four nights and days without taking\nany rest, which rather displeased his father,--and he ordered him\nfrequently to take some repose, because it was better to lose one than\nboth. In short, the prayers for the good duke were so effectual, and\nhis physicians so attentive, that he recovered his health, excepting\na debility that always remained, which inclines to a belief that, had\nit not been for the prayers of some religious and good persons, he had\nnever recovered.\nAt this time, died the lady of Ravenstein, niece to the duchess of\nBurgundy,--a very good lady, devout and charitable, and much regretted\nby all who knew her.\nAbout the beginning of March, the lady of Bar, wife to the count of St\nPol, deceased. She left her husband four sons and several daughters.\nHer eldest son, Louis de Luxembourg, succeeded to the earldom of\nMarle, the second to that of Brienne, and the third to the lordship of\nRoussy.--She was a very noble lady, and of high birth.\nAt this time also died, in Abbeville, a very renowned knight in arms,\ncalled sir Gauvain Quieret, the most adventurous of all his fraternity\nin war, and much beloved by his men.\nIn this year, the duchess of Orleans, niece to the duke of Burgundy,\nwas brought to bed of a fine boy, to whom the king of France stood\ngodfather, and gave him his name of Louis. The queen of England, wife\nto king Henry, was the godmother, who had come to require aid from her\ncousin-german, the king, against king Edward, who had deprived her\nhusband of his crown.\nAt this time, and three or four years prior to it, all sorts of crimes\nwere committed in the country of Artois with impunity,--such as\nrobberies, thefts, violating of women, even in the great towns, and\noften under the eyes of officers of justice, who took no notice of the\ncriminals, except, indeed, of some poor persons unacknowledged by any\ngreat lord! These crimes were committed in a greater degree within\nthe city of Arras, the capital of Artois, than elsewhere, which was a\nshocking and infamous example to all the other parts of that country.\nCHAP. XVII.\n A MORE PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF THE FUNERAL SERVICES PERFORMED AT PARIS\n AND ST DENIS, ON THE DEATH OF KING CHARLES VII. OF FRANCE.\nOn Magdalen-day, in the year 1461, as I have before mentioned, died\nking Charles VII. of France, at the castle of Mehun sur Yevre, whose\nsoul may God pardon and receive in mercy!\nOn the following Tuesday, a solemn funeral service was performed for\nhim in the church of St Denis, such as has been usually performed\nyearly for Louis le gros, formerly king of France.\nOn the Wednesday, the 5th of August, the body of the said king was\nbrought, at ten o'clock at night, to Paris, but left, without the\nwalls, in the church of N\u00f4tre Dame des Champs. Four lords of the court\nof parliament held the four corners of the pall, clothed in scarlet\nmantles: many other lords also supported the pall, dressed in crimson\nrobes.\nThe body was, on the morrow, put on a litter covered with a very\nrich cloth of gold, and borne by six score salt porters. The duke of\nOrleans, the count of Angoul\u00eame, the count of Eu, and the count of\nDunois, were the principal mourners, all four on horseback. They were\nfollowed by the car which had brought the body from Mehun, having a\nblack velvet pall thrown across it, which was covered with a white\ncross of very rich figured velvet. This car was drawn by five horses\nwith trappings of black figured velvet that reached to the ground, and\ncovered them so completely that their eyes only were to be seen. After\nthe car came six pages in black velvet, with hoods of the same, mounted\non horses with trappings similar to those of the car. Before the body\nwas the patriarch, then bishop of Avranches, who performed the services\nat N\u00f4tre Dame and at St Denis, as shall be mentioned hereafter. The\nclergy of N\u00f4tre Dame, and of all the other parishes of Paris, led the\nprocession; then came the rector of the university, followed by the\nmembers of the chamber of accounts dressed in black; then those of the\ncourt of requests, the provost of Paris, the court of the Ch\u00e2telet, and\nthe burghers of Paris, in regular order. In the front of all were the\nfour orders of mendicant monks. The whole was closed by an innumerable\nquantity of people from Paris and other parts.\nThere were two hundred wax tapers, of four pounds weight each, borne\nby two hundred men dressed in black. The church of N\u00f4tre Dame was hung\nwith black silk, besprinkled with flowers de luce.\nThe body of the king was placed in the middle of the choir, when a\nservice for the dead was performed, and the vigils chaunted. On the\nmorrow, Friday, the 7th day of August, mass was celebrated by the\npatriarch; and about three o'clock in the afternoon of that day,\nthe lords before named attended the body, which was carried to La\nCroix-ou-Fiens, which is between La Chappelle-St-Denis and where the\nLendit-fair is holden, when a desperate quarrel arose about carrying\nthe body to the church, and it remained there a long time; at length\nthe burghers of St Denis took up the bier as it was, and wanted to\ncarry the body to Saint Denis, because the salt-porters had left it on\nthe road, by reason of a refusal to pay them the sum of ten livres,\nwhich they demanded. The master of the horse to the king having\npromised payment of this sum, they carried the body into the choir of\nthe church of St Denis,--but it was eight o'clock before it arrived\nthere. At this hour, vespers for the dead only were chaunted for\nthe king, and on the morrow, at six in the morning, matins, namely,\n_Dirige_, &c.\nThere were present at St Denis the duke and duchess of Orleans,\nthe counts of Angoul\u00eame and of Dunois, the lords de Brosses and de\nCh\u00e2teau-brun, the master of the horse, the bishop of Paris, the\ncourt of parliament, the bishop of Bayeux. The bishops of Troyes and\nof Chartres performed the service, and the bishop of Orleans the\noffice. The bishops of Angers, of Beziers, of Senlis, of Meaux, the\nabbots of St Germain, of St Magloire, of St Estienne de Dijon, of St\nVictor, attended the mass,--but only one grand mass was celebrated\nfor the king; after which, the body was interred in the chapel of his\ngrandfather, between the body of the latter and that of his father.\nThe choir of the church was all hung with black velvet,--and there\nwas a most sumptuous catafalque in the center of the choir, under\nwhich was placed the body of the late king, surrounded with as many\nwax tapers as it could hold. The corpse was in a cyprus-wood coffin,\ninclosed in another of lead, and then in another of common wood,\nhaving a representation of the said king lying between two sheets on\na mattress on the pall. This figure was dressed in a tunic and mantle\nof velvet, embroidered with flowers de luce, lined with ermine, holding\nin one hand a sceptre of the hand of Justice, and in the other a larger\nsceptre: it had a crown on the head, under which was a pillow of velvet.\nThe king's officers had borne a canopy over the coffin, on eight\nlances, as far as the Croix-ou-Fiens, where they were met by eight\nof the benedictine monks from St Denis, who would have taken their\nplaces; but the equerry refused to allow it, as he said that it was\nnot customary,--for that the canopy was only borne over the body when\npassing through towns, but not when in the open country.\nWhen the body arrived at the gate of the town of St Denis, it was set\ndown, when three prayers were chaunted over it, as was done at every\nplace where they halted, and then the canopy was given up to the monks,\nwho bore it over the body, but in such wise that every one could\nplainly see the figure on the coffin.\nAfter the interment, a serious quarrel arose between the master of the\nhorse and the monks of the abbey, respecting the pall that was under\nthe representation of the king, which the master of the horse claimed\nas his fee; when at last the pall was deposited in the hands of the\ncount de Dunois and the chancellor of France,--when it was determined\nby them, that the pall, which was of very magnificent cloth of gold and\ncrimson, should remain in the abbey of St Denis, it being declared on\nbehalf of the grand master, that whatever claim he might have to it he\ngave up to the church of St Denis.\nThe canopy, with the velvet, wax, and every thing else remained to the\nchurch, without any dispute, excepting the velvet and white cross which\ncovered the car: these were carried away.\nThe count de Dunois and the grand master visited all the chapels\nwherein were interred any bodies of saints, and presented to each\nvelvet and satin sufficient to cover two altars from top to bottom.\nIn the middle of the high mass, was a sermon preached by master Thomas\nde Courcelles, doctor in divinity,--at which all the people bewailed\nand prayed for the defunct, who was then styled, 'Charles, the Seventh\nof the Name, most Victorious King of France.'\nWhen the body was let down into the vault, the heralds shouted,\n'Long live king Louis! May God have mercy on the soul of Charles the\nVictorious!' Then the ushers and sergeants broke their rods, and threw\nthem into the grave.\nThe company, after this, went to dinner in the great hall of the abbey,\nwhere was an open table for all comers. When dinner was ended, the\ncount de Dunois and de Longueville arose, and said with a loud voice,\nthat he and the other servants had lost their master, and that every\none must now provide for himself. This speech made every one sorrowful,\nand not without cause, more especially the pages, who wept bitterly.\nCHAP. XVIII.\n THE DISGRACEFUL DEATH OF JOHN COUSTAIN, MASTER OF THE WARDROBE TO DUKE\n PHILIP OF BURGUNDY.--THE CAUSE OF IT.--THE DEATH OF HIS ACCUSER.\nOn Sunday, the feast of St James and St Christopher, in the month of\nJuly, in the year 1462, John Coustain, master of the wardrobe to the\nnoble duke Philip of Burgundy, was arrested and carried prisoner to\nRupelmonde, for having intended to poison the count de Charolois,--with\nwhich crime he was charged by a poor gentleman from Burgundy, called\nJohn d'Juy. The said Coustain had bargained with him, for a large sum\nof money, to go into Piedmont, and buy for him some poison, and had\ntold him the use he intended to make of it.\nWhen this John d'Juy was returned from Piedmont to Brussels with the\npoison, he demanded payment as had been agreed on; but Coustain not\nonly refused to give him the money but abused him, in most coarse\nlanguage,--for this Coustain had not his equal in pride and wickedness.\nJohn d'Juy, discontented at such treatment, made his complaints to\nanother gentleman of Burgundy, called Arquembart, and discovered to him\nthe plot. Arquembart, much alarmed, advised him to reveal the whole of\nit to the count de Charolois, saying, that if he did not instantly do\nso, he would go and tell it himself.\nJohn d'Juy, without further delay, waited on the count, and, casting\nhimself on his knees, humbly besought him to pardon the wickedness\nhe was about to reveal to him, and then told him the whole truth of\nthe intentions of John Coustain. The count was much astonished and\ntroubled, and, hastening to his father the duke, told him all he had\njust heard, and demanded justice on John Coustain for his disloyalty\nand treason. The duke said, he should have instant justice,--on which\nthe count returned to his apartments, and ordered John d'Juy to go and\nsurrender himself a prisoner at Rupelmonde, and wait for him there, as\nhe would speedily follow him.\nOn the morrow, which was the feast of St James, as I have said, as\nthe duke was ordering the lord d'Auxi and Philip de Crevecoeur to\ncarry John Coustain prisoner to Rupelmonde, he was playing and amusing\nhimself in the duke's park: the duke called to him, and said that he\nwished he would go to Rupelmonde, with the lord d'Auxi, to answer a\ngentleman who had made heavy charges against his honour. Coustain\nanswered insolently, according to his custom, that he did not fear\nany man on earth, and went to boot himself, and mount a fine horse,\nattended by four others. In this state, he went to the h\u00f4tel of the\nlord d'Auxi, whom he found mounted, together with Philip de Crevecoeur,\nand fifteen or sixteen of the duke's archers.\nWhen Coustain saw so many archers, he began to fear the consequences:\nnevertheless, they all rode together through the town of Brussels,--but\nwhen they came into the open country, the lord d'Auxi made John\nCoustain dismount from His war-horse, and mount a small hackney that\nhe rode, which alarmed Coustain more than before; and instantly the\nlord d'Auxi put his hand on his shoulder, and declared him prisoner to\nthe duke, and then pushed forward, without any stopping, until they\ncame to Rupelmonde. They were scarcely arrived before the count de\nCharolois came, and took possession of the tower in which John Coustain\nwas confined.\nShortly after, Anthony bastard of Burgundy, the bishop of Tournay, the\nlord de Croy, and the lord de Goux came thither. No one spoke to John\nCoustain but the above, and in the hearing of the count de Charolois.\nWhen they were assembled, John d'Juy was ordered before them, and\nrelated, in the presence of John Coustain, how he had bargained with\nhim to purchase poisons, which he had brought to him,--after which, he\nhad refused to pay him the sum agreed on for so doing. To confirm what\nhe had said, he produced, not one, but many letters to this purpose,\nwritten and signed by Coustain.\nNotwithstanding these proofs, Coustain denied the whole of the charge,\nand loaded d'Juy with many reproaches. At length, however, without\nbeing tortured, he acknowledged that all was true,--and added, that he\nhimself had been twice in Piedmont since Christmas in the year 1461, to\nprocure poisons, but without success. For that purpose, he had indeed\nbargained with John d'Juy as he had said, but added, at first, that it\nwas not to poison the count de Charolois, but in order that the count\nmight have him in his good graces, and not deprive him of his place,\nor of any thing appertaining to him, should the duke chance to die: at\nlast, he owned that the poisons were intended for the count, and that\nhe had proposed to give them at a banquet, which would take place about\nthe middle of August,--which poisons being taken, he would not live\nlonger than twelve months afterward.\nWhen John Coustain had made this confession, he was taken, on the\nFriday following, to the highest tower of the castle to be beheaded;\nand while there, he earnestly begged that he might say a few words in\nprivate to the count, who, on being informed of it, consented,--and he\nwas some time in conversation with the prisoner alone. None of those\npresent heard what was said; but they saw the count cross himself at\nalmost every word Coustain told him, which caused it to be supposed\nthat he was accusing others in the hope of lessening his own crimes. He\nentreated the count that his body might not be quartered, but buried\nin consecrated ground. After this conversation, he was immediately\nbeheaded.\nJohn d'Juy was then called; and the count asked him whether, if\nCoustain had kept his promise of payment, he would have informed\nagainst him. On his replying, that he would not, the count ordered him\nto be beheaded also.\nThe fortune of the said Coustain, amounting to more than three hundred\nthousand francs in the whole, was declared confiscated to the duke;\nbut he, out of his noble and benign nature, gave them back again to\nthe widow and her children. It was afterward commonly reported, that\nthis Coustain had poisoned the good lady of Ravenstein, because she had\nblamed his wife for her pomp and extravagance, which was equal to that\nof a princess.\nCHAP. XIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY CAUSES A NUMBER OF ROGUES AND VAGABONDS TO BE\n EXECUTED IN HIS COUNTRY OF ARTOIS.--THE DEATH OF THE ABBOT OF ST VAAST\n AT ARRAS.--OTHER EVENTS.--TAUNTING REPLIES MADE BY THE LORD DE CHIMAY\n TO THE KING OF FRANCE.\nThe duke of Burgundy was at length informed of the mischiefs that were\ndoing in his country of Artois by the dependants of different lords,\nwhom the bailiffs, and other officers of the duke, were afraid to\narrest or punish, lest they should be ill treated themselves.\nIn consequence of this, the bailiffs of Amiens, of the Cambresis,\nand of Orchies, entered the town of Arras as secretly as they could,\nby two and three at a time, having with them about fifty horse of\nthe body-guard of the count d'Estampes, governor of Picardy, and\ntook possession of different inns. They showed their orders from\nthe duke, which commanded them to arrest and execute all those who\nhad acted so criminally, to whatever lord they might belong, even\nwere they dependants of those of his blood. It is, therefore, to be\nbelieved, that had the good prince earlier received information of\ntheir wickedness, he would sooner have provided a remedy; but he was\nsurrounded by some who wished not that the truth should come to his\nears.\nWhen the above-mentioned bailiffs were come to Arras, they sallied out\nin the night to the places where they expected to meet these rogues;\nsome they arrested, but many fled and hid themselves. They then\nadvanced into the country, and laid hands on several of bad fame, whom\nthey hanged on the trees by the road side, and this time performed a\ngood exploit.\nOn the 15th day of September, in this year, died the abbot John du\nClerc, abbot of St Vaast in Arras, whose death was much bewailed by the\npoor; for he was exceedingly charitable, and had governed the abbey\nfor thirty-four years more ably than any abbot had done for the two\nhundred preceding years, as was apparent from the church and different\nbuildings which he had ornamented and restored in many parts, having,\non his election, found them in ruins. Among many good deeds, he did one\nworthy of perpetual remembrance, namely, when corn was so dear, in the\nyear 1438, that wheat sold for ten francs the septier, or five francs\nthe mencault of Arras, which prevented the poor from buying any, he\nopened the granaries of his abbey, that were full of corn, and ordered\nit to be sold to the poor only, at twenty-eight sols the mencault, and\nbut two bushels to be delivered to any person at a time,--so that, if\nthe famine should continue, his corn might last longer. He built the\nentrance-gate to the abbey, and the nave of the church, and managed the\nrevenues of his abbey better than any abbot had done, and added greatly\nto them. When he died, he was eighty-six years old. May God pardon and\nshow mercy to his soul!\nAbout this period, the lord de Chimay returned from France, whither he\nhad been sent by the duke of Burgundy, respecting some differences that\nhad arisen between him and the king of France. The most important was,\nas it was said, that the king granted to have it proclaimed through\nthe territories of the duke that no one should afford aid or support,\nin any way whatever, to king Edward of England, which the duke would\nnot allow to be done, considering that not only a truce existed between\nhim and king Edward but that he was favourably inclined towards him.\nKing Louis wanted also to introduce the gabelle, or salt duty, into\nBurgundy, which had not been done for a very long time,--and this the\nduke likewise refused to permit to be done.\nFor these and other matters, the lord de Chimay had been sent to\nremonstrate with the king, and to entreat that, out of his love to him,\nhe would desist from pursuing them further; but the lord de Chimay was\nlong before he could obtain an audience, and would perhaps have waited\nlonger, but one day he stood at the king's closet door until he came\nout. On seeing the lord de Chimay, he said to him, 'What kind of a man\nis this duke of Burgundy? is he of a different stamp from the other\nprinces and lords of my realm?' 'Yes, sire,' replied the lord de Chimay\n(who was of a bold and courageous character), 'the duke of Burgundy is\nindeed of another sort of metal than the other princes of your realm,\nor of the adjoining realms; for he received and supported you against\nthe will of king Charles, your father, whose soul may God pardon! and\ncontrary to the will of others, whom this his conduct displeased,--and\nhe did that which no other prince would have dared to do!'\nOn hearing these words, the king was silent, and, without making any\nreply, entered again into his closet. Some said, that the count de\nDunois then approached the lord of Chimay, and asked how he dared thus\nspeak to the king: when he answered, 'If I had been fifty leagues off,\nand had supposed that the king would have said to me what he has done\nrespecting my lord and master, I would have instantly returned to make\nhim the answer I did.' He then set out for Brussels, to make his report\nto the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. XX.\n THE DUCHESS OF BOURBON COMES TO RESIDE WITH HER BROTHER THE DUKE\n OF BURGUNDY.--THE KING OF FRANCE GRANTS SUCCOURS TO THE QUEEN OF\n ENGLAND.--OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN DIVERS PARTS.\nAt this time, the widowed duchess of Bourbon came to visit the noble\nduke of Burgundy, accompanied by three or four of her sons and two of\nher daughters,--for she had had by her late husband six boys and five\ngirls. The eldest son, John, succeeded his father in the dukedom; the\nsecond was married to a daughter of the king of Cyprus, but died of\nleprosy before he went thither; the third, Charles, was archbishop of\nLyons, on the Rh\u00f4ne, and abbot of St Vaast at Arras; the fourth, named\nLouis, was bishop of Liege; the fifth was lord of Beaujeu, and married\nto a daughter of the duke of Orleans; the sixth, James, died when young.\nOf the daughters, one was married to the duke of Calabria, by whom\nshe had a fair son, but died shortly after: the second married her\ncousin-german, the count de Charolois, and had only a daughter,\nwhen the good lady died: the third espoused the duke of Gueldres,\nnephew to the duke of Burgundy: another was afterward married to the\nlord d'Arquel,--and another was then to be married; for the duke\nof Burgundy, their uncle, had always very earnestly promoted the\nadvancement of his friends and relatives.\nAbout this period, the king of France sent two thousand combatants to\nEngland, to the aid of queen Margaret, under the command of the lord de\nVarennes, high seneschal of Normandy, who, under the late king's reign,\nhad governed every thing, and it was reported that king Louis had given\nhim this command for the chance of his being slain: nevertheless, he\nbore himself well, and conquered several places, in the expectation of\nbeing joined by the duke of Somerset, who had promised to come to him\nwith a large body of Scots and others; but he failed,--for he had found\nmeans to make his peace with king Edward, who had restored to him his\nestates and honours.\nThe French were now besieged in the places they had won by the earl\nof Warwick, and were glad to return to France with their lives\nspared.--All were not so fortunate, for many were slain or captured in\nthe different skirmishes that had passed between them.[25]\nThe duke of Burgundy now sent one hundred men at arms and four hundred\narchers to the aid of the bishop of Mentz, who was engaged in a\ndestructive warfare with one of the princes of Germany, insomuch that\nthe extent of three or four days journey of the flat country was burnt\nand totally ruined.\nOn the 21st day of November, in this year, was an eclipse of the sun;\nand shortly after there were tiltings and other entertainments at\nBrussels, in honour of the arrival of the duchess of Bourbon, and of\nher children, whom she had brought with her. To these feasts the duke\nof Burgundy came with great pomp, and most superbly dressed.\nAbout the same time, the count de Charolois had three men and an\napothecary imprisoned at Brussels,--which three men had caused the\napothecary to make three images of wax, of the form of men and women;\nthree of each for some sort of sorcery, and even, as it was said,\ntouching the said count de Charolois. This was found out from the\napothecary telling some of the count's servants what he had made, and\nthat those who had ordered them would do wonders with them; that they\nwould make these images talk and walk, which would be miraculous: in\nshort, so much was said, that it came at length to the ears of the\ncount, who ordered the three men to be arrested, who belonged to the\ncount d'Estampes. The apothecary was also arrested, but soon set at\nliberty, because he was ignorant for what purposes these images had\nbeen made. A gentleman of the household of the count d'Estampes\nfled, but was retaken, and carried prisoner to Quesnoy-le-Comte in\nHainault: his name was Charles de Noyers. It was rumoured, that these\nfour persons had been closely interrogated, and had confessed wonderful\nthings; but they were kept so secret that few knew what to say about\nthem. The prisoners, however, remained very long in confinement.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 25: Henry says, that the French fleet appeared off Tinmouth;\nthat many of their ships were driven on shore near Bamborough in a\nstorm; that the French took shelter in Holy Island, where they were\nattacked and beaten by a superior force; that sir Pierre de Br\u00e9z\u00e9,\ntheir commander, and the rest, saved themselves in Berwick.--_Hist. of\nEngland_, A.D. 1461.]\nCHAP. XXI.\n OF THE MANY DIFFERENT EVENTS THAT HAPPENED DURING THE COURSE OF THE\n ABOVE YEAR.--OF THE HARD FORTUNE OF MARGARET QUEEN OF ENGLAND.\nOn the 19th of April, this year, after Easter, died master Robert le\nJeune, governor of Arras, aged ninety-two years. He began life as\nan advocate at Amiens, and was afterward retained of the counsel of\nking Henry V. of England, who made him a knight, and gave him great\nriches. After the death of king Henry, the duke of Burgundy made him\nbailiff of Amiens, in which office, he governed so partially, towards\nthe duke and the English, that he put to death, by hanging, drowning,\nor beheading, upwards of nineteen hundred persons,--and many more of\nthe French party, called Armagnacs, than of the other,--for which the\npopulace of Amiens so much detested him that he dared not longer abide\nthere, but went to Arras, of which place the duke of Burgundy made him\ngovernor! In whatever place he resided, he managed so well for his own\ninterest that his two sons became great and rich lords. One of them\nwas bishop of Amiens, and afterward bishop and cardinal of Therouenne,\nthe richest of all the cardinals, but he died when only forty years\nold,--and it was said that his death was hastened by poison. The other\nson was a knight at arms, and a considerable landholder, who had the\ngreater share of the government of the duchess of Burgundy's household,\nand afterward of that of her son the count de Charolois. The daughter\nof sir Robert le Jeune was nobly and richly married.\nThe 6th day of July, the duke of Burgundy came from Bruges to Lille,\nwhere he had not been since his severe illness the preceding year. The\ntownsmen received him with greater honours than at any former time; for\na procession of upwards of four hundred of them went out of the town\nto meet him, with lighted torches in their hands, not to mention the\nprincipal burghers who went out in numbers. The streets were all hung,\nand illuminated so brilliantly that it appeared like noon-day, and many\npageants and mysteries were exhibited, although it was late, and the\nnight very dark. In this state was the duke escorted to his h\u00f4tel.\nDuke Philip, ever anxious to fulfil the vow which he had made in the\ntown of Lille, in the year 1454, to attack the grand Turk, and drive\nhim back to his own territories beyond the Straits of St George, would\nmost cheerfully have gone thither in person, had he not feared that,\nduring his absence, the king of France would attack and perhaps conquer\nhis country. For this reason, therefore, he sent a notable embassy to\npope Pius, the principal of which were the bishop of Tournay, the lord\nde Montigny, and the lord de Forestel, knights, to learn the will of\nthe pope respecting his vow, which, as has been said, he was unable to\naccomplish, making offer, in lieu thereof, to send six thousand good\ncombatants at his own costs and charges against the Turk, in any way\nthe pope might be pleased to order.\nI must mention here a singular adventure which befel the queen of\nEngland. She in company with the lord de Varennes and her son, having\nlost their way in a forest of Hainault, were met by some banditti,\nwho robbed them of all they had. It is probable the banditti would\nhave murdered them, had they not quarrelled about the division of the\nspoil, insomuch that from words they came to blows; and, while they\nwere fighting, she caught her son in her arms and fled to the thickest\npart of the forest, where, weary with fatigue, she was forced to stop.\nAt this moment, she met another robber, to whom she instantly gave her\nson, and said,--'Take him, friend, and save the son of a king.'\nThe robber received him willingly, and conducted them in safety toward\nthe seashore, where they arrived at Sluys, and thence the queen and her\nson went to Bruges, where they were received most honourably. During\nthis time, king Henry, her husband, had retired into the strongest\nparts of Wales.\nThe queen left prince Edward at Bruges, and went to the count de\nCharolois at Lille, who feasted her grandly, whence she set out for\nBethune, to hold a conference with the duke of Burgundy. The duke,\nhearing that large reinforcements of English were landed at Calais,\nsent a body of his archers to escort her from Bethune to St Pol,\nwhere he went to meet her, notwithstanding he knew well that she had\nnever loved him; but, according to his noble nature, he received her\nwith much honour, and made her rich presents. Some said, that he gave\nher two thousand crowns of gold, and to the lord de Varennes one\nthousand, and to each of the ladies that attended on the queen one\nhundred crowns: he had her also escorted to the country of Bai, which\nappertained to her brother the duke of Calabria. The queen repented\nmuch, and thought herself unfortunate, that she had not sooner thrown\nherself on the protection of the noble duke of Burgundy, as her affairs\nwould probably have prospered better!\nCHAP. XXII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE GIVES THE COUNTY OF GUISNES TO THE LORD DE\n CROY.--THE COUNT D'ESTAMPES QUITS HIS ATTACHMENT TO THE HOUSE OF\n BURGUNDY.--OTHER EVENTS.\nDuring this year of 1463, king Louis of France made a progress through\nhis kingdom, to examine into the state of it. On his return to Paris,\nhe caused proclamation to be made, by sound of trumpet, that he had\ngiven to the lord de Croy the county and lordship of Guisnes, having,\nbefore this, made him grand master of his household. The lord de Croy\nhad, at this time, left the house of Burgundy, and resided with the\nking, which seemed to many very strange,--for the lord de Croy had\nbeen brought up and educated by the duke and his family, and had\nbeen better provided for than any others, being first chamberlain and\nprincipal minister to the duke, and had acquired by his services from\nforty to fifty thousand francs of landed rent, besides the advancement\nof all his friends, so that there was no one like to him in that whole\ncountry. If he had been in the good graces of the duke, he enjoyed the\nsame favour with the king, who refused him nothing that he asked for\nhimself or his friends. The common report was, that he was so much\nbeloved by the king because he had drawn up the plan for the repurchase\nof the lands and towns on the Somme, from the duke of Burgundy, for\nfour hundred and fifty thousand crowns, and because he had induced the\nduke to accede to this bargain,--for he listened to him in council more\nthan to any others. The lord de Croy having made some stay at the court\nof France, returned to that of Burgundy, and exercised his charges the\nsame as before.\nDuring the king's progress through Guienne and the Bordelois, he made\nup the quarrel between the king of Spain and the count de Foix, which\nhad risen to a great height, although they had married two sisters,\ndaughters to the king of Navarre.\nAt this time, John of Burgundy count d'Estampes, quitted the house of\nBurgundy, and attached himself to the king of France,--to which he was\ninstigated, according to report, by his being in disgrace with the\nduke, and still more with the count de Charolois, on account of those\nwaxen images before mentioned; for it was said the count de Charolois\nwas suspicious of being in his company, for fear of sorcery,--and he\nnow kept the count de St Pol constantly with him, and gave him the\nprincipal management of himself and his household. Some said, that\nthis was the reason why the count d'Estampes and the lord de Croy had\nquitted the noble house of Burgundy,--for it was well known that the\ncount de St Pol loved neither of them.\nAbout this time, the queen of France, Isabella of Savoy, came to\nthe king at Senlis, with but few attendants; for the king was then\nas saving as possible, in order to amass a sufficient sum for the\nrepayment of the money for which the towns on the Somme had been\npledged. His expenses were chiefly for his amusements of hunting and\nhawking, of which he was immoderately fond,--and he was liberal enough\nto huntsmen and falconers, but to none others. He was very careless in\nhis dress, and was generally clothed meanly, in second-priced cloth and\nfustian pourpoints, much unbecoming a person of his rank,--and he was\npleased that all who came to him on business should be plainly dressed.\nHe did not diminish any of the taxes, but, on the contrary, added to\nthem, which greatly oppressed his people.\nOn the 6th of September, the parliament pronounced sentence on sir\nAnthony de Chabannes lord de Dammartin, who, after the death of king\nCharles, had fled for fear of his successor; but a year afterward he\nhad sought the king's mercy, and put himself into his hands. The king\nsent him prisoner to the Conciergerie of the palace, and ordered the\nparliament to bring him to trial; which being done, he was convicted\nof high treason against king Louis, and sentenced to death, and his\neffects confiscated to the crown.\nThe king, nevertheless, granted him a pardon, on condition that he\nwould transport himself to the island of Rhodes, and remain there for\nhis life; but he was to give security for the performing of this, which\nnot being able to do, he was confined in the bastile of St Anthony.\nAt this time, king Louis, from his will and pleasure, ordered all nets\nand engines, to take and destroy the game, to be burnt throughout the\nIsle of France. No one was spared, whether of noble or peasant, except\nin some warrens that belonged to the princes. It was said that he did\nthis that no one might hawk or hunt but himself, and that there might\nbe a greater plenty of game,--for his whole delight was in hunting and\nhawking.\nCHAP. XXIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE REPURCHASES THE TOWNS AND LANDS ON THE RIVER SOMME\n THAT HAD BEEN PLEDGED TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--HE MEETS THE DUKE AT\n H\u00caDIN.--OTHER MATTERS.\nThe king of France, having determined to repurchase the towns on the\nSomme from the duke of Burgundy, made such diligence that he collected\na sufficiency of cash; for there was not an abbey or canonry, or any\nrich merchant in France, who did not lend or give him some sums of\nmoney. When he had amassed the amount, he sent it as far as Abbeville\nto the duke, who had it transported thence to H\u00eadin, where he then\nresided.\nShortly after, the king came to H\u00eadin,--and the duke went out to meet\nhim, received him most honourably, as he well knew how to do, and\nlodged him in his own proper apartments in his castle. The king then\npromised the duke, that he would punctually fulfil all the articles of\nthe treaty of Arras, which promise he did not so punctually perform.\nWhile the king and the duke were at the castle of H\u00eadin, a grand\nembassy arrived there from England,--the chief of which was a\nbishop[26], brother to the earl of Warwick, and from three to four\nhundred horsemen handsomely dressed and equipped.\nBefore they departed from H\u00eadin, the duke had sent repeated messages to\nhis son, the count de Charolois, then in Holland, for him to come and\npay his respects to the king,--but he refused, saying, that so long as\nthe count d'Estampes and the lord de Croy were with the king (as they\nthen were), he would never appear before him. He knew in what great\nfavour they were with the king; and it was currently reported, that it\nhad been through the counsels of the lord de Croy that the duke had\nconsented to the reimbursement for the towns on the Somme, which was\ncontrary to the will of the count de Charolois, and very prejudicial to\nhis future interests.\nIt was also said, that the king, during his residence at the castle\nof H\u00eadin, had well considered its situation and strength, as the key\nof the county of Artois, and had demanded it from the duke, offering,\nin exchange, the towns of Tournay and Mortagne[27], with some other\nplaces; but the duke would not listen to it, thinking such offers were\nmade more to his hurt than otherwise.\nWhen the king departed from H\u00eadin, on the 19th of October, the duke\nattended him to a considerable distance; and it was said, that the\nduke, on quitting him, made several requests, and, among others,\nentreated that he would not turn out his officers from the places to\nwhich he had appointed them, in the several towns that were now become\nthe king's,--all of which the king granted, but did not fulfil; for\nhe instantly removed some of the officers in Abbeville, and made the\ninhabitants and gentlemen in the neighbourhood renew their oaths to\nhim, although many of them had served the duke of Burgundy from their\nyouth; but the king made them swear to serve him against all other men\nwhatever.\nHe deprived the lord de Saveuses of his government of the cities and\ntowns of Amiens, Arras, and Dourlens, and gave it to the lord de\nLaunoy, nephew to the lord de Croy, who was then governor, for the duke\nof Burgundy, of Lille, Douay, and Orchies. The king also gave him the\ngovernment of Mortagne, dismissing from it the lord de Hautbourdin,\nbastard de St Pol, and made him bailiff of Amiens, instead of the lord\nde Crevecoeur. In addition to all these places, the king settled on\nhim a yearly pension of two thousand livres. All these favours heaped\non the lord de Launoy astonished every one; for he had commenced his\ncareer of fortune under the house of Burgundy, and had never done any\nservices to king Louis of France.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 26: A bishop. George Neville, bishop of Exeter, and\nafterwards archbishop of York.]\n[Footnote 27: Mortagne,--in Flanders, on the conflux of the Scarpe and\nScheld, three leagues from Tournay.]\nCHAP. XXIV.\n THE DEATH OF THE DOWAGER QUEEN OF FRANCE.--THE KING SUMMONS THE\n COUNT DE SAINT POL AND THE LORD DE GENLY TO APPEAR PERSONALLY BEFORE\n HIM.--THE MARRIAGE OF THE SON OF THE DUKE OF GUELDRES.--THE ABOLITION\n OF THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION.\nAbout this time, the lady Mary of Anjou, queen of France, mother to\nking Louis now on the throne, departed this life. She was renowned\nfor being a very good and devout lady, very charitable, and full of\npatience.\nThe king of France had now summoned the count de St. Pol and the lord\nde Genly to appear in person before him, on the 15th day of November\nensuing, wherever he might then be. The reason of this was currently\nsaid to be the different journies the lord de Genly had been remarked\nto make to the duke of Brittany, to conclude certain treaties between\nthat duke and the count de Charolois, to oppose the king of France\nshould he attempt hostilities against them; for they were in his ill\nfavour, as was apparent from the duke of Brittany having all his places\nfortified, and his army ready prepared to resist an invasion of his\ncountry.\nIt was likewise said, that the duke of Bourbon and some other princes\nof France were in alliance with them against the king, on account of\nthe strange manner in which he had treated them.\nOn the 15th of October, a blaze of light was seen in the heavens,--and\nit seemed that the clouds opened to show this blaze, for the space of\ntime in which an Ave-Maria could be repeated, and then closed again: it\nended with a long flaming tail before it vanished.\nThe bishop of Tournay returned, at this period, from the embassy\non which the duke of Burgundy had sent him to pope Pius at Rome.\nHe reported to the duke, that the pontiff depended on having forty\nthousand combatants to march against the Turk, which he would lead in\nperson, and put on the cross against the infidels, in case the duke\nwould accompany him with six thousand fighting men, and act under him\nas his general.\nThe duke was much rejoiced at this intelligence, and dispatched his\nletters to all those who had made the vow of going to Turkey, and to\nall his knights and vassals, to prepare themselves, and assemble at\nBruges on the ensuing 15th day of December. On their arrival at Bruges,\nhe had them informed, that it was his intention to march in person\nagainst the Turks and infidels, and to be at Aiquesmortes about the\nmiddle of next May to embark for the east,--but that he would assemble\nthem again before his departure, to inform them in what manner he\nshould settle the government of his country during his absence on this\nexpedition.\nOn the 18th of December in this year, the marriage of the eldest son\nof the duke of Gueldres with a princess of Bourbon, sister to the\ncountess of Charolois, was celebrated in the city of Bruges. They were\nboth equally related to the duke of Burgundy: the bridegroom was the\nson of a daughter of the duke's sister, the duchess of Cleves, who had\ndeceased about two months before,--and the bride a daughter of his\nsister, the duchess of Bourbon.\nMany lords of the court tilted after the wedding dinner,--among whom\nthe lord de Renty tilted with a young esquire of Picardy, called John,\nonly son to David de Fremessent, who met with a sad misfortune, for he\nwas hit by a splinter of a lance so severely on the head that he died.\nOn the same day, two other men lost their lives, from the great\ncrowding at this tournament, which must be attributed to their own\nfolly in not taking more care.\nAbout this period, Godfrey, bishop of Alby and cardinal of Arras,\nwaited on the king of France, whom, some little time before, it was\nsaid the king did not love: nevertheless, he now received him most\nhandsomely. It was he who, a short time prior to this, had persuaded\nthe king to abolish the pragmatic sanction, which had been established\nin France by the council of Basil. In return for this, the cardinal\nhad promised the king certain things,--which, however, he failed to\nperform, and it is not known how he pacified the king. He had promised\nthat the pope should send a legate to France to dispose of the\nbenefices when vacant; that the money for fees should not be sent to\nRome, nor carried out of the kingdom; but when the pope had gotten\npossession of the act for the abolition of the pragmatic sanction, he\nnever thought more of sending a legate to France. The pope had this act\nof abolition dragged through the streets of Rome, to please the Romans,\nand published every where, that the Pragmatic was done away.\nThe report was, that the bishop of Alby had the red hat given him,\nand had been created cardinal for the pains he had taken to procure\nthis abolition of the pragmatic sanction, which, in truth, was very\ndetrimental to poor clerks and scholars; for it gave rise to numberless\nquestions and examinations before any benefice could be obtained,--and\nthe rich gained benefices from their being able to support the expenses\nof the suits, which the poorer clerks lost, whatever nominations they\nmight have obtained.\nCHAP. XXV.\n A COOLNESS TAKES PLACE BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND HIS SON THE\n COUNT DE CHAROLOIS.--THE COUNT MAKES HEAVY COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE LORD\n DE CROY TO THE DEPUTIES OF THE THREE ESTATES ASSEMBLED BY THE DUKE HIS\n FATHER.\nThe duke of Burgundy now resided at Bruges, and summoned the three\nestates of his country to assemble there, in his presence, on the 9th\nday of January. The count de Charolois was at this time in disgrace\nwith his father, and he summoned the estates to meet him at Antwerp,\non the 3d of the same month, to lay before them the reasons of his\nfather's anger, that they might employ their means to bring about a\nreconciliation. But the duke, hearing of this, forbade any of the\nmembers of the estates to go near his son: however, some were already\ngone to him,--but others, who were on their road to Antwerp, did not go\nthither.\nOn the 9th day of January, there was a grand assembly of the estates at\nBruges, consisting of three bishops, sixty abbots, a great number of\nnobles, and deputies from all the principal towns. When they appeared\nbefore the duke, he returned them his thanks for their diligence and\nobedience, by the mouth of the bishop of Tournay, adding, that he had\nreceived such intelligence concerning his son, that he was too much\ntroubled to say more to them at that time. The duke, nevertheless,\ncould not help telling them, that he was angered against his son,\nbecause he suffered himself to be governed by persons whom the duke\ndid not approve of, and because he would not obey his will. He then\ngave a paper to one of his secretaries, ordering him to read it to the\nassembly, saying, that it was what his son had written to him, and it\nwas proper they all should hear it.\nThe paper contained in substance, that the count de Charolois was in\nthe utmost sorrow that his lord and father was angered against him, and\nentreated that he would no longer be displeased that he had not come\nwhen he had sent for him, and would hold him excused for disobeying his\norders; for he could not appear before him so long as he was surrounded\nby those whom he suspected of intending to poison him, and who were\ndaily seeking his death, of which he had received certain knowledge.\nThe count thought that the anger of his father had its origin in three\nthings: first, because the count did not love the lord de Croy, for\nreasons which he had before declared to the duke his father, in the\npresence of the said lord de Croy; and that he had now less cause to\nlove him than before, for through him and his friends he had procured\nthat the king of France should regain the country and towns that had\nbeen mortgaged on the Somme, to the great prejudice of himself and his\nheirs after him,--which, besides, ought not to have been done, as the\nking had not fulfilled various articles of the treaty of Arras.\nThe second reason might, perhaps, be his having retained in his\nhousehold the archdeacon of Avalon[28], after he had left the service\nof the count d'Estampes, which ought not to have troubled his father\nif he were acquainted with the cause, which he was ready to tell him\nwhenever he should be pleased to hear it.\nThe third was, as the count imagined, because when the duke's archers\nhad been sent into Holland to seek master Anthony Michel, he had him\nrescued out of their hands, but without the knowledge of the said\ncount, who, if he knew where the said master Anthony was, would send\nhim a prisoner to the duke.\nThe three estates having listened to the above, the duke gave\nthem permission to retire home until he should summon them again,\nwhich would be very shortly after. The greater part returned home;\nbut several remained in Bruges to attempt the bringing about a\nreconciliation between the father and the son,--and in this number was\na very noble clerk, who was exceedingly anxious to succeed in it, the\nabbot of Citeaux[29].\nOn the re-assembling of the estates at\nBruges, the count de Charolois came to Ghent, and was, soon after,\nwaited on by a deputation from them, with the bishop of Tournay and\nother counsellors of the duke. The abbot of Citeaux addressed him as\nthe spokesman of the deputation, and having quoted many texts from the\nScriptures to prove the obedience a son owes a father, supplicated him\nto submit in all humility to his father's will, and to dismiss certain\npersons from his service, the better to please him. When the abbot had\nceased speaking, the bishop of Tournay cast himself on his knees before\nthe count, and eloquently pressed him to comply with the proposals of\nthe abbot,--saying, that he was not come to him as the servant of his\nfather, but as bishop of Tournay, to bring about a reconciliation,\nif possible, and to prevent the many and grievous evils that might\narise from their discord. The count here interrupted him, and said,\nthat if he had not been the servant of the lord his father, he would\nnever have risen to his present rank. Then turning to the deputies, he\ntold them, that in their propositions they had only touched on master\nAnthony Michel, but now they were changing their ground; and he did\nnot believe that the abbot de Citeaux had been commissioned by them\nto make him such requests. But the deputies avowed what the abbot had\nsaid, declaring he had been so charged by them, and that in obedience\nto his pleasure they were thus come to the town of Ghent. The count\nthen pulled off his cap, bowed to them, and said, he was very happy\nthey were come, and thanked them, as his most faithful friends, for the\npain, trouble, and affection they had thus shown him, which he should\nnever forget, but would loudly acknowledge it in all the countries\nwhence the deputies were come.\nIn return for the warm affection they had shown him, he would not\nconceal his mind from them, but truly inform them of all the crimes and\nartifices that had been committed and practised by the lord de Croy\nand his adherents. In the first place, he said, that when he was last\nwith the lord his father (the countess of Charolois, his lady, being\nthen very ill), the lord de Croy had said, that if he were not afraid\nof vexing her, he would make him his prisoner, and place him in such\nsecurity that he should be disabled from doing him or any one else\nmischief.\nItem, the lord de Croy had told a worthy gentleman of the name of Pius,\nthat he cared not for him (the count de Charolois), for that he had\nnine hundred knights and esquires, who had sworn to serve him until\ndeath.\nItem, the lord de Croy had said publicly, on seeing the count return to\ncourt, 'Here is this great devil coming! so long as he lives, we shall\nnot succeed at court.'\nItem, the lord de Croy had declared, on his (the count's) retreat to\nHolland, that he was much afraid of him,--but that, when he should be\ninclined to hurt him, he would not be safer in Holland than elsewhere,\nfor that he was like a gaufre between two irons.\nItem, the lord de Croy had boasted, that, should a struggle arise\nbetween him and the count, he was sure of being assisted by all in\nArtois, as the whole country was at his command,--adding, 'What does\nmy lord de Charolois mean to do? Whence does he expect aid? Does he\nexpect it from the Flemings, or the Brabanters? if he does, he will\nfind himself mistaken,--for they will abandon him, as they have before\nabandoned their lord.' 'This I do not believe,' said the count, 'for I\nconsider them as my true and loyal friends,--nor have I the least doubt\nof the affections of those in Artois and Picardy.'\nItem, that the lord de Croy had sent to the provost of Watten[30] the\nhoroscope of his nativity, and that the provost, on examination, had\ngiven it as his opinion, that the person to whom it belonged would be\nmiserably unfortunate, and that the greatest misfortunes would befal\nhim,--all of which he had related to the duke, his father, to incense\nhim more against him.\nItem, he had also desired the provost of Watten to manage so that the\nduke his father might always hate him, and keep at a distance from his\nperson.\nItem, that he had sufficient evidence that the lord de Croy sought\nhis death by sorcery and other wicked means; that he had caused to be\nmade six images--three in the form of men, and three in the form of\nwomen--on which were written the name of the devil called Belial, and\nthe name of him whom they were pointed at, with some other names: these\nimages were to serve three purposes; first, to obtain favour from him\nto whom the image was addressed; secondly, to cause him to be hated\nby whomsoever they should please; and thirdly, to keep the person\naddressed in a languishing state of health so long as they chose: that\nthese images had been baptised by a bishop, prior of Morocq[31] in\nBurgundy; and that the makers of these images had been two or three\nservants of the count d'Estampes,--one of whom was his physician, whom\nthe count d'Estampes had sent prisoner to him, as his justification,\nand to exculpate himself. Then the count concluded by saying to the\ndeputies, 'My friends, do not think that I have any distrust of you,\nif I name not all the accomplices of those who have sought my death:\nI abstain from doing so merely to save their honours, and from the\nhorror you would feel were I to name them. I again thank you for\nyour diligent affection, and beg that you would consult together and\nadvise me how to act; for I am sure you would be displeased, should\nany misfortune happen unto me by my throwing myself into the hands of\nmy enemies. By them I will not be governed, but by good and faithful\nservants. I entreat, therefore, that you will deliberate maturely on\nwhat I have said, for I will not depart hence until I shall have had\nyour answer. May God grant that it may be as satisfactory as I have\nconfidence in you!'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 28: Avalon,--a town in Burgundy, 11 leagues from Auxerre.]\n[Footnote 29: Citeaux,--an abbey in the diocese of Ch\u00e2lous-sur-Saone,\nnear Nuits.]\n[Footnote 30: Watten,--a town in Flanders, near St Omer.]\n[Footnote 31: Morocq. Q.]\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE ANSWER OF THE DEPUTIES OF THE ESTATES OF FLANDERS TO THE COUNT\n DE CHAROLOIS.--PEACE RESTORED BETWEEN HIM AND HIS FATHER THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY.--THE KING OF FRANCE COMES TO ARRAS AND TO TOURNAY.\nWhen the count de Charolois had thus spoken to the deputies from the\nthree estates, they retired together into a chamber apart, and there\nconcluded on the answer they should make him. They then returned to\nhis presence, and cast themselves on their knees, but he made them\ninstantly arise; and the abbot de Citeaux spoke for the rest, and\nsaid, that they had fully considered all he had stated to them, and\nwere unanimously of opinion to request him most humbly to regain the\ngood graces and favour of his lord and father, by returning instantly\nto him, to avoid the evils that would ensue upon their discords. With\nregard to those he thought his enemies, God had hitherto preserved him\nfrom their snares, and would still do so, in consequence of the earnest\nprayers that all his future subjects would offer up to him for the\npurpose; and that when his father should see him return, his joy would\nbe so great that he would sufficiently guard him against them. They\nentreated that, at this time, he would leave certain of his attendants\nbehind, without formally dismissing them, which they thought would\nbe an effectual method of regaining his father's good opinion: they\noffered, likewise, to exert their utmost power to obtain this desirable\nend.\nThe count, in reply, thanked them all, and said, that from love to\nGod, to my lord his father, and themselves, he would comply with their\nrequest, and follow their advice,--desiring them, at the same time, to\naccompany him when he presented himself to his father, and that they\nwould entreat him to restore his servants to his favour. This they\nwillingly promised.\nOn the Monday following, the count de Charolois, accompanied by a great\nnumber of knights, esquires, and these deputies, set out from Ghent for\nBruges,--and the principal persons of the duke's household, together\nwith the magistracy of the town, and burghers, came out to meet him.\nHe dismounted at the palace of the duke, and advanced to the presence\nchamber, where, on seeing the duke, he made three genuflections, and,\nat the third, said, 'My most redoubted lord and father, I have been\ntold that you are displeased with me for three things, (and then stated\nthese as he had done to the deputies, and made similar excuses):\nhowever, if in any of these things I have vexed or angered you, I crave\nyour pardon.'\nThe duke answered, 'Of all your excuses, I know full well the grounds:\nsay no more on the subject; but, since you are come to seek our mercy,\nbe a good son, and I will be a good father:' he then took him by the\nhand, and granted him his full pardon. The deputies now retired,\ngreatly rejoiced at the reconciliation that had taken place; and the\nduke then dismissed them, with orders to re-assemble on the 8th of the\nensuing March.\nOn the day of this reconciliation, the lord de Croy set out very early\nin the morning from Bruges for Tournay, where king Louis of France then\nresided.\nIn this and the following year, corn and all other grain were so cheap\nin the country of Artois that the oldest persons never remembered them\nat such low prices.\nOn the 24th of January, king Louis of France came to the city of\nArras[32], where he was most honourably received by the clergy and\ninhabitants. He dismounted at the gate, and walked on foot to the\nchurch of our Lady, where he paid his devotions, and then took up\nhis lodgings at the house of the official, which was a good but small\nhouse,--and refused to go to the bishop's palace, although large and\nconvenient; but it was the king's custom to prefer small lodgings to\ngreater.\nThere were with the king his brother the duke of Berry, the count of\nEu, the prince of Piedmont, and some few other nobles. He would not\npermit any of them to lodge in the town, because the inhabitants would\nnot suffer his harbingers to mark any lodgings until all the inns\nwere filled,--and these inns could hold from four to five thousand\nhorse,--which behaviour was displeasing to the king; and he remained\nin the city from the Monday to Saturday, without entering the town of\nArras until he had seen and had examined the privileges of this town of\nArras.\nWhen he entered the town on the Saturday, he found at the gate great\nnumbers of people who had been banished thence, who requested that\nhe would restore them to their rights, on his joyous arrival; but he\nreplied,--'Children, you require from me a grace that is not usual\nfor the kings of France to grant, and therefore do not depend on my\ndoing it; for I will not invade the privileges of our fair uncle of\nBurgundy.' This was all they could obtain from him. He proceeded to\nhear high mass at the church of St Vaast, which being over, he returned\nto dinner in the city.\nOn the next day, Sunday, the king of France again visited the town of\nArras, and examined, at his leisure, the abbey of St Vaast and all its\nbuildings. He thence went to the market-place; and as he was returning\nby the church of St Guy, where the white bell and the town-clock were,\na locksmith, who had the care of this bell, made it sound on the king's\napproach, and descended from the steeple in armour, when he seized the\nking's horse, like a clown as he was, and demanded money to drink. The\nking, seeing an armed man thus seize his horse, was somewhat startled\nat first: nevertheless, he ordered money to be given him, and forgave\nhis misbehaviour to him. Had not the king pardoned him, he would,\nprobably, have paid the forfeit of his life for his folly.\nWhile this man was descending from the steeple, some children striking\nthe bell too hardly broke it, which was a great loss to the town,--for\nit was the largest and handsomest bell that could be seen: it weighed\nfrom seventeen to eighteen thousand pounds of metal!\nThe king went into the plain to see the spot where the king his\ngrandfather was encamped, when he besieged Arras, in the year 1414.\nThence he returned to the city; and on the morrow departed suddenly,\naccording to his custom, and was followed by his attendants to Tournay,\nwhere he was most honourably received,--for upward of three thousand\nmen came out to meet him dressed in white, with a border of flowers de\nluce round their robes.\nAt the gate was a model, in paper, of a castle, similar to the\nfortifications of Tournay, which was presented to the king with the\nkeys of the town. From the top of the gate, a virgin (the handsomest\ngirl in the town) descended by machinery, and after saluting the king,\nthrew aside the robe from her breast, and displayed a well-made\nheart, which burst open, and there came out a golden flower de luce,\nof great value, which she gave to the king, in the name of the town,\nsaying, 'Sire, I am a virgin, and so is this town,--for it has never\nbeen taken, nor has it ever turned from its allegiance to the kings of\nFrance,--for all the inhabitants thereof have a flower de luce in their\nhearts.'\nThe king saw many pageants and histories represented in the streets he\npassed through,--and he took his lodgings at the house of a canon. From\nTournay he went to Lille, where he arrived the 18th of February, then\nthe fourth day of Lent.\nThe duke of Burgundy came to Lille on the eve of the first Sunday in\nLent, to wait on the king,--and from that day to the Friday following\nthere were splendid tiltings and other amusements. During their\nresidence at Lille, the king remonstrated personally, and by the means\nof others, so effectually with the duke, on his intended expedition,\nthat he postponed it for one whole year; when the king promised to\ngive him ten thousand combatants, paid for four months, to attend him\nwhither he should be then pleased to go. It was also said, that the\nking of England would aid him with a great body of archers. By this\nmeans was the expedition to Turkey broken off, to the displeasure of\nthe duke of Burgundy, whose whole desire was to go there for once.\nWhen this was settled, the king departed from Lille on his return to\nFrance, and found at St Cloud the duke of Savoy, quite debilitated with\nthe gout, and his eldest son, who were there waiting for him. It was\nrumoured, that they were very unpopular in Savoy, by reason of their\nnot conducting themselves according to the wishes of their people; and\nthat they had chosen the duke's third son, Philip, for their lord, who\nwas reported to be wise, subtle, and valiant in arms.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 32: Arras--is divided into two parts: the cit\u00e9 being the\nolder, and la ville the new town.\nSee _Martiniere's Dictionary_]\nCHAP. XXVII.\n OF THE EXPEDITION OF THE BASTARD OF BURGUNDY.--THE KING OF FRANCE\n DETAINS PRISONER PHILIP OF SAVOY, NOTWITHSTANDING HE HAD GIVEN HIM A\n SAFE CONDUCT.--THE COUNT DE ST POL PACIFIES THE KING OF FRANCE.--A\n BATTLE SHORTLY NOTICED TO HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN ENGLAND.--OTHER MATTERS.\nOn the 18th day of March, in the year 1463, the duke of Burgundy,\ndissatisfied that the king had prevailed on him to retard his\nexpedition to Turkey, assembled the three estates of his country at\nLille, and there told them, that the king of France had induced him to\ndelay going to the east for one year; but that in order that the pope,\nand the other Christian princes, might be satisfied with him, he had\nthe intention of sending thither his bastard Anthony, with two thousand\ncombatants, accompanied by Baldwin his other bastard, then about\neighteen years old; and that, should it please God, and he be neither\ndead nor ill, he would be in person in Turkey by St John's day, in the\nyear 1465, with the largest army he could possibly assemble.\nThe king of France, at this time, sent a third summons for the count de\nSt Pol to appear in person before him, or take the consequences, and\nsent him a passport. The count, fearing he should be banished if he\nfurther disobeyed, determined to go to the king; and on his arrival, he\nmet with so many zealous friends at court that the king received him\nwith much pleasure, and his peace was made,--and he did homage for the\nlands he held under the king. It was said at the time, that king Louis\nrequired that he would no longer serve the count de Charolois,--but\nthat he had replied in excuse, that it was impossible for him to comply\nwith this requisition, as he was under obligations, by faith and oath,\nto the count de Charolois, and could not break them.\nSoon after Easter, in the year 1464, at the command of the king of\nFrance, Philip of Savoy, third son to the duke of Savoy, set out\nto wait on him. The king had sent to him his first equerry, with\ncredential letters, to desire that he would accompany him to France.\nThese letters were signed by the king himself, and displayed by the\nequerry, who assured him, in the king's name, that he should come and\nreturn in perfect safety.\nNotwithstanding this, on his near approach to the king, he was\narrested, and carried prisoner to the castle of Loches, in Touraine,\na very strong castle, wherein he remained confined two whole years. I\nknow not the cause of this, if it were not that the king was envious\nthat he had greater command in Savoy than the duke, and that the people\nmore willingly obeyed him than the duke. However, at the end of two\nyears, the king, of his own accord, had him set at liberty.\nAt this time, Charles count de Nevers departed this life, without\nleaving male heirs, and was therefore succeeded in his counties of\nNevers, Rethel, and other places, by his brother John.\nThe 20th of May, being Whitsunday, Anthony bastard of Burgundy, with\nother knights and esquires of the duke of Burgundy's household, put on\nthe cross previous to their expedition against the infidels; and on the\nmorrow they embarked at Sluys, in the presence of the duke. They were,\nin the whole, two thousand combatants; and the duke gave sir Anthony,\nthis day, to defray the expenses of his voyage, one hundred thousand\ngolden crowns, besides the county of la Roche and other lands.\nOn occasion of this croisade, numbers of young persons in different\nparts of Christendom had put on the cross, to march against the Turks,\nand had taken their road to Rome. But as they went without any order or\nleader, some ten, some twenty at a time, their intentions failed, and\nthey returned home, although they would have made a respectable figure\nfrom their numbers, had they been in one body,--but God would not, for\nthis time, permit it.\nIn this same month of May, another battle[33] was fought in England,\nbetween the army of king Edward, under the command of the earl of\nWarwick, and that of king Henry, commanded by the duke of Somerset, in\nthe hopes of recovering the kingdom forking Henry, although in breach\nof his treaty with king Edward, who had pardoned him, and restored\nhis lands and honours; but ill fortune attended him,--for he lost\nthe battle, and his men were either killed or taken: he himself was\nmade prisoner, and brought to Edward, who instantly ordered him to be\nbeheaded.\nOn the 2d day of June, the count de Charolois came to Lille, grandly\nattended by the nobles of the country, to wait on the duke his father,\nwho was then displeased with him; but the lord de Saveuses interfered\nwith the duke, so that he spoke to his son, and forgave him. It was\nsaid, that the count addressed himself to the lord de Croy, and said,\nthat when he should behave to him in the manner he ought, he would be\na good lord to him. He could not, however, at this moment, regain the\npension he was wont to receive from his father.\nThe 20th day of June, Pierre Louvain, one of the king's captains, and\nunder his protection, was murdered by sir Raoul de Flavy, lord of\nRubencourt, in revenge for the death of his brother William de Flavy,\nwho had been put to death by his wife, with the knowledge, as was said,\nof Pierre Louvain: but no harm whatever was done to those that were in\ncompany with the said Pierre Louvain at the time of his death.\nThe wife of William de Flavy, who was of a noble family, caused her\nhusband's throat to be cut by his barber while he was shaving him; but\nas he did not cut the throat quite through, she seized the same razor,\nand completed it,--which was an extraordinary circumstance, as she had\nhad a fine son by him. In excuse for this her strange conduct, it must\nbe said, that he was harsh and rough in his behaviour to her, and kept\nwomen of bad fame in the house, with whom he lay, to the neglect of his\nwife, who was young and handsome: he had also imprisoned her father,\nand kept him so long in confinement that he died in prison.\nOn the 15th of June, in this year, an extraordinary event happened at\nthe palace at Paris, during the pleading of a cause between the bishop\nof Angers and a rich burgher of that town. The bishop had accused him\nof heresy and usury, and maintained that he had said, in the presence\nof many persons of honour, that he did not believe there was a God,\na devil, a paradise, or a hell. It happened, that while the bishop's\nadvocate was repeating the above words, as having been said by the\nburgher, the hall they were pleading in shook very much, and a large\nstone fell down in the midst, but without hurting any one. However,\nall the persons present were exceedingly frightened, and left the\nhall, as the cause had been deferred to the next day: but when the\npleading recommenced, the room shook as before,--and one of the beams\nslipt out of the mortise, and sunk two feet, without falling entirely\ndown, which caused so great an alarm, lest the whole roof should fall\nand crush them, that they ran out in such haste that some left behind\nthem their caps, others their hoods and shoes; and there were no more\npleadings held in this chamber until it had been completely repaired\nand strengthened!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 33: The battle of Hexham.]\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE COMES TO H\u00caDIN A SECOND TIME.--WHAT PASSED AT THE\n MEETING BETWEEN HIM AND THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--THE DEATH OF POPE PIUS\n II.\nThe king of France came again to Amiens in the month of June in this\nyear, and went thence to St Pol, where he met the duke of Burgundy.\nAfter the count had grandly feasted them, they went together to H\u00eadin,\nwhere the duke entertained them nobly. During their stay at H\u00eadin, an\nambassador arrived from king Edward, to whom the duke gave a handsome\nreception.\nThe common rumour was, that, at this meeting, the king of France\nrequired of the duke that he should restore to him the castlewicks of\nLille, Douay, and Orchies, in consideration of two hundred thousand\nlivres in cash, and ten thousand livres a-year that he would pay\nhim,--for which sums they had been pledged by a king of France to an\nearl of Flanders. The duke replied, that when his grandfather duke\nPhilip of Burgundy, son to king John of France, married the lady\nMargaret, heiress to the earl of Flanders, these castlewicks were given\nhim by the king of France, to be enjoyed by him and his heirs-male for\never,---but that, should there be no male heirs, these castlewicks were\nto be restored to the crown, on payment of the above sums to the earl\nof Flanders. The king, as was said, made other requests to the duke,\nwho granted none of them, as he thought them unreasonable.\nThe duke, on his part, made three requests to the king: first, that\nhe would have in his good graces the count de Charolois, having heard\nthat the king was displeased with him. Secondly, that he would desist\nfrom constraining such of the nobility as held fiefs under the crown\nfrom taking any other but the usual oaths,--for some of the nobles had\nbeen forced to make oath to serve him against all other men whatever.\nThirdly, that he would finish and fulfil all that he had promised and\nsworn to respecting various articles of the treaty of Arras, at the\ntime he made his payment for the recovery of the towns on the Somme. To\nall which requests the king evaded giving any positive answer, and the\nnext day departed from H\u00eadin, for Abbeville and Rouen. Shortly after,\nnamely, about the end of July, the king returned to Nouvion, a village\nnear the forest of Cressy, where he staid some time; but though the\nduke was still at H\u00eadin, they no longer visited each other,--but the\nlord de Croy went often to talk with the king, and then returned to\nH\u00eadin.\nWhile the duke was at H\u00eadin, he hanged on a gibbet a gentleman called\nJean de l'Esquerre, for many heavy crimes of which he had been guilty,\nnotwithstanding that he was one of the most valiant men in the county\nof Artois, and that his friends made urgent requests to save him; but\nall they could obtain was liberty to take his body from the gibbet, and\ninter it in the church of the Cordeliers at H\u00eadin.\nOn the 15th of August, this year, died pope Pius; and on the day of his\ndecease the lightning struck many places in the neighbourhood of Rome,\nand did great damage: of this event, people spoke differently. After\nthe death of pope Pius II. pope Paul II.[34] as elected in his room.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 34: Paul II. Pietro Barbo, a Venetian.]\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE BASTARD DE REUBEMPR\u00c9 IS SENT TO HOLLAND, TO ATTEMPT TO TAKE THE\n COUNT DE CHAROLOIS.--HE IS ARRESTED HIMSELF.\nDuring the king of France's stay at H\u00eadin, the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9 was\nordered, by I know not whom, to embark on board a vessel of war, called\na ballenier,[35] at Crotoy, with forty picked men, of good courage, and\nto sail for Holland, where the count de Charolois then resided. None\nof the crew knew whither the bastard intended to carry them, nor what\norders he was charged with, except that they were told they must follow\nhim wherever he should choose to lead them, and implicitly obey his\ncommands.\nThe bastard, on his arrival at a port in Holland, left his vessel\nat anchor, and, taking with him three or four of his most trusty\ncompanions, advanced within a league of the town in which the count de\nCharolois was. But notwithstanding the great care he took to proceed\nas secretly as possible, he was nevertheless discovered while drinking\nat an alehouse, and the count informed thereof, who caused him and his\ncompanions to be arrested and put into prison. The companions were soon\nafter set at liberty, and the bastard remained alone in confinement.\nThe count dispatched officers to seize the vessel and crew; but they\nhad heard of their captain's ill luck, and had put to sea instantly to\nreturn to Crotoy.\nIt was currently reported at the time, that the king of France had\nordered the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9, by letters written with his own hand,\nand signed by him, to seize the count de Charolois, and bring him to\nhim dead or alive. This plan was laid while the king was at H\u00eadin, and\nwhile he had a powerful army on the Somme; and had it succeeded, he\nwould have made prisoner good duke Philip, who was far from suspecting\nany thing of the kind, and would have had him led about in his train,\nlike to the duke of Savoy, his brother-in-law, until he should have\nmarried the only child of the count de Charolois (a damsel not more\nthan seven or eight years old) to whomsoever he pleased, and should\nhave divided the territories of the duke,--namely, the duchy of Brabant\nto the count de Nevers, and the rest among his favourites at his\npleasure.\nBut God, who knows the hearts of men, would not permit so great ruin\nto fall on the noble house of Burgundy, which is the fairest, firmest,\nand strongest pillar of the French crown! May God, of his especial\ngrace, always keep the two noble houses of France and Burgundy in peace\nand good harmony! Although I have now written down what was the common\nreport of the time, I can never believe the king of France capable of\nimagining such schemes of wickedness, against the illustrious house of\nBurgundy, considering the great honours and services he had received so\nlately from the heads of it.\nAs soon as the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9 was arrested, and had confessed\nhis guilt to the count de St Pol, then in Holland, he was put under\nclose confinement; and the count de Charolois sent information of\nwhat had passed to his father, then at H\u00eadin, where he had grandly\nentertained the queen of France, who had come to visit him from\nAbbeville and Nouvion.--At this time, the duke of Bourbon waited on the\nking at Abbeville, in whose good graces he was not, from the report\nthat he, the duke of Brittany, and the count de Charolois had formed\na triple alliance, and had mutually sworn to assist each other with\nthe utmost of their power, should the king make any attempts on their\npersons or property.\nSoon afterward, namely, on the 10th of October, the duke of Burgundy\nreceived letters from the king, to say, that he would come and see him\nat H\u00eadin on the following day. This same day, while at dinner, he had\nthe information from his son of the imprisonment and confessions of the\nbastard de Reubempr\u00e9, and also a warning that he was not safe at H\u00eadin.\nOn hearing this, as soon as he had dined, he instantly mounted his\nhorse, and rode off suddenly from H\u00eadin to St Pol, where he lay. His\nattendants followed him thither, leaving for the defence of the town\nand castle of H\u00eadin, sir Adolphus of Cleves and the lord de Crequy. The\nduke, nevertheless, ordered them, if the king came thither, to throw\nopen the gates of the town and castle to him. But the king no sooner\nlearnt that the duke had so suddenly quitted H\u00eadin than he departed\nfrom Abbeville; and the duke of Bourbon came to Lille, to the duke his\nuncle, passing through H\u00eadin. From Lille he waited on the count de\nCharolois at Ghent, and was nobly entertained, at Lille and Ghent, by\nthe father and son.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 35: Ballenier,--a corsair--privateer. Du Cange, _Gloss._]\nCHAP. XXX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SUMMONS DEPUTIES FROM THE TOWNS ON THE SOMME, AND\n FROM OTHER PLACES TO COME BEFORE HIM.--HIS HARANGUES TO THEM.--HE\n APPOINTS THE COUNT DE NEVERS GOVERNOR OF PICARDY,--AND SENDS AN\n EMBASSY TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AT LILLE.\nThe king, on his arrival at Rouen, summoned those of Tournay, and\nof all the towns regained on the Somme, to appear before him; and\nall of them sent deputies, excepting Cambray. He harangued them, by\nthe mouth of his chancellor, on the reports that were current every\nwhere, through the territories of Burgundy, and which had vexed him\nexceedingly, that he had sent the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9 to Holland, to\nseize the count de Charolois and bring him to him, for which there\nwas not any foundation. True it was, that the duke of Brittany was\nnot so obedient to him as he ought to have been, and had sent his\nvice-chancellor to England, to form an alliance with his ancient\nenemies the English, which he should not have done without his\npermission; and for this reason he had sent the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9\ninto Holland, to seize the vice-chancellor of Brittany (if it could be\ndone) as he was returning from England through Holland.\nHe added, that a preacher had publicly declared from the pulpit at\nBruges, where Christians assemble from all parts of the world, that he\nhad purposely sent the said bastard to lay hands on the said count, a\nthing he had never once thought of, and it was his intention to punish\nmost severely all who should spread tales so disgraceful to his honour.\nThe chancellor concluded by telling them, that the king had thus called\nthem together, to inform them, that he had appointed the count de\nNevers his lieutenant and captain-general of all the lately-regained\ncountries, as far as the river Loire, to oppose his ancient enemies,\nshould they make any attempts to invade his kingdom, commanding them,\nat the same time, to yield obedience to the count de Nevers, as to\nhis own proper person. After this harangue, the deputies returned home\nagain.\nThe count de Charolois, accompanied by four score or a hundred knights\nand gentlemen, and fully six hundred horse, arrived at Lille on the\n4th of November, which caused great joy throughout that town, and the\nchildren sang carols in all the streets. On dismounting, he waited on\nhis father, who received him with much pleasure. The next day came to\nLille, the count d'Eu, the chancellor of France, and the archbishop of\nNarbonne, as ambassadors from the king of France, with a noble company\nof attendants.[36]\nThe day following, they had an audience of the duke, to whom, in the\npresence of the count de Charolois, the chancellor displayed their\ncommission from the king, to remonstrate with the duke on three\nsubjects:\nFirst, the king demanded to have the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9, then a\nprisoner in Holland, given up to him.\nSecondly, the king demanded satisfaction for the words that had been\nuttered to his dishonour, as to the cause of the imprisonment of the\nsaid bastard.\nThirdly, that the duke of Burgundy should send to the king a gentleman\nof the household of the count de Charolois, called Olivier de la\nMarche, by whom the words aforesaid were first published,--and also the\npreacher who had uttered the same from his pulpit at Bruges, for him to\ninflict on them such punishments as their crimes were deserving of.\nThe chancellor, by way of excusing the king of France for sending\nthe said bastard to Holland, declared that it was done to arrest\nthe vice-chancellor of Brittany on his return from England; and\nadded, that the count de Charolois had greatly offended the king by\nimprisoning the said bastard, and thus preventing him from fulfilling\nhis orders.\nAt these words, the count de Charolois fell on his knees before the\nduke, and besought him to permit him to answer what had been just said,\nfor that it greatly affected his honour; observing, that if it pleased\nGod to keep him in his (the duke's) good favour, there was not a man\non earth he feared but him, who was his father and lord, and that he\nmarvelled much why the king was thus pressing him. The chancellor of\nFrance then said, that they were not charged by the king to make any\nreply to the count de Charolois; and the duke told his son to desist\nfrom saying more until another time. This command the count obeyed,\nlike a good son, but sore against his will.\nThe chancellor, continuing his harangue, said, that the king had been\ngreatly surprised that the duke so suddenly left H\u00eadin, as he had said\nhe would not depart thence until he had spoken with the king, nor\nwithout his leave,--and he was wont to be punctual to his word.\nThe duke allowed the chancellor to finish all he had to say, without\nfurther interruption, and then replied, article by article: first,\nthen, as to what was said of his son being suspicious, he said,\nthat, if he was suspicious, he had it not from him, for he had never\nin his life been doubtful of man or prince whatever; and if he had\nthat character, he had it from his mother, who was ever jealous lest\nhe should love any other woman but her. With regard to giving up\nthe bastard of Reubempr\u00e9, he would not do it, as he was arrested in\nHolland, of which he, the duke, was sovereign by sea and land, without\nacknowledging other lord but God, and in or on that country the king\nhas not the smallest right or claim. The bastard had been imprisoned\nthere for crimes which would be judged in that country, and punished\naccording to its laws. He had been always esteemed of a wicked and\nloose character, and guilty of murder and other crimes.\nRespecting Olivier de la Marche, whom the king would have sent to\nhim, for having first uttered the words the king complains of and\nthe preacher who published them from the pulpit at Bruges,--the duke\nreplied, that the preacher was a churchman whom he would not touch, as\nit was unbecoming him so to do; and that there be preachers who are\nneither wise nor prudent, and who go from place to place, so that no\none knows where to find them; 'but for my part,' he continued, 'I do\nnot believe that any preacher has preached such language. As to Olivier\nde la Marche, he is of the household of my son; and I do not think that\nhe has done any thing but what he ought to have done or said: should it\nbe otherwise, I shall make proper inquiries, and punish him according\nto his deserts.\n'With regard to not keeping my word, I will that all the world know\nthat I have never promised any thing by my mouth to any one alive,\nbut what I have kept to the very utmost of my power.' This he said\nrather in a passion; and then, smiling, he said, 'I never failed in my\npromises but to the ladies, and wish that you may know it; and tell my\nlord your king, that when I last took leave of him, I indeed said,\nthat if affairs, or any other matters, did not require my presence\nelsewhere, I should not quit H\u00eadin until I saw him again, if he wished\nit; this, and nothing else, did I promise him. Now at the moment of\nmy setting out, news was brought me of the arrest of the bastard de\nReubempr\u00e9, and of other affairs, that made my departure necessary; but\nI made no very great haste,--for I only travelled four leagues a day\nuntil I came to Lille.'\nThe chancellor of France then said, that considering the great respect\nand affection he had always borne to the crown of France, and the\nmarked attention the king had shown by selecting for this embassy his\nrelative, the count d'Eu, and himself, who was chancellor of France,\nhe hoped the bastard of Reubempr\u00e9 would be given up, and begged of the\nduke to weigh this in his mind.\nThe duke instantly replied, that, in truth, he had ever exerted himself\nto pay the king every honour and love; 'but of all the things I have\nasked,' added he, 'he has not only never granted one, but he has failed\nto keep the promises he made me. Of the lands which he has regained,\nhe promised me the enjoyment during my life; but no sooner were the\npayments made than he forgot what he had promised, and deprived me of\nthe enjoyment of them, for which I am not the better.'\nAt these words, master Pierre de Goux, knight and doctor of laws,\nadvanced, and said aloud to the ambassadors, that all might hear him,\n'My lords, the duke, my lord, does not hold all his territories from\nthe king of France: he holds from him, indeed, the duchy of Burgundy,\nthe counties of Flanders and of Artois; but he has many fine dominions\nout of the kingdom of France,--such as the duchies of Brabant, of\nLuxembourg, of Lembourg, of Austria, together with the counties of\nBurgundy, Hainault, Holland, Zealand and Namur, and other countries,\nwhich he holds from God alone, although he be not a king.'\nThe duke interrupted him, and said, 'I will that all who hear may know,\nthat if I had wished it, I might have been a king!' without declaring\nhow, or by what means, and then simply added, that before three days\nwere passed, he would give a more ample answer to the ambassadors.\nThey then departed to their lodgings; but on this day, the duke wrote\na letter to the king, and sent it by a pursuivant, who delivered it in\nperson, and brought the duke an answer from the king. The pursuivant\nwas not more than ten days in going and returning,--but what the\ncontents of these letters were I am ignorant.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 36: This embassy consisted of the count d'Eu, Charles\nd'Artois, a prince of the blood, who had been twenty-three years\nprisoner of war in England, Pierre de Morvillier, chancellor of\nFrance,--and Anthony du Bec-Crespin, archbishop of Narbonne.\nThe count de Charolois was only restrained by the presence of his\nfather from using severe language; but when the ambassadors took their\nleave, he said to the archbishop, who went out the last, 'Recommend me\nmost humbly to the good graces of the king, and tell him that he has\nhad me well dressed by his chancellor,--but that, before a year pass,\nhe shall repent of it!'\nIt was probably from these intemperate speeches of the chancellor that\nthe _war of the public good_ had its origin.]\nCHAP. XXXI.\n THE ANSWER OF THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS TO THE AMBASSADORS FROM\n FRANCE.--THE KING OF FRANCE ORDERS CREVEC\u0152UR, NEAR CAMBRAY, TO BE\n TAKEN POSSESSION OF.--THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS AN EMBASSY TO THE\n KING OF FRANCE.--THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS.\nOn the 8th day of November, the French ambassadors were summoned to\ncome into the presence of the duke of Burgundy,--when the count de\nCharolois, before a great company, coolly replied to the different\ncharges that had been made against him, article by article, without\nshowing the smallest sign of passion or trouble, to the great\nastonishment of all who heard him,--more particularly to the surprise\nof the duke, who, on the assembly's breaking up, said to some of his\nconfidential attendants, that he did not imagine his son was so able\nand so prudent.\nThe ambassadors returned to France, without having obtained any of\nthe articles they had demanded. They passed through Tournay, Arras,\nand Amiens,--and in these and all the other towns on their road,\nthey assembled the magistracy, and told them, that the king was much\nangered at the rumours which had been spread abroad of his intending to\nseize the count de Charolois, which they affirmed the king had never\neven thought of, and would have disdained to do it, and that he had\nassured them of this from his own mouth. If, therefore, those who had\nindustriously circulated such reports should continue their calumnies,\nthe ambassadors ordered the magistrates to lay hands on them, that they\nmight be punished according to the pleasure of the king.\nThe lords de Torcy and de Moy came, on the 15th November, to Crevec\u0153ur,\nnear Cambray, and took possession of the town and castle, by virtue of\nletters-patent which they produced from king Louis, although, a short\ntime before, he had given it and its dependances to sir Anthony of\nBurgundy, as an inheritance for himself and his heirs. The captain of\nthe castle made some show of resistance, and collected from sixteen to\ntwenty soldiers,--but he was so talked to by one and the other that he\nagreed to surrender it. He was, however, carried away a prisoner to the\nking, and, for some time, was in danger of his life,--but at length he\nwas sent back safe.\nAbout the festival of Christmas, the duke of Burgundy sent a notable\nembassy to the king of France, consisting of the bishop of Tournay,\nthe lord de Crequy, and other nobles, who waited on the king at Tours\nin Touraine, where he had assembled the princes and great lords of his\nrealm: the principal of them were the king of Sicily duke of Anjou, the\nduke of Orleans, the counts de Nevers and de St Pol, with numbers of\nothers.\nWhen they were all met in the king's presence, the king addressed\nthem himself, and said, that he had not assembled them to hurt or\ndistress the duke of Burgundy, which many persons had affected to\nbelieve; for he was under greater obligations to the duke than he\ncould express,--and so far from doing him any harm, he wished him all\nhappiness and honour. He had called them to his presence to consider\nof the conduct of the duke of Brittany, who had told, or written, to\nthe count de Charolois, to the duke of Orleans, to the duke of Bourbon,\nto the king of Sicily, and to other princes of his realm, that the\nreason why he, the king, remained so much in Picardy, was to conclude\na peace with his ancient enemies the English; and to obtain this he\nhad promised to give them the duchies of Normandy and Guienne, that by\ntheir assistance he might conquer and destroy the country of Burgundy,\nof Brittany, of the Bourbonnois, of the Orleannois, and the other\nterritories of the princes of his blood and of his kingdom.\nThe king affirmed on his oath, that he never thought of such\nthings,--and that if he had, he was unworthy to wear a crown, or to\nbe a king. The reason of his remaining in Picardy was because the duke\nof Burgundy had an intention to undertake an expedition against the\nTurk; and on that account he had indeed attempted to conclude a peace\nwith England, that the duke's territories, during his absence, might\ncontinue in peace.\nThe king then demanded of the princes present, if they believed what\nthe duke of Brittany had written to them: when they unanimously\nreplied, they did not. He then demanded, that they would all assist him\nwith their services against the duke of Brittany, who had so grossly\ninjured him; and they assured him they would do so to the utmost of\ntheir power.\nOn the 3d of January, in this year 1464, died Charles duke of Orleans,\nabout seventy years old, who left a son about three years of age, and a\ndaughter of seven or eight years old. He it was who commenced the civil\nwar in France against John duke of Burgundy, in revenge for the murder\nof his father, which lasted upward of thirty years, to such great loss\nand destruction of the kingdom that it would be pitiless to relate it,\nas it may be seen in the Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet.[37]\nThis duke of Orleans was made prisoner at the battle of Agincourt,\nand carried to England, where he remained twenty-five years; and it\nis supposed that he would never have obtained his liberty, if duke\nPhilip of Burgundy had not ransomed him; he also gave him in marriage\nhis niece, a daughter of the duke of Cleves, by whom he had the two\nchildren above mentioned.\nOn his return to France, he led an exemplary and devout life; and on\nevery Friday throughout the year, he gave thirteen poor persons their\ndinner, in honour of God: he served them in person at table, before\nhe ate any thing himself, and then washed their feet, in imitation of\nour Saviour, who washed the feet of his disciples on the day of the\nPassover.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 37: 'Il semble par la que Monstrelet nie son auteur de la\npl\u00fbpart de ce qui est contenue au 3me volume.'\n_MS. note in M. du Cang\u00e9's copy._\nThis proves, however, what has been said in the preface, of nearly all\nthe last volume being by another writer than Monstrelet.]\nCHAP. XXXII.\n THE MARRIAGE OF KING EDWARD OF ENGLAND, AND THE ALLIANCE HE WISHES\n TO FORM WITH FRANCE.--THE BASTARDS OF BURGUNDY RETURN FROM THEIR\n EXPEDITION.--THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY DANGEROUSLY ILL.--THE FAMILY OF CROY\n ARE DISMISSED FROM THEIR PLACES.\nIn this year, between Christmas and Easter, Edward king of England,\nsurnamed Long Shanks, one of the handsomest knights of his kingdom,\ntook to wife the daughter of lord Rivers, an English knight of middling\nrank, who, in his youth, had been sent to France to serve the duchess\nof Bedford. The duke of Bedford was then regent of France for his\nnephew king Henry VI. an infant; and his duchess was his second wife,\nand sister to the count Louis de St Pol,--an exceedingly handsome lady.\nAfter the death of the duke, his widow, following her own inclinations,\nwhich were contrary to the wishes of her family, particularly to those\nof her uncle, the cardinal of Rouen, married the said lord Rivers,\nreputed the handsomest man that could be seen, who shortly after\ncarried her to England, and never after could return to France for\nfear of the relatives of this lady. She had several children by lord\nRivers,--and among them was a daughter of prodigious beauty, who, by\nher charms, so captivated king Edward that he married her, to the great\ndiscontent of several of the higher nobility, who would, if possible,\nhave prevented the marriage from taking place. But, to satisfy them\nthat the lady's birth was not inferior to theirs, king Edward sent\nletters to the count de Charolois, to entreat that he would send him\nsome lord of the family of the lady to be present at her wedding.--The\ncount sent him sir James de St Pol, her uncle, grandly accompanied by\nknights and gentlemen, to the number of more than one hundred horse,\nwho, on their arrival at London, put an end to the murmurings on this\nmarriage, and gave great satisfaction to the king. After the feasts,\nwhen they were about to return home, the king presented sir James de St\nPol with three hundred nobles; and to each knight and gentleman of his\ncompany he gave fifty nobles, beside most handsome entertainment.\nIt was commonly said at the time, that the count de Charolois had sent\nso handsome a company of nobles to England to please king Edward, and\ngain him over to his interests, knowing that the king of France was\nanxious to form an alliance with Edward to his prejudice, and that\nthe lord de Launoy had been sent by Louis to negotiate a treaty with\nEngland. King Edward would not, however, listen to it, and even sent\nthe letters which the lord de Launoy had brought from the king of\nFrance to the duke of Burgundy, for his perusal, and likewise wrote\nto him every thing the lord de Launoy had told him from Louis, which\ngreatly astonished the duke, who from that time became suspicious of\nthe king of France's designs, and of those by whom he was surrounded.\nIt was also said, that king Edward had charged sir James de St Pol to\ntell the count de Charolois, that if he wanted men at arms, he would\nsend him as many as he pleased.\nIn this year, the frost was so severe that wine was not only frozen\nin the cellars but at table: even some wells were frozen,--and this\nweather lasted from the 10th of December to the 15th of February. The\nfrost was so sharp for seven or eight days that many persons died in\nthe fields; and the old people said that there had not been so very\nsevere a winter since the year 1407. Much snow also fell; and the\nrivers Seine and Oise were frozen so that waggons passed over them.\nToward the end of February, sir Anthony and sir Baldwin, bastards of\nBurgundy, returned from their intended expedition to Turkey. Though\nthere were more than two thousand combatants embarked at Sluys, from\nfour to five hundred died at sea of an epidemical distemper that\nraged in the fleet. They left their fleet and arms at Marseilles and\ntravelled through Avignon to Burgundy, and thence to Brussels. At this\ntime, also, the bishop of Tournay and the other ambassadors returned\nfrom their embassy to France. It was then said, that had they not gone\nthither, the king was determined to invade the territories of the duke\nof Burgundy, thinking to have the support of the count de St Pol and\nthe duke of Brittany, but in which he failed.\nThe duke of Burgundy was now attacked by so severe an illness that\nevery one despaired of his life. The count de Charolois was then at\nBrussels, but without hope of his father's recovery; and knowing that\nthe lord de Croy and his friends had in their hands the government of\nthe country, and of all its strongest places, and that the lord de Croy\nhad been absent fifteen days with the king of France, he suddenly sent\nhis most confidential friends to Luxembourg, Namur, the Boulonois,\nBeaumont, Hainault, and other parts, to take instant possession of\nthem, and appoint other governors on whom he could depend. As the\nphysicians gave no hope of the duke's amendment, his son sent orders\nto all the abbeys and monasteries dependant on him, to offer up their\nmost devout prayers for his restoration to health; and he was so much\nbeloved by his people that their prayers were heard, and he recovered\nhis health. On his recovery, he made his son governor of all his\ndominions, who instantly dismissed the lord de Quievrain, the duke's\nsecond chamberlain, the lord d'Auxi being the first, and appointed the\nlord d'Aymeries in his room, which displeased the duke so much that he\nimmediately revoked the appointment he had given his son.\nThe count de Charolois, upon this, called together the great\nlords of the court, namely, the count de St Pol, sir Anthony his\nbastard-brother, and the majority of the duke's council, and said to\nthem, 'I will not hide my mind from you,--but wish to tell you now,\nwhat I had intended doing before, that you and all my other friends\nmay know that I consider the lord de Croy, his friends and allies, as\nmy mortal enemies.' He then declared his reasons for this opinion, and\nhad the same published throughout all the towns under his father's\nsubjection, by letters, the contents of which shall be hereafter\nrelated.\nThe count, having thus explained himself to his friends, instantly sent\nthree or four knights of his household to the lord de Quievrain, who\nwas first chamberlain in the absence of his uncle, the lord de Croy,\nordering him to quit the service of the duke his father as quietly\nas he could, that his father might not hear of it, nor be troubled\nthereat. The lord de Quievrain, perplexed at such orders, unwilling to\nquit so good a situation, and fearing to offend the count de Charolois,\nfollowed his own counsel, and went on the morrow morning to the duke,\nand, throwing himself on his knees, thanked him for all his bounties\nfor the trifling services he had done, and requested his permission\nto depart, for that the count his son had ordered him to leave the\ncourt,--and he was afraid he would not be contented until he was put to\ndeath.\nThe duke, hearing these words, was in a mighty passion, and forbade him\nto quit his service: then, snatching up a club, he sallied out of his\napartment in the greatest rage, saying to his attendants, that he would\ngo and see whether his son would put to death any of his servants. Some\nof them, however, dreading the consequences of his passion, had the\ndoors closed, and the porter hidden with the keys, so that the duke\ncould not go out, but was forced to wait until the porter was found.\nAt this moment, his sister, the duchess of Bourbon, accompanied by sir\nAnthony of Burgundy, and many ladies and damsels, came to him, and\nremonstrated with him so prudently, that they moderated his anger, and\nhe returned to his apartments. In the mean time, the lord de Quievrain\nleft his house, with only one attendant, as secretly as he could.\nThe count de Charolois, hearing of his father's anger against him, held\ndaily councils with the duke's chief ministers, to seek the means of\nappeasing it; and it was concluded, that the count should write letters\nto all the great towns under the duke's dominion, stating to them his\ngrievances, and the reasons he had for dismissing the lord de Croy and\nhis friends from all the places they had holden under the duke. Similar\nletters were likewise dispatched to the principal nobles,--and they\nwere ordered to be publicly read, that every one might know the true\nstate of the matter.\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n A COPY OF THE LETTERS WHICH THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS SENT TO THE NOBLES\n AND PRINCIPAL TOWNS UNDER THE DOMINION OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, TO\n EXPLAIN THE REASONS WHY HE HAD DISMISSED THE LORD DE CROY AND HIS\n FRIENDS FROM HIS FATHER'S SERVICE.\n'Very dear and well beloved, you know, thanks to God, how long and\ngrandly our lord and father, by the noble virtues inherent in his\nnature, has exalted the house of Burgundy, of which he is the head,\nin a much higher degree than it ever was in the memory of man. And\nalthough from his great age he has of late been afflicted with\nillness, to the weakening of his faculties, he has, nevertheless,\nalways endeavoured to preserve his possessions untouched, to maintain\nhis subjects in peace, and to rule them with equity and justice; and\nwe have seen nothing to counteract such happy effects but the fraud\nand damnable deceptions of the lord de Croy and his friends, who,\nthrough an inordinate ambition and insatiable avarice, have attempted\nto gain to themselves the whole government and the possession of all\nthe strong places so long as our said lord and father should live,\nand, like ungrateful people, after his decease to ruin and destroy the\ncounty, from hatred to us; for ever since we have arrived at years of\ndiscretion, they have laboured, to the utmost of their power, by false\nand wicked reports, that we might incur the anger of our said lord and\nfather, as you and the three estates have been before duly informed,\nknowing that by such means alone they could succeed in their attempts.\nThey have, likewise, sought other means of destroying us, had it been\nin their power; for while my lord the king, when dauphin, was in\nthis country, they endeavoured to lay hands on us, and make us their\nprisoner. This we have been told by the king's own mouth since his\ncoronation, from his love to us,--for which singular affection we hold\nourself, and ever shall hold ourself, under the greatest obligations to\nhim.\n'Since his majesty's coronation, they have been so much vexed at the\nfavour the king showed us that they have never ceased to intrigue\nuntil they had found means to deprive us of his majesty's good graces,\nand to keep us at a distance from him. By their machinations, the\nfrench ambassadors lately, in the presence of our lord and father, made\nheavy and public accusations against us in the town of Lille, as you\nmay have heard; and the said de Croys have offered their services to\nthe king after the decease of our lord and father, in case he should\nintend making war on us, which I cannot believe his majesty will\ndo,--for we have not done any thing, nor, please God, will we do any\nthing, that may induce him to it.\n'They have boasted that they would make war on us from the strong\nplaces of Bologne, Namur, Luxembourg, and others in their hands, and\nthat they would deliver them up to the power of others than the said\nduke our father or ourself. These de Croys have, beside, by wicked\nreports to our great prejudice, incited the king to repurchase the\ntowns and country our said lord had in pledge; and because our said\nlord made some difficulty in acceding to this plan, because the king\nrequired an acquittance for a very large sum, which ought to have been\npaid at the time of this repurchase, the lord de Croy told him, and\ncaused him to be told, as from the king, that, notwithstanding the\nrepurchase of these said lands, he should remain in the enjoyment of\nthem during his life, which the lord de Croy knew at the same time to\nbe void of foundation, and notoriously contrary to truth.\n'The lord de Croy, still further to do mischief to the territories\nof our said lord and father, has, by himself and friends, strongly\naided and supported the pretensions of the count de Nevers, our\ncousin, against us; and in consequence, the said count has boasted\nthat the king had promised to assist him with four hundred lances, in\nconjunction with the men of Liege, to invade Brabant after the decease\nof our said lord and father, and to deprive us of our rights therein.\n'To be enabled to do greater harm to us, by giving the count de Nevers\nfurther powers, the lord de Croy had made an exchange of the government\nof the regained country and towns, which had been given him by the\nking as a reward for his services in that business with our said cousin\nof Nevers, for a barony in the Rethelois, called Rosay; and it is said\nthat they and their friends had mutually promised, on oath, to assist\neach other against whoever intended to injure them. Notwithstanding\nthat, very lately, some persons attached to the service of our said\nlord and father, anxious to make up all the differences between us and\nthe lord de Croy, had waited on us to this purpose, whom we, from our\nreverence to God our Creator and Author of all peace, and respect to\nour said lord and father, condescended to grant their desires, without\nremembering the many injuries and persecutions we had suffered from\nthe said lord de Croy and his friends, and gave them a paper, signed\nby our own hand, containing in substance, that when the lord de Croy\nshould do us any services, we would hold them for agreeable, and not\nbe ungrateful to him for them,--and that, if, in the performance of\nsuch services, he should incur any loss or inconvenience, we would\nsupport him against all, in so far as we should be bounden in reason\nand justice to do,--the lord de Croy, however, paid not any attention\nto this said paper, but has acted in regard to us, from badly to\nworse; and when it has been remonstrated to him, that he ought to act\ndifferently from what he has done toward us, and that the places he\nholds under our said lord and father were not his inheritance, he has\nboldly replied, that they were given to him by my said lord and father,\nnot only for his life, but for the life of his children after him, and\nit was his intention that they should enjoy them after his decease,\neven the governments of Namur, Boulogne, and Luxembourg. In fact, he\nhad done all in his power to obtain from our said lord and father a\ngift of these places, and would have succeeded, had not some of our\nsaid father's more faithful counsellors remonstrated with him on the\nimpropriety of such a gift.\n'The said lord de Croy, further to trouble the dominions of our said\nlord and father, has lately attempted to introduce into the castle of\nNamur a large body of men at arms, under the pretence of defending the\nplace against the men of Liege; but, thanks to God, he failed,--for the\ngood people of Namur, knowing his real intentions, would not suffer\nit to be done. On finding such opposition to his designs, he went\nthence to Beaumont in Hainault, where he attempted the same; but the\ninhabitants behaved in the same loyal manner, and would not permit it\nto take place.\n'On the other hand, he had, a little time before, instigated duke Louis\nof Bavaria, the count de Valence his son-in-law, and other dependants\nof the said duke, to appear before the town of Luxembourg with a great\narmy, with a view of becoming masters of that town and castle, and\nwould have succeeded had not proper precautions been taken before their\narrival.\n'In short, the lord de Croy and his family, forgetful of, and\nungrateful for, all the extraordinary honours and wealth they have\nreceived from our said lord and father, their lord and sovereign, have\ndone every thing in their power, and still continue their intrigues, to\nruin and destroy his country, by causing it and its peaceful and loyal\ninhabitants to be involved in the calamities of war.\n'Having considered all these wicked machinations, and having a sincere\nlove for the loyal people of our said lord, we have provided the surest\nremedy against the future attempts of the lord de Croy and his family,\nby taking possession of the towns and castles of Namur, Luxembourg,\nand Boulogne, which we have intrusted to the guard of valiant and\nfaithful captains, in the name of our said lord, and solely to preserve\nthe poorer ranks from the miseries of war, and for no other purpose\nwhatever. We have, for some days past, supplicated, with the utmost\nhumility, an audience of our said lord and father, that we might\ndeclare the aforesaid matters to him, and assure him of our upright\nintentions in what we have done; but as we have not hitherto been able\nto obtain an audience, we have assembled before us those of his blood,\nthe knights, esquires, and members of his council, of his household,\nand of our own, that are at present in this town, to whom we have most\nfully detailed the matters above mentioned, and our determination\nto provide, with the aid of God, such remedies as the various cases\nmay require, so that our said lord may enjoy in peace the whole of\nhis dominions, and that they may descend to us unimpaired after his\ndecease. For the preservation of which we are willing to expose our\nlife and fortune, and remain his most loyal and obedient subject,\nwithout taking any greater part in the government of his country than\nhe shall be willing to allow us.\n'We declared also to this assembly, that to enable us the better to\nserve our said lord and father as an obedient son should, it was our\nintention to remain at his palace, and near to his person, without\npermitting the lord de Croy or any of his family, whom we hold and\nrepute our enemies, to have any longer the government of his household\nor country, which they have formerly enjoyed: that in regard to the\nother loyal officers, counsellors, and subjects of our said lord, we\nconsider them as our true and trusty friends, and cherish them as\nsuch; and we hope that as they have for some time past displayed their\nloyal services, they will continue so to do, both in regard to our\nsaid lord and father, and to the welfare of his dominions,--and on our\npart, we intend steadily, and with all our heart, to obey and execute\nwhatsoever our said lord and father shall, after due consideration\nand counsel, command us, for the good of his country, without, in\nfuture, showing any favours to the lord de Croy or to his family, whom,\nas I have before said, we repute our mortal enemies; and we further\nrequested the said assembly to assist us in the preservation and\ndefence of the dominions of our said lord from the smallest depredation\nor infringement; which request the whole assembly liberally and\nunanimously complied with and granted.\n'Since these things took place, the lord de Quievrain, nephew to the\nlord de Croy, has quitted this town, which has much displeased our said\nlord and father, and greatly angered him against us; but by the good\npleasure of God, and the prudent remonstrances of his good and loyal\ncounsellors, we hope that his anger will soon be appeased.\n'Of all these matters, very dear and well beloved, we inform you by\nthese presents, as our true and loyal friends, to whom we wish to lay\nopen the secrets of our heart; and that you may be truly informed how\nthings have happened, most earnestly requesting of you that you do\nnot afford any assistance to, or receive, the said lord de Croy, his\nfamily or friends, but treat them as the enemies of our said lord and\nfather and of ourself. We beg that you will not give ear to reports or\nletters that may be made or delivered contrary to the above statement,\nfor we are most desirous of serving, honouring, and obeying, with our\nwhole heart, our said lord and father, in every possible way, as we\nare bounden to do, and as we have hitherto done,--nor shall he ever\nhave, if it so please God, any cause of reasonable complaint against\nus. Therefore, without the smallest attempt against his person, or to\nencroach on his government, we shall employ our whole life, honour,\nand fortune, for his safety, security, and prosperity, and for the\nwelfare of his country and subjects, against all who shall, at any\ntime, presume to molest, or any way aggrieve, him or them. We therefore\nentreat and request you most cordially to join in aiding and supporting\nus in these measures, should there be occasion, for we have the\nfullest confidence in you. Very dear and well beloved, may the Holy\nSpirit have you in his good keeping.\n'Written at Brussels the 22d day of March, in the year 1464,' and\nsigned 'Charolois.'\n'The superscription on these letters was, 'By order of the count de\nCharolois, lord of Ch\u00e2teau Belin and of Bethune.'\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n THE DUKE OF BERRY, ONLY BROTHER TO THE KING OF FRANCE, WITHDRAWS\n HIMSELF FROM THE COURT OF FRANCE, AND TAKES REFUGE WITH THE DUKE OF\n BRITTANY.--THE COUNT DE DAMMARTIN ESCAPES FROM PRISON.--LETTERS FROM\n THE DUKE OF BERRY TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nIn the beginning of March, in the year 1464, Charles duke of Berry,\nonly brother to the king, and about twenty-eight years old, whom the\nking kept near his person in a simpler estate than he wished, and\nmuch inferior to what he had enjoyed during the life of their father,\npretended one day to go to hunt, while his brother was absent on a\npilgrimage near Poitiers: instead of which, the duke rose very early\nin the morning, and, attended by only nine or ten persons, set out\nwith all possible speed to seek an asylum with the duke of Brittany.\nThey broke down all the bridges they crossed, that, if they should be\npursued, they might not be overtaken.\nIt was said at the time, that the two dukes of Berry and Brittany had\nformed an alliance with the dukes of Bourbon and Calabria, the count\nde Charolois, and other princes of France, against the king, should\nhe attempt to molest any of them,--for the king was obstinately bent\nupon executing his own designs, which appeared to many strange and\nunreasonable.\nThe king was extremely mortified to find that his brother had so\nsuddenly departed, and sent in haste to all the principal towns and\ncastles, to put them on their guard, and commanding them to keep a good\nlook-out. In addition to this, he took off certain tolls and taxes\nwhich the regained towns on the Somme were accustomed to pay, the more\neffectually to obtain their loves and services.\nIn this week, which was the first of March, the count de Dammartin,\nwhom the king detained prisoner in the bastile at Paris, found means to\nmake a hole in the wall of one of the towers, through which he escaped\nto a boat that was waiting for him in the moat, and rowed to the\nopposite bank, where were horses ready, and, having instantly mounted,\nmade all possible haste to escape into Brittany.\nIn this same week, the lord de Roubais, by orders from the count de\nCharolois, went with a body of men at arms to seize the town and\ncastle of Launoy, thinking to take the lord thereof at the same time.\nThe lord de Launoy was then governor of Lille, bailiff of Amiens, and\nnephew to the lord de Croy; but they neither found him, nor his wife\nor children,--for having had information of what was intended, he had\nquitted the place with his family and most valuable effects, and saved\nhimself in the city of Tournay, two leagues distant from his house.\nAt the same time, the abbot of Havons was arrested, by orders from the\ncount de Charolois, together with one called Pierrechon, the servant\nand master of the wardrobe to the lord de Croy, and one in whom he had\nthe greatest confidence: they were detained prisoners a long time.\nSoon afterward, the count de Charolois made a present of the town and\ncastle of Launoy to James de St Pol, brother to the count de St Pol: in\nwhich castle were provisions for the garrison, consisting of six score\nsalted bacons, great abundance of flour, corn and oats, and also a new\nmill for the grinding of them.\nIn the month of March, the duke of Berry sent a letter from Nantes to\nthe duke of Burgundy, dated the 15th of that month, of the following\ntenour:\n'Very dear and most beloved uncle, I commend myself to you by all\npossible means; and may it please you to know that, for some time past,\nI have, with sorrow, heard the clamours of the greater part of the\nprinces of our blood, and of the nobles of the kingdom, on the wretched\nstate of the government of France, owing to the advice and counsels\nof those wicked persons by whom my lord and sovereign is surrounded,\nwho, for their own profit, and disorderly ambition, have not only\ncaused a hatred and coolness between my lord and you and me, but also\nhave estranged him from the friendship of the kings of Scotland and\nCastille, whose alliance with the crown of France has been of so long a\ndate, as is well known to every one.\n'I shall not here mention how the affairs of the church, and of\njustice, have been administered, nor how the nobles have been\nmaintained in their rights and usages, or the poorer ranks guarded from\noppression, as I know that you are well informed as to such matters,\nand as they are so very disagreeable for me to dwell upon, from the\nnearness of my connexion with my said lord. Wishing, however, to profit\nfrom your counsel, and that of those other princes and nobles who have\noffered me their fullest support in providing a remedy for such crying\nabuses, and also to escape from personal danger, for I had daily heard\nsuch conversations between my lord and his ministers as gave me cause\nof suspicion, I departed from my lord's court, and have taken refuge\nwith my fair cousin of Brittany, who has given me a reception for\nwhich I never can enough praise him, and has promised to support me\npersonally, and with all his powers, for the welfare of the kingdom,\nand the public good.\n'It is, therefore, very dear and beloved uncle, my intention to act\nwith you and the other lords my relatives, whose counsels I shall\nfollow, and none others, for the restoring of this desolated kingdom;\nfor I know you are one of the greatest of its princes,--and in its\nwelfare you are more concerned, as the dean of the peerage, and a\nprince of such high renown, and who has been so highly displeased with\nthe present disorders in the government. I wish, therefore, that you\nand my other relatives would assemble to consult on the surest means of\nbringing about a reformation of the abuses and grievances that exist\nin every branch of the government, to the relief of the poor people,\nwho are unable longer to bear their burdens, and of restoring order in\nthe better administration of justice and the finances, to the great\nhappiness of the realm, and to the eternal honour of those who shall,\nwith God's pleasure, so usefully employ themselves.\n'I, therefore, very dear and beloved uncle, entreat, that, for so good\na purpose, you would give me your support and assistance, and employ\nalso my fair brother Charolois, your son, in my aid, as I have been\nalways confident in your friendship,--and that we may speedily meet is\nmy most earnest wish. It is my meaning shortly to enter France, and\ntake the field accompanied by the other princes and nobles who have\npromised me their assistance: I shall, therefore, beg, that you would,\nas speedily as may be, raise as large a force as possible to enter\nFrance on your side; and should you be unable personally to accompany\nit, I shall hope that you will send it under the command of the count\nde Charolois. At the same time, you will depute to me some of your most\nconfidential counsellors, with whom I may advise, in conjunction with\nthe other princes, as to what may be done for the public welfare, and\nby whom you may have information of my good and just intentions; for I\nam determined to regulate my conduct after the advice of yourself and\nthe other princes and lords.\n'Whatever the count de Charolois shall recommend, in your absence, for\nthe general good, you may be assured that I will support him in, and\nmaintain to my latest breath.\n'Very dear and beloved, let me know at all times whatever you may wish\nto have done, and it shall be accomplished with my whole heart.--I pray\nGod that he may grant you a long life, and accomplish all your desires.\n'Written at Nantes, the 15th day of March.' Signed, 'Your nephew,\nCharles.' The address was, 'To my uncle the duke of Burgundy.'\nAbout this time, James de St Pol returned from England, whither he\nhad been sent by the count de Charolois, as well to do honour to king\nEdward's marriage as to negotiate for his assistance against the king\nof France, should there be occasion, or at least to prevent him from\nbeing engaged against him; for the king of France had before sent the\nlord de Launoy to conclude a treaty with king Edward, to the prejudice\nof the count de Charolois. The king of England, however, would not\nlisten to it, and had even transmitted to the duke of Burgundy the king\nof France's proposals, which greatly astonished the duke, as well in\nregard to their contents as that the lord de Launoy had been the bearer\nof them.\nOn the 8th day of April, in this year, was a conjunction of Saturn and\nJupiter, whence the learned foretold that great miseries would befal\nthe world.\nCHAP. XXXV.\n A CORRESPONDENCE TAKES PLACE BETWEEN THE KING OF FRANCE AND THE\n DUKE OF BOURBON.--THE KING PUBLISHES OTHER LETTERS THROUGHOUT HIS\n REALM,--AND THE COUNT DE NEVERS ISSUES PROCLAMATIONS IN ALL THE TOWNS\n WITHIN HIS LIEUTENANCY FOR THE KING OF FRANCE.\nIn the month of March, of this year, the king of France sent letters,\nsigned with his hand, to the duke of Bourbon, containing in substance,\nthat his brother, the duke of Berry, had left him, and gone to Brittany\nwithout his consent or knowledge. He then added, that, all excuses\nbeing laid aside, he commanded him to come to his presence instantly\nafter his letter had been read, and to put faith in whatever Josselin\ndu Boys should tell him now on his part, and to collect immediately one\nhundred lances, ready to march at a moment's notice.\nThe duke of Bourbon having read this letter, and heard what Josselin\ndu Boys had to say, wrote an answer to the king, in which he repeated\nwhat the king had written to him, and thanked him for the great\nconfidence he had placed in him. He then adverted to the grievances\nand unjust acts the princes of his blood had witnessed throughout\nthe realm, concerning which the king had received many complaints\nand remonstrances, as they were nearly affected by them, but without\nobtaining any redress, by reason of the obstructions of those who\nsurrounded his majesty.\nThe princes, therefore, seeing that their complaints and remonstrances\nwere not attended to, and that no remedy was thought of for the redress\nof grievances, had formed a strict alliance by oaths and written\nagreements, mutually exchanged with each other, to provide such a\nremedy for these grievances as had not taken place since his majesty's\ncoming to the throne, so that it should redound to the honour of the\ncrown, the utility of the public welfare, and to the eternal glory of\nthem who undertook such wholesome measures.\nThe duke added, that, after what he had said, it was unnecessary\nfor him to wait on him, as he was engaged, with the other princes\nof the blood, in promoting the redress of the grievances they\nhad so repeatedly complained of, since he had neglected to do it\nhimself,--begging to be held excused for not coming to him, and\nexpressly declaring that he was of the union with the princes, for the\nwelfare of his majesty and of his kingdom. He besought him, for the\nhonour of God, that he would himself redress these grievances, to avoid\nthe great evils that might otherwise ensue to his kingdom. He concluded\nby saying, that this union had not been formed against his person, or\nagainst the good of the realm, but solely to restore the government\nto order, for his honour, the welfare of the kingdom, and for the\nrelief of the poor people, which are objects of great praise, and which\nrequire immediate attention. This letter was dated Moulins, the 14th\nday of March.\nWhen the king had received and read this letter, which fully explained\nthe intentions of the confederated princes, he caused letters to be\npublished throughout his realm, containing, in substance, that some\npersons, excited by wicked hopes and damnable purposes, and not having\nany regard to the honour of God, or the feelings of a loyal conscience,\nhad formed a conspiracy against him and against the welfare of his\nrealm, being desirous of interrupting the present peace and harmony.\nFor this end they had incited and suborned his brother, the duke\nof Berry, who was but young in years, and not aware of their evil\ndesigns, to separate himself from his care and government; and, the\nbetter to succeed, they have most industriously spread abroad reports\nthat he intended to lay hands on, and imprison, his said brother,\neven the thought of which had never entered his mind. They have\nformed an alliance under pretext of the public welfare, although they\nare endeavouring, by every sort of perjury and seduction, to throw\nthe whole kingdom into confusion and trouble, and are to afford an\nopportunity for our ancient enemies the English to invade our realm,\nand recommence, by a ruinous warfare, mischiefs similar to those which\nwe have so lately seen put an end to.\nThese rebels to the king and his crown suspecting that, from their\noutrageous acts, the king would never pardon them, although they have\nnot required it, prepare for war to maintain their damnable projects\nby force of arms. The king, nevertheless, assures, by these presents,\nthat all princes, prelates, nobles, or others forming part of this said\nconfederation, who shall quit the same, and return to the king within\none month or six weeks from the date hereof, shall be most kindly\nreceived, and fully pardoned for all their offences; and their effects\nshall be restored to such as may, for the above cause, have had them\nconfiscated. The king orders, by these presents, all his governors,\njudges, officers, and others, to cause this his gracious intention\nof pardon to be publicly proclaimed within their jurisdictions, and\nto receive all to favour who shall return and demand it within the\naforesaid specified period of one month or six weeks from the date\nhereof. This letter was given at Thouars, under the great seal of the\nking, the 16th day of March, in the year 1464.\nOn this same day, the count de Nevers, lieutenant for the king of all\nthe country between the Somme and the Oise, issued a proclamation\nthroughout those parts, containing the same in substance as the letter\nof the king, ordering them to keep up a good guard, as otherwise they\nwould answer for it at their peril. He also assembled the vassals of\nthe crown, and put them in a situation to serve the king, under arms,\nwhen called upon: he likewise caused proclamation to be made, that all\npersons who had usually borne arms should keep themselves in readiness\nfor the king's service when ordered, under the accustomed penalties.\nThese proclamations were dated at Mezieres on the Meuse, the 16th day\nof March, in the year aforesaid.\nThe count de Charolois also wrote letters to the governor, mayor, and\nsheriffs of Arras, to say, that he had heard the lord de Croy and his\nfriends were collecting a considerable force, and intended marching\nit away from the territories of the duke his father, and that they\nwere united with his cousin, the count de Nevers, in their plans to\ninvade and lay waste the said country: to both of which schemes he\nwas determined to apply a remedy, and for this purpose now ordered\nthem to have it publicly proclaimed within their districts, that no\npersons whatever should join or assist the said lord de Croy, or his\nsaid cousin of Nevers, without the express permission of himself, or\nof the said duke his father, under pain of corporal punishment and\nconfiscation of effects. These letters were dated the 25th of March, in\nthe above-mentioned year.\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY PARDONS HIS SON.--HE ORDERS A LARGE BODY OF MEN\n TO BE RAISED FOR THE ASSISTANCE OF THE DUKE OF BERRY AGAINST HIS\n BROTHER THE KING OF FRANCE.--OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED AT THAT TIME.\nOn Good Friday, a learned friar preached an excellent sermon before\nthe duke of Burgundy and his household, at Brussels, on the blessings\nof mercy and pity, in order to induce the duke to pardon his son, the\ncount de Charolois, for having offended him, which hitherto he had not\nbeen inclined to do. When the sermon was ended, several knights of the\nGolden Fleece approached the duke, and humbly entreated him, that, in\nconsequence of the able discourse and reasoning of the preacher, he\nwould pardon his son for having offended him,--so that on the morrow,\nEaster-eve, the count de Charolois came to his father about noon, and,\nfalling on his knee, said in substance as follows: 'My most redoubted\nlord and father, I beseech you, in honour of the passion of our Lord\nJesus Christ, that you would be pleased to forgive my having displeased\nyou. What I did was for the preservation of my life, and of your\ndominions, as I will more fully detail hereafter.' Much more he said,\nto the edification and satisfaction of all who heard him.\nThe duke took hold of him by the elbow, and, looking him full in\nthe face, said, 'Charles, my son, for all that you may have done to\ndisplease me to this day, I freely forgive you: be my good son, and I\nwill be to you a good father.' In saying these words, the duke's eyes\nfilled with tears,--and those of the company present were in a like\nsituation, notwithstanding that there were there hardy knights, lords,\nand others out of number.\nWhen the feasts of Easter were over, which commenced the year 1465, the\nduke ordered the three estates of his country to assemble at Brussels\nthe 24th of April; and when they were met, he bade the bishop of\nTournay read to them the letter he had received from the duke of Berry.\nHe then told them, that it was his intention to raise the largest army\nhe had ever done, to assist the duke of Berry, and that he should give\nthe command of it to the count de Charolois, his son, who would require\nthat it should be in readiness to march on the 8th day of May. This\ncould not be done without a great expense; and for this purpose he\ndemanded from the county of Artois eighteen thousand francs, and from\nhis other territories sums in proportion to their abilities. The 12th\nof May was fixed on for the payments, when the county of Artois granted\nthe eighteen thousand francs, and the other countries each according to\nits extent and wealth.\nDuring this time, the count Louis de St Pol, his three sons, James\nde St Pol his brother, the lord de Ravenstein, nephew to the duke of\nBurgundy, the two bastards of Burgundy, sir Anthony de Baudoin, and\nalmost all the knights and nobles, vassals to the duke in Artois, the\nBoulonnois, Hainault, Flanders, Brabant, Holland and Zealand, made\ntheir preparations to accompany the count de Charolois, and were in\nsuch numbers that they were estimated at four thousand combatants,\nconsisting of fourteen hundred lances, eight thousand archers, and\ncross-bowmen, carbineers, and other warriors, not including those who\nattended the baggage, who were very numerous, each being armed with a\nleaden mace. In this army were none from Burgundy, as they were to form\na separate body until they joined the count. They amounted to upward of\nsix hundred lances, and other troops, under the command of the marshal\nof Burgundy, the prince of Orange, the lord d'Arqueil, the lords de\nChargny, de Toulongeon, and other great barons of that country.\nWhile these preparations were making, John de Longueval, captain of the\narchers of sir Anthony de Burgundy, having with him a body of troops,\nwent and took possession of the towns of Arleux and Crevecoeur, which\nthe king had formerly given to the bastard, but had since wrested from\nhim.--He summoned the governor of the castle of Crevecoeur to surrender\nit amicably, or he would take it by storm; and the governor yielded\nit up, on having his life and fortune spared, and returned to his own\ncountry of Normandy. John de Longueval, having performed this exploit,\nleft a sufficient garrison in each for its defence, and then returned\nto his other companions with the main army.\nWhen the king of France was assured of this great force which the count\nde Charolois had raised, he dispatched his chancellor to Amiens, and to\nAbbeville, where he met the counts d'Eu and de Nevers,--and they issued\na proclamation, in the king's name, for all who had been accustomed to\nbear arms to be in readiness to serve him; and every one was forbidden\nto bear arms, or to serve any other lord than the king, on pain of\ncorporal punishment and confiscation of effects. Notwithstanding this,\nmany of the knights and nobles of that country, who had always been\nattached to the house of Burgundy, joined the count de Charolois,\nleaving it to chance how they were to be treated for what they held\nunder the king. There were others who served the king.\nThe count de Nevers, knowing that he was in the ill graces of\nthe count de Charolois, sent divers messengers to bring about a\nreconciliation, but to no effect, for they were not admitted to an\naudience,--which caused many who served the count de Nevers, and were\namong the principal of his household, to abandon his service, and to\nwithdraw themselves to the count de Charolois, to preserve his favour.\nThe count de Nevers, seeing himself thus abandoned, sent to entreat the\nlord de Saveuses to come and speak with him; but he would not comply,\nalthough he was requested by the count several times. But the count,\nhaving received information that the lord de Saveuses was to pass\nthrough Bray sur Somme, went himself to Bray, where he met him, and\nentered into a long conversation, to prevail on him to think of some\nmeans of making up the quarrel between the count de Charolois and him.\nThis good lord promised willingly to undertake the business, provided\nthat he, the count de Nevers, would not bear arms for either of\nthe parties, and that he would not introduce any men at arms, as a\ngarrison, into Peronne,--and this he promised to perform. Now it\nhappened, that while the count de Nevers was returning from Bray to\nAmiens, he received intimation from the inhabitants of Peronne, that\nthe count de St Pol had drawn up his forces before that town, and had\nsummoned them to surrender the place to the duke of Burgundy, or to his\nson, and that they had demanded three days' delay to give their answer.\nOn receiving this intelligence, the count instantly departed from\nAmiens, in company with Joachim Rohault, marshal of France. These two\nnoblemen had with them one hundred lances and two hundred of the king's\narchers,--and they entered Peronne, the 15th day of May, with five or\nsix hundred horse.\nIt was the common report at that time, that the duke of Burgundy had\ngiven to his nephew, the count de Nevers, on his marriage, the lands\nand castlewicks of Peronne, Mondidier, and Roye, to enjoy during his\nlife, or until they were redeemed for thirty-two thousand crowns of\ngold, or till he should have other lordships of, equal value to these\ncastlewicks. The count maintained, that he held them in perpetuity, by\ngrants from the king and the duke of Burgundy within a short time after\nhe had entered upon them. But the count de Charolois said, that they\nnow no longer belonged to the count de Nevers, he having since then\nreceived other and more valuable lordships, namely, the counties of\nRethel and Nevers, with other lordships; from which he concluded that\nthe duke, his father, was entitled to have the three before-mentioned\ncastlewicks restored to him,--since, moreover, when his father had\ngiven them to the count de Nevers, it was without his consent, who was\nhis only son and heir. The duke of Burgundy maintained, that he had\nonly given these lands until they were redeemed, or until superior or\nequal lands should fall to the count de Nevers,--and that, if the count\nhad deeds containing different terms, they were drawn up without his\nsignature or seal.\nThe lord de Saveuses had exerted himself so effectually with the count\nde Charolois that it was generally believed that the quarrel between\nhim and the count de Nevers would speedily be accommodated; but the\nintelligence that he had thrown into Peronne a large body of men at\narms broke off the whole negotiation.\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS TAKES LEAVE OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AND\n MARCHES HIS ARMY AND ARTILLERY TOWARD FRANCE.--HE CROSSES THE RIVER\n SOMME, AND SUBJECTS TO HIS OBEDIENCE THE TOWNS OF NEELLE[38],\n ROYE[39], AND MONDIDIER[40].--HE BESIEGES BEAULIEU[41], AND CROSSES\n THE OISE.\nOn the 15th of May, the count de Charolois, hearing that his armies in\nFlanders and in Burgundy were quite ready to march, took leave of the\nduke his father at Brussels, who is reported to have thus addressed\nhim: 'My son, act well your part in the business you are going upon,\nand take care of your health: prefer death to flight; and should you be\nin danger, you shall not long remain therein, if one hundred thousand\nmore warriors can relieve you.'\nThe count, on taking his leave, went to lie at Qu\u00eanoy in Hainault,\nwhere two embassies were waiting for him: one from Brittany, and one\nfrom the king of France. Of this last, the bishop of Mans, brother\nto the count de St Pol, was the chief; but they had not any great\nsuccess,--and that from Brittany was soon dismissed.\nOn the morrow, the count advanced to Honnecourt, between Crevec\u0153ur and\nSt Quentin, where he waited for his artillery, which was astonishingly\nnumerous; for two hundred and twenty-six carriages had passed through\nArras, from the castle of Lille, full of bombards, serpentines,\ncrapaudeaux, mortars, and other artillery, besides other carriages with\nmilitary stores from Brabant and Namur, that passed through Cambray.\nFrom Honnecourt, the count went to Roseil, two leagues from Peronne,\nwhere he staid some days, with all his army and artillery, from which\nconduct those in Peronne expected to be besieged,--but he had formed\ndifferent plans. On the 4th of June, the count moved with his army from\nRoseil toward Bray sur Somme, when the inhabitants came out to offer\nhim the keys of their town. The count de St Pol and the bastard of\nBurgundy then crossed the river with their men, and advanced to Neelle\nin the Vermandois, and made pretence of an instant assault, when it\nwas surrendered, on condition that eight men at arms, who were within\nit, should depart in safety, with their horses and arms, and that the\narchers, amounting to about six score, should march away in their\ndoublets or jackets, each with a wand in his hand. The lord de Neelle,\nhowever, who was found therein, was detained a prisoner.\nThe lord de Hautbourdin, bastard to the count de St Pol, marched a\nbody of men at arms and archers to the town of Roye, which they made\na similar pretence of attacking; but the inhabitants, fearful of the\nevent, surrendered the place to him for the count de Charolois. On\ntheir entrance, they found there the countess of Nevers, to whom they\noffered neither insult nor injury, but afforded her every facility to\nretire whither she pleased. A few days after, she went to Compi\u00e8gne,\nunder the escort of the lord de Ravenstein and five or six hundred\ncombatants.\nThose of Mondidier surrendered their town, two or three days after,\nto the count de Charolois, in which was Hugh de Mailly lord de\nBoullencourt, a valiant and hardy knight, who had always been attached\nto the house of Burgundy, and he remained governor of the place with\nthe approbation of the inhabitants,--for this town had ever been of the\nBurgundy-party.\nWhile these towns were surrendering to the count de Charolois, the\ncount de Nevers, fearing he should be besieged in Peronne, departed\nthence with Joachim Rohault marshal of France, the lord de Moy, and\nabout two thousand combatants, thinking to enter the city of Noyon;\nbut that was not so soon effected, nor until they had promised that\ntheir whole troop should not enter, and that they would not do, or\nsuffer any mischief to be done to the inhabitants. Nevertheless, they\nall entered, and did mischief enough. It happened, that as some of the\ntownsmen were lowering down the portcullis of the gate, it fell on a\nman at arms and killed him.\nAbout the 15th of June, the count de Charolois left Roye, to besiege\nthe castle of Beaulieu, a strong place belonging to the lord de Neelle.\nIn the castle was a good garrison, who burnt the best part of the town\nround the castle, which was a pity, for the castle was afterward so\nbattered by cannon that the garrison were glad to surrender on St John\nBaptist's day, on having their lives and baggage spared. During this\nsiege, the lord de Hautbourdin found means to cross the Oise with a\nbody of men in boats, and entered the town of Pont St Maixence before\nthe inhabitants knew any thing of his coming. This body was part of the\nvan of the count's army, under the command of the count de St Pol. The\ncount de Charolois was with the main body,--and the bastard of Burgundy\ncommanded the rear.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 38: Neelle,--a town of Picardy, three leagues from Roye.]\n[Footnote 39: Roye,--a strong town, seven leagues from Peronne.]\n[Footnote 40: Mondidier,--nine leagues from Amiens.]\n[Footnote 41: Beaulieu,--near Noyon, in Picardy.]\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS PASSES THE RIVER OISE, ADVANCES TO SAINT DENIS,\n AND DRAWS UP HIS ARMY IN BATTLE-ARRAY BEFORE PARIS.--THE COUNT DE\n SAINT POL GAINS POSSESSION OF THE BRIDGE OF SAINT CLOUD, AND CROSSES\n THE SEINE WITH HIS DIVISION OF THE COUNT'S ARMY.\nWhen the count de Charolois heard that his van were in possession of\nPont St Maixence, he advanced the remainder of the army thither, in\norder to cross the Oise. The inhabitants paid him every obedience,\nas lieutenant-general to the duke of Berry; and the count had it\nproclaimed in the name of the duke of Berry, whose lieutenant-general\nhe styled himself, that he abolished all taxes, impositions and\nsubsidies whatever, as he had before done at Mondidier, and in the\nother towns he passed through, to the great joy of the people.\nThe count entered the town of Pont St Maixence on the feast-day of St\nPeter and St Paul, and remained there for some days. He thence marched\nto St Denis, where he was joyfully received, as well in the name of the\nduke of Berry as in his own, for they could not make any resistance to\nhim. He waited there, and between St Denis and Paris, with his whole\narmy, the remainder of the month of June, for the arrival of the dukes\nof Berry, of Brittany, of Calabria, of Nemours, of Bourbon, and the\nother lords, who had mutually promised each other to meet there. The\ncount, finding that none came, and that the time was elapsed for the\nmeeting, and that his Burgundians, whom he daily expected, had not\njoined him, because the king's army kept them constantly in check, on\nthe 8th day of July assembled his army, and marched in battle-array so\nnear to Paris that they were plainly seen from the walls. To say the\ntruth, considering the smallness of their numbers, it was the proudest\narmy that could be seen.\nJoachim Rohault left Paris to examine it the nearer, having kept on\nits flanks all the way from Beaulieu and other parts, to make an\nattack if he should espy a favourable opportunity, but found them\nalways so well prepared that he dared not venture to attack them; and\nhe was now forced to make a hasty retreat, to escape the light troops\nof the count,--for he would have been completely surrounded by them,\nhad he not so speedily re-entered Paris. Instantly after his entrance,\nthe count fired off two or three serpentines over the town which\nexceedingly frightened the inhabitants.\nThe count then, placing himself at the head of the three divisions of\nhis army, halted near a windmill close by the town, which made those\nwithin Paris suppose an attack was about to commence; but it was not\nso, for, in like manner as he had done to other towns, he informed\nthem, that his only object was the good of the kingdom,--that he had\ncome thither at the prayer and request of the duke of Berry, who\nhad promised to join him very shortly, and that his speedy arrival\nshowed his eagerness to serve him. He added, that whatever the duke\nof Berry should do would be solely for the general welfare, and then\nsummoned them to surrender to him as lieutenant-general to the duke of\nBerry,--but they would no way comply.\nWhen Joachim Rohault had entered Paris, he met in the streets a canon\nfrom Amiens, called Jacques de Villiers, who, having finished his\nbusiness there, was desirous to return. Joachim asked him whence he\ncame, and whither he wanted to go: he replied, that he was from Amiens,\nand wanted to go back. Joachim then made him swear, that he would tell\nthe count de Charolois, that he, Joachim, had lately received letters\nfrom the king of France, to signify to him for certain, that within\nfour days the king would be returned to Paris, and would advance to\nmeet the count, when it would be seen which was the stronger.\nThe canon kept his promise, and told the count, word for word, what\nJoachim had ordered him, while he halted at the windmill. The count\nreplied, that he put no belief in what Joachim said, for before this he\nhad told him things that were untrue.\nHaving displayed his force before Paris, the count marched his army to\nwhere the fair of the Lendit had been held, the booths for which were\nstill standing, and had it surrounded by his baggage-waggons, of which\nhe had an immense number, as well for the service of his artillery as\nthat belonging to the other lords who had accompanied him. While the\narmy was thus posted, the count de St Pol, commander of the van, saw a\nlarge boat full of hay going to Paris, which having taken, and emptied\nof the hay, he entered it, with the whole of his men, and passed over\nto gain possession of the bridge of St Cloud, which was surrendered by\nthose who guarded it, on having their lives and fortunes spared.\nThe count de Charolois, on hearing this, ordered the whole of his army\nto advance thither, cross the Seine, and march for Estampes, in the\nhope of meeting there the dukes of Berry and of Brittany, who could not\npass the Seine by reason of the king's army that was following them.\nThe count crossed the Seine on the 15th of July; and, this same day,\nthe count de St Pol advanced the whole of the van to Montlehery, where\nhe fixed his quarters. Montlehery had a good castle, in which were a\nparty of the royal army,--but neither party seemed inclined to attack\nthe other. The count de Charolois remained with his, that night, within\none league of Montlehery; and the bastard of Burgundy, who had the\ncommand of the rear division, was quartered in the rear of the count,\ntwo leagues from Montlehery.\nThe count de St Pol sent off scouts from Montlehery, as far as\nChastres, three leagues on the road to Estampes, who met messengers\nfrom the king to the Parisians, ordering them to be prepared on the\nmorrow to assist him in battle against the count de Charolois. These\nmessengers were brought to the count de St Pol, and assured him that\nthe king and his whole army were at this hour (eleven o'clock at night)\nat or near to Chastres. On hearing this, the count dislodged from\nMontlehery, and posted his division lower down, in a valley more toward\nParis, and sent information of what the messengers had related to the\ncount de Charolois, that he might instantly advance, or send him orders\nhow to act, for that the king would certainly give him battle the next\nmorning at daybreak. The count, having called a council, immediately\nafter decamped to join the count de St Pol, and sent orders for sir\nAnthony of Burgundy to hasten the advance of the rear as much as\npossible, which he did, so that the count de Charolois, and his brother\nthe bastard of Burgundy, formed a junction with the count de Saint Pol\non the 16th day of July, in the valley below Montlehery, by sunrise,\nand there drew up in battle-array, to wait the arrival of the king of\nFrance.\nThe king, who had been engaged in the Bourbonnois, where he had taken\nseveral places, and destroyed much of the country, was informed, while\nthere, of the conduct of the princes in raising forces, and held an\narmy in readiness to oppose them. He was fearful lest the army from\nBrittany should join that of Burgundy, and thus become too strong and\ndangerous to combat; in consequence, he called the principal captains\nof his army to a council of war, to ask their opinion, whether he\nshould first offer battle to his brother and the Bretons, or to the\ncount de Charolois. Although their opinions were divided, the majority\nwere for fighting the count de Charolois first; for if he succeeded in\noverpowering his army, he could with ease conquer his brother and the\nBretons at any time, and even all the other lords of the confederacy;\nand it was the more advisable to fight now before the count was joined\nby the burgundian army, that had been kept in check, by a detached\nforce from the army of the king. Notwithstanding the majority were\nfor fighting the count de Charolois, the lord de Varennes, seneschal\nof Normandy, declared loudly against it. He said that he was of a\ncontrary opinion, because he knew that the count de Charolois was not\nof a character to retreat, nor give up any point,--and that he was\nso much beloved by the Picards, and the others who formed his army,\nand who had been accustomed to war, that they would never desert him\nwhile they were alive: he was, therefore, for fighting the duke of\nBerry first, because he had with him some of the great captains who\nhad served the late king Charles VII., and who, when they saw the king\nadvancing in person, would not have the heart to combat against him,\nbut most probably would turn to his side, and the remainder would be\nat his mercy. The seneschal was told, that his advice was the effect\nof fear; but he replied, that it was not,--and he would show plainly,\nif a battle took place, that he was not afraid, and that what he had\nsaid was purely from loyalty, in advising the king to the best of his\nabilities.\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n THE KING DETERMINES TO COMBAT THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS.--A BATTLE TAKES\n PLACE BELOW MONTLEHERY.--THE EVENT OF IT.\nWhen the king had heard the opinions of his commanders, although they\nwere various, he eagerly determined to combat the count de Charolois,\nand ordered all, under pain of death, to follow him. He made such\ndiligence that, on the 14th of July, he marched his army, as well by\nday as by night, twenty-four leagues, and lay at Estampes. On the\nmorrow, he advanced to Chastres, three leagues from Montlehery. On\nhis march, he passed within seven or eight leagues of the army of the\ndukes of Berry and of Brittany, ignorant that his messengers, whom he\nhad sent to Paris, were made prisoners, or that the count de Charolois\nwas so near him. The king dislodged from Chastres on the 16th, before\nsunrise, and soon arrived near to Montlehery, whence he saw the enemy\ndrawn up in battle-array below in the valley.\nThe king instantly formed his army into three divisions: the van was\ngiven to the command of the seneschal of Normandy, the son of the lord\nde Norenton, the lord de Barbasan, Malortie, Flocquet Salzart, and\nother captains: the main body was commanded by the king in person,\nattended by many of his great lords: and the rear division, consisting\nof seven or eight hundred men at arms, was given to the count du Maine:\nso that the king had in his three divisions, as was commonly reported,\ntwo thousand two hundred men at arms, or lances, the best appointed\nthat ever men at arms were, for they consisted of the flower of the\nking of France's forces. There were also great bodies of archers and\ninfantry, besides many that were ill mounted, and on foot, who had\nremained behind, but who always followed the train of the king.\nThe count de Charolois, observing the manner in which the royal army\nhad been drawn up, formed his own into three divisions also. The first\nwas under the count de St Pol,--the second he reserved to himself,--and\nthe bastard, his brother, commanded the third; but he ordered them\nall into the line, closing his rear with the baggage-waggons, and\npointing his artillery in their front. He ordered his archers to plant\na sharp stake before them, to check the charge of the cavalry, if they\nshould attempt to break their line,--and in this state they waited\nthe attack of the king. This was not, however, the case; for the two\narmies remained, without moving, in their different positions for four\nhours, excepting some slight skirmishes of the light troops, who were\nwithin cross-bow shot of each other. As part of the count's army was\ntoo distant from the artillery, it was proposed by some to make their\nhorses fall back, keeping their fronts to the enemy; but the lord de\nHautbourdin disapproved of this man\u0153uvre, and said, that were he to\nretire one step from the place where he was, it would be dangerous and\ndisgraceful to him, and give the enemy courage to advance. In the mean\ntime, different pieces of artillery were played off on both sides, to\nthe destruction of numbers.\nAt length, the count de Charolois, fearful of the Parisians suddenly\nappearing to aid the king, and, by falling on his rear, attack him on\nall sides, and that, if he delayed the combat, his men would be starved\nfrom want of provision, consulted his principal officers, and resolved\nto begin the attack. They began their march in excellent order: one\ndivision by the side of a wood, the other by the village, and the\ncenter having the wood on its rear. The French, seeing this movement,\nmade part of their army advance also, in front of the count's division,\nand crossed a ditch near the village; but the count's archers attacked\nthem so fiercely with their arrows that they were glad to recross it,\nthe count pursuing them into the village for some distance, having his\nbanner beside him, which was borne that day by the lord du Boys.\nWhile this was passing, and the count had appointed a large body of\narchers, with a certain number of men at arms to defend them, and\nto guard the passage against three or four hundred french lances,\nwho were stationed at a breach waiting for an opportunity to break\nthrough the archers and attack the count's artillery, it happened\nthat the men at arms, observing the French were repulsed, and that\nthe count was pursuing them even into the village, left their guard\nand galloped after the count, when the French seeing the archers\nwithout any to support them, and neglectful of their stakes, charged\nthem like lightning, and killed or wounded the greater part, which\nwas the severest loss the count suffered on that day. Having routed\nthese archers, the French advanced toward the baggage and artillery,\nand killed some more, and also made several prisoners; but those who\nguarded the baggage, armed with leaden mallets, rallied as soon as they\ncould, and turning the carriages round, inclosed these French within\nthem, so that they could not issue out,--and the greater part were\nknocked on the head with these leaden mallets. Those that did escape\nhaving made for the village, met the count and his men returning from\nit, who instantly charged them, and put the remainder to death,--so\nthat all these French were slain, either by the baggage-guard or by the\ncount's party, notwithstanding that a body of French had followed the\ncount, and had gallantly fought with him.\nAt this return from the village, Philippe d'Oignies[42] was slain by\nthe side of the count, who was wounded himself in the face, and in\ngreat danger of having his throat cut in the confusion of the fight;\nfor when the count had driven the French through the village, the whole\nrear-guard of the king's army, under the command of the count du Maine\nand the admiral of France, fled, together with others, to the amount\nof seven or eight hundred lances,--and they had fled with such haste\nthat they left behind them baggage and armour, although no one was\npursuing them. The lord du Boys, observing this, had eagerly advanced\nwith the count's banner, beyond the village, thinking that he was\nfollowing him, and was made prisoner,--for the count had returned, as\nhas been said, from the village.\nOn the other hand, when those from Busse had overcome the count's\narchers, more than a fourth part of his army took to their heels,\nnamely, the lord de Haplaincourt, the lord d'Aymeries, the lord\nd'Inchy, the lord de Robodenghes, and several more; but when this last\nhad fled about two leagues, he met a herald, who told him that the\ncount had the best of the battle,--upon which, he returned, and made a\ngreat many others do the same, who joined the count very opportunely,\nfor he was incessantly rallying his men, and fighting more valiantly\nthan any other knight in the field, encouraging his people by telling\nthem that he would conquer or die--so that, by his valour and\nexhortations, the van of the king's army was routed and the rear put to\nflight.\nIn this conflict, and at its very commencement, were slain on the\nking's side, the high seneschal of Normandy, Flocquet, Geoffroy La\nHire, and other valiant men at arms, to the number of three or four\nhundred lances. On the part of the count were slain, the lord de\nHames, sir Philip de Lalain, and a few more men at arms, but very many\narchers,--and there were prisoners made on each side.\nThe king encouraged his men to the utmost of his power, and showed\ngreat personal courage; but when he saw his men repulsed, he retreated\nto the village,--while the count remained on the field, rallying his\nmen, and forming them in proper array, for he was expecting every\nmoment that the king would renew the combat. But this he did not do,\nand remained in the village from eight o'clock, when the battle ended,\nuntil sunset, more vexed than can well be imagined, making inquiries\nafter such as had remained with him, and after those who had run\noff,--when, on summing up their numbers, he found that those who had\nfled greatly exceeded those who had staid with him.\nVery many of the count's men had hidden themselves in the hedges and\nwood, but returned, by two and three at a time, and joined their army,\nwhich had kept together, expecting the battle would be renewed. In\ntruth, this battle was very hazardous to both parties,--and we must\nallow, that it was through the mercy of God that the count de Charolois\nobtained the victory, for his army was not nearly so numerous as that\nof the king; and had none ran away on either side, the event would have\nbeen more disastrous and mortal,--but God, of his goodness, would not\nsuffer it, for which may his Name be praised!\nIn a very melancholy state did the king of France remain in the village\nuntil sunset, and thence went for Corbeil, six leagues distant, and\narrived there at ten o'clock at night with few attendants, for the\ngreater part of them had fled; and although no pursuit was made after\nthem, many fled as far as Amboise, saying, in every place through\nwhich they passed, that the king was killed, and his army totally\ndefeated.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 42: Philippe d'Oignies. 'Some call him Gilles. He was lord of\nBrouay and of Chaunes, son to Anthony and Jane de Brimeu, and grandson\nto Baudouin d'Oignies, governor of Lille, Douay and Orchies, and of\nPeronne. He married Antoinette de Beaufort, by whom he had Philippe\nd'Oignies, father to Louis, knight of the king's orders, and count de\nCharnes.'--_Godefroy._]\nCHAP. XL.\n THE CONDUCT OF THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS AFTER THE VICTORY HE HAD GAINED\n OVER THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE CONSEQUENCES OF IT IN DIVERS PLACES.\nThe count de Charolois remained with his army all night on the field of\nbattle, thinking the king was in Montlehery, and that he would renew\nthe battle the ensuing day. It was not until sunrise that he heard of\nthe king's departure, when he entered the village with his army, and\nfound the cellars filled with dead bodies, which the royalists had\nthrown therein, that the numbers of their dead might not be known.\nBefore the commencement of the battle, the king had sent three heralds\nto Paris, who, on their arrival there about mid day, summoned the\npeople to arms throughout the city,--and ordered every person capable\nof bearing arms to march without delay to Montlehery to assist\nthe king, who was engaged in battle with the count de Charolois.\nNotwithstanding this proclamation, very few marched out, but Joachim\nRohault, marshal of France, who was then in Paris, with five or six\nhundred men at arms. They indeed sallied out on horseback, and advanced\nto St Cloud, which they found defenceless; for those who had been\nposted there by the count de Charolois had fled on seeing the lords\nde Haplaincourt and d'Aymeries, with others in great numbers, who\ntold them that the count had been defeated. The marshal, therefore,\ntook possession of the place without resistance, and made prisoners\nall who fled that way from the battle, and carried them to Paris. The\nburgundian lords above mentioned thought to have crossed the Oise\nat the Pont de St Maixence; but they found there the lord de Mouy,\ngovernor of Compi\u00e8gne, with the garrisons of Creil, Senlis, Clermont,\nCrespy, and other places, in great numbers, who had assembled there\non hearing that the king had gained the victory, and had besieged the\nbridge on the side leading to Montlehery.\nThe inhabitants of Pont St Maixence firmly believing that the king was\nvictorious, from the flight of the above-named lords who had gained\nthe town, surrendered, on having their lives spared, at the very first\nattack. The lords d'Aymeries, d'Inchy, and several more, were taken\nin the town: the lord de Haplaincourt was made prisoner in the open\ncountry, and carried to Paris,--and no man of note who had fled escaped\ndeath or imprisonment: only some poor adventurers were so lucky as\nto get off without either happening to them, but in very miserable\nconditions. Of those that were carried to Paris, several were executed,\nor drowned in the Seine.\nAt the attack on St Maixence, a gentleman of the king's party, called\nJeannet de Grouches, whose brother was with the count de Charolois, was\nkilled by a ball from a cannon.\nWhen the count de Charolois was assured that the king had retreated\nto Corbeil, he caused proclamation to be made, by sound of trumpet,\nthat if any one required a renewal of the battle, he was ready to\naccommodate him: he then had the dead buried,--and had the bodies of\nsir Philip de Lalain, the lord de Harnes, the lord de Varennes, and\nothers, interred in a chapel near to Montlehery; but, soon afterward,\nsome persons came from Paris with passports, to demand of the count\nthe body of the lord de Varennes, and, with his permission, carried\nit to Paris, where it was handsomely interred in the church of the\nFranciscans. He was very much lamented by all who were acquainted with\nhis many excellent qualities.\nAfter the king had remained a day or two at Corbeil, he went to Paris,\non the 18th of July,--and he came thither by the side of the river,\nnear to St Denis, attended by a small company, not consisting of more\nthan about one hundred horse; but soon after, and daily, there came to\nhim, in Paris, the count du Maine, admiral of France, and his other\ncaptains, with men at arms in such abundance that the town and the\nfields on the river side were full of them. The count de Nevers came to\nthe king at Paris, but staid a very short time, and then returned to\nPeronne.\nWhen the king had sojourned some time in Paris, he sent the bishop\nof Paris, a wise and prudent prelate, to the count de Charolois, to\nnegotiate a peace between the king and the princes. On the bishop's\nappearing before the count, he said, that the king had sent to know\nwhat had moved him to enter his kingdom with so large an army; and\nthat the king informed him, that when he went into the countries of\nhis father, he was not accompanied by a great army, but by very few\nattendants. The count instantly replied to the bishop, and said, that\ntwo things had moved him thus to enter the kingdom: first, to keep\nthe engagement made under his seal with the other princes of the\nblood-royal, namely, to meet together with their forces near Paris,\nfor the general welfare of the kingdom, on St John Baptist's day last\npast. Secondly, to secure the bodies of two men who were supported in\nthe kingdom,--and that he had brought so large an army with him for\nthe safety of his person, which, in his proper country, as heir to his\nfather, had been attempted by poison, by the sword, and by endeavouring\nto carry him off to a foreign country: he therefore had determined to\ncome with a sufficient guard for his safety. In answer to what the king\nhad said, that, when he visited his father, he did not come with a\nlarge army, he replied, that at that time he had not the power to come\nwith such a force; and that he had been received nobly, magnificently,\nand peaceably in those countries, where no attempts had been permitted\nto be made against his life or personal liberty, although such had been\nintended.\nThe count added, that he had not entered France with any design of\nmischief, but for its general welfare, and had strictly enjoined his\nmen to pay for whatever they might want, without aggrieving any one.\n'In regard,' continued he, 'to the force I have brought with me, I wish\nit to be known to all, that I am a man able and desirous to punish my\nenemies, and to assist my friends.'\nThe bishop, having received this answer, returned to the king at Paris.\nCHAP. XLI.\n THE DUKES OF BERRY AND OF BRITTANY MEET THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS AT\n ESTAMPES, WHERE THEY ARE ALSO JOINED BY THE DUKES OF BOURBON, OF\n CALABRIA, AND OF NEMOURS, WITH THE COUNT D'ARMAGNAC AND OTHERS OF\n THEIR CONFEDERATION.--THE KING OF FRANCE LEAVES PARIS FOR ROUEN.\nThe count de Charolois, having remained on the field of battle, and in\nMontlehery, so long as he pleased, marched his army toward Estampes, to\nwait for the dukes of Berry and of Brittany, who arrived there the 21st\nof July, with ten thousand combatants and others well appointed. The\ncount de Charolois advanced to meet them, and great joy was there on\nthis event. They afterward entered Estampes together.\nWhile these things were passing, the count de Charny, who had left\nBurgundy with fifty lances to aid the count de Charolois, would not\nput himself under the orders of the marshal of Burgundy, commander\nin chief of that army, and took a route for himself. He was watched\nby a detachment from the king's army, and made prisoner,--but his men\nescaped, and saved themselves as well as they could.\nAbout eight days after the arrival of the dukes of Berry and Brittany\nat Estampes, the dukes of Bourbon and Nemours, with the count\nd'Armagnac came thither with a fine army,--and were soon after followed\nby the duke of Calabria with a handsome company, among whom were some\nSuisses, unarmed, but bold and enterprising. At length, the marshal of\nBurgundy arrived with six hundred burgundian lances, many dagger-men,\nbut few archers. All these lords would have come sooner, had they been\nable; but they were so closely followed by the king's army that they\nwere afraid to hazard the event: it must likewise be supposed that\nthey were now more emboldened to attempt a junction, as the count de\nCharolois had opened a passage for them.\nThey now took the road toward the provinces of Beauce and G\u00e2tinois, for\nthe more easy procuring forage,--and all the towns through which they\npassed opened their gates to the duke of Berry. On the other hand, the\nking went from Paris to Rouen, to recruit his army, and to put under\narms all his vassals, and every sort of person capable of assisting him\nagainst the rebellious princes.\nAfter the confederates had refreshed themselves in Beauce and in\nG\u00e2tinois, they were daily hoping the king would advance and offer them\nbattle; but finding that he was gone to Rouen, they made a bridge at\nMoret,[43] and crossed the Seine,--then, marching through Brie, passed\nthe Marne by the bridge of Charenton, and quartered themselves near\nto Paris. The dukes of Berry and Brittany were lodged at Charenton;\nthe count de Charolois in the castle of the count de St Pol at\nConflans,--and the van division was posted between Conflans and Paris,\nwhile the bastard of Burgundy was quartered with the rear division\nbetween Conflans and Charenton.\nThe dukes of Berry and Brittany afterwards moved their quarters from\nCharenton to St Maur and Beaut\u00e9, and round the wood of Vincennes, on\nthe side next the river. The duke of Calabria, with the others, namely,\nthe Burgundians, the Armagnacs and the Nemours, remained in Brie, on\nthe opposite side of the river,--and they might amount to about five\nthousand combatants.\nDuring these movements, the count de Charolois regained possession of\nthe bridge of St Cloud, which the royalists had abandoned immediately\nafter the battle of Montlehery. He then caused Lagny sur Marne to\nbe taken, and bridges thrown over the river, for the more easy\ncommunication of the two divisions of the army, and to besiege Paris,\nin which was the count du Maine and other captains; but their men were\nso numerous that they were quartered in the villages on the other side\nof the Seine, and in blockhouses and small forts which they had erected\nfor quarters.\nOn these bridges being completed, a detachment of the princes' army\ncrossed the river, and advanced so near to Paris that there was but a\nditch between them and the royalists, when frequent skirmishes took\nplace, in which many on each side were often killed, wounded, or made\nprisoners. Among others was slain the son of sir Simon de Lalain, much\nregretted by the count de Charolois's army.\nOne day, the princes summoned the town of Paris to surrender, and open\nits gates to the duke of Berry, regent of France, otherwise they would\ndestroy all their vineyards, houses, and villages, round about, and\nthen attack the town with their whole force. The Parisians required\na short delay to give their answer; during which, they sent off\nintelligence of this summons to the king at Rouen, and to signify to\nhim, that, unless he would come to their relief, they would be obliged\nto surrender.\nThe king, on receiving this news, collected as many men as he hastily\ncould, and made such diligence that he entered Paris the 28th of\nAugust. Three days after, he sent the bishop of Paris, with others of\nhis council, and great lords, to the princes, who procured from them\na truce for some days; during which, a place was appointed between\nParis and Conflans to hold a conference,--and a handsome tent was\nthere pitched for the reception of the deputies on each side, that\nthey might consider on the best means to bring forward a treaty to the\nsatisfaction of all parties.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 43: Moret,--a town of G\u00e2tinois, on the river Loing, about a\nleague from the Seine.]\nCHAP. XLII.\n THE VARIOUS ACCOUNTS OF THE SUCCESS OF THE BATTLE OF MONTLEHERY THAT\n WERE REPORTED IN DIVERS PLACES.\nOf those who fled from the battle of Montlehery at the beginning of the\nengagement, and could not know the event, some crossed the river Oise,\nand proclaimed that the count de Charolois had been totally routed:\nothers passed by Compi\u00e8gne, one of whom told the count de Nevers, that\nindeed the van of the royal army had been thrown into confusion at the\nbeginning, but that the king was victorious,--and that the count de\nSt Pol and the lord de Hautbourdin were slain. He said, that he was\nignorant whether the count de Charolois or his brother, the bastard,\nwere killed or taken.\nThis news was immediately written to the duke of Burgundy, by the\ngovernor of Mondidier; and as the messenger passed through Arras,\nthe intelligence of the count's defeat was soon spread all over the\ncountry, which caused much sorrow and lamentation,--for they were\nignorant how to act.\nWhen the lord de Saveuses heard it at Corbie, he set out for Bray\nsur Somme, and told the lord de Roubais, the governor, to guard it\nwell,--and, if he had not a sufficient garrison, he would send him\nmen enough. He then departed for Bapaumes, attended by about twenty\narchers; but at first he was refused admittance, which so irritated him\nthat he said, if they did not instantly open the gate, he would enter\nby force. On hearing this, they admitted him. This refusal surprised\nmany, for Bapaumes legally belonged to the duke of Burgundy, as part of\nthe county of Artois.\nFrom Bapaumes, the lord de Saveuses went to Arras, where he assembled\nthe inhabitants, and remonstrated with them on the necessity there\nwas for the well guarding the town, and to raise men for the defence\nof the country, and succour their lord with the utmost possible\ndiligence,--offering, that if they would lend him twenty thousand\nfrancs on the security of his lands, he would immediately employ them\nto subsidize troops for the assistance of the count de Charolois, and\nfor the security of the country. Notwithstanding this generous offer,\nhe could not find any one that would lend him money on these or on\nother terms: he, however, assembled as many men as he could,--so that\nthey amounted to four or five hundred, horse and foot, well equipped.\nFor these exertions, the duke of Burgundy sent him letters-patent,\nappointing him governor general of all Artois, and ordered the whole\nof the towns within the castlewick of Lille to send to him every man\ncapable of bearing arms,--by which means, in less than fifteen days, he\nhad with him more than two thousand combatants, but the greater part\nwere infantry.\nThe lords de Roubais, de Fosseux, and others who had the guard of Bray,\nhaving heard of the proceedings of the lord de Saveuses, abandoned\nBray, and joined him, who blamed them much for having quitted their\ngarrison, so that several of them returned thither in less than eight\ndays, when different intelligence was brought them.\nThe governor of Compi\u00e8gne no sooner heard of the defeat of the count\nde Charolois than he assembled a body of troops, and took the town of\nSainte Maixence, and thence went to attack Roye; but the lord du Fay,\nthe governor, defended it so valiantly that they made no impression,\nand lost many of their men,--but on their marching off, they said they\nwould soon return again with a larger force. This caused the garrisons\nof Roye and of Mondidier to send in haste to the duke of Burgundy for\nsuccour,--when the lord de Saveuses sent them as many men as he could\nspare, having detachments at Bray and elsewhere.\nWhile these things were passing, the rivers Seine and Oise were so\nstrictly guarded by the French that no one could cross them with\nletters or baggage without being stopped and plundered by them,--so\nthat by this means no true intelligence of the battle of Montlehery was\nknown until some carmelite monks and preaching friars had passed these\nrivers in a boat, and brought the real history of the event of this\nengagement, by publishing that the count de Charolois had gained the\nhonour and victory!\nCHAP. XLIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE FORMS AN ALLIANCE WITH THE LIEGEOIS, TO MAKE WAR\n ON THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS.--THEY BESIEGE THE\n TOWN OF LUXEMBOURG.\nA little before the battle of Montlehery, namely, in the month of June,\nthe king of France sent an embassy to the Liegeois, the ancient enemies\nof the house of Burgundy, to conclude an alliance with them, that\nthey might make war on the duke of Burgundy and on his son the count\nde Charolois. The terms of the treaty were, that, between the feasts\nof Saint James and Saint Christopher, the Liegeois were to enter the\ncountries of Brabant and Namur, belonging to the duke of Burgundy, and\nto do all the mischief they possibly could, as in times of war. The\nking, on his part, was to assist them with two hundred men at arms,\neach having three horses at the least, and invade Hainault,--promising\nthem, at the same time, never to make peace with the duke or his allies\nwithout their assent, and without their being comprehended in the\ntreaty: for the fulfilment of this, it was commonly reported that the\nking had given his engagement under his hand and seal.\nOf all these negotiations the duke of Burgundy was fully informed; and\nabout the 22d day of August, as the duke was mounting his horse in the\ncity of Brussels to go a-hunting, a herald delivered to him letters\nfrom the Liegeois, containing, in substance, that they defied his son\nthe count de Charolois with fire and sword, and waited an answer. The\nduke, after perusing the letters, gave them back to the messenger, and\nbade him carry them to his son.\nHearing this answer, the herald returned to Liege, and, shortly after,\ncame back with defiances from the Liegeois to the duke and to all\nhis allies. They were not long before they marched from Liege and\nentered the duke's territories, committing every sort of mischief,\nand advanced to lay siege to the town of Luxembourg. The duke, when\ninformed of these proceedings, sent in haste to his friends and allies,\nnamely, the dukes of Cleves and of Gueldres, his nephews, the count\nof Nassau, the marquis of Rothelin, the count of Horne, and to others\nbordering on the territories of Liege, who raised a large army, and the\nduke himself would have gone personally to command it; but when the\nLiegeois saw the power of the duke so great, notwithstanding the army\nhis son had in France, and that the king had failed in his engagement\nto send two hundred lances to invade Hainault, they broke up their\nsiege, and marched back to Liege.\nDuring this time, the duchess of Cleves, daughter to the count de\nNevers, came to the duke of Burgundy at Brussels,--but three days\npassed before he would see her. She was then admitted to his presence,\nand, falling on her knees, with tears, most humbly implored him to take\npity on her father and on herself; for that, if her father was ruined,\nshe must also suffer, as well as her three fine sons by the duke of\nCleves; acknowledging, at the same time, that every thing her father\nand herself possessed came from his bounty, who had educated and raised\nthem so high that it was notorious to every one.\nThe duke was so much affected by this speech that his eyes were filled\nwith tears; but he replied, 'Your father has ungratefully repaid what\nhe has received from this house. I sent to tell him to depart from\nPeronne, and to go into his county of Nevers, or into the Rethelois,\nand there remain until I should have induced my son to be satisfied\nwith him,--but he has done neither, and has armed himself against my\nlord of Berry, and against my son, doing every thing in his power\nto oppose them. He keeps possession of my inheritances of Peronne,\nMondidier and Roye, as if they were absolutely his own; but it is not\nso,--for he holds them for a sum of money, the repayment of which was\noffered him, but he would not accept it. I know not if he intends\nseizing my other inheritances in the same way; but he shall not have\nthem,--for, if it please God, I will guard them well.' On saying this,\nhe left the lady.\nThree or four days afterward, the duke of Cleves came to Brussels, to\nspeak with the duke, having left his troops in garrison on the borders\nof Liege. He had not been with the duke for some time, on account of\nthese family quarrels. The good duke received him most kindly, and\nentertained him handsomely, as he well knew how to do; for he had with\nhim the duchesses of Bourbon, of Cleves, of Gueldres, and other ladies.\nIn the month of June of this year, about six score houses were burnt\nin the town of Ardres; and it was commonly said, that it had been done\nthrough the wickedness of persons sent thither by the chancellor or\nothers of the party of the king of France, and who were to attempt the\nlike throughout the dominions of the duke of Burgundy. Some of these\nincendiaries were taken at St Omer, but the rest escaped out of the\ncountry.\nIt was full fifteen days after the battle of Montlehery, before the\nduke of Burgundy received a true account of the event; for no one\ndared to mention the reports until the event was certainly known,\nlest he should have a relapse of his late illness, from which he was\nnot perfectly recovered. When, therefore, he was fully ascertained of\nthe truth, he sent a large sum of money to his son for the pay of his\ntroops, under the escort of the lord de Saveuses, accompanied by all\nhis men, as well cavalry as infantry. He brought it very safe to the\ncount at Conflans, in company with the lord de Hautbourdin, who had\nbeen sent with a strong force, for greater security, to meet him at\nMondidier,--for the French had intended to attack and plunder him; but\non their junction, they durst not meet them.\nThe lord de Saveuses, on approaching Conflans, drew up his men in\norder of battle, and thus waited on the count, who received him most\njoyfully, and took great pleasure in seeing the old warrior so well\nand so handsomely armed,--telling him, that he would have given forty\nthousand crowns if he had been with him at the battle of Montlehery.\nCHAP. XLIV.\n THE INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN OF DINANT[44] INSULT THE COUNT DE\n CHAROLOIS WITH MOCKERIES.--THE KING OF FRANCE MEETS THE COUNT DE\n CHAROLOIS AT CONFLANS.--THE DUKE OF BOURBON TAKES THE TOWN OF ROUEN.\nIn the mean time, the inhabitants of Dinant, mortally hating the duke\nof Burgundy and his son, trusting to the strength of their town, and to\ntheir riches, and calling to remembrance, that, although they had been\nbesieged seventeen times by kings and emperors, the place had never\nbeen taken, but that they had for a long time pillaged and robbed their\nneighbours, more particularly the subjects of the duke of Burgundy, and\nhad increased their wealth daily by the riches they brought into the\ntown; foolishly believing in the first news brought them of the defeat\nof the count de Charolois, determined in their folly to show their old\nenvenomed hatred to the house of Burgundy, by dressing up a resemblance\nof the count de Charolois in his armour, and carrying it to the town of\nBovines hard by, which belonged to the duke of Burgundy as parcel of\nthe county of Namur. They were in great numbers, and in arms, and when\nthey were near to the walls of Bovines, they erected a gibbet, and hung\nthereon this figure of the count de Charolois; shouting out to those in\nthe town, 'See here, the son of your duke! that false traitor the count\nde Charolois, whom the king of France will have hanged as you see his\nrepresentative hanging here. He called himself the son of your duke: he\nlied,--for he was a mean bastard, changed in his infancy for the son of\nour bishop, the lord de Haisenberghe, who thought to conquer the king\nof France.' Many other villainous expressions did they use against the\nduke of Burgundy and his son, menacing their countries with fire and\nsword.\nBy this outrageous and childish conduct, they greatly offended the good\nduchess of Burgundy, mother to the count de Charolois, who was alway\nreputed to be the most modest and chaste woman that was in the land of\nPortugal. When, therefore, these things were told to the duke and the\ncount de Charolois, they were much angered,--and the son swore, that\nhe would make them dearly pay for it, as indeed happened very shortly\nafter.\nWhile the confederated princes were surrounding Paris, the king left\nthe city in a boat, accompanied by about twenty persons, and rowed down\nto Conflans, where the count de Charolois was posted. The count, on\nhearing of the king's approach, went to meet him, when they embraced\neach other like old and loving friends. A conversation ensued between\nthem; but I know not what passed, except that, shortly after, the\ncount wrote to his father, to say that the king had been to see him,\nand had used very kind expressions in conversation. The king, on his\ndeparture, told the count, that if he would come to Paris he would give\nhim a handsome reception; but the count replied, that he had made a vow\nnot to enter any great town until he was on his march home. He then\nescorted the king back, attended by his archers, to whom the king gave\nfifty golden crowns to drink together.\nDuring this truce, the lord de Croy and his friends were at Paris,\nand laboured most diligently to make their peace with the count de\nCharolois: even the king exerted himself greatly in their favour,--but\nthe count would not listen to nor hear talk of it, as the lord de Croy\nhad once accompanied the king to Conflans; but the count de Charolois\nordered him not to come thither again. The king made frequent visits\nthere; and several secret conversations passed between him and the\ncount, to whom the king showed the greatest appearance of affection\nand regard, which the truest friend could show another, frequently\nsending back to Paris his guards, and remaining with the count with few\nattendants, saying, that he thought himself fully as safe when in his\ncompany as if he were in the city of Paris.\nWhile these things were passing, it happened that the governor of the\ncastle of Boulogne sur mer, in conjunction with a sergeant, sold this\ncastle to the English of Calais and Guines, and was to give them\npossession thereof on the 28th day of August, while they set fire\nto the lower town, and during the confusion the English were to be\nadmitted. The sergeant, however, told their plan to a companion of his,\nwho betrayed them, and they were both instantly arrested, and, on the\nfact being proved, were beheaded, the 2d day of September following,\nand their bodies hung on a gibbet.\nIt was these two who had found means to displace the son of the lord\nde Croy from his command in the castle, and replace him with those\nattached to the count de Charolois, who, on this account, had given\nthem all the effects of the said de Croy that were in the castle. He\nhad also promised them other great favours: nevertheless, they had\nbetrayed him also.\nIn the month of August, in this year, king Henry VI. of England was\ntaken prisoner by a party of king Edward's. He was mounted on a small\nponey, and thus led through the streets of London, when, according to\nthe orders of Edward, no one saluted or did him the least honour,--for\nit had been forbidden, under pain of death. He was carried to the\ntower of London, in the front of which was a tree, after the manner of\na pillory, round which he was led three times, and then confined in the\ntower. This proceeding troubled many of the citizens of London,--but\nthey dared not show any signs of it, nor open their mouths on the\nsubject.\nToward the end of September, the Bretons took the town of Pontoise,\nduring the night, by means of the governor and other accomplices.\nThe duke of Bourbon also entered the castle of Rouen with a body of\nmen at arms, under pretence, and in the name of the duke of Berry.\nHe placed therein the widow of the late lord de Varennes, in whom,\nhowever, the king had great confidence,--and the principal persons in\nthe town had advised her going thither. Shortly after, the duke went\nto the town-house, where the commonalty waited on him, and submitted\nthemselves to his obedience, on behalf of the duke of Berry, as their\nlord and duke of Normandy. The duke then went to the other towns in\nthe duchy, as far as Caen, who all surrendered to him for the duke of\nBerry.\nDuring this time, a destructive warfare was going forward in the\ncountries of the duke of Burgundy and Liege, which were alternately\noverrun and plundered, more especially by those of Dinant,--so that it\nwas a pity to see the great mischiefs that ensued. Those from Dinant\nwere one day met by a party of Burgundians, who put them to the rout,\nwith great slaughter, and some little loss on their side. Those that\nescaped made all haste back to Dinant, and, on their return thither,\nto revenge themselves, ran to the town-prison, in which were three\nburgundian prisoners, whom they led out, to hang them on the first tree\nthey should find without the town. One of them offered his vows to St\nJames the apostle, when the cord broke, and he escaped unhurt! Instead\nof him, they seized a youth from Arras, the son of Martin Corneille,\nas he was returning from his studies; and if some among them had not\nremonstrated, that, instead of hanging him, they might force his father\nto pay a large sum for his safety, he would infallibly have been put to\ndeath.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 44: Dinant,--a town of the bishoprick of Liege, on the Maes,\n16 leagues from Liege.]\nCHAP. XLV.\n THE DEATH OF THE COUNTESS DE CHAROLOIS.--THE COUNT DE NEVERS IS MADE\n PRISONER IN THE CASTLE OF PERONNE.--THE LIEGEOIS ARE DISCOMFITED AT\n MONTENAC.[45]--THE TREATY OF CONFLANS, BETWEEN THE KING OF FRANCE AND\n THE CONFEDERATED PRINCES.\nOn the 25th day of September, in this year, the countess de Charolois\ndeparted this life in the town of Brussels. She was the daughter of\nthe late duke of Bourbon, and a good and devout lady. She left behind\nonly one child, a daughter, named Mary, and had always the grace to be\nhumble, benignant, and full of the best qualities a lady could have,\nand was never out of humour. The duchesses of Burgundy and Bourbon were\npresent at her decease, and were in great grief for her loss.\nA Burgundy-gentleman, named Arkembarc, had made frequent visits to the\ncount de Nevers, in Peronne, for the space of a month, having passports\nfrom the lord de Saveuses and from the king: he had likewise been with\nthe count de Charolois and the duke of Burgundy, to find means for the\ncount de Nevers to surrender Peronne. It is to be supposed that there\nwas some secret treaty entered into between them,--for on the 3d day of\nOctober, at four o'clock in the morning, the said Arkembarc accompanied\nby the lords de Roubaix and de Frommeles, and from five to six hundred\ncombatants, advanced to Peronne as secretly as they could.\nWhen he came near the town, he left his companions, and, attended by\nonly twelve persons, approached the bulwark on the outside of the\ncastle, which he entered by scaling ladders, and making prisoners those\nwithin, by their means entered the tower and dungeon of the castle.\nThey there found the count de Nevers, the lord de Sally, and some\nothers in bed, whom they laid hands on as day broke; but the count and\nhis companions began shouting so loud that they were heard in the town,\nand the garrison hastily advanced in arms to enter the castle,--but\nbefore this, from sixty to four score of the duke's men had followed\ntheir companions into the castle, and, mounting the battlements,\nharangued those below, declaring they were the duke of Burgundy's men,\nwho had sent them thither, and they now summoned them to surrender the\ntown to the duke. The garrison and townsmen retired apart, to confer\ntogether, and, toward the evening, answered, that they were willing to\nobey the duke, and opened their gates to the lord de Roubaix and all\nhis men.\nThus was the town of Peronne taken, and restored to the obedience of\nthe duke of Burgundy. It was currently reported, that the count de\nNevers had wished it to be thus managed, that it might appear to the\nking, to whom he had sworn allegiance, that it had been won without his\nconsent: it was also added, that it was upon this condition he had made\nup the disagreements between him, the duke of Burgundy, and the count\nde Charolois. Whatever truth may have been in these rumours, the count\nde Nevers was carried a prisoner to Bethune, and Arkembarc remained\ngovernor of the town and castle of Peronne.\nThe 15th of this month of October, about five in the morning, the\nheavens seemed to open, and the brightest light appeared, resembling a\nbar of burning iron, of the length of a lance, which turned round, and\nthe end that was at first very thick became suddenly thin, and then\ndisappeared. This was seen, for more than a quarter of an hour, from\nthe town of Arras.\nOn the 19th of the same month, about eighteen hundred combatants, on\nthe part of the duke of Burgundy, entered the territories of Liege,\nunder the command of the count de Nassau, the seneschal of Hainault,\nthe lords de Groothuse and de Gasebecque, sir John de Rubempr\u00e9 grand\nbailiff of Hainault, and other knights and esquires. They burnt and\ndestroyed the whole line of their march until they came near to the\nlarge village of Montenac, situated five leagues from the city of\nLiege, and which the Liegeois had fortified and garrisoned with a force\nof four thousand men, then within it.\nThese Liegeois, observing the Burgundians march so near, without making\nany attempt on the place because it was fortified, sallied out, and\nposted themselves where the duke's men must pass, with the intent to\noffer them combat. They surrounded themselves on all sides, except\nthe front, with their baggage-waggons,--and there they drew up their\nartillery in a very orderly manner.\nThe duke's men, observing their enemies thus posted, and ready for\nbattle, held a council, and determined to attempt drawing them from\ntheir strong position, and, in consequence, pretended to retreat from\nfear. The Liegeois seeing this man\u0153uvre, and mistaking it for fear\nof them, instantly quitted their post, and began to pursue them. But\nmatters turned out differently from what they had thought; for the\nduke's men wheeled about, and instantly attacked them with such vigour\nthat they were immediately discomfited and put to flight, leaving dead\non the field more than twenty-two hundred men; and as the duke's party\nlost but one archer, it was a splendid victory to them.\nDuring this time, the king of France remained in Paris, and the\nconfederate princes around it, while the negotiators on each side were\nbusily employed in establishing a treaty of peace between them. This\nwas at length accomplished, in manner following, which I shall relate\nas briefly as I have been able to collect the articles.\nFirst, it was ordered, that to remedy the grievances of the realm, and\nto ease the people from the heavy exactions they had borne, the king\nshould appoint thirty-six of the most able and discreet persons of his\nrealm, namely, twelve prelates, twelve knights, and twelve counsellors,\nwell informed as to law and justice, who should have full powers and\nauthority to inquire into the causes of the grievances complained of,\nand to apply a sufficient and permanent remedy to prevent such in\nfuture; and the king promised, on the word of a king, that he would put\ninto execution all that they should recommend on this subject. They\nwere to commence their examinations on the 15th day of the ensuing\nDecember, and to finish the whole within forty days afterwards.\nItem, all divisions were now to be at an end,--and no one was to be\nreproached for the part he had taken on either side, nor was any one\nto suffer for his late conduct. Each person was to have restored to\nhim whatever had belonged to him before open hostilities commenced,\nnotwithstanding any acts to the contrary.\nItem, the count de Dunois was to be repossessed of all the lands the\nking had taken from him.\nItem, the count de Dammartin was to have again his county of Dammartin,\nand all other his lands which the king might have given away as\nconfiscated.\nItem, the count d'Armagnac was to have again the lands the king had\nseized.\nItem, the duke of Bourbon was to have all his towns, castles, and\nlands, which the king had conquered, restored to him; and he was,\nbesides, to receive an annual pension of thirty-six thousand francs,\non account of his marriage with the king's sister, and to be appointed\ncaptain of the gens d'armes on the king's establishment.\nItem, in consideration of the king having failed in his engagements\nwith the duke of Calabria, respecting the conquest of Naples, he was\nto receive the sum of two hundred thousand golden crowns, and to have\nthe command of three hundred lances of the gens d'armes on the king's\nestablishment.\nItem, the duke de Nemours was also to have the command of two hundred\nof the said lances, and to be appointed governor of the Isle de France.\nItem, the count de St Pol was constituted constable of France; and the\nking invested him with his sword of office, with his own hand, publicly\nin the palace at Paris.\nItem, the duke of Berry, only brother to the king, was to have given\nhim, as his appanage, the duchy of Normandy, for him and the heirs-male\nof his body, to hold in the same free manner as the dukes of Normandy\nhad anciently held the same from the kings of France; that is to say,\nby fealty and homage; and thenceforward the dukes of Brittany and\nAlen\u00e7on should hold their duchies from the duke of Normandy, as they\nhad done in times passed.\nItem, the count de Charolois should have restored to him all the lands\nwhich had been repurchased by the king from the duke his father,\ntogether with the county of Guines, to be enjoyed by him and his\nheirs-male, in the manner as shall hereafter be expressed.\nItem, the king promises, by this treaty, never to constrain any of\nthe said princes to appear personally before him, whatever summons he\nmay issue, saving on such services as they owe to the king on their\nfidelity, and for the defence and evident welfare of the kingdom.\nItem, all such towns, castles, and forts as may have been taken during\nthese said divisions, on either side, shall be instantly restored to\ntheir right owners, with all or any effects that may have been taken\nfrom them.\nWhen these matters had been fully settled, each of the princes received\nletters-patent from the king, confirming all the articles that\nconcerned each personally.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 45: Montenac,--a village of Messin, near Metz.]\nCHAP. XLVI.\n A ROYAL EDICT RESPECTING WHAT THE KING OF FRANCE HAD CONCEDED TO THE\n COUNT DE CHAROLOIS BY THE TREATY OF CONFLANS.\n'Louis, &c. Whereas by the advice and deliberation of our said brother\nof Normandy, and of our very dear and well beloved cousins the dukes of\nBrittany, Calabria, Bourbon, Nemours,--the counts du Maine, du Perche,\nand d'Armagnac,--the presidents of our court of parliament, and other\nable and well informed persons of our realm, we have given, conceded,\nand yielded up, and by these presents do give, concede, and yield up to\nour said brother and cousin the count de Charolois, in consideration\nand in recompence of what has been before stated, and also because our\nsaid cousin has liberally and fully supported, as far as lay in his\npower, our said brother, and the other princes of our blood, in the\nsettlement of the late divisions, and for the restoration of peace,\nfor him and his heirs, males and females, legally descended from him,\nto enjoy for ever the cities, towns, fortresses, lands, and lordships,\nappertaining to us on and upon each side of the river Somme,--namely,\nAmiens, St Quentin, Corbie, Abbeville, together with the county\nof Ponthieu, lying on both sides of the river Somme, Dourlens, St\nRicquier, Crevecoeur, Arleux, Montrieul, Crotoy, Mortaigne, with all\ntheir dependances whatever, and all others that may have belonged\nto us in right of our crown, from the said river Somme inclusively,\nstretching on the side of Artois, Flanders, and Hainault, as well\nwithin our kingdom as within the limits of the empire,--all of which\nour said uncle of Burgundy lately held and was in the possession of,\nby virtue of the treaty of Arras, prior to the repurchase we made of\nthem,--comprehending also, in regard to the towns seated on the Somme\non the side nearest our kingdom, the bailiwicks and sheriffdoms of\nthese said towns in the same form and manner as our said uncle was\npossessed of them, to be enjoyed by our said brother and cousin, and by\ntheir legal heirs, males and females, descending in a direct line from\nthem, together with all the revenues, domains, and taxes, in the same\nmanner as enjoyed by our said uncle, without retaining to ourself any\nthing, excepting the faith, homage, and sovereignty, as lord paramount\nof the same.\n'This mortgage we have made, and do make, in consideration of the\nrepayment of the sum of two hundred thousand golden crowns of full\nweight, and of the current coin, and which neither we nor our\nsuccessors shall be enabled to recover again, by repayment of the\nsaid two hundred thousand crowns, from our said brother and cousin\nduring their natural lives; but it may be lawful for us, or our\nsuccessors, to recover these lands from the direct heirs of our said\nbrother and cousin, or from their heirs descending in a direct line,\nwho may be in the possession of them, on paying back the said sum of\ntwo hundred thousand crowns. For the security of our being enabled to\nmake such repurchase, our said brother and cousin shall deliver to us\nletters-patent, in due form, for the better confirmation of the same;\nand we will and understand that our said brother and cousin, and their\nlegal heirs, that may be in the possession of these territories, shall\nhave full powers to nominate and appoint, at their pleasure, all and\nevery officer that shall be necessary for the government and regulation\nof these said towns and countries; and that such officers as shall be\nnecessary for the collecting of all royal taxes, aids, or impositions,\nshall be nominated by us, at the recommendation of our said brother and\ncousin, and their heirs, as was done during the time our said uncle of\nBurgundy held these towns and countries.\n'Whereas, by the treaty of Arras, it was agreed, among other articles,\nthat the county of Boulogne should remain to our uncle of Burgundy, and\nthe heirs male of his body lawfully begotten,--and whereas our late\nlord and father bound himself to recompense all who claimed any right\nto it,--we, for the causes and considerations before mentioned, and\nwithout derogating from the treaty of Arras, confirm the above article\nrespecting the county of Boulogne, and declare that our said brother\nand cousin, their heirs, male or female, lawfully begotten by them,\nshall hold, during their lives only, the said county of Boulogne, in\nthe form and manner specified in the treaty of Arras, and that they\nmay reap the same advantages from it as if it were their own proper\ninheritance. And we engage to make those consent to the same, who may\nclaim any right to the said county, and give them such compensation\nas we shall judge proper, so that our said brother, cousin, and their\nheirs, shall have peaceable possession of the same.\n'We have also promised, and by these presents do promise, our said\nbrother and cousin, that we will cause to be frankly and freely\ndelivered up, as far as in us lies, and we restore, from this instant,\nthe castles, towns, castlewicks and provostships, of Peronne, Mondidier\nand Roye, with all their dependances, discharged of whatever debts\nor mortgages may have attached to them, in the same full manner as\nthey were given to our said uncle by our father, in consequence of\nthe treaty of Arras, to enjoy the same in like manner as they were\nenjoyed before, according to that article in the said treaty; and we\nwill procure that our very dear and well beloved cousin the count de\nNevers, shall surrender to our said brother and cousin the right he\nlays claim to respecting these towns, castles, &c. and that he shall\ngive possession of the same into the hands of our said brother and\ncousin, or to any commissioners appointed by them. In addition, we have\nlikewise conveyed to our said brother and cousin the county of Guines,\nas a perpetual inheritance for them, their heirs and successors, to\nhold and enjoy all rights, taxes, and other emoluments within the same,\nas and in like manner with the preceding. In respect to any claim on\nthis county made by the lord de Croy, or others who may pretend to\nsuch, we engage to satisfy the said lord de Croy and the others, on\nthis head, and to assure to our said brother and cousin the possession\nof the said county, free from all let or hinderance on the part of the\nlord de Croy and all others.\n'All the above articles we have promised, and do now promise,\npunctually to perform, on our royal word,' &c.\nThis ordinance was published at Paris, on the 5th of October, in the\nyear 1465, under the great seal of France, and registered by the\nparliament on the 11th of the same month.\nAt the end of this ordinance, the king commands all his judges and\nother officers to see that these engagements and conveyances are\ncarried into full and speedy effect,--and at the beginning of it were\nstated the causes and reasons which had moved the king to make such\nconcessions to the count de Charolois.\nFirst, to recompense him for the very great expenses he had been at to\nraise so great an army to join his brother, the duke of Berry, for the\nwelfare of the kingdom.\nSecondly, to appease the discords and divisions then existing between\nthe king and the princes of his realm, in which the count de Charolois\nhad greatly exerted himself.\nThirdly, because, in consequence of these divisions, the Liegeois had\nraised a considerable force, and had invaded the dominions of the duke\nof Burgundy, and had done great mischiefs.\nFourthly, respecting the repurchase of the towns and lands on the\nSomme, that had been mortgaged to the duke of Burgundy, who considered\nhimself entitled to the enjoyment of this country, notwithstanding the\nrepurchase, and that the king had taken immediate possession of the\nsame.\nAnd, lastly, to recompense the count de Charolois for the pension of\nthirty-six thousand francs, which the king had given him and afterward\ntaken from him.\nFrom all these considerations, the king had made such great concessions\nto the count de Charolois by the treaty of Conflans; and, in\naddition, at the request of the said count, the king had increased\nthe jurisdictions of the provostships of Vimeu, of Beauvoisis, and of\nFouilloy,[46] to avoid any disputes that might arise between the king's\nofficers and those of the count, as these provostships are included\nwithin the bailiwick of Amiens, for the count and his heirs to enjoy\non similar terms with those before specified, by letters under the\ngreat seal, dated Paris, the 14th day of the same month of October, and\nenregistered by the parliament on the 16th.\nThus were the quarrels between the king and the princes appeased.[47]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 46: Fouilloy,--a village in Picardy, near Corbie.]\n[Footnote 47: When Louis XI. was asked, how he could make such\nconcessions, and sign a treaty so prejudicial to the interest of the\ncrown, he replied, 'that it was in consideration of the youth of my\nbrother of Berry,--of the prudence of my fair cousin of Calabria,--of\nthe sense of my brother-in law of Bourbon,--of the malice of the count\nd'Armagnac,--of the great pride of my fair cousin of Brittany,--and of\nthe invincible army of my fair brother of Charolois.'\n_Proofs to Comines_, No. 65.\nThe chamber of accounts protested against this treaty of Conflans.\nThere are many very curious papers respecting the history of this\nperiod in the Proofs to the Memoires de Comines.]\nCHAP. XLVII.\n THE KING IS PRESENT AT A REVIEW OF THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS' ARMY.--THE\n COUNT TAKES LEAVE OF THE KING, AND MARCHES HIS ARMY AGAINST THE\n LIEGEOIS.--THE DUKE OF BERRY DOES HOMAGE TO THE KING FOR THE DUCHY OF\n NORMANDY.\nWhen this treaty was concluded between the king and the princes of\nFrance, they one day assembled together in the castle of Vincennes,\nwherein the lord de Saveuses was, for that day, lodged by orders\nfrom the count de Charolois, when Charles, the newly-created duke of\nNormandy, did homage to the king for that duchy; after which the other\nprinces did homage for what each had individually obtained from him in\nlands or honours,--after which they took their leave of the king, and\nof each other, to return to their homes.\nWhen these ceremonies were over, the count de Charolois made a review\nof his men at arms and other troops, as the king wished to see\nthem,-and for this purpose they were drawn up between Conflans[48] and\nParis. The king, on seeing them, was astonished, and could not refrain\nfrom saying, that he did not imagine the count de Charolois had been so\npowerful, or had such handsome and well-appointed men at arms.\nThe review being over, the count took leave of the king and the other\nprinces, and departed from Conflans, the last day of October, with\nhis whole army; but the king would accompany him, in spite of his\nentreaties to return, as far as Villiers-le-bel.[49] The king had very\nfew attendants; but what was more, they remained together in this\nvillage three or four days, making good cheer, and discoursing secretly\non their private affairs. The king showed the utmost possible affection\nfor the count, and it was with difficulty that he parted from him.\nAt length the king returned, and the count proceeded to Senlis, wherein\nhe was most honourably received, and thence to Compi\u00e8gne and Noyon,\nwhere, and in all the other towns of France he passed through, the same\nhonours were shown him,--for such had been the king's orders, and he\nwas to be admitted with whatever company he pleased. He did enter with\nsuch a large body that he was superior to any of their garrisons; but\nhis men paid regularly for every thing they wanted, without doing the\nsmallest damage,--for such were the count's commands, on pain of death\nto all who should act to the contrary.\nWhile the count de Charolois was at Conflans, he received several\nletters from the duke of Burgundy, to send him five or six thousand\ncombatants to join those whom he was collecting to march against the\nLiegeois; for that his intention was to command them in person, and\noffer the Liegeois battle, which made the count the more anxious to\nleave France, to assist his father and revenge himself on those of\nDinant, who had insulted him so grossly, as has been before mentioned.\nIn consequence of the treaty of Conflans, several of the lords of his\narmy had left him and disbanded their men; but he issued his summons\nthroughout the dominions of his father the duke, for those who had been\nwith him in France, and all others accustomed to bear arms, to John him\nat Mezieres, on the Meuse,[50] the 15th day of November next, in arms,\nand as well mounted as possible, under pain of corporal punishment and\nconfiscation of effects, whither the count marched with the remainder\nof those who had accompanied him to France. On the day appointed,\nthe gens d'armes of the states of the duke of Burgundy appeared round\nMezieres; but several came thither much against their wills, for they\nhad been badly paid for their expedition to France: of the twenty-two\nweeks they had there served, they were only paid for seventeen; but\nthey dared not complain, so much was the count redoubted and feared.\nThere was now in and about Mezieres a larger and better appointed army\nthan had ever been in France; for the large towns under the dependance\nof the duke sent thither archers and cross-bowmen,--and there repaired\nthither several knights and esquires of those countries that had been\nredeemed from the crown of France, and other warriors who had not been\nof the late expedition, and even some who had been in the late quarrels\nof the king's party against the count de Charolois.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 48: Conflans--is on the Seine, six leagues from Paris.]\n[Footnote 49: Villiers-le-bel. Q. Villiers-le-basele? in the Isle of\nFrance, near Paris.]\n[Footnote 50: Mezieres, on the Meuse,--a strong city in Champagne, five\nleagues from Charleville.]\nCHAP. XLVIII.\n THE ENTRY OF THE DUKE OF BERRY INTO ROUEN.--THE KING OF FRANCE GOES\n INTO NORMANDY AND RETAKES POSSESSION OF THAT DUCHY.--HE CAUSES SOME\n OF THE LORDS OF THAT COUNTRY, WHO HAD SUPPORTED HIS BROTHER, TO BE\n EXECUTED AND DROWNED.\nWhen the confederated princes had separated at Conflans, Charles the\nnew duke of Normandy, accompanied by the duke of Brittany, the count\nde Dunois, and other lords, set out to visit his duchy of Normandy,\nand went first to Mont St Catherine, above Rouen; for the whole of\nthe country, as has been said, had submitted to his obedience. He\nwas advised to make his public entry into Rouen on the feast of St\nCatherine,--and the inhabitants had made great preparations for his\nreception.\nThe duke of Brittany, however, for some private reasons, had the entry\ndeferred, which much displeased the inhabitants of that town; and\nfinding that the duke had not given any orders for so doing, they\nassembled in arms, and went to their new duke in a numerous body, to\nrequest that he would instantly make his entry into their town. The\ncount de Harcourt, then his principal adviser and favourite, urged\nhim to comply with their request without farther delay; which he\nassented to, whether the duke of Brittany would or not, and followed\nthe townsmen into Rouen, where he was grandly feasted, to the great\nvexation of the duke of Brittany, who could not at that time prevent\nit,--for he had not then his men at arms with him, and was forced to\ndissemble. He was so much enraged that he departed for Brittany with\nthose he had with him; and, on going away, they carried off the bedding\nand sheets of the good people where they had been lodged, as if they\nhad been in an enemy's country.\nThey seized also some of the towns in Normandy, wherein the duke left a\nparty of his men to guard them,--and among others, he took possession\nof the town and castle of Caen, where he placed a larger force to guard\nand defend the castle.\nOn these things coming to the king's knowledge, he hastily assembled\nas many men as he could, and marched first to Caen, which was\nsurrendered to him by the duke of Brittany; and shortly after, all\nthe other towns in Normandy surrendered to the king, excepting Rouen,\nLouviers, Pont de l'Arche, and some castles. The new duke resided at\nRouen, where those who had received him as their lord had promised to\nstand by him until death; but the duke perceived clearly that they\nwould not long keep their promises; and for that reason he quitted the\ntown of Rouen, and sought an asylum with the duke of Brittany, who\nreceived him with kindness.\nSoon after the departure of the duke, those of Rouen surrendered to the\nking,--and their example was followed by Pont de l'Arche and Louviers;\nso that the whole of the duchy of Normandy was repossessed by the king,\nnotwithstanding the promises he had made to his brother in the treaty\nof Conflans.\nThe king recalled to his person the duke of Bourbon, and attended\nmore to his opinion than to that of any other prince. As soon as he\nfound himself master of Normandy, he began to persecute such as had\nbeen of the party of his brother, and had supported him: among others\nwas the lord d'Esternay, whom he caused to be arrested and drowned.\nThis lord had been, during the late reign, general of Normandy, and\nwas exceedingly beloved for his wisdom and moderation,--and he had\nnot his equal in the whole country for devotion. Many other lords\nthe king caused to be executed or drowned, so that several quitted\ntheir country, abandoning their houses and estates for fear of his\ntyranny,--and the king was greatly blamed for these measures by all who\nheard of them.\nCHAP. XLIX.\n THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS ENTERS THE COUNTRY OF LIEGE WITH HIS ARMY.--THE\n LIEGEOIS DEMAND AND OBTAIN A TRUCE,--BUT, ALTHOUGH A PEACE IS MADE, IT\n DOES NOT LAST LONG.\nThe Liegeois, hearing of the peace concluded between king Louis and the\ncount de Charolois, imagined that they were included in the treaty;\nbut when they learnt the contrary, and that the count was marching an\nimmense army against them, they sent a grand embassy to the duke of\nBurgundy at Brussels, offering to make great reparations for what they\nhad done. They supplicated, in all humility, for peace with him and the\ncount de Charolois, and were so urgent that they obtained from the good\nduke a truce for fifteen days.\nAt this moment, the count de Charolois was at St Tron,[51] a large town\nbelonging to Liege, which surrendered to him as soon as he came before\nit. On receiving information of this truce, he caused proclamation to\nbe made throughout his army, that no one should do any damage to the\nterritories of Liege, on pain of death, notwithstanding that his men\nhad not received their pay: they were, therefore, obliged to forage\nthe country of the duke of Burgundy that lay nearest at hand, and it\nsuffered very much from it. They even spread as far as Lorraine and\nother distant countries, to seek provisions,--for so large an army\ncould not otherwise have existed without money.\nOn the expiration of the fifteen days, the truce was prolonged for\neight more, then for another eight days, and at last to the 12th day\nof January; which caused the adjoining country to be sorely pillaged\nand devoured, for it was daily overrun for so long a space of time.\nThe count de Charolois, perceiving that the Liegeois were only seeking\ndelays, and did not perform what they had promised, collected his army,\nand entered the territory of Liege, and wrote to the duke his father to\nsend him as many reinforcements as he could, for that he now intended\nto combat the Liegeois.\nThe duke instantly sent back to him the lord de Saveuses with all his\nmen, and wrote him word, that he would shortly join him in person, and\nthat he desired he would not give battle until he should arrive. As the\nduke was preparing to set out for the army, notwithstanding the severe\nillness from which he had scarcely recovered, his son wrote him word,\nthat the Liegeois had come to him with a treaty, such as he approved\nof, sealed with their city-seal,--that they implored his mercy, and\nbegged he would be satisfied with them,--that he had accepted the\ntreaty, provided it were his good pleasure to ratify it. The duke, on\nreceiving this news, remained quiet at Brussels.\nOn the 20th of January, the Liegeois, knowing that the count de\nCharolois had entered their country with his army, and that his van,\nunder the command of the count de St Pol, was far advanced, sent from\nfour score to a hundred of the principal persons of the country to\nwait on the count de Charolois, well mounted and well armed for fear\nof several who had been banished their city, and other evil-disposed\npersons, who only wished for war, and hindered the completion of a\npeace. They met the count between St Tron and Tongres,[52] two good\ntowns belonging to the Liegeois, and presented to him the treaty such\nas had been agreed to by the city of Liege, and sealed with their seal:\nthe deputation offered, at the same time, to answer with their lives\nfor the consent of the other towns to this treaty.\nThe terms of this treaty were precisely what the duke of Burgundy\nand his son had insisted upon,--and the deputies, on their knees,\nbesought the count's mercy and pardon, promising, that henceforward the\ninhabitants of the whole country would be his faithful servants and\ngood neighbours.\nThe count, having examined the treaty, accepted it on consideration\nof the great sums they were to pay by way of recompensing the damages\ndone, and forgave them. The sum for damages was six hundred thousand\nflorins of the Rhine, which they were to pay the duke in the course\nof six years; and the duke of Brabant and all future dukes of Brabant\nwere to be their mainbrugs, or governors of the whole country of Liege,\nwith a yearly salary of two thousand florins of the Rhine. The Liegeois\nwere not in future to undertake any measures of weight, without having\nfirst obtained the consent of their mainbrug. Many other articles were\ninserted in the treaty, which I omit for the sake of brevity; but,\nnotwithstanding, they soon after broke this treaty, without keeping any\none article of it.\nThe count de Charolois having acceded to the requests of the deputies,\npeace was proclaimed throughout his army,--and the whole was ordered\nto appear before him, on the morrow, near to Tongres. This was done\nthat the deputation might see his army in battle-array, to inspire them\nwith fear of his power, and thereby check any future rebellion. The\narmy, when drawn up on the following day, delighted and astonished the\nambassadors and those who had come from St Tron, Tongres, and other\ntowns to see it, for they never could have imagined that the count\nwould have been able to raise such a force at once. In truth, according\nto common report, this army consisted of upwards of twenty-eight\nthousand horse, not including the infantry, which was very numerous,\nalthough many had returned home with leave, and without leave, in\ndefault of being regularly paid.\nWhen the army was thus drawn up, the count rode along the line,\nthanking most courteously all the captains and men at arms, begging\nthey would hold him excused for having so badly paid them, for that\nhe could not now have avoided it,--but he would make them full amends\nat another time by more regular payments, so that every one should be\nsatisfied.\nAddressing himself to the poorer cavaliers, he asked if any of them had\nbeen banished the countries of the duke his father, and desired such to\ncome to him at Brussels, when he would make representations of their\ncase to his father, and they should be allowed to return. Saying this,\nhe took his leave of them, and went from St Tron to Hasbain,--and the\ntroops were dismissed to their several homes.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 51: St Tron,--on the lower Meuse, fourteen miles north west\nfrom Liege, the capital of the country of Hasbain.]\n[Footnote 52: Tongres,--in the bishoprick of Liege, on the lower Meuse.]\nCHAP. L.\n AFTER THE TREATY CONCLUDED AT SAINT TRON, THE INHABITANTS ATTEMPT TO\n MURDER THE MEN OF THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS, BUT ARE OVERPOWERED.--THE\n COUNT RETURNS TO HIS FATHER AT BRUSSELS.--THE KING OF FRANCE RAISES\n A LARGE ARMY,--IN CONSEQUENCE OF WHICH, THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS PUTS\n HIMSELF ON HIS GUARD.\nOne Sunday after peace had been made with the Liegeois, and while the\ncount de Charolois was in St Tron, detachments of his army were passing\nthrough that town on their road homewards; when the inhabitants,\nthinking the whole were passed, sought a quarrel with a body of the\nmen at arms attached to the bastard of Burgundy, and killed two of\nthem. Having done this, they closed the gate by which these detachments\nentered from Tongres, and guarded the others. This conduct seemed as\nif they intended to put to death all of those who were in the town;\nbut the gens d'armes forced the gate, and marched straight to the\nmarket-place, where they formed themselves in order, to resist the mob\nof the town, who had there assembled with a great noise. They soon\ndrove this mob before them, who fled for safety,--not, however, without\nhaving had nineteen or twenty of their companions killed.\nHad not the count been timely informed of what was passing, and\ngiven proper orders for checking his men, they would probably have\ndestroyed all the inhabitants, and plundered the town; for they were\nthen beginning to break down doors and windows, and enter the houses:\nhowever, they lodged themselves wherever they pleased, and took\nwhatever provisions they found within them.\nSome of the townsmen, who had begun this riot, had retreated into a\nkind of fortified house, wherein they were besieged, and at length\ntaken, when the riot ceased. This happened on the 22d day of January,\nin the year 1465.\nThe count de Charolois, on leaving St Tron, went strait to Brussels,\nwhere he was received by the duke his father with as much joy as ever\nfather received a son. When they had remained some days together,\nthe count set out on a pilgrimage to Boulogne, which he had vowed to\nperform on foot; and on his return to Brussels, he went to Ghent,\nBruges and Saint Omer,--and in all of these towns he was received with\nthe greatest honours. While he was at St Omer, the count de Nevers\ncame to him, and asked his pardon for whatever he might have done to\noffend him, which was fully granted; and they remained together some\ntime, when the count de Nevers was so much restored to the count's good\ngraces that, on his departure, the count de Charolois wrote to the\nofficers of the different towns he was to pass through, to show him the\nsame honours and attention as if he had come himself in person,--and\nthis was done in all the towns he came to.\nFrom St Omer, the count de Charolois went to Boulogne, and thence to\nRue, to Abbeville, to Amiens, to Corbie and to Peronne,--in all which\nplaces he was most honourably received, although several of these\ntowns were dissatisfied that they no longer belonged to the king of\nFrance.--During the stay he made at Peronne, he was informed that the\nking was raising a greater army than he had ever done, and that it was\nmarvellous the quantity of artillery he had cast: he had even taken the\nbells from some steeples to have them cast into serpentines and other\nartillery. At the same time, the king was writing the most affectionate\nletters to the count, as to his dearest friend; but the count did not\nput too much confidence in these appearances, always suspecting the\nchangeful temper of the king. In consequence, he had it proclaimed\nthrough his father's dominions, that every one that had been accustomed\nto bear arms should be ready to join the king on the 15th day of June,\nin Normandy, to oppose the landing of the English, who would then\nattempt it with a considerable army.\nThis was the report the king had caused to be spread over the realm,\nand that the English were making great preparations to invade the duchy\nof Normandy the ensuing summer, although he knew to the contrary; but\nhis projects were pointed at other objects than what was generally\nimagined. He had sent the bastard of Bourbon to England some time\nbefore, and, by means of a large sum of money given to the English, had\nobtained a truce between the two nations for twelve months.\nThe count, nevertheless, had a conference with the English at St Omer,\nwhither he sent his bastard-brother of Burgundy, as his representative,\nto meet the earl of Warwick and other lords from England, to obtain\nthe alliance of the king of England and the english nation, should the\nking of France make war upon him, as, from his preparations, was too\napparent.\nCHAP. LI.\n THE LIEGEOIS IN DINANT BREAK THE PEACE, AND RECOMMENCE THE WAR AGAINST\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--DINANT IS BESIEGED AND BATTERED WITH CANNON.\nBetween Easter and the middle of August, in this year, so many\nmarriages took place in the county of Artois, and the adjoining\ncountries, that the like was not heard of in the memory of man.\nEarly in this year, those of Dinant, tired of the peace which they\nhad obtained by their humble solicitations from the duke of Burgundy,\nand having their courage puffed up by those more inclined to war than\npeace, suffered many evil-disposed persons, that had been banished,\nto return to their town, who were eager for all kinds of mischief.\nThey soon after sallied out of Dinant, and overrun and pillaged many\nvillages in Hainault and Namur, which they afterward burnt, violated\nchurches and monasteries, committing, in short, every wickedness.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on hearing this, instantly ordered a greater\nassembly of men at arms than he had ever before made, to be at Namur on\nthe 28th day of July. But notwithstanding the summons was so pressing,\nthe men at arms delayed as much as possible to equip and prepare\nthemselves; nor did they offer to assist in mounting their poorer\nbrethren, being doubtful of the expense, and remembering, that in the\npreceding campaign, they had been badly paid. The duke was told of\nthis backwardness while at table, the beginning of July, and was so\nmuch vexed that in his passion he kicked the table from him, saying,\nthat he saw clearly how much he was governed, and that he was no longer\nthe master; for that he had paid last year for the army upwards of two\nhundred thousand crowns from his treasury, and he knew not how they had\nbeen spent. The more he spoke, the more angry he grew, insomuch that,\nat last, he dropped to the ground, from rage and apoplexy. It was,\nfor three days, thought that he could never recover, but it happened\notherwise.\nHe then issued another summons, commanding all to obey it instantly,\non pain of death. While this was passing, the count de Charolois was\nat Peronne, and had renewed the tax on salt, which he had abolished on\nhis march to France, to the great joy of the people; but this renewal\nchanged their joy to grief, and caused great discontents, because the\ncount had ordered the arrears of this tax, during the year it had been\nabolished, to be collected.\nThe duke of Burgundy was busily employed in his preparations to\nmarch the army against Liege, and had ordered copies of the sentence\nof excommunication which the pope had given against those of Dinant\nto be stuck against the doors of all the churches throughout his\ndominions.--This excommunication had been issued against those of\nDinant, their allies and accomplices, as a punishment for the numerous\nevils they were daily committing, contrary to the treaty of peace, and\nfor their disobedience to the holy apostolical see.\nBy this sentence, the pope gave permission to the duke of Burgundy and\nhis allies to punish them and force their obedience,--for the doing of\nwhich, they would obtain a full pardon for their sins, as ministers of\nthe church. In this sentence, the pope had forbidden divine service to\nbe performed in the churches of Dinant.\nNevertheless, those in Dinant, obstinate in their wills and opinions,\nand disobedient to the commands of the head of the church, constrained\ntheir priests to perform divine service, and to chaunt the mass as\nbefore; but, as some priests would not act contrary to the positive\ninterdict of the pope, they drowned them.\nJust as the duke's army was ready to march to Dinant, the bastard de St\nPol, lord de Hautbourdin, who, like the others, was fully prepared for\nthis march, was suddenly taken ill,--and the disorder became so serious\nthat he died of it, which was a great pity and loss, for he was valiant\nand prudent, and one of the best warriors the duke had in his army,\nhandsome above all others, and a knight of the Golden Fleece.\nToward the beginning of August, the duke of Burgundy's army was ready\nto march to Namur, according to the orders he had issued for all who\nloved him to follow him thither. This was the largest army that had\nbeen seen, for it was more than as numerous again as that which had\nmarched to France: indeed, common report said, they were upwards of\nthirty thousand who received pay.\nThe principal nobles in it were the count de Charolois, the count de\nSt Pol constable of France, the lord de Ravenstein, the three sons of\nthe count de St Pol, the two bastards of Burgundy, the count de Nassau,\nand so many barons, lords, knights and gentlemen, that it would be\ntiresome to name them all. The marshal of Burgundy was also there, but\nin his private capacity, for the army of Burgundy had remained at home.\nThe duke of Burgundy would likewise be present, and went from Brussels\nto Namur on the 14th day of August.\nThe army soon marched from Namur toward Dinant, where a skirmish\nensued in the suburbs of that town, between about three hundred of the\nBurgundians, commanded by the count de Charolois and the marshal of\nBurgundy, and the townsmen, who sallied out to the attack. This was\nrenewed twice or thrice, but the townsmen were always repulsed. It was\nhorrible to see the engines that were used in the town, although they\nkilled none, and three or four of the townsmen were slain.\nThe count de St Pol, sir James his brother, with numbers of other\nlords, advanced on the other side of the Meuse in all diligence,--while\nthe lord de Saveuses was posted at Bovines, a tolerably good town in\nthe county of Namur, about half a league from Dinant.\nNews was brought to the army, that the Liegeois had mustered their\nforces, which amounted to full forty thousand combatants, of whom they\nhad sent four thousand to Dinant, and had boasted in Liege, that if\nDinant were besieged, they would raise the siege or die in the attempt.\nOn the 18th of August, the whole of the burgundian army moved toward\nDinant, having their baggage in the center. The lord de Cohen bore the\nstandard of the bastard of Burgundy, who commanded the van, the count\nde Charolois having the main body under his orders,--and the count de\nMarie, grandly attended, had charge of the rear battalion. On its near\napproach to Dinant, the garrison briskly played off their artillery,\nwhile a detachment made a sally, and set fire to a large farm-house\nabove an abbey; but they were roughly treated on their return: they\nhastened to the town as quickly as they could, and abandoned their\nsuburbs, so that the duke's men were near entering the town with them.\nIn this manner were the suburbs of Dinant won, although inclosed by a\nditch and good walls as strong as those of a town. In these suburbs was\na handsome church of the Franciscans, a nunnery, a parish church, and\nbeyond them an abbey of white monks.\nIn gaining this advantage, the count de Charolois lost not more than\nfive or six men. When these suburbs had been won on the side toward\nBovines, those in the town lost no time to set fire to those on the\nopposite side, before the count de St Pol could advance thither, and\nmade it impracticable for any lodgement to be made there. On the\nfollowing night, the count de Charolois fixed his quarters in the abbey\nof white monks, and had a bombard pointed against the gate of the\ntown; and within the inclosures of the Franciscans a large detachment\nwas posted, who kept up a good guard during the night. This bombard\nbattered the gate so well that it broke it down,--but the inhabitants\nlost no time in walling of it up with stones and bags of earth. In\nanother quarter, the constable, who was quartered on the river side,\nbelow the mountain, battered down with his artillery a corner tower\nthat terminated that side of the wall.\nCHAP. LII.\n DINANT IS FORCED TO SURRENDER TO THE WILL OF THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY.--THE TREATMENT IT RECEIVES, FOR A PERPETUAL EXAMPLE TO OTHER\n TOWNS IN A LIKE SITUATION.\nOn the ensuing Tuesday, all the walls of the abbey of the Franciscans,\nand the other inclosures, were thrown down, to erect a battery against\nthe town; and the artillery was briskly played on both sides. Four of\nthe count de Charolois' men were killed by arrows from the walls, and\namong others the master-cannonier of the bombard, as he was picking\nup a rod from the ground. The burgundian army now advanced nearer the\nwalls, and the count de Charolois posted himself at the Cordeliers,\nonly a stone's cast from the gate,--and this day the duke his father\ncame from Namur to Bovines.\nProvision was now so dear in the army that a twopenny loaf sold for\ntwelve pence, and other food in proportion,--and they were forced to go\nthree or four leagues to seek forage for their horses.\nThe batteries having been completed, the town was summoned to surrender\nto the duke of Burgundy; but they within replied, that they had no such\nintention, continuing their abusive language against the duke and his\nson even more than before. Speaking of the duke, they said, 'What has\nput it in the head of that old dotard, your duke, to come hither to\ndie? Has he lived long enough to come and die here miserably! and your\ncount, little Charley, what! he is come to lay his bones here also? Let\nhim return to Montlehery and combat the king of France, who will come\nto our succour: do not think that he will fail, in the promise he has\nmade us.--Charley is come hither in an unlucky hour: he has too yellow\na beak; and the Liegeois will soon make him dislodge with shame.'\nWith such villainous language did the Dinanters address the duke and\nhis son,--and they made use of many other expressions tiresome to\nrelate, and which they incessantly continued, proceeding from bad to\nworse. Those of Bovines, as good neighbours, sent letters to Dinant\nbefore the siege commenced, to advise them to surrender to the duke,\nbefore a siege took place; but, out of spite, they had the messengers\nwho brought these letters publicly beheaded.\nNotwithstanding this outrage, those of Bovines, desirous to save them,\nsent an innocent child with other letters to the magistrates, by which\nthey again admonished them to make their peace with the duke before he\napproached nearer, to avoid the evil consequences that would inevitably\nfollow their obstinacy. The wicked people, instead of listening to such\nfriendly counsel, put the innocent child to death, from spite to the\nduke and the townsmen of Bovines. Some say, that, in their rage, they\ntore the poor child limb from limb.\nOther outrages and insults they had committed before they were\nbesieged; but when they knew that a siege would commence, once,\nin particular, they went in a large body to Bovines, and over the\ntown-ditch, which was stinking, and full of all kind of filth and\nvenomous creatures, they threw a plank, on which they seated an effigy\nof the duke of Burgundy, clothed in his arms, bawling out to those in\nBovines, 'See! here is the seat of that great toad your duke!' Of this\nand many other villainous insults on the father and son, they were duly\ninformed, which only served to irritate them the more, and to make them\nthe more eager to take vengeance on such wicked people.\nWhen the batteries began to play on the town, which they did in a most\nterrible manner, for three or four hours together, neither man nor\nwoman therein knew where to shelter themselves. The smoke was so thick,\nand the fire so terrible, that it resembled a hell, and very many were\nkilled by the balls. In the mean time, the duke had constructed, at\nBovines, two bridges of wood, to throw over the Meuse, to surround and\nattack them on all sides.\nOn Friday, the walls and towers were so greatly damaged that eight of\nthe principal inhabitants came, under passports, to the army, hoping\nto negotiate a peace,--but they could not succeed. On the Saturday, it\nwas ordered, that every man should be prepared to storm the town on\nthe morrow, and provide himself with a faggot to fill the ditches. But\nwhen the day arrived, the duke would not have it then stormed, but\nordered the batteries to continue their fire. This was so severe that\nthe garrison now despaired of their lives, and fled. The inhabitants\nwould now have surrendered, on having their lives spared, but the duke\nwould not grant it! At this moment happened an unfortunate accident, by\na spark falling into a barrel of powder, which had been left uncovered.\nThe explosion killed twenty or thirty of the count's men, and burnt or\nwounded many more; but they afterward recovered.\nThe bishop of Liege, then resident at Huy,[53] sent information to the\nduke his uncle, that thirty or forty thousand men had left Liege, with\nthe intent to raise the siege of Dinant, and advised him to be on his\nguard. The duke, on this, called a council of war,--and he was advised\nto storm the town before the Liegeois could come to its relief; and\norders were given to this effect, although it was about five o'clock in\nthe afternoon.\nThe townsmen, however, fearful, from the demolition of their walls and\ntowers, that they could not make any defence, if stormed, and that, if\nthey were taken, they would be all put to death, surrendered to the\nduke, bringing the keys to the bastard of Burgundy, who sent them to\nthe count de Charolois,--but he would not receive them until he had had\nthe consent of his father.\nThis same night, the bastard of Burgundy took possession of the castle\nof Dinant, which was delivered up to him. The marshal of Burgundy and\nother lords took possession of the different gates, and, with their\nmen, entered the town, which they guarded that night. The count de\nCharolois would have entered the place on the morrow, at mid-day; but\nhe wished first to know the intentions of his father concerning it, and\nwould have waited on him for that purpose; but he was advised to the\ncontrary, as he was told the duke had resolved to destroy it!\nThe count, on hearing this, abandoned the town to plunder, when a\nscene of the greatest confusion ensued; for each wanted to save the\npillage to himself, and to guard it in his respective quarters; but\nthe strongest had the advantage, and murder and every sort of misery\nwere now exhibited throughout the place. Each made his host prisoner,\nalthough he had been robbed before of his whole fortune,--and immensely\nrich was the plunder made, for Dinant was one of the most wealthy and\nstrongest towns in all those parts; and this enormous wealth was the\ncause of its ruin, for it had filled the inhabitants with pride and\ninsolence, so that they feared not God, nor the church, nor any prince\non earth,--and this may be supposed to be the cause why God suffered\nthem to be thus punished.\nThe Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday were wholly employed in plundering\nthe town,--and boat-loads of effects were on the river,--and the\nstreets were crowded with waggons full of goods,--and every man was\ncarrying off on his back all that he could bear. Many of the men at\narms gained riches enough to support them for three or four years.\nInquiry was then made after those in the town who had been the most\nforward in their insulting language to the duke and his son. Some were\ndiscovered, who were tied back to back, and thrown into the Meuse,\nwhere they perished. The count ordered the chief cannonier of the town\nto be arrested, and hung on the mountain above the church, and those\nwho had been most culpable in renewing the war to be drowned in the\nriver.\nFrom the moment the town had been given up to pillage, the count de\nCharolois had it proclaimed, that whoever should violate a woman should\nbe instantly punished with death; but, notwithstanding this, three were\narrested, and found guilty of this crime. The count ordered them to be\nmarched thrice along the ranks, that every one might take warning from\nthem,--and then they were hanged on a gibbet. He swore, at the same\ntime, that should any others be guilty of the like crime, whether noble\nor not, they should suffer a similar punishment, which prevented any\nwoman, in future, being forced against her will.\nThe count ordered all the women and children out of the town, and had\nthem escorted as far as the city of Liege; but it was most melancholy\nto hear and see their pitiful lamentations, on being driven from their\ntown, and there was no heart so hardened but had compassion on them.\nOn Friday, the 28th day of August, when the town was quite emptied of\nits wealth, and the houses and churches unroofed, and the lead carried\naway, a fire burst out at the lodgings of the lord de Ravenstein, near\nto the church of our Lady, about an hour after midnight; but it was not\nknown whether it had happened accidentally or had been done on purpose,\nto force the men at arms out of the place, or to burn such as remained.\nThe count, however, ordered it to be extinguished by all who could\nassist, and great exertions were made to accomplish it; but, in the\nmean time, it spread to the town-house, in which was a magazine full\nof powder, that caught fire, and exploded with such force as to break\nthrough the roof of the church of our Lady; but, as this was arched\nwith stone, the fire did not extend rapidly,--and some relics, and\nthe ornaments of the church, were saved: all of them that came to the\ncount's knowledge he had carried to Bovines,--for many had been stolen\nand taken away before he came thither. Great numbers were burnt by\nthis fire, and their plunder, that had remained packed in the street,\nwas destroyed. Those plunderers who attempted to save effects from the\nfire were miserably burnt,--and the flames followed them so closely\nthat it seemed as if Divine vengeance was resolved to punish the pride\nand insolence of this town by totally destroying it.\nWhile Dinant was in flames, a large embassy came from Liege to the duke\nof Burgundy at Bovines, to negotiate a treaty of peace,--and the sight\nof the destruction of Dinant made a serious impression on them. The\ncount de Charolois, observing that all attempts to put out the fire\nwere ineffectual, determined that the whole should be destroyed, and\ncaused such parts, in the town and suburbs, as had hitherto escaped to\nbe set on fire, so that all was burnt. He then sent for great numbers\nof peasants from the neighbourhood, to demolish the walls, towers and\nfortifications, to each of whom he gave three patars[54] a-day, with\nevery thing they might find in the ruins.\nThey laboured so diligently that, within four days after the fire had\nceased, a stranger might have said, 'Here was Dinant!' for there now\nneither remained gate nor wall, nor church, nor house, for all had been\nburnt and razed to the ground. It unfortunately happened, that when the\ngreat church caught fire, many prisoners of note that had been therein\nconfined were burnt, and such as had retreated to different towers and\nforts also perished. Thus was destroyed the town of Dinant by reason of\nits presumption and folly!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: Huy,--on the Meuse, 12 miles from Liege.]\n[Footnote 54: Patars,--a low-country coin: five are equal to sixpence\nsterling.--_Cotgrave._]\nCHAP. LIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AFTER THE DESTRUCTION OF DINANT, MAKES\n DISPOSITIONS TO MARCH HIS ARMY INTO THE TERRITORIES OF LIEGE.--SEVERAL\n TOWNS SURRENDER TO HIM.--A PEACE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THEM.\nAfter the destruction of this proud city of Dinant, the duke of\nBurgundy departed from Bovines, on the first day of September, and\nreturned by the river to Namur, attended by the embassy from Liege, who\nwere pressing for a peace. The whole army passed through Namur, and the\nbastard of Burgundy quartered his division in the country of Hasbain,\ntwo leagues distant from St Tron. The count de Charolois was posted\nbetween Tillemont and St Tron. Soon after, the count de St Pol received\nthe surrender of the town of Thuin[55], which had been given him by the\nduke as a recompence for his not having been at the plunder of Dinant;\nand this town was saved from pillage by means of a sum of money which\nthe inhabitants had given to the count de St Pol,--and as this place\nand St Tron had demolished their walls and gates, they both escaped\nbeing plundered.\nThe count de Charolois next advanced to lay siege to Tongres; but as\nhe was told that the inhabitants had all fled, he ordered the army to\nmarch for Liege, while his father, the duke, remained at Namur. The\ncount advanced as far as Montenac, four leagues from Liege,--his army\nand artillery always in order of battle. There, having heard that the\nLiegeois had issued out, in great numbers, to give him battle, he made\npreparations to receive them, by forming his army into two wings and a\ncenter, and thus waited their coming upwards of three hours. They did\ncome, but sent to demand a truce until ten o'clock the next day, when\nthey promised to comply with whatever he should demand. This satisfied\nthe count, and he consented to a truce for the day, which was the 6th\nof September.\nWhen this had been settled, the count de St Pol, constable of France,\nand the bastard of Burgundy advanced, with their men, to observe the\nsituation of the Liegeois, who had come out of their city. They found\nthem posted on the river Gerre,--and intelligence was brought them,\nthat those who had escorted the embassy from Liege were skirmishing\nwith the count's foragers; on which they detached a party of their men,\nwho forced the Liegeois to retreat to their army. Toward evening, the\ncount's army were within sight of the Liegeois, and drew up in order of\nbattle within less than a quarter of a league from them. The constable\ncrossed the river Gerre, to surround them, and ordered a part of his\nmen to dismount; and although it was five o'clock in the evening, they\nwould willingly have attacked the Liegeois,--but the count would not\npermit it, on account of the truce which he had granted. The whole\narmy was much displeased at his refusal, for they would easily have\nconquered the enemy without one being able to escape; for they were\nso surrounded that they could not fly, and they amounted to full two\nthousand horse, and more than ten thousand foot, as numbers were in an\nadjoining village, and could not be counted.\nA division of the count's army was also posted in the large village of\nVarennes; and as they would not quit it to join their companions, the\ncount ordered it to be set on fire, which forced them to issue forth,\nand join their main army, but not without losing their baggage by the\nfire.\nThe count's army remained drawn up in order of battle until ten o'clock\nat night, when each retired to his quarters. On Sunday, the 7th of\nSeptember, the count formed his army in battle-array at the earliest\ndawn, and thus remained, without crossing the Gerre, until ten o'clock,\nwhen the ambassadors returned, and assured the count that the city of\nLiege and its dependances were ready to perform every thing the duke\nhis father and himself had demanded.--They required, therefore, peace\nat his hands; and offered, for the due execution of the treaty, to\ndeliver up to him fifty persons as hostages, whom it should please\nthe duke to select,--namely, thirty-two men for the city of Liege,\nsix for the town of Tongres, six for St Tron, and six for the town of\nHessel.[56] This same day, part of the hostages were delivered to the\ncount, who sent them to Judenge[57] to the duke, who had come thither\nfrom Namur to combat the Liegeois with his son. Peace was, therefore,\nagain made between the duke and his son and the Liegeois.\nBy the treaty, they promised to pay six hundred thousand florins of the\nRhine in the course of six years,--one hundred thousand annually,--and\nthey delivered the fifty hostages, such as the duke demanded, who\nwere to return home on the first annual payment being made, and were\nthen to be replaced by fifty others. The duke of Burgundy as duke of\nBrabant, and his successors, the dukes of Brabant, were to be perpetual\nmainbrugs of Liege, and governors of the whole country, without whose\nadvice and consent the Liegeois were not henceforward to undertake any\nmeasures of importance.\nThe Liegeois, in this treaty, made many other engagements, which I omit\nto note down, for within a very short time they broke every promise\nthey had made.\nAt this time, provision was so scarce in the count's army that it was\nwith the greatest difficulty that any could be procured.\nOn the 8th of September, the day this treaty was signed, the burgundian\narmy arrived to reinforce the count de Charolois, consisting of about\nfour hundred lances, under the command of the lord de Montagu and the\nmarquis de Rothelin. There came also a body of Swiss, of about sixty\nmen; and the city of Antwerp sent three hundred men to assist the duke\nin his war against the Liegeois.\nOn the ensuing day, a deputation from the city of Liege waited on the\ncount, and delivered to him the treaty, sealed with the seals of Liege,\nTongres, St Tron, Hessel, and the other towns under their jurisdiction.\nIt was then discussed, and settled, that should any of the hostages\ndie within the year, the Liegeois were to replace them with others;\nand in regard to the interest due to the duke from the sums that were\nto have been paid, according to the preceding treaty, they offered to\npay whatever the duke should be pleased to demand. On the very day of\nsigning this treaty, it was proclaimed throughout the army, that no one\nshould forage or do any mischief to the territories of Liege.\nWhen these things were completed, the count de Charolois issued orders\nfor the return of his army. He came, on the Sunday, before a large\nvillage called Chasteler, belonging to the chapter of Liege, whither\nthe inhabitants of Thuin came to solicit pardon, and begged for mercy\nhumbly on their knees. One hundred men were ordered thither to demolish\nthe gates and walls of their town, at the expense of its inhabitants.\nAt this place, the count disbanded his army, when each went to his\nhome, and the count to Brussels, whither his father, the duke, was\nreturned. They shortly after sent an embassy to England, to negotiate\nwith king Edward: but the subject of their negotiations I do not\nmention, because I am ignorant of it.[58]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 55: Thuin,--fourteen miles from Mons.]\n[Footnote 56: Hessel,--five miles from Bommel.]\n[Footnote 57: Judenge, Judoigne,--an ancient town formerly belonging to\nthe dukes of Brabant: it forms now part of France, in the department of\nthe Dyle, 25 miles from Liege.]\n[Footnote 58: This embassy probably respected the marriage of the count\nde Charolois with Margaret sister to Edward IV. or, perhaps, for the\nregulations regarding the tilt between the earl Rivers and sir Anthony\nof Burgundy.]\nCHAP. LIV.\n SIR ANTHONY, BASTARD OF BURGUNDY, GOES TO ENGLAND, TO TILT WITH THE\n LORD SCALES,[59] BROTHER TO THE QUEEN OF ENGLAND.\nSoon after Easter, in the year 1467, sir Anthony, bastard of Burgundy,\ncrossed over to England, to perform a deed of arms against the lord\nScales, brother to the queen of England. He went thither handsomely\nattended by warriors and artillery; for there were reports, which\nproved true, that there were some pirates on the seas lying in wait\nto defeat him, under pretence of being Spaniards, although they were\nFrench. It happened, that the bastard's men took two of these vessels,\nrichly laden and full of soldiers, which were plundered, and then he\narrived safely in England.\nHe performed his deed of arms greatly to his credit; but it did not\nlast long,--for, as it was done to please the king of England, he would\nnot suffer the combat to continue any time, so that it was rather for\namusement.[60]\nThis was a plentiful year in wine, corn, and fruits, which were all\ngood, and the corn of a quality fit for preservation.\nIn this year also, the ladies and damsels laid aside their long trains\nto their gowns, and in lieu of them had deep borders of furs of\nminever, martin, and others, or of velvet, and various articles of a\ngreat breadth. They also wore hoods on their heads of a circular form,\nhalf an ell, or three quarters, high, gradually tapering to the top.\nSome had them not so high, with handkerchiefs wreathed round them,\nthe corners hanging down to the ground. They wore silken girdles of\na greater breadth than formerly, with the richest shoes, with golden\nnecklaces much more trimly decked in divers fashions than they were\naccustomed to wear them.\nAt the same time, the men wore shorter dresses than usual, so that the\nform of their buttocks, and of their other parts, was visible, after\nthe fashion in which people were wont to dress monkies, which was a\nvery indecent and impudent thing. The sleeves of their outward dress\nand jackets were slashed, to show their wide white shirts. Their hair\nwas so long that it covered their eyes and face,--and on their heads\nthey had cloth bonnets of a quarter of an ell in height. Knights and\nesquires, indifferently, wore the most sumptuous golden chains. Even\nthe varlets had jackets of silk, satin, or velvet; and almost all,\nespecially at the courts of princes, wore peaks at their shoes of a\nquarter of an ell in length. They had also under their jackets large\nstuffings[61] at their shoulders, to make them appear broad, which\nis a very vanity, and, perchance, displeasing to God; and he who was\nshort-dressed to-day, on the morrow had his robe training on the\nground. These fashions were so universal that there was not any little\ngentleman but would ape the nobles and the rich, whether they dressed\nin long or short robes, never considering the great expense, nor how\nunbecoming it was to their situation.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 59: Anthony Widville earl Rivers, lord Scales and Newsels,\nand lord of the Isle of Wight. This accomplished nobleman, one of the\nfirst restorers of learning to this country, was son to sir Richard\nWidville, by Jacqueline of Luxembourg, widow to the regent duke of\nBedford. Caxton printed several of his works.\nFor further particulars, see Walpole's Noble Authors, last edition, by\nPark.]\n[Footnote 60: The following extract from Dr. Henry's Hist. of England,\nvol. v. pp. 536, 537, 4to. edit. will place the event of this\ntournament in a different light.\n'The most magnificent of these tournaments was that performed by the\nbastard of Burgundy and Anthony lord Scales, brother to the queen of\nEngland, in Smithfield, A.D. 1467. The king and queen of England spared\nno expense to do honour to so near a relation,--and Philip duke of\nBurgundy, the most magnificent prince of that age, was no less profuse\nin equipping his favourite son. Several months were spent in adjusting\nthe preliminaries of this famous combat, and in performing all the\npompous ceremonies prescribed by the laws of chivalry.\n'Edward IV. granted a safe conduct, October 29, A.D. 1466, to the\nbastard of Burgundy earl of La Roche, with a thousand persons in his\ncompany, to come into England to perform certain feats of arms with his\ndearly beloved brother Anthony Widville, lord Scales and Newsels; but\nso many punctilios were to be settled, by the intervention of heralds,\nthat the tournament did not take place until June 11, A.D. 1467.\n'Strong lists having been erected in Smithfield, 120 yards and 10\nfeet long, 80 yards and 10 feet broad, with fair and costly galleries\nall around for the accommodation of the king and queen, attended by\nthe lords and ladies of the court, and a prodigious number of lords,\nknights, and ladies, of England, France, Scotland, and other countries,\nin their richest dresses.\n'The two champions entered the lists, and were conducted to their\npavilions. There they underwent the usual searches, and answered the\nusual questions, and then advanced into the middle of the lists. The\nfirst day they ran together with sharp spears, and departed with equal\nhonour. The next day, they tourneyed on horseback. The lord Scales'\nhorse had on his chaffron a long sharp pike of steel,--and as the two\nchampions coped together, the said horse thrust his pike into the\nnostrils of the bastard's horse, so that, for very pain, he mounted\nso high that he fell on the one side with his master; and the lord\nScales rode about him, with his sword drawn in his hand, till the\nking commanded the marshal to help up the bastard, who openly said,\n'I cannot hold me by the clouds; for though my horse fail me, I will\nnot fail my encounter, companion:' but the king would not suffer them\nto do any more that day. The next morrow, the two noblemen came into\nthe field on foot, with two pole-axes, and fought valiantly; but, at\nthe last, the point of the pole-axe of the lord Scales happened to\nenter into the sight of the bastard's helm, and, by fine force, might\nhave plucked him on his knees; but the king suddenly cast down his\nwarder, and then the marshal severed them. The bastard, not content\nwith this chance, required the king, of justice, that he might perform\nhis enterprise. The lord Scales refused not. But the king calling to\nhim the constable and the marshal, with the officer of arms, after\nconsultation had, it was declared, for a sentence definitive, by the\nduke of Clarence, then constable of England,' (John Tiptoft earl of\nWorcester was the constable, and not the duke of Clarence: see Rymer)\n'and the duke of Norfolk marshal, that if he would go forward with his\nattempted challenge, he must, by the law of arms, be delivered to his\nadversary in the same state, and like condition, as he stood when he\nwas taken from him.\n'The bastard, hearing this judgment, doubted the sequel of the matter,\nand so relinquished his challenge.'\nSee Stowe, &c.]\n[Footnote 61: Stuffings,--mahotoitres. See Du Cange. Supplement.\n'Maheria.']\nCHAP. LV.\n THE DEATH AND INTERMENT OF THE NOBLE DUKE PHILIP OF BURGUNDY, AND THE\n GRAND OBSEQUIES PERFORMED FOR HIM IN THE CHURCH OF SAINT DONNAST IN\n BRUGES.\nOn the 12th day of June, in the year 1467, the noble duke Philip of\nBurgundy was seized with a grievous malady, which continued unabated\nuntil Monday, the 15th, when he rendered his soul to God, between nine\nand ten o'clock at night. When he perceived, on the preceding day, that\nhe was growing worse, he sent for his son, the count de Charolois,\nthen at Ghent, who hastened to him with all speed; and on his arrival,\nabout mid-day of the Monday, at the duke's palace in Bruges, he went\ninstantly to the chamber where the duke lay sick in bed, but found him\nspeechless. He cast himself on his knees at the bedside, and, with many\ntears, begged his blessing, and that, if he had ever done any thing\nto offend him, he would pardon him. The confessor, who stood at the\nbedside, admonished the duke, if he could not speak, at least to show\nsome sign of his good will. At this admonition, the good duke kindly\nopened his eyes, took his son's hand, and squeezed it tenderly, as a\nsign of his pardon and his blessing.\nThe count, like an affectionate child, never quitted the duke's bed\nuntil he had given up the ghost. May God, out of his mercy, receive his\nsoul, pardon his transgressions, and admit him into paradise!\nThe corpse of the noble duke was left all that night on the bed, with\na black bonnet on his head, and likewise remained there on the morrow\nuntil evening,--so that there was time enough for all who wished it to\nsee him: it was marvellous the great crowds who went thither, and all\nprayed God to have mercy on his soul.\nOn Tuesday evening, the body was opened and embalmed, and his heart\nseparated from it. His body and bowels were each put into a well-closed\ncoffin of lead, and placed that night on a bier from five to six feet\nhigh, covered to the ground with black velvet, in the chapel of his\nhousehold, over which bier was a cross of white damask cloth, and at\nthe four corners four thick waxen tapers burning.\nMasses were daily celebrated there until noon,--and, about four or five\nin the afternoon on the following Sunday, the body was carried to Saint\nDonnast's church in Bruges for interment, until preparations should be\nmade to carry it elsewhere, according to the instructions which he had\ngiven when alive. The funeral procession to the church was preceded\nby sixteen hundred men, in black cloaks emblazoned with the arms of\nthe duke, each with a lighted taper in his hand,--four hundred of\nwhom were of the household, and at the expense of the new duke,--four\nhundred from the town of Bruges, four hundred from the different trades\nof that town, and four hundred from the country of the Franc, each\nat the expense of those who sent them. Between this line of torches\nwalked full nine hundred men, as well nobles as officers and servants\nof the late duke: among those were the magistrates of Bruges and of\nthe Franc,[62] twenty-two prelates: a bishop from Hybernie[63] was in\nthe number, who chaunted the first mass on the ensuing day. Between\nthe prelates and the body were four kings at arms, with their heads\ncovered, and clothed in their tabards of arms.\nThe body was borne by twelve knights of name and renown, around whom\nwere the archers of the body of the late duke. It was covered with a\npall of black velvet, reaching to the ground, on which was a broad\ncross of white damask cloth. Over the body was borne a canopy of cloth\nof gold, on four lances, by the count de Nassau, the earl of Buchan,\nBaldwin bastard of Burgundy, and the lord de Ch\u00e2lons. Immediately\nbefore the body walked the first equerry of the late duke, bearing his\nsword with the point downward. The chief mourners who followed the body\nwere the new duke Charles, and after him James de Bourbon and Adolphus\nof Cleves, his two cousins-german,--then the count de Marle, Jacques de\nSaint Pol, the lord de Roussy, and some others of the great lords of\nthe court.\nIn the front of all, walked the four mendicant orders of friars, and\nthe clergy of the different parishes in Bruges, in the churches of\nwhich the vigils for the dead were that day celebrated, and on the\nmorrow a solemn service for the soul of the deceased.\nThe body was placed on a bier, in the middle of the choir of the\ncathedral. It had on it a cloth of gold bordered with damask, and a\nlarge cross of white velvet, with four large burning tapers, and was\nsurrounded by upwards of fourteen hundred lesser ones, which caused so\ngreat a heat that the windows of the church were obliged to be thrown\nopen.\nThe whole of the high altar, and the space above it, was hung with\nblack cloth, the reading-desk, both within and without, with black\nvelvet hanging down, emblazoned with the duke's arms: there were also\nhis pennon of arms and his grand banner.\nThe nave was hung with black cloth, having the top and bottom of black\ncamlet.\nWhen the body was to be let down into the vault, no one can describe\nthe groans, tears, and lamentations that filled the church from the\nduke's officers, and all present. Indeed all his subjects ought to\nhave bewailed his death, for they had lost a prince, the most renowned\nfor virtue and goodness that was in Christendom! full of honour,\nliberality, courage, and prudence, with a mind adorned with every\ngenerous virtue, who had preserved his countries in peace as well by\nhis own good sense, and the prudence of his counsellors, as by the\npoint of his sword, without personally sparing himself, against any\none, however great he might be. He afforded an asylum to those who\ncame to him to seek it, even though they were his enemies, doing good\nto all, and returning good for evil,--and he never had his equal for\nmodesty. Even those who had never seen him, and who had disliked him\nfor any cause, the moment they were acquainted with him, and knew his\nliberality, had an attachment and affection to him.\nThe heart and body of the duke were each put separately in a flat\ncoffin, covered with a bier of irish oak.\nOn the morrow, the obsequies were performed, when the bishop of Tournay\ncelebrated the mass; after which, he made a brief harangue in praise of\nthe deceased, in order that all present might offer up their prayers\nfor the salvation of his soul, which may God, out of his most gracious\nmercy, admit into his holy Paradise! Amen.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 62: The Franc--consists of a number of villages and\nhamlets separated from the _quartier_ of Bruges, and has a separate\njurisdiction.--See _La Martiniere_.]\n[Footnote 63: Hybernie,--an ancient name for Ireland.]\nCHAP. LVI.\n PROLOGUE TO THE CHRONICLES OF THE MOST CHRISTIAN, MOST MAGNIFICENT,\n MOST VICTORIOUS, AND MOST ILLUSTRIOUS KINGS OF FRANCE, LOUIS XI. OF\n THE NAME, AND HIS SON CHARLES VIII.[64]\nConsidering the saying of Seneca, that it is right to follow the ways\nof our elders and governors, provided they have acted properly,--and\nremembering the words of the sage, in his proverbs, that right foolish\nis he who follows Idleness, for, according to Ecclesiasticus, she leads\nto wickedness,--I have collected, with the utmost diligence, several\nfacts relative to the reigns of those illustrious princes, Louis XI.\nand Charles VIII. his son, kings of France, that seemed to me worthy of\nremembrance; together with many marvellous events that happened during\ntheir reigns, as well in the kingdom of France as in the duchies of\nBrittany, Burgundy, Normandy, Savoy and Lorraine,--the counties of\nFlanders, Artois, and Burgundy; including likewise what may have passed\nextraordinary in the adjacent countries, and also in the kingdoms\nof England, Spain, and Sicily, at Rome, in Lombardy, and the duchy\nof Milan, according to that famous chronicler, eloquent orator, and\nexcellent historian, the late Robert Gaguin,[65] during his lifetime\ndoctor en decret, and general of the order of the Holy Trinity.\nI have also collected materials from other sources, and have\nattentively perused and examined the works of those renowned\nchroniclers master Jean Froissart and Enguerrand de Monstrelet; which\nlast I have followed in what he has written concerning the acts of\nsome of our kings, to the reign of Louis XI. inclusively,--and, with\nreverence be it spoken, I have recapitulated some things omitted by him\nrelative to the actions of king Louis, because, peradventure, he had\nnot been truly informed of them, for it is very difficult to acquire\na true knowledge of all the gallant and courageous deeds of such\nmagnificent princes as the kings of France.\nFrom these causes, I have deliberately determined (soliciting the aid\nof an all-powerful God, who can do every thing,) to write and publish\nseveral things worthy of remembrance, while I am now in this far-famed\nand populous town of Paris, not with a view to correct or amend the\nsaid Enguerrand de Monstrelet or others, for I do not undertake that\ncharge, but like a faithful and loyal Frenchman, and as such I wish\nto remain, to avoid idleness, the parent and nurse of iniquity, and\nto exhibit the acts of our sovereign princes, which ought to be\nremembered, if done justly and rightly.\nThere are likewise many who take delight in hearing of the noble deeds,\nprowess, and marvels that have happened in different parts of the\nworld, that they may take example from them, by following the good, and\navoiding the bad, as precedents to be eschewed.\nI have, therefore, composed this small work, trifling in regard to the\nauthor, but great in regard to the acts and triumphs of princes. I do\nnot, however, wish that it may be styled a Chronicle,--for that would\nbe unbecoming in me, for I have solely written it for an amusement and\nrecreation to readers, praying them humbly to excuse and supply my\nignorance by correcting whatever passage shall be found badly written.\nMany strange events which I have described have happened in such\ndistant countries that it is difficult for me or for any one else to\nknow the exact truth of the facts I have related: however, without any\npartiality, I have endeavoured to describe the whole truly, according\nto the before mentioned authors, and shall begin where Enguerrand de\nMonstrelet left off, having first recapitulated some parts of his\nchronicle where there may have been any omissions, until the deaths of\nthe aforesaid kings Louis and Charles.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 64: See the preface to the first volume, respecting these\nadditions to the Chronicle of Monstrelet.]\n[Footnote 65: Robert Gaguin--was born at Amiens, and died at Paris\n1501, having been employed in divers embassies by Charles VIII. and\nLouis XII.--See _Moreri_, &c.]\nCHAP. LVII.\n SOME RECAPITULATIONS OF THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE OF MONTLEHERY BY\n MONSTRELET,--WITH THE ADDITION OF FACTS WHICH HE HAD OMITTED.\nThat master chronicler Enguerrand de Monstrelet, having described\nin his third volume the acts of several kings and gallant knights,\nconcludes his work by relating the death and magnificent funeral of\nPhilip duke of Burgundy, father to duke Charles, lately deceased in the\ntown of Nancy in Lorraine.\nIn the course of his chronicle, he has given an account of the pompous\ncoronation of king Louis XI. at Rheims, and of his joyous entry into\nParis, the capital of France. He afterward amply treated of the war\nand battle of Montlehery, which he has perhaps spoken of and described\nwith partiality, according to his pleasure and feelings; for I have\nread, besides what he has related, that at this battle of Montlehery,\nwhich was fought on Tuesday the 6th day of July, in the year 1465, the\nking of France, coming with all haste from beyond Orleans to Paris,\nhalted at early morn at Chastres, under Montlehery, and that having\ntaken scarcely any refreshment, and without waiting for his escort,\nwhich was, for its number, the handsomest body of cavalry ever raised\nin France, he so valiantly attacked the army of the count de Charolois\nand his Burgundians that he put to the rout the van division. Many of\nthem were slain, and numbers taken prisoners. News of this was speedily\ncarried to Paris, whence issued forth upward of thirty thousand\npersons, part of whom were well mounted; and in scouring the country\nthey fell in with parties of Burgundians who were flying, and made them\nprisoners. They defeated also those from the villages of Vanvres, Issi,\nSevres, St Cloud, Arcueil, Surennes and others.\nAt this rencounter, great booty was gained from the Burgundians,\nso that their loss was estimated at two hundred thousand crowns of\ngold. After the van had been thus thrown into confusion, the king,\nnot satisfied with this success, but desirous to put an end to the\nwar, without taking any refreshments or repose, attacked the main\nbody of the enemy with his guards and about four hundred lances: but\nthe Burgundians had then rallied, and advanced their artillery, under\nthe command of the count de St Pol, who did on that day the greatest\nservice to the count de Charolois.\nThe king was hard pressed in his turn, insomuch that at times he was in\nthe utmost personal danger, for he had but few with him, was without\nartillery, and was always foremost in the heat of the battle; and\nconsidering how few his numbers were, he maintained the fight valiantly\nand with great prowess. It was the common report of the time, that if\nhe had had five hundred more archers on foot, he would have reduced the\nBurgundians to such a state that nothing more would have been heard of\nthem for some time in war.\nThe count de Charolois, on this day, lost his whole guard,--and the\nking also lost the greater part of his. The count was twice made\nprisoner, by the noble Geoffroy de St Belin and Gilbert de Grassy,\nbut was rescued each time. Towards evening, the Scots carried off\nthe king, that he might take some refreshments; for he was tired\nand exhausted, having fought the whole of the day without eating or\ndrinking, and led him away quietly, and without noise, to the castle of\nMontlehery.\nSeveral of the king's army not having seen him thus led off the field,\nand missing him, thought he was either slain or taken, and took to\nflight. For this reason, the count du Maine, the lord admiral de\nMontaulban, the lord de la Barde, and other captains, with seven or\neight hundred lances, abandoned the king in this state, and fled,\nwithout having struck a blow during the whole of the day. Hence it is\nnotorious, that if all the royal army who were present at this battle\nhad behaved as courageously as their king, they would have gained a\nlasting victory over the Burgundians,--for the greater part of them\nwere defeated, and put to flight. Many indeed were killed on the king's\nside, as well as on that of the enemy,--for after the battle was ended,\nthere were found dead on the field three thousand six hundred, whose\nsouls may God receive!\nI shall not say more respecting this battle of Montlehery, as related\nby Monstrelet; for it has been amply detailed by him, although he may\nhave been silent as to the whole truth of it.\nI have somewhere read, that, prior to this battle, the Burgundians\narrived at the town of St Denis, on a Friday, the 5th day of July,\nin this same year, and attempted to cross the bridge of St Cloud (as\nMonstrelet says), but were this time repulsed by the gallant resistance\nof the nobles and other valiant French. The Burgundians then made an\nattempt on the following Sunday, the 7th of July, to alarm Paris,--but\nthey gained nothing, for some of their men were slain by the artillery\non the walls, and the rest returned in haste to St Denis. The next day\nthey appeared again before the walls of Paris, and some with all their\nartillery; but before they displayed the whole of their force, they\nsent four heralds to the four different gates. Over the gate of St\nDenis, as commanders for the day, were master Pierre l'Orfevre, lord of\nErmenonville, and master Jean de Poppincourt, lord of Cercelles, from\nwhom the heralds required provision for their army, and permission for\nit to march through Paris. These demands they made with haughtiness\nand menaces; and while the captains were listening to them, and before\nthey could give any answers, the Burgundians (thinking to surprise the\nparisian guard, and those who were posted at the gates and barriers,)\nadvanced with a great body of men at arms as far as St Ladre and even\nfarther, intending to gain the newly-erected barriers in the suburbs,\nand in front of that gate,--firing at the same cannons, serpentines,\nand other artillery; but they were so valiantly resisted by the\ninhabitants of Paris, and others resident therein, that they were\nrepulsed. Joachim Rohault came in person with his men to this conflict,\nin which many of the Burgundians were slain and wounded, which caused\nthem to make a precipitate retreat without attempting any thing more.\nThey were afterward drawn up in battle-array before Paris, as has been\nalready related by Enguerrand de Monstrelet.\nCHAP. LVIII.\n A TRUE ACCOUNT OF SEVERAL EVENTS THAT HAPPENED DURING THE REIGNS OF\n KING CHARLES VII. AND HIS SON LOUIS XI. WHICH HAVE BEEN OMITTED, OR\n SLIGHTLY MENTIONED, IN THE CHRONICLE OF ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\nIn order to make a regular report of many events that happened in\nFrance and in the adjoining countries, I shall begin at the year 1460,\nduring the reign of king Charles VII. of France. At the commencement\nof this year, the rivers Seine and Marne were greatly swelled; and the\nMarne, near to St Maur des Foss\u00e9s, rose in one night the height of a\nman, and did very great damage to all the country round.\nThis river caused such an inundation at the village of Claye[66] that\nit swept away a mansion of the bishop of Meaux, which had lately had\ntwo handsome towers added to it, with fair apartments, having glass\nwindows and mats, and richly furnished with beds, tapestry, and\nwainscotting,--all of which the river destroyed and carried away.\nAn unfortunate accident happened at the same time to the steeple of the\nchurch of the abbey of F\u00eacamp, in Normandy, by lightning striking it\nand setting it on fire, so that all the bells were completely melted\ninto one mass, which was a heavy loss to that abbey.\nAt this same time, all France was wondering at the intelligence of a\nyoung girl about eighteen years old, doing many wonderful things in the\ntown of Mans. It was said, that she was tormented by the devil, and\nfrom this cause she leapt high in the air, screamed, and foamed at the\nmouth, with many other astonishing gestures, by which she deceived all\nwho came to see her. At length, it was discovered to be a trick of a\nwicked mad girl, instigated to these follies and devilments by certain\nofficers of the bishop of Mans, who maintained her, and did with her as\nthey pleased, which they wished to conceal, by means of those tricks\nwhich they had induced her to play.\nI have found, towards the latter end of the chronicle of king Charles\nVII. by the aforesaid Robert Gaguin, that in consequence of outrages\noffered to king Henry of England by Richard duke of York and the earl\nof Warwick, the duke of York was, shortly afterward, put to death\non the plains of Saint Alban's, by the duke of Somerset, cousin and\nfriend to the said king Henry, accompanied by others of his relatives\nand party, (as has been more fully related by Monstrelet) and for this\ncause the most victorious king Charles VII. had proclaimed, by sound\nof trumpet, on the 3d of February, in this same year, at Rouen, and\nthroughout the towns on the seacoast of Normandy, his will and pleasure\nthat all Englishmen, of whatever rank, dress, or numbers, of the party\nof king Henry of England and of queen Margaret, should be suffered to\nland without any molestation or hinderance, without the necessity of\ntheir having any passports from him, and that they should be allowed\nthenceforward to remain peaceably in his kingdom so long as they should\nplease.\nThis conduct shows the great courtesy and liberality of Charles VII.;\nfor he offered the free entrance into his kingdom to that king Henry,\nand to his adherents, who had oftentimes done all in his power to annoy\nhim, as his most mortal enemy.\nOn Tuesday the 21st day of July, in the year 1461, and on the day\npreceding the death of king Charles VII. a very bright comet was seen\ntraversing the firmament, which, according to some, was a sign of the\ndeath of so great a prince, and of other great events that were to\nhappen.\nWednesday the 22d, the feast of the glorious virgin Mary, king Charles\ndeparted this life, about two hours after mid-day, at the town of Mehun\nsur Yevre. I pray, therefore, devoutly to God, that his soul may repose\nin the blessed regions of Heaven; for he had ever been a prudent and\nvaliant prince, and left his kingdom, free from all external enemies,\nin peace, with justice restored to his subjects.\nBut his death, and noble interment in the church of St Denis, has been\nalready described by Enguerrand de Monstrelet, who also speaks of the\ncoronation of king Louis XI. at Rheims, and of his joyous entry into\nParis, and the feasts celebrated on the occasion.\nBut I find in another chronicle of king Louis what has been omitted by\nMonstrelet, that the said king when making his entry, on the last day\nof August, passed over the Pont-aux-Changes, whereon were represented\nmany pageants,--and it was hung all over. At the moment the king\npassed, two hundred dozen of birds, of all descriptions, were let\nfly, which the bird-catchers of Paris are bounden by charter to do on\nsuch occasions; for it is on this bridge that on feast-days they have\ntheir market for the sale of all sorts of singing birds, and others,\naccording to their pleasure.\nAll the streets through which the new king passed were hung with\ntapestries. He went to the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, to perform his\ndevotions, and thence returned to sup and lodge at his royal palace, as\nis customary, and which has been before related.\nOn the morrow, the first of September, the king quitted the palace,\nand fixed his lodgings at his h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles, where he\nresided for some time. While there, he made many new regulations for\nthe better government of his kingdom, and displaced several from their\noffices,--such as the chancellor Juvenal des Ursins, the marshal and\nadmiral of France, the first president of the parliament of Paris,\nthe provost of Paris, and many others,--and in their places appointed\nothers. He also dismissed some of the masters of requests, secretaries,\ncounsellors, and clerks of the treasury, of the court of parliament, of\nthe chamber of accounts, and from the treasury and mint, replacing them\nwith new ones.\nThe 3d of September in this year, king Louis, with some of his nobles\nand gentlemen of his household, supped at the h\u00f4tel of master William\nCorbie, then counsellor in his court of parliament, but whom he created\nfirst president of his parliament of Dauphiny. At this entertainment\nwere present many notable damsels and citizens' wives of Paris.\nDuring the king's stay at Paris, he partook of several entertainments,\nin divers h\u00f4tels of that city, with the utmost good humour. Having\ntaken handsome leave of that town, he departed for Amboise, as has\nbeen already told in the chronicles of Monstrelet, who speaks at great\nlength of the actions of Philip duke of Burgundy and of his son the\ncount de Charolois.\nIn the year 1460, nothing memorable happened, that deserved being\nnoticed in any of the chronicles. The ensuing year was, I find, very\nproductive in wines of a good quality in different countries: as for\nother matters relating to princes, they have been fully detailed in the\nchronicles before mentioned.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 66: Claye,--a village in Brie, between Paris and Meaux, four\nleagues from Meaux.]\nCHAP. LIX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE COMES TO PARIS, AND RETURNS TO ROUEN.--THE\n BASTARD DE REUBEMPR\u00c9 IS ARRESTED ON THE COAST OF HOLLAND.--THE\n KING GOES TO TOURS AND OTHER PLACES, AND THEN TO POITIERS, WHITHER\n THE PARISIANS SEND HIM A DEPUTATION RESPECTING CERTAIN OF THEIR\n FRANCHISES.--AMBASSADORS ARRIVE THERE FROM THE DUKE OF BRITTANY, WHO\n CARRY OFF THE DUKE OF BERRY.--THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS.--THE\n DUKE OF BOURBON MAKES WAR ON THE KING OF FRANCE,--AND OTHER EVENTS\n THAT HAPPENED IN THE YEAR MCCCCLXIV. OMITTED BY MONSTRELET,--AND SOME\n FACTS RELATIVE TO THE DEATH OF THE GOOD POPE PIUS II. AND CONCERNING\n POPE PAUL II. MORE THAN IS CONTAINED IN THE SAID CHRONICLES.\nOn the 7th day of May, in the year 1464, the king of France came to\nParis from Nogent le Roi,[67] where his queen had been delivered of\na fair daughter. The king supped that night at the h\u00f4tel of master\nCharles d'Orgemont, lord of Mery, and discussed some public affairs.\nHe left Paris for the borders of Picardy, expecting to meet there\nthe ambassadors from king Edward of England, who did not keep their\nappointment: finding they did not come, the king departed thence for\nRouen and other places in Normandy.\nAt this time, a bylander was taken off the coast of Holland, by some\nflemish vessels,--which bylander had on board the bastard of Reubempr\u00e9,\nwith others, who were all made prisoners. The Flemings and Picards,\nafter this capture, published every where, that the king of France had\nsent the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9, with an armed force to seize and carry\noff the count de Charolois, of which there were no proofs.\nThe king soon left Normandy on his return to Nogent le Roi, and thence\nwent to Tours, Chinon, and Poitiers. At this last place, a deputation\nfrom Paris waited on him, respecting certain of their privileges; but\nthey obtained little or nothing, except a remission of the tax on\nfairs, which was a trifle,--and even that they did not enjoy, although\na donation had been made them of it, because the court of accounts,\nto whom the orders for the remission had been addressed, would not\nexpedite the proper powers.\nNearly at the same time, ambassadors from the duke of Brittany arrived\nat Poitiers, with some propositions to the king, who, having heard what\nthey had to say, assented to the greater part of their demands. On\nthis being done, the ambassadors promised that the duke should come to\nPoitiers, or elsewhere, according to the good pleasure of the king, to\nratify and confirm what had been agreed on and granted by his majesty.\nThe ambassadors then took their humble leave of the king, and, on\ntheir departure, pretended to return home; but their intentions were\notherwise,--for, on setting out from Poitiers on a Saturday, they only\nwent four leagues, and remained there until the Monday, when the duke\nof Berry left Poitiers secretly, during the absence of his brother the\nking, and joined them. The ambassadors received him with joy, and made\nall haste to carry him with them to Brittany, fearing they would be\npursued the moment the king should learn his brother's escape.\nAfter the departure of the duke of Berry from Poitiers, many others\nwent into Brittany; among the rest, the duke of Orleans left Poitiers;\nbut he was, shortly after, seized with so dangerous an illness, at\nCh\u00e2telherault, that it proved fatal to him, and he was buried in the\nchurch of St Sauveur, in the castle of Blois.\nThe duke of Bourbon now declared war against the king of France\nand his country, and seized all the finances belonging to the king\nin the Bourbonnois. The duke made a pretence of arresting the lord\nde Crussel, who was much in the king's confidence, for passing\nthrough his territories with his wife, family and effects, without\nfirst having demanded permission. A little afterwards, the lord de\nTrainel,[68] late chancellor of France, and master Pierre d'Oriole,\nsuperintendant-general of the king's finances, were arrested, and\ndetained a long time prisoner in the town of Moulins, but at length\nwere given up by the duke to the king.\nOn the 15th day of May, sir Charles de Melun, lieutenant for the\nking, master John Balue, elected bishop of Evreux, and master John le\nPrevot, notary and secretary to the king, came to Paris, and read to\nthe magistrates, assembled in the town-house, some regulations with\nwhich the king had charged them; which being done, they gave several\norders, subject to the king's pleasure, for the better defence of the\ntown,--such as the increasing of the nightly watch, additional guards\nat some of the gates, and walling up others, and likewise for the\npreparation of chains to be thrown across each street, should there\nbe any occasion for them. Other orders were issued, but it would be\ntiresome to detail them all.\nAbout this time, an inventory was made of all the effects belonging to\nPierre Merin at Paris, which were seized on by the king, because the\nsaid Merin, then treasurer to the duke of Berry, held for his lord the\ntown and tower of Bourges against the king. For this reason, the king\ngave to James T\u00eate-Clerc the office of usher to the treasury, which\nMerin had held.\nIn consequence of Anthony de Chabannes count de Dammartin's escape\nfrom the bastile of St Anthony at Paris, wherein he had been confined\nprisoner, as is related by Monstrelet, he found means to get possession\nfrom Geoffroy C\u0153ur, son to the late Jacques C\u0153ur, of the towns of St\nForgeiul and St Maurice, and made Geoffroy himself his prisoner, laying\nhands also on all his effects, which he found in these two places.\nThe king of France advanced toward Angers and the Pont de C\u00e9, to learn\nthe intentions of such as had absented themselves to join his brother\nin Brittany. He was attended by the king of Sicily duke of Anjou,\nand the count du Maine, followed by a considerable body of troops,\nestimated at twenty or thirty thousand combatants. The king, perceiving\nthat much was not to be gained in that quarter, turned his march toward\nBerry, and to the towns of Issoudun, Vierzon, D\u00e9ols, and others in\nthat district, having with him a strong detachment from his army and\nartillery.\nHere the two brothers, the king of Sicily and the count du Maine,\nuncles to the king by the mother's side, left him, and hastened,\nwith a large force, to prevent the dukes of Berry and Brittany from\nentering Normandy, or from doing mischief to any other part of the\nkingdom. The king remained some time in Berry, and then departed for\nthe Bourbonnois; but he would not enter Bourges, because it was well\nprovided with a garrison of men at arms, under the command of the\nbastard of Bourbon for the duke of Berry.\nThe 14th or 15th of August, of this year 1464, pope Pius II. departed\nthis life, as is noted by Monstrelet. He was elected pope in the year\n1458; and his name was \u00c6neas Silvius, of the city of Sienna,[69] an\neloquent man, a great orator, and poet laureat. He had been ambassador\nand secretary to the great emperor Sigismond, and has written a notable\ntreatise in the support of the authority of the council of Basil, with\nseveral other fine books, of good doctrine. He canonised St Catherine\nof Sienna, of the order of Franciscans, in the year 1461, and wrote\nseveral elegant latin epistles to many of the Christian princes, to\nurge them to a croisade against the infidels, as may now be seen in\nhis book of letters. He was, in consequence, surrounded by princes and\nlords from divers countries, having with them large armies of men at\narms, and galleys and other vessels to transport them; so, when thus\nassembled, they advanced with the pope as far as Ancona, where he was\nmet by the king of Hungary and a great army. But in the midst of these\ngrand and salutary preparations, the good pope Pius died at Ancona,\nthe day and year above mentioned.\nIn the same year, Paul II. was elected his successor. Paul was a\nVenetian, and gave his instant approbation for the celebration of the\nfeast of the said glorious virgin St Catherine of Sienna. He loved\njustice, and was desirous of amassing wealth. He commenced the building\nof a grand palace beside the church of St Mark at Rome.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 67: Nogent le Roi,--a town in Beauce, near Maintenon.]\n[Footnote 68: Lord de Trainel. Juvenel des Ursins.]\n[Footnote 69: City of Sienna. \u00c6neas Silvius Piccalomini was born 1405,\nat Corfini, in the Siennois, which name he changed to Pienza.\nWhen he came to the pontificate, he changed the opinions he had\npublished in defence of the supreme authority of councils, and desired\nthat \u00c6neas Silvius should be condemned, and the doctrines of pope Pius\nII. followed. 'Honores mutant mores.'\nThere are many editions of his epistles and works. The oldest copy of\nthe first, in my library, is a beautiful folio, printed by Zarothus,\nMilan, the 31st May, 1481.]\nCHAP. LX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE ENTERS THE BOURBONNOIS, AND TAKES MANY TOWNS AND\n CASTLES.--EVENTS AT PARIS AND ELSEWHERE.--THE KING BESIEGES RIOMS, IN\n AUVERGNE.--OTHER INCIDENTS UP TO THE PERIOD OF THE WAR OF MONTLEHERY,\n OMITTED BY MONSTRELET.\nThe king of France now hastened to march into the Bourbonnois,--and\nabout Ascension-day, in the year 1405, the town of St Amand[70] was\ntaken by storm; and shortly after, the town and castle of Montlu\u00e7on\nsurrendered on terms, in which were James de Bourbon and thirty-five\nlances, who marched away in safety, with their baggage, having sworn\nnever more to bear arms against the king.\nAt this period, arrived at Paris, the late chancellor de Trainel,\nmaster Estienne, knight, Nicholas de Louviers, and master John des\nMoulins, by whom the king wrote letters to his good inhabitants of\nParis, thanking them for their loyalty, and exhorting them to continue\nand further persevere therein. He added, that he should send his queen\nto be brought to bed of the child of which she was now big in his city\nof Paris, as the town he loved in preference to all others.\nIt happened, that as John de la Hure, a merchant of Sens, his nephew,\nand others in his company, were lodging, on the last day but one of May\nin this year, at an inn near to a windmill at Moret in the G\u00e2tinois,\ncalled Moulin Basset, they were attacked by a band of twenty or thirty\nhorsemen from St Forgeiul and St Maurice, and carried away prisoners,\nwith all their merchandise and other effects.\nOn the 6th day of June, a bonnet-maker called Jean Marceau, an elderly\nman, hung himself in his house, opposite to the sign of the Golden\nBeard, in the rue de St Denis. He was, when discovered, quite dead, was\ncut down, and carried to the Ch\u00e2telet for examination,--which being\nover, he was carried and hung on the common gibbet at Paris. At the\nsame time, a labourer of Aignancourt, named John Petit, cut his wife's\nthroat.\nAt this period, the bastard and marshal of Burgundy won the towns of\nRoye and Mondidier, as mentioned by Monstrelet.\nOn the Sunday following, the 9th of June, was a general procession made\nin Paris, which was very handsome, having the shrines of the blessed St\nMarcel, and of the glorious virgin St Genevieve, with other holy relics\nfrom different churches. It moved with grand solemnity to the church of\nN\u00f4tre Dame, where high mass was celebrated to the virgin Mary,--after\nwhich, a sermon was preached to the people by master John de l'Olive,\ndoctor in divinity, who declared the cause of this procession was for\nthe health and prosperity of the king and queen, and the fruit of her\nwomb, and likewise for peace and good union between the king and the\nprinces of the blood, and for the welfare of the realm.\nWhile the king was in the Bourbonnois, he went to St Pour\u00e7ain,[71]\nwhither his sister, the duchess of Bourbon, came to confer with him,\nand to endeavour to bring about an accommodation between him and her\nhusband, whose quarrels had much vexed her,--but at this time she\nfailed. While this was passing, the duke of Bourbon quitted Moulins,\nand went to Riom in Auvergne.\nThe government in Paris ordered the gates of St Martin, Montmartre, the\nTemple, St Germain des Pr\u00e8s, St Victor and St Michel, to be walled up,\nand the drawbridges taken away, and a good guard to be kept during the\nnight on the walls.\nThe town of St Maurice, now occupied by the count de Dammartin, was\nordered to be besieged, by the bailiff of Sens, sir Charles de Melun,\nwith a large body of the commonalty. Sir Anthony, bailiff of Melun, was\nsent to reinforce him with a body of archers and cross-bows from the\ntown of Paris.\nAbout this time, an unfortunate accident happened to master Louis de\nTilliers, notary and secretary to the king, treasurer of Carcassonne,\nand comptroller of salt in Berry, and attached to sir Anthony de\nCh\u00e2teauneuf lord de Lau. An archer was trying the strength of his\nbow against a door, just as master Louis was opening it to come out,\nand the arrow passed through his body. He was laid on a couch in his\nchamber, where he soon after expired, and rendered up his soul to God.\nOn St John Baptist's day, the 24th of June, as some youths were bathing\nthemselves in the Seine, they were drowned; which caused a proclamation\nto be made in all the quarters of Paris, to forbid any one in future\nto bathe in the river,--and to order all persons to have daily before\ntheir doors a tub full of water, under pain of imprisonment, and a fine\nof sixty sols parisis, for each omission or neglect.\nOrders were issued, on the morrow, for the chains to be taken down\nfrom across the streets, and to remain on the ground,--but care was to\nbe taken to have them in a proper state for being replaced, in case\nof necessity, under heavy penalties for neglect. It was also ordered,\nthat every person in Paris should provide himself with sufficient\narmour, according to his station in life, for the defence of the town,\nand should hold himself in constant readiness to oppose any attack.\nThese orders were delivered in writing to every one of the principal\ninhabitants.\nIn this year, a large army of Burgundians, Picards, and others, under\nthe command of the count de Charolois, son to duke Philip of Burgundy,\nexcited by malice and ambition, marched into France, and gained the\ntown of Pont St Maixence, through the means of one called Mard\u00e9,[72]\ngovernor of it for master Peter l'Orfevre lord of Ermenonville,\nwho delivered it up to them for a sum of money which he received\nfrom the count de Charolois. They thence advanced into the Isle of\nFrance, under pretence that they were come for the public good, but\nit was not so. They marched to Saint Denis, to the walls of Paris,\nand to Montlehery, where a great battle was fought, as described by\nMonstrelet. As I have, in my first chapter, recapitulated this affair,\nI shall not further touch on it, but relate some events that preceded\nit.\nThe king of France now laid siege to Riom in Auvergne,--in which town\nwere the dukes of Bourbon and Nemours, the count d'Armagnac, the lord\nd'Albret and others. The king's army was as handsome and well appointed\nas could be seen, for he had with him several renowned captains,--and\nthe whole was estimated at twenty-four thousand combatants. During this\nsiege, the Parisians, hearing of the rapid marches of the Burgundians\ntowards Paris, established a numerous horse-patrole, which nightly went\nround the walls, from midnight until day the next morning, having for\ntheir captains, each night, men of approved valour.\nOn Monday, the 2d of July, master John Balue, bishop of Evreux,\ncommanded the nightly guard in Paris: he took with him the company of\nJoachim Rohault, and went his rounds on the walls with trumpets and\nclarions sounding, which had never in those times been before done by\nthe city-watch.\nWednesday, the 4th of July, the king of France, while he was besieging\nRiom, sent letters by sir Charles de Charlay,[73] his knight of the\nParis-watch, addressed to sir Charles de Melun, his lieutenant in\nParis, and to Joachim Rohault, thanking the good citizens for their\nloyalty towards him, and begging them to persevere with courage in\ntheir good intentions for the welfare of his kingdom, for that within\nfifteen days he would be with his whole army at Paris. He likewise sent\nthem verbal information by the mouth of the said de Charlay, of the\ntreaty he had concluded with the dukes of Bourbon and Nemours, and the\nlords d'Armagnac and d'Albret, who had each of them promised loyally\nto serve, and live and die for him. These lords had also promised\nto exert themselves to the utmost of their power to bring about a\nreconciliation with the other princes, and a peace between them and the\nking.\nTo accomplish this, commissioners were to be sent to the king at Paris,\nby these four lords, on or before the feast of the Assumption of our\nLady, the middle of August next, to negotiate a general peace; and in\ncase the other princes should refuse to listen to, or accept, terms of\npeace, they had promised and sworn that henceforward they would never\nbear arms against the king, but would live and die for him in the\ndefence of his kingdom. The four lords had sworn to these engagements\nat Moissac, near to Riom; and for further security of keeping these\npromises, they had bound themselves, in the presence of two apostolical\nnotaries, to submit to the severest pains of excommunication should\nthey, jointly or individually, act in any way contrary to these said\nengagements.\nFor joy of this intelligence, the Parisians resolved to have, on the\nFriday following, a general procession made to the church of Saint\nCatherine du Val des \u00e9coliers, which was done with much devotion\nand solemnity. The sermon was preached that day by master Jean\nPain-et-Chair, doctor in divinity.\nThe ensuing Wednesday, the 11th of July, a proclamation was made in\nall the public places at Paris, that every householder should keep a\nlantern and candle burning before his dwelling during the night,--and\nthat all persons having dogs must confine them, on pain of death. On\nthe Friday, the main body of the Burgundians arrived at St Denis, to\nexecute their intended enterprises against Paris and the royal army at\nMontlehery, as has been described by Enguerrand de Monstrelet.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 70: St Amand,--in the Bourbonnois, seven leagues from\nBourges.]\n[Footnote 71: St Pour\u00e7ain,--in Auvergne, eight leagues from Moulins.]\n[Footnote 72: Mard\u00e9. In the Chronique Scandaleuse, from whence this is\ntaken, it is Madre.]\n[Footnote 73: Charles de Charlay. Jean de Harlay.]\nCHAP. LXI.\n THE KING COMES TO PARIS AFTER THE BATTLE OF MONTLEHERY.--SEVERAL\n PERSONS ARE EXECUTED THERE.--EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED THE BATTLE OF\n MONTLEHERY, WHICH HAVE BEEN OMITTED BY ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\nThe king of France came to Paris, the 18th day of July, after the\nbattle of Montlehery, and supped that night at the h\u00f4tel of his\nlieutenant-general, sir Charles de Melun,--where, according to the\naccount of Robert Gaguin, a large company of great lords, damsels,\nand citizens' wives supped with him, to whom he related all that had\nhappened to him at Montlehery.\nDuring the recital, he made use of such doleful expressions that\nthe whole company wept and groaned at his melancholy account. He\nconcluded by saying, that if it pleased God, he would soon return to\nattack his enemies, and either die or obtain vengeance on them, in the\npreservation of his rights.\nHe, however, acted differently, having been better advised; but it\nmust be observed, that some of his warriors behaved in a most cowardly\nmanner,--for had they all fought with as much courage as the king, he\nwould have gained a complete victory over his enemies.\nOn the 19th of July, a gentleman, named Laurence de Mory, near\nMitry,[74] who had been imprisoned in the bastile of St Anthony, for\nhaving favoured the Burgundians, and for having led them to the houses\nof certain citizens of Paris, in the villages near that city, in order\nthat they might plunder and destroy them, was tried by commissioners\nappointed for the purpose, who found him guilty of high treason,\nand consequently sentenced him to be quartered at the market-place\nof Paris,--and his effects were confiscated to the king's use. Mory\nappealed to the court of parliament; and, from respect to that body,\nhis execution was deferred for a day. On the morrow, the parliament,\nhaving heard the appeal, sentenced Mory to be hanged on the gallows at\nParis, which was done that same day.\nThis same Saturday, the 20th of July, master William Charretier, bishop\nof Paris, accompanied by other counsellors and churchmen, waited on the\nking, at his h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles, near the bastile of St Anthony,\nas Gaguin relates,--when the bishop addressed him in an eloquent and\nwise oration, tending to request, that the king henceforward would\nhave the public affairs conducted and governed by wise counsellors,\nwhich the king promised that he would. In consequence of this, eighteen\nprudent men were selected to be of the king's council, namely, six from\nthe court of parliament, six learned men chosen from the university,\nand six from the municipal counsellors of the city of Paris.\nThe king, finding that he had many enemies within his realm, considered\non the means of procuring additional men at arms to those he had,--and\nit was calculated how many he could raise within Paris: for this\npurpose, it was ordered, that an enrolment should be made of all\ncapable of bearing arms, so that every tenth man might be selected to\nserve the king. This, however, did not take place,--for such numbers\nof men at arms now joined the king that there was no need of such a\nmeasure.\nThe king was very much distressed to get money for the pay of these\ntroops, and great sums were wanted; for those towns which had been\nassigned for the payment of a certain number of men at arms, being\nnow in the possession of the rebellious princes, paid no taxes\nwhatever to the crown, for they would not permit any to be collected\nin those districts. His majesty was, therefore, constrained to\nattempt to borrow from some of his officers and others in the city\nof Paris,--but when the proposal was made to them, they refused, at\nleast to advance the whole of the sum that was demanded. For this\nrefusal, some of them were told, in the king's name, that they were\ndeprived of their offices,--such as master John Cheneteau, clerk to the\ncourt of parliament, master Martin Picard, counsellor in the chamber\nof accounts, and several others. In the interval, other means were\nemployed.\nOn Friday, the 26th day of July, the king ordered two hundred lances\nto remain for the defence of Paris, under the command of the bastard\nd'Armagnac, sir Giles de St Simon, bailiff of Senlis, the lord de\nla Barde, Charles des Mar\u00eats, and sir Charles de Melun, who, at the\nrequest of some prelates, of the provosts and sheriffs, was appointed\nlieutenant for the king of the said town of Paris.\nA person, called John de Bourges, clerk and servant to master John\nBerard, king's counsellor in the parliament, who had been confined\na prisoner, together with Gratian Meriodeau and Francis Meriodeau\nhis brother, for having quitted Paris, and gone into Brittany to the\nduke of Berry, conspiring against the person of the king, was, on the\n27th day of July, taken out of the bastile of St Anthony, with his\nfellow-prisoner, Francis Meriodeau,--and, by sentence of the provost of\nthe marshals, they were drowned in the Seine by the hangman of Paris,\nin front of the tower of Billy, near to the said bastile. And on the\nfollowing Monday, the 31st of July, the said Gratian, who had been\nking's notary in the Ch\u00e2telet, was likewise taken out of the bastile\nand drowned at the same place, and in the same manner as the two others\nhad been.\nIn like manner was drowned a poor man, a mason's labourer, whom the\nwife of master Odo de Bucy[75] had sent from Paris with letters to\nher husband, an advocate in the court of the Ch\u00e2telet, and then at\nEstampes. Odo de Bucy was attached to the brother of the count de\nSt Pol, and with him at Estampes, with the other rebellious lords.\nThe labourer brought back answers to the letters, and was paid, for\neach day he had been out, two sols parisis. For this, however, he was\nimprisoned, and condemned to be drowned at the same place where the\nothers had suffered. On the morrow, the wife of Odo was banished Paris:\nshe went to St Antoine des Champs, where she resided until peace was\nmade between the king and the princes of France.\nThe princes now advanced to St Maur des Fosses, Conflans, and before\nParis, after having staid some days at Estampes, as has been related\nin the chronicles of Monstrelet.\nOn the 3d of August, the king, having a singular desire to afford some\ncomfort to the inhabitants of his good town of Paris, lowered the\nduties on all wines sold by retail within that town, from a fourth to\nan eighth; and ordained that all privileged persons should fully and\nfreely exercise their privileges as they had done during the reign of\nhis late father, the good Charles VII. whose soul may God pardon! He\nalso ordered that every tax paid in the town, but those on provision,\nincluded in the six revenue-farms, which had been disposed of in the\ngross, should be abolished, namely, the duties on wood-yards, on the\nsales of cattle, on cloth sold by wholesale, on sea-fish, and others;\nwhich was proclaimed that same day they were taken off, by sound of\ntrumpets, in all the squares of the town, in the presence of sir Denis\nHesselin, the receiver of the taxes within the said town. On this being\nmade public, the populace shouted for joy, sang carols in the streets,\nand at night made large bonfires.\nThe next day, being Sunday the 4th of August, the reverend father in\nGod master John Balue was consecrated bishop of Evreux, in the church\nof N\u00f4tre Dame in Paris; and this same day the king supped at the h\u00f4tel\nof his treasurer of finance, master Estienne Chevalier.\nOn Tuesday, the 6th of August, according to Gaguin, was beheaded at\nthe market-place in Paris, a youth called master Pierre de Gueroult,\na native of Lusignan, and afterward quartered, according to the\nsentence of the provost of the marshals, he having confessed that he\nhad come from Brittany to inform the king that some of his principal\ncaptains, though serving under him, were otherwise inclined, which was\nmeant solely to create suspicions of them in the king's mind. He had\nlikewise accused many notable persons in Paris of being disloyal to the\nking. He had also confessed that he was a spy, to see and carry back\nto the princes and lords that were in rebellion against the king an\nexact account of the state of Paris, and of the king's preparations,\nthat they might be the better enabled to carry on their damnable\nenterprises. It was for these crimes that he was executed, and his\neffects confiscated to the king.\nDuring this time, the Burgundians and Bretons made two attempts to\ncross the Seine and Yonne; but two good and loyal captains on the\nking's side, called Salezart and Malortie, resisted them valiantly each\ntime with the few men they had.\nIn this month of August, the franc-archers from the bailiwicks of Caen\nand Alen\u00e7on, in Normandy, arrived at Paris, and were distributed into\nquarters, as follows: those from Caen, clothed in jackets, on which was\nembroidered the word 'Caen,' were lodged in the Temple and within its\nprecincts. Those from Alen\u00e7on dressed likewise in jackets, with the\nwords 'Audi partem' embroidered on them, were lodged in the quarter of\nthe Temple beyond the old gate thereof.\nProclamation was made throughout Paris, on the 13th of August, for all\npersons having willow-beds, or poplars, growing near to the walls, to\ncut them down within two days after this proclamation, or they would be\nabandoned to whoever would cut them down and carry them off. On this\nday, the count d'Eu came to Paris, as lieutenant-general for the king,\nand was decently received as such by the town.\nWhilst the Burgundians were skirmishing before the walls of Paris, an\nusher of the court of Ch\u00e2telet, called Cassin Cholet, had ran through\nthe streets, crying out, 'Get into your houses, and shut your doors,\nfor the Burgundians have entered the town of Paris,' which caused\nmany women to fall in labour before their time, and others to lose\ntheir senses. For this cause, he was imprisoned, and, on the 14th of\nAugust, was sentenced by the provost of Paris to be flogged through the\nstreets in which he had caused such an alarm, to be deprived of all\nhis offices, and confined for a month on bread and water. He was tied\nto the tail of a filthy dung-cart, that had just been employed on its\nstinking business, flogged in all the squares, and then returned to\nprison.[76]\nAbout this time, two hundred archers on horseback, tolerably well\nappointed, arrived in Paris, under the command of one called Mignon.\nIn the number were many armed with strong cross-bows, veuglaires, and\nhand-culverins. In the rear of this company came, on horseback, eight\nwanton women, sinners, with a black monk for their confessor.\nAt this period, sir Charles de Melun, who had been the king's\nlieutenant in Paris, was dismissed from his office, and the count\nd'Eu appointed in his stead. The king made sir Charles, in lieu of\nhis lieutenancy, grand master of his household, and gave him also the\nbailiwick of Evreux, of which place, and of Honnefleur, he appointed\nhim governor.[77]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 74: Mitry,--a town in Brie, five leagues from Meaux.]\n[Footnote 75: Odo de Bucy. This may be Oudart de Bussy, who was\nafterwards hanged at H\u00eadin.--See Supplement to Comines, 4to. vol. iv.]\n[Footnote 76: The king saw this execution in one of the squares,\nand cried out to the executioner, 'Strike hard, and don't spare the\nscoundrel, for he has deserved a severer punishment.'\n_La Chronique Scandaleuse._]\n[Footnote 77: He was called the Sardanapalus of his time,--the\nswallower of wines and soups. He was afterwards beheaded at\nAndely.--_Cabinet de Louis XI._ No. 1. vol. ii. Comines.]\nCHAP. LXII.\n THE BURGUNDIANS AND BRETONS QUARTER THEMSELVES ROUND PARIS; ON WHICH\n ACCOUNT, THE CITIZENS ADD TO THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THEIR TOWN DURING\n THE KING'S ABSENCE IN NORMANDY.--THE KING RETURNS TO PARIS, WHEN\n SEVERAL SALLIES ARE MADE THENCE ON THE ENEMY, DURING THE LIEUTENANCY\n OF THE COUNT D'EU.--OTHER EVENTS OMITTED BY MONSTRELET.\nThe Burgundians and Bretons, having recruited themselves in Brie and\nthe G\u00e2tinois, returned, on the feast of the Assumption of our Lady, to\nLagny sur Marne, and, on the ensuing Friday, fixed their quarters at\nCreil, and other places on the river Seine, around Paris. The Parisians\nwere alarmed lest an attempt should be made on their town during the\nking's absence, as it had been rumoured among them, that one called\nmaster Girault, a cannonier of the Burgundians, had boasted that he\nwould plant a battery on the dung-heaps fronting the gates of St Denis\nand St Anthony, that should destroy that part of the town, and greatly\ndamage the walls. It was therefore ordered, that one person from each\nhouse in Paris should go, on the morrow, with shovels and pick-axes to\nthese dung-heaps, and level them with the ground: little, however, was\ndone,--and the heaps remained as they were. On this occasion, sheds,\nbulwarks and trenches, were made on the outside of the walls, not only\nfor the better defence of the town, but for the security of the guards.\nThe following Saturday, a number of the principal inhabitants,\nand others, waited on the count d'Eu, the king's lieutenant, and\nremonstrated strongly with him on the necessity of concluding a\npermanent peace between the king and the rebellious princes, for the\ngeneral welfare and comfort of the kingdom. The count replied to them,\nthat as the king, when he made him his lieutenant, had given him full\npowers to act for him, and for his kingdom, in such wise as might be\nthe most profitable for both, the which he was bounden to do,--he would\nemploy every possible means to bring about a general pacification,\nand, if necessary, would go in person to the enemy's quarters. Many\nfair offers were made to this effect to the Parisians by the count\nd'Eu, and master John de Poppincourt, his adviser.[78]\nThe Burgundians and Bretons advanced, on the Monday, nearer to Paris;\nand on the following day, the count d'Eu sent the lord de Rambures to\nthem, to learn their intentions, and if they had any propositions to\nmake. On the morrow, the lord de Rambures returned; but little was said\nof what he had done in his conference with the confederated lords. On\nthe Thursday following, the 22d of August, the Burgundians and Bretons\nintended to have skirmished before the walls of Paris, but a large\nforce issued out against them. At this moment, a breton archer of the\nbody to the duke of Berry, accoutred in brigandines, covered with black\nvelvet, with gilt nails, wearing a hood on his head ornamented with\ntassels of silver gilt, struck a horse on the flanks and thighs which\nbore one of the king's men at arms, who wheeling about to return to\nParis, his horse fell dead under him; but an archer of the count d'Eu's\ncompany, seeing what had passed, hastily advanced, and thrust a half\npike through the body of the archer, who fell dead on the spot. He then\ndespoiled him of his dress, and carried that and his horse into Paris,\nleaving him naked all but his shirt.\nAt this time, the king removed the queen from Amboise to Orleans; and\non the following Thursday he supped in Paris, at the house of the lord\nd'Ermenonville, where he made good cheer. He carried with him the count\ndu Perche, William de Bischguiot, Durie, Jacques de Crevec\u0153ur, the lord\nde Craon, sir Yves du Sau, sir Gastonnet du L\u00e9on, Nuast de Mompedon,\nGuillaume le Cointe, and master Regnault des Dormans.--The women were,\nthe damsel d'Ermenonville, La Longue Joye, and the duchess of Longueil:\nthe other women of low degree were, Estiennette de Paris, Perrette de\nCh\u00e2lons, and Jeanne Baillette.\nOn the 22d of this month, the king went to meet the confederated\nprinces, with few attendants and without any guards, as far as La\nGrange aux Merciers; but the duke of Berry was not there. The duke of\nBourbon had some conversation on the Thursday with the king, in the\nopen space before Paris, beyond the ditch of La Grange de Ruilly. The\nking was that day more decently dressed than usual, for he had on a\npurple flowing robe, fully trimmed with ermine, that became him much\nmore than those short dresses he generally wore.\nOn the following Saturday, the count de Charolois quitted his army, and\nhad it proclaimed through his camp, that all should be ready prepared,\nunder pain of death, to march instantly against the Liegeois, who were\ndestroying his country with fire and sword.\nOn the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, the duke of Berry, who was lodged\nat St Maur des Foss\u00e9s, was attacked with fever, which lasted these\nthree days, when he was cured.\nThe king had, this Monday, fires lighted, and a strict watch kept up in\nParis, and the chains fastened across the principal streets, as had\nbeen always done since the re-appearance of the Burgundians.\nOn the Thursday, the duke of Berry, with the other princes of the\nblood, were lodged at the palace of Beaut\u00e9, as has been told by\nMonstrelet; but I find in another authentic chronicle, and even in\nGaguin, that he sent some of his heralds to Paris, who carried four\nletters,--one to the burghers and inhabitants of that town, another\nto the university, another to the clergy, and another to the court of\nparliament. The contents of all were the same, namely, that he and\nthe other princes of the blood had assembled and come thither for the\ngeneral good of France, and that the town should send to him five or\nsix burghers of note, to hear the reasons why he and those of his\nkindred had thought themselves obliged to take up arms for the welfare\nof the kingdom.\nIn compliance with these letters, and that the inhabitants might\nlearn the reasons of their conduct from their own mouths, the town\ndelegated for this purpose, master Jean Choart, then lieutenant-civil\nat the court of the Ch\u00e2telet, master Francis Hasle, advocate in the\nparliament, and Arnault L'Huillier, banker in Paris. The delegates from\nthe clergy were master Thomas de Courcelles, dean of Paris, master John\nl'Olive, doctor in divinity, and master Eustache L'Huillier, advocate\nin the parliament. The parliament deputed master John le Boulengier,\nmaster John le Sellier, archdeacon of Brie, and master Jacques\nFournier. The deputies from the university were master Jacques Ming,\nlecturer to the faculty of arts; master John L'Huillier, for divinity;\nmaster John de Montigny, for civil law; master Anguerant de Parenti,\nfor physic. They were all assembled and presented to the princes by the\nreverend father in God master William Chartier bishop of Paris.\nNews arrived this day that master Pierre d'Oris,[79] superintendant of\nthe king's finances, had left him and joined the duke of Berry.\nThe above-mentioned delegates having waited on the confederated princes\nat Beaut\u00e9, returned to the h\u00f4tel des Tournelles at Paris, where they\nmet the count d'Eu, to whom they related what had passed, and the\nproposals they had received from these princes.\nOn Saturday, the 24th of August, the university, the clergy, the court\nof parliament, with the municipal officers of the town, were assembled\nat the town-house to hear the report of their delegates, and to form\nresolutions thereon. It was resolved, that in regard to the request\nmade by the princes for the assembling of the three estates of the\nrealm, it was just and reasonable, and that a passage should be granted\nthem through Paris, and provisions afforded them, on paying for what\nthey should receive; at the same time, they must give good security\nthat no riots or disorders should be committed by their men, and these\nresolutions were to be subject to the approbation of the king,--and the\ndelegates were ordered to carry back this answer to the princes.\nOn this same Saturday, a muster was made in Paris, not only of the\nking's men at arms but of all others capable of bearing arms, so that\nit was a fine sight. First marched on foot the archers from Normandy;\nthen the archers on horseback; then the men at arms of the companies\nof the count d'Eu, of the lord de Craon, of the lord de la Barde,\nand of the bastard of Maine, to the amount of four or five hundred\nwell appointed lances, exclusive of infantry to the amount of sixteen\nhundred, all men of good courage.\nThis day, the king sent letters to Paris, to say that he was at\nChartres with his uncle the count du Maine, and a considerable army,\nand that within three or four days he should come to Paris. This day\nalso arrived at Paris the admiral de Montauban, with a large force of\nmen at arms.\nThe duke of Berry, who had gone with his attendants to St Denis,\nreturned to Beaut\u00e9, fearing the king's return. Wednesday, the 28th of\nAugust, the king did return to Paris, as Monstrelet has related; but\nhe has omitted, what I have found in another chronicle, namely, that\nthe king was attended by the count du Maine and the lord de Penthievre\nand others; that he brought back the artillery he had taken with him,\nand a large body of pioneers from Normandy, who were all lodged in the\nking's h\u00f4tel of St Pol. The populace were much rejoiced at his return,\nand sang carols in all the streets through which he passed.\nThe next day, the Burgundians came to skirmish before the walls of\nParis; but so great a number of the king's men at arms sallied forth,\nwith artillery, that they were forced to return, but not without having\nhad many of their men killed and dismounted. The following Friday,\nseveral large convoys of flour, and other provisions, arrived at Paris\nfrom Normandy: in the number, two horse-loads of eel pies of Gort were\nbrought from Mantes, and sold in the poultry-market, in front of the\nCh\u00e2telet at Paris.\nIn the afternoon of this day, Poncet de Riviere, with his company,\namounting to three or four hundred horse, made a sally, in the\nexpectation of meeting the Burgundians or Bretons, but was\ndisappointed, so nothing was done. On the night of this day, the\nBurgundians dislodged from La Grange aux Merciers, because the king's\nartillery were within shot of them. When they dislodged, they unroofed\nthe building, and carried off all the wood-work, such as doors,\nwindows, &c. to make themselves sheds elsewhere, or for fire-wood.\nOn this day, according to Robert Gaguin, the king banished five of the\ndelegates who had been at Beaut\u00e9 from Paris: their names were, master\nJohn L'Huillier, curate of St Germain, master Eustache L'Huillier\nand Arnoult L'Huillier, his brothers, master John Choart, and master\nFrancis Hasle, advocate in the parliament.\nSeveral gallant sallies were made, on the following Saturday, from\nthe gates of St Denis and St Antoine,--at the first of which, an\narcher on the king's side was killed, and on the part of the enemy\nmany were slain and wounded. This day, the king sallied forth from\nhis bulwark of the tower of Billy, and thence ordered three or four\nhundred of the pioneers from Normandy to cross the Seine, to work\non the Port \u00e0 l'Anglois, and opposite to Conflans, for it was said,\nthat the Burgundians designed to throw a bridge over that part of the\nriver,--and the king ordered a strong guard of observation to be posted\nthere. The king followed the pioneers, and crossed the Seine by a\nferry without dismounting.\nOn Sunday, the first day of September, the Burgundians threw a bridge\nover the river at the Port \u00e0 l'Anglois; but the moment they were about\nto march over, a body of franc-archers, with others of the king's\ntroops, made their appearance, with artillery and other engines, and\nattacked the Burgundians so sharply that they slew many and forced them\nto retreat.\nWhile this engagement was going on, a Norman swam over the river, and\ncut the cables that supported the bridge, so that it fell and floated\ndown the stream. The Burgundians were likewise forced to move their\nquarters further from the walls, as the king's artillery annoyed them\nmuch. The Burgundians played their artillery also against the Port \u00e0\nl'Anglois, by which a Norman gentleman had his head carried away by a\nshot from a culverin.\nThis day, two embassies came to the king at Paris,--one from the duke\nof Nemours, the other from the count d'Armagnac. A fine sally was made\non the same day, by sir Charles de Melun, the captain Malortie, and\ntheir companies, who had a successful skirmish with the Burgundians.\nThis day also, there arrived from Anjou about four hundred men, armed\nwith large cross-bows, who were instantly marched against the enemy,\nwhen two of the king's archers were killed and one taken,--but seven\nBurgundians were slain, and two made prisoners.\nOn this Sunday, the duke of Somerset came from the confederates, under\npassports, to the king, with whom he had a long conversation in the\nbastile of St Anthony. He was then offered refreshments,--and, on\ntaking his leave, the king, as it rained, gave him his cloak, which was\nof black velvet.\nOn Monday, the 2d of September, the count du Maine, who was lodged at\nParis opposite to the king, sent to the duke of Berry two tuns of red\nwine, four hogsheads of vin de Beaume, and a horse-load of apples,\ncabbages and turnips.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 78: He was son to Jean de Popaincourt, first president of the\nparliament of Paris, and died president \u00e0 Mortier 1480. It was he who,\nin December 1475, pronounced sentence of death on the constable de St\nPol.--_Note in_ Comines, vol. ii. p. 25.]\n[Footnote 79: D'Oris,--d'Oriole, afterward chancellor of France, and\nwell known in the history of Louis XI.]\nCHAP. LXIII.\n COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED BY THE KING AND THE CONFEDERATES TO SETTLE\n THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM.--THE NOBLES OF NORMANDY COME TO PARIS\n TO SERVE THE KING.--SEVERAL SALLIES AND ASSAULTS ON EACH SIDE.--OTHER\n EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THIS SAME YEAR MCCCCLXV, OMITTED BY\n MONSTRELET, UNTIL THE FINAL PEACE BETWEEN THE KING AND THE PRINCES.\nOn Tuesday, the 2d of September, after several parleys, commissioners\nwere at length named by the king and the confederates to settle their\ndifferences. On the part of the king were selected the count du Maine\nand the lord de Precigny,[80] president of the parliament of Toulouse.\nOn the part of the confederates, the duke of Calabria, the count de St\nPol, and the count de Dunois.\nThis day, the magazine of gunpowder at the gate of the Temple\naccidentally took fire, where were eight pieces of artillery ready for\nfiring,--and by this accident they went off, and blew away the roof of\nthe gateway.\nWhen these commissioners met, after some few preliminaries were\nsettled, they agreed on a truce until the Thursday following, which\nprevented any hostile attempts on either side. During this term, each\nparty fortified itself as well as it could; but, nevertheless, both\nparties conversed together until Thursday came. As the count du Maine\nwas passing through the gate of St Anthony, on his return from the\nBurgundians, he bade the porters be of good cheer; for, if it pleased\nGod, before eight days were over, they should all have good cause to\nrejoice and sing carols.\nThis day, the truce was prolonged to the ensuing Wednesday; and on the\nFriday the commissioners assembled, in consultation, at La Grange aux\nMerciers, in a pavilion that had been pitched for that purpose.\nDuring the truce, about two thousand of the most decent of the Bretons\nand Burgundians came in great pomp, to show themselves, as far as the\nditches behind St Antoine aux Champs, whither several of the Parisians\ncame out to see and converse with them, although the king had forbidden\nit, and was so much displeased, when he saw them doing so, that he was\ntempted to fire at them with the serpentines and other cannon, that\nwere ready loaded, from the tower of Billy.\nSunday, the 8th of September, being the feast of the Nativity of the\nVirgin, the king set out from the h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles, to go to the\ncathedral; and as he passed by the church of the Magdalen, he entered\nhimself a companion of the great brotherhood of the burghers of Paris,\nin which he was followed by the bishop of Evreux and others of the\nnobility. The next day, the Burgundians and Bretons took possession of\nthe vineyards at Aignancourt, La Courtille, and others round Paris, and\nmade wine for their own drinking, although the grapes were not ripe.\nThis forced the Parisians to do the same at other vineyards; and the\nwines, consequently, were thin and weak.\nMany nobles from Normandy now arrived at Paris to serve the king in his\nwars, and were quartered, with their men, in the suburbs of St Marcel.\nAmong them were some loose companions, who committed many robberies\nand riots, which being opposed by the inhabitants, made them attempt\nto enter Paris by force. As the burghers resisted, the Normans abused\nthem much, by calling them Traitors and Burgundians; adding, that they\nwould bring them to understand things better,--for that they had only\ncome from Normandy to Paris to put them to death, and pillage them.\nThis conduct, according to master Robert Gaguin, was heavily complained\nof; and examinations having taken place in consequence, the ringleader\nof these riots was condemned to make an amende honorable, before the\ntown-hall, to the procurator of the said town. This was publicly done\nby the criminal, bareheaded, ungirdled, with a lighted torch in his\nhand; and when he was arrived in front of the town-hall, he declared\nthat he had falsely and wickedly lied in uttering the above words, and\nbegged to be pardoned for having so done; after which declaration, he\nhad his tongue pierced with a hot iron, and was then banished for ever.\nThe following Monday, some of the Burgundians came to show themselves\nbefore Paris, among whom was the count de St Pol,--and the king issued\nout of the town to confer with him. They were about two hours in\nconversation; and the king gave him the count du Maine as an hostage,\nwho remained in the burgundian camp until the return of the count de St\nPol.\nThis same day, according to Gaguin, the king said to some of the\nParisians, at the gate of St Anthony, on his return from this\nconference, that the Burgundians should not, in future, give them the\ntrouble they had done, for that he would defend them well. An attorney\nof the Ch\u00e2telet, named Pierre Beron, replied, 'Indeed, sire! but they\nvintage and eat our grapes without any remedy being provided against\nthem.' The king answered, that it was better they should eat their\ngrapes than enter Paris and seize their plate and valuables, which they\nhad hidden in their cellars.\nThe following Friday, two hundred horse-loads of salt fish, and other\nsorts, arrived at the Paris-market, in spite of the Burgundians,\nBretons, and others, who had threatened to reduce the inhabitants to\neat their cats and rats.\nThe truce was again prolonged several times, and at length until the\n18th of September,--during which, the Burgundians victualled their\ncamps well, at the expense of the poor people in the country around.\nThere cannot be a doubt but that if the king had been willing to have\nrisked a general engagement, provided he had been faithfully served by\nhis captains, he would have reduced his enemies to such a state that\nthey would have been unable to return to the countries they had come\nfrom, and would have fully repaid them for having insulted Paris.\nOn Wednesday, the 18th, all hopes of a peace were at an end,--for,\nnotwithstanding the frequent conferences of the commissioners, all\nwas broken off; and on this day the blockade of the Port \u00e0 l'Anglois\nwas raised by the king, and the men at arms were lodged in the\ncarthusian convent: they were six hundred men, with their horses and\nattendants,--which so completely filled the convent that the holy\nreligious men were driven from their cells and places of devotion.\nOn the morrow, a grand council was held in the hall of the court of\nexchequer, at which were present all the aldermen and the deputies of\nthe sixteen wards, together with a number of counsellors from the court\nof parliament and other officers. The chancellor, Morvilliers, then\nexplained to them, in the king's name, what great offers he had made\nto the princes before Paris, in answer to their demands respecting the\nappanage of his brother, the duke of Berry, for whom they required the\nduchies of Guienne, Poitou, and Saintonge, or the duchy of Normandy.\nThe king's commissioners had replied to this, that his majesty\ncould not dismember the domains of the crown; and the king afterward\noffered to give his brother, in lieu of these duchies, the counties of\nChampagne and Brie, reserving to himself the towns of Meaux, Montereau,\nand Melun.\nThe chancellor said, that the count de Charolois and the others\nhad made exorbitant demands for repayment of their expenses; which\nexpenses, indeed, ought not to be greatly objected against, but\nthey would not accept of any thing less than the whole of their\ndemands,--and there the matter now rested until the following Friday.\nOn this day, the young seneschal of Normandy[81] sallied out of Paris,\nwith six hundred well-appointed horse, to skirmish with the enemy,\nwhich they did most valiantly. Among the vineyards of St Antoine des\nChamps, four-and-twenty Burgundians and others, pillagers, were made\nprisoners. They were almost all naked, and very badly drest, and sold\nby auction, four for a golden crown, which was then worth twenty-six\nsols, six deniers parisis.\nThe following Saturday, the Bretons won the town of Pontoise, at break\nof day, as Enguerrand the chronicler has simply told it; but I find\nin Gaguin, that one named Louis Forbier, then lieutenant-governor of\nPontoise for Joachim Rohault, by false and wicked treason, conspired\nagainst his sovereign, and admitted these Bretons into the town. The\nsaid Louis had it proclaimed, that all of the company of Joachim\nRohault, who would not remain, might leave the town in safety with\ntheir baggage: that, immediately on his giving up the place, he and\nsome of his companions went to Meulan,[82] wearing the king's badge of\nthe white cross, that they might gain admittance without difficulty.\nBut before his arrival, those in Meulan had been informed of his\ntreason,--and the moment he was seen from the battlements by the\ngarrison, already under arms, they cried out to him, 'Go thy ways, for\na false and disloyal traitor!' and fired some cannon at him, which\nforced him to retire with disgrace and shame.\nThe ensuing Monday, a considerable body of the enemy, by way of a\nmorning visit, appeared at an early hour before the gate of St Anthony;\nbut in consequence of the firing of some artillery from the walls, they\nretreated to a further distance, and nothing was done.\nOn the Monday, according to Gaguin, the watch in Paris were alarmed\nby an extraordinary light in the skies that looked like a comet,\nand seemed to move from the enemy's quarters, and to fall into the\nditch near the h\u00f4tel d'Ardoise: not guessing what it could be, they\nthought it might have been a rocket discharged by the Burgundians, and\nsent immediate information thereof to the king at his h\u00f4tel of the\nTournelles. He, like an active prince, mounted his horse, and went\ninstantly on the walls, near to the h\u00f4tel d'Ardoise, where he staid\nsome time, and sent to all the quarters of Paris, to put them on their\nguard; but they neither saw nor heard any thing further of the enemy\nthat night.\nThe Bretons and Burgundians, quartered near Paris, made many songs, and\nscandalous ballads, on those in whom the king put most confidence,\nthat he might be displeased with and dismiss them from his service, for\nthe more easy accomplishment of their damnable designs.\nOne evening, about two o'clock after midnight, master John Balue,\nbishop of Evreux, was waylaid in the street of Barre-du-Bec, and\nattacked with swords and staves,--so that, being wounded, he was forced\nto fly, and sticking spurs into his mule, she ran away with him, like\na wild thing, and never stopped until she brought him to his house,\nin the cloisters of N\u00f4tre Dame, whence he had set out. The king was\nvery angry on hearing this, and ordered inquiry to be made after the\nperpetrators of the deed, but in vain; for it was not known who had\ndone it, although it was said, some time afterward, that the lord de\nVillier-le-b\u00f4cage was the principal, at the request of one called\nJeanne du Bois, with whom he was enamoured.\nAt this time, Alexander l'Orget, a native of Paris, in company with\nfour others, quitted Paris, with all his effects, and joined the duke\nof Berry at St Denis. On the Thursday following, toward the end of\nSeptember, many of the townsmen came to make heavy complaints to the\nmagistrates, at the town-hall, against the military, for making and\nsinging defamatory songs against them, praying that a remedy might be\nprovided, to prevent such conduct in future. The words complained of\nwere in substance as follows. They swore by God, and other shocking\noaths, that the wealth and riches in Paris did not belong to the\ninhabitants but to them, the men at arms now in the town,--saying, 'We\nwish you to know that, in despite of you, we will take away the keys of\nyour houses, and throw you and all within them out of doors; and if you\nchatter, we are enow in Paris to master you all.'\nAmong others, a fool from Normandy said aloud, at the gate of St Denis,\nthat the Parisians were simpler than he was, if they thought the chains\nthat were across the streets could prevent them from being insulted by\nthose now in the town. In consequence of such speeches, the magistrates\nordered the heads of the different wards to have good fires lighted\nduring the night at their places of rendezvous, and that the whole of\nthe night-watch should be there regularly under arms: the chains were\nalso kept up, and the town more strictly watched in the night than\nbefore, until daybreak.\nThis night, there was an alarming rumour that the gate of the bastile\nof St Anthony had been left open for the admission of the enemy, who\nwas before it; and, in truth, several cannon were found near there\nwith their touchholes spiked, so that they would have been useless had\nthere been occasion for them. Some of the king's captains were uneasy\nat these fires in the streets, and the increase of the nightly watch,\nand went to the h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles to inquire of the king whether\nhe had ordered them, or by whom these things had been thus done. The\nking replied, that he was ignorant of the matter, and instantly sent\nfor sir John L'Huillier, the town-clerk, who came to him immediately,\nand assured the king and the said captains, that the fires and increase\nof the night-watch had been made with the best intentions. The king,\nhowever, ordered sir Charles de Melun to go to the town-house, and\nto all the quarters of Paris, to give orders that the fires should\nbe extinguished, and that the watch should retire to bed; but the\ninhabitants refused to obey, and remained under arms until daybreak.\nMany have since maintained, that had they retired, according to the\norders of sir Charles de Melun, which, through God's grace they did\nnot, the town would have been lost and totally destroyed; for the\nenemy, before Paris, was ready to enter the town by means of the\nbastile.\nTwo pursuivants at arms arrived, on the Friday ensuing, at Paris. One\ncame from Gisors[83] to require aid from the king, for that there were\nfrom five to six hundred lances before it, and that there were no men\nat arms within the town for its defence, and that they had neither\npowder nor artillery. The other pursuivant was sent by Hugh des Vignes,\nesquire, a man at arms, having charge of the company of the lord de la\nBarde. This Hugh was then in Meulan, and had sent to tell the king,\nthat, from information of persons of credit, he had learnt that the\nBretons and others intended to gain Rouen as they had done Pontoise,\nand by means of intelligence which they had within the castle or palace\nof the said town, that he might provide against such attempts.\nThis day, Friday, the commissioners for obtaining peace, dined all\ntogether at St Antoine des Champs, whither the king sent wine, bread,\nfish, and every thing necessary for their entertainment. Thither also\nwere carried, in a cart, all the rentals and rolls of account relative\nto Champagne and Brie, from the chamber of accounts at Paris. The next\nday, the commissioners on both sides again met,--that is to say, my\nlord of Maine and those of his company, on the part of the king, with\nthe other princes and lords who were at La Grange aux Merciers; and\nthe following were ordered to repair, on behalf of the king, to the\naforesaid St Antoine aux Champs,--namely, master Estienne Chevalier,\ntreasurer of France, master Arnould Bouchier and Christopher Paillart,\ncounsellors in the exchequer. The additional commissioners on the other\nside were, Guillaume de Bische, master Pierre d'Oriole, master John\nBerart, master John Compaign, a licentiate full of Latin, and master\nYthier Marchant; but this day nothing was done.\nThe king received letters from the widow of the late sir Pierre de\nBr\u00e9z\u00e9, to inform him that she had arrested the lord de Broquemont,\ngovernor of the palace of Rouen, on suspicion of treason; and that he\nmight not be any way distrustful of Rouen, for, from the end of the\nbridge to the palace, the inhabitants were all loyal and ready to serve\nhim.\nOn the Sunday following, at daybreak, seven men surrendered themselves\nat the bulwark of the tower de Billy, who had escaped from the army\nof the Burgundians. Four were agents to some merchants in Orleans,\ntwo for some in Paris, and the seventh was a Fleming. They had been\nall condemned to be hanged, because, after their capture, no one had\noffered to ransom them. They reported, that on the preceding Wednesday,\na shot from a serpentine on the tower de Billy had killed seven\nBurgundians, and wounded many more.\nThis day, after dinner, news was brought to the king, that the duke of\nBourbon had gained Rouen, having entered the castle on the side toward\nthe country by means of the widow of the late lord de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, to whom\nthe king had been unusually bountiful, and in whom he had the greatest\nconfidence.[84] The chief managers in this business for the widow were,\nthe bishop of Evreux,[85] master John Hebert, and others.\nWhen this was known to the confederated princes (although the duke of\nBerry had before been satisfied with having Champagne and Brie for his\nappanage,) they sent to inform the king, that his brother would not\naccept of any other appanage than the duchy of Normandy, to which he\nwas forced to consent. The king, therefore, since he could not prevent\nit, gave to the lord Charles the duchy of Normandy, and took to himself\nthe duchy of Berry. He was also forced to agree to the extravagant\ndemands of the other princes, as a compensation for their expenses in\nbearing arms against him,--and they all plundered him well. But this\nhas been before amply related by Enguerrand de Monstrelet.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 80: The lord de Precigny--was president of the chamber of\naccounts. Another commissioner was appointed, namely, _John Dauvet,\nthen_ president of the parliament of Toulouse. He was greatly in the\nconfidence of Louis XI. and employed by him on several embassies. He\ndied in 1471, first president of the parliament of Paris, and was one\nof the most celebrated magistrates of his time.\n_Note_, vol. ii. Comines, p. 39.\nThe lord de Precigny was also lord de Beaveau; and many letters of his\nin MS. to the king, Louis XI. remain among the MSS. of Gagnieres.\n_Note_, vol. ii. Comines, p. 32.]\n[Footnote 81: The young seneschal of Normandy,--son to the late sir\nPierre de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, killed at Montlehery.]\n[Footnote 82: Meulan,--on the Seine, ten leagues from Paris.]\n[Footnote 83: Gisors,--capital of Vixin-Normand, 16 leagues from Paris.]\n[Footnote 84: Her name was Jane Crespin, countess of Maulevrier. She\nwas obliged, afterward, to obtain letters of pardon for this crime from\nLouis XI. See No. 82. of Proofs to Comines.]\n[Footnote 85: The bishop of Evreux,--John Balue, well known afterward\nas cardinal of Arras.]\nCHAP. LXIV.\n AFTER THE TREATY OF CONFLANS BETWEEN THE KING AND PRINCES, PROVISIONS\n ARE BROUGHT TO THE CONFEDERATE ARMY FROM PARIS, ON PAYMENT BEING MADE\n FOR THEM.--THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS, ON MUSTERING HIS TROOPS, DECLARES\n HIMSELF VASSAL TO THE KING.--HE DOES HOMAGE FOR WHAT HE HOLDS UNDER\n THE CROWN OF FRANCE.--THE DUKE OF BERRY AND THE OTHERS DO THEIR\n HOMAGE.--PEACE IS PROCLAIMED.--OTHER EVENTS.\nThe king ordered proclamation to be made for every one to carry\nprovisions to the camps of the Burgundians and Bretons,--which being\ndone, several merchants of Paris went thither with quantities of all\nsorts, which were eagerly bought up by the army, more especially bread\nand wine; for the men were almost starved, as their long lank cheeks,\nhanging down through misery, showed, and that they could not have\nborne it longer. The greater part were without hose or shoes, and were\ncovered with filth.\nAmong those who came to obtain food were several Lifre-lofres,[86]\nCalabrians and Swiss, so famished that they seized cheeses and devoured\nthem unpared, and then drank marvellous draughts of wine in handsome\nearthen cups. The Lord knows how joyful they were; but they had not\nthese things scotfree, for each paid his share handsomely. Many things\nhappened this day, which I pass over for brevity; but every one must\nadmire the inestimable resources of Paris, for the confederated army\nbefore that town was estimated at full one hundred thousand horse,\nand those within Paris at three times the number,--yet they were all\nsupplied with provisions for a long time from thence, and without any\nrise in price. On the departure of the burgundian army, the prices of\nprovision were more moderate than they had ever been.\nThe king went to visit the count de Charolois at Conflans, with so very\nsmall an escort that those who wished him well thought it simply done:\nthe Picards and others of their party, even made a mockery of it, and,\nin their provincial dialect, cried out, 'Eh! do you see your king, who\nis talking with our lord de Charolois? they have been more than two\nhours together; and by our faith, if we wished it, we have him now\nunder our thumb.'\nOn Friday, the 4th of October, the king gave orders for the Burgundians\nto be admitted into Paris by the gate of St Antoine, and so many\nentered that several excesses were committed by them, which would not\nhave been suffered had it been known that the king would have been\nangry with them. However, one Burgundian insisted on passing the gate\nof St Antoine against the will of the porters, and in spite of one\nof the company of the bastard du Maine, who guarded the wicket. The\nBurgundian, in his passion, drew a dagger and stabbed the archer in the\nbelly as he was half opening the wicket: he was immediately seized, and\nseverely beaten and wounded: many would have killed him, but they were\nprevented; and the affair was made known to the king, who ordered him\nto be carried to the count de Charolois, for him to do proper justice\non him. The count, on hearing the evidence, instantly sentenced him to\nbe hanged on the gallows at Charenton.\nThis night, the king ordered fires to be lighted in all the open\nsquares; and he gave orders for the watch to be increased, and to\nbe under arms, having an able commander, who was to inquire of all\npassengers who they were, whence they came, and whither they were\ngoing. This day was an eclipse of the moon.\nOn Sunday, many lords from the camp came to Paris, and supped with the\nking, at the house of sir John L'Huillier, town-clerk: several ladies\nand damsels, with others of the nobility, were present. On this day,\nthe captain Salazart, with twenty men of his company, sallied out into\nthe plain, by the bastile of St Antoine, because that gate had been\nshut by the king's orders, that no one might thence leave the town; but\nfor the admittance of the Burgundians it was to be opened for ten at a\ntime, and on their return ten others were allowed to enter, after which\nthe drawbridge was raised.\nSalazart's twenty men at arms were dressed in jackets of blue camlet,\nwith large white crosses for their badge: they had handsome chains\nof gold round their necks, with bonnets of black velvet on their\nheads, having large tufts of golden thread from Cyprus hanging down.\nThe housings of their horses were covered with bells of silver. To\ndistinguish Salazart from his men, he was mounted on a beautiful\ncourser, with housings covered over with plates of silver: under each\nhung a large bell of silver gilt. In front of this company rode the\ntrumpet of Salazart mounted on a grey horse; and as the troop advanced\nalong the side of the walls, from the gate of St Antoine to the tower\nde Billy, the trumpeter's horse fell so heavily with him that he broke\nthe trumpeter's neck.\nThe ensuing Monday, news was brought to Paris that the lords de\nHautbourdin and de Saveuses had taken Peronne, and made the count\nde Nevers prisoner, who was in the castle. This same day, three\nprisoners escaped from the prison of Tizon,[87] one of whom had been\nan accomplice with Louis Forbier in the giving up Pontoise to the\nBretons, and was of the company of Joachim Rohault. This day, a house\ntook fire at Paris in Champ-gaillart,[88] which a little alarmed the\nking,--and, in consequence, he ordered fires to be continued during the\nnights, in all the squares, and the guards to be reinforced.\nDuring this month of October, some of the party of the duke of Burgundy\ncame before the town of Beauvais, and summoned the bishop and the\ninhabitants to surrender themselves to the said duke. The bishop\ndemanded to have the summons in writing, which he sent instantly to the\nking, who transmitted it to the count de Charolois, with whom he had\nconcluded a peace.\nThe count replied, that this summons was not authorised by him, and\nthat he wished the devil would take those who had made it, for having\ndone more than they were ordered. The king told the count, that since\npeace had been made between them, such things should not be done,--for\nthat, if he were desirous of having the town of Beauvais, he would give\nit to him.\nOn Wednesday, the 9th of October, the provost and sheriffs of Paris\nordered the head of each ward to have fires lighted at the usual\nplaces, all the chains extended across the streets, and a good watch\nkept constantly patroling.\nThe Thursday following, the lord de Saveuses arrived at the burgundian\ncamp with a large escort, having with him a great sum of money for\nthe count de Charolois to pay his troops. And on this day the duke of\nBrittany had a meeting with the king to arrange the payment of his\nexpenses for the army he had raised in the support of the confederated\nprinces. In settling this account, he regained his county of Montfort,\nbesides receiving a very large sum in ready money.\nOn the Friday, master John Boulengier, president of the parliament,\ncame to the town-house, to acquaint the magistrates, from the king,\nthat the populace must not be alarmed on seeing the whole of the count\nde Charolois' force drawn up before the walls, for that it was only to\nform a muster and review before the king. They did not, however, appear\non that day,--but on the following it took place, and the burgundian\ntroops appeared in great force, extending from the bridge of Charenton\nto the bois de Vincennes. The king was present, having only three\npersons with him, namely, the duke of Calabria, the count de Charolois,\nand the count de St Pol. This has been described by Monstrelet, but not\nexactly as I relate it.\nWhen the review was over, the king returned to Paris by water; but\nbefore his departure, the count de Charolois, addressing his troops,\nsaid, 'Gentlemen, you and I belong to the king, my sovereign lord, who\nis here present, to serve him whenever he shall have occasion for us.'\nOn Saturday, the 12th, intelligence arrived that the town of Evreux had\nbeen given up to the Bretons by sir John le B\u0153uf, who had admitted them\ninto the town on the preceding Wednesday, the feast of St Denis, while\nthe inhabitants were engaged in a religious procession,--and as the\nprocession went out at one gate, the Bretons entered by the other.\nThe king received information on the 16th, that there was a plot formed\nat Paris, by some of his enemies, to make him prisoner, or put him to\ndeath. In consequence, the guards were doubled on the walls and in the\nstreets,--and great fires were lighted every night in the squares. News\nnow came, that the town of Caen and the whole of Normandy had submitted\nto the duke of Berry: the king, nevertheless, sent great numbers of men\nat arms and franc-archers to the town of Mante.\nOn the ensuing Wednesday, the last day but one of October, the treaty\nof peace that had been concluded between the king and the princes was\npublicly read in the court of parliament, and there enregistered. This\nday, the king went to the princes, in the bois de Vincennes, where\nthe duke of Berry did homage for the duchy of Normandy, that had been\ngiven him for his appanage. The walls and gates of Paris were this day\nstrictly guarded until the king returned, as he had gone to Vincennes\nwith very few attendants. The king wanted to sleep there that night,\nand sent to Paris for his bed: but the provost and sheriffs sent an\nhumble remonstrance, to request that he would not sleep out of Paris,\nfor many reasons. This request he complied with, and returned to Paris.\nOn the Thursday following, the duke of Berry, the count de Charolois,\nand others, broke up their encampments near Paris, and departed divers\nways. The count went toward Normandy, and was accompanied a long way by\nthe king on the road to Pontoise, when they went for Villiers-le-bel,\nwhere they remained two or three days; and thence the count marched for\nPicardy, in his way to make war on the Liegeois, as has been told by\nMonstrelet.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 86: Lifre-lofres,--a mock word for the Germans and Swiss,\nSwagbellies, &c.--See Cotgrave.]\n[Footnote 87: Tizon,--in the Bourbonnois, near Ganat.]\n[Footnote 88: Champ-gaillart. Q.]\nEND OF VOL. X.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nNOTES AND EMENDATIONS.\nPage 3. last line. _Burgundy._] Brittany is right; Mary, eldest\ndaughter of John V. and sister of John VI. and Arthur, dukes of\nBrittany, was married to John I. duke of Alen\u00e7on, father of the duke\nhere mentioned. I can find no alliance between the houses of Alen\u00e7on\nand Burgundy.\nPage 12. line 3. _Duke of Orleans._] A mistake. He was succeeded by\nFrancis II. son of his younger brother, Richard, count of Etampes. See\nthe table in note to vol. v. p. 390. Richard, count of Estampes, who\ndied in 1438, married Margaret, daughter of Lewis, duke of Orleans, and\nFrancis II. was the only son by that marriage.\nPage 13. line 1. from the bottom. CHAP. IV. This chapter and the\nfollowing afford a further instance of that want of connection and\nrepetition which is before noticed to be so frequent in this latter\npart of the history. It is evident that Monstrelet set down his details\nrespecting these transactions as they appear in Vol. IX. chapter 76.\nand Vol. X. chapter 1. from the information he had then acquired.\nThe original documents themselves afterwards came to his hands, and\nthese he transcribed in haste, without reference to his former\naccounts. It seems reasonable to conclude that death prevented him from\narranging these different statements, and striking out all that appears\nsuperfluous in them.\nPage 48. line 13. _Fell._] Those of most note, on the king's side,\nwere Humphry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, who was succeeded by his\nson Henry; and John, earl of Shrewsbury, lord treasurer of England,\ngrandson to the great Talbot. The battle was fought at two o'clock in\nthe afternoon on the 10th of July, and is said to have lasted only half\nan hour. _Stow._\nPage 49. line 9. from the bottom. _Attempt._] Together with the queen\nand the prince of Wales, the dukes of Exeter and Somerset, the earls of\nDevon and Wiltshire, the lord Clifford and many other great lords, were\non the king's side this day. The young duke of Rutland was murdered\nin cold blood by the barbarous Clifford. The duke of York himself was\nkilled in the field, not made prisoner as in the text. The earl of\nSalisbury was made prisoner and carried to the castle of Pomfret, where\n\"he had grant of life for a great ransome, but the common people of the\ncountry, who loved him not, tooke him out of the castle by violence,\nand smote off his head.\" The earl of March, now duke of York by his\nfather's death, and afterwards king of England, was at Gloucester when\nthis event happened.\nPage 54. line 5. _Uncle._] Probably Ralph Nevil, earl of Westmoreland,\nwho is named among the slain at this battle.\nPage 55. line 2. from the bottom. _Earl of Northumberland._] Henry\nPercy, the second earl of that name and family who fell in this long\nconflict. The former was killed at the first battle of St. Alban's,\nmentioned before, vol. ix. p. 360. I believe that no earl of Shrewsbury\nfell on this occasion, and that the continuator of Croyland in this\npoint confounds the battle of Towton with that of Northampton mentioned\nbefore, p. 48.\nPage 58. last line. _Towton._] He was created earl of Northumberland in\n1463, and marquis of Montacute, or Montague, a short time after; but in\n1466 he resigned the earldom in favour of Henry Percy, son of the earl\nwho was killed at Towton.\nPage 64. line 13. _Lord de la Roche-Bourguignon._] Not de la\nRoche-Bourguignon, but de la Roche, a Burgundian. This Philip lord\nde la Roche, was afterwards in high favour with king Louis, and\nadvanced him to the dignity of count of St Pol, on the attainder and\nconfiscation of the constable.\nPage 73. line 13. from the bottom. _Counts of Angoul\u00eame._] John count\nof Angoulesme, brother to the duke of Orleans;--Charles of Artois, last\ncount of Eu;--John of Bourbon, count of Vend\u00f4me.\nPage 73. line 12. from the bottom. _Grand-Pr\u00e8._] Henry de Borselle, a\nnobleman of Holland, who purchased the county of Grand-Pr\u00e9 from Raoul\nle Bouteiller. He was father to Wolfhard de Borselle, marshal of France.\nPage 73. line 11. from the bottom. _Sir Philip de Savoye._] Philip of\nSavoy, lord of Bauge, younger brother to the prince of Piedmont, who\nmarried a daughter of the duke of Bourbon, and became duke of Savoy on\nthe death of his grand nephew, Charles II. in 1496; John the elder,\ncount of Nassau.\nPage 74. line 10. _Duke of Bourbon._] Peter de Bourbon, lord of\nBeaujeu, who married Anne of Valois, daughter of Louis XI. and became\nduke of Bourbon on the death of his elder brother without lawful issue\nin 1488. James de Bourbon, a younger brother of these, died young and\nunmarried.\nPage 77. line 19. _Lord de la Roche._] Philip Pot, mentioned before in\nPage 78. last line. _Perdriac._] Pardiac. See notes to vols. vii. viii.\nand ix. Qu. If the count de la Marche and de Pardiac was not one and\nthe same person?\nPage 81. line 9. _Count du Perche._] Ren\u00e9, duke of Alen\u00e7on, after the\ndeath of his father in 1476. His mother was Joanna, daughter to the\nduke of Orleans.\nPage 82. line 7. from the bottom. _Sister._] Mary of Anjou, queen of\nFrance, who survived her husband only two years, dying in 1463.\nPage 93. line 7. _Relative._] I do not understand what relationship\ncould possibly have existed between the count de Charolois and the duke\nof Somerset, and must therefore set this down under the head of mistake.\nPage 95. line 18. _Master Nicholas Raullin._] Or Rollin. He was father\nof the lord d'Aymeries, mentioned before in chap. lxviii. of volume,\nix. and, by merit, had raised his family from a middling station of\nlife to the honours of nobility. Heuterus.\nPage 98. line 7. _Deceased._] Joan de Bar only daughter and heir of\nRobert, count of Marle and Soissons. Her children are said by Moreri\nto have been John, count of Marle and Soissons, who was killed in 1476\nat the battle of Morat; Peter II. count of St. Pol; Anthony, count of\nBrienne, and Charles, bishop and duke of Laon.\nPage 98. line 19. _Duchess of Orleans._] Mary, daughter of Adolph, duke\nof Cleves, third wife of Charles, duke of Orleans. The infant of whom\nshe is now delivered was afterwards king of France by the name of Louis\nXII.\nPage 107. line 6. _Accuser._] Heuterus relates the subject of this\nchapter with some varieties which deserve to be noticed. \"Coustain,\"\nhe says, \"is reported to have sent his accomplice (whose name is\nlatinized to Ingi\u00ebus) into Savoy to a famous witch, from whom he\nreceived certain waxen images of the man whom they designed to destroy,\nover which various and admirable forms of incantation had been\npractised.\" Arquembart the informer, should be Hacquenbach--\"_Petrus\nHaquenbachius, vir nobilis._\" Heuterus adds that, in making his\nconfession, Coustain did not accuse any of the family of Croy, or\nother great nobles of Burgundy who were most suspected on the occasion\nby the count of having instigated the crime; but he says, \"The wiser\nsort, however, had their suspicions with regard to king Louis; and the\nopinion which they now secretly entertained seemed to be afterwards\nconfirmed, when they learned that he had procured the death of his\nown brother, merely to avoid giving up to him a small portion of his\ndominions.\" This is a very curious passage, for although the alledged\nmurder of the duke of Guienne, Louis's brother, is at least a very\ndoubtful point of history, and although, if manifestly proved, it would\nbe a strange piece of sophistry to urge that the perpetration of one\ncrime ought to be admitted as evidence of the intention to perpetrate\nanother, wholly unconnected with it either in time or circumstances,\nyet it sufficiently shows what must even at the commencement of his\nreign have been the character of the king, and the opinion generally\nentertained of his dissimulation, perfidy, and inhumanity. I imagine\nhowever, that Heuterus is hardly to be credited when he adds that the\nsuspicion entertained by the duke of Burgundy on this occasion was the\nimmediate cause of his quarrel with the king whom he suspected; unless\nit be conjectured that among the secret confessions mentioned in this\nchapter to have been made by the villain Coustain previous to his\nexecution, he actually accused the king and supported his accusation by\nsome very pregnant reasons. If this be admitted, it may justify in a\ngreat degree the assertion of Heuterus just mentioned.\nPage 110. line 12. _Lord de Goux._] Qu. Joux? Peter de Beaujeu du\nColumbier, lord of Joux, Montcoquier, Asnois, &c. died after 1469\nleaving Blain, lord of Joux, his son and successor.\nPage 116. line 11. _Duty._] Heuterus adds that it was the purpose of\nthe king, with the profits of the Gabelle to have redeemed the lands on\nboth sides of the Somme which were assigned to the duke by the treaty\nof Arras.\nPage 116. line 4. from the bottom. _Stamp._] The question, as stated\nby Heuterus, was \"solidiori \u00e8 materia Boni ne corpus coagimentatum\nforet, quam ceterorum principum?\" To which Chimay is made to answer,\n\"Im\u00f2: nam nisi id ita foret, quomodo te patris iram fugientem recipere,\n&c. &c. ausus fuisset?\" The king was greatly confounded, and from this\ntime said no more about the gabelle; but the duke of Burgundy, by the\nadvice of the lords of the house of Croy, and to the great displeasure\nof his son, shortly after gave up the towns on the river Somme, as is\nmentioned in chapter 23.\nPage 118. line 3. from the bottom. _Duke of Orleans._] Qu. Peter, lord\nof Beaujeu, was married to Anne daughter of Louis XI. This might be a\nsecond marriage; but I do not find it so in the genealogical tables\nwhich I have consulted.\nPage 119. line 8. _Lord d'Arquel._] Here is a double mistake in the\ngenealogy. Catherine, third daughter of the duke of Bourbon, married\nAdolphus, son of Arnold duke of Gueldres, who was himself duke of\nGueldres after his father's death in 1473, and might, during his\nfather's life time, have been sometimes stiled the lord of Arckeln,\nwhich lordship came into his family by the marriage of his grandfather\nJohn count of Egmond with the heiress of Arckeln and Gelders. The\nconnection of the families of Gueldres and Cleves with each other and\nwith the house of Burgundy will be better understood by the following\ntable, which will also explain at one view the mode by which the duchy\nof Gueldres passed successively by marriages into the families of\nJuliers, Arckeln, and Egmont, and the county of Cleves into that of\nMarck, and how the younger branch of Cleves came into possession of the\ncounty of Nevers.\n William VIII. = Mary, sister Adolph V. Philip the\n d. of Juliers. | and heir to c. of Marck bold, d. of\n fief, passed to a distant Arckeln. | |\n Arnold d. of = Catherine John d. of Adolph 3>\n Philip the Charles c. John c.\n good d. of of Nevers. of Nevers,\n <3=Anne, natural heiress of\n daughter Nevers married\n of Philip. John d. of Cleves.\nPage 125. line 2. _Lord de Montigny._] Simon de Lalain, lord of\nMontigny, who died in 1478, was the father of Jodocus, lord of Lalain\nand Montigny, governor of Holland, who was killed at the siege of\nUtrecht in 1483.\nPage 129. line 5. _Navarre._] By the terms of the marriage-contract\nbetween John of Arragon and Blanche queen of Navarre, Charles prince\nof Viana, the eldest son of that marriage, ought to have succeeded to\nthe kingdom immediately on the death of his mother. This was, however,\ndelayed from time to time and at last effectually prevented through\nthe intrigues of Johanna Henriques the second wife of king John. A\ncivil war was the consequence of these acts of injustice, and the\nprince sought the protection of a stronger power by an alliance with\nIsabella sister of Henry IV. of Castile. This treaty also was rendered\nabortive by the intrigues of his step-mother. He was then inveigled to\nLerida under colour of a pacification, and treacherously made prisoner.\nBeing at last liberated from his confinement to appease the dangerous\nindignation of his adherents, he ended his life in a few days, being,\nas some say, poisoned while in prison, but more probably from the\neffects of ill-treatment and sorrow.\nMean-while, Blanche, his eldest sister was divorced by her husband\nHenry the fourth, for no fault of her own; and the count of Foix (the\nhusband of Leonora her sister) in order to possess himself of her\nright to the crown of Navarre, gained possession of her person and\nis reported, by connivance with his own wife, to have put an end to\nher days. After this, he turned his views toward the protection of\nFrance, which he hoped to secure by the marriage of his son Gaston to\nMagdalen daughter of Charles the seventh, and by a further union of\ninterests between the crowns of France and Arragon. The advantage of\nthese skilful manoeuvres soon displayed itself, when the Catalans,\nenraged at the death of the prince of Viana, which they attributed\nwhether justly or unjustly to the king his father, revolted, and their\nexample was followed by almost all the states of Arragon. King John,\nupon this, mortgaged the counties of Cerdagne and Roussillon to France,\nin order to obtain supplies to carry on the war, and the count de Foix\nobtained the principal command in the conduct of it. The rebels finding\nthemselves too weak, naturally applied for assistance to Castille, and\nthe war soon assumed a new face, the principals on each side being\nthe king of Arragon and the count of Foix, and the king of Castille.\nThe treaty here alluded to, at which the king of France assisted, was\nmade in an island of the river Bidassoa which separates France from\nSpain. Its articles were such as to offend all parties concerned, and\nin particular to sow the seeds of future dissention between the French\nand Spanish nations. Those historians, however, may be thought rather\ntoo refined who attribute to this celebrated interview the foundation\nfor that enmity between the two countries for which they have been\nremarkable in modern times. The connexion between the different crowns\nof Spain, and succession to the crown of Navarre will be best seen from\nthe following table.\n John, king of Arragon, =1st Wife, Blanche, daughter = 2nd Wife,\n and Navarre, died 1479. |and heir to Charles III, king |Johanna daughter\n 1. Charles prince 2. Blanche, 3. Eleanor, Ferdinand the catholic,\n of Viana, died m. Henry IV, m. Gaston IV. king of Arragon\n s. p. l. 1461, in king of Castile, C. of Foix. by descent, of Castile\n the life of his d. s. p. | by marriage, and of\n Magdalen, = 1. Gaston, 2. John viscount of Narbonne, and count\n daughter of | pr. of Viana, of Estampes, who, by his marriage with\n Charles VII. | d. 1470. Mary of Orleans, had issue, Gastonde\n +----------+------------+ Foix, the famous General under Francis I,\n | | and Germainede Foix, the second wife of\n Francis Ph\u0153bus = Catherine, Ferdinand the catholic.\nPage 131. line 2. _Crown._] The principal crime of this nobleman, in\nthe eyes of Louis, was his high favour with Charles VII. He afterwards\nescaped from prison during the war of the public good, and was at last\nrestored to his offices about the court, and taken into the peculiar\nconfidence of the king. One act of justice resulted from his temporary\ndisgrace, the restitution to the heirs of Jacques Coeur of great part\nof the plunder made from the wreck of that unfortunate merchant's\naffairs. The count de Dammartin is said to have been one of the seven\npersons whom Louis excepted out of the amnesty which he granted to the\nduke of Burgundy's intercession on ascending the throne. Others were,\nas is reported the mareschal de Br\u00e9z\u00e9, the lords de Loheac and de\nChatillon, and the chancellor des Ursins. Duclos.\nPage 135. line 5. from the bottom. _Lord de Launoy._] This name should\nbe always spelt Lannoy. John lord of Lannoy was son of another John\nlord of Lannoy by Joanna sister of Anthony lord de Croy and John lord\nof Chimay. See notes to the third volume.\nPage 139. line 2. _Duchess of Bourbon._] The table to p. 119. will\nexplain these alliances.\nPage 139. line 15. _Cardinal of Arras._] Jean Joffredy; not bishop\nof Alby and cardinal of Arras, but bishop of Arras and cardinal of\nAlby. He was the son of a merchant at Luxeuil in Franche Comt\u00e9. His\necclesiastical ambition displayed itself very early in life and pushed\nhim on to the episcopal dignity through the patronage of the duke of\nBurgundy. He then found means to persuade his sovereign that it was for\nhis dignity to have one of his own subjects promoted to a cardinal's\nhat and appointed papal legate in his dominions. Solicitations\nwere accordingly made at Rome both by the duke and by Louis (then\ndauphin) to have this high honour bestowed upon Joffredy; and when\nLouis succeeded to the crown, Joffredy was given to understand that\nthere would be no difficulty in his attaining the dignity provided\nhe would use his best endeavours with the king for the abolition of\nthe pragmatic sanction. Joffredy readily undertook the pious office\nenjoined him, and was rewarded with the red hat very shortly after. [Du\nClos.\nPage. 141. line 6. from the bottom. _Reconciliation._] Ever since the\nwar with the people of Ghent in 1452, the count de Charolois had seldom\nresided at the court of his father, and was chiefly at the castle of\nGorcum which he had fortified so as to render it almost impregnable\nand ornamented for his residence at a great expence and with royal\nmagnificence. See Heuterus.\nPage 154. line 9. _Duke of Berry._] Charles, duke of Berry, afterwards\nof Normandy, and of Guienne, the only brother of the king then alive.\nPage 158. last line. _Arms._] The unpopularity of the old duke of\nSavoy, and Amadeus, his eldest son, was principally owing to their\nunwarlike and devotional temper so adverse to the notions and habits\nof a martial nobility. Lewis, the second son, had married the heiress\nof Cyprus after the death of her first husband, the duke of Coimbra;\nand possibly the adventurous spirit of the times anticipated the glory\nof an expedition for the recovery of a kingdom which had been snatched\nfrom a female sovereign by an illegitimate usurper, aided by the\nforces of the infidels. Another and more just ground of discontent was\nthe manifest subjection in which both father and son held themselves\nenthralled to the pleasure of the king of France. On the other hand,\nPhilip count of Bresse, (a younger son of the duke of Savoy, not the\nthird as here stated, but the eighth of his numerous male issue) was\na prince of the greatest promise, of high military spirit, and a\ncommanding person; and the duke his father (who, in the course of his\nreligious exercises, had probably paid great attention to the history\nof David and Absalom) was so afraid of the popularity which these\nendowments ensured him, that he actually abandoned his dominions to\nseek the protection of Louis XI. against this imaginary danger. He was\nat this time very infirm in body; and Amadeus, his eldest son, who\nfollowed the steps of his father in all things, was no less so from his\ncradle.\nPage 159. line 3. from the bottom. _Bastard._] Baldwin the eighth\nson of this numerous family of bastards, was lord of Falaise and\nSomergheim, and had several children by his marriage with a lady of the\nhouse of la Cerda.\nPage 161. line 10. from the bottom. _Duke._] The historians of Savoy\nrelate that this act of violence and injustice was committed at the\nsuit of the duke of Savoy, his father. He was not released till after\nthe old duke's death in 1465.\nPage 161. line 3. from the bottom. _John._] Before called the count of\nEstampes. His only daughter and heir conveyed the counties of Nevers,\n&c. into the house of Cleves, by marriage with John duke of Cleves.\nPage 163. line 1. _Earl of Warwick._] Stowe says that the lord\nMontacute, Warwick's brother, commanded in this engagement, and that he\nwas rewarded by Edward with the earldom of Northumberland.\nPage 168. line 3. from the bottom. _Pope Pius._] This is the celebrated\n\u00c6neas Sylvius, perhaps the most able as well as the most learned, in\nthe catalogue of Roman pontiffs. The object which he had principally\nat heart was the expulsion of the Turks from Europe by a coalition of\nthe princes of Christendom; and, had he lived, it is not improbable\nthat he might have seen the accomplishment of his wishes by the gradual\noperation of his influence over the European governments. He earnestly\nrecommended the prosecution of the enterprize to the cardinals who\nattended him, even with his latest breath. He died of a fever at\nAncona where he had resided for some months in order to inspect\nthe equipment of the fleet and armies destined for this important\nexpedition. See afterwards, p. 378.\nPage 169. line 14. from the bottom. _Whom._] Monstrelet, here speaks\nvery guardedly, and Comines does not hazard an explicit opinion.\nHeuterus says positively, that the king sent Rubempr\u00e9 on this mission\nwith orders to take the count either dead or alive, and he adds,\nthat it was in consequence of a conspiracy in which he knew him to\nbe already engaged with the dukes of Brittany and Berry. But this\nauthority, if unsupported, is of little weight since he wrote more\nthan a century afterwards. I have not seen Olivier de la Marche. This\nbastard de Rubempr\u00e9 was, I believe, the son of the count de Vend\u00f4me,\nwho married the daughter and heir of Charles lord of Rubempr\u00e9, and\nassumed the title of that lordship.\nPage 173. line 5. _Lord de Crequi._] John V. lord of Crequy, who died\nvery old in 1474 leaving John VI. his son and successor who married\nFrances de Rubempr\u00e9 daughter of the lord de Bievres. His other sons\nwere James lord de Pontdormi, killed at the battle of Nancy. Francis\nlord of Douriers, &c.\nPage 175. line 8. _Holland._] This circumstance, as far as it goes,\ngives some weight to Heuterus. What could the vice-chancellor of\nBrittany have to do in Holland, _in his way from England_, unless\ncharged with some commissions of a secret nature from the duke his\nmaster to the count de Charolois?\nPage 185. line 1. _Lord de Torcy._] John d'Estouteville, master of the\ncross-bows, captain of Rouen, and knight of St Michel.\nPage 187. line 5. from the bottom. _Old._] The duke of Orleans, being\npresent at this assembly held at Tours, ventured to defend the duke of\nBretagne against some of the charges instituted by the king; and his\nremonstrances offended Louis so highly that he fell into a passion and\ncalled him a rebel, or the favourer of a rebel. The duke, being then\nvery old and infirm took this conduct so much to heart that it hastened\nhis death which happened a few days afterwards. This prince, after the\nbattle of Agincourt, had sustained 25 years of captivity with exemplary\nfortitude, applying his mind to study and reflexion; and he derived\nso much benefit from the lessons of calamity that at his death he was\nuniversally regretted as one of the most virtuous princes that France\nhad ever known. He left by his duchess Mary of Cleves (whom he married\nafter his return to France) one son, afterwards king of France; and two\ndaughters, one the abbess of Fontevrauld, the other the wife of John de\nFoix viscount of Narbonne. Du Clos.\nPage 225. line 5. from the bottom. _Sir Anthony de Baudoin._] Qu.\nAnthony and Baldwyn? These were the names of the two bastards.\nPage 226. line 12. from the bottom. _Toulongeon._] John IV. lord of\nToulongeon and Senecey, died in 1462, without issue. He was son of John\nIII. marshal of Burgundy mentioned in a former volume. Upon his death\nClaude de Toulongeon lord of Trave, of a younger branch became head of\nthe family; and it is he who is here mentioned. He died in 1495.\nPage 234. line 12. _Lord de Boullencourt._] Hu\u00e9 de Mailly, lord of\nLorsignol and Bouillencourt, governor of Montdidier; fifth son of\nColart de Mailly, celebrated for his crusade in Prussia, and brother of\nColart de Mailly, who was killed at Agincourt together with his father.\nPage 245. line 16. _Lord de Barbasan._] Beraud de Faudoas was\ninstituted heir by the valiant Barbasan, who died 1432.\nPage 245. line 16. _Flocquet Salzart._] A mistake. It should be\n\"Floquet Salazar, and other captains.\" Robert Floquet was bailiff of\nEvreux, and is mentioned before in page 396 of this volume.\nJohn de Salazar, surnamed \"le grand chevalier,\" lord of St Just, &c.\n&c. chamberlain to Charles the seventh, and further recompensed for his\ngreat services by the lordship of Issoudun, died in 1479 at Troyes in\nChampagne. He married Margaret de la Trimouille, daughter of George\ncount of Guisnes, and had by her, Hector lord of St Just, Galeas lord\nof Lez, Lancelot lord of Marcilly, all celebrated warriors, and Tristan\nbishop of Meaux, who in 1471 was promoted to the archbishoprick of Sens.\nPage 252. line 12. _Victory._] There has seldom been a battle fought\nwith so much loss on both sides and so indecisive in the result. The\ncount de Charolois was so far from carrying off the undisputed honours\nof victory that many writers of the time ascribe it to the king;\nand even between the relations of two who were present during the\nengagement, and both in the count's army, there is so wide a difference\nin this respect as would be unaccountable were it not for the peculiar\ncircumstances that attended this engagement. The cause of this\nuncertainty and contradiction is to be found in the frequent changes\nof fortune which took place during the important struggle. Victory had\nno sooner appeared to declare herself in one part of the field but in\nanother part all was terror, dismay, and rout on the victorious side.\n\"Both parties believed or affected to believe that the victory rested\nwith them, but disorder and confusion reigned on every side; and this\nis the reason of the difference to be found in the various relations of\nthe affair.\" However, as the business turned out ultimately to be of\nsome advantage to the king's affairs, and the count could not possibly\nlay claim to any benefit whatever from the event of the day, the former\nseems upon the whole to have had the best right to boast of success.\nSee Du Clos.\nPage 256. line 2. _Lord de Harnes._] The lord de Hames. See before.\nPage 256. line 8. from the bottom. _Admiral of France._] A mistake.\nThe count du Maine was never admiral of France. It should be thus;\n\"the count du Maine, the admiral of France, and his other captains.\"\nUpon the death of Pregent de Coetivy in 1450, John de Bueil count of\nSancerre was advanced to this dignity. After the accession of Louis XI.\nhe was displaced, and John lord of Montauban and Landale appointed to\nsucceed him. This is the nobleman here mentioned. He died in 1466 much\nregretted by the king, and was succeeded in his high office by Louis\nbastard of Bourbon, count of Rousillon. [Morery's list of the admirals\nof France.\nPage 259. line 4 from the bottom. _Count de Charny._] Peter de\nBauffremont count of Charny.\nPage 262. line 4. _Nemours._] James, son of Bernard d'Armagnac count of\nla Marche, Castries, Pardiac, &c. a younger son of the constable, was\nsoon after the accession of Louis XI. rewarded for his services in the\nwars of Spain by advancement to the dignity of duc et pair de France.\nThis was, at that time, an unprecedent mark of the royal favour, and\ngreatly offended the princes of the blood as well as the noblemen\nof the same rank with himself. The policy of Louis, was evidently\ntwofold; first, to lessen the supposed dignity of those of his own\nfamily by extending it to the families of vassals unconnected with the\nblood-royal; secondly, to divide the interests of the powerful house of\nArmagnac by exciting a subject of jealousy between the elder and the\nyounger branch.\nPage 263. line 3. _Sir Simon de Lalain._] Not, I believe, the lord of\nMontigny mentioned before in p. 76, but another Simon de Lalain lord of\nChevrain and Descaussins.\nPage 270. line 7. _Marquis of Rothelin._] The marquis de Rothelin is\nsaid by Commines, however, to have been with the confederated princes\nin the army of the duke of Calabria. Rodolph IV. marquis of Hockberg\nrotelin and count of Neufchatel in Switzerland, died in 1486 leaving\nhis son and successor Philip; upon whose death in 1503 without issue\nmale, the county of Neufchatel passed by marriage into the house of\nDunois Longueville and the marquisate of Hockberg-rotelin reverted (by\nvirtue of a prior contract) to the house of Baden.\nPage 270. line 8. _Count of Horne._] James the first, son of William\nthe ninth, lord of Hornes, was advanced to the dignity of a count\nof the empire by Frederic the third. He died a monk in 1488. His\nson James the second, succeeded him, whose son John the second,\ndying without issue, bequeathed the county of Hornes to Philip de\nMontmorency, lord of Neville, son of his wife by a former marriage.\nFloris, the son of Philip, was the count of Hornes so celebrated in the\nhistory of the Netherlands, who, together with the count of Egmont,\nperished on the scaffold in 1570.\nPage 275. line 9 from the bottom. _Lord de Haisenberghe._] John de\nHynsberg, or Heinsberg, the 52nd bishop of Liege, who had some years\nbefore been compelled to resign his bishopric in favour of Louis de\nBourbon, nephew of the duke of Burgundy.\nPage 279. line 20. _Thither._] There must be some mistake in this\npassage which I am unable to set right, not having Monstrelet before\nme. The widow of Br\u00e9z\u00e9 was already in Rouen, where her husband had\nbeen accustomed to reside as seneschal of Normandy; and the duke of\nBourbon obtained entrance by means of a conspiracy entered into between\nthis lady and Louis de Harcourt, bishop of Bayeux and patriarch of\nJerusalem. See Du Clos. See also, afterwards, page 429.\nPage 281. last line. _Montenac,--a village of Messin, near Metz._] A\nmistake. The Montenac here mentioned must be the same with the Montenac\nwhich is mentioned at page 333 and there said to be but four leagues\ndistant from Liege.\nPage 284. line 13 from the bottom. _De Gasebecque._] Philip de Hornes\nlord of Gaesbeck and Baussignies, grand chamberlain to the duke of\nBurgundy, died in 1488 leaving issue Arnold lord of Gaesbeck, and John\nlord of Baussignies.\nPage 284. line 17. _Grand bailiff of Hainault._] John, son of Anthony\nde Rubempr\u00e9 and Jaqueline de Croy, dame de Bievres. He was a great\nfavourite of duke Charles and fell by his side at the battle of Nancy.\nHis son was Charles lord of Rivi\u00e9res.\nPage 304. line 5. _Count de Harcourt._] John V, de Rieux, son of\nFrancis, and grandson of John III. lord of Rieux who acquired the\ncounty of Harcourt by marriage with Joan, daughter and heir of John\nVII. last count de Harcourt of the original line. He was made mareschal\nof Bretagne by Francis II., and advanced to the dignity of a mareschal\nof France in 1504.\nBut Anthony count de Vaudemont laid claim also to the county of\nHarcourt in right of his wife Mary, another daughter of John VII. who\nbrought the county of Aumale into his house; and John of Lorraine, his\nsecond son, bore the title of count de Harcourt. From the subsequent\npassage to which I have referred it seems probable that it is this\nnobleman and not the lord de Rieux who is here mentioned.\nPage 323. line 10. _Lord de Cohen._] John de Berghes, lord of Cohan.\nPage 354. last line. _Amen._] The death of the duke of Burgundy was, in\nrespect to his corporal suffering, as fortunate as the whole course of\nhis life had been. He had at that time reigned forty-eight years, for\nthe most part in peace, and during the whole with unvarying prosperity\nover the ample dominions left him by his father, to which, by conquest\nand alliances he added very considerably himself; and at last he\nyielded up his soul to God, not, (in the words of Pontus Heuterus) \"e\nmorbo continua intemperantia ascito, sed corpore just\u00e6 \u00e6tatis pleno\ndecursu confecto, hoc a Deo magno, inter multa alia, ornatus munere,\nut non diu mortis vit\u00e6que conflictum senserit, sed paucis diebus\ndecumbens, extincto levi continuaque febri, calore naturali, quasi\nsomno oppressus invictus expirarit.\" He lost the use of his speech for\nsome time before his dissolution, but his reason did not forsake him\nto the last. When his son Charles threw himself upon his knees before\nthe bed and submissively asked forgiveness of all his offences, the\nduke looked upon him with the most affectionate kindness possible and\npressed his hand most tenderly, but was then unable to speak. He was\nfirst buried at Bruges where he died, but upon the death of his widow\nIsabella a few years afterwards, his body was removed to be interred by\nthe side of hers at the Carthusians of Dijon, where those of both his\npredecessors lay. His character, as given by Pontus Heuterus, is too\nlong for this place; but all historians bear witness to the justice of\nthe following, as drawn by Du Clos in his life of Louis the eleventh.\n\"La crainte que les princes inspirent, ne marque que leur puissance,\nles respects s'addressent a leur dignit\u00e9: leur gloire veritable nait\nde l'estime et de la consid\u00e9ration personnelles que l'on a pour eux.\nPhilippe jouissoit de ces pr\u00e9cieux avantages: il fut surnomm\u00e9 _le\nbon_, titre plus glorieux que tous ceux qui ne sont fond\u00e9s que sur\nl'orgueil des princes et le malheur des Hommes. Il aimoit ses peuples\nautant qu'il en \u00e9toit aim\u00e8, et satisfaisoit egalement son inclination\net son devoir, en faisant leur bonheur: on rendoit \u00e0 ses vertus les\nrespects d\u00fbs \u00e0 son rang. Son commerce \u00e9toit aimable, il \u00e9toit sensible\nau plaisir, aimoit extremement les femmes, et sa cour \u00e9toit la plus\ngalante de l'Europe. En rendant justice \u00e0 la vertu de ce prince, on ne\ndoit pas dissimuler, qu'il s'en \u00e9carta quelquefois. Il porta trop loin\nsa vengeance contre ceux de Dinant; et son ambition, soutenue d'une\nconduite prudente, lui fit faire plusieurs usurpations.\" The count de\nCharolois was the only legitimate offspring that survived him. His\nillegitimate children were very numerous, and many of the principal\nfamilies in the low countries were descended from them. Though very\nmunificent and splendid on proper occasions, duke Philip had, by his\nwise administration, without in the least impoverishing his states,\namassed a treasure amounting to 400,000 crowns of gold in money, and\n62,000 marks of silver in plate, all which was soon dissipated by his\nson in his extravagant and unnecessary wars.\nPage 361. line 3 from the bottom. _Geoffroy de St Belin._] Geoffry de\nSt Belin, Bailli de Chaumont. He was killed in the battle.\nPage 362. line 12. _Lord de la Barde._] Jean Stuyer, lord de la Barde.\nPage 370. line 5. _Chancellor Juvenal des Ursins._] The chancellor,\nsucceeded by Pierre de Morvillier who held the seals to the year 1465.\nPage 370. line 6. _Marshal._] The marshal who was thus displaced\nappears by Morery's tables to be the famous Saintrailles, and there\nare two creations of marshals in the same year; 1st John bastard of\nArmagnac, lord of Gourdon, and count of Cominges, and 2nd Joachim\nRouault, lord of Boismenard.\nPage 370. line 6. _Admiral._] The admiral, the count de Sancerre,\nsucceeded by the lord de Montauban. See before.\nPage 370. line 8. _Provost of Paris._] John d'Estouteville, lord of\nBeyne, succeeded by Jacques de Villiers, lord of l'Isle Adam. See\nafterwards, p. 2. Vol. XI.\nPage 376. line 2. _Pierre d'Oriole._] Pierre d'Oriole afterwards lord\nof Loire and chancellor of France in 1472. He was at first mayor of\nRochelle and being sent on frequent deputations to king Charles\nVII. attached himself to the court where he rose through the offices\nof maitre des Comptes and general des finances to the high dignity\nof chancellor. He was reckoned the best lawyer in France, and till\nage impaired his powers, was remarkable for his laboriousness and\nexactness. But upon his growing remiss with the increase of years,\nLouis deprived him of his chancellorship and gave him the post of first\npresident of the chamber of accounts which he held with honour till his\ndeath in 1483. Du Clos.\nPage 376. line 7. _Sir Charles de Melun._] Charles de Melun, lord of\nNantouillet, lieutenant-general of the kingdom of France, and, in 1465,\nappointed grand master. He was at first high in his master's confidence\nand esteem but afterwards became suspected, and was accused by his\nenemies of treasonable practices and ended his days on a scaffold.\nPage 376. line 9. _John Balue._] This extraordinary person was born\nat Angle in Poitou and is reported to have been the son of a miller.\nEntering into the church he attached himself to the service of Jacques\nJuvenal des Ursins, bishop of Poitiers, who had so much confidence in\nhim that he made him his executor, an office in which it is suspected\nhe found means to enrich himself considerably. He afterwards dealt\nvery largely in simoniacal contracts while under the patronage of\nJean de Beauveau bishop of Angers whom he followed to Rome in 1462. On\nhis return, he attached himself to the court, where the penetration\nof the king soon found out his uncommon abilities and advanced him to\nthe rank of a counsellor of parliament. He had also the administration\nof the royal charities, and is called by historians, but improperly,\ngrand almoner of France, an office which was first created by Charles\nthe 8th. Of his subsequent life several particulars will appear in the\ncourse of this history and many more may be seen in Du Clos.\nPage 392. line 5. _William Charretier._] Chartier. This prelate was\ncelebrated for his virtue and probity; but did himself no good by\nmeddling in affairs of state for which he was by no means fit. When the\nconfederate princes menaced Paris previous to the battle of Montlehery,\nhe gave his advice to admit them within the walls of the city. His\nopinion, fortunately for Louis was over-ruled; but the king never liked\nhim from that time, and when he died in 1472, Louis took the whimsical\nmeasure of sending his complaints against him to the provost of Paris\nin order to have them recorded in his epitaph. Du Clos. See also, vol.\nix. p. 124. where this incident is mentioned.\nPage 403. line 9. _Lord de Rambures._] James son of Andrew II; died\nafter 1488 leaving by Mary de Berghes daughter of John lord of Cohan,\nAndrew the third, lord of Rambures his son and successor.\nPage 404. line 8 from the bottom. _Lord de Craon._] This lord de Craon\nwas George de la Trimoille, second son of George count of Guines and\nBoulogne and brother of Louis, first prince of Talmont. He was governor\nof Burgundy in 1474 and died without issue in 1481.\nPage 410. line 19. _Poncet de Riviere._] Poncet de la Riviere, Bailli\nde Montferrand, commander of franc-archers, &c. &c. an officer of\ndistinguished merit, but not connected as some have supposed, with\neither the ancient house of the viscounts de Riviere in Gascony, or\nwith that of Rivers in England. See Morery.\nPage 424. line 9. _Staves._] It was in coming out of the house of a\nlady of bad fame (probably this very Jeanne du Bois) that the _bishop_\nwas thus attacked. The trimming he received proved of some service\nto him; for from this time he addicted himself wholly to business\nand assumed a gravity of deportment which was more suitable to his\necclesiastical dignity. Du Clos.\nPage 424. line 19. _Lord de Villier-le-b\u00f4cage._] Raoul, lord of\nVilliers-au-bocage, third son of John the fourth, lord of Crequy. He\ndied in 1472 without issue.\nPage 429. line 4. _Lord de Broquemont._] Qu. Braquemont? William de\nBraquemont lord of Campremis died some time after 1480, and in him the\nfamily was extinct.\nPage 430. line 2 from the bottom. _Bishop of Evreux._] A mistake--the\nbishop of Evreux was the most unlikely person in the world to be\nconcerned in this business. It is evidently the bishop of Bayeux who is\nhere meant.\n_H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London._\nTranscriber's note: Original spelling, including possible inconsistencies,\nhas been retained.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 10 [of 13]\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART\n finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by\n others to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES.... VOL. III.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE THIRD VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n The king of France sends different captains\n with troops to harrass the Armagnacs on\n the frontiers. The defeat of the count de\n CHAP. II.\n The king of France sends ambassadors to\n England. The lord de Croy and the duke\n of Bourbon's children obtain their liberty.\n CHAP. III.\n The dukes of Berry and of Orleans, with\n others of their adherents, send an embassy\n to the king of England. The consequences\n CHAP. IV.\n Duke Louis of Bavaria is driven out of Paris\n by the Parisians, and his people robbed.\n Of the cardinal de Cambray, and the\n prohibition of the king of England 24\n CHAP. V.\n The king of Sicily leaves Paris. The siege\n of Domfront. The battle of St Remy du\n Plain. The siege of Bellesme, and other\n CHAP. VI.\n Charles king of France, attended by other\n princes, marches a large force from Paris\n to Bourges. Letters from the king of\n CHAP. VII.\n The town of Vervins is taken by sir Clugnet\n de Brabant, and afterward retaken. The\n castle of Gersies is won by sir Simon de\n CHAP. VIII.\n The king of France receives certain information\n that his adversaries had formed an alliance\n with the king of England. The constable\n CHAP. IX.\n The king of France lays siege to Fontenay and\n to Bourges. The events that happened\n CHAP. X.\n The king of France decamps, and lays siege\n to Bourges on the opposite side. A treaty\n is concluded between the two parties 65\n CHAP. XI.\n The princes and lords within the city of Bourges\n wait on the king and the duke of Acquitaine,\n CHAP. XII.\n The king of France orders his edict respecting\n the peace to be sent to his different officers\n for proclamation in the usual places, and\n CHAP. XIII.\n The war continues in the Boulonois. The\n king returns to Paris. The duke of Orleans\n satisfies the English, and other matters 91\n CHAP. XIV.\n The duke of Berry is dangerously ill. He is\n visited by his daughter the duchess of\n Bourbon, and by the duke of Burgundy.\n CHAP. XV.\n The king of France holds a grand assembly at\n Paris on the reformation of abuses in the\n CHAP. XVI.\n The duke of Acquitaine is displeased with his\n chancellor. Jealousies arise among the great\n CHAP. XVII.\n Henry of Lancaster, king of England, who\n had been a valiant knight, dies in this\n year. Of the alliance between him and\n CHAP. XVIII.\n The king's ministers are greatly alarmed at\n the arrest of sir Peter des Essars and of\n the duke of Bar. Other proceedings of\n CHAP. XIX.\n The Parisians propose whatever measures\n they please in the presence of the duke\n of Acquitaine and the other princes.\n CHAP. XX.\n The count de Vertus and several of the\n nobility leave Paris. Other regulations\n and edicts obtained from the king by the\n CHAP. XXI.\n King Ladislaus of Naples enters Rome with\n a powerful army. The death of sir James\n de la Riviere. The dismission of the\n CHAP. XXII.\n The ambassadors from the king of France\n return with those from the princes to\n Paris. They are joined by others, who\n negotiate a fourth peace at Pontoise 182\n CHAP. XXIII.\n The duke of Acquitaine orders the prisoners\n to be liberated. The duke of Burgundy\n leaves Paris. Several princes arrive there.\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The duke of Brittany comes to Paris. The\n duke of Burgundy holds a council at\n Lille. The actions of the count de Saint\n Pol, and other matters that happened at\n CHAP. XXV.\n The duke of Burgundy holds many councils\n to consider of his situation, fearing that his\n enemies would turn the king against him,\n CHAP. XXVI.\n Duke Louis of Bavaria marries at Paris. Of\n those who had been banished on account of\n the discords between the dukes of Orleans\n and Burgundy, and of many other incidental\n CHAP. XXVII.\n The king of France, fearing the peace would\n be broken, publishes other edicts for its\n preservation throughout the realm, and\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n The king of Sicily sends back the daughter of\n the duke of Burgundy. The duke writes\n letters to the king of France, containing\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The duke of Burgundy goes to Antwerp.\n The arrest of sir John de Croy, and other\n remarkable events that happened about this\n CHAP. XXX.\n The duke of Burgundy marches a large force\n toward Paris. He fixes his quarters at\n Saint Denis. The events that happened\n during this march, and in consequence\n CHAP. XXXI.\n On the retreat of the duke of Burgundy from\n St Denis, the king of France issues orders\n throughout his kingdom to raise forces to\n HERE BEGINNETH\n THE THIRD VOLUME\n OF THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n _ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE SENDS DIFFERENT CAPTAINS WITH TROOPS TO HARRASS THE\nARMAGNACS ON THE FRONTIERS.--THE DEFEAT OF THE COUNT DE LA MARCHE.\nMany of the nobles and captains were now sent by the king to the\ncountries of such as were confederates with the duke of Orleans and\nhis party. In the number, the count de la Marche was ordered into the\nOrleanois, to subject it to the king's obedience, in company with the\nlord de Hambre.\nAym\u00e9 de Vitry, Fierbourd, and others were sent against the duke of\nBourbon, who had done much mischief to the country of Charolois; and\nhaving a large force with them, they despoiled the Bourbonois and\nBeaujolois. They advanced with displayed banners before the town of\nVillefranche, in which was the duke of Bourbon and his bastard-brother,\nsir Hector, a very valiant knight and renowned in war. There was with\nthem a large company of knights and esquires, vassals to the duke, who,\nseeing the enemy thus boldly advancing, drew up in handsome array and\nsallied forth to meet them, and the duke himself joined them in their\nintent to offer battle. A severe skirmish ensued, in which many gallant\ndeeds were done on each side. The bastard of Bourbon distinguished\nhimself much in the command of the light troops, and fought most\nchivalrously. He was, however, so far intermixed with the enemy that\nthe duke was fearful of his being slain or taken, and, sticking spurs\ninto his horse, cried out to his people, 'Push forward! for my brother\nwill be made prisoner unless speedily succoured.' Great part of his\nbattalion followed him on the gallop toward the enemy, and the battle\nwas renewed with more energy: many men at arms were unhorsed, wounded\nand slain: at length, the van of the Burgundians, under the command\nof Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, was forced to fall back on the main army, which was\nat a short distance off. The bastard, who had been struck down, was\nremounted, and returned to the duke. Before that day, no one person had\never heard the duke call him brother.\nAbout forty were slain on both sides, but very many were wounded.\nWhen the skirmish was ended, each party retreated without attempting\nmore,--the duke and his men into Villefranche, and the others toward\nthe country of Charolois, destroying every thing on their march.\nOther parties were sent to Languedoc, Acquitaine and Poitou, to despoil\nthe countries of the duke of Berry, the count d'Armagnac, and the lord\nd'Albreth. Sir Guichard Daulphin, master of the king's household,\ncommanded one division; and the two others were under the lord de\nHeilly, marshal of Acquitaine, and Enguerrand de Bournouville.\nThey did infinite damage to the lands of the aforesaid lords; but\none day, as the lord de Heilly was lodged in a large village called\nLinieres, he was attacked at day-break by a party of the duke of Berry,\nwho defeated and plundered great part of his men of their horses and\nbaggage: a few were killed and taken,--but he and the majority of his\narmy saved themselves by retreating within the castle, which held out\nfor the king.\nI must say something of the count de la Marche and the lord de Hambre,\nwho, as I have said, were ordered into the Orleanois. It is true, they\nmight have under their command from five to six thousand combatants,\nwhom they conducted, destroying all the country on their line of march,\nas far as Yeure-la-Ville and Yeure-le-Chastel. The count de la Marche\nwas quartered in the village of Puchet, and the lord de Hambre in\nanother town.\nThe moment their arrival at Yeure-la-Ville was known in Orleans, where\nwere considerable numbers of men at arms for the guard of the country,\nabout six hundred of them were assembled under the command of Barbasan\nde Gaucourt, sir Galliet de Gaulles, and a knight from Lombardy,\ntogether with three hundred archers. They marched all night as secretly\nas they could to Yeure-la-Ville, to the amount of about a thousand\nmen, under the guidance of such as knew the country well, and where the\ncount was lodged. The count was, however, somehow informed of their\nintentions, and, having armed his men, posted the greater part of them\nin and about his lodgings: the others he ordered to keep in a body, and\nsent to the lord de Hambre to acquaint him with the intelligence he had\nreceived, that he might be prepared to come to his assistance, should\nthere be any necessity for it. The count and his men were under arms,\nwaiting for the enemy, the whole of the night; but when day appeared,\nand no news or the enemy arrived, he was advised to repose himself, and\nto order his men to their quarters.\nSoon after sun-rise, one of the adversary's scouts rode into the\ntown, and, seeing that no watch was kept, hastened back to inform his\nfriends, whom he met near the place, of this neglect. They instantly\nentered the town, shouting, 'Vive le roi!' but soon after, crying\nout 'Vive Orleans!' made a general attack on the houses. The greater\npart hastened to the lodgings of the count, who was preparing to hear\nmass,--and the tumult became very great, for the count and his people\nfought gallantly: nevertheless, he was conquered and made prisoner.\nThe whole quarter was carried, and all taken or slain. After this\ndefeat, the count and his men were conducted hastily to Orleans.\nIn the mean time, as the lord de Hambre was coming to their assistance,\nhe was misled by a man whom he had chosen for his guide, and, on his\narrival, found the whole town destroyed, and the count with his men\ncarried off. Notwithstanding his grief for this event, he pursued the\nenemy with all speed, and, by his activity, overtook the rear, upon\nwhich he fell manfully, and defeated part of it. He rescued some of\nthe prisoners,--but the count, with about four score (as it was told\nhim), were sent forward as fast as horses could carry them, and were\nto be confined in the prisons of Orleans. The lord de Hambre was much\ntroubled that he could not rescue him. There were slain in these two\naffairs from three to four hundred men on both sides, but the greater\npart were Armagnacs. Among others of the party of the count de Vend\u00f4me\nthat were mortally wounded was Guoit le Gois, eldest son to Thomas le\nGois, a capital citizen of Paris, which caused great sorrow to the\nParisians.\nAfter this affair, the lord de Hambre assembled, by the king's orders,\na larger force than before, and made a very severe war on the duchy of\nOrleans and all attached to that party, which caused the country to\nsuffer greatly.\nKing Louis of Sicily arrived at this time at Paris from Provence,\nattended by three hundred men at arms well equipped, and was lodged in\nhis own h\u00f4tel of Anjou. He was grandly received by the king, the duke\nof Acquitaine and the other princes, and united himself with the king\nand the duke of Burgundy, promising to join their party against the\nfamily of Orleans and their adherents.\nThe duchess of Burgundy and her daughter came, nearly at the same time,\nfrom Burgundy to the Bois de Vincennes, where the queen and the duchess\nof Acquitaine resided, who received her with much pleasure. Thence they\nwent to visit the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy,--and very gay and\nmagnificent feasts were made on their arrival. They remained for a long\ntime with the queen, living at the expense of the king.\nAt this period, the king of France sent the lord de Dampierre, admiral\nof France, with other lords, to Boulogne-sur-mer, to meet the\nenglish ambassadors who were arrived at Calais. They went together to\nLeulinghen, where they agreed on a truce between the two crowns for\none year,--after which the admiral and his companions returned to the\nking at Paris, where he was holding a grand assembly of prelates and\necclesiastics for the general reformation of the church. The particular\nobject of this assembly was to select proper delegates to send to\nthe holy father the pope, to request that a convenient place might\nbe appointed for the holding of a general council. But in truth very\nlittle was done, for they could not agree on one single point: another\nmeeting was therefore fixed upon, when a greater number of churchmen\nshould be summoned to attend it.\nThe Parisians, having loyally served the king and the duke of\nAcquitaine in the late wars, obtained, through the means of the duke of\nBurgundy, that the power of the shrievalty, with all its franchises,\nof which the city of Paris had been deprived by royal authority in the\nmonth of January, in the year 1382, should be restored to it fully\nand freely by letters patent from the king. This created very great\nrejoicings, and much increased the popularity of the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. II.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE SENDS AMBASSADORS TO ENGLAND.--THE LORD DE CROY AND\nTHE DUKE OF BOURBON'S CHILDREN OBTAIN THEIR LIBERTY.--OF COUNT WALERAN\nDE SAINT POL.\nAt the beginning of the month of May, the duke of Burgundy, with the\napprobation of the king of France, sent ambassadors to England, namely,\nthe bishop of Arras, the provost of Saint Donas de Bruges, and the\nprovost of Viefville, to treat of a marriage between one of the duke's\ndaughters and the prince of Wales, a matter which had been talked of\nbefore[1]. They found the king of England at Rochester, who honourably\nentertained them, as did the other princes; but the prince of Wales was\nparticularly attentive, as their mission more immediately concerned\nhim.\nIn the course of a few days, the bishop had fully explained the object\nof his coming to the king, his sons, and council; and having received\na favourable answer, with very handsome presents to himself and his\ncolleagues, they returned by way of Dover to Calais, and shortly after\narrived at Paris.\nThe ambassadors related, in the presence of the kings of France and\nSicily, the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy and Bar, and other great\nlords of the council, a full detail of their proceedings, and that the\nking of England and his family were well pleased with their proposals.\nUpon this, the duke of Burgundy sent orders to his son the count de\nCharolois, then at Ghent, to repair to Paris, to be present at the\nfestivals of Easter.\nAt this time, by the intercession of the duchess of Bourbon, daughter\nto the duke of Berry, with the duke of Orleans and others of that\nparty, the lord de Croy obtained his liberty from the prison in which\nhe had for a considerable time been confined, and was escorted safely\nto Paris. On his departure, he promised by his faith to make such\nearnest applications to his lord, the duke of Burgundy, that the duke\nof Bourbon's children should be delivered.\nOn his arrival at Paris, he was received with joy by the dukes of\nAcquitaine and Burgundy, especially by the latter; and a few days after\nhe made the request he had promised, and so successfully that the king\nand the other lords gave the duke of Bourbon's children their liberty.\nThey were sent for to Paris from the castle of Renty, where they\nwere confined; and they and their attendants were delivered without\nany ransom to the care of sir John de Croy, who escorted them to the\nterritories of the duke of Berry. The son of sir Mansart du Bos, who\nhad been taken with them, remained prisoner in the castle of Renty.\nThe lord de Croy was nominated governor of the county of Boulogne\nand captain of the castle of Braye sur Somme, by the king, with the\napprobation of the duke of Berry and the aforesaid duchess. He also\nobtained, through the recommendation of the duke of Burgundy, the\noffice of grand butler of France. To sir Peter des Essars, provost of\nParis, was given the office of grand master or waters and forests,\nwhich had been held by count Waleran de St Pol, who was contented to\nyield it up.\nThe count de Saint Pol, now constable of France, ordered a large body\nof men at arms to assemble at Vernon sur Seine. In consequence, full\ntwo thousand armed with helmets came thither, with the design of making\nwar on the inhabitants of Dreux, and on the count d'Alen\u00e7on and his\npeople, who had overrun parts of Normandy, near to Rouen, where they\nhad plundered every thing they could lay their hands on.\nTo provide for the payment of this force, as well as for others in\ndifferent parts of the country which the king had employed under\nvarious captains, a heavy tax was imposed on the whole kingdom, to\nbe paid at two instalments,--the first on the Sunday before Easter,\nand the second at the end of June following. This affected the poor\npeople very much; and in addition, the pope had granted to the king\na full tenth to be levied, through France and Dauphiny, on all the\nclergy, payable also at two terms,--the one on St John the Baptist's\nday, and the other on All-saints following. The clergy were greatly\ndiscontented,--but it was not on that account the less rigorously\nlevied,--and commissioners were appointed to receive it from them.\nThe constable set out in the holy week from Paris for Vernon, to take\nthe command of the men at arms, and to lead them against the king's\nenemies.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: Their passport is, in the Foedera, dated January 11.\nCHAP. III.\nTHE DUKES OF BERRY AND OF ORLEANS, WITH OTHERS OF THEIR ADHERENTS, SEND\nAN EMBASSY TO THE KING OF ENGLAND.--THE CONSEQUENCES OF IT.\nAt the commencement of this year, the dukes of Berry, of Orleans,\nand of Bourbon, the counts de Vertus, d'Angoul\u00eame, d'Alen\u00e7on and\nd'Armagnac, and the lord d'Albreth, calling himself constable of\nFrance, with other great lords, their confederates, sent ambassadors to\nthe king of England, with instructions, under their seals, for them to\nact according to the occasion with the king of England, his children\nand ministers.\nAs they were journeying through Maine to go to Brittany, and thence to\nEngland, they were pursued by the bailiff of Caen in Normandy, who,\nwith the aid of the commonalty, attacked and defeated them, making some\nof them prisoners, with their sealed instructions and other articles:\nthe rest escaped as well as they could.\nAfter the defeat, the bailiff dispatched an account of it to the king\nand council at Paris, and sent the sealed instructions, with the other\narticles, in a leathern bag, well secured. The king assembled a great\ncouncil at his palace of St Pol, on the Wednesday after Easter, for\nthe full examination of these papers. He was present, as were the\nking of Sicily, the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy, the counts de\nCharolois, de Nevers, and de Mortaigne, the lord Gilles de Bretagne,\nthe chancellor of France, namely, master Henry de Marle[2], the bishops\nof Tournay, of Amiens, of Constance, and of Auxerre, the rector of\nthe university, the provost of Paris, and several others, as well of\nthe king's council as capital citizens of Paris and students of the\nuniversity.\nThe chancellor of the duke of Acquitaine, the lord d'Olhaing, lately an\nadvocate in the parliament, then declared, that there had been given\nto his charge, by the king's ministers, a leathern bag, which had been\ntaken by the bailiff of Caen, together with a knight, chamberlain\nto the duke of Brittany, from de Faulcon d'Encre and friar James\nPetit, of the order of the Augustins, and other ambassadors from the\nlords mentioned in the papers contained in the bag, which had been\ntransmitted by the said bailiff to the king's council. He added, that\nhe had found in this bag four blank papers, signed and sealed by four\ndifferent persons, namely, Berry, Orleans, Bourbon and Alen\u00e7on. Each\nblank had only the name signed on the margin above the seal. He had\nalso found many sealed letters from the duke of Berry addressed to\nthe king of England, to the queen, and to their four sons; and in\nlike manner, from the duke of Brittany to the earl of Richmond and to\nother noblemen in England. There were also many letters without any\nsuperscription, being credential ones for the aforesaid Faulcon and\nfriar James Petit, to the king and queen of England.\nThese letters were publicly read, and in them the duke of Berry styled\nthe king of England, 'My most redoubted lord and nephew;' and the\nqueen, 'My most redoubted and honoured lady, niece and daughter;' and\nthey were signed with the duke of Berry's own hand. In the one to the\nqueen, there were two lines in his own handwriting, desiring her to\nplace full confidence in the said ambassadors.\nThese blanks were publicly displayed,--and the king held them some\ntime in his hand. There was a small article on a single sheet of paper\ncontaining the instructions for the ambassadors, which was likewise\nread aloud, and contained a repetition of the charges made against\nthe duke of Burgundy, by the duchess of Orleans and her sons, for\nthe death of the late duke of Orleans. It recited, that they had\nfrequently demanded justice of the king of France for this murder, but\ncould never obtain it, because the duke of Burgundy had prevented\nand evil counselled the king, by persuading him that the duke of\nOrleans had been a disloyal traitor to his king and country, which was\nfalse,--adding, that the duke of Burgundy had seduced the commonalty\nof France, more especially the populace of Paris, by asserting that\nthe late duke of Orleans wanted to destroy the king of France and his\nfamily, which was also a falsehood, for it had never even entered his\nthoughts.\nThese instructions contained, likewise, that the duke of Burgundy had\ncaused the king to be angry with the duke of Brittany, because he had\nobstructed his expedition against Calais, and several other attempts\nwhich the duke of Burgundy had plotted against England; that the duke\nof Burgundy had instigated the people of Paris so greatly against\nthe king and the duke of Acquitaine that every thing was governed to\nhis will,--and he had now the royal family in such subjection that\nthey dared hardly to open their mouths; that the Parisians, under\npretext of a bull granted by pope Urban V. against the free companies\nthat had ravaged France, had caused them and their adherents to be\nexcommunicated, and had forcibly constrained the official at Paris\nto proceed against them in the severest manner, and to denounce them\npublicly, as excommunicated, with every aggravation of circumstance.\nThese ambassadors were not to discover themselves to any man in\nEngland, unless they were sure of his support; and when they had read\nthe contents of these papers to the king, they were to demand a private\naudience, and declare from the dukes of Berry, of Orleans, of Bourbon,\nand from the count d'Alen\u00e7on, that they were most anxious for his\nwelfare and honour, and ready to aid and assist him against the duke of\nBurgundy, as well as against the Welsh and Irish.\nThey were to add, that if they could not succeed against the Scots,\nwhich they would attempt, and in case they could not obtain all they\nwished, they would engage to establish a peace between him and the king\nof France; and that if there were any lands to which he laid claim,\nor pretended any right, on their side the sea, they would manage the\nmatter to his full satisfaction. They were also to say, that for want\nof due justice being administered at home, they were come to claim it\nfrom him, in regard to the death of the late duke of Orleans; and as\nbearing the name of king, it belonged to him to do justice; and he\nwould acquire perpetual honour to himself, and great advantages to his\nsubjects, by granting them his aid and support. It was also worthy\nof his interference, considering the high rank of the late duke of\nOrleans. They were likewise to say, that the undersigned would serve\nhim and his family, as well as their descendants, in all times to come,\nand which they were enabled to do, even against the most potent in the\nrealm of France.\nThese ambassadors were also to require an immediate aid against the\nduke of Burgundy, of three hundred lances and three thousand archers,\nwho should receive pay in advance for four months.\nThe chancellor of Acquitaine next produced a sketch of their intended\ngovernment of France, containing many articles, which were read aloud.\nAmong other schemes, there was to be imposed on every acre a tax called\na land-tax; and as there were deposits of salt in the kingdom, there\nwere likewise to be granaries of wheat and oats for the profit of the\nking: that all lands or houses which were in a ruinous state should be\ninstantly repaired, or otherwise forfeited to the crown: that every\ncommoner should be forced to work or quit the realm,--and that there\nshould be but one weight and one measure throughout the country. Item,\nthat the duchies of Lorraine and Luxembourg should be conquered, as\nwell as the towns in Provence and Savoy, and annexed to the kingdom of\nFrance. Item, that the university should be removed from Paris, and one\nerected and nobly endowed for the reception of numbers of discreet men.\nThere were many rolls produced, but not read, as they were of little\nconsequence. After the chancellor of Acquitaine had concluded, the\nprovost of the merchants and the sheriffs preferred two requests to the\nking, by the mouth of a monk of the order of St Benedict and doctor of\ndivinity.\nOne was, that the king would be pleased to grant to the city of Paris a\nthird of the taxes collected in that city in the same form and manner\nas had been done during the reign of king Charles, whose soul may God\nreceive! for the reparations of the said town and the improvement of\nthe river Seine, of which, as the provost of merchants declared, they\nwere in great need; that it would be for the advantage of the king\nand his good city that certain repairs, very much wanted, should be\nundertaken, and the place better fortified against the bitter hatred\nwhich the dukes of Berry, Orleans, Bourbon, and their faction bore to\nit. He added, that the town of Tournay was the best fortified, and in\nthe most complete repair of any in the kingdom, because the inhabitants\nallot certain sums for this purpose; and that, if all the king's\nenemies were to besiege it, they would never be able to injure it.\nThe other was, that orders should be given to the chancellor to seal\nwithout opposition the patent of an office vacant, or becoming so, by\nthe demission of one of the Armagnacs, which had hitherto been refused.\nThey were told, that on the Thursday ensuing, they should have answers\nto both of these requests.\nThe provost and sheriffs demanded beside, that the chancellor of France\nshould lay before the king such letters as had come to the knowledge of\nthe duke of Acquitaine, mentioning that the dukes of Berry, Orleans,\nBourbon, and the count d'Alen\u00e7on intended making a new king, to the\nexclusion of his present majesty and the duke of Acquitaine. The\nchancellor replied, that the subject of their present consideration\nwas the letters contained in the bag; that it was true, he was in\npossession of letters and other papers mentioning this circumstance,\nand that he had assured the duke of Acquitaine of their contents.\nThe chancellor of Acquitaine then declared publicly to the king, that\nthe grand master of his household, sir Guichart Daulphin, had written\nto inform the duke of Burgundy, that the dukes of Berry, Orleans,\nBourbon, and the count d'Alen\u00e7on, had again renewed their oaths of\nalliance in the city of Bourges; that the leaders of the confederacy\nhad met in that city, and had there determined to destroy the king of\nFrance, his whole royal family, the kingdom of France, and the good\ncity of Paris, or perish themselves in the attempt.\nThe king was much affected on hearing this, and replied with tears, 'We\nnow fully see their wickedness, and we entreat of you all that are of\nour blood to advise and aid us against them; for the matter not only\nregards you personally, but the welfare of the whole kingdom is in\ndanger; and we shall therefore expect the support of all present, and\nof every loyal subject.'\nThe king of Sicily then rose, and, falling on his knees before the\nking, said, 'Sire, I entreat, that in regard to your own honour and\nwelfare, as well as for that of your realm, you will order the most\nefficacious measures to be pursued against these rebels, for there\nseems to be instant need of it.'\nIn like manner, the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy, and all the other\nlords, knelt to the king, and proffered him their services to the\nutmost of their power. When this was done, the assembly broke up, and\nall that had passed was promulgated through Paris: even accounts of it\nwere sent in writing to different bailiffs in the kingdom, to the great\nastonishment of many.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 2: Morery, in his list of chancellors, places Arnauld de\nCorbie, lord of Joigny, from 1409 to 1413, and makes Henry de Marle,\nlord of Versigny, his successor in the _latter year_.--See _post_,\nwhere it is said, that sir Reginald (_i.e._ sir Arnauld) de Corbie was\ndisplaced (1413), and Eustace de Lactre appointed in his place.]\nCHAP. IV.\nDUKE LOUIS OF BAVARIA IS DRIVEN OUT OF PARIS BY THE PARISIANS, AND HIS\nPEOPLE ROBBED.--OF THE CARDINAL DE CAMBRAY, AND THE PROHIBITION OF THE\nKING OF ENGLAND.\nAbout this time, duke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen of France,\nand residing at Paris, was much suspected by the Parisians of having in\nsecret spoken favourably to the king and queen of the dukes of Berry\nand Orleans; and fearing it might be prejudicial to them, knowing how\nmuch they were hated by these dukes, they assembled one day in great\nnumbers, and sent to tell duke Louis, that they were much displeased\nwith him, for that he was of the Orleans-party; and since he was so\nwell inclined to them, he must go and join them.\nDuke Louis sent for answer, that he was not of any party, but of that\nof the king. The matter, therefore, rested in this state for the\npresent; but as he perceived they were dissatisfied with him, and\napprehending some insult, he went away with very few attendants to the\ncastle of Marcoussy. Before his departure, he had a waggon laden with\nhis plate and other most valuable effects, which he sent off under the\nescort of three gentlemen of his household,--one of whom was a young\nnobleman of about fifteen years old, of high rank in Germany,--and\nsome servants, to the town of Valenciennes, intending to follow them\nspeedily.\nThey had not proceeded far on their journey when some of the burgundian\nparty, incited by avarice and cruelty, namely, the bailiff de\nFoquesolle, his brother Jacotin, Jacques de Bracquencourt, and others\nof their companions, the greater part from Picardy, having learnt the\nvalue of this convoy, by the treachery of sir Morlet de Betencourt,\nfollowed and overtook it between the rivers Seine and Oise. They made\na sudden attack, which was no way resisted, putting to death most of\nthe attendants, and seizing the waggon, which they carried off, with\nthe young esquire above mentioned, and lodged themselves at a nunnery\ncalled Premy, near to the city of Cambray.\nWhen they had tarried there two or three days, they led the young man\nout of the nunnery by night, and most inhumanly murdered him, and\nthrew him into a ditch full of water.--When he was dead, they drove a\nstake through his body, to fix it at the bottom of the ditch; and in\nthis state was it found, some days after, by the servants and workmen\nof the nunnery.\nHe was carried thence and interred in the consecrated ground of the\nchurch, where, afterward, was performed a most solemn service for the\nsalvation of his soul, at the expense of his friends, who made great\nclamours and lamentations when they heard of his fatal end.\nThe Burgundians, having well secured their prize, lodged it in the\nhouse of an inhabitant of their acquaintance in Cambray, and set off\nfrom the Cambresis to other parts where they had business. On duke\nLouis receiving information of this exploit, he was in the utmost rage\nand grief, especially for the death of the young esquire, as well as\nfor the loss of his other servants, and his effects, and made heavy\ncomplaints of it to the king, the duke of Acquitaine, and particularly\nto the duke of Burgundy, whose vassals the perpetrators said they were.\nThe duke of Burgundy promised him the restitution of his valuables,\nand the punishment of the offenders; but, a few days after, duke Louis\nset out from the castle of Marcoussy, and was, by orders of the duke\nof Burgundy, escorted by the vidame of Amiens, with a considerable\nforce, as far as the town of Valenciennes, where he staid a long\ntime. At the end of six weeks, he learnt that the greater part of his\neffects were deposited in the town of Cambray: he therefore wrote to\nthe magistrates, and caused letters also to be sent to duke William of\nHainault, to whom he was related: in short, he made so much stir that\nhis effects were restored to him,--that is to say, all that had been\ndeposited in Cambray.\nThe then bishop of Cambray was master Peter d'Ailly, an excellent\ndoctor of divinity: he was created cardinal by pope John XXIII. and\ntook the title of Cardinal of Cambray. John de Gaures, son to the lord\nde Liquerque, master of arts, who was at that time with the court of\nRome, succeeded to this bishoprick.\nAt this period, Henry king of England caused it to be proclaimed by\nsound of trumpet in Calais, and in all the places bordering on France,\nthat none of his subjects, of whatever rank, should any way interfere\nbetween the two factions in France, nor go into France to serve either\nof them by arms or otherwise, under pain of death and confiscation of\nfortune.\nCHAP. V.\nTHE KING OF SICILY LEAVES PARIS.--THE SIEGE OF DOMFRONT.--THE BATTLE OF\nSAINT REMY DU PLAIN.--THE SIEGE OF BELLESME,--AND OTHER EVENTS OF THE\nYEAR.\nOn Tuesday the 20th day of April of this year, the king of Sicily, by\norder of the king and council, marched his men at arms out of Paris\nin handsome array. He was escorted out of the town by the duke of\nBurgundy, the provost of Paris, and a very great number of noblemen and\nothers. He hastened to Angers, and to his possessions in the county of\nMaine, to defend them against the counts d'Alen\u00e7on and de Richemont,\nwho harrassed them much by an incessant warfare. On his arrival at\nAngers, he summoned all his vassals, as well knights and esquires as\nthose who were accustomed to bear arms, and sent them to garrison all\nhis towns which were near to those of the enemy.\nShortly after, sir Anthony de Craon, the borgne de la Heuse, knight,\nand other captains were sent by the king to the county of Alen\u00e7on,\nto subject it to his obedience. They gained the town of Domfront, but\nfailed in taking the castle; for it was very strong in itself, and\nwell garrisoned and provided with all necessary stores. They remained,\nhowever, before it, annoying the garrison to the utmost of their\nability.\nThe garrison sent to the count d'Alen\u00e7on to require instant succours:\nhe was much grieved at the loss of the town of Domfront, but answered\nby one of his heralds, that he would very shortly come and give the\nenemy battle, if they would wait for him there. Sir Anthony de Craon\nand the other captains, hearing this, dispatched messengers to the\nking of France for reinforcements. The king sent instant orders to\nthe constable and marshal of France, who were at Vernon with a great\narmament, to advance to Domfront. This they obeyed,--and the king of\nSicily also sent thither large reinforcements. But on the day fixed\nfor the battle, the count d'Alen\u00e7on neither came himself nor sent any\nforces.\nThe constable and the other commanders having waited under arms the\nwhole of that day, seeing no signs of their adversaries coming,\nerected a strong bulwark against the castle, in which they left a\nnumerous garrison, to keep it in check, and oppose any attempts to\nrelieve it, and then departed.\nThe constable marched to besiege the town of St Remy du Plain, and\nsent sir Anthony de Craon, with a large force to Vernon, to escort\nthe cannons, bombards, and other military engines, to St Remy. There\nwere in company with the constable, his nephew John of Luxembourg, sir\nPhilip de Harcourt and his brother sir James, the lord de Beausault,\nthe vidame of Amiens, the lord d'Offemont[3], the lord de Canny, the\nborgne de la Heuse, Roux de Neele, Raoul son to the vidame of Amiens,\nthe lord de Lovroy, le Galois de Renty[4], sir Bort Queret, the lord de\nHerbainnes, the lord de Saine, and many noble knights and esquires, to\nthe number of twelve hundred helmets, and a large body of archers.\nThey quartered themselves within the town of St Remy, and around the\ncastle, which was tolerably strong and well garrisoned with men at\narms, and summoned it to surrender to the king's obedience; but on\na refusal, some engines were pointed against the walls, which did\nthem much damage. During this time, the lord de Gaucourt, sir John\nde Dreues, sir Jean de Guarenchieres, Guillaume Batillier, the lord\nd'Argiellieres, John de Falloise, with other captains of the Orleans\nand Alen\u00e7on party, assembled a considerable body of combatants, with\nthe intent of making an unexpected attack on the constable and taking\nhim by surprise.\nIn consequence, they marched on the 10th day of May from their place of\nrendezvous, and, riding all night, came towards the end of it very near\ntheir adversaries. The latter were, however, day and night on their\nguard, and had spies and scouts dispersed over the country. Morlet\nde Mons, Galien bastard of Auxi, and others, were on guard when the\nArmagnacs approached. They made Morlet de Mons and Galien prisoners;\nbut the rest escaped, and, galloping as fast as their horses could\ncarry them to the main army, shouted out, 'To arms, to arms!' adding,\nthat the Armagnacs were advancing in battle-array toward the camp, and\nhad already made prisoners of Morlet and Galien, with some others.\nThe constable, hearing the noise, ordered his men to arm without\ndelay, and dispatched the lord de St Legier and the lord de Drucat,\ntwo well experienced knights, to examine and report the truth of this\nalarm. They had not gone far before they saw the enemy advancing, as\nhad been said, on which they returned to inform the constable of it.\nHe immediately caused his banner to be displayed, and his trumpets\nsounded, and, sallying out of his tent with a part of his men, drew\nthem up in battle-array to receive the enemy, and urged the remainder\nof his men to make haste to join him. When he had mounted his horse, he\nrode along the line, to post his army most advantageously, and exhorted\nthe whole, in the kindest manner, to combat boldly the enemies of the\nking and crown of France.\nBy the advice of the most experienced, his carts and baggage were\ndisposed of in the rear of his army, with varlets to guard them. On\neach wing of the men at arms were posted the archers and cross-bows,\nas far as they could be extended. When every arrangement was made, and\nthe enemy was in sight, several new knights were created, as well by\nthe constable as by others present, namely, John of Luxembourg, John\nde Beausault, Raoul son to the vidame of Amiens, Alard de Herbainnes,\nle Brun de Saine, Roux de Neele, Raillers de Fransseurs, Regnault\nd'Azincourt, and many more. This done, the constable dismounted and\nposted himself under his banner,--when instantly after the Armagnacs\nentered the town, full gallop, thinking to surprise their adversaries.\nOn perceiving they were prepared for them, they charged the division\nof archers and cross-bows with great shoutings, and at the first shock\nkilled about twelve: the rest posted themselves very advantageously\non the other side of a ditch, whence they made such good use of their\nbows and cross-bows that they routed the horses, which were unable to\nwithstand the sharpness of their arrows, and flung down many of their\nriders.\nThe constable then advanced his main battalion, and cried out to them,\n'Here, you scoundrels! here I am whom you are seeking for: come to me!'\nbut their ranks were so broken, chiefly by the bowmen, that they could\nnot rally, and, consequently, betook themselves to flight. The army\nof the constable, noticing this, fell on them lustily, shouting their\ncries, and killed numbers: the archers, being lightly armed, pursued\nthem vigorously, and put many to a cruel death.\nThere was near the field of battle a fish pond, into which many horses\nran with their riders, and both were drowned.\nA valiant man of arms from Brittany attacked these archers with great\ngallantry, expecting to be supported by his companions, but he was soon\npulled from his horse and slain. The constable, seeing the defeat of\nhis enemies, mounted several on the fleetest horses, that they might\nattack them in their flight, and very many were indeed slain and taken:\nthe remnant fled for refuge to Alen\u00e7on and other towns belonging to\ntheir party.\nMore than four score prisoners were brought to the constable, who was\nwith his knights, rejoicing on the victory they had gained; and in the\nnumber were the lord d'Anieres, knight, and sir Jaunet de Guarochieres,\nson to the lord de Croisy, who was with the constable. When he thus\nperceived his son led prisoner, he was so exasperated against him that\nhe would have killed him had he not been withheld.\nThose who had made this attack on the constable had brought with them\na multitude of peasants, in the expectation of destroying him and his\narmy,--but the reverse happened, for upwards of four hundred of them\nwere killed in the field, and from six to eight score made prisoners.\nShortly after, the constable returned into the town of St Remy du\nPlain, whence he had dislodged in the morning; and this battle, ever\nsince, has borne the name of St Remy. He then made preparations to\nstorm the castle; but the garrison, seeing no chance of further relief,\nsurrendered it, and were, by the constable, received to the obedience\nof the king.\nThe king of Sicily had about eight hundred chosen men at arms in\nthe county of Alen\u00e7on,--and when he heard that the Armagnacs had\ncollected a large force to march to raise the siege of St Remy, he\nsent four score of his men to reinforce the constable, who arrived\nat St Remy four hours after the action was over. They were overjoyed\nat the victory, and the surrender of the castle, both of which they\nwere ignorant of; and having thanked God for this good fortune, and\ncongratulated the constable thereon, they returned to the king of\nSicily.\nThe constable advanced to Bell\u00eame with his army, accompanied by the\nmarshal of France and sir Anthony de Craon; and on their arrival, they\nwere soon joined by the king of Sicily, with archers, cross-bows,\nand other implements of war. They instantly formed the siege of the\ncastle,--the king of Sicily investing it on one side, and the constable\nand marshal on the other. Their attacks were so severe and incessant\nthat the garrison could not withstand them, but surrendered on terms.\nHaving placed a new garrison there in the king's name, the constable\nmarched away toward Paris; the marshal returned to Dreux; and the king\nof Sicily and his men went for Mans, to guard his territories of Anjou.\nOn the constable's arrival at Paris, he was magnificently feasted by\nthe king, and the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy, as well for the\nvictory he had gained at St Remy as for other matters, which, during\nhis expedition, he had brought to an honourable conclusion; and a sum\nof money was instantly ordered him, for the payment of his men at arms.\nSplendid presents were also made him by the king and the duke of\nBurgundy.\nWhile things were thus carried on successfully against the count\nd'Alen\u00e7on, Aym\u00e9 de Vitry and the bastard of Savoy[5] kept up a\ncontinued warfare with the duke of Bourbon in the Beaujolois; and about\nthe middle of April, an engagement took place near to Villefranche,\nwhen two of the duke's captains, Vignier de Reffort and Bernardon de\nSeres, were defeated, and with them eight score men at arms, knights\nand esquires: few escaped death or being made prisoners.\nIn another part of the kingdom, the lord de Heilly and Enguerrand de\nBournouville were equally successful, and had subjected to the king's\nauthority the greater part of Poitou. They had very lately gained a\nvictory over two hundred of the duke of Berry's men, near to Montfaucon.\nThe grand master of the king's household, sir Guichard Daulphin, and\nthe master of the cross-bows of France, and sir John de Ch\u00e2lon[6],\nwere sent by the king's orders, with ten thousand horse, to lay siege\nto St Fargeau in the Nivernois, which belonged to John son to the duke\nof Bar. While there, they were in daily expectation of a battle, but in\nvain: however, when they had remained ten or twelve days, with the loss\nof many men in killed and wounded, the town surrendered, and was by\nthem regarrisoned in the king's name.\nWith similar success did the lord de St George and the nobles of\nBurgundy make war on the count d'Armagnac, in Gascony. Sir Elyon de\nJacques-Ville was stationed at Estampes, and made daily conquests from\nthe Orleans-party, who at this period were very unfortunate, for war\nwas carried on against them on all sides.\nTo provide a remedy, and to enable themselves to make head against\ntheir adversaries, they sent a solemn embassy to Henry king of\nEngland, and to his children, to solicit succours of men and money.\nThe ambassadors, by means of their credential letters and other papers\nwhich they brought from these lords of France, treated with king Henry\nso that he consented to send to the dukes of Berry, Orleans, and their\nparty, eight thousand combatants, under the command of his second son,\nthe duke of Clarence.\nFor the confirmation of this, he granted to the ambassadors letters\nunder his great seal, which they carried back to the dukes of Berry,\nOrleans, Bourbon, and the count d'Alen\u00e7on and others, whom they found\nat Bourges waiting their return. They were much rejoiced on seeing the\ngreat seal of the king of England; for they expected to have immediate\nneed of his assistance, as they had information that the duke of\nBurgundy was intending to lead the king in person to subdue and conquer\nthem.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 3: Guy de Nesle, vol. ii. p. 228.]\n[Footnote 4: Renty was the name of a considerable family in Artois. I\ncan find nothing about any of the others.]\n[Footnote 5: Humbert, natural son of Amadeus VII. and brother of\nAmadeus VIII. counts of Savoy.]\n[Footnote 6: John de Ch\u00e2lon, second son to Louis I. count of Auxerre,\nand brother to Louis II.]\nCHAP. VI.\nCHARLES KING OF FRANCE, ATTENDED BY OTHER PRINCES, MARCHES A LARGE\nFORCE FROM PARIS TO BOURGES.--LETTERS FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND,--AND\nOTHER MATTERS.\nThe council of state now determined that the king should march in\nperson against his rebellious subjects, to reduce them to obedience.\nSummonses were sent throughout the kingdom for men at arms and archers\nto assemble between Paris and Melun; and at the same time, great\nnumbers of carriages were ordered to meet there for the baggage. In\nlike manner, the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy issued their special\nsummonses.\nWhen all was ready, and the king on the point of leaving Paris on this\nexpedition, a large body of the Parisians and members of the university\nwaited on him, and earnestly required, in the presence of his council,\nthat he would not enter into any treaty with his enemies without their\nbeing included and personally named therein. They remonstrated with him\non the necessity for this, as they were hated by his enemies, because\nthey had loyally served him against them.\nThe king and council granted their request.--The king then left Paris\nin noble array, on Thursday the 5th day of May, and lay the first night\nat Vincennes, where the queen resided: he thence went through Corbeil\nto Melun, where he remained some days waiting for his men at arms. On\nthe ensuing Sunday, the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy set out from\nParis to join the king at Melun, to which place large bodies of men at\narms and archers repaired from all parts of the kingdom.\nOn Saturday, the 14th of May, the king marched his army from Melun,\naccompanied by the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy and Bar, the counts\nde Mortain and de Nevers, with many other great barons, knights and\ngentlemen. It had been resolved in council, that the king should not\nreturn to Paris until he had reduced the dukes of Berry, Orleans and\nBourbon, with their adherents, to obedience.\nHe then advanced to Moret, in the Gatinois, and to\nMontereau-Faut-Yonne. At this last place, he was wounded in the leg\nby a kick from a horse, but continued his march to Sens, where he\nwas confined by this accident six days. The queen and the duchess of\nBurgundy had hitherto attended him, but they were now sent back by\ntheir lords to reside at Vincennes. The count de Charolois was ordered\nby his father to return to Ghent; and, shortly after, the queen went to\nMelun, where she held her court.\nDuring this time the English, on the frontiers of the Boulonois,\ntook by storm the fortress of Banelinghen, situated between Ardres\nand Calais, and the inheritance of the lord de Dixcunde[7],\nnotwithstanding there were sealed truces between the kings of\nFrance and England. It was commonly said that the governor, John\nd'Estienbecque, had sold it to the English for a sum of money. The\nFrench were much troubled when they heard of this capture, but they\ncould not any way amend it, and were forced to be contented. The\ngovernor and his wife resided quietly with the English, which convinced\nevery one that the place had been sold, and also some of his soldiers,\nwho had been made prisoners, were ransomed. This conduct of king Henry\nsurprised many; for he had appeared earnest in his desire to marry his\neldest son with the daughter of the duke of Burgundy,--but he had been\nturned from it by the offers and negotiations of the ambassadors before\nmentioned, and had now united himself with them.\nThe king of England wrote the following letter to the towns of Ghent,\nBruges, Ypres and the Franc, which he sent by one of his heralds.\n'Henry, by the grace of God, king of England and France, and lord of\nIreland, to our honoured and wise lords the citizens, sheriffs and\nmagistrates, of the towns of Ghent, Bruges, Ypres, and of the territory\ndu Franc, our very dear and especial friends, we send health and\ngreeting. Very dear and respected lords, it has come to our knowledge,\nthrough a very creditable channel, that under the shadow of our\nadversary the king of France, the duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders,\nis making, or about to make, a speedy march into our country of\nAcquitaine, to wage war upon and destroy our subjects, particularly on\nour very dear and well beloved cousins the dukes of Berry, Orleans and\nBourbon, and the counts of Alen\u00e7on, of Armagnac, and the lord d'Albreth.\n'Since, therefore, your lord perseveres in his malicious intentions,\nyou will have the goodness to assure us, on the return of our\nmessenger, by your letters so soon as possible, whether the Flemings be\nwilling to conform to the truces lately concluded between us, without\nany way assisting their lord in his wicked purposes toward us.\n'Understanding, honoured lords, and very dear friends, that if your\ntown, and the other towns in Flanders, be desirous of continuing the\nterms of the truces, to the advantage of Flanders, we are very willing,\non our part, to do the same. Very dear friends, may the Holy Spirit\nhave you alway in his keeping!--Given under our privy seal, at our\npalace of Westminster, the 16th day of May, in the 13th year of our\nreign[8].'\nThe Flemings sent for answer to this letter by the bearer, that they\nwould no way infringe the truces between the two countries; but that\nthey should serve and assist the king of France their sovereign lord,\nand their count the duke of Burgundy, as heretofore, to the utmost of\ntheir power. This letter and answer were sent to the duke of Burgundy,\nwho was attending the king in the town of Sens in Burgundy.\nAt this same time, the duke of Berry, by the advice of the count\nd'Armagnac, coined money with the same arms and superscription as that\nof the king of France, in the town of Bourges, to pay his troops, which\ngreatly exasperated the king and his council when they heard thereof.\nThe coins consisted of golden crowns and others, perfectly similar to\nthose of the king.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 7: Q. Dixmuyde?]\n[Footnote 8: See this letter, and the treaty with the duke of Berry,\n&c. in Rymer, A.D. 1412.]\nCHAP. VII.\nTHE TOWN OF VERVINS IS TAKEN BY SIR CLUGNET DE BRABANT, AND AFTERWARD\nRETAKEN.--THE CASTLE OF GERSIES IS WON BY SIR SIMON DE CLERMONT.\nAbout this same time, the town of Vervins, which was very strong and\nrich, was taken by treachery, by sir Clugnet de Brabant and Thomas de\nLorsies, lord of Boquiaux, and some other gentlemen, to the amount of\nsix hundred men, from different countries, of the party of the duke of\nOrleans. This was said to have been effected by a butcher who had been\nfor ill conduct banished the town, and in revenge had joined the army\nof sir Clugnet de Brabant.\nThe butcher's wife and family had remained in the town; and one\nday, when it was dusk, they hid themselves near the gate, and about\nsun-rise, when the guard had quitted the ramparts, and the gate\nwas opened and the drawbridge let down, they made a signal to the\nenemy, who was in ambuscade. Sir Clugnet instantly entered the place,\nsounding trumpets, and shouting out, 'The duke of Orleans for ever!'\nto the great surprise of the inhabitants, who were far from expecting\nsuch a morning salute.\nVery few were made prisoners, but all were robbed; and for three days\nthe money and plate of the lord de Vervins, who was with the king,\nor on his road to join him, as well as every thing of value in the\ndifferent houses, were collected, and sent off by sir Clugnet, to\nthe amount of thousands of florins, to the town of Ardennes[9], that\nthose of his countrymen who had joined his party, and those who had\naccompanied him on this expedition, might be paid.\nThe neighbouring towns were astonished when they heard of this event,\nand collected a large force to enable them to besiege the enemy in\nVervins, and retake the town. The bailiff of the Vermandois, sir\nle Brun de Bairins, the lord de Chin, with many other knights and\ncitizens, hastened thither, to the number of four hundred helmets and\nfrom six to eight thousand infantry very well armed.\nThe lord de Vervins, who was of high rank and a very expert knight,\nno sooner heard of his loss than he hastened to join the besiegers,\nand led many brisk attacks on the town. Those who had captured it made\nan excellent defence from the walls with bows and cross-bows, so that\nthe besiegers were twenty-three days before it. On the 26th of June,\nthe lord de Boquiaux, Thomas de Lorsies, son to the lord de Selebes,\nknights, the bastard d'Esne, and those who were with them, considering\nthat their enemies were daily increasing, and that they had done\nmuch damage to the walls and houses, were afraid of being killed or\ntaken, and held a council on the best means to escape. They defended\nthemselves with greater vigour than before, the better to conceal\ntheir intentions; and when the besiegers were at their dinner in their\ntents and pavilions, and they had seen their guard posted at one of\nthe gates, they mounted their horses fully armed,--and, having had the\ngates thrown open, all except three, who were asleep or too negligent,\nsallied out full gallop, sticking spurs into their horses, and made\nwith all speed for the forest near the town.\nThe besiegers were astonished on seeing this, and, pushing aside their\ntables, mounted instantly to pursue them, and followed with such haste\nthat they took about forty of them,--and the rest saved themselves by\ndint of speed. The royalists returned to the town with their prisoners,\nand found there the three negligent Armagnacs and some other wretches\nof their party, who, by the command of the bailiff of the Vermandois,\nwere sent to prison; and when he had heard their confession, they were\nby him sentenced to be beheaded. The bailiff then set out for Laon,\nwhither he carried the other prisoners, well bound, there to suffer a\nsimilar punishment.\nThe lord de Vervins remained in his town to put it into repair, and the\nlord de Chin and the rest went to their homes.\nA few days after, the castle of Gersies, which was very strong, was\ntaken by some of the army of sir Clugnet de Brabant, namely, by sir\nSimon de Clermont, a captain called Millet d'Autre, and others, who\nwon it one morning by storm. But shortly after, the bailiff of the\nVermandois, with some of the aforesaid lords and a large body of the\ncommonalty, regained it by assault. Sir Simon and Millet d'Autre,\nwith their companions, were all made prisoners, carried to Laon, and\nbeheaded. The castle was new garrisoned for the king.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 9: Q. Ardres?]\nCHAP. VIII.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE RECEIVES CERTAIN INFORMATION THAT HIS ADVERSARIES\nHAD FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE KING OF ENGLAND.--THE CONSTABLE MARCHES\nINTO THE BOULONOIS.\nDuring the residence of the king of France at Sens in Burgundy, he\nreceived positive intelligence, that the dukes of Berry, Orleans,\nBourbon, and their confederates, had formed an alliance with the king\nof England, who had engaged to send a large army to their assistance,\nto lay waste his kingdom,--and that part of it had already marched from\nCalais and the other castles on the frontiers of the Boulonois, and\ncommenced the war.\nThey had carried away much plunder, and had set fire to the town of\nMerck on the sea-shore, thus infringing the truces which subsisted\nbetween them.\nIn consequence of this inroad, the king of France ordered his\nconstable, the count de St Pol, to march thither, to assemble all the\nnobles of Picardy, and to garrison and victual the frontier towns, and\nto use every diligence in opposing the further progress of the English;\nfor the duke of Burgundy had carried with him all the youth, and the\nmost warlike men, from the countries of the Boulonois, Ponthieu, and\nArtois, leaving behind only the superannuated and such as were unable\nto bear arms.\nThe constable, hearing of the mischiefs the English were doing, more of\nhis own free will than in obedience to the king's, hastened to Paris,\nlaying all other matters aside, with the borgne de la Heuse and some\nother knights whom he left there, at the earnest entreaties of the\nParisians, to carry on the war against Dreux. He went then to Picardy\nand to St Pol, to visit his lady; thence he went to St Omer and to\nBoulogne, inspecting the whole frontier, and providing necessaries\nwhere wanted. The whole country was now alarmed and in motion, insomuch\nthat the English retired worsted; but they very soon recommenced their\nwarfare.\nWhen the constable saw this, and that they did not abstain, he held a\ncouncil of his principal officers, such as the lord d'Offemont, the\nlord de Canny, the lord de Lovroy, sir Philip de Harcourt and others.\nAt the conclusion of it, he assembled a body of men at arms, to the\namount of fifteen hundred, whom he put under the command of the lord\nde Lovroy and one called Alin Quentin, and ordered them to march\ntoward the town and castle of Guines. As they approached the place on\nfoot, the constable sent off, by another road, forty helmets under sir\nJohn de Renty, who was well acquainted with all the avenues to the\ntown, to make a pretence of attacking it on that side, which was only\ninclosed with a palisade and ditch, and garrisoned with Dutchmen and\nother soldiers who resided there.--The constable, with six hundred\ncombatants, advanced between the town and Calais, to guard that road,\nand to prevent the English, should they hear of the attack, from\nsending any considerable reinforcements. Thus did he remain between\nhis two battalions so long as the engagement lasted. The infantry, at\nday-break, began the storm with courage, and continued it a long time,\nuntil they had succeeded in setting the town on fire, so that upward\nof sixty houses were burnt.--Those in the castle defended themselves\nvaliantly, and much annoyed the assailants with stones and arrows shot\nfrom their cross-bows. Perceiving the distress of the townsmen, they\nopened a gate of the castle to receive them,--and thus they escaped\ndeath. By the advice of the said marshal de Renty, his division made a\nretreat to where they had commenced the attack, but not without many\nbeing severely wounded: few, however, were killed. The constable,\nwhen informed of their retreat, made it known to the whole army, and\nreturned to Boulogne, but leaving garrisons along the whole frontier,\nwho daily had some skirmishes with the English.\nCHAP. IX.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE LAYS SIEGE TO FONTENAY AND TO BOURGES.--THE EVENTS\nTHAT HAPPENED WHILE HE REMAINED THERE.\nThe king of France having remained some days at Sens, and having held\nmany councils on the state of his realm, marched thence to Auxerre,\nand to la Charit\u00e9 on the Loire, where he staid five days. He then\nadvanced toward a strong castle called Fontenay, in the possession of\nthe Armagnacs, who, on seeing the great force of the king, instantly\nsurrendered it, on condition of having their lives and fortunes saved.\nSeveral captains, who had commanded on the frontiers against the\nArmagnacs, entered it,--and the army of the king was greatly increased\nby troops daily arriving from all quarters. In the number of those that\ncame were the lord de Heilly, Enguerrand de Bournouville, the lord de\nVitry and others.\nThe king marched from Fontenay to the town of Dun-le-Roi in Berry,\nwhere he encamped, and had it besieged by his army on all sides,\nand well battered by his engines. During this siege, Hector,\nbastard-brother to the duke of Bourbon, with only three hundred men,\nmade an attack on a body of the king's army when foraging, and killed\nand took many. After this exploit, he hastened back to Bourges, and\ntold the dukes of Berry and Bourbon of his success.\nDun-le-Roi was so much harrassed by the cannon and engines of the\nbesiegers that, on the ninth day, the garrison offered to surrender,\non condition of their lives and fortunes being spared, and that sir\nLouis de Corail, lately made seneschal of the Boulonois, should return\nwith his men in safety to the duke of Berry. These terms were accepted,\nand the town was delivered up to the king. He remained there for three\ndays, and then departed with his army, leaving sir Gautier de Rubes,\na burgundy knight, governor of the town. The king and his army were\nquartered, on Friday the 10th day of June, three leagues distant from\nDun-le-Roi, at a town near a wood. On the morrow he continued his\nmarch, and came before the city of Bourges, which was strong, very\npopulous, and full of every sort of provision and wealth. This city\nwas, in ancient times, the capital of the kingdom of Acquitaine, and\nis situated on the river Yeure. Through the town, a small rivulet runs\nfrom Dun-le-Roi.\nThe lords within this town, namely, the dukes of Berry and Bourbon, the\nlord d'Albreth, the count d'Auxerre[10], John brother to the duke of\nBar, with the inhabitants, showed every appearance of making a strong\nresistance. There were also in Bourges many who had fled their country,\nsuch as the archbishops of Sens and of Bourges, the bishops of Paris\nand of Chartres, the lord de Gaucourt, Barbasan, Aubreticourt, le\nborgne Foucault, and fifteen hundred helmets, or thereabout, and four\nhundred archers and cross-bowmen.\nWhen the king's army approached, which was estimated and commonly\nbelieved to consist of upward of one hundred thousand horse, some few\nsallied out of the town well armed, shouting, 'Long live the king, and\nthe dukes of Berry and Bourbon!' at the same time falling desperately\non the light troops of the van, so that very many were killed and\nwounded on each side; but the main army, advancing, soon forced them to\nretreat.\nWhen they had re-entered the town, they set the gates wide open, and\ngallantly made preparations for defence. The van of the king's army was\ncommanded by the grand master of the household, sir Guichard Daulphin,\nand the lords de Croy and de Heilly, knights, Aym\u00e9 de Vitry and\nEnguerrand de Bournouville, esquires. The lords de Croy and de Heilly,\nin the absence of the marshals of France, Boucicaut and de Longny, were\nordered by the king to exercise the functions of marshals.\nThe rear division was commanded by the lords d'Arlay, sir John de\nCh\u00e2lon, the lord de Vergy, marshal of Burgundy, the lords de Ront and\nde Raisse.\nIn the king's battalion were the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy, and\nBar, the counts de Mortain and de Nevers, the lord Gilles de Bretagne,\nand a numerous body of chivalry. When the army arrived on the plain\nin front of the city, they were from three to four hours in arranging\ntheir places of encampment, and in dividing the army under the\ndifferent commanders. Then, near to a gibbet, were created more than\nfive hundred knights, who, with many others, had never before displayed\ntheir banners. After this ceremony, the army was advanced nearer to\nthe town, and encamped on the marshes on the side of the small river\nbefore mentioned, and other flat grounds.--Some tents and pavilions\nwere pitched among vineyards, and by the ruins of the houses belonging\nto the priory of St Martin des Champs, of the order of Cluny, and\nothers near to part of the suburbs which had been destroyed by the\ninhabitants prior to the arrival of the king's army, and among the\nlarge walnut-trees adjoining.\nIt is true, that some from thirst drank water from wells without the\ntown; but whoever did so died suddenly, so that the wickedness and\ntreachery of the besieged were discovered. It was proclaimed by sound\nof trumpet, that no one should in future drink any well-water, but\nalway make use of spring or running water, for that the wells had been\npoisoned. The besieged afterward confessed, Isatis that an herb called\n[Greek: Isatis] by the Greeks, and by the Latins _Glastum_, had been\nthrown into the wells, to cause the deaths of all who should drink out\nof them.\nThough the townsmen could not now pass the marches and cross the fords\nas usual from fear of the besiegers, they had, by another road, free\ncommunication with the country, so that all manner of provision could\nbe brought into the town, to the great vexation of the lords in the\nking's army.\nThe besiegers had now approached pretty near to the town, and had\nbrought their artillery to bear on it, so that, from the continued\ncannonading and shooting from cross-bows, they slew many of their\nadversaries.\nThe townsmen frequently insulted them by their abuse, calling them\nfalse burgundian traitors, who had brought the king thither confined\nin his tent, as if he was not sound in mind. They called the duke of\nBurgundy a treacherous murderer; adding, that they would instantly have\nopened their gates to the king if he had not been there.\nThe Burgundians were not behind hand in their replies, retorting on\nthe Armagnacs by calling them false and rebellious traitors to their\nking, and using various other invectives on each side; but the duke of\nBurgundy, who heard all their abuse, made no reply whatever, but only\nthought how he might distress them the more.\nOn Wednesday the 13th of June, a truce was agreed on between the two\nparties, at the solicitation of the duke of Berry; but during this\ntime, some of the king's household, incited by treason, sent to the\nbesieged,--'Sally forth: now is the time!' well knowing what they would\ndo. When precisely between one and two o'clock in the afternoon, while\nthe king was in his tent, and the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy\nwere reposing, and the greater part of the army disarmed, as not\nsuspecting any thing, about five hundred chosen men at arms sallied out\nof two gates of the town, and marched on as secretly as they could\nthrough vineyards and by-paths to avoid being seen, with the intent of\nsurprising and taking the king and the duke of Acquitaine, in their\ntents, and putting the duke of Burgundy to death.\nWhat they were afraid of happened; for two pages of the lord de Croy,\nriding their coursers to exercise and to water, perceived this body\nof five hundred marching toward the army, and instantly galloped back\nagain, bawling out, 'To arms! here are the enemies advancing, who have\nsallied out of their town.' On hearing this, every one hastened to\nhis tent, and armed. The vanguard drew up in array, and soon met the\nenemy. The engagement immediately commenced; but the Armagnacs were\noverpowered by their adversaries, who increased every moment, so that\nthey could not withstand them. Six score were soon killed, and about\nforty made prisoners: the rest took disgracefully to flight, making all\nhaste back to Bourges, led on by the lord de Gaucourt.\nAmong the slain were Guillaume Batiller, who had been taken at the\nbattle of St Cloud, and set at liberty, and Guillaume de Chailus,\nknight, whose bodies, when stripped, were thrown into the wells said\nto have been poisoned, to serve them for a grave. In the number of\nprisoners were the grand master of the household of the duke of Berry,\nan esquire of the lord d'Albreth, and also his principal cook, called\nGastard, who declared in the presence of several, that he would name\nthose who had urged them to make this attempt.\nIn consequence, on the morrow were arrested master Geoffry de Bouillon,\nsecretary to the duke of Acquitaine, and the family of the lord de\nBoissay, first maistre d'h\u00f4tel to the king,--and afterward one called\nGilles de Toisy, esquire, a native of Beauvais, his servant, and\nEnguerrand de Seure, esquire, a Norman, who were all on this account\nbeheaded before the king's tent; but as the lord de Boissay was only\nsuspected, and no proof brought to convict him, he was imprisoned, and\nmade to witness the punishment of the others.\nThere were a body of English and French in the king's army, consisting\nof about three hundred, under the command of Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, two hundred\nof whom one day deserted; but, as they were making for the town, they\nwere so closely pursued that numbers of them were slain by lances,\nswords and arrows, before they could enter the gates. One half of the\ngarrison of Gien-sur-Loire, consisting of about four hundred helmets,\nattempted, on the 19th of June, to enter the city; but, before they\ncould accomplish it, having been observed by the besiegers, they were\nso vigorously attacked that from one hundred to six score were killed.\nDuring the time the king was at this siege of Bourges, the foragers\nwere almost daily cut off by the ambuscades of the enemy, they\nthemselves and their horses being slain or taken; and as they were\nobliged to seek forage at the distance of six or eight leagues, the\narmy suffered much from famine. Moreover, the waggons that brought\nprovision from Burgundy and other parts, were way-laid by the soldiers\nof Sancerre, and other places in rebellion against the king, and\nplundered: this caused great distress to the besiegers, and very many\nwere disheartened from want of bread. However it lasted not long, for\nby the vigilance of sir Guichard Daulphin, he met the garrison of\nSancerre convoying provision to the town of Bourges, when he attacked\nthem, and forced them to surrender the town and castle of Sancerre,\nwhich had been more active than any others in preventing forage being\nbrought to the camp; and thus all dread of famine was removed.\nToward the end of June, about sun-set, four hundred men at arms made\na sally from the town, induced thereto by the information of some of\ntheir prisoners, that the provost of Paris, the admiral of France, and\nthe vidame d'Amiens, were coming to the camp with a large sum of money\nfrom Paris to the king, to enable him to pay his troops. In the hope of\ndefeating and plundering the above, they rode on and posted themselves\nin a wood, the more readily to surprise them. Intelligence of this\nwas however carried to the lord de Ront, by some of his spies who had\nobserved them march out of the town; and he instantly made the duke of\nLorraine and the lord de Heilly acquainted therewith. They collected\nabout five hundred men at arms, under pretence of a foraging party,\nand, leaving the camp, crossed the river by an old bridge which they\nrepaired as well as they could, and took up their quarters in a small\nvineyard, whence, during the night, they sent off scouts to observe\nthe situation of the enemy. They were found in ambuscade, thinking to\ntake the king's treasure, but were themselves taken,--for no sooner\nwere these lords informed where they were than they instantly attacked\nthem, and killed and took many: among the latter was a gentleman named\nGuistardon de Seure: the rest saved themselves by flight.\nThe duke of Lorraine and the lords de Ront and de Heilly returned to\nthe camp with their prisoners, much rejoiced at their victory. The\nduke of Berry, and those with him in Bourges, were much grieved at\nthis defeat, and others of a similar nature; for he saw with pain his\ncountry ruined, and daily witnessed the deaths of his most valiant\nknights and esquires. He nevertheless did not slacken in his endeavours\nto defend himself against all who wished to hurt him,--and it\nfrequently happened that his men retaliated severely on the besiegers.\nWhile these things were passing, sir Philip de Lignac, grand master of\nRhodes, who had attended the king, exerted himself at various times to\nbring about a peace between the two parties. The count de Savoye had\nalso sent his marshal, and some of his principal knights, to the king\nand to the duke of Berry, to attempt the same thing. They, therefore,\nunited in their endeavours, and, by permission of the king and of the\nduke of Acquitaine, who acted as his lieutenant, they had interviews\nwith each party. By their diligence, a conference was appointed to be\nholden; and there were added to them as commissioners, the master of\nthe cross-bows, the seneschal of Hainault and some others.\nThe commissioners on the part of the Armagnacs were the archbishop of\nBourges, the lord de Gaucourt, the lord de Tignonville, the lord de\nBarbasan, the lord d'Aubreticourt and others, who diligently exerted\nthemselves on each side to bring a treaty to a conclusion. They had\nfrequent consultations on the subject with the different princes of\neach party; but in fact it was not a matter speedily to be finished,\nfor each of the parties was too much interested and suspicious. It was\nstrongly remonstrated that the besieged had, during a truce, made a\ntreacherous attack on the army; and many arguments were urged by both\nsides, which greatly retarded the conclusion of a peace.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 10: Louis II. de Ch\u00e2lon, count of Auxerre, son of Louis I.\nand Mary of Parthenay.]\nCHAP. X.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE DECAMPS, AND LAYS SIEGE TO BOURGES ON THE OPPOSITE\nSIDE.--A TREATY IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE TWO PARTIES.\nWhen the king of France had remained with his army for sixteen months\nbefore the city of Bourges, on the side toward la Charit\u00e9 sur Loire,\nwithout any hope of taking it, and had perceived the town was well\nsupplied with provision on the side opposite to his camp, he broke up\nthe siege, and ordered fire to be set to all his quarters. He marched\naway, and again encamped on the right of the city, about four leagues\ndistant, on the river, and near to Yeure-le-Ch\u00e2tel.\nThe besieged, seeing their adversaries thus suddenly decamp, thought\nit was done from fear of the English, who had promised them their aid,\nand that they were marching back to France. They were consequently much\nrejoiced, and some of them sallied forth, with a multitude of peasants,\nin the expectation of making prisoners,--but it happened otherwise\nthan they looked for.\nEnguerrand de Bournouville had, with some other captains, remained\nbehind, with about three hundred men at arms in ambuscade, and,\nwhen they saw it was time, issued forth, killed many, and made more\nprisoners, and returned to the king's army.\nOn the morrow, the king and his whole army crossed the river. One\ndivision advanced toward Bourges, and another to Orleans, to despoil\nand waste the country in the same manner as they had done on the\nopposite side. The townsmen of Bourges, observing the army to cross the\nriver, hastily set fire to the suburbs on that side, which were very\nextensive, to prevent the enemy from occupying them, and some churches\nwere also burnt: the more the pity.\nThe king encamped his army round the city on that side, and had his\ncannons and engines pointed in such wise as effectually to annoy the\nplace. The besieged were not idle in providing for their defence, and\nthe means of preventing the city from being taken, but were very much\ngrieved and cast down at the great damage which had been done to it.\nThe duke of Acquitaine, son and lieutenant to the king, saw with regret\nthe destruction of so noble a city, the capital of Auvergne and Berry,\nand to which he was heir, and, fearing its total ruin, forbade the\ncannoneers, and those who had the direction of the other engines, to\nfire any balls, or to cast more stones into it, under pain of death.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on hearing these orders, which counteracted his\nwish to push matters to extremity, was much displeased and surprised,\nand suspected the duke of Acquitaine had changed his opinion, or was\nmoved with compassion toward his enemies: however, in the conversation\nthat passed between them on the subject, the duke of Acquitaine\ndeclared positively, that he would put an end to the war. The duke of\nBurgundy most earnestly begged of him, that if he were determined upon\nit, he would conclude it according to the terms that had been agreed\nto by the king's ministers at Paris, namely, that if their adversaries\nshould present themselves with all humility before the king, and submit\nthemselves to his mercy, he would receive them, but entreated that any\nterms he should make might not be to his dishonour.\nThe duke of Acquitaine replied, that in truth the war had lasted too\nlong; that it was prejudicial to the king and kingdom, and that he in\nthe end might suffer from it,--for those against whom the war was made\nwere his uncles, cousins-german, and others of his kindred, by whom he\nshould be greatly assisted in any cases of need,--but he was desirous\nthat they should submit themselves in the manner proposed in council\nbefore he had left Paris.\nThe duke of Burgundy, in consequence of this and other conversations,\nhumbled himself much toward the duke of Acquitaine; for he had\ndiscovered that the business had been discussed with some other great\nlords, of whom he was very suspicious, and particularly of the duke\nof Bar, who had, for some time past, clearly shown he was displeased\nwith him. He, however, told the duke of Acquitaine publicly, that he\nwas satisfied that the negotiations for a peace should be continued\naccording to the good pleasure and honour of the king and himself.\nThe commissioners were, therefore, ordered to renew the conferences,\nwhich they willingly obeyed. When they had reduced to writing the\ndemands and answers of the two parties, they requested of the princes\non each side, that the dukes of Berry and Burgundy might meet and\nconclude the treaty; and this was agreed to by the king and the duke of\nAcquitaine, and the leaders of the opposite party.\nAn elevated place was fixed and well secured for the meeting of the\nuncle and nephew, for neither of them had much confidence in the other.\nIt was for this reason that barriers were erected on a platform, on\nwhich the dukes entered at separate ends, having bars between them,\nand their council behind, whom they occasionally consulted as to the\ndemands and answers.\nFor greater security, a body of their men at arms was stationed near to\neach, but not so near as to hear any conversation that passed.--They\nwere both completely and handsomely armed. The duke of Berry,\nnotwithstanding he was seventy years of age, wore a sword, dagger,\nand battle-axe: he had on a steel scull-cap, and a rich clasp on his\nbreast,--over his armour a purple jacket, the cross belt of which was\nbespangled with pearls. After they had been two hours together, they\nseparated, to outward appearance, in good humour; but the duke of\nBerry said peevishly to the duke of Burgundy, 'Fair nephew and fair\ngodson, when your father, my dear brother, was living, there was no\nneed of any barriers between us: we were alway on the most affectionate\nterms.' The duke of Burgundy replied, 'My lord, it has not been my\nfault.' The duke of Berry then mounted his horse, and returned, with\nhis attendants, to Bourges,--and the duke of Burgundy, in like manner,\nto the camp.\nThe knights of the duke of Burgundy, on their return, said, that\nthose of the duke of Berry, in their common conversations, declared\nthemselves no way rebellious nor disaffected to the king; that their\nlord had been for some time very unwell, and unable to command them;\nthat had he been otherwise, he would not so long have left the death of\nhis nephew unpunished; that in regard to their having burnt, taken, and\ndestroyed several towns and castles, in different parts of the kingdom,\nsuch as St Denis and Roye, which they had plundered, they replied, that\nas their lords were of the blood-royal, they had a right to lead their\nmen at arms through any towns in the realm, on their personal wars, for\nthat they had very just cause for attacking the duke of Burgundy, and\nthat in so doing they committed no offence against the king; but, in\nregard to having refused to open the gates of the city of Bourges when\nthe king came in person before it, they confessed themselves guilty of\ncontempt, for which they humbly asked his pardon, as was stated in the\ntreaty, and offered him the keys of the town.\nOn the Wednesday following, the two dukes again met, with their\ncounsellors, at the barriers in front of the city-gate, and renewed\ntheir conference. When it was concluded, they drank wine together, and\nseparated very joyfully. On the next day, all the nobles and knights\nof the army assembled before the tent of the duke of Acquitaine, who\nappeared in state as the representative of the king. He was attended by\nthe dukes of Bar and Lorraine, and many others of high rank.\nThe chancellor of Acquitaine, sir John de Neelle, knight and licentiate\nof law, and of great eloquence, then recited most notably all the\ndifferent acts of rebellion committed by John de Berry, Charles\nd'Orleans, John de Bourbon, John d'Alen\u00e7on, Bernard d'Armagnac and\nCharles d'Albreth, and their adherents, declaring their alliance\nwith the king of England, the king's adversary, and detailing all\nthe destruction they had brought on the kingdom,--concluding a long\nspeech by demanding, by orders of the king and of his son the duke of\nAcquitaine, that every person should now promptly deliver his opinion,\nwhether there should be peace or war.\nMany replied, that it were better peace should be made with the above\nlords, and that they should be reinstated in the king's favour, than\notherwise, provided the peace were a solid one; but others were of\na contrary opinion,--and thus ended this meeting, which caused much\nmurmuring. It is true, that at this time the heat of the weather was\nexcessive, and great sickness prevailed in the army, insomuch that very\nmany, hearing daily of the deaths of their companions, departed without\ntaking leave. There was a great mortality among the horses, and the\nstench of their carcases much infected the camp.\nCHAP. XI.\nTHE PRINCES AND LORDS WITHIN THE CITY OF BOURGES WAIT ON THE KING AND\nTHE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE, AND AFTERWARD AT AUXERRE.\nOn Friday the 15th day of July, when all things had been settled, the\ndukes of Berry and of Bourbon, the lord d'Albreth, the count d'Eu[11],\nthe lord John de Bar, brother to the duke of Bar, accompanied by many\nknights and esquires bearing their banners, came forth of the city\ntoward the king's army, and entered the tent of the duke of Acquitaine,\nwho was surrounded by many nobles, such as the dukes of Burgundy and\nBar, and other knights and esquires, the king being afflicted with his\nusual disorder.\nAfter the treaty had been read and agreed to, each kissed the other;\nbut when the duke of Berry kissed his nephew the duke of Acquitaine,\ntears ran down his cheeks. This treaty contained, among other articles,\nthat the treaty which had been concluded at Chartres by the king\nand his council, between Charles duke of Orleans and his brothers,\nrespecting the death of their late father, Louis duke of Orleans, on\nthe one part, and John duke of Burgundy on the other, for being an\naccomplice in the aforesaid death, should be kept inviolable for ever;\nand that the marriage formerly proposed between one of the brothers of\nthe Orleans family and a daughter of the duke of Burgundy should take\neffect.\nThe other articles declared, that the duke of Berry and the lords of\nhis party should surrender to the obedience of the king all such towns\nand castles as the king might demand; and the duke entreated, that the\nking would excuse and pardon him for not having before submitted to his\nobedience the city of Bourges.\nAnd also, that the aforesaid lords would renounce all confederations\nwhich had been made between them, as well as all foreign alliances\nagainst the duke of Burgundy, who in like manner was to renounce the\nalliances he might have formed against them.\nThat the king would restore to them, fully and completely, all their\ntowns, castles and forts which he might have taken, excepting such as\nhad been demolished or razed, which were to remain in their present\nstate. The articles also declared, that the officers of the aforesaid\nlords who had been deprived of their places should be reinstated.\nWhen they had dined, the duke of Berry presented the keys of the\ncity of Bourges to the duke of Acquitaine, as the representative of\nthe king, and then returned thither with his companions. The duke of\nAcquitaine caused the peace to be proclaimed throughout the army and\ncountry in the king's name, acting as his lieutenant. By the same\nproclamation, it was most strictly ordered, that henceforth no one of\neither party should personally abuse another, either corporally or in\nhis fortune, nor use any opprobrious language, nor call any one by the\nnames of Armagnac or Burgundian.\nOn Saturday, the 16th day of the same month, king Louis of Sicily came\nfrom his possessions in Anjou and Maine, escorted by three thousand\ntwo hundred men at arms, knights and esquires, and accompanied by the\ncount de Penthievre with his Bretons, to assist the king in his siege\nof Bourges. The king of Sicily was very much rejoiced when he was\ninformed of the peace that had been concluded with the princes; and on\nthe morrow, attended by the duke of Bar and a number of other knights,\nhe went into the city, and was there magnificently entertained at\ndinner by the duke and duchess of Berry.\nThe other lords dined in the duke's palace, and were grandly and\nplentifully served: after dinner, they all returned to the camp. On the\nensuing Wednesday, the king of France decamped from before the town,\nhaving remained there, at this second siege, forty days, at an immense\nexpense, and with his whole army marched back, the way they had come,\nto la Charit\u00e9 sur Loire, where he was lodged. Thither came the dukes of\nBerry and of Bourbon, and the lord d'Albreth, with the commissioners\nfrom the duke of Orleans and his brothers, who, in the tent of the duke\nof Acquitaine, and in his presence and in that of the principal lords,\nmade oath on the holy evangelists punctually and faithfully to observe\nthe peace that had been concluded at Bourges. They promised to swear\nthe same in the presence of the king; and as the duke of Orleans and\nhis brothers were absent, they solemnly engaged that they would meet\nthe king, to take this oath personally before him, on any appointed\nday, at Auxerre: when this was done, they returned home. The peace was\nagain proclaimed by the king's orders; and all persons were strictly\nenjoined, whatever might be their rank, not to molest each other in\nbody or estate, and not to use any defamatory language, or call any one\nby the name of Armagnac.\nAfter this, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy, and\nBar, and all the princes, counts, barons and chivalry, departed. The\nking retained with him a great body of the captains of his army, and\ntheir men at arms, and gave permission for all the rest to return to\ntheir homes. He went thence to Auxerre, and was lodged in the episcopal\npalace: the king of Sicily and the duke of Acquitaine were quartered in\nthe town, and their men in the adjacent villages. The lord Gilles de\nBretagne, on his arrival at Auxerre, died of a dysentery.\nIn like manner, the count de Mortain, brother to the king of Navarre,\nlost his life either at Auxerre or at Sancerre from the same disorder.\nHis body was carried to Paris, and interred in the church of the\nCarthusians. Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, sir John de Guistelle, John d'Jequennie,\nand several others, died on their road home; and this disorder was so\nfatal that from one thousand to twelve hundred knights and esquires,\nnot including varlets, died of it, as it was reported to the lords in\nAuxerre.\nWhen the marshal de Boucicaut, the count de Foix and the lord de St\nGeorge, who were carrying on the war against the count d'Armagnac,\nheard that peace was concluded between the king and his enemies, they\ndisbanded their army, and gave permission for all to return home.\nDuring the time the king was at Auxerre, he had summoned the greater\npart of his nobles and prelates thither, as well as the chief citizens\nof the great towns, to witness the solemn swearing to the observance\nof the peace. But before they could arrive, other intelligence was\nbrought, which was far from being agreeable, namely, that the English\nwere at anchor, with their whole navy, before the town of la Hogue de\nSt Vas, in the country of Coutantin; that they had made a descent, and\nspread themselves over the adjacent countries, destroying or plundering\nevery thing they could find, and that their numbers amounted to about\neight thousand, of whom two thousand were men at arms, and the rest\narchers or infantry, and that they were under the command of the duke\nof Clarence, second son to the king of England.\nThese English had landed in consequence of the treaty between the dukes\nof Berry and Orleans and their allies, and the king of England, and\nwere on their march to assist in raising the siege of Bourges. The\ncounts of Alen\u00e7on and of Richemont went to meet them, and received them\nmost joyfully, although they had come too late to do them any effectual\nservice; but, notwithstanding this, they exerted themselves to the\nutmost to supply them with horses and provision.\nThis force was much increased by the junction of six hundred gascon\nhelmets that had likewise been subsidized by the confederates at\nBourges. When these forces were united, they overran the country, and\ncommitted great destruction.\nThe prisoners confined at Lille, as before mentioned, consisted of the\nlord de Hangest, formerly master of the cross-bows of France, sir\nLouis de Bourdon, sir Charles de Gerammes, Enguerrand des Fontaines,\nand some others. They were all set at liberty by the count de la\nMarche, on each paying a large ransom to the person who had made him\nprisoner; and in like manner were all others delivered, by exchange or\nby ransom.\nAbout the feast of the Assumption of our Lady, those who had been\nsummoned by the king of France arrived at Auxerre. In their number,\nthe Parisians came in great pomp; and the dukes of Berry and Bourbon,\nand the lord d'Albreth, also attended. The lord d'Albreth, soon after\nhis arrival, wished to resume the office of constable; but the count\nWaleran de St Pol would not suffer him, and exercised it himself. Many\nhigh words passed between them; and the lord d'Albreth, having taken\nthe oaths of peace, retired much displeased and indignant.\nOn the ensuing Monday, the duke of Orleans and his brother, the count\nde Vertus, came to Auxerre, escorted by about two thousand combatants.\nWhen all the lords were arrived, they assembled on an extensive plain\nwithout the city, near to a convent of nuns, where had been erected\na handsome scaffolding, richly adorned, on which was the duke of\nAcquitaine, as representative of his father, the king of Sicily, the\ndukes of Burgundy, of Bar, and others.\nThe duke of Burgundy and his party repeated the oaths they had before\ntaken, as also did the duke of Orleans and his friends; and the same\nproposal of marriage as had been made at Chartres was again solemnly\nagreed to take place, between the count de Vertus and a daughter of the\nduke of Burgundy, on the terms before mentioned.\nThe aforesaid lords then publicly renounced all confederations and\nalliances which they had formed with Henry king of England, with his\nsons, or with any others of the english nation, enemies to France, the\nduke of Burgundy having before declared that he had no connexion with\nthem,--and they agreed to write such letters to the king of England as\nthe king and his council should advise.\nThey also promised and swore to renew their oaths respecting the\nobservance of this peace in the king's presence, so soon as he should\nhave recovered his health,--for at that time he had had a relapse,--and\nto sign such papers as he would please, that they would never again\nform any confederations or alliances against each other; and that\nif either of them should attempt to infringe the articles of this\npeace, the others would unite against him or them to enforce their due\nobservance, and oblige them to listen to reason.\nAt this ceremony, by orders of the king, were some of the members of\nthe parliament, of the chamber of accounts, and of the university of\nParis, the provosts of Paris and of the merchants, the sheriffs and\nsome of the principal citizens, to many of whom this treaty was not\nvery agreeable.\nThere were also present, in consequence of the king's summons, very\nmany from Rouen, Caen, Amiens, Tournay, Laon, Rheims, Troyes, Langres,\nTours, and from the chief towns in the kingdom.\nWhen this solemnity was over, all the great lords went to dine with the\nduke of Acquitaine at his lodgings. At this entertainment, which was\nmost splendid and abundant, the duke of Burgundy served, and the counts\nde Nevers and de St Pol, assisted by other noble knights, carried the\ndishes. After they had dined, the company amused themselves by playing\nat divers games. These being ended, towards dusk all retired to their\nlodgings. On the morrow, and for several days following, they continued\nfeasting together, and, according to all outward appearances, were in\ngreat harmony with each other. Even the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy\nrode out together, both on the same horse, in company with other lords,\nand showed such mutual affection as is becoming brothers and near\nrelations. Nevertheless, some wicked tongues were not sparing of them\nbehind their backs, but loudly spoke their minds.\nWith regard to the people, they were in such crowds that it need not be\nasked if they were pleased,--for they continually shouted out, 'Gloria\nin excelsis Deo,' as if they wished to praise the gloriousness of the\nheavens. It indeed seemed to them a kind of miracle that such bitter\nhatred as had existed between these great lords should be so speedily\nappeased.\nWhen every thing was concluded, and because this epidemic disorder\nraged at Auxerre, the king and princes departed, and went by Sens\nto Melun, where great feasts and entertainments, with justings and\ndancings, were held by the queen and her court, for joy of the happy\nreconciliation that had taken place between the princes of the\nblood royal. In truth, while the king resided at Melun, he recovered\nhis health, and then, at the entreaties of the queen, his daughter,\nthe dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy, and of the king of Sicily, he\napproved of and ratified the treaty of peace that had been made. In\nconsequence, he delivered up all the castles, towns and lands, which\nhe had seized on account of the rebellion of his nephews and other\nlords, as well secular as ecclesiastic, and restored them to their free\npossession. Thus they re-entered their towns and castles, but without\nany restitution for the damages which had been done to them: several of\nthem had been nearly destroyed; and the vineyards, forests and other\nlands, had suffered greatly, with various mischiefs that had been done\nto the farms. That this peace might be publicly known, and that no one\nmight plead ignorance, but that it should remain for ever inviolate,\nthe king issued the following edict.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Charles d'Artois, count of Eu, son to the constable d'Eu\n(who died in Turkey 1397) and to Mary daughter of the duke of Berry. He\nmarried twice, but had no issue, and in him ended the royal branch of\nArtois, commencing in Robert the good count d'Artois, who was killed in\nEgypt in the year 1250, when accompanying his brother St Louis.]\nCHAP. XII.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE ORDERS HIS EDICT RESPECTING THE PEACE TO BE SENT TO\nHIS DIFFERENT OFFICERS FOR PROCLAMATION IN THE USUAL PLACES,--AND OTHER\nMATTERS.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.--Among the heavy and continued\nanxieties which we always feel for the preservation of our crown and\nkingdom, the warmest wish we have is to nourish love and affection\namong our subjects, and to guard them from all oppressions and other\ninconveniences which are consequent on civil commotions, that they\nmay live under us in perfect tranquillity. Whereas many very serious\ndiscords and divisions have arisen within our realm between several\nof the princes of our royal blood, their adherents and allies, which\nhave caused great mischiefs to ensue, to the detriment of our faithful\nsubjects; and others still more disastrous might have followed, had we\nnot provided a sufficient remedy. These discords have occasioned to us\nthe utmost grief of heart; and for this reason we make known to thee,\nthat, through the grace of the sovereign King of kings, our Creator and\nSaviour, and the Giver of all peace; and through the diligent exertions\nof our very dear and well-beloved son the duke of Acquitaine, dauphin\nof Vienne, and others who have laboured with him, we have concluded\na sound peace with the aforesaid princes, our kindred, and their\nconfederates, in the manner and form expressed In the treaty drawn up\nfor this purpose.\n'By this treaty all rancour and malevolence between one party and\nanother are extinguished, and the princes aforesaid have solemnly\nsworn on the holy evangelists, in the presence of our very dear son,\nmany prelates and other persons, that they will strictly observe every\narticle of it, and no way infringe it, according to the oaths which\nthey had before taken on a similar occasion.\n'For this reason, we therefore enjoin, and most strictly command, thee\nto proclaim this peace in all the squares and public places of Amiens,\nby sound of trumpet, and then to make proclamation of the same in all\nthe villages and other places within thy bailiwick, particularly\nordering all our subjects most faithfully to keep this peace, under\npain of our highest displeasure, and of being criminally guilty towards\nour royal person, forbidding any person, whatever may be their rank, in\nour name, in any wise to offend against any of its articles, on pain of\nbeing corporally punished, with confiscation of property.\n'We, moreover, enjoin thee, that thou do punish most severely and\npublicly, according to the exigency of the case, any who shall be found\nviolating this peace in any degree whatever, either by word or deed,\nwho may be regularly accused before thee, so that it may serve as an\nexample to all others.\n'Given at Melun, in the year of Grace 1412, and in the 32d of our\nreign.'--Signed by the king from the report made to him by the council\nheld by my lords the dukes of Acquitaine, Berry, Burgundy, Orleans and\nBourbon, the counts of Vertus and Alen\u00e7on, and John de Bar, with others\npresent at it. Countersigned, 'Emau, inspector.'\nThe English, during this time, had advanced, from the Coutantin, into\nthe countries of Maine and Touraine, despoiling the districts they\nmarched through with fire and sword. A grand council was held on this\nsubject at Melun, presided by the duke of Acquitaine as the king's\n_locum tenens_, and at which were present the king of Sicily, the dukes\nof Berry, Burgundy, Orleans and Bourbon, the count de Vertus, the\nchancellors of France, Acquitaine, and of Orleans, the lords de Torsy,\nd'Offemont, with others, the provost of the merchants, the sheriffs\nand council of Paris,--when it was ordered, that all persons capable\nof bearing arms, noble or not, should assemble, properly equipped at\nChartres, on the 8th day of October ensuing; at which time and place,\nthey should receive pay for the defence of the realm, and to drive the\nancient enemies of France out of the kingdom. This edict was copied,\nand sent to the principal seneschalships and bailiwicks of France\nsealed with the royal seal, by the aforesaid princes, that a sufficient\nforce might be provided against the 8th day of October.\nThe Parisians, as being more nearly affected, hastened to raise their\nlevies of men at arms and archers at Paris or at Melun,--and others in\nthe adjacent countries. Every one, on the receipt of the king's edict,\nassembled his quota. Had the duke of Berry and those of his party\nkept the engagements they had made with the English, and paid them the\nlarge sum of two hundred thousand crowns, according to their promises,\nthey were ready to return to England, either through Acquitaine or\nBourdeaux; but from the melancholy state of the country, they were\nunable to raise this sum by any means they could offer,--and thus\ntheir terms not being fulfilled, the English thought they might pay\nthemselves.\nThe king of Sicily returned, however, to Anjou, to raise men for the\ndefence of his territories, whither the English were fast advancing.\nIn these days, the duke of Acquitaine reinstated the eldest son of the\nlate grand master Montagu in his office of chamberlain, and obtained,\nthrough his entreaties with the king, that all his estates should be\nrestored, which ought to have descended to him by right of inheritance,\nso that, with the exception of some trifling confiscations, he regained\nall the patrimony he would have inherited from his father and mother.\nHe obtained likewise the head of his father; and one evening, about\nvespers, the provost of Paris, with his executioner, attended by\ntwelve guards, or thereabout, holding lighted torches and carrying\na ladder, followed by a priest dressed in his robes, came to the\nmarket-place, when the executioner mounted the ladder to where the\nhead of the late grand master had been fixed to the end of a lance,\nand, taking it off, delivered it to the priest, who received it in a\nhandsome napkin. Thus wrapped up, he placed it on his shoulder, and\ncarried it, attended by these lighted torches, to the h\u00f4tel of the late\nMontagu, grand master of the king's household.\nThe body was in like manner taken down from the gibbet at Montfaucon,\nin the presence of the provost, by his hangman, and brought to Paris.\nIt was there joined to the head, placed in a handsome coffin, and\ncarried in great state, attended by his children, and a numerous party\nof friends, with priests chaunting, and a vast number of lighted\ntorches, to the church of the Celestins at Marcoussy, which he had\nfounded and endowed in his lifetime and made a convent of monks, and\nthere honourably interred. Among other gifts which he had made when\nalive was the great bell, called St Catherine, to the church of N\u00f4tre\nDame at Paris, as appears from his arms and crest that are upon it.\nCHAP. XIII.\nTHE WAR CONTINUES IN THE BOULONOIS.--THE KING RETURNS TO PARIS.--THE\nDUKE OF ORLEANS SATISFIES THE ENGLISH,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nDuring this time, king Henry of England sent the earls of Warwick and\nKyme, with two thousand combatants, to Calais, whence, with other\ngarrisons, they invaded the Boulonois, and did much mischief. They\nburnt the town of Saumer-au-Bois, took by storm the fort of Ruissault,\npillaging, robbing, and setting fire to every place they came to.\nTo oppose them, the king ordered to St Omer count Waleran his\nconstable, the lord de Rambures, master of the cross-bows, and the lord\nde Heilly, with a large body of men at arms, who were posted in the\nvarious garrisons,--and thus was the country harrassed on all sides.\nAt this period, the king of France returned to Paris, and was lodged\nin his h\u00f4tel of Saint Pol, to the great joy of the Parisians, who\nsang carols in all the streets, lighted bonfires, and had great\nilluminations, shouting out all night, 'God save the king!' There were,\nlikewise, very magnificent feasts and other entertainments. The king\nwas attended, on his entry into Paris, by the dukes of Acquitaine,\nBurgundy, Bourbon, and the count de Vertus. The queen, with the dukes\nof Berry and Orleans, had remained at the castle of Vincennes, and\nthence, on the Sunday following, made her entry into Paris, and was\nlodged with the king at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol. The duke of Orleans had\naccompanied her part of the way; but, when he approached Paris, he\nseparated from her, and took the road for his county of Beaumont. The\nduke of Berry staid at Vincennes.\nAlthough the town of Chauny had been surrendered to the king in\nperpetuity, he restored it to the duke of Orleans, and, at the same\ntime, granted him permission to raise from his vassals the sum of sixty\nthousand florins of gold, by way of tax, for his own private use. But\nhe could never succeed in the attempts which he made to regain his two\ncastles of Coucy and Pierrefons. When he had been at Beaumont a few\ndays, he departed, and went to meet the English under the command of\nthe duke of Clarence, who had landed, as has been said, at his request,\nand satisfied him fully, as to the pay of his men, so far as was in\nhis power; but as he could not then advance the whole that was due for\ntheir pay, the duke of Orleans gave, as a pledge for the due fulfilment\nof his engagement, his youngest brother, the count of Angoul\u00eame, with\nmany other gentlemen, namely, sir Marcel le Borgne, Jean de Saveuses,\nArchambault de Villiers, Guillaume le Boutillier, Jean David, and\nothers of his dependants. They were all carried away by the duke of\nClarence, who retired with his English to Guienne.\nThe count of Angoul\u00eame was pledged for the sum of two hundred and nine\nthousand francs french money. When the duke of Orleans had concluded\nthis, he returned to Blois; but these bondsmen remained in England a\nlong time, as shall be told hereafter. The duke of Orleans sent some\nof his most able knights to prevail on the king to restore to him his\ncastles of Coucy and Pierrefons, which were held by the constable; but\nalthough the king granted his letters for the surrender of them, the\nconstable refused to obey, giving for answer, that until he should be\nrepaid the money he had advanced to his men at arms for the conquest\nof them, he would retain them,--adding, that the king had made him a\npromise of them, and had nominated sir Gerard de Herbannes governor\nof Coucy, and of Pierrefons sir Collard de Fiennes. The castle of\nPierrefons, which was a very strong and handsome edifice, was one night\nburnt to the ground, to the great displeasure of the duke,--but as he\ncould not obtain any redress, he was forced to endure it.\nThe duke of Burgundy, who resided at Paris, to be near the king, about\nthis time caused sir Bourdin de Salligny to be arrested, and carried\nprisoner to Flanders, where he was confined some time, and then set at\nliberty. Sir Bourdin had been the particular and confidential friend\nof the duke; and it was reported, that he was inclined to change sides\nand turn to that of Orleans, and had even betrayed some of the duke's\nsecrets.\nIn these days also, some very sharp words passed between the bastard\nof Bourbon and a butcher of Paris, called Denisot de Chaumont, when\nthe bastard said to him, 'Peace! hold thy tongue: I shall find thee\nagain another time.' Shortly after, Denisot, who had great weight among\nhis brethren of the trade, collected a large body, and, with other\nParisians, they barricaded the streets with chains,--but they were at\nlength appeased by the duke of Burgundy.\nJohn duke of Bourbon, the count d'Armagnac and the lord d'Albreth\nwere ordered by the king and council into Languedoc, to oppose the\nenterprises of the duke of Clarence and the English, who had fixed\ntheir quarters in Acquitaine, and sorely oppressed all who defended the\nfrench interest on the frontiers.\nCHAP. XIV.\nTHE DUKE OF BERRY IS DANGEROUSLY ILL.--HE IS VISITED BY HIS DAUGHTER\nTHE DUCHESS OF BOURBON, AND BY THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--NOTICE OF OTHER\nMATTERS.\nThe duke of Berry, who had come to Paris to attend the king his nephew,\nand a grand council about to be holden, was taken dangerously ill at\nhis h\u00f4tel of Neele; but by the care and affection of his daughter the\nduchess of Bourbon, who, on hearing of his illness, had come to see\nhim, and by her nursing, he was soon restored to health. He was also\nvery frequently visited by his nephew the duke of Burgundy.\nWhile the duchess of Bourbon was at Paris, she obtained from the king,\nand from the dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy, that the body of Binet\nd'Espineuse, formerly the knight of her lord the duke of Bourbon,\nshould be taken down from the gibbet of Montfaucon, and his head from\nthe market-house, where it had been placed some time since by the\nking's officers of justice. She had it escorted by many of his friends\nto the town of Espineuse, in the county of Clermont, where it was\nhonourably interred.\nThe duke of Burgundy at this time had the sole government of the\nkingdom, for nothing was done but by his advice or that of his friends.\nNotwithstanding it had been promised at the peace of Auxerre, by the\nking and the princes of the blood, that every one, of whatever party\nhe might have been, should be reinstated in his property in such\noffices as had been held by them, very many could not profit of this\nroyal favour; for with all their diligence in suing for reinstatement,\nthey met with nothing but delays, more especially those who had been\nattached to the Orleans-party. This caused much silent bitterness and\ndiscontent; and both sides were busily employed underhand on the means\nof securing the support of the king and the duke of Acquitaine,--one\nparty making secret attempts to gain the former, the other the latter.\nThus, therefore, there was not any sincere love between them; and the\nwar was daily expected to recommence with greater fury than before, as\nshall be more fully explained.\nI shall hereafter, towards the end of this year 1412, lay before you\nall the letters and treaties that passed between king Henry of England\nand his children, and other princes, on the one part, and the dukes of\nBerry, Orleans, Bourbon, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, d'Armagnac, the lord\nd'Albreth, and their adherents, on the other part, and their mutual\nengagements to each other.\nCHAP. XV.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE HOLDS A GRAND ASSEMBLY AT PARIS ON THE REFORMATION\nOF ABUSES IN THE GOVERNMENT.--OTHER MATTERS.\nThe king of France, by the advice of the duke of Burgundy, summoned\nthe greater part of the princes, prelates, heads of universities,\nand principal citizens of the great towns, to Paris, to consider on\nseveral matters of great importance to the kingdom in general, and more\nespecially respecting the reformation of his ministers, who had for a\nlong time very ill governed the realm.\nWhen this assembly had held many consultations on the subjects laid\nbefore it, its members determined that the university of Paris should\nmake their report in the name of all,--which report was delivered to\nthe king, at his h\u00f4tel of St Pol, in manner following.\n'To our most high and most excellent prince, our sovereign lord and\nfather. Your most humble and devoted daughter the university of\nParis, your very submissive and obedient subjects the provost of the\nmerchants, the sheriffs and citizens of your good town of Paris, lay\nbefore you their opinions and advice, as required by you, for the\nwelfare and happiness of yourself and kingdom.\n'In the first place, respecting the peace that has been lately\nconcluded between certain princes of your royal blood, according to\nthe terms your majesty has been pleased to lay before us, we say, that\nall who have sworn solemnly to keep this peace, and have hitherto\nobserved it, ought to continue this same conduct, in pursuance of their\nintentions sworn to before God: but we think that you should summon\ncertain others of the lords of your blood, and of their principal\nservants, to swear personally before you to keep the peace; and that\nfor many reasons,--first, because they never yet have taken the said\noaths,--secondly, because many among them do not keep the peace.\n'It is a notorious fact, that although the English are in your kingdom,\nand in conjunction with other companies, as well natives as foreigners,\ndaily commit waste on the country, scarcely any attempts have been made\nto oppose their further progress, and petitions and clamours arise\nthroughout the realm.\n'Item, the count d'Armagnac, who is your subject, pays no regard to the\npeace; and, so far from observing it, is constantly making war on your\nmore faithful subjects.\n'Item, for the better observance of this peace, we recommend that\nyour majesty should cause letters to be drawn up, in which all the\narticles of the treaty shall be incorporated, and sent to the different\nofficers, or to whomsoever else you may please, with orders to make\nknown all transgressors of them, that they may be punished accordingly.\n'With regard to the second point on which you, our sovereign lord,\ndemand our advice, having fully considered all that concerns your own\nhonour and welfare, with every thing that may tend to the prosperity\nof the kingdom, we feel ourselves obliged to make known to you what we\nperceive to be defects in your government. We must begin by the bad\nadministration of the public finances, to which you, as king, ought\nto have caused more faithful attention to be paid. We recommend, in\nthe first place, that the revenues of the royal demesne be divided\ninto four parts: one to be distributed in alms, another to defray the\nexpenses of your majesty, those of the queen, the duke of Acquitaine,\nand your household; another to pay the salaries of your officers and\nservants; another to be applied to the repairs of bridges, roads,\nmills, castles, causeways, or other public works,--and the overplus to\nbe paid into the king's treasury, as was formerly done.\n'Item, it clearly appears, that the finances are not at this present\ntime so regulated, which, is the fault of your treasurers, who have the\nadministration of them. The religious of both sexes, as well belonging\nto convents as to hospitals, are frequently forced to expend their own\nmoney on the repairs of their churches, without deriving any assistance\nfrom the royal treasury, to their great detriment, to the loss of their\npersonal comforts, the ruin of the churches, and the failure of divine\nservice, to the prejudice of the souls of your predecessors, and to the\noppression of your own conscience.\n'In regard to alms, it is well known that scarcely any thing is\npaid; and as to the expenses of yourself, the queen, and the duke of\nAcquitaine, which are regulated by sir Pierre de Fontenay, and paid\nby Raymond Ragnier and Jean Pie, clerks of the exchequer, they are\nfound to amount to four hundred and fifty thousand francs, as well\nreceived from the royal demesnes as from other sources; whereas in\nformer times only ninety-two thousand francs were received for this\npurpose, and your predecessors kept up a royal state, and the tradesmen\nwere regularly paid, notwithstanding the smallness of the sum: but at\npresent this is far from being the case, for the tradesmen are not\nonly unpaid, but your household and those of the queen and the duke of\nAcquitaine are frequently broken up.\n'Even so lately as Thursday last, this disgrace happened to the\nhousehold of the queen,--whence it appears, that these sums are not\nemployed for your expenses, but wasted at the will of your ministers,\nand among their favourites, as we shall more fully explain at a proper\ntime and place.\n'In former days, the sum raised for the expenses of the queen's\nhousehold was but thirty-six thousand francs; but at present, one\nhundred and forty thousand are raised on this account, from taxes\nindependant of the revenues of her demesnes. This difference proceeds\nfrom the fault of the administrators of this department, the principal\nof whom is Raymond Ragnier, the treasurer; and he has so managed\nthis money destined for the use of the queen that he has purchased\nlarge estates, and built fine houses, as may be seen both in town and\ncountry. The management of this part of the finances should be examined\ninto; for beside the regular receipt, other sums are demanded by way of\nextraordinaries.\n'Item, there are also great abuses in the offices of the master of\nyour wardrobe, and of the treasury; for those who have the direction\nreceive very large sums of money, and dispose of them otherwise than in\nthe payment of your debts or to your advantage: the salaries of your\nofficers and servants are consequently in arrear, and those who have\nsupplied your table with provision and wine cannot get their money.\nOf course, these sums must be applied to their own use, as is very\napparent from the great state they live in, from the number of their\nhorses and other luxuries,--as in the instance of Raymond Ragnier, who,\nin purchasing and building, has expended, as it is said, upward of\nthirty thousand francs.\n'Charlot Poupart, master of the wardrobe, and master William Bud\u00e9,\nstorekeeper, have also made great acquisitions of property, and live\nat an immense expense, which cannot be done from the salaries of their\noffice, nor from their estates before they had these offices given to\nthem.\n'There are likewise great defects in the management of your stables,\nwhich is an office of very great receipt, and the prodigious sums that\nare there expended are not for your honour nor profit.\n'Item, in regard to the salaries of the officers of your household,\nthey are very ill paid at the treasury; nor are their payments any way\nregular, so that they suffer very great poverty, and are unable to\nappear before you so decently dressed as they would wish. There are,\nhowever, some favourites among them that are very well paid.\n'With respect to the repairs of your castles, mills and other public\nworks, they are all going to ruin; and as for the overplus that should\nremain to be paid into your private treasury, there is not at this\nmoment one penny,--although in the days of king Philip, king John, and\nking Charles, when the receipt was not any thing like what it is now,\nthere were savings, but the treasury was then far better managed.\n'We must likewise observe, that this kind of management of the finances\nhas been continued for nearly thirty years,--and that those who have\nhad the administration of them have no way attended to your honour or\nprofit, or to the good of the kingdom, but solely to their own private\nemolument.\n'It therefore befits your said daughter the university of Paris to\nlay before you the following facts, that a better administration\nof your finances may be adopted. In the first place, you have too\nmany treasurers, who have increased since the time before mentioned,\nfrom the additional business in the office; and several have forced\nthemselves into it, who before the expiration of the year have been\nremoved to make way for others of more popularity in the country. God\nknows, they would not be so eager to be admitted into this office, were\nit not for the plundering daily going on there; and if a treasurer do\nnot yearly gain from four to five thousand francs, he thinks he is\nbadly off. Where formerly there were but two treasurers, there are now\nfive or six from the great increase of business, and at times there are\nsix or seven. Thus, it is clear as the day, that you lose every year\nfrom sixteen to twenty thousand francs, from the bad conduct of your\ntreasurers. When they are admitted to their office, they pay not any\nattention to the discharge of the necessary disbursements, nor to the\noaths they took on admission, but solely to the enormous grants that\nhave been surreptitiously obtained, which are paid from their general\nreceipt.\n'In regard to the other offices where the net receipt is paid, it\npasses through so many hands that immense fortunes are made from the\nexorbitant fees claimed by the treasurers: these are Andrieu Guiffart,\nBurel Dampmartin, Regnier de Bouligney, Jean Guerin, and the director\nNicolle Bonet, who was clerk to his predecessor in office, Jean Chayf,\nand the clerk master Guy Bouchier, who are all of them useless and\nguilty of mismanagement, except Jean Guerin, who has but lately come\ninto the office, and has not as yet misbehaved himself.\n'Andrieu Guiffart is particularly culpable for having wasted all the\npatrimony he had received from his father. He was appointed, through\nthe influence of the provost of Paris, (who is his cousin by the\nmother's side) to one of the treasurerships, where he has amassed such\nsums of money that he wears nothing but sapphires, rubies, and other\nprecious diamonds, with the most costly dresses, and rides the best of\nhorses. He lives in the utmost state with his side-boards covered with\nplate of every description for ornament and use.\n'Item, formerly it was not necessary to have a treasurer for the\ncriminal prosecutions, but only an occasional counsellor; but now there\nare four counsellors, who receive very large sums to your prejudice.\n'In regard to the administration of those taxes called Aides, there\nare officers appointed for that purpose called Generals, through whose\nhands pass all that is ordered for the carrying on the wars, amounting,\none year with another, to twelve thousand francs. The aforesaid\ntreasurers, by the connivance of these generals, manage the finances\nvery badly; for they commonly obtain their places through the influence\nof friends, to whom the generals make great gifts, to your loss. The\nsalaries of these generals amount to from two to four thousand francs\nyearly each; and if a general remain in office for two years, he will\nacquire from nine to ten thousand francs, or some such great sum, by\nprivate gifts, and which are sometimes levied on the properties of\ngreat lords without their knowledge: particulars of such conduct, and\nfalse certificates, were discovered during the late inquiries for the\nreformation of abuses.\n'There is also another office, wrongfully called the Treasury of\nSavings, under the government of Anthony des Essars, for which the\nsum of about one hundred and twenty thousand francs is taken from the\ntaxes. In former times, this chest for savings was kept under two\nlocks, of which you had one key, to take from it any sum that should\nbe wanting for yourself or your kingdom. Those, however, who now have\nthe management of it have so acted that there is not one penny in\nthe chest, nor is it known who in the world has been bettered by it,\nexcepting the administrators, with the consent of those they found\nin the office, by drawing out false statements of expenses, to your\nprejudice.\n'Item, this aforesaid Anthony has the keeping of your wardrobe and\njewels, and is so negligent that whatever may be wanting for your\ndress is bought from day to day, of which he alone is culpable.\n'Item, after this comes another office, called the Cofferers, held by\nMaurice de Rully, who, in general, receives daily ten golden crowns,\nwhich he ought to deliver into your hands to spend according to your\npleasure; but the coffers are empty, for he has dissipated their\ncontents,--and under shadow of this office, immense sums have been\nwasted, as shall be spoken of in proper time and place.\n'The manner in which you, the queen and the duke of Acquitaine, are\npillaged, is easily shown; for when you have need of a speedy sum of\nmoney for the war, or for any other urgent necessity, application\nmust be made to certain money-lenders, who, for usury, make a traffic\nof money, and supply your wants on having your plate and jewels in\npawn, and at an exorbitant loss in the interest paid for these loans,\ninsomuch that what may be worth ten thousand francs costs you fifteen\nor sixteen; and thus your losses are annually very great from these\nusurious practices and pretended exchanges. You may readily suppose\nthat your officers must be accomplices in this traffic, and that this\nalone will occasion such an empty treasury. Your inferior servants are\nmuch distressed and ill treated; and in this manner are not only your\nown affairs but those of the princes of your blood managed, without any\nexception.\n'Item, it is proper that you should be made acquainted with the tricks\nand deceit of those officers called Generals, in the receipt of your\nfinances. When any receiver shall have lent you a sum amounting to five\nor six thousand crowns over and above his receipt, he is dismissed from\nhis office, to prevent him from reimbursing himself, and another put in\nhis place, who will receive the whole of the taxes in that department.\nWhen, therefore, there shall be little or nothing to receive, he that\nwas dismissed will be replaced in his office, provided he has made\nsufficient presents to his superior officers. By this means, the\naforesaid receiver can neither be paid nor pay what he owes; and thus\nthey ride one on another, to the ruin of your finances,--and you drink\nyour wine sour.\n'Item, when there is an ambassador to be sent, or even a simple canon\nto be dispatched to a foreign country, money for their expenses must be\nborrowed from usurers; and it frequently happens that the aforesaid\nambassador cannot depart for want of money, which renders the embassy\nuseless, and the kingdom suffers greatly from it.\n'Item, it is also necessary that you should know what is become of all\nthe money that for these last two years has been raised, as well from\nthe domains of the crown as from the very numerous and heavy taxes and\nimpositions of all sorts, of which the provost of Paris has, as is\nnotorious, taken on himself the management, and styled himself Director\nand General Superintendant of the Finances.\n'Item, it should likewise be remembered, that other great officers,\nas well as the provost, have held many offices of importance, which\nthey have sold, and pocketed the amount, to your great disadvantage\nand contrary to your royal edicts, and also to the prejudice of the\nkingdom,--for, by this system, ignorant and improper persons are put\ninto the said offices.\n'Item, the provost of Paris, who had held for some time the office of\ngrand master of waters and forests, has now resigned it to the lord de\nJury, for which six thousand francs have been levied. But beside the\nprovostship of Paris, he holds the government of the town of Cherbourg\nand its dependancies, which brings him an annual rent of six thousand\nfrancs, with the government of Nemours, amounting to two thousand\nmore. Your income is also ruined by another mode, namely, by the\nimmense number of receivers, treasurers, clerks, comptrollers and other\nofficers, who swallow enormous sums by way of fees, over and above\nthe regular fees of office, of which the provost and his dependants\nhave the greater share, and which they regard as their own personal\nproperty, to your great loss, and to the delay of payments to many of\nyour faithful servants, knights, and counsellors of state. It is daily\nwitnessed, that when a young man has been appointed to any of the above\noffices, however poor his situation may have been before, or how little\nversed he may be in the management of public affairs, he soon becomes\nrich, keeps a grand establishment, and purchases large estates and\nmanors, all at your expense.\n'There are great frauds committed by your treasurers of the war\ndepartment, who are accustomed to take from your knights and esquires\nblank receipts sealed by them, of which they make a very bad use,\nas they know to their cost: but they can more fully inform you on\nthis head than we can. It is melancholy to hear their complaints of\nthe delays in the payment of their salaries, which are always much\ncurtailed, at least to the greater part of them. It is consequently now\nbecome a rule among your men at arms, when their salary is in arrear,\nto pay themselves from the countries they are quartered in, saying,\nthat, since they cannot obtain their pay, they must live by their\nservice.\n'Item, whenever these directors or superintendants of your finances are\ncalled upon, they make answer, that they are ready to produce their\naccounts, as if that were sufficient, and even go so far as to desire\ncommissioners may be appointed to inspect and examine them; but, under\ncorrection, this answer is futile,--and if the real culprits are to be\ndiscovered, let their original state, and what substance they possessed\nbefore they entered into office, be inquired into,--what the amount\nof their salaries and fees, how much their reasonable expenditure,\nand then what is their present income, what estates they possess, and\nwhat buildings they have erected. It is notorious, that the superior\nofficers are rich and magnificent, but that they were indigent before\ntheir appointments to office, and that some of them have purchased\nhouses of great value, namely, master Jean Chastegnier, Guillaume\nLuce, and Nicaise Bouses. To say the truth, every loyal subject must\nbe astonished and grieved at heart when he witnesses such management,\nthat you, their lawful prince and sovereign, should be thus robbed, and\nthat all your finances should be lodged in such beggarly purses, by the\naforesaid, whose purses are swollen out, and by those who have preceded\nthem, without any regard to your own wants, or to those of the state.\n'Item, since mention has been made of the grand state in which many\nlive, it seems to your daughter, that such a style of living is too\ngenerally adopted throughout your kingdom; and she fears, from the\nevils that daily result from it, lest God may be angered against his\npeople.\n'Item, in regard to the great councils, they are not held in the\nmanner they ought to be; for generally almost every one is admitted,\nwhereas none but wise and discreet men, such as knights and clerks,\nshould be suffered to enter, to a competent number receiving pay and\nsalaries from you, and from none other,--and these should always\nhave an attentive eye to your personal profit and honour, and to\nthe strengthening of your crown and kingdom. It frequently happens,\nfrom the numbers admitted, that business of every sort is neglected\nor delayed, and that when any good resolution has been made, as now\nand then will be the case, it remains unexecuted, However nearly it\nmay affect your interests.--Foreign ambassadors should have their\nnegotiations terminated, and our own should be dispatched; and whenever\nany thing conclusive has, by mature deliberation, been settled, it\nought not to be broken off by a few persons afterward, as has often\nhappened.\n'Item, it is very distressing to hear such loud complaints of the\ndebility of your government in protracting business. We even see the\nlord de Mouberon, the viscount de Murat, and those of la Rochelle,\ncomplaining of the delays of your council, although they are employed\nfor the service of your kingdom, and declaring, that if more energy is\nnot exerted, they must necessarily make peace with your enemies,--and\nthus you may lose many of your faithful vassals.\n'In regard to the administration of justice in the realm, your court of\nparliament, which is the most eminent, is not governed as it is wont\nto have been. Formerly it was composed of excellent lawyers, as well\nsecular as ecclesiastical, of a mature age and learned in the laws; and\nfrom its great fame for learning and justice, without partiality to any\none, was resorted to, not only by Christians of all nations, but even\nby Saracens, who have applied to it for judgment.\n'For some short time past, through favour of friends, relations, or\nother means, many young men have been admitted who are ignorant of\nthe laws and unworthy of such honour, by which the authority and fair\nreputation of this court is greatly lessened. There are also other\ninconveniences attending these indiscriminate admissions: for instance,\nthere are in this court many sons, brothers, nephews and relations\nsitting together, and many others who are lineally connected, as\nis the case with the family of the first president,--and from this\ncircumstance great injustice may ensue in the decisions of the court.\n'Item, there are now before the parliament several causes between poor\npersons, that are, as it were, dead; for the members do not use such\nexpedition in deciding upon them as they in reason should.\n'Item, respecting the chamber of accounts, nothing is done, for all\ncauses are there buried; for although some new members have been\nlately admitted, no progress seems to be made. Among the new ones is\nAlexander Boursier, who has several times been receiver-general of\ntaxes, and whose accounts are said not yet to have been closed. You\nmay, consequently, be a great loser in this business; for he who ought\nto be narrowly examined himself, is appointed to examine and reduce the\naccounts of others.\n'Item, the better to effectuate his own business, this Alexander has\nso well practised that he has got Jean Vautier, who was his clerk,\nappointed to succeed him in the office of receiver-general; and\nnotwithstanding the royal ordinances, and the oaths which receivers,\nand other officers in the receipt of taxes, take on entering their\noffices, to make the proper payments in regard to alms, they avoid, as\nit is said, by dissimulation and fraud, these distributions of alms,\nand frequently infringe the aforesaid ordinances.\n'Item, respecting the administering of justice on those guilty of\ncrimes against the revenue laws, it appears to us that the great\nmultiplicity of officers is useless in this general dissipation of the\nsubstance of the kingdom, as well as the numbers of inferior officers,\nwho, from their salaries and the presents they receive, devour the\nwealth of the country; for the greater part of these aforesaid officers\nare intruded on this court by the influence of friends.\n'We must also notice the many presidents of the criminal court.\nDuring the reign of king Charles, there was but one, or two at the\nutmost,--whereas at present there are seven, who receive each annually\none hundred livres, not including the notaries. Were we to enter\ninto any detail respecting the masters of requests of the king's\nhousehold, God knows how far it would lead us. In former times,\nancient men, experienced in the laws and customs of the realm, were\nappointed to such places, who replied to all the petitions presented\nto them, and signed such as they judged expedient, so that the matter\nwas speedily decided in chancery; but now raw and inexperienced\nyouths are appointed, who expedite nothing but by orders from the\nchancellor,--and this occasions supernumerary officers to be named, to\nsupply their defects, whose pay is very great, and of course to your\nloss.\n'Item, in respect to your chancery, it is well known, that your\nchancellor of France undergoes great labour, and is very deserving\nof a large salary, but without prejudice to your realm. Although his\nsalary should not amount to more than two thousand livres parisis, he\nhas nevertheless, for these last twenty years, taken, besides these two\nthousand livres and the gift of two thousand livres for the profits\nof the great seal, fines on remissions and registerings, of twenty\nsols parisis, which in the course of a year amount to a very large\nsum of money. He has also received other two thousand francs from the\ntaxes levied for the support of the war. Item, he receives annually\nfor his robes two hundred francs; and also from the treasury, for the\nuse of his chancery, five or six hundred livres parisis. He receives\nlikewise, in addition to the above gifts, to a very large amount, on\nthe different taxes and impositions. He has likewise signed and sealed\nwith too great facility letters patent for large sums, without making\nany opposition: the particulars of them may be found in the accounts\nof Michel de Sabulon and Alexander Boursier, and in the accounts of\nseveral others, who have not failed to make advantage of them. To speak\nmore plainly in regard to this article, there will be found in the\nabove accounts grants, to the amount of six thousand francs, to private\npersons, sealed by the chancellor, although he well knew that this\nmoney was appropriated for carrying on the war.--These grants bring\nconsiderable emolument to the chancery, whose finances are managed by\nmaster Henry Machalie and master Buder, comptroller of the seal of\nchancery. They charge double fees on the king's dues, namely, those of\nnotary and secretary, and receive exorbitant salaries and presents; and\nin such wise is your chancery governed that no great profit comes to\nyou, although the emoluments of it are immense. In regard to the fees\nof notaries, as they connect themselves with whomever they please, we\nshall enter more fully into their detail when occasion offers.\n'Item, there are several offices in the kingdom which are incompatible,\nand yet are held by the same persons, who serve them by proxy, and thus\nin different ways pillage your subjects of their money. The debasement\nof your coin must not be forgotten,--and its weight and value have been\nlately so much diminished that a crown is now of less worth than two\nsols were formerly. The penny and twopenny pieces are scarcely worth as\nmany farthings, which is very prejudicial to your people; and thus the\ngood money is carried off,--for the Lombards in their exchanges collect\nall the good, and make payment in the new coin.\n'You ought to know by whose advice this debasement of the value of\nyour coin has been made, for it is commonly said to have been thus\nlowered in value by the provost of Paris, the provost of the merchants,\nand Michel Lallier, who have taken upon themselves the management of\nyour mint; and although they may have allowed you some profit on this\ndiminution of the coin, the loss that you and the queen will ultimately\nsuffer is incomparably greater, as you may learn from those who are\ncompetent to give you information.\n'Although your daughter and others of your subjects have now briefly\nlaid before you the guilt of the aforesaid, this is not enough, nor\nwill several days suffice, to enter into a full detail of all the\nwickedness and disgraceful conduct of your ministers and their\nadherents. Very many others, beside those we have named, are equally\nguilty, but we now pass them over, in the expectation of more amply\nspeaking of them hereafter, for the welfare of yourself and of your\nkingdom.\n'In regard to the aid, advice and support, most sovereign lord, which\nyou demand from your aforesaid daughter, and other loyal subjects,\nwhom you have summoned for the purpose, they pray to God that he would\nbe pleased, out of his grace, to comfort and advise you, for we are\nwilling to expose our lives and fortunes in your service and support:\nindeed, we are bounden so to do by the solemn resolutions entered into\nat our last congregation, feeling ourselves greatly obliged to your\nroyal majesty for the innumerable acts of kindness shown to us.\n'The first advice we shall give regards your finances, that they\nmay be put under a better administration as speedily as may be. We\ntherefore recommend it as expedient for you to shut the hands of all\nyour treasurers, directors and receivers, without any exception, and to\ndismiss them from their offices, taking, at the same time, possession\nof all their fortunes, moveable and immoveable, and having their\npersons secured, until they shall have rendered you a just account of\ntheir administration.\n'Item, we think it necessary that you should annul all assignments\nof grants and extraordinary pensions. We advise, that you instantly\ncommand, under pain of death and confiscation of goods, all receivers,\ntreasurers, and other officers in the country, as well of your domain\nas of other taxes, to bring you the whole sums they may have in their\nhands, and that they make no payment whatever, by way of assignation,\nto any one, however great his rank, excepting to such as yourself shall\nthen order; that, at the same time, they bring you their books, and all\npapers concerning their receipt, and that, on their arrival, they have\nno communication whatever with the aforesaid directors, under pain of\nthe above punishments.\n'Item, in order the more effectually to establish order in your\nfinances, seeing the great waste and misapplication of the large sums\nthat have been raised for your personal defence, and in support of the\nwar, you will order the whole of the receipt of taxes to be produced\nbefore you, as is your right, that henceforth they may be applied\naccording to the true intent of raising them, and as the urgency\nof events may require. When the great need of such an ordinance is\nconsidered, no one ought to be dissatisfied; and on this subject have\nthe goodness to keep in remembrance the prudent conduct of your father\nking Charles, whose soul may God receive! who nobly employed his taxes\nin driving the English out of his kingdom, and by this means made\nhimself master of fortresses that were not before under his subjection:\nhis officers and army were, at the same time, well paid; and there\nremained to him an overplus, which served him to purchase many precious\njewels.\n'Item, should these means not be sufficient for your immediate wants,\nit seems to us that as you have treasuries in different parts, you may\njustly take from them, for they are alike your own. There are also a\nnumber of very rich persons, to the number of sixteen hundred, who\ncan at any time be named to you: these ought to assist in the support\nof the poor,--for one third of them do not pay, one with another, one\nhundred francs, which certainly cannot oppress them; but repayments\nmay be made them when the treasury shall be better filled, according to\nthe most advised plan.\n'Item, we recommend that you nominate for receivers of your finances,\nas well from your demesne, as from the taxes, prudent persons, fearing\nGod, without avarice, and who were never employed in any such offices,\nwith reasonable salaries, but without any extraordinary presents, by\nwhom your finances will be distributed according to the wants of the\nstate, and the overplus paid into your private treasury. When such are\nappointed, all deputy-receivers, and tax-collectors, should be ordered\nto produce their papers and books to them.\n'Item, we recommend that all the schedules of the common expenses of\nyourself, the queen and the duke of Acquitaine, be carefully examined,\nso that the annual amount may be exactly known, which we believe does\nnot exceed two hundred thousand francs; for the treasurers do not\nreceive more than that sum from the demesne or taxes.\n'Item, in regard to the court of parliament, it is necessary that\nall inefficient members be dismissed, and replaced by others better\ninformed, who shall adhere to ancient usages. The presidents of\nfinances, of the civil and criminal courts, with the greffiers,\ntreasurers and clerks, must be handsomely provided for, but reduced to\na competent number.\n'Item, the chamber of accounts must undergo similar regulations; and\nthe members of it should consist of men of a prudent age, who may\ninform you of any mismanagement in the finance-department.\n'Item, in regard to the minor officers, and deputy-receivers of\nfinance, we think that if the whole of this business was put under the\nmanagement of the presidents, you would gain considerably, whereas\nthese minor officers swallow up great sums in salaries and fees.\n'Item, it appears to us that you ought to select certain wise men, that\nthey may be solely your council, in conjunction with the princes of\nyour blood, and that they may loyally advise you for the real good of\nyourself and state, having their attention directed to nothing else,\nand that, when so doing, they should be strenuously supported by you in\nsuch wise that whatever they may propose for the welfare of the state\nmay be instantly put into execution, without any opposition whatever.\nThey should take such oaths as are usually taken, or any more solemn\nones, such as you shall think proper.\n'Item, we recommend that the defence of the frontiers of Picardy,\nof Acquitaine, and of other parts, be sufficiently provided for,\nby allotting adequate sums of money for the payment of men at arms\nand repairs of castles, so that all danger of invasion, and other\ninconveniences, may be prevented.\n'Item, to check as much as possible the daily oppression of the lower\norders, by provosts and other inferior officers, it will be necessary\nto nominate honest and discreet persons, with moderate salaries, to\noverlook their conduct, and see that these men do not surcharge the\npoor by exorbitant fines.\n'Item, there are several other oppressive grievances that have lasted\nfor a considerable time, and which cannot be immediately remedied. Your\ndaughter and aforesaid dutiful subjects promise to apply themselves\ndiligently concerning them; and they most humbly and earnestly\nsupplicate you to reform the abuses they have stated to you, and\nmore especially those that relate to your treasury, which has been\nexceedingly wasted, and that without any cause. They also beg of\nyou to appoint a commission of the princes of your blood, with other\nwell-informed persons, no way connected or related to those who have\nhad the management of your finances, that they may reform and punish\nall who have been culpable, let their rank be what it may.\n'Item, we also entreat that you would order the prelates and chief\ncitizens in the different provinces, to impeach those who in their\ndistricts have been guilty of any peculations in your finances. All\nthese things, most redoubted lord, have your aforesaid daughter and\ndutiful subjects laid before you, as being anxiously interested in your\nhonour and welfare, and in the preservation of your crown and kingdom.\nYour aforesaid daughter has not done this through any expectation of\nworldly profit, but simply as her duty; for it is well known she has\nnot been accustomed to hold offices, nor to seek for such profits, but\nsolely to attend to her studies, and to remonstrate with you on what\ntouches your honour and welfare whenever the case may require it.\n'But although she has several times presented herself before you, to\nremonstrate on some of the before-mentioned grievances, no remedy has\nbeen hitherto applied, by which your kingdom is in the utmost possible\ndanger. Your faithful and loyal subjects again acquit themselves of\ntheir duty; and, that the reformation may now be entered upon in\nearnest, your aforesaid daughter requires the aid of your eldest son\nthe duke of Acquitaine, and of the duke of Burgundy, by whom a reform\nwas some time since begun, with heart and hand, without sparing any\none, with whom your daughter joined, considering such reformation was\nso much wanted.\n'However, from the great opposition made by those who were interested\nin checking it, no great progress was made, for they were afraid the\nconsequences would have been fatal to them. They urged every objection\nto it, as well as those now in power. We demand also the assistance of\nour much-honoured lords of Nevers, of Vertus, of Charolois, of Bar,\nand of Lorraine, of the constable and marshal of France, of the grand\nmaster of Rhodes, of the admiral, of the master of the cross-bows,\nand in general of all the chivalry and esquiredom in the realm, whose\npeculiar duty is to watch for the preservation of your crown, and also\nof your counsellors and all other your subjects, who, according to\ntheir several situations, may wish to acquit themselves toward your\nmajesty.\n'It has been publicly said by some, that your aforesaid daughter has\nmade this exposition to your majesty, through hatred to particular\npersons, and from the reports of five or six. May it please you to\nknow, that she has never been accustomed to gain information by such\nmeans, but has learnt the existence of the before-stated grievances\nfrom their public notoriety; and there is no man so ignorant as\nnot to be fully sensible of the truths we have asserted, and of\nthe culpability of those we have impeached. She has also received\ninformations from many who are attached to your person, who have not\nindeed been gainers by it; but in further regard to them, she will be\nsilent, unless you shall order otherwise in a private audience.\n'Your daughter, therefore, concludes by begging your majesty to pursue\ndiligently, and without delay, an examination and reform of the\nabove grievances, in which she will join without the least personal\ndisrespect to your royal person, otherwise your daughter would not\nacquit herself properly in regard to your royal majesty.'\nAfter this conclusion, the university demanded of the princes,\nprelates, and lords, then present, that they would avow that what they\nhad declared would be for the honour of the king and the welfare of\nthe kingdom, which they complied with; adding, that they were ready to\nassist in carrying the aforesaid reforms into execution to the utmost\nof their power.\nThe king's ministers, more especially those of the finances, were\nthunderstruck, and fearful of an immediate arrest. Among them, master\nHenry de Marle, chancellor of France, seeing that he was accused with\nthe others, found means of admission to the king, and by his fair\npromises, and by engaging to pay a very large sum of ready money within\na few days, he contrived to gain his favour.\nOn the following Saturday, the 2d day of March, Andrew Guiffart, one\nof the treasurers, was arrested and confined in the Ch\u00e2telet: his\nassociate, John Guerin, took refuge in a church,--and thither also fled\nsir Peter des Essars, provost of Paris, who lately had great command in\nthe expedition to Bourges. The duke of Burgundy had hitherto supported\nhim, but his affection was cooled, for the provost had lately shown\nhimself more attached to the party of Orleans.\nHaving formed the resolution of quitting Paris, sir Peter des Essars\nsent Thomelin de Brie with five other men at arms to gain possession\nof the bridge at Charenton, that his passage over it might be secured;\nbut they were made prisoners by the inhabitants of Charenton, who had\nreceived information of their coming, and carried back to the tower of\nthe Louvre, wherein they were confined. The provost, learning this,\ntook another road, and escaped to Cherbourg, of which place he was\nthe governor, and remained there for some time. Shortly afterward,\nBaudrin de la Heuse was appointed provost of Paris, for the king\nhad now relapsed into his former disorder. The duke of Acquitaine,\nhowever, took the whole government of the kingdom into his own hands;\nand many of the king's ministers, particularly those in the treasury,\nwere ordered to be put under arrest, until they should have rendered a\nfaithful account of all their receipts.\nCHAP. XVI.\nTHE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE IS DISPLEASED WITH HIS CHANCELLOR.--JEALOUSIES\nARISE AMONG THE GREAT LORDS,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nIn these days, at a full council, of which the duke of Acquitaine was\npresident, high words passed between the chancellor of France and the\nlord d'Ollehaing[12] chancellor of Acquitaine, insomuch that the latter\ntold the chancellor his words were not gospel; and the other madly\nreplied, that he lied in his throat.--Several other abusive expressions\nwere used by him, and so often that the chancellor of France said,\n'You abuse me, who am chancellor of France, and have often done so:\nnevertheless, I have always borne it patiently, from respect to my lord\nof Acquitaine, who is now present, and shall even still suffer it.'\nBut the duke of Acquitaine, hearing these words, arose in a\npassion, and, taking his chancellor by the shoulders, thrust him\nout of the council-chamber, saying, 'You are a wicked and proud\nvagabond, for having thus abused the chancellor of my lord the king\nin my presence,--and I have no further need of your services.' In\nconsequence, the lord d'Ollehaing resigned the seals, which were given\nto master John de Vailly, advocate in the parliament, who was appointed\nchancellor of Acquitaine in his stead.\nThe queen attempted, but in vain, to appease her son, as did the duke\nof Burgundy, who had recommended the late chancellor to him; for he now\ntook the whole government into his hands, and insisted that every thing\nshould be done according to his pleasure. Some of his confidential\nservants encouraged him in this conduct, as the welfare of the kingdom\nconcerned him more than any one else; and since, as he was now of a\nproper age to govern, it was absolutely necessary for him to take the\nreins, considering the melancholy state of the king his father.\nAmong those who thus encouraged him were the duke of Bar, duke Louis of\nBavaria, the count de Vertus, and others of that faction then at Paris,\nwho visited him often, and desired nothing more than that he would\ntake the government of the kingdom upon himself.\nThe duke of Burgundy was duly informed of all these intrigues, and saw\nclearly that their object was to drive him from the administration,\nwhich very much displeased him. He formed different plans, and\nremembered that the duke of Acquitaine had told him, when before\nBourges, that he would put an end to the war, and was sensible that the\ntreaty of peace then concluded was contrary to the engagements sworn to\nbe observed at the royal council held at Paris previous to their march\nfrom the capital. Nevertheless, he did not openly show that he was hurt\nby what was passing.\nAt this time, the county of Poitou was given to John de Touraine[13],\nat the instance of duke William of Hainault, whose daughter he had\nmarried. The Poitevins made all the opposition they could, as they\npreferred being vassals to the king; but it was taken possession of\nin the name of the duke of Touraine, by the lords d'Andregines and de\nMouchas, members of duke William's household, who brought with them the\nking's grant of this county, which was proclaimed in the usual manner.\nAt the same period, namely, about Mid Lent, some of the inhabitants\nof Soissons rose suddenly in rebellion, and, advancing to the castle,\nbroke down all the out-walls as well as those which surrounded their\ncity, to open a free entrance on all sides. They also demolished the\nbridge over the river that gave access to the castle, so that none\ncould gain admittance but by means of boats, which might formerly\nhave been done without their leave. This castle belonged to the duke\nof Orleans, who was much exasperated by their conduct, although at\nthe moment he could not obtain any reparation, notwithstanding he had\nremonstrated with the king's ministers on the subject.\nAt the request of the duke of Acquitaine, the head and body of sir\nMansart du Bos, who had been beheaded at Paris, were restored to his\nwidow and children. At ten o'clock at night, his head was taken down\nfrom the market-place, and his body from Montfaucon: they were united\ntogether in a coffin, and carried to the town of Rainsseval, in the\ndiocese of Amiens, where his remains were honourably interred near the\nbodies of his father and ancestors.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 12: _Sir John de Neele_ in the original, and so before. Was\nsir J. de Neele lord of Ollehaing? It appears so from p. 156.]\n[Footnote 13: Second son of the king.]\nCHAP. XVII.\nHENRY OF LANCASTER, KING OF ENGLAND, WHO HAD BEEN A VALIANT KNIGHT,\nDIES IN THIS YEAR.--OF THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN HIM AND THE FRENCH PRINCES.\nToward the end of this year, died, Henry of Lancaster, king of England.\nHe had in his time been a valiant knight, eager and subtile against\nhis enemies, as is recorded in history, which also has enregistered\nthe strange and disgraceful manner of his obtaining the crown of\nEngland, by dethroning his cousin-german Richard, after he had reigned\npeacefully for twenty-two years. He was before his death sorely\noppressed with leprosy, which pitifully put an end to him, and he was\nroyally and honourably interred among his ancestors in Westminster\nAbbey.\nThis king left behind him four sons,--namely, Henry prince of Wales,\nwho succeeded to the throne, Thomas duke of Clarence, John duke of\nBedford, and Humphry duke of Glocester,--and a daughter married to\nPhilip Barbatus, duke of Bavaria[14].\nAll the four sons were handsome, well made, and versed in the different\nsciences,--and in process of time each had great commands, of which\nmention shall be hereafter made. But we must not omit reporting a\nconversation that passed between the king and his eldest son at his\nlast moments. He was so sorely oppressed at the latter end of his\nsickness that those who attended him, not perceiving him breathe,\nconcluded he was dead, and covered his face with a cloth. It was the\ncustom in that country, whenever the king was ill, to place the royal\ncrown on a cushion beside his bed, and for his successor to take it\non his death. The prince of Wales, being informed by the attendants\nthat his father was dead, had carried away the crown; but, shortly\nafter, the king uttered a groan, and his face was uncovered,--when, on\nlooking for the crown, he asked what was become of it? His attendants\nreplied, that 'my lord the prince had taken it away.' He bade them\nsend for the prince; and on his entrance, the king asked him why he\nhad carried away the crown? 'My lord,' answered the prince, 'your\nattendants, here present, affirmed to me that you were dead; and as\nyour crown and kingdom belong to me as your eldest son, after your\ndecease, I had taken it away.'\nThe king gave a deep sigh, and said, 'My fair son, what right have you\nto it? for you well know I had none.' 'My lord,' replied the prince,\n'as you have held it by right of your sword, it is my intent to hold\nand defend it the same during my life.' The king answered, 'Well, act\nas you see best; I leave all things to God, and pray that he would have\nmercy on me!' Shortly after, without uttering another word, he departed\nthis life.\nAfter the king's interment, the prince of Wales was most honourably\ncrowned king, in the presence of the nobles and prelates of England, no\none appearing to contest his right.--When the duke of Clarence and the\nEnglish in the duchy of Acquitaine, heard of king Henry's death, they\nreturned as speedily as they could to England, for at that moment there\nwas a truce between the two countries. But, notwithstanding this truce,\nthe English on the frontiers of Calais continued to make inroads on,\nand to harrass, the Boulonois, insomuch that the constable was obliged\nto reinforce the garrisons of Ardres, Gravelines, and other places in\nthe french interest.\nHere follows a copy of the treaty concluded by king Henry IV. and his\nchildren, on the one part, and the dukes of Berry, of Orleans, of\nBourbon, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, d'Armagnac, and the lord d'Albreth on\nthe other, on the 8th day of May, in the year 1412.\nIt was first agreed to by the above lords, or by their commissioners,\nthat they would expose their lives and fortunes in the service of the\nking of England, his heirs and successors, whenever they should be\nrequired so to do, in all their just quarrels,--in which they include\nthe king of England's warfare in Guienne as a just quarrel, and\nmaintain that the duchy of Guienne and its dependencies belong to him\nby right of succession, and that by such declaration and assistance\nthey shall no way act contrary to their loyalty.\n'Item, the aforesaid lords make offer, by themselves or their delegates\nsufficiently authorised, of their sons, daughters, nephews, nieces,\nrelations, in short, of all their subjects, to contract such marriages\nas shall be agreeable to the aforesaid king of England.\n'Item, they likewise make offer of all their towns, castles, treasures,\nand in general all belonging to them for the assistance of the said\nking and his heirs in all their lawful quarrels, saving their loyalty,\nwhich they have more fully explained in other acts passed between them.\n'Item, they also make offer of all their friends and adherents, to\nsupport the said king in the recovery of his duchy of Guienne.\n'Item, the aforesaid lords are willing, without any fraud or deceit, to\nacknowledge at the altar, or in any sacred place, the said king's right\nto the duchy of Guienne, in as full a manner as any of his predecessors\never possessed it.\n'Item, the aforesaid lords acknowledge, by themselves or their\ndelegates, that all the towns, castles, and possessions they may have\nin Guienne, they hold under the king of England, as the true duke of\nGuienne, promising every service due from their homage, to be performed\nin the best possible manner by them.\n'Item, they also engage to deliver up to the king of England, as far as\nlies in their power, all towns and castles, said to have belonged to\nthe king of England, to the number of twenty, as well castles as towns,\nwhich are fully detailed in the treaty[15].\n'In regard to the other towns and fortresses that are not under their\nobedience, they will gain them, or assist the king of England or his\nheirs to gain them, at their expense and with a sufficient number of\nmen.\n'Item, as is more fully detailed in the treaty, that it shall be\nagreeable to the king of England that the duke of Berry, his loyal\nuncle, subject and vassal, that the duke of Orleans, his subject and\nvassal, and in like manner the count d'Armagnac, do hold under him the\nfollowing lands by fealty and homage. The duke of Berry shall possess\nthe county of Poitou during his life: the duke of Orleans shall hold\nthe county of Angoul\u00eame for his life, and the county of Perigord in\nperpetuity: the count d'Armagnac shall hold four castles specified in\nthe treaty, upon the terms and conditions therein declared.\n'Item, among the engagements entered into by the king of England as\nduke of Guienne, he was to guarantee them safe possession of the above\nplaces, and to defend them against all enemies whatever, and afford\nthem the assistance due from their true and superior lord,--and he\nwas also to aid them in bringing the duke of Burgundy to exemplary\npunishment.\n'And the said king was not to make or enter into any treaties with the\nduke of Burgundy, his children, brother, or with any of his adherents,\nwithout the previous consent of the aforesaid princes.\n'Item, the king of England promises to assist the aforesaid lords as\nhis loyal vassals in all their just wars, and to enforce recompense to\nthem by the duke of Burgundy for all the damages he may have done to\nthem.\n'Item, the king of England will instantly send them eight thousand\ncombatants to their aid against the duke of Burgundy, who has excited\nthe king of France to march against them with the whole force of his\nrealm.'\nThis treaty of alliance was signed and sealed by the parties on the 8th\nday of May, in this year 1412. The aforesaid princes, however, agreed\nto pay the men at arms, whom the king of England should send to them,\nand gave sufficient securities for so doing.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 14: Monstrelet has forgotten Philippa of Lancaster, Henry's\nyounger daughter, married to Eric king of Denmark, and died without\nissue. His elder daughter outliving the duke of Bavaria, and her second\nhusband the king of Arragon, was married to the duke of Bar, but had no\nissue by any of them.]\n[Footnote 15: See the original treaty in the Foedera. It is dated the\n18th of May, and not the 8th as in Monstrelet.]\nCHAP. XVIII.\nTHE KING'S MINISTERS ARE GREATLY ALARMED AT THE ARREST OF SIR PETER DES\nESSARS AND OF THE DUKE OF BAR.--OTHER PROCEEDINGS OF THE PARISIANS.\nAt the beginning of this year, the king's ministers, that is to say,\nthose who had had the management of the finances under their care for\ntwenty years past, were much pressed to give in their accounts. Several\npublic and private accusations were made against them, which caused\nthe greater part to fear that they should not escape with honour.\nMany had been arrested, and others had fled, whose fortunes had been\nsequestrated by the king.\nThey sought, therefore, by divers means, to obtain the protection of\nthose princes who governed the king; and sir Peter des Essars, who had\nfled to Cherbourg, through the interest of the duke of Acquitaine, was\nremanded to Paris. He secretly entered the bastille with his brother\nsir Anthony, but not so privately as to prevent its being known to some\nof the Parisians, who disliked him, and who instantly acquainted the\nduke of Burgundy and his people with it, by whom he was equally hated.\nA party of the commonalty was soon collected; and headed by sir Elion\nde Jacqueville, then governor of Paris, and some others of the duke of\nBurgundy's friends, they marched to the bastille, and made prisoners of\nsir Peter des Essars and his brother, whom they first led to the castle\nof the Louvre and then to the prison of the palace. When this was done,\nthey again assembled, to the amount of six thousand, under the standard\nof the aforesaid Jacqueville, who was joined by sir Robert de Mailly,\nsir Charles de Lens, and several other men at arms of the household of\nthe duke of Burgundy,--and about ten o'clock in the morning they drew\nup before the h\u00f4tel of the duke of Acquitaine.\nThe principal instigators of this insurrection of the commonalty were,\nJeannot Caboche, a skinner of the slaughter-house of Saint James,\nmaster John de Troyes, a surgeon at Paris, and Denisot de Chaumont,\nwho, having forcibly entered the apartment of the duke, addressed him\nas follows: 'Our most redoubted lord, here are the Parisians, but not\nall in arms, who on behalf of your good town of Paris, and for the\nwelfare of your father and yourself, require that you cause to be\ndelivered up to them certain traitors who are now in your h\u00f4tel.'\nThe duke, in a fury, replied, that such affairs did not belong to\nthem, and that there were no traitors in his h\u00f4tel. They answered,\nthat if he were willing to give them up, well and good,--otherwise\nthey would take them before his face, and punish them according to\ntheir deserts. During this conversation, the dukes of Burgundy and of\nLorraine arrived; and several of the Parisians at the same time entered\nthe h\u00f4tel, and instantly seized master Jean de Vailly, the duke's new\nchancellor, Edward duke of Bar, cousin-german to the king, sir James de\nla Riviere, the two sons of the lord de Boissay, Michel de Vitry and\nhis brother, the two sons of sir Reginald de Guiennes, the two brothers\nde Maisnel, the two de Geremmes, and Peter de Naisson.\nThe duke of Acquitaine, witnessing this outrage committed\nbefore his eyes, turned to the duke of Burgundy, and angrily\nsaid,--'Father-in-law, this insurrection has been caused by your\nadvice: you cannot deny it, for those of your household are the leaders\nof it. Know, therefore, that you shall one day repent of this; and the\nstate shall not alway be governed according to your will and pleasure.'\nThe duke of Burgundy replied, by way of excusing himself, 'My lord,\nyou will inform yourself better, when your passion shall be somewhat\ncooled.' But, notwithstanding this, those who had been seized were\ncarried off, and confined in different prisons.\nThey afterward made search for master Raoul Bridoul, the king's\nsecretary, who, as they were carrying him away, was struck by one that\nhated him with a battle-axe on the head, and thrown dead into the\nSeine. They also murdered a very rich upholsterer, who was an eloquent\nman, called Martin d'Aue, and a cannon-founder, an excellent workman,\nbut who had been of the Orleans-party, whose bodies they left naked two\nwhole days in the square of St Catherine.\nThey compelled the duke of Acquitaine to reside with the king his\nfather, in the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, and carefully guarded the gates that\nhe might not quit Paris. Some said this was done for his amendment, as\nhe was very young, and impatient of contradiction, but others assigned\ndifferent reasons: among them was one, that he had intended to have\ntilted on May-day in the forest of Vincennes, and that he had ordered\nsir Peter des Essars to meet him there with six hundred helmets, and to\npay them for one month, and that this order had been executed. It was\nadded, that the duke of Orleans and those of his party were collecting\nlarge bodies of men at arms to join the duke of Acquitaine in the\nforest of Vincennes, which had greatly displeased the duke of Burgundy\nand the Parisians.\nIt was melancholy to behold this reign of the mob, and the manner in\nwhich they conducted themselves in Paris, as well toward the king as\ntoward the other lords. They also wrote letters to the different towns\nto inform them that what they had done was for the welfare of the king\nand kingdom, and required of them to give them all aid and advice\nshould there be any necessity for it, and to remain obedient in their\nfidelity to the king and his eldest son.\nAfterward, that no assembly of men at arms might be made by any lord,\nthe king, at the request of these same Parisians, published an edict,\naddressed to all the seneschals and bailiffs in the realm, of the\nfollowing tenour.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Whereas, in the divisions and disputes that so lately harrassed our\nkingdom, we, and our very dear eldest son the duke of Acquitaine,\ndauphin of Viennois, have so successfully laboured, that, through\nGod's grace, we have established a solid peace in our realm, for the\nobservance of which the greater part of our liege subjects have given\nsecurity, and have promised, on their oaths, to keep and preserve it,\nand not to issue any summons, or to raise any men, without our express\npermission.\n'Notwithstanding this, we have heard that some of our blood, and\nothers, are making preparation to raise men, by way of companies, in\ndifferent parts of our kingdom, which may not only be very expensive to\nthe country, but cause other great inconveniences, unless an immediate\nremedy be provided.\n'These, therefore, are to enjoin you to cause this our prohibition to\nbe most publicly proclaimed in the usual places within your bailiwick,\nand to forbid any person, under penalty of death and confiscation of\ngoods, whether baron, knight or others, to obey any summons from their\nsuperior lord, unless so ordered by us, our son, or our well-beloved\ncousin the count de St Pol, constable of France, or others so\ncommissioned by us. That no doubts may arise in regard to these our\nintentions, we send you this sealed with our great seal. You will\nlikewise inform all our vassals, that whenever and wherever we, or our\nson, may send for them, they must obey.\n'And because our very dear uncle and cousin the dukes of Berry and of\nLorraine are continually in our service, our intention is not that\ntheir vassals or subjects should be prevented going to them whenever\nthey are sent for, or whenever they may employ them in our service; and\nshould any in your bailiwick act contrary to the premises, we will and\norder that you constrain them to do their duty, by arrest and seizure\nof goods.\n'Given at Paris the 9th day of May in the year 1413, and of our reign\nthe 33d.' It was thus signed by the king, on the report made to him of\nthe council held by the dukes of Acquitaine, Berry and Lorraine, and\nothers, by J. Millet. It was then sent off, and proclaimed throughout\nthe kingdom in the usual places.\nThe Parisians in those days wore an uniform dress with white hoods,\nto distinguish all who were of their party. They even made many of\nthe nobles and prelates wear it; and what was more, the king himself\nafterward put it on, which seemed to many discreet persons very\nridiculous, considering the abominable and detestable manner of the\nParisians, and their cruelties, which were almost beyond bearing;\nbut they were so powerful, and obstinate in their wickedness, that\nthe princes knew not well how to provide a remedy. They were also\nstrengthened in it from the belief that they should be supported by the\nduke of Burgundy and his party, should there be occasion for it.\nCHAP. XIX.\nTHE PARISIANS PROPOSE WHATEVER MEASURES THEY PLEASE, IN THE PRESENCE OF\nTHE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE AND THE OTHER PRINCES.--CRUELTIES COMMITTED BY\nTHEM.\nOn Thursday the 11th of May, the Parisians held a great assembly, and\nmade various propositions, in the presence of the dukes of Acquitaine,\nBerry, Burgundy and Lorraine, the counts of Nevers, Charolois, and\nmany nobles and prelates, with others, wearing white hoods by way of\nuniform, who were said to exceed twelve thousand in number. Toward the\nconclusion, they presented a roll to the duke of Acquitaine, which he\nwould have refused to accept; but they constrained him not only to take\nit, but to read its contents publicly. Sixty persons, as well absent\nas present, were charged in this roll as traitors: twenty of whom were\ninstantly arrested, and confined in prison. In this number were the\nlord de Boissay, master of the household to the king, Michel Lallier,\nand others to the number above mentioned. The absent that had been thus\naccused were summoned by sound of trumpet, in all the squares of Paris,\nto appear within a few days, under penalty, in case of disobedience, of\nhaving their properties confiscated to the king's use.\nOn the 18th day of this same month, the king recovered his health, and\nwent from his h\u00f4tel of St Pol to the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, wearing a\nwhite hood like the other princes. When he had finished his prayers, he\nreturned home accompanied by a vast multitude of people. On the Monday\nfollowing, the Parisians had their city surrounded by numbers of men at\narms, so that no person might leave it without permission: the gates\nwere closely shut, and the bridges drawn up and watched by a numerous\nguard at each, armed with all sorts of weapons. They also appointed\narmed divisions of tens in all the streets; and when this was done, the\nprovost of the merchants, the sheriffs, and other leaders marched a\nlarge body of armed men to the h\u00f4tel of St Pol, which they surrounded\nwith a line three deep; and having given their orders how they were\nto act, they waited on the king, the queen, and the dauphin, who were\nperfectly ignorant of their proceedings.\nThere was at this time a grand assembly of nobles in Paris, namely,\nthe dukes of Berry, Burgundy, Lorraine, and duke Louis of Bavaria,\nbrother to the queen, who was on the morrow to marry, at the h\u00f4tel de\nSt Pol, the sister of the count d'Alen\u00e7on, the widow of the lord Peter\nde Navarre, count de Mortain. The counts de Nevers, de Charolois, de\nSt Pol, constable of France, and many more great barons and prelates,\nwere likewise present. They there ordered a carmelite friar, called\nfriar Eustache, to harangue the king, who, having taken for his text\n'Nisi Dominus custodierit civitatem suam, frustra vigilat qui custodit\neam,' discoursed well and long upon it, and made some mention of the\nprisoners, of the bad state of the government of the kingdom, and of\nthe crimes that were committed.\nWhen he had ended his speech, the chancellor of France bade him say who\nwere his protectors, when instantly the provost of merchants and the\nsheriffs acknowledged him. But as there were but few people present,\nand as they did not speak loud enough, according to the will of the\nchancellor, some of them descended to the court to call those of the\ngreatest birth and weight that had remained armed below.\nThe principal leaders returned with them to the king's apartment,\nand with bended knees avowed that what father Eustache had said was\nconformable to their sentiments; that they had the sincerest love for\nhim and for his family, and that their sole wish was to serve his royal\nmajesty with clean and pure hearts; that every thing they had done had\nbeen for the welfare of himself and his kingdom, as well as for the\npreservation of his person and family.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Burgundy, noticing the line of\narmed men that were drawn up three deep, and surrounding the king's\nh\u00f4tel, went down and earnestly entreated of them to retire, demanding\nof them what they wanted, and why they were thus come armed; for that\nit was neither decent nor expedient that the king, who was so lately\nrecovered from his illness, should thus see them drawn up, as it\nwere, in battle-array. They replied, they were not assembled with\nan ill intent, but for the good of the king and his kingdom: they\nconcluded by giving him a roll, and said, they were on no account to\ndepart thence until those whose names were therein inscribed should be\ndelivered up to them, namely, Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen,\nand the following knights: Charles de Villers, Courard Bayer, Jean de\nNeelle lord d'Ollehaing, the archbishop of Bourges, master William\nBoisratier, confessor to the queen, Jean Vincent, Colin de Pieul,\nJeannet de Cousteville, Mainfroy, treasurer to the duke of Acquitaine,\nand a courier of the duke of Orleans, who happened accidentally to be\nin Paris, having brought letters from his master to the king; the lady\nBona d'Armagnac, lady of Montauban[16], la dame du Quesnoy, la dame\nd'Avelays, la dame de Noyon, la dame du Chastel, and four other damsels.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy found that every thing he could say was\nvain, he went to the queen, and showed her the list they had given to\nhim, telling her what they required. She was much troubled thereat,\nand, calling her son the dauphin, bade him return with the duke of\nBurgundy, and entreat them most affectionately in her name to desist\nfor only eight days from their present demands, and that on the eighth\nday she would without fail deliver up her brother, or suffer them to\narrest him, and carry him a prisoner to the Louvre, to the palace, or\nwhithersoever they should please.\nThe duke of Acquitaine, hearing these words from his mother, retired\nto a private chamber and wept bitterly,--but was followed by the duke\nof Burgundy, who exhorted him not to weep, which he complied with, and\nwiped away his tears. They descended to the Parisians, and the duke of\nBurgundy explained in a few words the request of the queen; but they\npositively refused to grant it, and declared they would go up to the\nqueen's apartment,--and should those contained in the list be refused\nto be given up, they would take them by force, even in the king's\npresence, and carry them away prisoners.\nThe two dukes, hearing this answer, went back to the queen, whom they\nfound in conversation with her brother and the king. They reported\ntheir reception from the Parisians,--when the duke of Bavaria, seeing\nhe could not escape, full of bitterness and distress, descended down to\nthem, and desired that he alone might be taken into custody; that if he\nwere found guilty, he might be punished without mercy,--otherwise that\nhe might instantly have his liberty, and go to Bavaria, never more to\nreturn to France.\nThe others also, with the ladies and damsels, were forced to surrender\nthemselves, but it was not without great lamentations and effusion of\ntears. They were directly put two and two on horseback, each horse\nescorted by four men at arms, and carried, some prisoners to the\nLouvre, and others to the palace, followed by a large body of the\nParisians under arms. When this was done, the king went to his dinner,\nand the queen with her son retired in great grief to their apartments.\nWithin a short time, the courier was set at liberty,--and so was the\nlord d'Ollehaing, who was reinstated in the office of chancellor of\nAcquitaine, from which he had been dismissed.\nThe duke of Burgundy had under his guard his cousin-german the duke\nof Bar, sir Peter and sir Anthony des Essars, with other prisoners\nconfined in the Louvre, whom he caused to be attended by his servants,\nand for whose security he had pledged himself. But he acted quite\ncontrary, and returned them to the Parisians, who imprisoned them\nclosely, and caused twelve knights to be nominated by the king as\ncommissaries, and six examiners, to inquire into their offences, and to\ncondemn and punish them according to the heinousness of their crimes\nand the exigence of the case.\nIn consequence of this, a statement was drawn up by directions of the\nduke of Berry, uncle to the duke of Bar, the countess de St Pol, and\nothers his friends, and given to the Parisians, who sent it to the\nuniversity of Paris for their advice and approbation of what they had\ndone. The university replied, that they would no way intermeddle nor\nadvise in the business; and they moreover declared, in full council\nbefore the king, that so far from having advised the arrest of the duke\nof Bar and the other prisoners, they were much displeased that it had\ntaken place.\nThe Parisians, therefore, seeing that the university was disunited\nfrom them, and fearing that their conduct would, in after times, be\nexamined into, obtained from the king and his council a royal edict, as\nan indemnity and excuse for their actions, the tenour of which was as\nfollows.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all to whom\nthese presents shall come, greeting, on the part of our dear and\nwell-beloved, the provost, sheriffs, citizens and inhabitants of this\ngood town of Paris.\n'We make known, that for our urgent profit and welfare, and also for\nthat of our very dear son the duke of Acquitaine, dauphin of Viennois,\nand for the public welfare, for the security of our good town of\nParis, and to obviate inconveniences that might have arisen from the\nmalversation of some of our ministers, as well those of justice as\nothers, and in order to prevent such malversations from increasing,\ncertain arrests have lately taken place on divers men and women, as\nwell of our blood and household as of those of our very well beloved\nconsort the queen, of our son, and our very dear daughter the duchess\nof Acquitaine, and countess of Charolois, for the effecting of which\narrests a large assemblage of men at arms was thought expedient,\nconsidering the rank and power of those to be arrested, who are now\nconfined in our prisons of the Louvre, of our palace, and in different\nprisons in our good town of Paris.\n'The crimes alledged against them are for treasonable practices\ncommitted against us, our said son, the welfare of the kingdom and that\nof our good city of Paris, and also concerning the government of our\nperson, of our son, and of the police of our said town and kingdom, for\nall of which sufficient judges have been appointed, who will examine\ninto their various delinquencies, and punish in such wise as the public\ngood may require, so that our good city of Paris, which is the head of\nour realm, may not again suffer any alarms through their fault, or that\nof their accomplices, who, fearing the consequences, have escaped out\nof the city.\n'For these causes, and from the great love and loyalty they bear to\nus, who are their sovereign and natural lord, as well as to our said\neldest son, the aforesaid provost, sheriffs, and citizens of Paris,\nhave requested these presents, in order that good government may be\nrestored, the security and welfare of our person and state be provided\nfor, and that such arrests and imprisonments may be considered as\nsolely done out of the purity of their loyal intentions towards us, our\nfamily, and the public good of the realm.\n'We will, therefore, that such arrests and imprisonments be so\nconsidered, and that they be regarded as done for the true honour and\nprofit of us and of our crown; and that all who have been abettors or\naiding in the above arrests and imprisonments, noble or not noble,\nshall be deemed praiseworthy; and by the advice of some of our kindred,\nas well as by that of our great council, we do approve of and avow such\nacts.\n'By the tenour of these presents we acknowledge and hold them for\nagreeable, and forbid that for these causes, or for any others that may\nbe connected with them, those who have thus acted be any way harrassed\nor molested in body or estate, or any suit be preferred against them in\nour courts of justice, by any means or pretext whatever, but that they\nshall be held acquitted in perpetuity.\n'We give this, therefore, in command to all our beloved and faithful\ncounsellors, who now hold or shall hereafter hold our courts of\nparliament at Paris, all masters of requests in our household, and\nthose holding similar situations in our royal palace, all officers\nin our exchequer, and all commissaries named to inspect our finance\nand domain, as well as those lately appointed to examine into the\ncharges brought against the prisoners in our castle of the Louvre, and\nelsewhere in our prisons in Paris, to the provost of Paris, to all our\nseneschals, bailiffs, provosts, judges and other officers of justice\nat present and in times to come, and to each as in duty bound, that\nthey do proclaim these presents in the accustomed public places, and\nthat they do see that the commands herein contained be not infringed\nor disobeyed, so that the engagements we have entered into with the\nparties demanding these presents may be punctually observed.\n'And as the parties may wish hereafter to renew the publicity of these\npresents, we will that there be exact copies made of them under the\nseal of the Ch\u00e2telet, or other royal seals, to make them as authentic\nas the original, and that they may be of equal efficacy. Given at Paris\nthe 24th day of May, in the year of Grace 1413, and of our reign the\nIt was thus signed by the king in council; at which were present the\ndukes of Berry and Burgundy, the constable of France, the archbishop\nof Bourges, the bishop of Evreux, the bishop of Tournay, the grand\nmaster of the household, the lord de la Trimouille governor to the\ndauphin, sir Anthony de Craon, sir Philippe de Poitiers, the chancellor\nof Burgundy, the abbot of St Jean, master Eustace de la Chere, the\nlords de Viefville, de Mont-Beron[17], de la Rochefoucault[18], the\nprovost of Paris, sir Charles de Savoisy, the hermit de Faye, Jean de\nCourcelles, the lord d'Allegrez[19], master Mille d'Orgemont, Raoul le\nSaige, Mille d'Angeul, Jean de Longneux, and many others. 'P. Naucron.'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: Bona, eldest daughter of the constable d'Armagnac,\nafterwards married to Charles duke of Orleans.]\n[Footnote 17: Called before 'Mouberon;' but Montberon is right. James,\nson of Imbert lord of Montberon in Angoumois, was made mareschal of\nFrance in 1422, in the place of John de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam.]\n[Footnote 18: Guy VIII. lord of la Rochefoucault, was one of the first\nlords of Guienne who did homage to the crown of France after the peace\nof Bretigny. Froissart mentions a duel which took place in 1380 between\nthis nobleman and William lord of Montferrand, at which he was attended\nby two hundred gentlemen of his own family. He married Margaret de\nCraon, lady of Marsillac and Montbazon, by whom he had two sons,\nFoulcault III. lord of la Rochefoucault, mentioned hereafter, and Aymar\nlord of Montbazon and Sainte Maure.]\n[Footnote 19: Called 'Allaigre' in the original. Alegre is the name of\na noble and ancient family of Auvergue.]\nCHAP. XX.\nTHE COUNT DE VERTUS AND SEVERAL OF THE NOBILITY LEAVE PARIS.--OTHER\nREGULATIONS AND EDICTS OBTAINED FROM THE KING BY THE PARISIANS.\nDuring these melancholy times, the count de Vertus, indignant at the\narrest of the duke of Bar and other nobles, secretly left Paris,\nattended by two persons only, without the knowledge of the king or the\nduke of Burgundy, and hastened to his brother the duke of Orleans, at\nBlois, to whom he related all the extraordinary events that had passed\nin Paris, as well in the h\u00f4tel of the king as in that of the dauphin,\nand elsewhere, to the great displeasure of the duke of Orleans.\nThe duke of Burgundy was much vexed at the departure of the count de\nVertus, for he had hopes to accomplish the marriage that had been for\nsome time agreed on between him and his daughter. Many other noblemen\nquitted Paris from fear of the changes that were taking place, namely,\nsir James de Chastillon, eldest son to the lord de Dampierre, the\nlords de Croy and de Roubaix, Coppin de la Viefville, master Raoul,\nhead provost of St Donas at Bruges, Pierre Genstiere, who had lately\nbeen provost of merchants, and many more. Several were particularly\nremanded by the duke of Burgundy, who returned in great alarm, and not\nwithout cause; for of those who had been imprisoned, many were daily,\nwithout regard to sex, drowned in the Seine, or miserably put to death,\nwithout any form of law or justice.\nOn the 26th day of May, the king went to the parliament, and, at the\ninstance of the duke of Burgundy and the Parisians, held a royal\nsitting, and caused several edicts to be published respecting the\nreformation of abuses. These, and other regulations for the government\nof the kingdom, were sent to the different bailiwicks, and other usual\nplaces, for proclamation. One of them was directed against sir Clugnet\nde Brabant, who in company with other captains had assembled in great\nforce on the river Loire, to be ready to march to Paris,--the tenour of\nwhich was as follows.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.--Whereas it has come to our\nknowledge, that notwithstanding the very great oppressions which\nour subjects have suffered in various parts of our realm from the\nassembling of large bodies of men at arms, which the princes of our\nblood, and other barons, have thought proper, at different periods, to\nraise on their own authority,--there are still several who now continue\nsuch practices, to the great grievance of our faithful subjects. We\nhave caused to be published and proclaimed throughout our realm, as\nwell by messages as by sealed letters, our strict prohibition of such\nacts, under very heavy penalties; and we have ordered, that none, of\nwhatever rank he may be, subject or foreigner, shall have the boldness\nto raise any men in future on their own sole authority, whether by way\nof companies or otherwise, without our special orders, or in obedience\nto our summons to come to serve us.\n'Several of our kindred, however, contrary to these our orders, and in\nopposition to the treaty of peace lately concluded at Auxerre by us,\nto put an end to dissentions which had arisen in our family, and which\nthey solemnly swore to observe, are now preparing to assemble large\nbodies of men at arms without any authority or licence from us, and to\nunite them with a numerous army of English and foreigners, to carry\ninto effect their damnable purposes, which they have plotted against us\nand our government, according to the information we have received.\n'We have been repeatedly assured that they are favoured and supported\nby many in an underhand manner; and to force others to join them, they\nharrass and despoil all who have served us, more especially those who\nassisted us in our late expedition to Bourges, when we considered\nthem as enemies of the state, and marched thither with the intent of\ncorrecting them sufficiently for their outrageous conduct.\n'They at this moment, as we have had sufficient information, commit\nevery sort of violence, by killing our subjects, violating damsels,\nsetting fire to houses and villages, and despoiling churches, and many\nother atrocious crimes, such as the bitterest enemies of the country\nwould commit, and which are such bad examples that they must not longer\nbe suffered.\n'In consequence, therefore, of the lamentations and heavy complaints\nthat have been made to us, we are resolved to remedy these grievances,\nwhich are so highly displeasing to us, in the most effectual manner:\nwe therefore most expressly enjoin and command you, by these presents,\nthat you instantly make public proclamation, by sound of trumpet, of\nthis our prohibition, for any knight, esquire, or others accustomed\nto bear arms, of whatever rank they may be,--and we order them, on\npain of our severest anger, and on the loyalty they owe us, not to\narm themselves, nor to join any bodies that may have assembled in\narms within our kingdom without our especial authority, nor to obey\nthe summons of any one related to our person or not, on any occasion\nwhatever, unless they be particularly ordered by us to join them for\nthe good of our service.\n'All whom you shall hear of having such intentions, you will command,\nin our name, to desist, and peaceably to return to their dwellings, or\nwhither else they may please, without doing any harm to our subjects.\nShould they refuse to obey your orders, and persist in their wicked\nintentions, you will instantly take possession, in our name, of all\ntheir castles, dwellings and possessions, causing an exact inventory to\nbe made out, of the real and annual value, which you will place in the\nhands of safe persons to administer such estates, to render us an exact\naccount of their amount, and to relinquish them whenever we may see\ngood. You will also proceed against them as rebels; for we abandon them\nto you to imprison and punish according as you shall judge expedient.\n'You will likewise, should they have quitted their dwellings, pursue\nthem by every means in your power, shutting them out from all towns,\nand depriving them of provisions, and harrassing them in every way\ndeserving of their disobedience, and to serve as an example to others.\n'It is not, however, our intention that such of the princes of\nour blood as are now near our person, and in our service, should\nbe prevented from ordering their vassals to come to them, or from\nemploying them for our welfare, as they shall specify in their summons;\nbut they must not, on their march, live on the country, or despoil\nthe inhabitants. Should any of them do the contrary, we command you to\nproceed against them as against the aforesaid; and you will inflict on\nthem such punishments as their demerits require, without paying regard\nto any letters of protection they may show to you.\n'To enable you to execute these our orders, we give you full authority\nto call upon and assemble all our vassals and subjects to your aid, and\nas many as you shall think necessary for the occasion, and to lead them\nto any parts of your bailiwick where you shall hear of any robberies\nor other rebellious acts being done. And we strictly enjoin, by these\npresents, all our vassals and subjects, on the faith and loyalty they\nowe us, and under pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of\ngoods, to obey your orders, and to assist you heartily to accomplish\nthe above commands.\n'That no one may pretend ignorance of them, you will cause these\npresents to be proclaimed in all the different parts of your\nbailiwick, or wherever else you shall judge proper. We also command\nall our officers of justice, and others having authority under us,\nand we entreat all our friends and wellwishers, to aid and support\nyou on this service, and diligently to keep up a good understanding\nwith you thereon, and to show you every favour, even allowing their\ndwellings to be turned into prisons, should the exigency of any case\nrequire it,--for we delegate to you full and complete authority,\nnotwithstanding any opposition or appeal made to the contrary. Given at\nParis the 6th day of June, in the year of Grace 1413, and of our reign\nthe 33d.'\nThen signed by the king, on the report of his council,--at which were\npresent my lords of Berry, Burgundy, the constable, the chancellor of\nBurgundy, Charles de Savoisy, Anthony de Craon, the lords de Viefville,\nde Montberon, Cambrilach, d'Allegrez, and many others.--'P. Naucron.'\nThis edict was sent to the different bailiwicks and seneschalships in\nthe kingdom of France, and proclaimed in the usual places.\nCHAP. XXI.\nKING LADISLAUS OF NAPLES ENTERS ROME WITH A POWERFUL ARMY.--THE DEATH\nOF SIR JAMES DE LA RIVIERE.--THE DISMISSION OF THE CHANCELLOR,--AND\nOTHER MATTERS.\nThis year, Ladislaus king of Naples and Sicily, at the instigation of\nsome false and disloyal traitors, marched a very large army to Rome,\nwhich he entered without resistance, and began to pillage the whole\nof it,--at the same time making prisoners the most powerful and rich\ncitizens, who were forced to ransom themselves by paying heavy sums of\nmoney.\nPope John and his cardinals, witnessing these transactions, took flight\nin the utmost fear, and escaped from castle to castle, until they at\nlength reached Bologna, where the pope fixed his court. The greater\npart of their estates were despoiled by this army of Ladislaus, who\nfor a long time reigned in Rome; and when, in consequence of certain\naccommodations, he departed, he carried away many precious jewels from\nthe churches and palaces.\nSir James de la Riviere, brother to the count de Dampmartin, was taken\nprisoner with the duke of Bar, in the h\u00f4tel of the duke of Acquitaine,\nand carried to the palace-prison, where it was reported, that from\nindignation at this treatment, he had struck himself so roughly with a\npewter-pot on the head as to beat his brains out. His body was thence\ncarried in a cart to the market-place of Paris, and beheaded.\nBut the truth was otherwise; for sir Elion de Jacqueville, knight to\nthe duke of Burgundy, visiting him in prison, high words passed between\nthem, and he called him a false traitor. Sir James replied, that he\nlied, for that he was none such,--when Jacqueville, enraged, struck him\nso severe a blow on the head with a light battle-axe which he had in\nhis hand that he killed him. He then spread abroad this rumour of his\nhaving put an end to his life himself by means of a pewter pot, which\nwas propagated by others through the town, and believed by very many.\nShortly after this event, Mesnil Berry, carver to the duke of\nAcquitaine, and a native of Normandy, was led to the market-place,\nand there beheaded. His head and that of sir James de la Riviere were\naffixed to two lances, and their bodies hung by the shoulders on the\ngibbet of Montfaucon.\nOn the Thursday in Whitsun-week, Thomelin de Brie, who had been page to\nthe king, was, with two others, taken from the prison of the Ch\u00e2telet\nto the market-place, and beheaded: their heads were fixed on three\nspears, and their bodies hung at Montfaucon by the shoulders. These\nexecutions took place at the request of the Parisians.\nAnd because sir Reginald[20] de Corbie, a native of Beauvais, though an\nold and discreet man, was not agreeable to them, he was dismissed from\nhis office of chancellor of France, and sir Eustache de Lactre[21], at\nthe solicitation of the duke of Burgundy, appointed to succeed him.\nOn Tuesday, the 20th of June, Philip count de Nevers espoused, at the\ncastle of Beaumont, the sister of the count d'Eu, in the presence of\nthe duchess of Bourbon, her mother, and the damsel of Dreux, who had\nbeen principally instrumental in forming this marriage.\nAfter the festivities of the wedding, the new-married couple were\nconducted by the duchess of Bourbon and the damsel of Dreux to\nMaizieres, on the Meuse, which belonged to the count de Nevers. The\ncount d'Eu, who had been of the party, soon after returned to his\ncounty, where he collected a large body of men at arms, to the amount\nof two thousand combatants, under the pretext of making war on the lord\nde Croy, in revenge for an attack made upon him some time since, as has\nbeen mentioned, by his eldest son sir John de Croy; but it was not so,\nfor he marched his army across the Seine at Pont-de-l'Arche, and thence\nto Verneuil in Perche, where were assembled king Louis of Sicily, the\ndukes of Orleans, Brittany, and Bourbon, the counts de Vertus and\nd'Alen\u00e7on, with many other great barons, lords, and knights, not only\non account of the imprisonment of the dukes of Bar and of Bavaria,\nor of the other prisoners, but for the deliverance of the duke of\nAcquitaine, who had informed them by letters, which had been confirmed\nby the count de Vertus, that he himself, the king, and the queen were\nkept as prisoners under the control of the Parisians, and that they\nwere not allowed any liberty, which was highly displeasing to them, and\ndisgraceful to royalty.\nThis had caused so large an assembly of these great lords, who, after\nmature consideration, wrote letters to the king, to his great council,\nand to the Parisians, desiring them to allow the duke of Acquitaine to\ngo whithersoever he pleased, and to set at liberty the dukes of Bar and\nof Bavaria, and all other prisoners. Should they refuse to comply, they\ndeclared war against the town of Paris, which they would destroy to the\nutmost of their power, and all within it, except the king and such of\nhis royal blood as may have therein remained. With regard to those that\nhad been murdered, they said nothing of them; for as they were dead,\nthey could not have them back.\nThese letters were laid before the king in council, where it was\ndetermined to send ambassadors to these lords to negotiate a peace, who\nwere kindly received by them.\nOn Saturday, the 1st day of July, after his trial had been concluded,\nsir Peter des Essars, lately provost of Paris, and son to the late\nPhilippe des Essars, a citizen of that town, was beheaded in the\nmarket-place, his head fixed on the market-house, and his body hung\nat Montfaucon in the usual manner. His brother, sir Anthony, was in\ngreat danger of being also executed; but through the activity of some\nfriends, a delay of his trial was procured, and he afterward obtained\nhis full liberty.\nIn these days, as the king was in good health, he went to the cathedral\nof Paris to say his prayers and hear mass. When it was over, he visited\nthe holy relics: he departed and returned to his h\u00f4tel, accompanied\nby the duke of Burgundy and the constable of France, and followed by\ncrowds of people who had assembled to see him.\nOn the morrow, the 6th of July, it was ordered in the king's council,\npresided by the duke of Acquitaine, that John de Moreul, knight to\nthe duke of Burgundy, should be the bearer of letters and royal\nsummons to the two bailiwicks of Amiens and of Vermandois, and to all\nthe provostships within them. He was commanded to assemble all the\nprelates, counsellors and magistrates of these districts, and then, in\nfull meeting, to read aloud these letters from the king, sealed with\nhis great seal, and dated this 6th day of July. Countersigned, 'John\nMillet,' according to the resolution of council, at which had been\npresent the duke of Burgundy, the constable of France, the chancellor\nof Acquitaine, the chancellor of Burgundy, and several others.\nThese letters contained, in substance, an exhortation that they would\nremain steady and loyal in their duty to the king, and be ready to\nserve him or the dauphin whenever and wherever they should be summoned\nto march against the enemies of the kingdom and the public weal; that\nthey should place confidence in his knight, counsellor and chamberlain,\nsir John de Moreul, according to the instructions given him under the\nking's privy seal, which he was to show and give them to read.\nWhen he had visited many towns and provostships in these bailiwicks,\nhe came on Monday, the 16th day of July, from Dourlens to Amiens,\nand there, in the presence of the nobles, prelates, and principal\ninhabitants of the great towns within the district, he read his letters\nand instructions with a clear and loud voice, for he was a man of\ngreat eloquence. He explained how much the peace and union of the\nkingdom had been and was troubled; how the trials of those who had been\nbeheaded at Paris were carried on before a sufficient number of able\nand honest men, as well knights as advocates of the parliament, and\nother lords and discreet men, who had been nominated for this purpose\nby the king; and how sir James de la Riviere, in despair, had killed\nhimself with a pewter pot in which he had had wine, as well as the\nmanner in which he had done it.\nThe charges which were brought against those who had been beheaded\noccupied each sixty sheets of paper,--and he assured them, that good\nand impartial justice had been administered to all who had been\nexecuted, without favour or hatred having any concern in their just\nsentences. He asserted, that the duke of Acquitaine had never written\nsuch letters to the princes of the Orleans-party as they had published;\nand he concluded,--'Know then, all ye present, that what I have just\nbeen saying are notorious truths.'\nAfter this, he asked whether they were loyal and obedient to the king,\nand desired they would tell him their intentions. The nobles and\nprelates, and the rest of the assembly, instantly replied, that they\nhad always been obedient to the king, and were ready to serve him,\nbelieving that he had told them the truth. In confirmation of this, he\nrequired letters from the provost, with which he returned to Paris.\nIn like manner were other knights sent, in the king's name, with\nsimilar letters and instructions to the different bailiwicks and\nseneschalships within the realm, who, being equally successful,\nreturned with letters of the same import.\nWhile these things were passing, the English appeared off the coast\nof Normandy with a large fleet of ships, and landed at the town of\nTreport, where having plundered all they could find, and made some\nprisoners, they set fire to it, and burnt the town and monastery, and\nalso some of the adjoining villages. When they had remained about\ntwenty-two hours on shore, they re-embarked and made sail for England\nwith their booty.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 20: Called 'Ernault' a little after, which agrees with\nMoreri's Arnold.--See _ante_, p. 14, note.]\n[Footnote 21: In Moreri's list, Henry de Marle succeeds Arnauld de\nCorbie in 1413, and is succeeded by Eustache de _Laitre_ in 1418.]\nCHAP. XXII.\nTHE AMBASSADORS FROM THE KING OF FRANCE RETURN WITH THOSE FROM THE\nPRINCES TO PARIS.--THEY ARE JOINED BY OTHERS, WHO NEGOTIATE A FOURTH\nPEACE AT PONTOISE.\nOn Wednesday, the 12th day of July, the ambassadors whom the king\nand the dukes of Acquitaine, Berry, and Burgundy, had sent to the\nprinces of the blood, namely, the bishop of Tournay, the grand master\nof Rhodes, the lords d'Offemont and de la Viefville, master Peter de\nMarigny, and some others, returned from their embassy. The answer\nthey had brought having been soon after considered in council, the\nking ordered the dukes of Berry and Burgundy to go with the aforesaid\nambassadors to Pontoise, when the king of Sicily, the dukes of Orleans\nand of Bourbon, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on and d'Eu came to Vernon, and\nthence sent their ambassadors to Pontoise, to explain to the dukes of\nBerry and Burgundy, and the other ambassadors, the causes of their\ngriefs, and the great miseries that must ensue should the war take\nplace that was on the point of breaking out.\nOne of their ambassadors harangued well in clear and good French on\nthe above subjects: the substance of what he said was as follows. 'To\nexplain what has been intrusted to us by our lords, namely, the king\nof Sicily, the dukes of Orleans and of Bourbon, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on\nand d'Eu, to you, my very redoubted lords of Berry and Burgundy, and\nto the gentlemen of the great council of the king and of my lord of\nAcquitaine, now in their company, since it becomes me to speak the\nwords of peace, trusting in Him who is the sole Author of peace, and\nin the good will of my hearers, I shall take my text from the 33d\nPsalm, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum;' that is to say, My eyes are\nalways turned to the Lord; and continue my discourse from what the wise\nPlato says, among other notable things, that all princes or others\nintrusted with the affairs of government should obey the commands of\ntheir sovereign in all they shall do for the public welfare, laying\naside every private consideration for their own advantage, and regard\nthemselves as part of a whole, the smallest member of which being\nwounded, the effect is felt by the head or chief lord.\n'I consider, therefore, the kingdom of France as a body, of which our\nsovereign lord the king is the head, and his subjects the members.\nBut in what degree shall I place my lords the princes who have sent\nus hither, or you, my lords, who hear me? for we know of no other\nhead but our sovereign lord.--I can neither liken you to the head nor\nto the aforementioned members, on account of your rank; but I think\nI may compare you to the members nearest to the head, for among them\nmay be counted the eyes, which are of the greatest use to it. I shall\nconsequently compare you to the eyes, and for three singularly good\nreasons.\n'First, the eyes ought to be well placed and formed alike; for should\none be placed differently from the other, half closed or awry, the\nwhole person is disgraced and acquires the name of Blind or Squinter.\nNow, it seems to me, that as my lords who have sent us, and you, my\nlords, who hear me, have persons handsomely made, you ought to be of\none mind, and tending towards good; for you have eyes of a clear\nunderstanding, and of real affection, 'Oculi sapientis in capite ejus.'\n'Secondly, the eyes are the most striking parts of the human body, and\nhave a full view over every part of it, as the prophet Ezekiel says, in\nhis 33d chapter, 'Speculatorem dedi te domui Israel.' Just so are our\nprinces of the blood, for from their singular and strong affection to\ntheir sovereign lord and his kingdom, they constantly watch over and\nguard him.\n'Thirdly, from the nobleness of the eye, which is of a circular form,\nand of such sensibility that when any other member of the body is hurt,\nor struck with grief, it weeps, as the prophet Jeremiah says in the\n19th chapter, 'Plorans, plorabit, et educet oculus meus lachrimam quia\ncaptus est grex Domini.' In like manner Valerius Maximus relates, in\nhis 8th book, that when Marcellus the tyrant saw his city despoiled\nby the enemy, who had taken it by storm, he could not refrain from\nweeping, which was becoming a real eye. Certainly it ought to bewail\nthe pain of its members, as Codrus, duke of Athens, did, who caused\nhimself to be slain to gain a victory over his enemies, as is related\nby Julius Frontinus, and this same Valerius Maximus in his 8th book.\nAnd because all our lords are and ought to be of the same stamp, I have\ncompared them thereto by saying, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum.'\n'As for me, being the spokesman of those who have been charged to come\nhither by our lords, we do not think of comparing ourselves to eyes,\nbut solely to the very humble servants of the eye, being no greater\nparts of the members than the nail on the little finger, ready at the\ncalls of our superiors; and from their commands have we been led to\nspeak of such high concerns, which was matter of great grievance to us;\nbut it is for the sake of peace, and in obedience to the eye, 'Oculi\nmei semper ad Dominum;' for in all times, every one should obey his\nlord, more especially when he is in adversity,--as Tully says in his\ntreatise on Friendship,--Come to thy friend in prosperity, when he\ncalls thee; but when he shall be in adversity, wait not to be called.\nI apply this to all landholders who are not the immediate ministers of\na king, or of the Lord, according to the apostle St Peter, who says in\nhis second chapter, 'Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for\nthe Lord's sake, whether it be to the king as supreme,' &c. And again,\n'Be obedient in the fear of our Lord, not only to the good and just but\nto the ignorant.' Thus may every one repeat the text I have chosen,\n'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum.'\n'Notwithstanding my lords who have sent us hither having the eyes of\nclear understanding, and affected with a true love to their sovereign\nas the head of the whole body of this Christian kingdom, are fearful\nthat what Isaiah says in his 8th chapter may be applied to them;\n'Speculatores ejus c\u00e6ci omnes;' and that they may be said to resemble\nthe hog who devours the fruit that falls from the tree, without ever\nlooking up to the tree whence it falls. Nevertheless, they having\nconsidered the events that have lately taken place in Paris, are full\nof grief lest the whole body of the kingdom should consequently suffer\nsuch destruction as, from its continuation, may be mortal to it, which\nGod, out of his gracious mercy, avert!\n'In the first place, they have heard of the arrests and executions of\nthe servants of the king, queen and duke of Acquitaine, to whom alone\nbelongs the cognizance of any offences committed by them, and to none\nothers. They have also been informed that the same conduct has been\nfollowed in regard to the ladies and damsels of the queen and the\nduchess of Acquitaine, which things, from honour to the queen their\nmistress, as well as for the respect due to the female sex and to\nmodesty, ought not to have been done.\n'The laws declare and command, under heavy penalties, that modest women\nshall not be publicly handled; and the honour of their families would\nseem to assure them of not being so treated, for which they make loud\nlamentations.\n'Notwithstanding that the cognizance of any crime committed by a prince\nof the royal blood belongs solely to the king, the duke of Bar has been\nimprisoned, who is cousin-german to the king our lord, which causes\nmuch sorrow to our lords, more particularly to the king and queen of\nSicily (who is his niece), who loudly cry out for his deliverance, as\nwell as for that of duke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen. They\nare more hurt at the form and manner in which they were arrested; for,\naccording to what has been told them, they were seized by those who\nwere not king's officers, nor had any authority for so doing from\nhim, but merely by a mob of common people, who forcibly broke down the\ndoors of the king's and the duke of Acquitaine's apartments, saying to\nthe latter many rude and impudent things, which, as is reported, have\ngreatly displeased him; and they are particularly anxious to know why\nsuch disgraceful acts were done, as they are ignorant what could have\ncaused them.\n'Could any just reasons be alledged, they would not be so much\nastonished as they now are. But to continue: it has been told them that\nmy lord is even deprived of his liberty, and that he cannot leave his\nh\u00f4tel, or at least that he is not suffered to go out of Paris; and that\nno one of his kindred, or of any high rank, are suffered to converse\nwith him, but only those who guard him, as is done to common prisoners\nin many cases. This is matter of as serious grief to him and to my\nsaid lords, thus to be deprived of the conversation and sight of their\nsovereign lord on earth, as it would be to be debarred the vision of\nGod in another life.\n'Item, they complain, that since these events letters have been sent\nby the town of Paris to the aforesaid lords, and to others, and also\nto the chief towns in the kingdom, to declare that these arrests,\nimprisonments and executions, have taken place with the approbation\nof the duke of Acquitaine. They therefore lament such letters being\nsent, for none but the princes of the blood ought to be made acquainted\nwith the acts of government, or with such charges as are made against\ndifferent lords. There was, beside, no pretence for these letters,\nfor no one had ever interfered with the government of the duke of\nAcquitaine; and it should seem to have been done solely with a view to\ninflame and instigate the people to some acts prejudicial to the king,\nto my lord of Acquitaine, his whole family, and even against these\nlords now present.\n'They also complain, that through the importunity of these same\nParisians, orders have been sent to their barons, knights, esquires\nand vassals, not to obey any summons they may receive from them, but\nto remain at home until the constable, or some other of the lords\nwithin Paris, shall send for them; and at this grievance they feel very\nindignant, for they have never done any thing, or had intentions of so\nacting, as to deserve to be deprived of the service of their vassals;\nand when the king should have occasion for them, they should have\nserved in their company, &c.\n'Item, they likewise complain of many expressions, and other orders, by\nwhich several officers take possession of castles and forts, and place\nin them new governors, dismissing very able captains, noble and valiant\nknights, who have loyally served their whole life without reproach, and\nstill intend to serve the king.\n'These things are very unusual and extraordinary, and create much\nuneasiness, by the bad example they afford as well to the head as the\nother members, to the producing of subversion and total ruin. This good\nkingdom has long been prosperously governed, chiefly by its regular\npolice and strict justice, which are founded on three things, and have\ncaused it to excel all other kingdoms.\n'First, by its great learning, by which the Christian faith has been\ndefended, and justice and equity maintained.\n'Secondly, by its noble and gallant chivalry, by which not only this\nkingdom, but the whole of the faith has been supported and encouraged.\n'Thirdly, by the numbers of loyal subjects, who, by their subordination\nand obedience, have given strength to the government.\n'But now these three things, by the present perverse mode of acting,\nwill be completely overturned; for all seems running to disorder, and\none fills an office suited to another, so that the feet which ought\nto support the body, head and arms, now want to take the place of\nthe head, and thus every thing will fall into confusion, and all the\nmembers quit the situations they were naturally designed for, as the\ncivil law says, 'Rerum commixtione turbantur officia.'\n'For these reasons, my lords have sent us to supplicate the king, the\nqueen, and my lord of Acquitaine, and to request of you, our very dear\nand redoubted lords, and of you gentlemen of the great council of the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine now present, that each of you would,\naccording to the exigence of the case, apply a sufficient remedy.\nIt seems to my lords, that, according to the opinion of physicians,\nabstinence is the grand preservative of the body natural from sickness:\nwe therefore pray you, that all such acts as have lately taken place\nmay be put an end to, and that all extraordinary commissions may\ncease, that honour and justice may have due attention paid to them, and\nthat liberty and the accustomed prerogatives be restored to the king\nand the duke of Acquitaine, as to the eyes of justice; and that they\nmay be preserved from all offence from churchmen, nobility, and people,\nas the body, the arms, and the legs are bound to guard and defend the\nhead,--for this will be the only and secure means of establishing\npeace, and as the Psalmist says, 'Quia justicia et pax osculat\u00e6 sunt.'\n'St Augustin declares, that every one wishes for Peace in his house;\nbut Justice, who is her sister, lodges in the house of another; and all\nwho wish for true Peace must have also her sister Justice. Should any\none say, that abstinence would be dangerous from fear of two different\nthings, such as war and rigorous justice, we reply, in the name of our\nlords, that they will eschew both to the utmost of their power, and\nwill employ themselves heartily in following this abstinence, and in\nthe expulsion of all such men at arms as shall injure the country by\nevery means they can use.\n'In regard to rigorous justice, they intend to follow in this the\nmanner of all princes, keeping in mind the sentence of Plato, that when\na prince is cruel to the commonwealth, he resembles the guardian who\nunwisely chastises his ward, whom he had undertaken to watch over and\ndefend. They will carefully imitate the conduct of their predecessors\nof the most noble house of France, who have been accustomed to show\nnothing but good humour and kindness, laying aside all rancour against\nthe good city of Paris, and all other towns that may have been guilty\nof improper acts; and they supplicate the king, the queen, and my lord\nof Acquitaine, that an entire oblivion may be passed over what may have\nbeen done on one side as well as on the other.\n'My lords are particularly desirous that the king, the queen, and the\nduke of Acquitaine should have full liberty to make their residence at\nRouen, Chartres, Melun, Montargis, or at any other place more suitable\nthan Paris, for their loyal subjects to have access to them; not\nthrough any malevolence toward this town, or against its inhabitants,\nbut to avoid any sort of riot that might take place between their\nservants and some of the citizens.\n'And I beg the lords now present to consider on the most secure means\nfor the meeting of my lords with their majesties and the duke of\nAcquitaine, and to obviate all pretence of suspicion or alarm, when\nmy lords shall attend at any proper place to provide for the better\ngovernment of the kingdom, and for the establishment of a solid peace.\nLet this matter be well weighed, for our lords and ourselves are\nperfectly well inclined to attend to the honour and advantage of the\nhead and of all its members.\n'Should I have said too little, my lords and companions will be eager\nto amend it; and should I have said too much, or any thing that may\nhave angered any of my lords here present, they will be pleased\nto attribute it to my simplicity and ignorance, and to the strong\naffection I bear to the king, and my earnestness that a firm and\nlasting peace may be concluded. I am naturally bound to this by my oath\nof fidelity, and also from the anxiety my lord the king of Sicily has\nto promote this desirable end. Should I therefore have said more than\nwas necessary, you will not of course attribute it to any rashness, or\ndisaffection that I may feel; for such has never entered my thoughts,\nor those of my lord of Sicily or his companions.'\nAfter this, several propositions for peace were made on each side, that\ntranquillity might be restored to the kingdom, and an end put to the\npresent disorders. Some articles were drawn up, of the following tenour.\n'First, there shall be perfect union and love between the princes\nof the blood, which they will keep, and swear to observe, like\naffectionate relatives and friends, and shall mutually interchange\nletters to this purpose; and, for a greater confirmation of the above,\nthe principal officers and servants of each lord shall do the same.\n'Item, the princes of the blood who have sent ambassadors will cease\nfrom all acts of warfare, and will not summon any more men at arms; and\nif any summonses should have been issued, they will instantly annul\nthem.\n'Item, they will do every thing in their power to recal those who form\nthe companies of Clugnet, Louis Bourdon, and others their adherents, by\nevery possible means. Should these companies refuse to comply, these\nlords would then unite themselves with the king's forces, and compel\nthem to obedience, or destroy them, and all others the king's enemies,\nwho might wage war against him or his kingdom.\n'Item, they will promise that they will not bear any malice or revenge\nfor whatever things may have been done in the city of Paris, nor do by\nthemselves or others any mischief to that town, or its inhabitants,\nunder pretext of justice, or any other cause whatever; and should any\nsecurity be required for the observance of this article, they shall\nsuffer it to be given, and even afford every assistance thereto to the\nutmost of their power.\n'Item, these princes will make oath upon the true cross of God, on the\nholy evangelists, and on the word of honour of a prince, that they\nwill strictly observe every article of this treaty, without any fraud\nor subterfuge, and will give to the king letters containing the above\noath, signed with their seals.\n'Item, on the accomplishment of the above, the ambassadors from the\naforesaid princes require, that the king would be pleased to annul\nand revoke all his summonses for assembling men at arms, and order\nall warfare to cease in the realm, except against the above mentioned\ncompanies.\n'Item, he will also revoke all orders lately issued, to take possession\nof different castles and forts, and to dismiss from them the governors\nappointed by the princes, placing others in their room; and all such\ncastles and forts shall be delivered up in the same state in which\nthey were taken possession of; and, after a certain time, all who for\nany act by them committed, in opposition to the king's ministers,\nmay have been imprisoned or banished, shall have their liberties,\nand be recalled home; and this shall take place in the course of the\nking's ordinary justice, without any commissioners being appointed, or\ninterfering therein.\n'Item, when all these things shall have been done, the king, the\nqueen, and my lord of Acquitaine shall, on an appointed day, come out\nof Paris to a fixed place of meeting, where the princes of either\nparty shall meet, to confirm the good union among them, and to advise\non the necessary business for the welfare of the king and his realm;\nand should any one suspect that these princes, or any of their party,\nhave the intention of instigating the king, the queen, or my lord of\nAcquitaine, to take vengeance on the town of Paris, or, in revenge to\nany of its inhabitants, seize on the government, or to carry off the\nking and my lord of Acquitaine, or that this meeting was proposed with\nany evil design, they are willing to give whatever security may be\nthought advisable.'\nThese propositions having been reduced, to writing, and agreed to by\nthe different lords who had been commissioned for that purpose, each\nparty returned to the places they had come from. The dukes of Berry and\nBurgundy, with their companions, reported to the king the points of\ntheir embassy, as contained in the memorial which had been drawn up for\nthe good of the kingdom.\nWhen this matter had been well considered, in a council to which the\nmembers of the university and of the municipality of Paris had been\nadmitted, it was agreed on by the king and the duke of Acquitaine,\nthat what had been settled by the commissioners on each side should\nbe confirmed. In consequence, various ordinances were drawn up, to\nbe transmitted to the bailiwicks and seneschalships in the realm, in\norder to their promulgation at the usual places, of which copies follow\nunderneath.\nDuring this melancholy time, Clugnet de Brabant, sir Louis de Bourdon,\nand other captains of that party, advanced with sixteen thousand\ncombatants, wasting and despoiling the country of the G\u00e2tinois, and\ngiving out that they were on their march to make war on the Parisians.\nThese latter were much angered thereat, and dispatched sir Elyon de\nJacqueville with sixteen hundred helmets, and a large body of other\ncombatants, to meet them as far as Montereau-faut-Yonne; but the two\narmies did not meet,--and that of the Parisians was disbanded without\nfighting.\nAt this time, the constable and admiral of France were, with the\nbishop of Tournay, sent by the king to Boulogne-sur-mer, to meet\nambassadors from the king of England, namely, the earl of Warwick, the\nbishop of St Davids and others, who had arrived at Calais. They met at\nLeulinghen, and, after some negotiations, agreed on a truce between the\ntwo kingdoms, to last until the ensuing Easter, which was proclaimed\nthroughout both realms.\nHere follows a copy of those royal ordinances before mentioned.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, and to each of the inhabitants of that town, greeting.--We make\nknown to you, that on account of the improper and unjust imprisonment\nof our very dear and well beloved cousin and brother in law, the dukes\nof Bar and of Bavaria, with other of our officers, as well as of the\nhouseholds of our dear companion the queen, and of our well beloved\nson the duke of Acquitaine, and other ladies and damsels attached\nto them; our very dear cousin and nephew, the king of Sicily, the\nduke of Bourbon, the counts of Alen\u00e7on and of Eu, have made heavy\ncomplaints, as well respecting the manner in which these imprisonments\nwere made, as likewise regarding the disgust which these events, and\nothers that have taken place in our good town of Paris, have caused to\nour very dear son; and on this occasion the disaffected princes have\nlately come to the town of Verneuil, whither we sent, on our part,\nproperly-instructed ambassadors, and also with them our very dear\nuncles the dukes of Berry and of Burgundy.\n'Some of the inhabitants of Paris went by our orders to Pontoise;\nand our aforesaid cousin and nephews the king of Sicily, the dukes\nof Orleans, of Bourbon, and the counts d'Alen\u00e7on and d'Eu, came to\nthe town of Vernon, and thence sent their ambassadors to explain and\nsignify to our aforesaid uncle and cousin the dukes of Berry and of\nBurgundy, and to our ambassadors, the cause of their complaints, and to\nremonstrate on the perils of the war that would speedily ensue unless\ntheir grievances were redressed.\n'These matters having been fully discussed, proposals of peace and\nunion between all parties were brought forward to avoid the miseries of\na civil war. Many articles were agreed on: the first was, that a solid\npeace should be established between the princes of the blood royal,\nwhich they were solemnly to swear to observe, and mutually to exchange\ndeeds to this effect; but every one was to have the same liberty as\nbefore of declaring his opinion.\n'The whole of the articles seemed very reasonable to the members of\nthe university of Paris and of our court of parliament, as well as\nto many of the good citizens of our town of Paris, who were ready to\nexamine them more fully, and report their opinion to us on the Thursday\nfollowing.\n'But notwithstanding this approbation, there were some of low degree\nand narrow minds, who by their own authority had seized on the\ngovernment of the city of Paris, and who have been the cause of the\nwar continuing so long, in order the better to keep their authority.\nThese persons excited some of the princes of the blood and others to\nwar by their false machinations, with the hope that their murders\nand robberies would remain unpunished, and that they should escape\nthe vengeance due to their crimes. In consequence, by persevering\nin their wickedness, they practised so effectually that the meeting\nwhich had been appointed for Thursday was put off to Saturday the 5th\nof the month, in the expectation that they should before that day be\nenabled, by their base intrigues, to prevent peace from being agreed\nto,--the truth of which, under the pleasure of God, shall shortly be\nmade public. But through the grace of God, the university of Paris,\nour chambers of parliament and of accounts, the different religious\norders, and the principal inhabitants of Paris assembled,--and having\nmany fears of the ill-intentioned preventing that peace which they most\nearnestly wished for, by every attempt to obstruct so great a blessing\nas peace and union throughout the kingdom, came to us at our h\u00f4tel\nof St Pol in the afternoon, and desired an audience for the purpose\nof remonstrating on the happy effects that would ensue from the\nestablishment of peace.\n'They demonstrated the blessings of peace and the evils of war, and the\nnecessity there was for proceeding instantly to the completion of the\narticles that had been agreed to by the ambassadors on each side,--and\ndemanded, that the Saturday which had been fixed on should be\nanticipated, by naming the ensuing Friday, and that proper regulations\nshould be made for the security of the city.\n'On the Friday, those who were desirous of peace went to the town-house\nin the Greve, thinking to meet their friends, and come with them to us\nin our h\u00f4tel of St Pol; but they were prevented by those ill inclined\nto peace, who, though of low degree, had before come to our said h\u00f4tel,\nand with them some varlets, all armed under authority of the government\nwhich they had usurped over the city of Paris.--On this account,\ntherefore, these prudent wellwishers to peace assembled in the square\nof St Germain de l'Auxerrois in Paris, and in other places, in great\nnumbers and with firm courage; and though the others did every thing in\ntheir power to throw obstacles in their way, in all their attempts they\nwere baffled.\n'This assembly, on breaking up, left St Germain in regular order, as\nthey had determined on; and on appearing in our presence, as well\nas in the presence of our son, our uncle and cousins, the dukes of\nAcquitaine, Berry, and Burgundy, with others of our council, a peace\nwas agreed on, and the articles ordered to be carried into execution.\nPunishment was at the same time, to the great joy of the sober\ncitizens, ordered to be inflicted, according to reason and justice, on\nall who had any way attempted to prevent a peace being made.\n'Immediately after this had been done, and our will declared, our son,\nour uncle and our cousin aforesaid, mounted their horses, and went to\nset at liberty our cousin and brother-in-law the dukes of Bar and of\nBavaria, who had for a long time been confined in the Louvre, and also\nmany other knights and officers of our own and our son's households,\nwho had been imprisoned for some time in the dungeons of the palace\nand of the Ch\u00e2telet, by force of the aforesaid evil minded and low\npersons, who, now perceiving that good government was likely to be\nrestored, according to reason and justice, hid themselves like foxes,\nor fled,--and since that time, it has not been known where they may be\nfound or arrested.\n'This inclines us to fear that they may seduce others to follow their\nwicked example, by their dangerous and false lies, as they have before\ndone, and that events more pernicious may ensue than what we have\nlately experienced, and which it concerns every one, through the grace\nof God, to prevent with all diligence.\n'This peace is considered as so advantageous to all parties that the\nking of Sicily, the dukes of Orleans, of Bourbon, and the counts of\nAlen\u00e7on and of Eu, have since sent their ambassadors to Paris, who\ndaily attend to the due execution of all the articles of it, having\nfully approved of it and of every thing that has been done by us; and\nthe rupture of this peace at this moment would cause the destruction of\nus, our kingdom, and of all our faithful and good subjects.\n'For this cause, we expressly enjoin and command you not to give\ncredence to any thing you may hear to the contrary,--for what we have\nassured you above is the real truth,--by any of these evil-minded\npersons who are inimical to the peace, nor to show them any manner of\nfavour,--but, on the contrary, to throw them into prison, and send them\nto us, that we may inflict such punishment on them as the heinousness\nof the case may require.\n'And you, bailiff, will cause the above to be proclaimed in all the\nconsiderable towns and villages within your jurisdiction; and you will\nalso require from the clergy of the different churches, collegiate and\nothers, within your bailiwick, that they do make processions, and offer\nup devout prayers to Heaven, for the effecting of the above peace, and\nthat our Lord, through his grace, would incline to make it perpetual.\nYou will also personally be careful that there be no failing on your\npart in the due execution of this our will and pleasure.\n'Given at Paris the 12th day of August, in the year of Grace 1413, and\nof our reign the 33d.' Signed by the king and his council, present the\ndukes of Acquitaine, of Berry, and of Burgundy, the marshal Longny.\n'Ferron.'\nAnother edict was published by the king against men at arms and other\nwarriors, and to secure the people against their inroads, which was\nsent to all the bailiwicks and seneschalships in the kingdom, of the\nfollowing tenour.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'It has come to our knowledge, that within a short time many men at\narms, archers and cross-bowmen, and other warriors, without any licence\nfrom us given, either by written orders or otherwise, have unlawfully\nassembled, and continue so to do, in very many places and towns of our\nkingdom, with the intent of marching toward our good city of Paris, and\npillaging and murdering our poor subjects, and committing other ruinous\nacts and excesses, by which our faithful subjects are sorely oppressed,\nin addition to what they had before suffered, as well from the effects\nof the late war as from the epidemic disorder and mortality which\nensued in consequence, causing the country to be deserted, whence great\nand irreparable evils may fall on us and our kingdom, if not speedily\nprevented.\n'We therefore, desirous of guarding and preserving, to the utmost of\nour power, our people from such like plunderings and ill treatment,\nas we are bounden so to do,--and beside seeing a probability that the\ndiscords which have taken place between several of our blood and\nkindred are likely to be put an end to,--shall use (with God's good\npleasure) every means in our power to have it accomplished.\n'We therefore command and strictly enjoin you, that on the receipt of\nthis letter, you lay aside all other business whatever, and instantly\ncause our commands to be publicly proclaimed with a loud voice, and\nwith sound of trumpet, in such places where proclamations have been\nusually made. You will also make this our pleasure known to all\nour captains, governors, and men at arms within any fort, castle,\nor forming any garrisons within your said bailiwick; and you will\nstrictly enjoin, that no person shall dare to assemble in arms without\nour especial licence first had and obtained, under pain of corporal\npunishment and confiscation of goods. And should any such assemblies\nhave taken place within your bailiwick, they must, on hearing the\nproclamation of this our pleasure, instantly disperse, and return to\ntheir homes.\n'Should any bodies of men at arms have taken possession of a town or\nfortress within your district, you will command them, in our name,\ninstantly to surrender it to you, and depart thence; and you will renew\nthe garrison with such persons as you shall judge expedient, and take\nthe command of such town or fort yourself, until you shall receive\nfurther orders. Should they refuse to surrender themselves to you, you\nwill make them your prisoners, and execute such justice upon them as\ntheir case may require; and should it seem necessary, you will employ\nforce against them to reduce them to obedience, and summon to your aid\nall the nobles resident within your bailiwick, taking care to have a\nsuperior force to those you are about to attack, and keeping it up so\nlong as you shall judge it right for the maintaining tranquillity in\nthe country. And we order all our nobles, on the fealty they owe to us,\nto obey your orders whenever the case shall require it.\n'Should it happen, that during any engagements that may take place\nbetween you and our rebellious subjects, any of them be killed or\nwounded, we will not that such murders be prejudicial to any one\nemployed under your orders, but that they be acquitted and freed\nfrom all pursuits for the same hereafter, as we grant them our full\npardon. We will likewise, that all arms, horses, or baggage that may be\ntaken from any of our rebellious subjects, shall be converted toward\npaying the expenses of those who shall have taken and imprisoned such\ndisobedient rebels.\n'We therefore give full licence and authority to all our subjects,\nshould they be constrained to employ force against these rebels, to\nseize and hold possession of any parts of their territories without\never being called to account hereafter for so doing. And we especially\ncommand all our civil officers and subjects to afford you every aid in\ntheir power, and to obey your commands.\n'We also direct, that our well-beloved members of the courts of\njustice, all masters of requests, as well of our h\u00f4tel as of the\nparliament, all bailiffs and sergeants, and every other dependant\non the courts of law, do suspend all processes that may have been\nproceeding against any of the nobles employed in executing our orders,\nfrom the day they shall have set out until fifteen days after their\nreturn, without their suffering any thing prejudicial to themselves or\ntheir possessions, or to those who may have been securities for them.\nShould any such acts have taken place, you will order every thing to\nbe replaced on the same ground as before the nobles had set out on the\nexpedition; for such is our pleasure, according to the tenour of this\npresent letter,--a copy of which, under our royal seal, we shall send\nyou, because the original cannot be exhibited in all places where\nthere may be occasion for it; and to this copy you will give equal\ncredence as to the original letter.\n'Given at Paris, the 5th day of August, in the year of Grace 1413, and\nof our reign the 33d.' It was signed by the king in council,--present\nthe dukes of Acquitaine, Berry, Burgundy, Bar, the duke Louis of\nBavaria, and others. Countersigned, 'Ferron.' These two edicts were\ncarried to Amiens, and proclaimed the 20th day of the same month.\nCHAP. XXIII.\nTHE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE ORDERS THE PRISONERS TO BE LIBERATED.--THE DUKE\nOF BURGUNDY LEAVES PARIS.--SEVERAL PRINCES ARRIVE THERE.--THEIR ACTIONS.\nOn the 4th day of September, the duke of Acquitaine, in consequence\nof the king's commands, caused all the prisoners confined within the\npalace to be set at liberty; and, shortly after, the whole of the\nfurniture of John de Troyes, then keeper of the palace, and who had\ngone abroad for some private affairs, was carried out of the same, in\npursuance of the orders of the duke of Acquitaine, by those Parisians\nwho had usually accompanied him. His office of keeper of the palace\nwas taken away, and restored to him who had before holden it. In like\nmanner were several offices in Paris restored to their former holders,\nnamely, to Anthony des Essars, to the two dukes of Bar and of Bavaria;\nthe former being reinstated in his government of the Louvre, and the\nother in that of the bastille.\nWhen the prisoners had been set at liberty, the duke of Acquitaine\nordered all the bells of the churches to ring together, and two days\nand nights were passed in the utmost joy and revelling throughout the\ntown, for the re-establishment of peace, which was a delightful sight.\nThe lord de Viefville and sir Charles de Lens, brother to the ch\u00e2telain\nde Lens, were arrested in the h\u00f4tel of the duke of Burgundy; but sir\nRobinet de Mailly, for fear of being taken, fled,--and the lord de\nViefville, at the entreaty of the duke of Burgundy and his daughter,\nthe duchess of Acquitaine, obtained his liberty. Sir Charles was\nconfined in the prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet,--and the other, who had fled,\nwas banished the realm.\nThe lord de Jacqueville, during his absence, was deprived of\nhis government of Paris; and, hearing of this while he was at\nMontereau-faut-Yonne with some of his principal supporters among the\nbutchers, they all fled to Burgundy: at the same time, Jean Caboche,\nmaster Jean de Troyes and his children, with many others of the\nParisians, hastened into Flanders. Master Eustace de Lactre, the new\nchancellor of France, fled like the rest from Paris,--and in his place\nwas appointed master Arnold de Corbie, who had before been chancellor\nof France, but, at his own request, on account of his age, had been\ndeprived of it, when the first president of the parliament of Paris was\nnominated in his stead. Master John Jouemel, king's advocate, was made\nchancellor of Acquitaine.\nVery many knights, particularly those who had been appointed\ncommissioners to try the late prisoners, quitted Paris; and the duke\nof Burgundy, observing the conduct of his son-in-law the duke of\nAcquitaine, began to be apprehensive that he was not well pleased\nwith his former conduct, and that he would remember the outrages\nwhich had been committed personally against him, as well in his\nh\u00f4tel as elsewhere, as has been before related, and would have him\narrested. He daily saw the most faithful of his adherents quit Paris\nprivately, and without taking leave of him: some of them were even made\nprisoners,--and he was told that there had been guards placed round his\nh\u00f4tel of Artois, and that great numbers of those who had been enemies\nto the duke of Acquitaine were now reconciled to him.\nTo prevent any dangerous consequences, and to avoid the perils that\nmight ensue, he prevailed on the king to hunt in the forest of\nVille-neuve. The lord de St George accompanied him,--and when he found\nthe opportunity favourable, he took leave of the king, saying, that\nhe had received such intelligence from Flanders as would force him to\nreturn thither instantly, on account of the important business which he\nwould have to transact. On saying this, he set off, and passed the wood\nof Bondis in much fear: he continued his road without stopping, and\nattended by a small company, to St Maixence, where he lay that night.\nOn the morrow, very early, the lord de Ront came thither to meet him,\nwith two hundred men at arms, and thence escorted him in a few days to\nLille in Flanders.\nWhen his departure was known, the Parisians and others attached to the\nOrleans party began loudly to murmur against him, saying that he had\nfled for fear of being arrested. Those of his party who had remained in\nParis were in great alarm; for daily some of them were imprisoned, and\nsummary justice done upon them. Even the two nephews of Jean Caboche\nwere executed, after having been for some time dragged through the\nstreets; and the host of the h\u00f4tel of the 'huis de fer,' named Jean de\nTroyes, cousin-german to master Jean de Troyes, the surgeon, of whom\nmention has been made, suffered in like manner.\nIn respect to the queen, the dukes of Acquitaine, Berry, Bar and\nBavaria, they were perfectly pleased and happy that the duke of\nBurgundy had quitted Paris, as were many of the great lords: in short,\nthe whole town was now turned against him both in words and deeds.\nIt was not long before the dukes of Orleans and of Bourbon, the\ncounts d'Alen\u00e7on, de Vertus, d'Eu, de Vaudemont and de Dammartin, the\narchbishop of Sens, friar Jacques le Grand, and the borgne Foucault,\ncame in handsome array to Paris; and the dukes of Berry, Bar and\nBavaria, the bishop of Paris, with many nobles and citizens, went out\non horseback to meet them, and escorted them, with every sign of joy,\nto the palace, where the king, the queen, and the duke of Acquitaine\nwere waiting to receive them.\nTheir reception by the royal family was very gracious, and they all\nsupped at the palace, after which they retired to their different\nh\u00f4tels in the town. On the morrow, the lord Charles d'Albreth came to\nParis, when the office of constable was instantly restored to him.\nOn the 8th day of September following, the king, at the instance of\nthe aforesaid lords, held a grand council in the usual chamber of\nparliament, and issued the following edict, which was proclaimed\nthroughout his realm.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all to whom these\npresents shall come, greeting.\n'Whereas, during the discords and dissensions that took place between\nseveral of our blood and kindred, many damnable falsehoods have been\nreported to us; under pretext of which our council have been very much\nconstrained, and our city of Paris did not enjoy its usual freedom, and\nourself was not advised so loyally as we ought to have been for the\nhonour and general welfare of the public, as it has since appeared, for\nseveral acts have been done that were partial and irregular. Others of\nour subjects were under the greatest alarm (and this happened to some\nof tried courage), for they saw that those were in danger of losing\nevery thing dear to them who should utter the truth. In fact, several\nof our prelates, nobles, and members of our council were wrongfully\narrested, robbed of their wealth, and forced to pay ransoms for their\nliberty, which caused many of our well wishers to absent themselves\nfrom our council, and even to fly from Paris.\n'Many letters patent were unjustly and damnably obtained in our name,\nsealed with our seal, and sent to our sovereign father, the head of\nChristian princes, at the holy college of Rome, and to other monarchs,\ndeclaring that these letters were sent with our full knowledge and\napprobation.\n'We have lately been well informed from papers that have been\ndiscovered, and laid before us in council, of a fact of which indeed we\nhad our suspicions, that envy and malice were the grounds on which our\nuncle John de Berry, our nephews Charles of Orleans and his brothers,\nJohn de Bourbon, John d'Alen\u00e7on, Charles d'Albreth, our cousins, and\nBernard d'Armagnac, with their accomplices and supporters, were charged\nwith the wicked and treasonable design of depriving us and all our\ndescendants of our royal authority, and expelling us our kingdom, which\nGod forbid! and also with the design of making a new king of France,\nwhich is an abominable thing to hear of, and must be painful even\nin the recital to the hearts of all our loyal subjects. In regard,\ntherefore, to such charges, those who have made them are guilty of\niniquitously imposing upon us, and are culpable of enormous crimes as\nwell treasonable as otherwise.\n'Very many defamatory libels have been written and affixed to the doors\nof churches, as well as distributed to several persons, and published\nin different places, to the great dishonour and contempt of some of\nthe highest of our blood, such as our very dear and well-beloved son,\nour well-beloved nephews and cousins, the dukes of Orleans and of\nBourbon, the counts de Vertus, d'Alen\u00e7on, d'Armagnac, and d'Albreth,\nconstable of France, and against other nobles and barons, our\nwellwishers, consequently against ourself and our government.\n'We, therefore, for these causes, do by these letters patent give\npermission to our said uncle, nephews, cousins, and to their adherents,\nto seize on and destroy the lands and property of all who may have been\nguilty of the aforesaid acts, declaring them to have forfeited to us\nboth their bodies and estates.\n'We the more readily consent to their being thus sorely oppressed,\nbecause they, under pretence of an ancient bull which had been issued\nagainst the free companies forty years ago, without any permission and\nauthority, did raise and assemble companies of men at arms against\nus and against our realm. This bull could not any way refer, as the\nsimple inspection of it would show, to our said son, uncle, nephew,\nor cousins, but was applied to them, through wicked counsel, without\nany authority from our said sovereign father the pope, without any\ndeliberations holden on the subject,--nor was any suit instituted,\nas was usual in such cases; but without any forms of proceeding that\nshould have been observed, or any preceding admonitions, they were\nillegally, through force and partiality, condemned as excommunicated,\nwith all their adherents and friends,--which sentence was, in defiance\nof truth, publicly proclaimed throughout our kingdom.\n'They were likewise declared traitors and wicked persons, banished\nour kingdom, and deprived of all their possessions and offices. On\nthis occasion, many injurious reports were industriously spread\nabroad against them, and they were themselves treated with the utmost\ninhumanity. Several of them were put to death without any attention\nbeing paid to their souls, like to outlaws and beasts, without\nadministration of the sacraments of the holy church, and then thrown\ninto ditches, or exposed in the fields, like dogs, to be devoured by\nthe birds.\n'Such acts are damnably wicked and cruel, more especially among\nChristians and true Catholics, and have been done at the instigation\nof seditious persons, disturbers of the peace, and illwishers to our\nsaid uncle, nephews and cousins, by means of their abominable fictions\nin order to gain their false and wicked purposes, as we have since been\nmore fully and truly informed.\n'We therefore, desirous, as is reasonable, that such false accusations\nas have been brought against those of our blood and their adherents,\nshould not remain in the state they are now in, to their great\ndisgrace, and earnestly wishing that the real truth should be\npublished, and reparation made for these illegal proceedings, make\nknown that we are fully persuaded, from the information we have\nreceived, that our said uncle, son, nephews, cousins, prelates, barons,\nnobles, and others their partisans, have ever had loyal intentions\ntoward our person, and have been good relatives and obedient subjects,\nsuch as they ought to be in regard to us, and that all which has\nbeen done has been treacherously, and wickedly, and surreptitiously\ncontrived against truth and reason, at the instances and importunities\nof these aforesaid seditious disturbers of the peace, by whom all\nletters and edicts, that any way tend to tarnish their honour, have\nbeen procured under false pretences.\n'We declare, by these presents, that such edicts and letters patent\nhave been wrongfully and surreptitiously issued, and are of no weight,\nhaving been procured by those rebellious disturbers of the peace,\nauthors of the evils that have afflicted our city of Paris, and whom we\nalso declare guilty of high treason.\n'Being desirous that the truth of these crimes should be made public,\nand that all may be acquainted with the real facts, to prevent any\nevil consequences that might ensue to us and to our realm, were they\nto remain in ignorance, as may happen to any prince who has subjects\nto govern, we therefore make known, and assert it for truth, that we\nbeing at our usual residence in Paris, in company with our very dear\nand well-beloved consort the queen, our very dear and well beloved\nson the duke of Acquitaine, our uncle the duke of Berry, with several\nothers of our kindred, and such of our servants and councillors as\nwere accustomed to attend on us,--it happened that on the 27th day of\nApril last past, sir Elion de Jacqueville, Robinet de Mailly, Charles\nde Recourt, called de Lens, knights, William Bareau, at that time a\nsecretary, a surgeon, named Jean de Troyes, and his children, Thomas\nle Goys, and his children, Garnot de Saint Yon, butcher, Symon de\nCoutelier, skinner of calf skins, Bau de Bordes, Andrieu Roussel,\nDenisot de Chaumont, master Eustace de Lactre, master Pierre Canthon,\nmaster Diusque Fran\u00e7ois, master Nicolle de Saint Hilaire, master Jean\nBon, master Nicolle de Quesnoy, Jean Guerin, Jean Pimorin, Jacques\nLaban, Guillaume Gente, Jean Parent, Jacques de Saint Laurent, Jacques\nde Rouen, Martin de Neauville, Martin de Coulonniers, master Toussaints\nBangart, master Jean Rapiot, master Hugues de Verdun, master Laurens\nCalot, Jean de Rouen, son to a tripe woman of Puys N\u00f4tre Dame, Jean\nMaillart, an old clothes-seller, with many others, their accomplices,\nof divers ranks and conditions, (who had, before this time, held\nfrequent assemblies, and secret conspiracies in many places, both in\nthe day and night-time) appeared in a very large body armed, with\ndisplayed standard, by way of hostility, before our said residence of\nSaint Pol, without our having any knowledge of such their disorderly\nintent.\n'They proceeded thence to the h\u00f4tel of our son the duke of Acquitaine,\nwhich they would forcibly enter, and broke open the gates of it\ncontrary to the will of our said son, his attendants and servants.\nHaving done this, they entered his apartment in opposition to his\nexpostulations and prohibitions; and when there, they seized by force\nand violence our cousin-german the duke of Bar, the chancellor of our\nsaid son, with many other nobles our chamberlains and counsellors to\nour son, and carried them away whithersoever they pleased: some of them\nthey confined in close imprisonment, where they detained them so long\nas they were able. These excesses raised the anger of our son in so\nviolent a degree that he was in danger of suffering a serious disorder\nfrom it.\n'The said seditious rebels, persisting in their wicked courses, came\nto us in our h\u00f4tel of St Pol, when they proposed, or caused to be\nproposed, whatever seemed good to them, positively declaring, however,\nthat they would have certain persons, whose names were written down in\na small roll, which they had with them, which persons were then in our\ncompany.--Among the number were Louis duke of Bavaria, brother to our\nconsort the queen, and many other nobles, our knights, counsellors,\nthe master of our household, with numbers of our servants of different\nranks and conditions. These they arrested by force against our will,\nand carried them to prison, or wherever else they pleased, as they had\ndone to the others.\n'After this, they entered the apartments of the queen our consort, and\nin her presence, and contrary to her will, they seized many ladies and\ndamsels, several of whom were of our kindred, and carried them away\nto prison, as they had done to the others. This disloyal and indecent\nconduct so greatly alarmed our dear consort the queen, that she was in\ngreat danger of losing her life from the illness that ensued.\n'After the imprisonment of these several persons of both sexes, the\ninsurgents proceeded against them, contrary to all law and justice, by\nvery severe tortures, and even put to death many of the nobility in the\nprisons, afterward publishing that they had killed themselves. Their\nbodies they hung on gibbets, or flung them into the Seine. Some they\nbeheaded privately while in prison. With regard to the ladies whom they\nhad arrested, they treated them most inhumanly; and although they were\nurgently pressed to allow the laws to take their course, in regard to\nthese prisoners, and that the court of parliament, as was reasonable,\nshould take cognizance of them, they positively refused every request\nof the sort, and had letters drawn up as seemed good to them, and\nto which they had the great seal of our chancery set by force, and,\nbesides, constrained our son to sign all their acts with our seals\nmanual, as approving of their deeds.\n'That they might have the chancellor the more under their command,\nto seal whatever edicts they should please to have proclaimed, they\ndismissed from that office our well-beloved Arnold de Corbie, who\nhad so long and so faithfully served us, and put in his place master\nEustace de Lactre, by whom letters were sealed and issued contrary to\nall truth, but conformable to the acts of these wicked men. We were\ndeceived by them, from want of able counsellors, and from freedom of\nspeech not being permitted, as has before been noticed.\n'All these letters, therefore, and edicts mandatory that have been\npublished to the dishonour of our said uncle, nephews, cousins, and\ntheir friends and adherents, we holding a bed of justice in our court\nof parliament, in the presence of many of our blood-royal, prelates,\nchurchmen, as well members of the university of Paris, our daughter,\nas from elsewhere, several great barons, and other able persons of our\ncouncil, and many principal citizens of Paris, do now annul, condemn\nand for ever annihilate. And we forbid all our subjects, under pain of\nincurring our highest indignation, to act, by word or deed, any way\nhereafter contrary to the strict tenour of this our will and pleasure.\nShould any of these disgraceful acts be produced in courts of justice,\nwe forbid any faith to be placed in them, and order them to be torn and\ndestroyed wherever they may be found.\n'In consequence whereof, we command our beloved and faithful\ncounsellors of our parliament, our provost of Paris, and all others\nour bailiffs, seneschals, provosts and officers of justice, or their\nlieutenants, each and all of them to cause this our present edict to\nbe publicly proclaimed by sound of trumpet in the usual places where\nproclamations are made, that none may plead ignorance of this our will.\nAnd we also command, that it be publicly read by all prelates and\nclergymen, or such as have usually preached to the people, that in time\nto come they may not again be seduced by similar evil machinations.\n'We also order, that as full obedience be paid to all copies of these\npresents, sealed with our seal, as to the original. In testimony of\nwhich, we have set our seal to these presents. Given in our great\nchamber of the parliament of Paris, at a bed of justice holden the 12th\nday of September, in the year 1413.\n'By the king, holding his bed of justice in his court of parliament.'\nCountersigned, 'Baye.'--This ordinance was, consequently, proclaimed in\nAmiens[22] on the 15th day of December following.\nCHAP. XXIV.\nTHE DUKE OF BRITTANY COMES TO PARIS.--THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS A\nCOUNCIL AT LILLE.--THE ACTIONS OF THE COUNT DE ST POL,--AND OTHER\nMATTERS THAT HAPPENED AT THIS TIME.\nAt this period, John duke of Brittany, son in law to the king, came to\nParis, with his brother the count de Richemont. The duke d'Evreux[23]\nand the earl of Rutland arrived there also from England, to treat of\nthe marriage of their king with Catherine daughter to the king of\nFrance, and to prevent the alliance which the duke of Burgundy was\ndesirous of forming between the king of England and his daughter[24].\nThese ambassadors, having explained to the king of France and his\nministers the cause of their coming, returned to England.\nThe duke of Burgundy, during this time, was holding a grand council at\nLille, which was attended by deputies from Ghent, Bruges, Ypres, the\nQuatre Mestiers, and by many nobles: among the latter was count Waleran\nde St Pol, constable of France, who had just concluded the negotiation\nwith the English at Boulogne and Leulinghen. The envoys from England\nwere the earl of Warwick and the bishop of St Davids, and others, who\nwere commissioned to treat of a truce between the two kings, which was\nagreed on to last until the feast of St John the Baptist next ensuing.\nThe count de St Pol, when on this business, received letters from\nthe king of France, ordering him to come to Paris and surrender the\nconstable's sword. Finding that it was intended to deprive him of this\noffice, he came to ask advice of the duke of Burgundy, who counselled\nhim not to obey these orders; and in consequence, he went to his castle\nof St Pol en Ternois, where his lady resided, and thence to Amiens, and\nthere tarried four days.\nFrom Amiens, he sent to Paris, as ambassadors to the king of France,\nhis nephew the count de Conversen and the vidame of Amiens, attended by\nmaster Robert le Jeusne, advocate at Amiens, to harangue the king on\nthe subject of their embassy. On their arrival, the advocate opened\nhis harangue in full council before the king, the chancellor and the\nother members of it, saying, that the constable, the count de St Pol,\nhis lord and master, had never been of any party which had disturbed\nthe realm; that he had never raised any troops, nor had attacked any of\nthe king's castles, as several others had done.\nWhen he had finished his speech, he was required to produce those\nwho would vouch for what he had said, as had been done in similar\ncases; but the ambassadors would not support him, and he was instantly\narrested and confined in the prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet, where he remained\nfor two days; and it was with great difficulty that the duke of Bar,\nbrother in law to the count de St Pol, by his entreaties, obtained his\nliberty.\nOn Saturday, the day after the feast of St Mor[26], the count de St Pol\nleft Amiens, and returned dispirited and melancholy to his own county.\nOther royal edicts were now published at Paris and sent to all parts\nof the kingdom for proclamation, complaining of the great disorders\nthat had been committed in the capital by the Parisians, to the great\ndispleasure of the queen and the duke of Acquitaine.--I shall not\nparticularise these edicts, for the atrocious acts of the Parisians\nhave been already sufficiently declared.\nSoon after these proclamations, the duke of Orleans, conformably to the\narticles of the peace, demanded of the king restitution of his castles\nof Pierrefons and Coucy, which the count de St Pol had refused to\nsurrender to him. His request was granted, and orders were sent to sir\nGasselins du Bos, bailiff of Sens, to go thither and receive the homage\ndue to the king,--and thus they were restored to the duke of Orleans.\nOn the following Saturday, the count d'Armagnac, and Clugnet de\nBrabant, knight, came to Paris with a numerous company of men at arms,\nand were received by the king, lords and barons, with great joy. All,\nor the greater part of those who had followed the faction of the duke\nof Orleans, now came to Paris,--and the affairs of the nation were\ngoverned according to their good pleasure, for the king and the duke\nof Acquitaine were at this time under their management. With regard to\nthe Burgundy-faction, they were kept at a distance, and could scarcely\never obtain an audience, how high soever their rank might be, insomuch\nthat such as had remained in the town were forced to hold down their\nheads, and to hear many things that were neither pleasant nor agreeable\nto them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 22: The name of the city of Amiens is inserted in this and\nin most of the former state-papers merely by way of example. It was\nprobably the nearest bailiwick to Monstrelet's place of residence,\nand the edicts, &c. which he inspected were those directed to this\nparticular bailiff.]\n[Footnote 23: There was clearly no such person as the duke d'Evreux;\nbut the earl of Rutland himself was also duke of Aumerle; and, both\nbeing norman titles, Monstrelet might have confounded them. But I\ncan find no mention of an embassy in which the earl of Rutland was\nconcerned.]\n[Footnote 24: Monstrelet must have mistaken the names of these\nambassadors; for in the Foedera mention is made of a promise from the\nking of England, by his commissioners, the bishop of Durham, the earl\nof Warwick and doctor Ware[25], 'De non contrahendo, citra certum diem,\ncum aliqua alia muliere, nisi cum Katerina Franci\u00e6, matrimonio.'--Dated\nWestminster, 28th January 1414.]\n[Footnote 25: This, however, seems to refer to the second embassy\nmentioned after.]\n[Footnote 26: St Mor. Q. St Maur?]\nCHAP. XXV.\nTHE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS MANY COUNCILS TO CONSIDER OF HIS SITUATION,\nFEARING THAT HIS ENEMIES WOULD TURN THE KING AGAINST HIM, WHICH THEY\nAFTERWARDS DID[27].\nThe duke of Burgundy, while these things were passing, resided in the\ntown of Lille, where he had assembled many great lords to consult and\nhave their advice respecting the situation he was then in. He received\nalmost daily intelligence from Paris, and learnt how his enemies\ngoverned the king and the duke of Acquitaine, and were labouring to\nkeep those of his party at a distance from the royal presence, in order\nto prevent their receiving any marks of favour or benevolence.\nThe duke formed various opinions on this intelligence, and suspected,\nwhat indeed afterward happened, that his adversaries would succeed\nin setting the king and the duke of Acquitaine at variance with him,\nand in the end making war upon him. He was, however, prepared to meet\nwhatever events might befal him.\nAt this period, the earl of Warwick, the bishop of St Davids, and\nothers, waited upon him, to treat of a marriage between the king\nof England and a daughter of the duke, notwithstanding the embassy\nthat had been sent to the king of France on a similar subject. These\nambassadors and the duke of Burgundy could not agree on the terms of\nalliance, and they consequently returned to England.\nOn the 4th day of October, the lords d'Offemont and de Moy came to St\nPol en Ternois, by orders from the king of France, to demand from\nthe count de St Pol, that he would surrender to them, or send to the\nking, his constable's sword. The count replied, that he would never\nwillingly, nor without the advice of his friends, comply with such\na request, but that he would refer the matter to the counsel of his\nfriends, and would shortly send such an answer that the king should be\nsatisfied therewith. These lords, having heard this, returned to Paris,\nafter having been honourably entertained by the constable, and related\nto the king and council what they had done, which was not any way\nagreeable to those who had sent them.\nThis same day, another royal edict was published against all who should\nnot strictly keep the peace, forbidding every one to spread abroad any\nevil reports that would tend to create discord and commotion, and to\ncall any one by such sirnames as should engender strife, and renew the\nmischiefs that had so lately desolated the kingdom. It was proclaimed\nthroughout France, and was of the following tenour.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'It has come to our knowledge, that whereas by great and mature\ndeliberation of council, and by the aid and diligence of many of our\nblood and other discreet men of our realm, we have, by the grace of\nGod, established a peace between several of our kindred, among whom\ndisputes and discords had arisen and continued for a considerable\ntime. We have first shown all the points of the treaties that had been\nproposed, after mature council, as well to those of our blood and\ngreat council as to the prelates, barons, and knights of our different\ncourts of parliament, and to other officers of justice in the court of\nthe Conciergerie, and also to our well-beloved daughter the university\nof Paris, the clergy and citizens of our capital, who have been all\ndelighted therewith, and have unanimously supplicated us to complete\nthe peace, which, through the mercy of God, we have done.\n'For the greater security of its observance, our very dear and well\nbeloved eldest son, nephews, uncle and cousins,--that is to say, Louis\nduke of Acquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy,\nOrleans, Brittany, Bourbon, and of Bar,--the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, Vertus,\nRichemont, d'Eu, Vendosme, and many others of our blood,--have\npromised and sworn in our presence, on the word of a son to a king\nand a prince, on part of a piece of the true cross, and upon the holy\nevangelists of God touched corporally by them, never more in any\nrespect to misbehave toward us, but to pay a due regard to their own\nhonour and rank, and henceforward to act toward each other like to kind\nrelations and friends.\n'This they declare they have done without any fraud, deception, or\nmental reservation, and promise most faithfully to observe this union,\nand to deposit in our hands their several letters patent.\n'In like manner have the different ranks of our faithful subjects\npromised and sworn to the due observance of that affection, loyalty,\nand service they owe to us, and that they will most strictly keep this\naforesaid peace concluded between the princes of our blood,--and that\nthey will, to the utmost of their power, prevent it from being in any\nway infringed, as is more fully explained in others of our letters\npatent.\n'Nevertheless, there are, as we learn, several within your bailiwick\nfull of evil intentions, who, believing that no proceedings will take\nplace against them for any commotions they may excite, and that they\nmay remain unpunished in body or goods, do daily spread abroad reports\ninjurious to the said peace, and by wicked murmurings endeavour to\nraise discontents against it, and also to make use of such odious\nsirnames as have been by this peace strictly forbidden, and by other\nacts and speeches urge on the people to dissensions that may produce\nfresh warfare; which things are highly, and not without cause,\ndispleasing to us.\n'We will, that the aforesaid peace be most strictly kept, and such is\nour firm intention, that all means of future dissensions may be put\nan end to, and that every kind of warfare cease in our kingdom, so\nthat each person may henceforward live in peace and tranquillity. We\ntherefore command, that you do instantly cause these presents to be\nmost solemnly proclaimed by sound of trumpet in every part within your\nbailiwick wherever any proclamations have been or are usually made.\n'Our will and purpose is, to preserve this peace most strictly\ninviolate, and to observe it in the manner that has been so solemnly\nsworn to in our presence, without suffering it to be infringed by any\nperson whatever. And we expressly command that you do most attentively\nregard its preservation, and that you do make very exact inquiries\nafter all who may in any manner attempt its infringement. We rigorously\nforbid any factious sirnames to be used, and all other words and\nexpressions that have a tendency to revive past dissensions, under pain\nof corporal punishment and confiscation of goods. And any such whom\nyou shall find disobeying these our commands you will punish in such\nwise that he or they be examples to deter others from committing the\nlike,--and see that there be no failure in this through any fault or\nneglect of your own.\n'For the due fulfilment of these our commands, we give full powers,\nas well to yourself as to your deputies and under officers,\nnotwithstanding any letters, edicts, prohibitions, oppositions, or\nappeals to the contrary. Given at Paris, the 6th day of October,\n1413.'----Signed by the king in his great council, in the presence of\nthe king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, Orleans, Bourbon, the counts\nde la Marche, d'Alen\u00e7on, d'Eu, Vendosme, Armagnac, the constable, the\ncount de Tancarville, the grand master of the household, the master\nof the cross-bows, the admiral, the chancellors of Acquitaine and\nof Orleans, the lords d'Oyrront[28], de Torcy, de Ray de Boyssay, de\nBauquille, l'hermite de la Fayette, and many more.--Countersigned, 'P.\nNaucron.'\nThis edict was afterwards proclaimed at Amiens, and in that bailiwick,\non the 3d day of November in the same year.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 27: At the head of this chapter, in the edition of Monstrelet\nin Lincoln's-inn Library, (which is the black letter of Anthoine\nVerard,--I can find no date), is a curious wooden print, representing,\nperhaps, the duke of Burgundy and his lords in council; but I do not\nunderstand what the figures of dead bodies in the back ground are meant\nfor.\nI should suspect that the print is misplaced, and is meant to describe\nthe bloody entry of the duke into Paris some time after.]\nCHAP. XXVI.\nDUKE LOUIS OF BAVARIA MARRIES AT PARIS.--OF THOSE WHO HAD BEEN\nBANISHED ON ACCOUNT OF THE DISCORDS BETWEEN THE DUKES OF ORLEANS AND\nBURGUNDY,--AND OF MANY OTHER INCIDENTAL MATTERS.\nIn these days, duke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen of France,\nespoused, at the h\u00f4tel of St Pol, the widow of the lord Peter de\nNavarre, formerly count de Mortain. At this wedding, the king and many\nothers of the princes tilted, for there were very grand feasts on the\noccasion.\nOn the morrow, sir Robinet de Mailly, sir Elyon de Jacqueville, les\nGoys, namely, father and son, master John de Troyes, Denisot de\nChaumont, Caboche, and others who have been before mentioned as having\nsuits brought against them in parliament, were for ever banished from\nParis. The duke of Burgundy very soon received information of this, as\nhe was at St Omer, where he had assembled the nobility of Artois, to\ndeliberate on the subject of taxes, and they had granted him one equal\nto what the king annually levied. He was not well pleased with this\nintelligence, for the greater part of those who had been banished were\nthen with him; and they daily urged him to march a powerful army to\nParis, assuring him, that if he would appear before it, the Parisians\nwould instantly declare for him, and drive his enemies out of the town.\nThe duke, however, being otherwise advised, would not comply with their\nrequest.\nAbout this time there was a violent quarrel between the dukes of\nOrleans and Brittany, on the subject of precedency, insomuch that it\ncame to the ears of the king, who decided for the duke of Orleans. On\nthis, the duke of Brittany left Paris in ill humour; but before he\ndeparted, he had some high words with his brother-in-law the count\nd'Alen\u00e7on, in consequence of his telling him that he had in his heart\na lion as big as a child of one year old, which greatly angered the\nduke, and caused a hatred between them.\nAt this period, the borgne de la Heuse was, by the king's order,\ndismissed from the provostship of Paris, and master Andrieu Marchant,\nadvocate in the parliament, appointed in his stead. Sir Guichart\nDaulphin, grand master of the king's household, the lord de Rambures,\nmaster of the cross-bows of France, and sir Anthony de Craon, were\nalso dismissed, by order of the duke of Acquitaine, and commanded not\nto return to Paris until the king should send for them. In like manner\nwere three hundred persons, as well men as women, driven out of Paris\nbecause they were attached to the party of the duke of Burgundy.\nThe count de Vendosme was made grand master of the cross-bows, and\nseveral were restored to their former offices.\nAbout this time, sixteen hundred horse, whom the duke had sent for from\nBurgundy, marched through Champagne, the Cambresis, and thence into\nArtois. The duke was at Lille, and with him the count de St Pol, who\nhad come thither to consult him whether or not he should surrender the\nconstable's sword. The duke advised him to retain it, and said that he\nwould support him to the utmost of his power. In consequence, the count\nsent the vidame of Amiens again to Paris, to inform the king and his\ncouncil of his intention to keep the constable's sword.\nAnother edict, to forbid any persons whatever from bearing arms, was\nnow published, the tenour of which was as follows.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Since, through the Divine Grace, we have succeeded in establishing a\npeace between some of our kindred, among whom discords and dissensions\nhad taken place,--on which we ordered, that all foreign men at arms and\narchers should instantly quit our kingdom, and no longer live upon and\nharrass our subjects, as they had been accustomed to do, and which was\nhighly displeasing to us,--\n'Know ye, that we will that this our order be most strictly obeyed,\nand that nothing be done to the contrary, to the oppression of our\nsaid subjects, or to their hindrance in living under us in peace and\ntranquillity. For this, and other sufficient reasons which move us,\nwe expressly command you to cause this our pleasure to be publicly\nproclaimed by sound of trumpet, in all places within your bailiwick\nwhere proclamations have been usually made, that no knight or noble\nesquire, of whatever rank he may be, shall put on arms or attend to the\ncommands of any superior lord whatever to begin and carry on a warfare\nin any part of our realm, under pain of forfeiture of his goods and\nestate, unless he shall have our especial commands for so doing.\n'All such as you shall find acting contrary to this our order you will\npunish, so that they may be examples for others; and you will seize on\nall their goods and chattels for our use, because they have been guilty\nof disobedience and disloyalty towards us their sovereign lord, without\nhaving received our commands. Be careful that this order be obeyed, and\nnot neglected through any fault of yours.\n'Given at the Bois de Vincennes, the 22d day of October, in the year of\nGrace 1413, and of our reign the 33d.'\nIt was signed by the king in his great council,--present the lord de\nPreaulx[29], the count de Tancarville, the lords de Montenay and de\nCambrillac, Pierre de l'Esclut, and several others. This edict was\nproclaimed in Amiens the 12th day of November following.\nOn the Monday preceding the feast of All-saints, the duke of Burgundy\ngave a grand entertainment at Lille. The Monday and Tuesday, the\nknights and esquires tilted, namely, the duke himself, his son the\ncount de Charolois, the duke of Brabant and the count de Nevers, his\nbrothers.\nSoon after this feast was over, and the company departed, the lord\nde Dampierre, admiral of France, the bishop of Evreux, and others,\ncame to Lille as ambassadors from the king of France, and commanded\nthe duke, in the king's name, by virtue of their royal orders, not\nto enter into any treaty or agreement with the king of England, for\nthe marriage of his daughter or otherwise, under pain of having his\nestates confiscated. They summoned him to surrender to the king three\ncastles which were garrisoned by his men, namely, Cherbourg, Caen,\nand Crotoy,--and ordered him, on his allegiance, to maintain the\npeace he had so solemnly sworn to observe with the duke of Orleans,\nhis brothers, their friends and adherents. The duke, on hearing these\ncommands, made no reply whatever to the ambassadors, but called for his\nboots, and rode off instantly for Oudenarde. The ambassadors returned\nto Rolaincourt le Ch\u00e2tel, which belonged to the admiral, on the eve of\nSaint Martin, and thence came to Paris.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 28: D'Oyrront. Q. D'Orgemont?]\n[Footnote 29: James de Bourbon, grand butler of France, son to James I.\ncount de la Marche, and uncle to the present counts de la Marche and\nVend\u00f4me, and lord of Carency.]\nCHAP. XXVII.\nTHE KING OF FRANCE, FEARING THE PEACE WOULD BE BROKEN, PUBLISHES OTHER\nEDICTS FOR ITS PRESERVATION THROUGHOUT THE REALM, AND ALSO RESPECTING\nTHE COIN.\nThe king of France, suspecting that the peace lately concluded at\nPontoise would be broken, by several who were endeavouring to excite\nfresh disturbances by their seditious speeches, published the following\nedict.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all those to whom\nthese presents may come, greeting.\n'Since it is a duty appertaining to our royal majesty, as well as\nto all princes who have subjects to govern, and consonant to the\nestablishment and ordinance of God, appointed by the divine, canon,\nand civil law, that a good and strict police should be observed and\nsupported for the well governing and keeping in peace our people, and\nto avoid all wars and intestine divisions, which we have always had\nmost earnestly at heart, and are determined to prevent as much as\nshall lie within our power.--It has, however, happened, that quarrels\nand dissensions have arisen between some of the princes of our blood,\nwhence have sprung intestine warfares, to the great detriment of our\nsubjects residing within towns, as well as of those employed in rural\naffairs.\n'We have, through the wholesome advice of many discreet and wise\npersons of our blood and council, as well as of our daughter the\nuniversity of Paris, and several of its citizens, concluded a peace\nbetween the contending parties, which each has most solemnly sworn, on\nthe holy relic of the true cross, most faithfully to preserve, and not\ninvalidate in the smallest trifle. On this occasion, we have overlooked\nand pardoned the crimes that have been committed during these divisions\nin our good city of Paris.\n'We have also given our letters of pardon, tied with silken cords and\nsealed with green wax; and this peace, so sworn, we have had proclaimed\nthroughout our kingdom, and wherever else we have thought it necessary,\nso that no one may plead ignorance of it, and carry on a warfare from\npartiality or attachment to either of the late contending parties, or\nby murmurs or seditious words endeavour to infringe this peace, and\nrenew the dissensions that have so much distressed our realm, by any\nmeans, or in any measure whatever.\n'It has, notwithstanding, come to our knowledge, that many\nevil-disposed persons, as well within our town of Paris as elsewhere,\nand of various ranks and conditions, do privately murmur, and use many\nseditious expressions in their secret meetings, in order to overturn\nthis peace, and attempt to excite the commonalty of Paris to second\ntheir damnable ends and intentions,--to stir up a mortal war to our\nevident disadvantage, to the peril of our realm and government,--to\nput an end to all legal justice, and to the destruction of all good\nand loyal subjects who are desirous of peace. This conduct imperiously\ndemands an efficient and speedy remedy, to prevent the dangers that\nmight otherwise ensue.\n'Know ye, that we have held divers councils on the above with the\nprinces of our blood, and with our wisest and most prudent counsellors,\nto provide and to determine on the most effectual means to check\nsuch treasonable practices. We therefore order and enjoin, by these\npresents, that whoever may have knowledge of any person or persons,\nwho, since the signature of the peace at Pontoise, have murmured, or do\nmurmur, or spread abroad any factious words or expressions, to excite\nthe populace against the said peace, or shall have knowledge of any\nconspiracy or damnable secret meetings, and will denounce them to any\nof our officers of justice, so that legal cognizance may be taken of\nthe same, shall, on the conviction of such persons, receive one third\npart of the goods and estates that may, in consequence of the sentence\nor sentences passed on them, be adjudged to ourself. And we further\nwill, that this our edict be published throughout the realm, that all\ndiligence may be used to discover such traitors as are seditiously\nactive in disturbing the peace, so that punishment may be inflicted\nupon them according to the heinousness of their offences, as violators\nof the peace, and to serve for an example to others. We will that full\ncredit be given to the copies of these presents, the same as if they\nwere the original.\n'We therefore give it in command to our bailiff of Amiens, or to his\nlieutenant, and to all others our officers and subjects within our\nrealm, each as it may behove him, to see that the above ordinance\nbe duly and diligently put into execution, and that it be no way\nneglected. In witness whereof, we have to these presents affixed our\nseal.\n'Given at Paris the last day but one of October, in the year of Grace\n1413, and of our reign the 33d.' Signed by the king in his great\ncouncil,--present the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, of Orleans,\nthe counts de Vertus, d'Eu, de Richemont, de Vendosme, the constable\nof France, the archbishop of Sens, and several others. Countersigned,\n'Gontier.'\nThis edict was proclaimed in Amiens the 15th day of December, in the\nsame year.\nThe king was at this period busied in making some regulations\nrespecting the coin, and in consequence issued an edict, which he\nordered to be promulgated throughout the kingdom: the tenour of it was\nas follows:\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Know ye, that in order to provide for the security of the public\nwelfare of our kingdom, and to obviate the great varieties of coins\nthat for some time have had currency in our realm, we do ordain, after\nmature deliberation with our council, that a coin be struck of the form\nof deniers, called Gros, which shall be current for twenty deniers\ntournois, and of five sols to five deniers, the fourth part of a denier\nof the poids de marc of Paris,--and coins of half a gros and half a\nquarter of a gros, twenty sols six deniers tournois being the value of\neach,--also small crowns, of the value of fifteen sols tournois each.\nThose gros, half gros, quarter gros, which have been formerly coined,\nand blancs of ten deniers, and of five deniers, shall have currency\nwith the new money.\n'We therefore command and enjoin you to make this our will respecting\nthe regulation of our coin as public as possible, so that no one may\nplead ignorance of it,--and you will cause this edict to be proclaimed\nin all the usual places of your bailiwick. You will observe its\nregulations without favour or affection to any one, and punish such as\nmay act contrary thereto, that they may be examples to others.\n'Given at Paris the 13th day of November in the year of Grace 1413, and\nof our reign the 33d.' It was thus signed by the king on the report of\nthe council held in the chamber of accounts,--present the archbishop of\nBourges, the bishop of Noyon, the members of the chamber of accounts,\nthe officers of the treasury, the master and monoyers of the mint, and\ncountersigned, 'Le Begue.'\nIt is true, that the king was fearful beyond measure of the peace\nbeing interrupted; and, anxiously desirous of preventing it from being\ninfringed, he issued another edict much stronger than the preceding\nones to all the bailiffs and seneschals in his kingdom.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Whereas during the time we were last at Auxerre, through the Divine\nProvidence, and great deliberation of council, we succeeded in the\nestablishment of peace between some of the princes of our blood, and\nbetween our subjects, which was afterward confirmed in our good town of\nParis. Our princes then faithfully promised to keep this peace without\nany way infringing it, or suffering it to be infringed by others.\n'We, considering that peace is advantageous to us, our realm, and our\nsubjects, and reflecting upon the manifold and numberless evils that\nwould result should it be broken, are desirous to preserve it with\nour whole heart, and to prevent it from being in the smallest degree\ninfringed.\n'For these and other considerations that move us, we strictly charge\nyou to have these presents publicly proclaimed with sound of trumpet in\nall the accustomed places within your bailiwick; and that you forbid\nall persons to obey any summons or proclamations that may have been\nissued by any of the princes of our blood, in their own or in our name,\nof whatever rank or condition he may be,--or whether any such shall\nbe issued under pretext of serving us, or on any colour or pretence\nwhatever. And you will strictly charge all vassals not to obey any such\nsummons, or to bear arms accordingly, under pain of forfeiture of body\nand estate to us, and of suffering such punishment as may be adjudged\nfor their disobedience to us and to our crown. Should any vassals be\nalready set out to join their respective lords, or about to do so, you\nwill command them to return instantly to their homes, and not to depart\nthence until they shall receive our letters patent, under our great\nseal, to that purpose, signed in our great council subsequent to the\ndate of these presents.\n'You will also make proclamation, that for this occasion only we do\nexempt all our loyal subjects, vassals to any lord, from obeying his\nsummons; and we will that for this their disobedience they do not\nsuffer in body or estate, or be pursued in any courts of justice; but\nour intention is to guard and preserve them from all oppression by\nevery legal means, or, should it be necessary, by force of arms.\n'You will hasten to all places within your jurisdiction where you\nshall know there are any assemblies of men at arms, and forbid them to\nproceed any further, commanding them to return to their homes, under\nthe penalties aforesaid. Should they refuse to obey you, and become\nrebellious to your commands, you will force them to obedience by every\nmeans in your power; by placing within their mansions, and on their\nestates, men who shall destroy and waste them, by uncovering their\nhouses, or by any the most rigorous means, even by force of arms,\nshould there be occasion, calling to your aid our good and faithful\nsubjects, so that you may have sufficient power to make yourself\nobeyed; and we command all our subjects to pay due respect to your\norders, so that the end proposed may be obtained. Should any who\ndisobey you be killed or wounded in the conflict, we will that no legal\nsteps be pursued against you or your supporters; and should any horses,\nbaggage, or other effects, be taken from these rebellious subjects, we\nwill that they remain in full possession to the captors, or to those\nwho shall have assisted you.\n'In regard to such as you shall have had due information of being\ndisobedient to these our commands, you will arrest them any where\nbut in places of sanctuary, and have them conveyed, under sufficient\nescorts, to our prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet in Paris. Should you not find\nthem out of sanctuary, you will leave a process of citation at such of\ntheir houses as may be within your jurisdiction; otherwise you will\nsummon them with a loud voice, and with sound of trumpet, at the places\nin which they usually assemble, to appear before us on a certain day at\nour court of parliament in Paris. Should it happen to be the vacation\nof parliament, when there are not any pleadings, they must appear at\nthe next sittings, under pain of confiscation of their goods, their\nfiefs and tenements, for having committed treason against us, and of\nbeing proceeded against by our attorney-general in such wise as he in\nhis judgment shall think fit.\n'You will take possession of all the effects, moveable and immoveable,\nof such as you shall have served processes upon, making out a just\ninventory of the same, and placing them in such safe hands that,\nshould it be judged expedient, they may be faithfully restored,\nnotwithstanding any opposition or appeals to the contrary, until\nour faithful counsellors, holding our courts of parliament, shall\nhave determined on what you have done, according to the report which\nyou shall deliver to them under your seal. We shall order these our\ncounsellors, after having heard the parties, not to delay doing strict\njustice on such as shall have been disobedient to our commands, and to\nuse such diligence that you may not suffer; for should there be any\nneglect on your part in the execution of these our commands, we shall\nhave you punished for the same, that you may serve for an example to\nothers.\n'We have noticed that you have not been active in carrying into effect\ndifferent orders which we have sent to you on this subject since the\npeace concluded at Auxerre, from which many inconveniences have arisen,\nwhich have given us, and not without cause, much displeasure against\nyou. We therefore command you to report to us what you shall have\ndone in the execution of these our orders, the days and places where\nyou shall have proclaimed them, that we may have due information of\nthe measures which you shall take; and you will likewise report to\nus whether any princes of our blood, or others, are assembling men\nat arms, and at what places. Instantly on such intelligence coming\nto our knowledge, we will give you further orders, and full powers\nto carry them into effect; and we shall command all our officers of\njustice, in the most express manner, to obey and assist you therein\nto the utmost of their power. They will give you counsel, aid, and\nthe use of their prisons, should need be, and should you call on them\nfor assistance,--for such is our pleasure, and thus we order it,\nnotwithstanding any letters and ordinances surreptitiously obtained to\nthe contrary.\n'Given at Paris, the 11th day of November, in the year of Grace\n1413, and of our reign the 33d.' Signed by the king in his great\ncouncil,--present the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry and Orleans,\nthe counts d'Alen\u00e7on, de Vertus, the duke of Bar, Louis of Bavaria, the\ncounts d'Eu, Vendosme, and de Richemont, the constable, the chancellor\nof Acquitaine, and several more.\nThis edict was proclaimed in Amiens the 13th day of December, in the\nsame year.\nHere follows another edict of the king of France, to forbid knights or\nesquires to obey the summons of any lord, under certain penalties.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'It has come to our knowledge, that although the restoration of\npeace has put an end to all those assemblies of men at arms, and\nobviated the great inconveniences that usually ensued from them; and\nthat although we have caused it to be proclaimed in our good town of\nParis, and elsewhere throughout the realm, that no persons whatever\nshould in future hold such assemblies, but that all persons should\nretire to their own homes under pain of incurring our displeasure, and\nforfeiting life and estate, yet our subjects, whether in Picardy or\nin other parts, instead of showing due obedience to this our command,\nhave assembled in arms without our licence in the aforesaid country,\nand elsewhere in the kingdom, as we have had information, disturbing\nand infringing the peace, and thus acting expressly contrary to our\npositive commands, to the injury of our subjects and kingdom,--and\ngreater would ensue, were we not provided with a suitable remedy.\n'We therefore, after due deliberation of council, do most strictly\norder and enjoin you, by these presents, that you positively forbid,\nunder pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of goods, all nobles\nor others within your bailiwick, of whatever condition or rank they may\nbe, to arm themselves or to attend any congregations of men at arms,\nunder pretence of serving us, or in consequence of summons from others,\nwithout our especial order and licence so to do, by letters from\nour council of a subsequent date to these presents. Should any such\nassemblies have actually taken place, you will order them instantly\nto depart in peace, without injuring the country, and return to their\nhomes.\n'In case any one should prove rebellious, and refuse compliance with\nyour orders, you will instantly arrest him, and take possession in\nour name of all his goods, estates, fiefs, and every article of his\nproperty, making out an exact inventory of all, which you will intrust\nto the care of persons sufficiently responsible, so that the whole may\nbe restored, should we see occasion for the same. You will place in\ntheir fortresses and castles such persons as shall be wealthy enough to\nkeep them in a proper state, until the matter shall be decided by our\ngreat council. You will arrest, imprison, and punish all who shall act\ncontrary to these our commands; and that you may have sufficient force\nto effect this, you will call to your aid all our loyal subjects and\nour faithful allies, as well within as without your jurisdiction, and\nin such numbers as you shall judge expedient.\n'We therefore command all our vassals, on their faith and loyalty, and\nunder pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of effects, that\nthey do instantly obey your summons, and arm themselves to support you\nin the carrying these presents into complete execution. You will be\ncareful that there be no failure on your part, for we shall call you\nseverely to account for any neglect. To accomplish this our purpose,\nwe delegate to you full power and authority, and we command all our\nofficers of justice, and others our allies and wellwishers, to attend\ndiligently to your orders, and to afford you every assistance of which\nyou may be in need.\n'We also enjoin all our well-beloved counsellors of our parliament,\nmasters of requests in our household, those employed in the courts of\nrequest of our palace in Paris, the provost of Paris, you bailiff, and\nyou lieutenant, and all other officers of justice within our realm and\ntheir lieutenants, and each of them as the case may happen, that you\ndo withhold all legal proceedings for quarrels, debts, or other suits\nthat may any way attach such persons, noble or otherwise, as may be in\nyour company for the better executing these presents, for the space of\nfifteen days after their return home from assisting you, and that you\nkeep an exact account of the time, without suffering any injury to be\noffered to them or their sureties; and should any thing prejudicial to\nthem be attempted, you will see that all things be replaced precisely\nin the state they were in at the time he or they came to your aid, for\nsuch is our pleasure according to the tenour of these presents,--to the\ncopy of which (for the original cannot be carried every where), under\nour royal signet, we will that the same credence be given as if it were\nthe original.\n'Given at Paris the 14th day of November, in the year of Grace\n1413, and of our reign the 33d.' Signed by the king in his great\ncouncil,--present the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, of Orleans,\nand of Bar, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, de Vertus, d'Eu, de Vendosme, de\nTancarville, the constable, the chancellor of Acquitaine, with others.\nCountersigned, 'P. Naucron,' It was proclaimed in Amiens, the 13th day\nof December of the same year.\nCHAP. XXVIII.\nTHE KING OF SICILY SENDS BACK THE DAUGHTER OF THE DUKE OF\nBURGUNDY.--THE DUKE WRITES LETTERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE, CONTAINING\nREMONSTRANCES, AND OTHER MATTERS.\nOn the 20th day of November, in this year, the king of Sicily sent\nback to the city of Beauvais, Catherine daughter to John duke of\nBurgundy, who had been betrothed to Louis, the king of Sicily's eldest\nson, according to treaties that had been entered into between the two\nparties, and in consequence of which the duke had caused her to be\nmost honourably escorted to Angers. But the king afterward sent her\nback, attended by the lord de Longny, marshal of France, and others, to\nthe amount of six score horse, knights, esquires, ladies and damsels,\nbelonging to the duke of Burgundy, who had sent them for that purpose.\nBy them she was conducted in great sorrow to Amiens, and thence to her\nfather at Lille, who was much vexed on the occasion, and conceived\nthereat a mortal hatred to the king of Sicily, which lasted all their\nlives.\nShortly after, this lady Catherine of Burgundy, who was, for her tender\nyears, a very gracious lady, died in Ghent, without ever having been\nmarried.\nIn this same month, the duke of Burgundy sent letters to the king of\nFrance at Paris, containing his respectful salutations, his complaints\nand his accusations against his enemies, the contents of which were as\nfollow.\n'John duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders, of Artois, and palatine of\nBurgundy: my most-redoubted and dear lord, I recommend myself most\nhumbly to you, being perpetually desirous, as is right, to hear of the\ngood estate of your health,--and may God, in his gracious pleasure,\ncontinue it to you in the best possible manner, according to your good\ndesire and wishes! I most earnestly supplicate you, my most-redoubted\nand beloved lord, that I may as often as possible be ascertained of\nthis from yourself, for God knows how much I wish your prosperity;\nand I cannot have greater joy in this world than to hear satisfactory\nnews of you,--and may God, out of his holy grace, grant that I may\nalway hear such as may be agreeable to you, and such as I may wish for\nmyself! Should it please you, my most redoubted and dear lord, to know\nhow I am, I was in excellent health on the departure of these letters,\nthanks to God,--and may he alway continue you in the same! Most dear\nand redoubted lord, I presume that it is in your good remembrance, that\nby your proclamation, issued by advice of my most redoubted lord the\nduke of Acquitaine, your son, and by my advice also, and by that of\nmany lords of your blood, and of your grand council, and at the earnest\nand humble request of your daughter the university of Paris, and of the\nclergy of the said city, of the provost of merchants and the sheriffs,\nand in general of other good people of your said city, were notified\ncertain ordinances, as well of your grand council aforesaid, as of\nmany other great lords and counsellors, of myself, of the university\naforesaid, and of the clergy of the aforesaid city of Paris, for the\neffecting of peace and union among the lords of your blood, as the only\nmeans for the reparation of the miseries the whole kingdom suffered\nunder, which was in thorough desolation, and must have been destroyed\nif God had not inspired you with a desire of peace. By these means,\neach loyal subject of your realm may have the hope of sleeping in\npeace and tranquillity, as was most notably said and explained in your\npresence, and before many of the princes of your blood and others, by a\nvery able knight, counsellor to my very dear lord and cousin the king\nof Sicily.\n'Nevertheless, my most-redoubted lord, although I had sworn to\nobserve this peace in your presence, with a loyal faith and the most\nupright intentions, as several who attended might have noticed;\nand notwithstanding, because I did suspect that after my departure\nsome persons might imagine various strange matters, tending to the\ninfraction of the peace, I sent to you, as soon as I could, letters,\nto assure you of my cordial intentions of maintaining the object of\nyour ordinance,--and in greater confirmation, I sent to you some of my\nconfidential servants, principally on this account, as it may please\nyou to remember; yet notwithstanding this, my most dear lord, and that\nI have not committed any act to infringe your ordinance, whatever\naccusations have been brought against me by some people, who (saving\nthe honour and reverence always due to you) have spoken contrary to\ntruth: many things have, in like manner, been done against the sense of\nyour ordinance, to the contempt, prejudice, and scandal of myself and\nmine, who have been pointed out in the aforesaid ordinance.\n'I am, therefore, the less bound to proceed according to your will\nand that of your very dear son, my redoubted lord, and of the princes\nof your blood, and members of your grand council; but I am pressed\nthereto from the instigations and extraordinary importunities of some\nwho have for a long time been contentious, and are still the same, in\nvery strange manner,--whom may God, out of his holy grace, reclaim, and\nbring to a proper sense of duty, as there is great need, and which I\nmost earnestly desire.\n'For a fuller declaration of the above, it is true, my most-redoubted\nlord, that at the instigation of some persons, shortly after I had\nsworn to the observance of the peace, several skirmishes with armed\nmen were made in Paris, near to my h\u00f4tel, which seemed to have been\nconducted and done in contempt of me, to the prejudice of my character\nand of the persons of my adherents; for since I quitted Paris, no such\nthings have taken place, nor have any congregations of armed men been\nheard of; but what is worse, if I were to believe what some have told\nme, it was intended to lay hands on my person before I departed from\nParis, which is no sign of good peace or union.\n'It is a fact, that before and since I left Paris, several of your\ngood and faithful servants, and some of mine, have been arrested and\nimprisoned without having done any thing to deserve such treatment, and\nothers have been obliged, by force and treacherous conduct, to quit\nParis.\n'It is also known, that all who had shown any affection or attachment\nto me were deprived of their offices, honours and estates, without any\nthing being proved to their prejudice, excepting that they were too\ngood Burgundians, and this is now daily continued. Should they declare,\nthat such things were done by me during the time I was at Paris in the\nservice of your majesty, and that I was constantly in the habit of\nmaking such changes, to this a good and true answer may be given; for\nsupposing this were so, if the terms of your ordinance be considered,\nthey will appear founded particularly on peace, union, and affection;\nand these late changes that have taken place have been caused by a\nspirit of revenge, which is the reverse of love and peace, and a strong\nmark of division. It would therefore have been more conformable to the\nmeaning of your ordinance, and more to the advantage of your realm,\nif such offices had been filled by persons fairly selected, and not\nthrough any spirit of revenge.\n'By reason of this same spirit, scarcely any of your servants, my most\nredoubted lord, or those of my lady the queen, or the princes of your\nblood, or the university, could venture to speak with those known to be\nattached to my person and honour, for fear of being severely punished.\n'There have also been many assemblies holden, in which harangues have\nbeen made highly prejudicial to my honour and contrary to truth,\n(saving the honour and respect due to you,) and in which expressions\nhave been uttered as having been said by me, but too confusedly for\ntheir meaning to be well understood, and positively contradictory to\nthe peace made at Chartres as well as at Auxerre, and against the terms\nso lately sworn to, which may be of very bad example, and contrary to\nthe doctrine of Cato, tending to provoke dissensions and warfare, which\nmay ultimately, which God forbid, prove of the greatest detriment and\ndestruction to your kingdom.\n'Many letters have been published in various places, as well within as\nwithout your realm, making very light, to all who shall peruse them, of\nyour honour, my most-redoubted lord, of that of my lord of Acquitaine,\nof several princes of your blood, of the university, and of many of the\nprincipal inhabitants of Paris.\n'If it should be advanced by some of the writers of these letters,\nthat they have been published to clear their own honour, which had\nbeen stained by other letters, they ought at least to have kept to the\ntruth, and not have laid the blame on those who were well inclined to\nkeep the terms of your edict.\n'I have likewise been charged, contrary to the truth, with having\nentertained men at arms in direct violation of your ordinance, and\nwith having by such means greatly injured and harrassed your subjects.\nThe fact is, what I have before told you, and of which I have sent you\ninformation, that by your orders I had a command of a thousand men\nat arms with my lord and uncle of Berry and others, to whom you had\ngiven orders to oppose several enterprises that were undertaken by\nsome of the free companies even at the gates of Paris, to your great\ndisgrace and scandal. Instantly after the proclamation of your edict,\nI countermanded them, nor have I ever since summoned any, or quartered\nthem on the country.\n'Should any bodies of men at arms throughout the realm say that they\nbelong to me, they have neither had my summons nor are they under my\ncommand, and I am perfectly ignorant of their intentions; but as there\nare yet several free companies that still keep harrassing the country,\nthey may perhaps have assembled to drive them out of it.\n'It is a well-known fact, my most redoubted lord, that there are some\nwho have for a long time maintained, and do so still, large bodies of\nmen at arms, between the rivers Loire, Seine, and Yonne, and elsewhere,\ndirectly contrary to your ordinance, to the utter ruin of your people,\nfor they make in their pillage no distinction between churchmen and\nothers; and this also is laid to my charge, as they alledge that they\nkeep these bodies under arms for fear lest I should raise a large force\nand march it against Paris, in direct violation of your ordinance: but\nthis, saving the reverence due to your majesty, is a falsehood; for I\nhave not done this, nor ever thought of doing what would be displeasing\nto you, in any manner whatever,--nor will I alter this conduct, but,\nso long as I shall live, will remain your true and loyal relation and\nobedient subject.\n'It is a fact, that several, as I have been informed, have publicly\ndeclared, contrary to truth, that I maintained in Paris murderers and\nassassins, ready to put them to death. In answer to this, my most dear\nlord, I affirm for truth, that I not only never did so, but that I\nnever thought of such a thing; but these are not the first aspersions\nthey have cast upon me.\n'Many have been banished merely from hatred to me, who declare that\nthey were not deserving such punishment, and are ready to prove it, if\nthey be assured of personal security, and of having fair justice done\nthem. I do not say this from any desire to screen from punishment the\nwicked or such as may have displeased you, my most-redoubted lord, my\nlady the queen, or my lord of Acquitaine, but in behalf of those who\nhave been so ill treated from contempt to me.\n'I must also complain, that several persons have gone to the houses of\nmy poor servants in Paris, which are adjoining to my h\u00f4tel of Artois,\nand have ransacked them from top to bottom, under pretence that letters\nhad been sent thither by me, to be delivered to different persons near\nto the market-place, to excite them to raise a commotion in your city\nof Paris, and particularly in the markets,--for which cause many of\nthe wives of my faithful servants have been very harshly treated, and\nexamined at the Ch\u00e2telet on this subject. May it please you to know,\nmost-redoubted lord, that I never have written myself, nor caused to be\nwritten by others, any thing that was contrary to your ordinance.\n'Those who make such accusations against me act wickedly, for they may\ngive you and others a bad opinion of me; and those who know Paris are\nwell aware that neither the inhabitants of that or any other quarter\nwould, for their lives, act any way that would be to your dishonour.\nWith regard to me, may God no longer grant me life, when I shall act\ncontrary to your good pleasure!\n'I now come to the heaviest charge against me. It is reported, but\ncontrary to truth, saving your reverence, that I have entered into a\ntreaty of marriage with England, and that, as the marriage-portion of\nmy daughter, I am to transfer the castles of Cherbourg and Caen, with\nother places mentioned in the said treaty, to the great prejudice of\nyou and your kingdom. Such things I have neither done nor even thought\nof; and I wish to God that all within your realm had always been as\nloyal in the preservation of your person and progeny, your crown and\ndignity, as I have been, and shall ever be, during my life.\n'Other acts, that shall at a proper opportunity and place be declared,\nhave been done contrary to your edict, prejudicial to my own honour\nand to that of my friends,--but those are already touched upon, and\nwhat remain are not only directly against the spirit of your edict,\nbut tend to throw upon my person the utmost possible dishonour; and\nthey are the most effectual means of depriving me not only of your good\ngraces but of those of my lady the queen, and of my lord of Acquitaine,\nwhose happiness and prosperity I have ever desired and shall anxiously\npromote above all earthly blessings.\n'However, my most-redoubted lord, I do not write these things to you,\nas meaning in any way to infringe your ordinance, or to violate the\npeace of the kingdom, which has of late been so sorely harrassed, in\nvarious ways, that the most perverse mind should feel compassion for it.\n'Should any persons now affirm, that I have intentions of avoiding or\ndisobeying the true meaning of your ordinance, I positively declare,\nthat I have never had such thoughts, nor have ever wished to give any\nopposition to its being carried into full effect; but on the contrary,\nI have supported it as much as any of your kindred or subjects have\ndone throughout the realm. It is nevertheless very true, that I have\nsought for the means of keeping this peace firm and inviolate in your\nwhole kingdom, foreseeing events that might possibly happen should it\nbe infringed. I therefore most humbly supplicate you, my most-redoubted\nlord, that you would be pleased to redress the above causes of\ncomplaint in such wise that those who have been injured may not have\nfurther reason to grieve, and that your ordinance may be fulfilled\nto your own welfare and honour as well as to the good of your realm,\nso that every one, as has been before said, may sleep in peace and\ntranquillity,--to the accomplishment of which I am ready to offer all\nmy corporal and worldly effects, together with those of my friends, and\nevery power that God may have granted to me, according as it shall be\nyour good pleasure to dispose of them.\n'And, my most dear and redoubted lord, I beseech the blessed Son of God\nto have you in his holy keeping, and to bless you with a long and happy\nlife. Written in our town of Ghent, the 16th day of November.'\nThese dispatches were presented, by Flanders king at arms, to the king,\nwho received them very kindly; but those who governed him were not\nwell pleased thereat, and would not suffer the king to make any answer\nin writing. The chancellor of France told the herald, that the king\nhad very favourably received what his lord the duke of Burgundy had\nwritten, and would consider of it and send an answer at a proper time\nand place. After this, the king at arms left Paris, and returned to his\nlord in Flanders.\nNotwithstanding the letters which the duke of Burgundy had written to\nthe king of France in his justification, those who had the management\nof the king did not in the least abate the rigour with which they\nwere proceeding against the duke. A few days after the departure of\nFlanders king at arms, there was a great assembly of theologians holden\nat Paris, by the bishop of Paris and the inquisitor of the faith, to\nconsider on certain propositions maintained before some of the princes\nof the royal blood and the duke of Burgundy, and by him supported,\nagainst the late Louis duke of Orleans, through the organ of master\nJohn Petit, and to declare whether such propositions be not heretical\nand erroneous.\nMany were much troubled at this meeting, lest the duke of Burgundy\nshould be displeased with them for attending it, and that in time to\ncome they might suffer for it. Here follows the form of a schedule that\nwas delivered to some of the doctors in theology.\n'On the part of the bishop of Paris, the inquisitor and council of\nfaith duly assembled--reverend doctors, be it known, that we have\nsent to you a schedule containing certain propositions, with their\nreprobations; and we require from you, under pain of forfeiture, that\nyou deliver your opinions thereon publicly, in writing or by speech,\nwhether these assertions, which have brought notorious scandal on the\nking's council and on the catholic faith, are erroneous and damnable,\nthat we may proceed thereon as the canon law requires.\n'On Wednesday, the 20th day of this month of December, will the first\nproposition be considered, namely, 'Any tyrant legally may and ought\nto be put to death by any vassal or subject, even by lying in wait for\nhim, by flatteries and adulations, notwithstanding any confederation\nentered into between them, and after oaths having mutually passed,\nand without waiting for the sentence of any judge whatever.' This\nproposition, thus stated generally for a maxim, is, according to the\ncommon acceptance of the word 'tyrant,' an error in our faith, contrary\nto the doctrine of good morals, and contrary to the commandments of\nGod: 'Non occides propria auctoritate;' Thou shalt not kill of thy own\nauthority; and in the 26th chapter of St Matthew, 'Omnes qui accipiunt\ngladium gladio peribunt.'\n'This doctrine tends to the subversion of all public order, and of each\nprince and sovereign, and opens a road for all licentiousness and every\nconsequent evil, such as frauds, violations of oaths, treasons, lies,\nand general disobedience between vassals and lords, distrust of each,\nand consequently perdurable damnation.\n'Item, he who shall pertinaciously affirm this error, and the others\nwhich follow, is an heretic, and ought to be punished as such, even\nafter his death. 'Notatur in decretis questione quinta,' the other\nproposition.--St Michael, without any orders or command from GOD, or\nothers, but moved solely by his natural affections, slew Lucifer with\neverlasting death, for which he is receiving spiritual riches beyond\nmeasure.\n'This proposition, however, contains many errors of faith,--for St\nMichael did not slay Lucifer, but Lucifer slew himself by his sin,\nand GOD put him to an everlasting death. Beside, St Michael did\nreceive orders from GOD to thrust Lucifer out of paradise: 'Quia omnis\npotestas est a Deo; et hoc sciebat Michael, quia constitutus erat a Deo\nprinceps, quem honorem non sibi assumpsit. Nota quomodo Michael non est\nausus inferre auditum blasphemi\u00e6, sed dicit, imperet tibi Dominus: in\nepistola Jud\u00e6.'\n'God might also have given him more spiritual riches, and the power of\nreceiving them: therefore he did not obtain such riches through his\nnatural affection.\n'With regard to the other proposition,--Phineas killed Zimri without\nany command from GOD, or from Moses, and Zimri had not committed\nidolatry. This proposition is contrary to the book containing this\nhistory, according to the reading of learned doctors, and according\nto reason and the nature of things. You will see in the 25th chapter\nof the book of Numbers, 'Dicit Moyses ad judices Israel, Occidat unus\nquisque proximos suos, qui initiati sunt Beelphegor et ecce unus, &c.\nglosa. Josephus dixit, quod Zimri et principes in tribu Symeon duxerant\nfilias,' &c. Again, Moses, without any orders, slew the Egyptian, so\nthat this assertion is contrary to the text of the Bible, Actuorum\nvii. according to the explanation of learned doctors, and according to\nreason. Textus,--'Estimabant, autem intelligere fratres, quoniam Deus\nper manum ipsius daret salutem Hierusalem,' &c.\n'Judith did not sin in flattering Holofernes, nor Jehu by falsely\nsaying that he would worship Baal. This is favourable to the error of\nthose who have declared that lies may be lawful on some occasions.\nSt Austin writes thus against such doctrine to St Jerome, 'Si inquit\nadmissa fuerint vel officiosa mendacia tota scriptur\u00e6 divin\u00e6 vacillabit\nauctoritas.' The other case brought forward to support the proposition,\nthat Joab killed Abner after the death of Absalom, is contrary to the\ntext expressed in the holy Scriptures, I Regum iii. cap. where it is\nsaid, that long before the death of Absalom Joab slew Abner.\n'The assertion, that it is not perjury to commit such actions, although\noaths of fellowship may have been given on both sides, is false, for it\nis gross perjury, and unprofitable to such as may swear to treacherous\nalliances: it is fraud, deception, and clear perjury; and to maintain\nthat such actions are lawful is an error of faith.'\nWhen these propositions had been fully discussed, they were condemned\nas heretical opinions, and errors against the faith.\nCHAP. XXIX.\nTHE DUKE OF BURGUNDY GOES TO ANTWERP.--THE ARREST OF SIR JOHN DE\nCROY,--AND OTHER REMARKABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED ABOUT THIS PERIOD.\nNearly about this time, the duke of Burgundy held at Antwerp a very\nconfidential council, of his most tried friends, on the state of his\naffairs, at which were present his brother of Brabant and his two\nbrothers-in-law, namely, duke William, and John of Brabant bishop\nof Liege, the counts de St Pol and de Cleves. He had assembled them\nparticularly to know whether they would support him in the war which\nFrance was silently meditating against him. They all promised him their\naid against his adversaries, excepting the persons of the king of\nFrance and his children.\nWhen the council broke up, the duke of Burgundy returned to Artois,\nin his country of Flanders, and the other lords to the places whence\nthey had come. On the feast of the Circumcision, a sergeant at arms\ncame to St Pol en Ternois, and presented to the count letters from the\nking of France, containing positive orders, under pain of his highest\ndispleasure, not to bear arms nor to assemble any men at arms to\naccompany the duke of Burgundy or others into his kingdom without his\nespecial licence; and that he should give an acknowledgement of the\nreceipt of this royal command, which the count did.\nWhile these things were passing, the duke of Acquitaine resided in\nthe Louvre with his state, and the duchess and her attendants at the\nh\u00f4tel of St Pol. On Wednesday, the 12th day of January, the queen,\nattended by the duchess, went to visit her son. A short time before,\nby the advice of the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, of Orleans,\nand other princes of the blood, she had caused four knights and many\nother servants belonging to her son of Acquitaine to be arrested and\ncarried away from the Louvre, which had so much enraged the duke that\nhe wanted to sally out to call the populace to his aid, in rescuing\nthese prisoners. The princes, his relatives, would not permit him to do\nthis; and the queen his mother appeased his anger in the best manner\nshe could, and then went to the king in the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, leaving\nwith her son the before mentioned princes, who pacified his anger by\ngentle and kind words.\nThe four knights who had been arrested were sir John de Croy, the lord\nde Broy, sir David de Brimeu, sir Bertrand de Montauban, and some\nothers, who very soon after, on promising not to return to the duke\nof Acquitaine, were set at liberty. Sir John de Croy was detained\nprisoner, and carried as such to Montlehery.\nAlthough that the duke of Acquitaine pretended to be satisfied, he\nnevertheless secretly sent one of his servants to the duke of Burgundy\nto desire that he would hasten to Paris with all his forces: he\nafterward wrote to him several letters with his own hand, and without\nthe knowledge of the queen or the princes.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy received this intelligence, he was well\npleased, as he wished for nothing more than such a pretext to march\nto Paris, and instantly issued a summons to men at arms from all\ncountries, appointing a day for them to meet him at Espelry, near St\nQuentin in the Vermandois. For his exculpation, and that the cause of\nthis armament might be known, he wrote letters to all the principal\ntowns in Picardy, a copy of which is as follows:\n'Very dear and good friends, you must have it in your remembrance how\nthat last year, in the month of August, my lord the king returning from\nhis city of Bourges, and tarrying in the town of Auxerre, was desirous\nthat peace should be established for ever between the princes of his\nblood, and commanded that it should not only be sworn to be observed by\nthem, but likewise by the prelates, nobles, universities and principal\ncities in his realm. You likewise know that all present at Auxerre did\nmost solemnly swear to its observance, as well for themselves as for\nthose on whose part they were come thither.\n'My lord the king did afterwards issue letters throughout his realm for\nthe more strictly keeping of this peace, and that it might be sworn to;\nand you also know that we ourself, and others of the princes of the\nblood, did, by the king's command, take a solemn oath to maintain this\npeace, according to the schedule drawn up for this purpose at Auxerre;\nin which, among other things, it was ordained that a good and perfect\nunion should subsist between these lords, and that henceforth they\nshould live in a manner becoming good relatives and friends.\n'Now although this peace has been much wished for by us, and that we\nhave never infringed it, or suffered it to be infringed by others in\nany degree, nevertheless offensive conduct has been holden toward us\nby the detestable injuries which many have attempted to do to our most\nredoubted lady and daughter the duchess of Acquitaine, as is notorious\nto the whole kingdom, without farther entering into particulars.\n'Very contemptuous conduct has been used toward ourself, and personal\ninjuries have been done us, in banishing from Paris every person that\nwas known to be attached to us or to our aforesaid lord of Acquitaine;\nin defaming our honour in several public assemblies and in various\nplaces, by sermons and harangues, which, notwithstanding the pain it\nhas cost us, we have patiently borne, and should have continued to do\nso from our love of peace, which is the sovereign good to this kingdom,\nand to avert all the miseries and distress that must otherwise ensue,\nhad not our most redoubted lord and son, the duke of Acquitaine,\nmade known to us, that, after many injurious excesses which had been\ncommitted towards him, to his infinite mortification, he was confined\nin the Louvre like a prisoner, with the drawbridge of the said castle\ndrawn up, which is an abomination that ought not only to be displeasing\nto us but to every good subject and wellwisher to our lord the king.\n'In consequence of this treatment, my most-redoubted lord and son\nhas several times, by messengers and letters, requested our aid and\nsuccour to free him from the perilous situation in which he is held;\nand since we are so intimately connected by blood, marriage, and other\nconfederations, with our said lord the king, and our beloved lord the\nduke of Acquitaine, his son, the loyalty and affection we owe to both\nwill prevent us from failing to comply with his demand of assistance\nand support. We have, therefore, determined to advance to Paris with\nas large a body of men at arms as we can muster, for the security of\nour person, and that it may please God that we may see in all good\nprosperity my aforesaid lord the king, my lady the queen, my much\nredoubted lord of Acquitaine, and my well beloved daughter his duchess;\nand likewise that we may deliver them from the danger they are in, and\nset them, as is but reasonable, at full liberty, without having the\nsmallest intentions of violating the peace of the kingdom.\n'We signify this to you, very dear and good friends, that you may\nbe acquainted with our object, and act accordingly, as becometh\nwellwishers, and truly obedient subjects, to my said lord the king.\nKnow, therefore, for a truth, that our intentions and will are such\nas we have said, and none other; and we therefore entreat you most\nearnestly, from our heart, that in this business, which is of such\nconsequence to my said lords, and for the tranquillity and peace of\nthe realm, you will come forward to our assistance as speedily as\npossible, that it may be accomplished to our honour and that of my\nlords the king and the duke of Acquitaine, and for the common good of\nthe realm, and that you will so bear yourselves, that your excellent\nloyalty may be visible toward my lord the king, the duke of Acquitaine,\nto the public welfare, and in like manner to ourself, who are only\ndesirous of peace.\n'We have a perfect confidence in you, very dear and good friends,--and\nmay God have you in his holy keeping!\n'Written in our town of Lille the 23d day of January, in the year of\nour Lord 1413, on the eve of our departure.'\nThe superscription was, 'To my very dear and well beloved the resident\nburgesses and inhabitants of the town of Amiens.'\nThese letters thus sent by the duke of Burgundy, and also the levy of\nmen at arms which he was making, were immediately known at Paris; and\nto counteract the enterprises of the duke, a reconciliation took place\nbetween the duke of Acquitaine and the king's ministers, in consequence\nof which the duke was prevailed on to write letters to different towns\nto put an end to the intended expedition of the duke of Burgundy. These\nletters were of the following tenour:\n'Louis, eldest son to the king of France, duke of Acquitaine, and\ndauphin of Vienne, to the bailiff of Amiens, or to his lieutenant,\ngreeting.\n'Whereas it has lately come to our knowledge that our very dear and\nwell beloved father-in-law, the duke of Burgundy, has for a short time\npast begun to raise a large body of men at arms, and still continues\nto do the same, with the intent, as it is said, of marching them to\nus, which may be very prejudicial to my lord the king, his realm and\nsubjects, and more especially so to the peace which has been so lately\nconcluded at Auxerre between many princes of our royal blood: we have\ntherefore very fully explained ourself to our aforesaid father-in-law\nby a letter, the contents of which are as under:\n'Louis, eldest son to the king of France, duke of Acquitaine and\ndauphin of Vienne, to our very dear and well-beloved father the duke of\nBurgundy health and affection.\n'You know how often my lord the king has repeated his commands to you,\nboth by letter and by able ambassadors, not to raise any bodies of men\nat arms that might be hurtful to the welfare and profit of his kingdom.\nYou know also what oaths you took, as well at Auxerre as at Paris.\n'It has, nevertheless, come to the knowledge of our lord the king,\nthat, contrary to the terms of the peace concluded between our said\nlord and yourself, and sworn to at Auxerre, you have raised, and\ncontinue to raise, bodies of men at arms, with the design, as it is\nsaid, of coming to us; and, as a pretence for the levying these men at\narms, you have published letters as from us, desiring that you would\ncome to our aid with a large force, which thing we have neither done\nnor thought of doing.\n'Because we are truly sensible, that your coming hither at this time\nwould be very prejudicial to the said peace and welfare of the realm,\nour said lord the king sends you a sergeant at arms of the parliament,\nwith his positive commands not to come hither.\n'We therefore require, and also command you in his name, and on\nthe loyalty and obedience you owe him, as well as for the love and\naffection you bear to him and to us, and for the good of the realm,\nwhich you say you have had alway at heart, that notwithstanding any\nletters or messages you may have had from us, you do for the present\nlay aside all thoughts of coming to us, otherwise you will incur the\nanger of our lord the king, and that you do disband any bodies of men\nat arms which are already assembled, and instantly countermand such as\nhave not yet joined.\n'Should you have any causes of complaint, or should any thing have\nhappened likely to violate the peace, make them known to my lord, or\nto us; for we know for a truth, that my said lord will provide such\nremedies for them as shall give you satisfaction.\n'Given at Paris, the 24th day of January, in the year 1413.\n'We also require and command you, the bailiff of Amiens, in the name of\nmy aforesaid lord, to have these presents publicly proclaimed in all\nusual places where proclamations have been made, within your bailiwick,\nforbidding, in the king's name, all his vassals and subjects, as has\nbeen before notified to them, to obey the summons of our said father\nthe duke of Burgundy, either on the pretext stated by him or any other,\nwithout his especial order and licence, as may appear in his letters\npatent, subsequent to the date of these presents.\n'Given at Paris the 24th day of January, in the year of Grace 1413.'\nSigned by the duke of Acquitaine, and countersigned 'J. de Cloye.'\nThe duke of Burgundy, however, in spite of these commands from the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine, would not desist from his enterprise;\nand the king then issued a summons for men at arms to oppose him, and\npublished the following edict:\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, health and greeting.\n'It has come to our knowledge, that our cousin the duke of Burgundy,\nin opposition to the articles of the peace concluded by us, between\nhim and others of our blood, and sworn to at Auxerre and at Paris,\nhas raised, and continues to raise, large bodies of men at arms,\nnotwithstanding our positive orders to the contrary, as well by\nletters as by especial ambassadors sent to him for this purpose; and\nhas already quitted his country, and is on the march, as he declares,\nto come to Paris, by which the said peace will be destroyed, and\nwould cause numberless evils and irreparable injuries to our realm and\nsubjects, unless a speedy and effectual remedy be provided against it.\n'Having, therefore, deliberately weighed the consequences, and the\nprobable means of opposing the enterprises of the duke of Burgundy, we\nhave determined to exert our whole power against him, and all others\nwho shall in any way attempt to infringe the said peace, and to call\nfor the aid and support of all our loyal subjects.\n'We therefore do command and expressly enjoin you, under pain of\nincurring our displeasure, to proclaim these presents in a solemn\nmanner, with a loud voice and with sound of trumpets in all towns and\nother accustomed places within your jurisdiction, commanding all our\nvassals and liege subjects, on the faith they owe us, to appear in arms\non the 5th day of February next, in our town of Mondidier[30], ready to\nfollow us to our town of Paris, or wherever else it may please us to\nlead them.\n'They will find in the town of Mondidier sufficient persons authorised\nby us to receive them, with orders to allow such pay as shall content\nthem; and at the same time, they will inform them whither they are to\ndirect their march.\n'You will make this known to all our said vassals and subjects, and\nforbid them, under the heaviest penalties of corporal punishment and\nconfiscation of effects, and of being counted as traitors to our crown,\nto comply with any summons, prayers, or entreaties, of the said duke of\nBurgundy, or others, whether of our blood or not, under any pretence\nor colour of aiding us, to bear or assemble in arms, or in any way to\nobey them without our especial leave and licence, in letters patent, of\na later date than these presents. Should any have joined the duke of\nBurgundy or others, you will order them instantly to depart home, even\nsupposing they should be of the kindred or vassals liege of the said\nduke or others, and had, in consequence of their fiefs, been summoned\nto assemble in arms; for in this instance we do exempt them not only\nfrom obeying such commands, but do promise to guarantee and defend them\nfrom any ill consequences that may ensue from their disobedience.\n'Should it happen, that after the proclamation of these our commands,\nany of our vassals within your bailiwick shall set out to join the\nduke of Burgundy in arms, or should those who have joined him not\nreturn to their homes, but remain in arms with the said duke, or with\nany others who may have summoned them, we most strictly order and\nenjoin, that with the least possible delay, and without any excuse or\ndissimulation whatever, you do seize, in our name, having had a just\nand true inventory made, all their moveables and immoveables, estates,\nhouses, and all other effects whatever; and that you do put the same\nunder the management of sufficient persons as may, at a fit time and\nplace, render a good account of them, proceeding at the same time to\nthe extremity of the penalties incurred by such for their disobedience.\n'You will also arrest and imprison all persons whom you shall discover\nwithin your bailiwick endeavouring, by lies and false reports, to sow\ndiscord among our loyal subjects, or in any way attempting a breach of\nthe peace; and for this purpose we delegate to you, by these presents,\nfull power and authority for the punishing of all whom you shall find\nguilty of such disloyal conduct. We likewise command all our other\nbailiffs, governors of towns, castles and bridges, and all our officers\nof justice, diligently to assist you in obeying these our commands; and\nwe also enjoin these our aforesaid officers to permit all our loyal\nsubjects to pass free and unmolested with their horses and baggage when\ntravelling to join us, on showing only a certificate from you under the\nroyal seal of your bailiwick, that they are on their march to us, or\nelsewhere on our service, notwithstanding we may before have ordered\nthem not to suffer any men at arms to pass or repass, whatever may have\nbeen their rank or condition, without our especial licence contained in\nletters patent of a prior date to these presents.\n'Given at Paris the 26th day of January, in the year 1413.' Signed by\nthe king, on the report of a grand council held by the queen,--present\nthe duke of Acquitaine. Countersigned, 'Mauregard.'\nThis ordinance was sent to Amiens, and to other towns of France,--and\nwith it the king inclosed other letters to many towns on the line of\nmarch which the duke of Burgundy would probably take, forbidding him,\nor any of his people, to pass the frontiers of the realm, under pain of\nincurring his indignation.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 30: Mondidier,--a town in Picardy, nine leagues from Amiens,\ntwenty-three from Paris.]\nCHAP. XXX.\nTHE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MARCHES A LARGE FORCE TOWARD PARIS.--HE FIXES HIS\nQUARTERS AT ST DENIS.--THE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED DURING THIS MARCH, AND\nIN CONSEQUENCE OF IT.\nThe duke of Burgundy, to accomplish his expedition to Paris, on\nleaving Arras, made for Peronne, intending to enter France; but the\ninhabitants, who had before received the king's orders not to let him\npass, sent to him the lord de Longueval, their governor, to excuse\nthem for denying him entrance into their town. Although the duke was\nfar from being pleased, he, however, pretended indifference to their\nconduct, marched his forces beside the town, and crossed the Somme at\nEsclusieu[31], and went to Roye in the Vermandois. He thence sent\nforward his brother the count de Nevers, who had joined him with a\nhandsome company, to Compiegne.\nThe count treated so successfully with the townsmen of Compiegne that,\nnotwithstanding the commands of the king, they consented to permit him\nto pass. The principal reasons for their assenting were the copies\nof the correspondence between the duke of Acquitaine and the duke of\nBurgundy, which were shown to them, and which contained the express\nwishes of the duke of Acquitaine for the duke of Burgundy to come to\nhis aid.\nThe tenour of the above and of the certificate was as follows.\n'To all who these presents shall see, Jean Clabault, esquire-keeper\nfor the king of the seal of the bailiwick of Vermandois established at\nRoye, greeting.\n'Know ye, that on the 23d day of February, of the present year 1413,\nthe most puissant and noble prince my lord duke of Burgundy has\nexhibited to us, and shown three letters sealed and signed by the most\nexcellent and puissant prince the duke of Acquitaine, which we have\nheld, seen, and read, word by word,--the contents of which are as\nfollow.\n'Very dear and well beloved father, we order, that on the receipt of\nthis letter, you lay all excuses aside and come to us, well accompanied\nfor your own proper security; and as you fear our anger, do not\nfail coming. Written with our own hand, at Paris, the 4th day of\nDecember[32].' Signed, 'Louis.'\n'The address was, 'To our very dear and well beloved father the duke of\nBurgundy.'\n'Another letter was in these terms:\n'Very dear and well beloved father, I wrote to you some time since, to\ndesire you would come to me very well accompanied. I therefore entreat\nand order, that you hasten hither as speedily as may be, but well\naccompanied, for good reasons: do not fail, for I will bear you through\nthe whole matter, as shall be seen. Written with my own hand, in Paris,\nthe 13th day of December.' Signed by himself, 'Louis.'\n'The superscription was, 'To our very dear and well beloved father the\nduke of Burgundy.'\n'The third letter contained,--'Very dear and well beloved father, I\nhave twice written to you to come hither, and you have not complied: I,\nhowever, write again, to order that you lay all other considerations\naside, and come to me well accompanied for your own security: do not\nfail to come to me with all possible speed, notwithstanding any other\nletters you may receive from me to the contrary. We trust that you\nwill instantly obey from the love you bear to us, and from the fear of\nour displeasure. We have certain causes to desire your company, which\naffect us in the strongest manner possible. Written with my own hand,\nthis 22d day of December,' and signed by himself, 'Louis.'\n'The superscription was the same as the foregoing.\n'As a testimony that we have seen and read the above letters, we have\naffixed the seal of this bailiwick (saving the rights of the king\nand others) to this copy, which we have faithfully collated with the\noriginal, in the presence of Jean Billart, esquire-warden for the king\nin the provostship of Roye, and of the exempted lands of Charmy, and of\nthe jurisdiction of Roye; and in the presence of Pierre de la Beane,\ncomptroller of salt in Roye, of Nicholas d'Ardelchanons, of Roye, Jean\nPellehaste, master Guillaume de la Garde, master Godefroy Baudun,\nBrissart, royal notary, on the day and year aforesaid, and thus signed,\nBrissart.'\nOn the third day, the duke of Burgundy left Roye, and went to\nCompiegne, where, having prevailed on the principal inhabitants to\nsupport his party, he took the road for Senlis, whither he had sent\nforward the lord de Robaix, to know if the townsmen would admit him.\nThis they positively refused to do, in consequence of the orders\nfrom the king,--and the duke then took the road by Baron[33] to\nDampmartin[34], whither the lords of Burgundy had advanced with a\npowerful force to meet him.\nNews was daily carried to Paris, to the duke of Acquitaine and the\nother princes of the blood, of the duke of Burgundy's march and\napproach to the capital. When the last intelligence came, the duke of\nAcquitaine was dining with a canon in the cloisters of N\u00f4tre Dame in\nParis; and the moment it was known, the king of Sicily, the duke of\nOrleans, the counts de Vertus, de Richemont, d'Eu, d'Armagnac, with\nmany other great lords, attended by a numerous body of men at arms,\nassembled in the cloisters, where the duke of Acquitaine mounted his\nhorse. This force was divided into three battalions, the van, center,\nand rear,--which done, they advanced to the front of the church of\nN\u00f4tre Dame, and thence marched to the town-house, where they halted.\nThe van was commanded by three counts, namely, those of Vertus, of Eu,\nand of Richemont, who rode together in front, followed close by their\nattendants, and at a little distance by the battalion.\nIn the center division were the king of Sicily and the dukes of\nAcquitaine and of Orleans, followed by a very considerable body of men\nat arms. The rear battalion was commanded by the count d'Armagnac,\nLouis Bourdon and the lord de Gaule, who, like the other commanders,\nrode all three in front of their men. The whole was estimated at eleven\nthousand horse. On their coming to the town-house, a trumpet was\nsounded, when the chancellor of Acquitaine made his appearance, and,\nby orders of the duke, told the people of Paris, who were following\nthem, that he, as eldest son and heir to the king and kingdom of\nFrance, thanked them for their loyalty and affection, which they had\nnow shown to him, and that he hoped they would exert themselves to the\nutmost of their power to oppose the duke of Burgundy in his wicked\nprojects, who, in defiance of the king's positive commands, and in\nviolation of the peace, had marched an armed force into the heart of\nthe realm; that he affirmed and assured them, that he had never sent\nfor him, nor written to him to come to Paris, notwithstanding he had\ndeclared he had received letters from him to the above purport.\nThe chancellor then asked the duke if he would vouch for what he had\nsaid, who replied, that he would vouch for it, as he had spoken nothing\nbut the truth. After this had been said, they marched away in the same\norder as before, to the Place du Croix du Tiroir, where they again\nhalted, when the chancellor from horseback, in front of the duke of\nAcquitaine, repeated to the numerous populace there assembled what he\nhad before said in the Place de Gr\u00e9ve, which speech was again avowed\nby the duke of Acquitaine, after which he retired to the Louvre. The\nduke of Orleans went to the priory of St Martin des Champs, the king of\nSicily to the bastille of St Anthony, the count of Armagnac and Louis\nBourdon to the h\u00f4tel d'Artois, and the others elsewhere. Shortly after,\nthe duke of Berry came from his h\u00f4tel de Neelle to visit the duke of\nAcquitaine in the Louvre, and thence retired to the Temple, where he\nand his men had their quarters. The different lords went diligently\nabout the streets of Paris to check any tumults that might arise,--and\nthey had all the gates closed excepting those of St Anthony and of St\nJames.\nNotwithstanding they were so numerous in men at arms, they were very\nfearful of the populace rising against them, in favour of the duke of\nBurgundy, more especially those who lived in the quartier des Halles.\nThe duke of Burgundy advanced from Dampmartin to St Denis, which was\nopen to him, for the inhabitants had fled. He there quartered his\nwhole army, and lodged himself at the h\u00f4tel of the Sword. His force\nmight consist of full two thousand helmets, knights and esquires, from\nArtois, Picardy, Flanders, Rethel and Burgundy, with from two to\nthree thousand combatants, archers, cross-bows and armed varlets. He\nwas accompanied by sir John de Luxembourg, with all the vassals of his\nuncle the count Waleran de St Pol.\nOn the third day after the duke of Burgundy's arrival at St Denis, he\nsent his king at arms, Artois, to Paris, bearing letters to the king,\nthe queen, the duke of Acquitaine, and the commonalty of the town,--in\nwhich he requested that they would permit him to wait on them, to\nexplain the cause of his thus coming to St Denis, which, he said, was\nonly with good intentions, no way to make war, nor to demand redress\nfrom any person, but solely in obedience to the commands of the duke of\nAcquitaine, whom he was bound to serve and obey.\nWhen the king at arms arrived at the gates of Paris, he was led to an\nh\u00f4tel,--when shortly after, a man came to him, whom he did not know,\nand told him to make haste to quit the town, or his person would be\nrudely treated. Perceiving that he should not be heard, nor allowed\nto deliver his letters, he was mounting his horse, when the count\nd'Armagnac advanced and said to him, that should he or any others come\nagain to Paris from the duke of Burgundy, he would have their heads cut\noff. Upon this, he returned to his lord the duke of Burgundy, at St\nDenis, and related to him all that had passed, and how rudely he had\nbeen dealt with, which so much displeased the duke that he resolved, by\nthe advice of his council, to march thither in person with his whole\nforce.\nOn the morrow morning, therefore, the army was drawn up in the fields\nin battle-array as if they were about to engage an enemy, and thus\nmarched to the gate of St Eustache, which was closed; and there they\nremained in battle-array for a considerable space, which was a handsome\nsight. The duke again sent his king at arms to the gate of St Honor\u00e9,\nwhich was also closed, to demand from those stationed over the gate\nthat four of his most confidential knights, who were near at hand to\nthe king at arms, might be admitted with him, to explain the causes of\nhis coming, which tended to nothing but a solid peace. He was answered\nby those above the gate, that if he did not speedily withdraw, they\nwould discharge bolts and arrows at him,--adding, that they would have\nnothing to say to the duke of Burgundy nor to his knights. Upon this,\nthey retired to the army.\nDuring this time, Enguerrand de Bournouville, with about four hundred\ncombatants, had dismounted, and, with the standard of the duke, had\nadvanced to the gate of St Honor\u00e9, to see if he could do any thing; for\nthey had great hopes that the populace would rise in sufficient force\nto give them entrance through one of the gates, which, however, did not\nhappen.\nEnguerrand, nevertheless, said a few words to Bourdon, who was over\nthe gate, but who made him no reply; and, finding nothing was to be\ndone, he retreated to the main body. In his retreat, some cross-bows\nwere discharged at him, and one of his men was wounded, although\nneither himself nor any of his companions had shown the least offensive\nintentions, by arrows or otherwise, against those of Paris,--for it had\nbeen forbidden them by the duke out of respect to the king and the duke\nof Acquitaine.\nThe duke, seeing the matter hopeless, marched his army back to St\nDenis, and caused letters to be written, which, during the night, some\nof his partisans affixed to the doors of the church of N\u00f4tre Dame,\nof the palace, and elsewhere in Paris. He sent copies also to the\nprincipal towns in France, the tenour of which was as follows.\n'We John duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders and Artois, palatine of\nBurgundy, lord of Salines and Mechlin, make known to all, that by\nvirtue of several letters written and signed by the duke of Acquitaine\nhimself, we came toward Paris, to employ ourselves for the welfare of\nthe king, by command of my lord of Acquitaine, and withal to aid and\ndeliver him from the servitude in which he is held at this moment; in\nwhich cause we shall cheerfully exert every power and influence which\nGod may have granted to us in this world; and we signify to all the\nwellwishers of the king and of my lord of Acquitaine, that they shall\nbe set (if we be able) at full liberty to exercise their free will and\npleasure,--and those who have thus confined them shall be banished,\nthat it may be known to all that we do not come hither on any ambitious\nschemes to seize the government of the kingdom, and that we have no\ndesire to hurt or destroy the good town of Paris, but are ready to\nfulfil and maintain every article which we had sworn to observe in the\nking's edict.\n'We are also willing to return to any of our territories, provided\nothers who have sworn to the same ordinance do so likewise,--but they\nact contrary to it: and we will, that God and all the world know,\nthat until we shall be sensible that my lord the king and my lord of\nAcquitaine enjoy their full liberty, and that those who now manage\npublic affairs have retired to their several countries, and my said\nlord the king is provided with honest, able, and notable counsellors\nand knights, as well as my lord of Acquitaine, we will never desist\nfrom our enterprise, nor quit the kingdom of France; for we had much\nrather die than witness my lord the king and my lord of Acquitaine in\nsuch subjection.\n'We cannot help being astonished that the citizens and loyal subjects\nof his majesty can be so hard of heart as to suffer him to remain in\nthis disgraceful slavery; and we are the more surprised that, knowing\nhow nearly we are related to him, they have refused to receive either\nour knights or our herald, or to permit any one from us to present our\nletters to my lord the king, my lady the queen, my lord of Acquitaine,\nor to the good town of Paris.\n'And although we came before the walls of Paris without committing any\nhostile act whatever, by the command aforesaid, in order to treat of\nmatters touching the peace and welfare of the kingdom, our men have\nbeen killed and wounded, without listening to any proposals which they\nmight have made. The count d'Armagnac even told our king at arms, that\nif he should return again, his head would be struck off,--which is an\ninsult hard to be borne, when we have come hither with our company,\npaying for all our expenses, as the near relation and neighbour of my\nlord the king and my lord of Acquitaine, requiring the aid of all good\nand loyal subjects against those who have kept in servitude and in\nperil my said lord of Acquitaine, signifying to them, at the same time,\nthat we should, in proper time and place, charge them with treason\nagainst their sovereign. Of this you need not doubt,--for, by the aid\nof God and our just cause in this quarrel, we will pursue and maintain\nit, with the utmost of our powers, and with the assistance of very many\nof the principal towns in the realm, who have attached themselves to\nus.\n'Given at St Denis, under our privy seal, in the absence of the grand\ncouncil, the 11th day of February, in the year 1413.'\nWhen these letters were found posted in several of the public places of\nParis, those who were disaffected to the duke of Burgundy had stronger\nsuspicions of his conduct than before; and they took such precautions\nin the guard of the town that no inconvenience happened.\nDuring the time the duke of Burgundy remained at St Denis, the lord\nde Croy, who had accompanied him, sent twenty of his most expert and\ndetermined men at arms, well mounted, to cross the Seine near to\nConflans; thence they rode as secretly as they could, with lance in\nhand, to the town of Montlehery, where they lodged themselves in two\ninns near to each other, pretending to be of the Orleans party. Sir\nJohn de Croy, son to the lord de Croy, was prisoner, as has been before\nsaid, in the castle of that town, and had received intimation of their\ncoming by a chaplain who had the care of him. He made a pretence of\ngoing to hear mass in the church that was hard by the castle, when\nthese men at arms who were ready prepared, and on the watch, mounted\ntheir horses, hastened toward sir John, whom they instantly set on a\nled horse, and thence galloped briskly to Pontoise: they afterward took\nthe road to the ford where they had before crossed the Seine, and made\nsuch good haste that they brought sir John safe to his father in St\nDenis.\nThis enterprise was highly praised by the duke of Burgundy and the lord\nde Croy: the principal leaders of it were Lamont de Launoy, Villemont\nde Meneat, Jenninet de Molliens, Jean Roussel,--the whole amounting\nto the number aforesaid. They were, however, sharply pursued by the\ngarrison of Montlehery, but they could not overtake them by reason of\nthe variety of roads they took.\nThe duke of Burgundy again sent Artois, king at arms, to Paris, with\nletters to the king of Sicily and to the dukes of Orleans and Berry,\nto notify to them the causes of his coming, and to request that they\nwould suffer him, or at least some of his people, to speak with the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine; that he was come with good intentions,\nfor he was willing punctually to keep all he had promised and sworn\nto, provided they on their part would do the same; adding, that they\nmust allow the king and the duke of Acquitaine to rule and govern the\nkingdom, without keeping them in servitude, more especially the duke of\nAcquitaine, whom they detained to his great displeasure. But when the\nking at arms came to the gate of St Anthony, he was told that he would\nnot be admitted, nor any letters received from him, and that if he did\nnot hasten away, they would treat him disrespectfully. On hearing this,\nhe considered for a few minutes, and then placing the letters at the\ntop of a cleft stick which he stuck in the ground, made off as fast as\nhe could to St Denis, when the duke was more discontented than ever.\nPerceiving that he could no way succeed in his object, he deliberated\nwith his council whether he should return to his own country, and\nwithin a few days retreated to Compiegne by the way he had come. In\nthis town, and in that of Soissons, he left strong garrisons of men\nat arms and archers. He appointed sir Hugh de Launoy governor of\nCompiegne, with the lords de Sainct Ligier and de Forez, Hector and\nPhilippe de Saveuse, Louvelet de Mazaheghen, and other expert men at\narms, to the amount of five hundred combatants or thereabout.\nIn Soissons he placed Enguerrand de Bournouville, sir Colart de\nPhiennes, Lamon de Launoy, Guoit de Boutilliers Normant, sir Pierre de\nMenault, and many more warriors.\nIt was resolved by the aforesaid duke and his chivalry, and by the good\ntowns above mentioned, that until the king and the duke of Acquitaine\nshould be at full liberty, and until they should regulate their conduct\nby the counsel of such good men and true as they themselves should\napprove, and until the lords aforesaid, who thus kept them under\nrestraint, and the troops in their pay should retire each to his own\nterritory--as he, the duke of Burgundy, and those of his party, offered\nto return to their estates and countries--they would never change their\nresolution, and would yield no obedience to the command of the king, as\nissued by the advice of his present counsellors or their abettors.\nThis resolution the duke was to signify to the principal towns, and to\nall the well-disposed persons in the kingdom, and even to summon them\nin the names of the king and the duke of Acquitaine to unite themselves\nto his party for the more effectually accomplishing so desirable\nan object; for by so doing each person would acquit himself of his\nloyalty, and gain renown for life; and the duke promised to aid and\nsupport them to the utmost of his power, for the security of which he\nissued his especial letters.\nAfter this, he departed from Compiegne, and returned to Arras. He\nsent his Burgundians, to the amount of about seven hundred lances, to\nquarter themselves in the Cambresis, and in Tierache, in contempt of\nthe king of Sicily, whom he did not love, any more than sir Robert de\nBar[35], who had refused to assist him in this expedition, although he\nwas his liege-man.\nHe issued orders from Arras for the three estates of Artois to meet\nhim the 2d day of May, more particularly the nobles, when a great\nparliament was holden on the state of his affairs. He there caused to\nbe displayed by the lord d'Ollehaing the three letters the duke of\nAcquitaine had written to him, which being read, he declared on his\nfaith, in the presence of all the lords, that they were written and\nsigned by the duke of Acquitaine's own hand.\nWhen those present had promised to serve him against all but the king\nof France and his children, he ordered his ministers to write to many\nof the principal towns letters of the following import, which were sent\nto Amiens. He then departed from Arras for his county of Flanders, to\ndo the same.\n'Very dear and good friends, being ever desirous that you and all other\nloyal subjects of my lord the king, the wellwishers of the duke of\nAcquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, should be advertised of whatever may\naffect his honour and estate, that of his realm and the public good,\nthat efficient remedies may be provided according to the exigency of\nthe case, we in consequence signify to you the very singular request of\nmy said lord of Acquitaine, duly made to us by three different letters,\nwritten and signed by his own hand, containing in substance, that on\nthe pleasure and service we were ever willing to do him, we should\nincontinently come to him as well and greatly accompanied as possible.\n'We obeyed these his orders, as in duty bound, knowing the bondage\nand danger he was and still is in, from his confinement in the castle\nof the Louvre by certain persons, contrary to justice and reason,\nand to his sore and bitter displeasure. We marched an armed force\nin consequence, not through any ambition or lust of having any part\nin the government of the kingdom, nor to break or any way infringe\nthe peace we have so lately promised and sworn to keep, which we are\nabove all things desirous of preserving, but solely in obedience to\nthe good will and pleasure of my lord the king and of my said lord of\nAcquitaine, and to obtain for him his just freedom. For this cause did\nwe peaceably advance to the town of St Denis, without molesting or\ndespoiling any person, but paying courteously for all that we had need\nof; and instantly on our arrival there, we sent by our herald, Artois\nking at arms, sealed letters addressed to my lord the king, my lady the\nqueen, my lord of Acquitaine, and to the good town of Paris,--in which\nwe notified our coming, not with any intent of warfare, or to infringe\nthe peace, but by the orders of my lord of Acquitaine, and to obey his\ngood pleasure (as the saying is), requesting at the same time to have\naudiences of my lord the king and of my lord of Acquitaine, to the\nperformance of our duty, and to the accomplishment of their will and\npleasure, to which we are bound.\n'Notwithstanding this, the presentation of our said letters was most\nrigorously prevented by the count d'Armagnac and his adherents, without\nany reasonable cause, and through contempt and malice to us and our\nfriends. The said count even told our herald, that if he did not\ninstantly depart, or if any of our people should again return on this\nerrand, he would have their heads cut off. In consequence, we marched\nin person from the town of St Denis, grandly accompanied by men at arms\nand archers, on the Saturday, the 10th of this month, February, to the\nwalls of Paris, without doing harm to any person, but with the intent\nof amicably explaining the reasons for our thus appearing in arms, and\nwith the expectation of receiving a more gracious answer than was given\nto our herald; but when we had arrived before the town, and had sent\nto the gate of St Honor\u00e9, which was the nearest to us, our herald, and\nafter him four of our principal knights, to request an hearing, they\nwere told, that if they did not immediately retire, the guards would\nshoot at them; and without hearing or saving any more, some cross-bows\nwere discharged, which was, and not without reason, highly displeasing\nto us.\n'Although all these disorderly acts were done without the knowledge\nor consent of the king, or of the duke of Acquitaine, and although\nseveral of our officers were made prisoners, we most patiently bore the\nwhole, from our love of peace; and from our affectionate duty to the\nking and my lord of Acquitaine, we quietly returned to St Denis, where,\nduring our stay, we permitted all sorts of provision to pass free to\nParis, the same as before our arrival there. We have nevertheless had\ninformation, that through malicious instigations, contrary to the\nhonour and interest of my lord the king, my lord of Acquitaine, and the\npublic welfare, and against their will and intention, very many letters\nhave been unjustly and wickedly issued, by which the king has, as we\nare told, banished from his kingdom us and all who attended us before\nthe walls of Paris,--notwithstanding that neither we nor they have\nat present, or at any other time, neglected our duty to him, nor are\nwe of those who formerly besieged him in the town of Paris, and who\nhave, in many parts of his realm, damnably set fire to houses, slain\nhis subjects, forced women, violated maidens, pillaged and destroyed\nchurches, castles, towns and mansions, committing at the same time\nunheard-of cruelties and mischiefs.\n'The advisers of this measure, proceeding in their wicked projects from\nbad to worse, keep my lord the king and my lord of Acquitaine under\ntheir subjection and control.\n'On this account, therefore, my very dear and good friends, and because\nsuch things are contrary to the articles of the peace concluded at\nAuxerre, and confirmed at Pontoise, we, who are of so great importance,\ncannot longer suffer them, more especially when we consider the\ndangerous state in which the king and my lord of Acquitaine are held.\nDeputations have been likewise sent from many of the great towns, such\nas Paris, Rheims, Rouen, Laon, Beauvais and others, who have solemnly\nsworn to support and assist all who shall maintain this peace, and\nstrenuously to oppose those who shall infringe it. We affirm these\nthings to you for truth, so that should you hear the contrary you may\nnot give credit to it, but ever remain faithful and loyal subjects to\nmy lord the king and my lord of Acquitaine, such as you have ever been,\nand aid and assist us in the part we have taken, for we have the utmost\nconfidence in your zeal.\n'In truth, we expect, through the help of God, and other assistance,\nfor the relief of my lord the king and my lord of Acquitaine, that we\nmay obtain for them full and free liberty of government, such as they\nought to possess, and that those who now keep them in bondage may be\ndismissed from their presence, to reside in their own countries, as\nwe are ready to do, for the due observance of the said peace, and the\ncommon good of the kingdom, objects of which we are very desirous.\n'Should there be any things which you may wish to have done, that are\nwithin our power, know for certain that we will, with God's pleasure,\ndo them with a hearty good will,--and may he have you in his holy\nkeeping! Written in our town of Arras, and sealed with our privy seal,\nthe 27th day of February, in the year 1413.'\nThere was also written on the margin, 'The duke of Burgundy, count of\nFlanders and Artois; and that you, my very dear and good friends, may\nbe fully assured of the authenticity of the letters from my lord of\nAcquitaine, mentioned in this paper, we send you with these presents\ntrue copies of the originals, under an official seal,' and signed\n'Vignier.' This letter was drawn up on sealed paper, and had for its\naddress, 'To our very dear and well beloved, the resident burgesses and\ninhabitants of the town of Amiens.'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 31: Esclusieu,--a village in Picardy, near Peronne.]\n[Footnote 32: _December._ So in the original, but it must be a mistake.]\n[Footnote 33: Baron,--a town in Picardy, diocese of Sens.]\n[Footnote 34: Dampmartin,--a town in the isle of France, nine leagues\nfrom Paris.]\n[Footnote 35: Count of Soissons, mentioned above.]\nCHAP. XXXI.\nON THE RETREAT OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FROM SAINT DENIS, THE KING OF\nFRANCE ISSUES ORDERS THROUGHOUT HIS KINGDOM TO RAISE FORCES TO MARCH\nAGAINST HIM.\nWhen it was known to the king of France, the duke of Acquitaine, the\nprinces of the blood then in Paris, and to the members of the council,\nthat the duke of Burgundy, on his retreat from St Denis, had left\nlarge garrisons in the towns of Compiegne, Soissons, and other places\nbelonging to the king, or at least under his government, they were\ngreatly surprised, thinking he had no just cause for so doing.\nTo obviate the consequences of this conduct, certain royal edicts were\ninstantly dispatched throughout the bailiwicks and seneschalships\nin the realm, commanding them to raise forces to resist the future\nproceedings of the duke of Burgundy, which edicts, and particularly\nthat addressed to the bailiff of Amiens, were as follows.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'To check the many great and numberless evils that have befallen our\nkingdom, to the prejudice of ourself and of the public welfare, from\nthe quarrels and wars that have arisen between some of the princes\nof our blood, and that our subjects may live in tranquillity under\nour government, and that henceforward they may be ruled with justice,\nwhich cannot take place but in times of peace,--we have, after mature\ndeliberation, effected an union between these said princes of our\nblood, which they have most solemnly promised and sworn in our presence\nto keep inviolate. Although it be not lawful for any of our subjects,\nwhether of our blood or not, and even contrary to our express orders,\nto assemble any bodies of men at arms within our realm, yet it has come\nto our knowledge that our cousin of Burgundy has complained of certain\nacts done, as he says, to his prejudice, and contrary to the articles\nof the said peace,--and for this cause he has occupied, or caused to be\noccupied, several castles and fortresses belonging to us, and against\nour will; that he has received in his country, and admitted to his\npresence, several evil doers who have been guilty of treason against\nus. In consequence, we sent able ambassadors to our said cousin of\nBurgundy, to admonish him to keep the peace, to offer him every legal\nmeans of redress, and to cause such reparation to be made him for any\ninfringement of the peace, as the case might require. At the same time\nwe summoned him to surrender the castles to us, as he was bound to do;\nand we commanded him not to receive any such evil doers in future,\nenjoining him to send those whom he had admitted to us, that they might\nundergo such punishments as justice should order.\n'These commands he has not obeyed, nor sent any satisfactory answer.\nHaving learnt that after this our said cousin of Burgundy was\nassembling a large body of men at arms, we sent one of the sergeants\nat arms of the parliament with sealed letters to him, to forbid him to\nraise any forces whatever. Notwithstanding this, in defiance of the\ntreaty of peace and of our positive orders, our cousin of Burgundy\ncontinued to assemble men at arms and archers from all parts; and with\nthis army he has marched from his own country, and, by fraudulent and\ntraitorous means, has, against our will, gained possession of our towns\nof Compiegne and Soissons, which he still holds, and has placed therein\ngarrisons of men at arms. He also attempted to gain by force our town\nof Senlis, and has refused to surrender our castles and fortresses\naforesaid, which he detains contrary to our commands: he admits to his\ncountry and to his presence every person guilty toward us, without ever\nsending them to us, as we had commanded him to do. He has likewise\ndetained by force our sergeant at arms of the parliament and other\nmessengers from our dearly beloved companion the queen, and from our\nvery dear and well beloved son the duke of Acquitaine, bearing letters\nfrom them to forbid him to do any acts contrary to the said peace, and\nwithout sending to us or to them any answers whatever.\n'Our said cousin of Burgundy, in defiance and contempt of these our\norders and prohibitions, has marched a numerous, army near to Paris,\naccompanied by all or the greater part of those criminals who have been\nfound guilty of treason against us, and therefore banished our realm.\n'All these said things have been done, committed, and perpetrated by\nour said cousin of Burgundy, his adherents and allies, contrary to our\nroyal will and pleasure, in opposition to the articles of the said\npeace, against the tranquillity of our subjects and the public good of\nour kingdom.\n'Great inconveniences may therefore arise, unless a speedy remedy be\napplied to this disloyal conduct. Wishing to obviate these evils, and\nto reduce to obedience those of our subjects who may have joined our\nsaid cousin the duke of Burgundy, whose enterprises we will no longer\ntolerate, but are determined to repress them with the aid of those of\nour blood, and our other good and faithful subjects, in such wise that\nit shall be an example to all others.\n'We therefore command and strictly enjoin, that on receiving these\npresents, you do, with a loud voice and with sound of trumpet, in\nour name, proclaim the arriere-ban[36]; and that you do repeat this\nproclamation throughout your bailiwick, so that no one may plead\nignorance of it, enforcing obedience to the same from all nobles and\nothers within your jurisdiction who have been used to arms, or in a\nstate to bear arms, and from all who may hold fiefs or arriere-fiefs of\nthe value of twenty livres tournois. You will see that prompt attention\nbe paid to our command by all nobles, citizens and inhabitants of the\ntowns within your bailiwick, on the faith and homage they owe to us,\nand under pain of confiscation of estates and goods, should they not\njoin us in all diligence with the greatest possible number of men at\narms and archers, without any excuse or denial whatever.\n'You will enjoin the inhabitants of your principal towns to send\ninstantly to our good city of Paris men at arms and archers, mounted\non horseback and sufficiently accompanied,--and we command them thus\nto do for our service in this matter, and wherever else we may employ\nthem, forbidding them at the same time, under the severest execution of\nthe penalties aforesaid, to obey, in any manner whatever, the summons,\norders, or requests of our said cousin of Burgundy, or under pretence\nof serving us, or under other pretexts, to aid or promote his designs.\n'Should any persons within your jurisdiction have joined him, let them\ninstantly return, and not give him either support or advice. You will\narrest all whom you shall know to be favourable to him, or who have\njoined him, whenever you can lay hands on them. Should you not be able\nto do this, summon them, under pain of banishment; and take possession,\nin our name, of all their effects, moveable and immoveable, whatever,\nwhich you will administer on our behalf.\n'You will also make public proclamation in our name, for all prelates,\nabbots, priors, chaplains and other churchmen, who are bound to supply\nus with carts, sumpter horses, and other services from their fiefs,\ninstantly to perform them and send them to us. You will, in case of\ntheir neglecting the same, seize their temporalities, or use such other\nmeasures as are customary in such like cases.\n'At the same time, you will strictly forbid in our name, under the\naforesaid penalties, all labourers, tradespeople, or others, excepting\nthose before mentioned, to assemble in arms, or to collect together\nin companies, after the manner of the pillagers in former times, but\ngive orders that they do apply to their labour or trades. Should any be\nfound to act contrary, you will imprison them, and inflict on them such\npunishment as justice may ordain, to serve as examples to others.\n'We likewise command and enjoin you to suffer all men at arms and\narchers, whether from our kingdom or elsewhere, that may be on their\nmarch to join us, to pass freely through your bailiwick, without any\nlet or hindrance whatever, notwithstanding any letters or orders from\nus to the contrary, unless of a subsequent date to these presents, and\nsigned by ourself in council; and you will afford to such person or\npersons every aid, encouragement, and advice, should need be, in any\nof our towns, castles, bridges or passes, that may tend to obstruct\nthem on their march. This we order to be done without refusal or\ncontradiction, for such is our will and pleasure; and you will certify\nto our faithful chancellor your proceedings in this business, that\nyour diligence may be the more apparent; and be careful, under pain of\ndeprivation of office, and of the aforesaid punishments, that there be\nno neglect on your part.\n'We will beside, and command you by these presents, that in regard\nto all quarrels, suits, debts, or prosecutions for any matters in\nlitigation that may have been brought before you within your bailiwick\nagainst those who may have set out to join us in obedience to our\nsummons, you do defer pronouncing any sentence or sentences thereon,\nuntil fifteen days be expired after the return home of the parties\nserving us, and that you do order all provosts, judges, or officers\nunder you, to do the same; and should any sentences have been passed,\nor further proceedings thereon, you will stay the same, and without\ndelay make every possible reparation.\n'For the carrying our said will into execution, we, by these presents,\ndo give you full and ample authority; and by them also we command all\nofficers of justice, and others our subjects, diligently to attend to\nand obey your orders, issued for the above purposes, and to afford you\naid and advice, and even the use of their prisons, should it be found\nnecessary.\n'Given at Paris, the 8th day of February, in the year of Grace 1413,\nand of our reign the 33d.' Signed, on the report of the grand council\nheld by the queen, the duke of Acquitaine and others, 'Jean du Chastel.'\nThis edict was sent to Amiens, and there proclaimed. It caused great\ndistress to all who had joined the party of the duke of Burgundy, as\nwell within Paris and its neighbourhood as elsewhere, for very many\nwere arrested and beheaded: others were imprisoned, and their fortunes\nconfiscated.\nAnother edict was soon after issued, after great deliberation in\ncouncil, and published throughout France, by which the duke of Burgundy\nwas deprived of all the favours that had formerly been done him, and he\nand all his partisans were banished the kingdom. This was the tenour of\nthe edict.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all to whom these\npresents shall come, greeting.\n'Whereas, after the very cruel and damnable murder lately perpetrated\nby the order and instigation of John our cousin of Burgundy, on the\nperson of our very dear and well beloved only brother Louis, duke of\nOrleans, of good memory, whose soul may God pardon! the said duke of\nBurgundy came to our good town of Paris, attended by a numerous body of\nmen at arms, against our will and in defiance of our commands to the\ncontrary, and there endeavoured to justify himself from this atrocious\nmurder, by means notoriously false, and by many arguments scandalous\nand offensive to our majesty and to the public weal.\n'We, considering the very many evils that might ensue in consequence of\nthis murder to our subjects and kingdom, and being desirous to obviate\nthe same, did order our very dear son and beloved nephew, the present\nduke of Orleans, with our very dear and well beloved nephew the count\nde Vertus, his brother, children to our late brother, and minors, to\nmeet us in our town of Chartres, where we formed a pacification between\nour said nephews and the duke of Burgundy; and although the terms of\nthis pacification were extraordinary and harsh to our said nephews,\nnevertheless they subscribed to them in obedience to us, and from pity\nto the subjects of the realm, who must have suffered greatly from the\nintestine wars that would otherwise have taken place.\n'Notwithstanding the duke of Burgundy swore in our hands to the\nobservance of this treaty, and that he would thenceforward be a loyal\nand sincere friend to our said nephews and their adherents, he very\nshortly acted contrary to this oath and solemn promise, by revenging\nhimself on some of our servants, whom he suspected to have advised us\nto have justice done on him for the murder of our said brother the duke\nof Orleans, and also to continue his wicked designs of gaining the sole\ngovernment of our person and kingdom. This was the true reason for his\ncommitting so foul a murder, and for arresting many of our faithful\nservants,--some of whom he caused to be put to death, and, by unjust\nand iniquitous means, exacted from others exorbitant and immense sums\nof money.\n'In consequence, our nephews of Orleans, seeing that the duke of\nBurgundy was infringing daily, and in various ways, the treaty which he\nhad sworn to keep at Chartres, and was regardless of all that he had\npromised, most humbly but earnestly supplicated us at different times,\nthat we would administer justice on the murderers of their father, as\nwe were bounden to do; but the duke of Burgundy, who had deprived us of\nour most loyal servants, and in their room had placed others attached\nto him, prevented us from hearing their complaints, and from rendering\nthe justice it became us to administer. And what was worse, our nephews\nperceiving that they could not obtain any redress from us, through the\ninterference of the duke of Burgundy, resolved to make war personally\nupon him, to revenge the murder of their father, as was natural for\nthem to do.\n'The duke of Burgundy then accused them (and published falsely,\ncontrary to all resemblance of truth, as we are fully informed and\nassured), that they and others of our blood, being in their company,\nwished to deprive us of our royal estate and dignity, and make a new\nking of France. And under pretence of these lies and charges, contrary\nto all truth, he raised our people against them, wishing to cover his\nwicked intentions and quarrel with lies, whence, as every one knows, so\nmany and serious misfortunes have arisen.\n'Under pretext of this warfare, the duke of Burgundy has caused to\nbe arrested and confined in our prison of the Ch\u00e2telet at Paris, and\nelsewhere, numbers of considerable gentlemen, knights and squires,\nbecause he charged them with being favourable to the wellwishers of the\nparty of our nephews, or inclined to others of our blood and lineage\nin their company: many whom he thus imprisoned he made suffer the\ncruellest tortures, and then put them to death without a shadow of\nreason or justice.\n'Some he starved to death in prison, denying them confessors or any of\nthe ecclesiastical sacraments, throwing their bodies into the fields\nto be devoured by dogs, birds, or wild beasts, without allowing them\nto have Christian burial, or that their new-born children should\nbe baptised, which is expressly against our religion. In these\ntransactions, the most horrid and unheard-of cruelties were committed.\n'Under cover of this war, which neither was nor ought to have been\nours, but his own, and personal to himself, this Burgundian caused\nexcessive and extraordinary taxes to be raised on our people, by\ntallies, loans, and other means; such as seizing the treasures of\nchurches, the deposits in our courts of parliament, Ch\u00e2telet, and\nelsewhere, which had been there placed for the advantage of widows,\nand children under age, or for the purpose of completing purchases or\nrepayment of mortgages.\n'The said Burgundian also made great depreciations in our coin, by\nwhich he gained large sums of money, but to the severe loss of us, our\npeople, and the public welfare. By these and other equally fraudulent\nmeans has he reaped very considerable profit, and for these two or\nthree years last past has applied to his own benefit the money of\nour people, amounting to ten hundred thousand golden florins at the\nleast, as has been clearly demonstrated to us by the statement of the\naccounts, without any part of it being employed for our service.\n'This has caused a failure and total stoppage of commerce, so necessary\nto us and our kingdom, for some time past; consequently the revenues of\nour domain and taxes have been shamefully diminished, as is notorious\nto all.\n'But not contented with this, and in the design of totally destroying\nour nephews aforesaid, our very dear and well beloved uncle the duke\nof Berry, and several others of our blood, with the intent of gaining\nthe sole government of our kingdom to himself, the duke of Burgundy\nconstrained us and our dearly beloved eldest son the duke of Acquitaine\nto oppose with force of arms our said nephews and their adherents,\nunder colour that the war was ours--whereas it was no such thing--and\nobliged us to march from Paris against them, as if they had not alway\nbeen our very loyal and affectionate relatives and subjects.\n'In fact, we laid siege to the city of Bourges, wherein was our uncle\naforesaid; and we were detained before it for upwards of six weeks\nagainst our will, and to our very great displeasure.\n'We and our son were in great personal danger, as well from the\nexcessive heat of the season as from the attacks made on our army,\ninsomuch that we thought it right to remove to our town of Auxerre,\nwhere we had assembled our said uncle, nephews, and other princes\nof our blood. There, by the grace of God and his holy aid, and by\nthe commands of ourself and of our eldest son, certain articles of\npacification were drawn up and agreed to by our said uncle, son, and\nnephews, with their allies, on the one part, and the duke of Burgundy\nand his allies on the other,--which articles both parties solemnly\npromised and swore before us to keep, without any way infringing them.\n'Nevertheless, not long after we were returned to our town of Paris,\nthe said duke of Burgundy, contrary to his promise on oath, came\nthither, intending to annul the said peace made by us, and sworn to by\nhim, as has been before said, and caused to be drawn up certain letters\nin our name, which he had attached to our edict concerning the peace,\nby which he made us repeal and annul the greater part of what had been\ngranted by us and our said eldest son, thus infringing the articles of\nthe peace, namely, the restitution of estates, inheritances, honours\nand offices, to such as had adhered to the party of our said uncle\nand nephews, and to others of our blood and lineage, their allies\nand partisans. He has, moreover, retained, for a long space of time,\nagainst our will, and contrary to the agreements we had entered into,\nand his own oath, the castles of Coucy and Pierrefons, belonging to our\nsaid nephew the duke of Orleans, with many other castles, estates, and\nhouses of several of that party, notwithstanding letters of restitution\ngranted by us, and verified by our court of parliament. Neither the\nduke of Orleans nor any of his adherents could regain the possession\nof their lands,--for there was scarcely any one member of our court of\nparliament who dared to gainsay the will and enterprises of the duke of\nBurgundy or his accomplices, who were solely bent on having the entire\nmanagement of us, of our dear companion the queen, our well beloved\neldest son the duke of Acquitaine, and the whole government of the\nrealm.\n'To keep us in the greater subjection, the said Burgundian raised\npersons of low rank and consideration in Paris to places of trust, who,\nby his authority and exhortations, and being in his full confidence,\nundertook the government of our royal self, that of the queen, the\nduke of Acquitaine and the whole kingdom. These persons frequently came\nto our councils, and those of our court of parliament, in a violent\nand disorderly manner, menacing our faithful and honest counsellors in\nsuch wise that the regular course of justice was stopped; and it was\nimpossible to prevent whatever they should ordain or desire from being\nagreed to, one way or other.\n'In pursuing their wicked courses and damnable designs, it is a fact,\nthat on Friday the 28th day of April last passed, when the said\nBurgundian, his accomplices, adherents, and people of low degree\nbegan to perceive that several of our blood and lineage, and others\nour officers, and those of our well beloved son, the members of the\nuniversity, wealthy merchants and loyal burgesses of the town of Paris,\nwere discontented with their mode of government, suspecting also that\nthey intended even to drive them from their power and authority by\nforce, and then punish them for their malversations, caused a great\nassembly of the populace to be holden, the most part of whom knew not\nfor what they were thus assembled.\n'Then, without any justifiable reason, they marched with displayed\nbanners, in a warlike manner, to the h\u00f4tel of our said son, whence,\nagainst his commands and will, and to his great displeasure, they\ncarried away our very dear and well beloved cousin the duke of Bar,\nwith many others the especial counsellors and servants of our said son,\naccording to a written list of names which the duke of Burgundy held in\nhis hand, and who had them first conducted to his h\u00f4tel of Artois, and\nthence to different prisons.\n'Not long after, on another day, these same people of low degree, by\nthe practices of the duke of Burgundy again returned to our palace of\nSt Pol with displayed banners, and with force and violence, contrary\nto our will and pleasure, as well as in disobedience to the commands\nof our said queen and eldest son, they seized our very dear and well\nbeloved brother Louis duke of Bavaria, with other officers of our said\nson, and also certain ladies and damsels attached to and in the service\nof our said companion the queen, whom they arrested in her chamber, she\nbeing present, and carried to different prisons, where they were long\ndetained in great personal danger.\n'This same populace, through the connivance and encouragement of the\nduke of Burgundy, committed a variety of crimes and excesses, such as\nseizing day and night, without any judicial authority, many of our\nofficers and other inhabitants of our said town of Paris, confining\nthem in prisons, murdering some, and throwing the bodies of others into\nthe river, by which means they were drowned, ransoming several for\nlarge sums of money, without any one daring to check or punish such\natrocious acts.\n'All this was done through the practices and support of the duke\nof Burgundy; by which means he has detained us, our companion the\nqueen, and our said eldest son, in such subjection and danger that\nwe had not liberty to do any one thing as we should have pleased;\nfor after these arrests had taken place, he appointed others to fill\ntheir places, who were firmly attached to him and his measures. Even\npersons of the lowest order were raised by him to offices,--and this\nconduct was pursued until it pleased the Lord, by means of the activity\nand diligence of our very dear and well beloved cousin the king of\nSicily, in conjunction with our dear nephews of Orleans, our well\nbeloved cousins the duke of Bourbon, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, d'Eu, and\nothers of our royal blood, many prelates, barons, knights, esquires,\nand several of our court of parliament and of our dear daughter the\nuniversity of Paris, and capital burgesses of that town, to restore us,\nour dear companion the queen and son, to that liberty which we should\nreasonably enjoy; and the peace that had been agreed to at Auxerre was\nagain confirmed and sworn to by the said Burgundian, and others of our\nblood and lineage. Nevertheless, the duke of Burgundy, prior to the\nexpedition which our said eldest son made, by means of the populace\nof Paris, on the 4th day of August last past, exerted himself to the\nutmost to put an end to this peace, by having it published in several\nh\u00f4tels and other places in Paris, that if the people consented to such\na peace, it would be the ruin of the town, which was notoriously false.\n'Since the peace was thus renewed and confirmed, the duke of Burgundy\nhas been much discontented; and when some of those disturbers of the\npeace, persons of low degree, quitted Paris under pretence of going\nto Burgundy, though in fact they went to Flanders, Artois, and other\nterritories of the duke, he received them graciously, criminals as they\nwere, with other traitors and murderers of our said brother the duke\nof Orleans, notwithstanding we had sent him especial ambassadors, who,\namong other things, required and commanded him in our name that those\ncriminals whom he had received, and who had been convicted of treason\nagainst us, and consequently banished the realm for ever, should be\ndelivered up that justice might be done on them. They also demanded\nrestitution of several castles that he kept possession of, by himself\nor others, contrary to our pleasure, namely, the castles of Crotoy,\nLaon, and Chinon,--but to all these demands he has been disobedient.\n'The worst part of his conduct is, that under colour of the most\nabominable falsehoods, he has raised as large a body of men at arms and\narchers as was possible, as well from his own countries of Burgundy\nand Savoy as from Flanders, Artois and elsewhere, which he has marched\nto the walls of our good town of Paris. To gain partisans, and an\nundisturbed march, he has sent sealed letters to several of our large\ntowns to require aid and support, under colour that he was marching\nto Paris by the command of our said eldest son, to deliver us from\nthe bondage in which, as he said, we were detained, and which is a\nnotorious falsehood,--for we never enjoyed greater liberty than we do\nat this moment, and have done ever since his departure from Paris.\n'It is also false that he has had any commands from us on this subject:\non the contrary, we and our dear son have, by our letters patent,\npositively forbidden him, under pain of our displeasure, to dare to\ncome before us with any assemblage of men at arms, which he has not\nonly disregarded and paid no attention to, but has imprisoned one of\nthe sergeants at arms of our court of parliament, whom we had sent with\nthe above letters patent, solemnly to forbid his assembling any bodies\nof men at arms, and which he properly executed.\n'Pursuing his evil designs, his conduct from bad becomes worse; and,\ncontemning the orders of us, who are his sovereign, he marched like a\nrebel, in a hostile manner, toward our town or Paris, with the largest\nforce he could collect, in direct opposition to our express commands,\nthus breaking the peace which he had so solemnly sworn to keep, and\nrendering himself unworthy of those graces and favours which had been\nshown him in former times. He has with him, and under his obedience,\nall those false traitors who on conviction of their treasons have been\nfor ever banished the kingdom, that through their means he may be\nenabled to stir up sedition in our good town of Paris and elsewhere.\n'He has gained possession of our town of Compiegne, although we had\nsent orders to the inhabitants not to suffer him to enter it with any\nbody of men at arms, or in an hostile manner, which orders were shown\nto him; but he held them in contempt, and what is worse he now occupies\nthat town, and has placed therein a garrison contrary to our commands.\nIn like manner has he taken possession of the town of Soissons,\nalthough the inhabitants had received orders similar to those sent to\nCompiegne, of which the army of the duke of Burgundy was assured.\n'This Burgundian has even advanced his army to St Denis, which he\nhas seized and made his head-quarters, contrary to our will and\npleasure, forming of it, as it were, a frontier to our good town\nof Paris; and by way of demonstrating his wickedness and infamous\ndesigns, he advanced his army with displayed banners, and in a warlike\nmanner, to the very walls of Paris, and remained there a long time in\nbattle-array. He even sent his scouts to the very gates, in the hope of\nraising a sedition among the populace, and then entering the town by\nforce of arms, contrary to our will, and thus acting like an enemy, and\nbeing guilty of the crime of high treason toward us, many complaints of\nwhich have been and are daily made to us on this subject.\n'Know ye, that having considered the above acts, and others connected\nwith them, and the whole of the duke of Burgundy's conduct since the\ndeath of our said brother to this present time, inasmuch as he has\nbeen ever ready to proceed by force of arms, and has several times\nnotoriously disobeyed our commands, more especially in this last act,\nwhen we positively enjoined him not to march any armed force to Paris,\nand in several others, which he has obeyed or not according to his\npleasure. For these causes he is and must be esteemed ungrateful, and\nundeserving of all the favours that have been shown him by us in former\ntimes.\n'Having therefore held a grand council on the above, to which persons\nof all ranks were admitted, and having duly considered the same, we\ndeclare that the duke of Burgundy, and all who shall give him any\naid, support or advice, or join his company, contrary to our said\nedicts, issued by us to forbid the same, shall be, and are by these\npresents, held and reputed rebels to us, and violators of the peace,\nconsequently enemies to us and to the public welfare of our kingdom.\nFor these causes we have determined to call out our arriere-ban, and\nto muster such forces of those who have been accustomed to bear arms\nas may be sufficient to enable us to resist the perverse dispositions\nand attempts of the duke of Burgundy, his accomplices and adherents,\nto reduce them to that subjection and obedience which they owe to us,\nand to punish them for their traitorous misdeeds, so that honour may\nredound to us, and they may serve in future as examples to all others.\n'We give it in command by these presents to our well beloved and\nfaithful counsellors, members of our parliament, to the provost of\nParis, to the bailiff of Amiens, and to all other our officers of\njustice, to their deputies, and to each of them to whom it may\nappertain, that they do proclaim these presents, or cause them to be\nproclaimed, in the most public places within their jurisdictions where\nsuch proclamations have usually been made, so that no one may plead\nignorance of the same.\n'Commanding also, at the same time, that all our officers and subjects\nwho may have been used to arms do hasten with all possible speed to\njoin and serve us in such things as we may command, with as many men\nat arms as they can collect, under pain of our highest displeasure and\nsuffering confiscation of effects, or such other punishment as may\nbe awarded against all who shall in any way disobey these our said\ncommands.\n'In testimony of which, we have to these presents affixed our\nseal.--Given at Paris, the 10th day of February, in the year of Grace\n1413, and of our reign the 33d[37].' Thus signed by the king, on\nthe report of the great council, held by the queen and my lord of\nAcquitaine. Countersigned, 'Derion.'\nThis edict was proclaimed in Amiens, and afterward in the provostships,\nand throughout the bailiwick by commission from the said bailiff.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 36: _Arriere-ban_,--'a proclamation, whereby those that hold\nof the king by a mesne tenure are summoned to assemble and serve him\nin his wars,--different from _ban_, whereby such are called as hold\nimmediately of him,--also the whole troop of those mesne tenants or\nunder vassals so assembled.'\n _Cotgrave's Dict._--See '_Ban_' and '_Arriere-ban_.']\n[Footnote 37: There is the most extraordinary confusion of dates\nthroughout these state-papers, which it is, probably, utterly\nimpossible to rectify by any conjectural emendations: but it seems\nright to take some notice of the circumstance, as at first sight it\nappears a most culpable oversight. It is not only here but throughout\nthe book that this confusion prevails, as is very evident from the\nchallenges of the arragonian esquire in the beginning of the volume.]\nEND OF THE THIRD VOLUME.\n AT THE HAFOD PRESS,\n BY JA. HENDERSON.\nTranscriber's Note:\nInconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 03 [of 13]\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\ngenerously made available by The Internet Archive)\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE;_\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n _Beginning at the Year MCCCC. where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART\n finishes, and ending at the Year MCCCCLXVII. and continued\n by others to the Year MDXVI._\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES ... VOL. I.\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\n MY LORD,\nI am happy in this opportunity of dedicating the CHRONICLES OF\nMONSTRELET to your grace, to show my high respect for your many virtues,\npublic and private, and the value I set on the honour of your grace\u2019s\nfriendship.\nOne of MONSTRELET\u2019S principal characters was JOHN DUKE OF BEDFORD,\nregent of France; and your grace has fully displayed your abilities, as\nregent, to be at least equal to those of your namesake, in the milder\nand more valuable virtues. Those of a hero may dazzle in this life; but\nthe others are, I trust, recorded in a better place; and your late wise,\nalthough, unfortunately, short government of Ireland will be long and\nthankfully remembered by a gallant and warm-hearted people.\n _CASTLE-HILL_,\n How Charles the well-beloved reigned in France,\n after he had been crowned at Rheims, in the\n year thirteen hundred and eighty 7\n An esquire of Arragon, named Michel d\u2019Orris,\n sends challenges to England. The answer he\n receives from a knight of that country 13\n Great pardons granted at Rome 38\n John of Montfort, duke of Brittany, dies. The\n emperor departs from Paris. Isabella queen of\n The duke of Burgundy, by orders from the king\n of France, goes into Brittany, and the duke\n of Orleans to Luxembourg. A quarrel ensues\n Clement duke of Bavaria is elected emperor of\n Germany, and afterward conducted with a\n numerous retinue to Frankfort 45\n Henry of Lancaster, king of England, combats\n the Percies and Welshmen, who had invaded his\n John de Verchin, a knight of great renown, and\n seneschal of Hainault, sends, by his herald,\n a challenge into divers countries, proposing\n The duke of Orleans, brother to the king of\n France, sends a challenge to the king of\n England. The answer he receives 55\n Waleran count de Saint Pol sends a challenge to\n Concerning the sending of sir James de Bourbon,\n count de la Marche, and his two brothers, by\n orders from the king of France, to the\n assistance of the Welsh, and other matters 87\n The admiral of Brittany, with other lords,\n fights the English at sea. Gilbert de Fretun\n The university of Paris quarrels with sir\n Charles de Savoisy and with the provost of\n The seneschal of Hainault performs a deed of\n arms with three others, in the presence of\n the king of Arragon. The admiral of Brittany\n undertakes an expedition against England 95\n The marshal of France and the master of the\n cross-bows, by orders from the king of\n France, go to England, to the assistance of\n A powerful infidel, called Tamerlane, invades\n the kingdom of the king Bajazet, who marches\n Charles king of Navarre negotiates with the\n king of France, and obtains the duchy of\n Nemours. Duke Philip of Burgundy makes a\n journey to Bar-le-Duc and to Brussels 108\n The duke of Burgundy dies in the town of Halle,\n in Hainault. His body is carried to the\n Carthusian convent at Dijon, in Burgundy 110\n Waleran count de St Pol lands a large force on\n the Isle of Wight, to make war against\n England, but returns without having performed\n Louis duke of Orleans is sent by the king to\n the pope at Marseilles. The duke of Bourbon\n is ordered into Languedoc, and the constable\n The death of duke Albert, count of Hainault,\n and of Margaret duchess of Burgundy, daughter\n John duke of Burgundy, after the death of the\n duchess Margaret, is received by the\n principal towns in Flanders as their lord 122\n Duke William count of Hainault presides at a\n combat for life or death, in his town of\n Quesnoy, in which one of the champions is\n The count de St Pol marches an army before the\n castle of Mercq, where the English from\n Calais meet and discomfit him 126\n John duke of Burgundy goes to Paris, and causes\n the dauphin and queen to return thither, whom\n the duke of Orleans was carrying off, with\n Duke John of Burgundy obtains from the king of\n France the government of Picardy. An embassy\n from England to France. An account of Clugnet\n The war is renewed between the dukes of Bar and\n Lorraine. Marriages concluded at Compiegne.\n An alliance between the dukes of Orleans and\n The duke of Orleans, by the king\u2019s orders,\n marches a powerful army to Acquitaine, and\n The duke of Burgundy prevails on the king of\n France and his council, that he may have\n permission to assemble men at arms to besiege\n The prelates and clergy of France are summoned\n to attend the king at Paris, on the subject\n The Liegeois eject their bishop, John of\n Bavaria, for refusing to be consecrated as a\n churchman, according to his promise 176\n Anthony duke of Limbourg takes possession of\n that duchy, and afterward of the town of\n Maestricht, to the great displeasure of the\n Ambassadors from pope Gregory arrive at Paris,\n with bulls from the pope to the king and\n The duke of Orleans receives the duchy of\n Acquitaine, as a present, from the king of\n France. A truce concluded between England and\n The prince of Wales, accompanied by his two\n uncles, marches a considerable force to wage\n The duke of Orleans, only brother to Charles\n VI. the well beloved, king of France, is\n inhumanly assassinated in the town of Paris 191\n The duchess of Orleans with her youngest son\n wait on the king in Paris, to make complaint\n of the cruel murder of the late duke her\n The duke of Burgundy assembles a number of his\n dependants, at Lille in Flanders, to a\n council, respecting the death of the duke of\n Orleans. He goes to Amiens, and thence to\n The duke of Burgundy offers his justification,\n for having caused the death of the duke of\n Orleans, in the presence of the king and his\n The king of France sends a solemn embassy to\n the pope. The answer they receive. The pope\n excommunicates the king and his adherents 302\n The university of Paris declares against the\n pope della Luna, in the presence of the king\n of France. King Louis of Sicily leaves Paris.\n The duke of Burgundy departs from Paris, on\n account of the affairs of Liege. The king of\n Spain combats the saracen fleet. The king of\n Hungary writes to the university of Paris 320\n How all the prelates and clergy of France were\n summoned to Paris. The arrival of the queen\n The duchess-dowager of Orleans and her son\n cause a public answer to be made, at Paris,\n to the charges of the duke of Burgundy\n against the late duke of Orleans, and\n challenge the duke of Burgundy for his murder 331\nMaterials for the biography of Monstrelet are still more scanty than for\nthat of Froissart. The most satisfactory account, both of his life and\nof the continuators of his history, is contained in the Memoires de\nl\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de Belles Lettres, vol. XLIII. p. 535. by M. Dacier.\n\u2018We are ignorant of the birthplace of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, and of\nthe period when he was born, as well as of the names of his parents. All\nwe know is, that he sprang from a noble family,\u2014which he takes care to\ntell us himself, in his introduction to the first volume of the\nchronicles; and his testimony is confirmed by a variety of original\ndeeds, in which his name is always accompanied with the distinction of\n\u2018noble man,\u2019 or \u2018esquire.[1]\u2019\n\u2018According to the historian of the Cambresis, Monstrelet was descended\nfrom a noble family settled in Ponthieu from the beginning of the\ntwelfth century, where one of his ancestors, named Enguerrand, possessed\nthe estate of Monstrelet in the year 1125,\u2014but Carpentier does not name\nhis authority for this. A contemporary historian (Matthieu de Couci, of\nwhom I shall have occasion to speak in the course of this essay,) who\nlived at Peronne, and who seems to have been personally acquainted with\nMonstrelet, positively asserts that this historian was a native of the\ncounty of the Boulonnois, without precisely mentioning the place of his\nbirth. This authority ought to weigh much: besides, Ponthieu and the\nBoulonnois are so near to each other that a mistake on this point might\neasily have happened. It results, from what these two writers say, that\nwe may fix his birthplace in Picardy.\n\u2018M. l\u2019abb\u00e9 Carlier, however, in his history of the duchy of Valois,\nclaims this honour for his province, wherein he has discovered an\nancient family of the same name,\u2014a branch of which, he pretends, settled\nin the Cambresis, and he believes that from this branch sprung\nEnguerrand de Monstrelet. This opinion is advanced without proof, and\nthe work of Monstrelet itself is sufficient to destroy it. He shows so\ngreat an affection for Picardy, in divers parts of his chronicle, that\nwe cannot doubt of his being strongly attached to it: he is better\nacquainted with it than with any other parts of the realm: he enters\ninto the fullest details concerning it: he frequently gives the names of\nsuch picard gentlemen, whether knights or esquires, as had been engaged\nin any battle, which he omits to do in regard to the nobility of other\ncountries,\u2014in the latter case, naming only the chief commanders. It is\nalmost always from the bailiff of Amiens that he reports the royal\nedicts, letters missive, and ordinances, &c. which abound in the two\nfirst volumes. In short, he speaks of the Picards with so much interest,\nand relates their gallant actions with such pleasure, that it clearly\nappears that he treats them like countrymen.\n\u2018Monstrelet was a nobleman then, and a nobleman of Picardy; but we have\ngood reason to suspect that his birth was not spotless. John le Robert,\nabbot of St Aubert in Cambray from the year 1432 to that of 1469, and\nauthor of an exact journal of every thing that passed during his time in\nthe town of Cambray and its environs, under the title of \u2018Memoriaux,\u2019[2]\nsays plainly, \u2018_qu\u2019il fut n\u00e9 de bas_,\u2019\u2014which term, according to the\nglossary of du Cange, and in the opinion of learned genealogists,\nconstantly means a natural son; for at this period, bastards were\nacknowledged according to the rank of their fathers. Monstrelet,\ntherefore, was not the less noble; and the same John le Robert qualifies\nhim, two lines higher, with the titles of \u2018noble man\u2019 and \u2018esquire,\u2019 to\nwhich he adds an eulogium, which I shall hereafter mention,\u2014because, at\nthe same time that it does honour to Monstrelet, it confirms the opinion\nI had formed of his character when attentively reading his work.\n\u2018My researches to discover the precise year of his birth have been\nfruitless. I believe, however, it may be safely placed prior to the\nclose of the fourteenth century; for, besides speaking of events at the\nbeginning of the fifteenth as having happened in his time, he states\npositively, in his introduction, that he had been told of the early\nevents in his book (namely, from the year 1400,) by persons worthy of\ncredit, who had been eye-witnesses of them. To this proof, or to this\ndeduction, I shall add, that under the year 1415, he says, that he heard\n(_at the time_) of the anger of the count de Charolois, afterwards\nPhilippe le bon duke of Burgundy, because his governors would not permit\nhim to take part in the battle of Azincourt. I shall also add, that\nunder the year 1420, he speaks of the homage which John duke of Burgundy\npaid the king of the Romans for the counties of Burgundy and of Alost.\nIt cannot be supposed that he would have inquired into such particulars,\nor that any one would have taken the trouble to inform him of them if he\nhad not been of a certain age, such as twenty or twenty-five years old,\nwhich would fix the date of his birth about 1390 or 1395.\n\u2018No particulars of his early years are known, except that he evinced,\nwhen young, a love for application, and a dislike to indolence. The\nquotations from Sallust, Livy, Vegetius, and other ancient authors, that\noccur in his chronicles, show that he must have made some progress in\nlatin literature. Whether his love for study was superior to his desire\nof military glory, or whether a weakly constitution or some other\nreason, prevented him from following the profession of arms, I do not\nfind that he yielded to the reigning passion of his age, when the names\nof gentleman and of soldier were almost synonimous.\n\u2018The wish to avoid indolence by collecting the events of his time, which\nhe testifies in the introduction to his chronicles, proves, I think,\nthat he was but a tranquil spectator of them. Had he been an Armagnac or\na Burgundian, he would not have had occasion to seek for solitary\noccupations; but what proves more strongly that Monstrelet was not of\neither faction is the care he takes to inform his readers of the rank,\nquality, and often of the names of the persons from whose report he\nwrites, without ever boasting of his own testimony. In his whole work,\nhe speaks but once from his own knowledge, when he relates the manner in\nwhich the Pucelle d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans was made prisoner before Compi\u00e9gne; but he\ndoes not say, that he was present at the skirmish when this unfortunate\nheroine was taken: he gives us to understand the contrary, and that he\nwas only present at the conversation of the prisoner with the duke of\nBurgundy,\u2014for he had accompanied Philip on this expedition, perhaps in\nquality of historian. And why may not we presume that he may have done\nso on other occasions, to be nearer at hand to collect the real state of\nfacts which he intended to relate?\n\u2018However this may be, it is certain that he was resident in Cambray,\nwhen he composed his history, and passed there the remainder of his\nlife. He was indeed fixed there, as I shall hereafter state, by\ndifferent important employments, each of which required the residence of\nhim who enjoyed them. From his living in Cambray, La Croix du Maine has\nconcluded, without further examination, that he was born there, and this\nmistake has been copied by other writers.\n\u2018Monstrelet was married to Jeanne de Valbuon, or Valhuon, and had\nseveral children by her, although only two of them were known,\u2014a\ndaughter called Bona, married to Martin de Beulaincourt, a gentleman of\nthat country, surnamed the Bold, and a son of the name of Pierre. It is\nprobable, that Bona was married, or of age, prior to the year 1438,\u2014for\nin the register of the officiality of Cambray, towards the end of that\nyear, is an entry, that Enguerrand de Monstrelet was appointed guardian\nto his young son Pierre, without any mention of his daughter Bona. It\nfollows, therefore, that Monstrelet was a widower at that period.\n\u2018In the year 1436, Monstrelet was nominated to the office of Lieutenant\ndu Gav\u00e8nier of the Cambresis, conjointly with Le Bon de Saveuses, master\nof the horse to the duke of Burgundy, as appears from the letters patent\nto this effect, addressed by the duke to his nephew the count\nd\u2019Estampes, of the date of the 13th May in this year, and which are\npreserved in the chartulary of the church of Cambray.\n\u2018It is even supposed that Monstrelet had for some time enjoyed this\noffice,\u2014for it is therein declared, that he shall continue in the\nreceipt of the Gav\u00e8ne, as he has heretofore done, until this present\ntime. \u2018Gave,\u2019 or \u2018Gav\u00e8ne,\u2019 (I speak from the papers I have just quoted,)\nsignifies in Flemish, a gift, or a present. It was an annual due payable\nto the duke of Burgundy, by the subjects of the churches in the\nCambresis, for his protection of them as earl of Flanders. From the name\nof the tribute was formed that of Gav\u00e8nier, which was often given to the\nduke of Burgundy, and the nobleman he appointed his deputy was styled\nLieutenant du Gav\u00e8nier. I have said \u2018the nobleman whom he appointed,\u2019\nbecause in the list of those lieutenants, which the historian of Cambray\nhas published, there is not one who has not shown sufficient proofs of\nnobility. Such was, therefore, the employment with which Monstrelet was\ninvested; and shortly after, another office was added to it, that of\nBailiff to the chapter of Cambray, for which he took the oaths on the\n20th of June, 1436, and entered that day on its duties. He kept this\nplace until the beginning of January, in the year 1440, when another was\nappointed.\n\u2018I have mentioned Pierre de Monstrelet, his son; and it is probable that\nhe is the person who was made a knight of St John of Jerusalem in the\nmonth of July, in 1444, although the acts of the chapter of Cambray do\nnot confirm this opinion, nor specify the Christian name of the new\nknight by that of Pierre. It is only declared in the register, that the\ncanons, as an especial favour, on the 6th of July, permitted Enguerrand\nde Monstrelet, esquire, to have his son invested with the order of St\nJohn of Jerusalem, on Sunday the 19th of the same month, in the choir of\ntheir church.\n\u2018The respect and consideration which he had now acquired, gained him the\ndignity of governor of Cambray, for which he took the usual oath on the\n9th of November; and on the 12th of March, in the following year, he was\nnominated bailiff of Wallaincourt. He retained both of these places\nuntil his death, which happened about the middle of July, in the year\n1453. This date cannot be disputed: it was discovered in the 17th\ncentury by John le Carpentier, who has inserted it in his history of the\nCambresis. But in consequence of little attention being paid to this\nwork, or because the common opinion has been blindly followed, that\nMonstrelet had continued his history to the death of the duke of\nBurgundy in 1467, this date was not considered as true until the\npublication of an extract from the register of the Cordeliers in\nCambray, where he was buried.[3] Although this extract fully establishes\nthe year and month when Monstrelet died, I shall insert here what\nrelates to it from the \u2018Memoriaux\u2019 of John le Robert, before mentioned,\nbecause they contain some circumstances that are not to be found in the\nregister of the Cordeliers. When several years of his history are to be\nretrenched from an historian of such credit, authorities for so doing\ncannot be too much multiplied. This is the text of the abbot of St\nAubert, and I have put in italics the words that are not in the\nregister:\n \u201cThe 20th day of July, in the year 1453, that honourable\n and noble man Enguerrand de Monstrelet, esquire,\n governor of Cambray, and bailiff of Wallaincourt,\n departed this life, and was buried at the Cordeliers of\n Cambray, according to his desire. He was carried thither\n on a bier covered with a mat, clothed in the frock of a\n cordelier friar, his face uncovered: six flambeaux and\n three chirons, each weighing three quarters of a pound,\n were around the bier, whereon was _a sheet thrown over_\n the cordelier frock. _Il fut nez de bas_, and was a very\n honourable and _peaceable_ man. He chronicled the wars\n which took place in his time in France, Artois, Picardy,\n England, Flanders, and those of the Gantois against\n their lord duke Philip. He died fifteen or sixteen days\n before peace was concluded, which took place toward the\n end of July, in the year 1453.\u201d\n\u2018I shall observe, by the way, that the person who drew up this register\nassigns two different dates for the death of Monstrelet, and in this he\nhas been followed by John le Robert. Both of them say, that Monstrelet\ndied on the 20th of July,\u2014and, a few lines farther, add, that he died\nabout sixteen days before peace was concluded between duke Philip and\nGhent, which was signed about the end of the month: it was, in fact,\nconcluded on the 31st: now, from twenty to thirty-one, we can only\nreckon eleven days,\u2014and I therefore think, that one of these dates must\nmean the day of his death, and the other that of his funeral,\u2014namely,\nthat Monstrelet died on the 15th and was buried on the 20th. The precise\ndate of his death is, however, of little importance: it is enough for us\nto be assured, that it took place in the month of July, in 1453, and\nconsequently that the thirteen last years of his history, printed under\nhis name, cannot have been written by him. I shall examine this first\ncontinuation of his history, and endeavour to ascertain the time when\nMonstrelet ceased to write,\u2014and likewise attempt to discover whether,\nduring the years immediately preceding his death, some things have not\nbeen inserted that do not belong to him.\n\u2018Before I enter upon this discussion of his work, I shall conclude what\nI have to say of him personally, according to what the writer of the\nregister of the Cordeliers and the abbot of St Aubert testify of him. He\nwas, says each of them, \u2018a very honourable and peaceable man;\u2019\nexpressions that appear simple at first sight, but which contain a real\neulogium, if we consider the troublesome times in which Monstrelet\nlived, the places he held, the interest he must have had sometimes to\nbetray the truth in favour of one of the factions which then divided\nFrance, and caused the revolutions the history of which he has published\nduring the life of the principal actors. I have had more than one\noccasion to ascertain that the two above-mentioned writers, in thus\npainting his character, have not flattered him.\n\u2018The Chronicles of Monstrelet commence on Easter-day,[4] in the year\n1400, when those of Froissart end, and extend to the death of the duke\nof Burgundy in the year 1467. I have before stated, that the thirteen\nlast years of his chronicle were written by an unknown author,\u2014and this\nmatter I shall discuss at the end of this essay. In the printed as well\nas in the manuscript copies, the chronicle is divided into three\nvolumes, and each volume into chapters. The first of these divisions is\nevidently by the author: his prologues at the head of the first and\nsecond volumes, in which he marks the extent of each conformable to the\nnumber of years therein contained, leave no room to doubt of it.\n\u2018His work is called Chronicles; but we must not, however, consider this\ntitle in the sense commonly attached to it, which merely conveys the\nidea of simple annals. The chronicles of Monstrelet are real history,\nwherein, notwithstanding its imperfections and omissions, are found all\nthe characteristics of historical writing. He traces events to their\nsource, developes the causes, and traces them with the minutest details;\nand what renders these chronicles infinitely precious is, his\nnever-failing attention to report all edicts, declarations, summonses,\nletters, negotiations, treaties, &c. as justificatory proofs of the\ntruth of the facts he relates.\n\u2018After the example of Froissart, he does not confine himself to events\nthat passed in France: he embraces, with almost equal detail, the most\nremarkable circumstances which happened during his time in Flanders,\nEngland, Scotland and Ireland. He relates, but more succinctly,\nwhatsoever he had been informed of as having passed in Germany, Italy,\nHungary, Poland: in short, in the different european states. Some\nevents, particularly the war of the Saracens against the king of Cyprus,\nare treated at greater length than could have been expected in a general\nhistory.\n\u2018Although it appears that the principal object of Monstrelet in writing\nthis history was to preserve the memory of those wars which in his time,\ndesolated France and the adjoining countries, to bring into public\nnotice such personages as distinguished themselves by actions of valour\nin battles, assaults, skirmishes, duels and tournaments,\u2014and to show to\nposterity that his age had produced as many heroes as any of the\npreceding ones. He does not fail to give an account of such great\npolitical or ecclesiastical events as took place during the period of\nwhich he seemed only inclined to write the military history. He relates\nmany important details respecting the councils of Pisa, Constance, and\nof Basil, of which the authors who have written the history of these\ncouncils ought to have availed themselves, to compare them with the\nother materials of which they made use.\n\u2018There is no historian who does not seek to gain the confidence of his\nreaders, by first explaining in a preface all that he has done to\nacquire the fullest information respecting the events he is about to\nrelate. All protest that they have not omitted any possible means to\nascertain the truth of facts, and that they have spared neither time nor\ntrouble to collect the minutest details concerning them. Without doubt,\ngreat deductions must be made from such protestations: those of\nMonstrelet, however, are accompanied with circumstances which convince\nus that a dependance may be placed on them. Would he have dared to tell\nhis contemporaries, who could instantly have detected a falsehood had he\nimposed on them, that he had been careful to consult on military affairs\nthose who, from their employments, must have been eye-witnesses of the\nactions that he describes? that on other matters he had consulted such\nas, from their situations, must have been among the principal actors,\nand the great lords of both parties, whom he had often to address, to\nengage in conversation on these events, at divers times, to confront\nthem, as it were, with themselves? On objects of less importance, such\nas feasts, justs, tournaments, he had made his inquiries from heralds,\npoursuivants, and kings at arms, who, from their office, must have been\nappointed judges of the lists, or assistants, at such entertainments and\npastimes. For greater security, it was always more than a year after any\nevent had happened, before he began to arrange his materials and insert\nthem in his chronicle. He waited until time should have destroyed what\nmay have been exaggerated in the accounts of such events, or should have\nconfirmed their truth.\n\u2018An infinite number of traits throughout his work proves the fidelity of\nhis narration. He marks the difference between facts of which he is\nperfectly sure and those of which he is doubtful: if he cannot produce\nhis proof, he says so, and does not advance more. When he thinks that he\nhas omitted some details which he ought to have known, he frankly owns\nthat he has forgotten them. For instance, when speaking of the\nconversation between the duke of Burgundy and the Pucelle d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, at\nwhich he was present, he recollects that some circumstances have escaped\nhis memory, and avows that he does not remember them.\n\u2018When after having related any event, he gains further knowledge\nconcerning it, he immediately informs his readers of it, and either adds\nto or retrenches from his former narration, conformably to the last\ninformation he had received. Froissart acted in a similar manner; and\nMontaigne praises him for it. \u2018The good Froissart,\u2019 says he, \u2018proceeds\nin his undertaking with such frank simplicity that having committed a\nmistake he is no way afraid of owning it, and of correcting it at the\nmoment he is sensible of it.\u2019[5] We ought certainly to feel ourselves\nobliged to these two writers for their attention in returning back to\ncorrect any mistakes; but we should have been more thankful to them if\nthey had been pleased to add their corrections to the articles which had\nbeen mistated, instead of scattering their amendments at hazard, as it\nwere, and leaving the readers to connect and compare them with the\noriginal article as well as they can.\n\u2018This is not the only defect common to both these historians. The\ngreater part of the chronological mistakes, which have been so ably\ncorrected by M. de Sainte Palaye in Froissart, are to be found in\nMonstrelet; and what deserves particularly to be noticed, to avoid\nfalling into errors, is, that each of them, when passing from the\nhistory of one country to another, introduces events of an earlier date,\nwithout ever mentioning it, and intermix them in the same chapter, as if\nthey had taken place in the same period,\u2014but Monstrelet has the\nadvantage of Froissart in the correctness of counting the years, which\nhe invariably begins on Easter-day and closes them on Easter-eve.\n\u2018To chronological mistakes must be added the frequent disfiguring of\nproper names,\u2014more especially foreign ones, which are often so mangled\nthat it is impossible to decipher them. M. du Cange has corrected from\none thousand to eleven hundred on the margin of his copy of the edition\nof 1572, which is now in the imperial library at Paris, and would be of\ngreat assistance, should another edition of Monstrelet be called for.[6]\nNames of places are not more clearly written, excepting those in\nFlanders and Picardy, with which, of course, he was well acquainted. We\nknow not whether it be through affectation or ignorance that he calls\nmany towns by their latin names, frenchifying the termination: for\ninstance, Aix-la-Chapelle, Aquisgranie; Oxford, Oxonie,\u2014and several\nothers in the like manner.\n\u2018These defects are far from being repaid, as they are in Froissart, by\nthe agreeableness of the narration: that of Monstrelet is heavy,\nmonotonous, weak and diffuse. Sometimes a whole page is barely\nsufficient for him to relate what would have been better told in six\nlines; and it is commonly on the least important facts that he labours\nthe most.\n\u2018The second chapter of the first volume, consisting of thirteen pages,\ncontains only a challenge from a spanish esquire, accepted by an esquire\nof England, which, after four years of letters and messages, ends in\nnothing. The ridiculousness of so pompous a narration had struck\nRabelais, who says, at page 158 of his third volume,\u2014\u2018In reading this\ntedious detail, (which he calls a little before _le tant long, curieux\net f\u00e2cheux conte_) we should imagine that it was the beginning, or\noccasion, of some severe war, or of a great revolution of kingdoms; but\nat the end of the tale we laugh at the stupid champion, the Englishman,\nand Enguerrand their scribe, _plus baveux qu\u2019un pot \u00e0 moutarde_.\u2019[7]\n\u2018Monstrelet employs many pages to report the challenges sent by the duke\nof Orleans, brother to king Charles VI., to Henry IV. king of\nEngland,\u2014challenges which are equally ridiculous with the former, and\nwhich had a similar termination. When he meets with any event that\nparticularly regards Flanders or Picardy, he does not omit the smallest\ncircumstance: the most minute and most useless seem to him worth\npreserving,\u2014and this same man, so prolix when it were to be wished he\nwas concise, omits, for the sake of brevity, as he says, the most\ninteresting details. This excuse he repeats more than once, for\nneglecting to enlarge on facts far more interesting than the quarrels of\nthe Flemings and Picards. When speaking of those towns in Champagne and\nBrie which surrendered to Charles VII. immediately after his coronation,\nhe says, \u2018As for these surrenders, I omit the particular detail of each\nfor the sake of brevity.\u2019 In another place, he says, \u2018Of these\nreparations, for brevity sake, I shall not make mention.\u2019 These\nreparations were the articles of the treaty of peace concluded in 1437,\nbetween the duke of Burgundy and the townsmen of Bruges.\n\u2018I have observed an omission of another sort, but which must be\nattributed solely to the copyists,\u2014for I suspect them of having lost a\nconsiderable part of a chapter in the second volume. The head of this\nchapter is, \u2018The duke of Orleans returns to the duke of Burgundy,\u2019\u2014and\nthe beginning of it describes the meeting of the two princes in the town\nof H\u00eadin in 1441 (1442). They there determine to meet again almost\nimmediately in the town of Nevers, \u2018with many others of the great\nprinces and lords of the kingdom of France,\u2019 and at the end of eight\ndays they separate; the one taking the road through Paris for Blois, and\nthe other going into Burgundy.\n\u2018This recital consists of about twenty lines, and then we read, \u2018Here\nfollows a copy of the declaration sent to king Charles of France by the\nlords assembled at Nevers, with the answers returned thereto by the\nmembers of the great council, and certain requests made by them.\u2019 This\ntitle is followed by the declaration he has mentioned, and the answer\nthe king made to the ambassadors who had presented it to him.\u2014Now, can\nit be conceived that Monstrelet would have been silent as to the object\nof the assembly of nobles? or not have named some of those who had been\npresent? and that, after having mentioned Nevers as the place of\nmeeting, he should have passed over every circumstance respecting it, to\nthe declarations and resolutions that had there been determined upon?\nThere are two reasons for concluding that part of this chapter must be\nwanting: first, when Monstrelet returns to his narration, after having\nrelated the king\u2019s answer to the assembled lords, he speaks as having\nbefore mentioned them, \u2018the aforesaid lords,\u2019 and I have just noticed\nthat he names none of them; secondly, when in the next chapter he\nrelates the expedition to Tartas, which was to decide on the fate of\nGuienne, as having before mentioned it, \u2018of which notice has been taken\nin another place,\u2019 it must have been in the preceding chapter,\u2014but it is\nnot there spoken of, nor in any other place.\n\u2018If the numerous imperfections of Monstrelet are not made amends for, as\nI have said, by the beauty of his style, we must allow that they are\ncompensated by advantages of another kind. His narration is diffuse, but\nclear,\u2014and his style heavy, but always equal. He rarely offers any\nreflections,\u2014and they are always short and judicious. The temper of his\nmind is particularly manifested by the circumstance that we do not find\nin his work any ridiculous stories of sorcery, magic, astrology, or any\nof those absurd prodigies which disgrace the greater part of the\nhistorians of his time. The goodness of his heart also displays itself\nin the traits of sensibility which he discovers in his recitals of\nbattles, sieges, and of towns won by storm: he seems then to rise\nsuperior to himself,\u2014and his style acquires strength and warmth. When he\nrelates the preparations for, and the commencement of, a war, his first\nsentiment is to deplore the evils by which he foresees that the poorer\nranks will soon be overwhelmed. Whilst he paints the despair of the\nwretched inhabitants of the country, pillaged and massacred by both\nsides, we perceive that he is really affected by his subject, and writes\nfrom his feelings. The writer of the cordelier register and the abbot of\nSt Aubert, have not, therefore, said too much, when they called him, \u2018a\nvery honest and peaceable man.\u2019 It appears, in fact, that benevolence\nwas the marked feature of his character, to which I am not afraid to add\nthe love of truth.\n\u2018I know that in respect to this last virtue, his reputation is not\nspotless, and that he has been commonly charged with partiality for the\nhouse of Burgundy, and for that faction. Lancelot Voesin de la\nPopeliniere is, I believe, the first who brought this accusation against\nhim. \u2018Monstrelet,\u2019 says he, \u2018has scarcely shown himself a better\nnarrator than Froissart,\u2014but a little more attached to truth, and less\nof a party man.\u2019 Denis Godefroy denies this small advantage over\nFroissart which had been conceded to him by La Popeliniere. \u2018Both of\nthem,\u2019 he says, \u2018incline toward the Burgundians.\u2019\n\u2018Le Gendre in his critical examination of the french historians, repeats\nthe same thing, but in more words. \u2018Monstrelet,\u2019 he writes, \u2018too plainly\ndiscovers his intentions of favouring, when he can, the dukes of\nBurgundy and their friends.\u2019 Many authors have adopted some of these\nopinions, more or less disadvantageous to Monstrelet; hence has been\nformed an almost universal prejudice, that he has, in his work, often\ndisfigured the truth in favour of the dukes of Burgundy.\n\u2018I am persuaded that these different opinions, advanced without proof,\nare void of foundation; and I have noticed facts, which having happened\nduring the years of which Monstrelet writes the history, may, from the\nmanner in which he narrates them, enable us to judge whether he was\ncapable of sacrificing truth to his attachment to the house of Burgundy.\n\u2018In 1407, doctor John Petit, having undertaken to justify the\nassassination of the duke of Orleans by orders from the duke of\nBurgundy, sought to diminish the horror of such a deed, by tarnishing\nthe memory of the murdered prince with the blackest imputations.\nMonstrelet, however, does not hesitate to say, that many persons thought\nthese imputations false and indecent. He reports, in the same chapter,\nthe divers opinions to which this unfortunate event gave rise, and does\nnot omit to say, that \u2018many great lords, and other wise men, were much\nastonished that the king should pardon the burgundian prince,\nconsidering that the crime was committed on the person of the duke of\nOrleans.\u2019 We perceive, in reading this passage, that Monstrelet was of\nthe same opinion with the \u2018other wise men.\u2019\n\u2018In 1408, Charles VI. having insisted that the children of the late duke\nof Orleans should be reconciled to the duke of Burgundy, they were\nforced to consent.\u2014\u2018Sire, since you are pleased to command us, we grant\nhis request;\u2019 and Monstrelet lets it appear that he considers their\ncompliance as a weakness, which he excuses on account of their youth,\nand the state of neglect they were in after the death of their mother\nthe duchess of Orleans, who had sunk under her grief on not being able\nto avenge the murder of her husband. \u2018To say the truth, in consequence\nof the death of their father, and also from the loss of their mother,\nthey were greatly wanting in advice and support.\u2019 He likewise relates,\nat the same time, the conversations held by different great lords on\nthis occasion, in whom sentiments of humanity and respect for the\nblood-royal were not totally extinguished. \u2018That henceforward it would\nbe no great offence to murder a prince of the blood, since those who had\ndone so were so easily acquitted, without making any reparation, or even\nbegging pardon.\u2019 A determined partisan of the house of Burgundy would\nhave abstained from transmitting such a reflection to posterity.\n\u2018I shall mention another fact, which will be fully sufficient for the\njustification of the historian. None of the writers of his time have\nspoken with such minuteness of the most abominable of the actions of the\nduke of Burgundy: I mean that horrid conspiracy which he had planned in\n1415, by sending his emissaries to Paris to intrigue and bring it to\nmaturity, and the object of which was nothing less than to seize and\nconfine the king, and to put him to death, with the queen, the\nchancellor of France, the queen of Sicily, and numberless others.\nMonstrelet lays open, without reserve, all the circumstances of the\nconspiracy: he tells us by whom it was discovered: he names the\nprincipal conspirators, some of whom were beheaded, others drowned.\u2014He\nadds, \u2018However, those nobles whom the duke of Burgundy had sent to Paris\nreturned as secretly and as quietly as they could without being arrested\nor stopped.\u2019\n\u2018An historian devoted to the duke of Burgundy would have treated this\naffair more tenderly, and would not have failed to throw the whole blame\nof the plot on the wicked partisans of the duke, without saying\nexpressly that they had acted under his directions and by his orders\ncontained \u2018in credential letters signed with his hand.\u2019 It is rather\nsingular, that Juv\u00e9nal des Ursins, who cannot be suspected of being a\nBurgundian, should, in his history of Charles VI. have merely related\nthis event, and that very summarily, without attributing any part of it\nto the duke of Burgundy, whom he does not even name.\n\u2018The impartiality of Monstrelet is not less clear in the manner in which\nhe speaks of the leaders of the two factions, Burgundians or Armagnacs,\nwho are praised or blamed without exception of persons, according to the\nmerit of their actions. The excesses which both parties indulged in are\ndescribed with the same strength of style, and in the same tone of\nindignation. In 1411, when Charles VI. in league with the duke of\nBurgundy, ordered, by an express edict, that all of the Orleans party\nshould be attacked as enemies throughout the kingdom, \u2018it was a pitiful\nthing,\u2019 says the historian, \u2018to hear daily miserable complaints of the\npersecutions and sufferings of individuals.\u2019 He is no way sparing of his\nexpressions in this instance, and they are still stronger in the recital\nwhich immediately follows: \u2018Three thousand combatants marched to\nBic\u00eatre, a very handsome house belonging to the duke of Berry (who was\nof the Orleans party),\u2014and from hatred to the said duke, they destroyed\nand villainously demolished the whole, excepting the walls.\u2019\n\u2018The interest which Monstrelet here displays for the duke of Berry,\nagrees perfectly with that which he elsewhere shows for Charles VI. He\nmust have had a heart truly French to have painted in the manner he has\ndone the state of debasement and neglect to which the court of France\nwas reduced in 1420, compared with the pompous state of the king of\nEngland: he is affected with the humiliation of the one, and hurt at the\nmagnificence of the other, which formed so great a contrast. \u2018The king\nof France was meanly and poorly served, and was scarcely visited on this\nday by any but some old courtiers and persons of low degree, which must\nhave wounded all true french hearts.\u2019 And a few lines farther, he says,\n\u2018With regard to the state of the king of England, it is impossible to\nrecount its great magnificence and pomp, or to describe the grand\nentertainments and attendance in his palace.\u2019\n\u2018This idea had made such an impression on him that he returns again to\nit on occasion of the solemn feast of Whitsuntide, which the king and\nqueen of England came to celebrate in Paris, in 1422. \u2018On this day, the\nking and queen of England held a numerous and magnificent court,\u2014but\nking Charles remained with his queen at the palace of St Pol, neglected\nby all, which caused great grief to numbers of loyal Frenchmen, and not\nwithout cause.\u2019\n\u2018These different traits, thus united, form a strong conclusion, or I am\ndeceived, that Monstrelet has been too lightly charged with partiality\nfor the house of Burgundy, and with disaffection to the crown of France.\n\u2018I have hitherto only spoken of the two first volumes of the chronicles\nof Monstrelet; the third, which commences in April 1444, I think should\nbe treated of separately, because I scarcely see any thing in it that\nmay be attributed to him. In the first place, the thirteen last years,\nfrom his death in 1453 to that of the duke of Burgundy in 1467, which\nform the contents of the greater part of this volume, cannot have been\nwritten by him. Secondly, the nine preceding years, of which Monstrelet,\nwho was then living, may have been the author, seem to me to be written\nby another hand. We do not find in this part either his style or manner\nof writing: instead of that prolixity which has been so justly found\nfault with, the whole is treated with the dryness of the poorest\nchronicle: it is an abridged journal of what passed worthy of\nremembrance in Europe, but more particularly in France, from 1444 to\n1453,\u2014in which the events are arranged methodically, according to the\ndays on which they happened, without other connexion than that of the\ndates.\n\u2018Each of the two first volumes is preceded by a prologue, which serves\nas an introduction to the history of the events that follow: the third\nhas neither prologue nor preface. In short, with the exception of the\nsentence passed on the duke of Alen\u00e7on, there are not, in this volume,\nany justificatory pieces, negotiations, letters, treaties, ordinances,\nwhich constitute the principal merit of the two preceding ones. It\nwould, however, have been very easy for the compiler to have imitated\nMonstrelet in this point, for the greater part of these pieces are\nreported by the chronicler of St Denis, whom he often quotes in his\nfirst fifty pages. I am confirmed in this idea by having examined into\nthe truth of different events, when I found that the compiler had\nscarcely done more than copy, word for word,\u2014sometimes from the Grandes\nChroniques of France,\u2014at others, though rarely, from the history of\nCharles VII. by Jean Chartier, and, still more rarely, from the\nchronicler of Arras, of whom he borrows some facts relative to the\nhistory of Flanders.[8]\n\u2018To explain this resemblance, it cannot be said that the editors of the\nGrandes Chroniques have copied Monstrelet, for the Grandes Chroniques\nare often quoted in this third volume, which consequently must have been\nwritten posterior to them. There would be as little foundation to\nsuppose that Monstrelet had copied them himself, and inserted only such\nfacts as more particularly belonged to the history of the dukes of\nBurgundy. The difference of the plan and execution of the two first\nvolumes and of this evidently points out another author. But should any\ndoubt remain, it will soon be removed by the evidence of a contemporary\nwriter, who precisely fixes on the year 1444 as the conclusion of the\nlabours of Monstrelet.\n\u2018Matthieu d\u2019Escouchy, or de Couci, author of a history published by\nDenis Godefroy, at the end of that of Charles VII. by Chartier, thus\nexpresses himself in the prologue at the beginning of his work: \u2018I shall\ncommence my said history from the 20th day of May, in the year 1444,\nwhen the last book, which that noble and valiant man Enguerrand de\nMonstrelet chronicled in his time, concludes. He was a native of the\ncounty of the Boulonnois, and at the time of his death was governor and\ncitizen of Cambray, whose works will be in renown long after his\ndecease. It is my intention to take up the history where the late\nEnguerrand left it,\u2014namely, at the truces which were made and concluded\nat Tours, in Touraine, in the month of May, on the day and year before\nmentioned, between the most excellent, most powerful, Charles, the\nwell-served king of France, of most noble memory, seventh of the name,\nand Henry king of England his nephew.\u2019\n\u2018These truces conclude the last chapter of the second volume of\nMonstrelet: it is there where the real chronicles end; and he has\nimproperly been hitherto considered as the author of the history of the\nnine years that preceded his death, for I cannot suppose that the\nevidence of Matthieu de Coucy will be disputed. He was born at Quesnoy,\nin Hainault, and living at Peronne while Monstrelet resided at Cambray.\nThe proximity of the places must have enabled him to be fully informed\nof every thing that concerned the historian and his work.\n\u2018If we take from Monstrelet what has been improperly attributed to him,\nit is but just to restore that which legally belongs to him. According\nto the register of the Cordeliers of Cambray, and the Memoriaux of Jean\nle Robert, he had written the history of the war of the Ghent-men\nagainst the duke of Burgundy. Now the events of this war, which began in\nthe month of April 1452, and was not terminated before the end of July\nin the following year, are related with much minuteness in the third\nvolume.[9] After the authorities above quoted, we cannot doubt that\nMonstrelet was the author, if not of the whole account, at least of the\ngreater part of it: I say \u2018part of it,\u2019 for he could not have narrated\nthe end of this war, since peace between the Ghent-men and their prince\nwas not concluded until the 31st July, and Monstrelet was buried on the\n20th. It is not even probable that he would have had time to collect the\nevents that happened at the beginning of the month, unless we suppose\nthat he died suddenly; whence I think it may be conjectured, that\nMonstrelet ceased to write towards the end of June, when the castle of\nHelsebecque was taken by the duke of Burgundy, and that the history of\nthe war was written by another hand, who may have arranged the materials\nwhich Monstrelet had collected, but had not reduced to order.\n\u2018There seems here to arise a sort of contradiction between Matthieu de\nCoucy, who fixes, as I have said, the conclusion of Monstrelet\u2019s writing\nat the year 1444, and the register of the Cordeliers, which agrees with\nthe Memoriaux of Jean le Robert; but this contradiction will vanish, if\nwe reflect that the history of the revolt of Ghent, in 1453, is an\ninsulated matter, having no connexion with the history of the reign of\nCharles VII. and that it cannot be considered as forming part of the two\nfirst volumes, from which it is detached by a space of eight years.\nMatthieu de Coucy, therefore, who may not, perhaps, have known of this\nhistorical fragment, was entitled to say, that the chronicles written by\nMonstrelet ended at the year 1444.\n\u2018The continuator of these chronicles having reported the conclusion of\nthe war between the Ghent-men and their prince, then copies\nindiscriminately from the Grandes Chroniques, or from Jean Chartier,\nwith more or less exactness, as may readily be discovered on collating\nthem, as I have done. He only adds some facts relative to the history of\nBurgundy, and carries the history to the death of Charles VII. This\npart, which is more interesting than the former, because the writer has\nadded to the chronicles facts in which they were deficient, is more\ndefective in the arrangement. Several events that relate to the general\nhistory of the realm are told twice over, and in succession,\u2014first in an\nabridged state, and then more minutely,\u2014and sometimes with differences\nso great that it seems impossible that both should have been written by\nthe same person.[10]\n\u2018This defect, however, we cannot without injustice attribute to the\ncontinuator of Monstrelet,\u2014for it is clearly perceptible that he only\ntreats of the general history of France in as far as it is connected\nwith that of Burgundy, and we cannot suppose that he would repeat twice\nevents foreign to the principal object of his work. It is much more\nnatural to believe that the abridged accounts are his, and that the\nfirst copiers, thinking they were too short, have added the whole detail\nof these articles from the Grandes Chroniques or from Jean Chartier,\nwhence he had been satisfied with merely making extracts.\n\u2018From the death of Charles VII. in 1461, to that of Philip duke of\nBurgundy, we meet with no more of these repetitions. The historian (for\nhe then deserves the name) leaves off copying the Chronicles, and\nadvances without a guide: consequently, he is very frequently\nbewildered. I shall not attempt to notice his faults, which are the same\nwith those of Monstrelet, and I could but repeat what I have said\nbefore. There is, however, one which is peculiar to him, and which\npervades the whole work: it is an outrageous partiality for the house of\nBurgundy.\n\u2018We may excuse him for having written, under the title of a General\nHistory of France, the particular history of Burgundy, and for having\nonly treated of that of France incidentally, in as far as it interested\nthe burgundian princes. We may, indeed, more readily pardon him for\nhaving painted Charles VII. as a voluptuous monarch, and Louis XI.\nsometimes as a tyrant, at others as a deep and ferocious politician,\nholding in contempt the most sacred engagements. But the fidelity of\nhistory required that he should not have been silent as to the vices of\nthe duke of Burgundy and his son, who plunged France into an abyss of\ncalamities, and that his predilection for these two princes should not\nburst forth in every page.\n\u2018The person who continued this first part of the chronicles of\nMonstrelet has been hitherto unknown, but I believe a lucky accident has\nenabled me to discover him. Dom Berthod, a learned benedictine monk of\nthe congregation of St Vanne, having employed himself for these many\nyears in searching the libraries and ancient rolls in Flanders for facts\nrelative to our history, has made a report with extracts from numerous\nmanuscripts, of which we had only vague ideas. He has had the goodness\nto communicate some of them to me, and among others the chronicle of\nJacques du Clercq,[11] which begins at 1448, and ends, like the\ncontinuator of Monstrelet, at the death of the duke of Burgundy in 1467.\nIn order to give a general idea of the contents of the work, D. Berthod\nhas copied, with the utmost exactness, the table of chapters composed by\nJacques du Clercq himself, as he tells us in his prologue. I have\ncompared this table and the extracts with the continuation of\nMonstrelet, and have observed such a similarity, particularly from the\nyear 1453 to 1467, that I think it impossible for any two writers to be\nso exactly the same unless one had copied after the other.\n\u2018As we do not possess the whole of this chronicle, I can but offer this\nas a very probable conjecture, which will be corroborated, when it is\nconsidered that Jacques du Clercq and the continuator of Monstrelet\nlived in the same country. The first resided in Arras; and by the minute\ndetails the second enters into concerning Flanders, we may judge that he\nwas an inhabitant of that country. Some villages burnt, or events still\nless interesting, and unknown beyond the places where they happened, are\nintroduced into his history. In like manner, we should discover without\ndifficulty (if it were otherwise unknown), that the editor of the\nGrandes Chroniques was a monk of the abbey of St Denis, when he gravely\nrelates, as an important event, that on such a day the scullion of the\nabbey was found dead in his bed,\u2014and that a peasant of Clignancourt beat\nhis wife until she died.\n\u2018To these divers relations between the two writers, we must add the\nperiod when they wrote. We see by the preface of Jacques du Clercq, that\nhe composed his history shortly after the death of Philip duke of\nBurgundy in 1467; and the continuator of Monstrelet, when speaking of\nthe arrest of the bastard de Rubempr\u00e9 in Holland, whither he had been\nsent by Louis XI. says, that the bastard was a prisoner at the time he\nwas writing, \u2018at the end of February 1468, before Easter;\u2019 that is to\nsay, that he was at work on his history in the month of February 1469,\naccording to our mode of beginning the year.\n\u2018Whether this continuation be an abridgment of the chronicle of Jacques\ndu Clercq or an original chronicle, it seems very clear that Monstrelet\nhas been tried by the merits of this third volume, and that his\nreputation of being a party-writer has been grounded on the false\nopinion that he was the author of it.\n\u2018I cannot close this essay without expressing my surprise that no one,\nbefore the publication of the article respecting Monstrelet in the\nregister of the Cordeliers, had suspected that part, at least, of this\nthird volume, which has been attributed to him, could not have come from\nhis hand. Any attentive reader must have been struck with the passage\nwhere the continuator relates the death of Charles duke of Orleans,\nwhen, after recapitulating in a few words the misfortunes which the\nmurder of his father had caused to France, he refers the reader for more\nample details to the history \u2018of Monstrelet:\u2019 as \u2018may be seen,\u2019 says he,\n\u2018in the Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet.\u2019\n\u2018I shall not notice the other continuations, which carry the history to\nthe reign of Francis I.; for this article has been discussed by M. de\nFoncemagne, in an essay read before the Academy in 1742;[12] nor the\ndifferent editions of Monstrelet. M. le Duchat, in his \u2018Remarques sur\ndivers Sujets de Litt\u00e9rature,\u2019 and the editor of \u2018La nouvelle\nBiblioth\u00e9que des Historiens de France,\u2019 have left nothing more to be\nsaid on the subject.\u2019\n ON THE CHRONICLE OF ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET, BY M. DE\n FONCEMAGNE, MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING PAGE, TRANSLATED\n FROM THE XVITH VOLUME OF THE \u2018MEMOIRES DE L\u2019ACAD\u00c9MIE DE\n BELLES LETTRES,\u2019 &c.\nThe Chronicle of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, governor of Cambray,\ncommences at the year 1400, where that of Froissart ends, and terminates\nat 1467; but different editors have successively added several\ncontinuations, which bring it down to the year 1516.\nThe critics have before remarked, that the first of these additions was\nnothing more than a chronicle of Louis XI. known under the name of the\n\u2018Chronique Scandaleuse,\u2019 and attributed to John de Troyes, registrar of\nthe h\u00f4tel de ville of Paris. Those who have made this remark should have\nadded, that the beginning of the two works is different, and that they\nonly become uniform at the description of the great floods of the Seine\nand Marne, which happened in 1460, for the author takes up the history\nat that year. This event will be found at the ninth page of the\nChronique Scandaleuse (in the second volume of the Brussels-edition of\nComines), and at the third leaf of the last volume of Monstrelet (second\norder of ciphers) edition of 1603.\nThe second continuation includes the whole of the reign of Charles VIII.\nIt is written by Pierre Desrey, who styles himself in the title, \u2018simple\norateur de Troyes en Champagne.\u2019 The greater part of this addition, more\nespecially what respects the invasion of Italy, is again to be met with\nat the end of the translation of Gaguin\u2019s chronicle made by this same\nDesrey,\u2014at the conclusion of \u2018La Chronique de Bretagne,\u2019 by Alain\nBouchard,\u2014and in the history of Charles VIII. by M. Godefroi, page 190,\nwhere it is called \u2018a relation of the expedition of Charles VIII.\u2019\nM. de Foncemagne says nothing more of the other continuations, which he\nhad not occasion to examine with the same care; but he thinks they may\nhave been taken from those which Desrey has added to his translation of\nGaguin, as far as the year 1538. This notice may be useful to those who\nshall study the history of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII. inasmuch as it\nwill spare them the trouble and disgust of reading several times the\nsame things, which they could have no reason to suspect had been copied\nfrom each other.\nWe should be under great obligations to the authors of rules for\nreading, if in pointing out what on each subject ought to be read, they\nwould, at the same time, inform us what ought not to be read. This\ninformation is particularly necessary in regard to old chronicles, or\nwhat are called in France _Recueils de Pieces_. The greater part of the\nchroniclers have copied each other, at least for the years that have\npreceded their own writings: in like manner, an infinite number of\ndetached pieces have been published by different editors. Thus books\nmultiply, volumes thicken, and the only result to men of letters is an\nincrease of obstacles in their progress.\nThe learned Benedictine, who is labouring at the collection of french\nhistorians, has wisely avoided this inconvenience in regard to the\nchronicles.[13] A society of learned men announced in 1734 an\nalphabetical library, or a general index of ancient pieces scattered in\nthose compilations known under the names of Spicilegia, Analecta,\nAnecdota, by which would be seen at a glance in how many places the same\npiece could be found. This project, on its appearance, gave rise to a\nliterary warfare, the only fruit of which was to cool the zeal of the\nillustrious authors who had conceived it, and to prevent the execution\nof a work which would have been of infinite utility to the republic of\nletters.[14]\nAs Sallust says, at the commencement of his Bellum Catalinarium, wherein\nhe relates many extraordinary deeds of arms done by the Romans and their\nadversaries, that every man ought to avoid idleness, and exercise\nhimself in good works, to the end that he may not resemble beasts, who\nare only useful to themselves unless otherwise instructed,\u2014and as there\ncannot be any more suitable or worthy occupation than handing down to\nposterity the grand and magnanimous feats of arms, and the inestimable\nsubtleties of war which by valiant men have been performed, as well\nthose descended from noble families as others of low degree, in the most\nChristian kingdom of France, and in many other countries of Christendom\nunder different laws, for the instruction and information of those who\nin a just cause may be desirous of honourably exercising their prowess\nin arms; and also to celebrate the glory and renown of those who by\nstrength of courage and bodily vigour have gallantly distinguished\nthemselves, as well in sudden rencounters as in pitched battles, armies\nagainst armies, or in single combats, like as valiant men ought to do,\nwho, reading or hearing these accounts, should attentively consider\nthem, in order to bring to remembrance the above deeds of arms and other\nmatters worthy of record, and especially particular acts of prowess that\nhave happened within the period of this history, as well as the\ndiscords, wars and quarrels that have arisen between princes and great\nlords of the kingdom of France, also between those of the adjoining\ncountries, that have been continued for a long time, specifying the\ncauses whence these wars have had their origin.\nI Enguerrand de Monstrelet, descended from a noble family, and residing,\nat the time of composing this present book, in the noble city of\nCambray, a town belonging to the empire of Germany, employed myself in\nwriting a history in prose, although the matter required a genius\nsuperior to mine, from the great weight of many of the events relative\nto the royal majesty of princes, and grand deeds of arms that will enter\ninto its composition. It requires also great subtlety of knowledge to\ndescribe the causes of many of the events, seeing that several of them\nhave been very diversely related. I have frequently marvelled within\nmyself how this could have happened, and whether the diversity of these\naccounts of the same event could have any other foundation than in\nparty-prejudice; and perhaps it may have been the case, that those who\nhave been engaged in battles or skirmishes have paid so much attention\nto conduct themselves with honour that they have been unable to notice\nparticularly what was passing in other parts of the field of battle.\nNevertheless, as I was from my youth fond of hearing such histories, I\ntook pains, according to the extent of my understanding until of mature\nage, to make every diligent inquiry as to the truth of different events,\nand questioned such persons as from their rank and birth would disdain\nto relate a falsehood, and others known for their love of truth in the\ndifferent and opposing parties, on every point in these chronicles from\nthe first book to the last; and particularly, I made inquiries from\nkings at arms, heralds, poursuivants, and lords resident on their\nestates, respecting the wars of France, who, from their offices or\nsituations, ought to be well informed of facts, and relaters of the\ntruth concerning them.\nOn their informations often repeated, and throwing aside every thing I\nthought doubtful or false, or not proved by the continuation of their\naccounts, and having maturely considered their relations, at the end of\na year I had them fairly written down, and not sooner. I then determined\nto pursue my work to a conclusion, without leaning or showing favour to\nany party, but simply to give to every one his due share of honour,\naccording to the best of my abilities; for to do otherwise would be to\ndetract from the honour and prowess which valiant and prudent men have\nacquired at the risk of their lives, whose glory and renown should be\nexalted in recompense for their noble deeds.\nAnd inasmuch as this is a difficult undertaking, and cannot be pleasing\nto all parties,\u2014some of whom may maintain, that what I have related of\nparticular events is not the truth,\u2014I therefore entreat and request all\nnoble persons who may read this book to excuse me, if they find in it\nsome things that may not be perfectly agreeable to them; for I declare I\nhave written nothing but what has been asserted to me as fact, and told\nto me as such, and, should it not prove so, on those who have been my\ninformants must the blame be laid. If, on the contrary, they find any\nvirtuous actions worthy of preservation, and that may with delight be\nproposed as proper examples to be followed, let the honour and praise be\nbestowed on those who performed them, and not on me, who am simply the\nnarrator.\nThis present Chronicle will commence on Easter-day, in the year of Grace\n1400, at which time was concluded the last volume of the Chronicles of\nsir John Froissart, native of Valenciennes in Hainault, whose renown on\naccount of his excellent work will be of long duration. The first book\nof this work concludes with the death of Charles VI. the most Christian\nand most worthy king of France, surnamed \u2018the well beloved,\u2019 who\ndeceased at his h\u00f4tel of St Pol at Paris, near the Celestins, the 22d\nday of October 1422. But that the causes of these divisions and discords\nwhich arose in that most renowned and excellent kingdom of France may be\nknown, discords which caused such desolation and misery to that realm as\nis pitiful to relate, I shall touch a little at the commencement of my\nhistory on the state, government, manners and conduct of the aforesaid\nking Charles during his youth.\n _ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\n HOW CHARLES THE WELL-BELOVED REIGNED IN FRANCE, AFTER HE HAD\n BEEN CROWNED AT RHEIMS, IN THE YEAR THIRTEEN HUNDRED AND\n EIGHTY.\nIn conformity to what I said in my prologue, that I would speak of the\nstate and government of king Charles VI. of France, surnamed the\nwell-beloved, in order to explain the causes of the divisions and\nquarrels of the princes of the blood royal during his reign and\nafterward, I shall devote this first chapter to that purpose.\nTrue it is, that the above-mentioned king Charles the well-beloved, son\nto king Charles V. began to reign and was crowned at Rheims the Sunday\nbefore All-saints-day, in the year of Grace one thousand three hundred\nand eighty, as is fully described in the Chronicles of sir John\nFroissart. He was then but fourteen years old, and thenceforward for\nsome time governed his kingdom right well. By following prudent advice\nat the commencement of his reign, he undertook several expeditions, in\nwhich, considering his youth, he conducted himself soberly and\nvaliantly, as well in Flanders, where he gained the battle of Rosebeque\nand reduced the Flemings to his obedience, as afterward in the valley of\nCassel and on that frontier against the duke of Gueldres. He then made\npreparations at Sluys for an invasion of England. All which enterprises\nmade him redoubted in every part of the world that heard of him.\nBut Fortune, who frequently turns her wheel against those of high rank\nas well as against those of low degree, began to play him her\ntricks[15]; for, in the year one thousand three hundred and ninety-two,\nthe king had resolved in his council to march a powerful army to the\ntown of Mans, and thence invade Brittany, to subjugate and bring under\nhis obedience the duke of Brittany, for having received and supported\nthe lord Peter de Craon, who had beaten and insulted in Paris, to his\ngreat displeasure, sir Oliver de Clisson, his constable.\nOn this march, a most melancholy adventure befel him, which brought on\nhis kingdom the utmost distress, and which I shall relate, although it\ntook place prior to the date of this history.\nDuring the time the king was on his march from Mans toward Brittany,\nattended by his princes and chivalry, he was suddenly seized with a\ndisorder which deprived him of his reason. He wrested a spear from the\nhands of one of his attendants, and struck with it the varlet of the\nbastard of Langres, and slew him: he then killed the bastard of Langres,\nand struck the duke of Orleans, his brother, who, although well armed,\nwas wounded in the shoulder. He next wounded the lord de Saint Py, and\nwould have put him to death had not God prevented it; for in making his\nthrust, he fell to the ground,\u2014when, by the diligence of the lord de\nCoucy and others his faithful servants, the spear was with difficulty\ntaken from him. Thence he was conducted to the said town of Mans, and\nvisited by his physicians, who thought his case hopeless: nevertheless,\nby the grace of God, he recovered better health, and his senses, but not\nso soundly as he possessed them before this accident. From that time he\nhad frequent relapses,\u2014and it was necessary, during his life,\nperpetually to look after him and keep him under strict observance.\nFrom this unfortunate disorder may be dated all the miseries and\ndesolations that befel his realm; for then begun all those jealousies\nbetween the princes of his blood, each contending for the government of\nthe kingdom, seeing clearly that he was willing to act in any manner\nthat those near his person desired, and in the absence of their rivals\ncraftily advising him to their own private advantage, without attending\nto act in concert for the general good of the state. Some, however,\nacquitted themselves loyally, for which after their deaths, they were\ngreatly praised.\nThis king had several sons and daughters, whose names now follow, that\nlived to man\u2019s estate; first, Louis, duke of Acquitaine, who espoused\nthe eldest daughter of the duke of Burgundy, but died without issue\nbefore the king his father,\u2014John, duke of Touraine, who married the only\ndaughter of duke William of Bavaria, count of Hainault, who also died\nbefore his father, and without issue,\u2014Charles, married to the daughter\nof king Louis II. of Naples, who had issue that will be noticed\nhereafter: he succeeded to the crown of France on the death of his\nfather.\nHe had five daughters: Isabella, the eldest, was first married to king\nRichard II. of England, and afterward to Charles duke of Orleans, by\nwhom she had a daughter: Jane, married to John duke of Brittany, had\nmany children: Michelle espoused Philip duke of Burgundy, but had no\nissue: Mary was a nun at Poissy: Catherine, married to Henry V. of\nEngland, had a son, Henry, who succeeded, on the death of his father, to\nthe throne of England. King Charles had all these children by his queen,\nIsabella[16], daughter to Stephen duke of Bavaria.\n AN ESQUIRE OF ARRAGON, NAMED MICHEL D\u2019ORRIS, SENDS\n CHALLENGES TO ENGLAND.\u2014THE ANSWER HE RECEIVES FROM A\n KNIGHT OF THAT COUNTRY.\nAt the beginning of this year one thousand four hundred, an esquire of\nArragon, named Michel d\u2019Orris, sent challenges to England of the\nfollowing tenor:\n\u2018In the name of God and of the blessed virgin Mary, I Michel d\u2019Orris, to\nexalt my name, knowing full well the renown of the prowess of the\nenglish chivalry, have, from the date of this present letter, attached\nto my leg a piece of the greve, to be worn by me until I be delivered\nfrom it by an english knight performing the following deeds of arms.\n\u2018First, to enter the lists on foot, each armed in the manner he shall\nplease, having a dagger and sword attached to any part of his body, and\na battle-axe, with the handle of such length as I shall fix on. The\ncombat to be as follows: ten strokes with the battle axe, without\nintermission; and when these strokes shall have been given, and the\njudge shall cry out, \u2018Ho!\u2019 ten cuts with the sword, to be given without\nintermission or change of armour. When the judge shall cry out, \u2018Ho!\u2019 we\nwill resort to our daggers, and give ten stabs with them. Should either\nparty lose or drop his weapon, the other may continue the use of the one\nin his hand until the judge shall cry out, \u2018Ho!\u2019\n\u2018When the combat on foot shall be finished, we will mount our horses,\neach armed as he shall please, but with two similar helmets of iron,\nwhich I will provide, and my adversary shall have the choice: each shall\nhave what sort of gorget he pleases: I will also provide two saddles,\nfor the choice of my opponent. There shall also be two lances of equal\nlengths, with which twenty courses shall be run, with liberty to strike\non the fore or hinder parts of the body, from the fork of the body\nupward.\n\u2018These courses being finished, the following combats to take place: that\nis to say, should it happen that neither of us be wounded, we shall be\nbound to perform, on that or on the following day, so many courses on\nhorseback until one fall to the ground, or be wounded so that he can\nhold out no longer, each person being armed as to his body and head\naccording to his pleasure. The targets to be made of horn or sinews,\nwithout any part being of iron or steel, and no deceit in them. The\ncourses to be performed with the before-mentioned lances and saddles, on\nhorseback; but each may settle his stirrups as he pleases, but without\nany trick.\n\u2018To add greater authenticity to this letter, I Michel d\u2019Orris have\nsealed it with the seal of my arms, written and dated from Paris, Friday\nthe 27th day of May, in the year 1400.\u2019\nThe poursuivant Aly went with this letter to Calais, where it was seen\nby an english knight, called sir John Prendergast, who accepted the\nchallenge, provided it were agreeable to his sovereign lord the king of\nEngland, and in consequence wrote the following answer to the arragonian\nesquire:\n\u2018To the noble and honourable personage Michel d\u2019Orris,\u2014John Prendergast,\nknight, and familiar to the most high and puissant lord the earl of\nSomerset, sends greeting, honour and pleasure.\n\u2018May it please you to know, that I have just seen your letter, sent\nhither by the poursuivant Aly, from which I learn the valiant desire you\nhave for deeds of arms, which has induced you to wear on your leg a\ncertain thing that is of pain to you, but which you will not take off\nuntil delivered by an english knight performing with you such deeds of\narms as are mentioned in your aforesaid letter. I, being equally\ndesirous of gaining honour and amusement like a gentleman to the utmost\nof my power, in the name of God, of the blessed virgin Mary, of my lords\nSt George and St Anthony, have accepted and do accept your challenge,\naccording to the best sense of the terms in your letter, as well to ease\nyou from the pain you are now suffering as from the desire I have long\nhad of making acquaintance with some of the french nobility, to learn\nmore knowledge from them in the honourable profession of arms. But my\nacceptation of your challenge must be subject to the good pleasure of my\nsovereign lord the king, that he may from his especial grace grant me\nliberty to fulfil it, either before his royal presence in England, or\notherwise at Calais before my lord the earl of Somerset.\n\u2018And since you mention in your letter, that you will provide helmets,\nfrom which your adversary may chuse, and that each may wear such gorgets\nas he shall please, I wish you to know, that to prevent any unnecessary\ndelay by any supposed subtlety of mine respecting armour or otherwise, I\nwill also bring with me two helmets and two gorgets for you, if you\nshall think proper, to chuse from them; and I promise you, on my loyalty\nand good faith, that I will exert all my own influence and that of my\nfriends, to obtain the aforesaid permission, of which I hope to God I\nshall not be disappointed.\n\u2018Should it be the good pleasure of the king to grant his consent, I will\nwrite to the governor of Boulogne on Epiphany-day next ensuing, or\nsooner if it be possible, to acquaint him of the time and place of\ncombat, that you may be instantly informed of the willingness of my\nheart to comply with your request.\n\u2018Noble, honourable and valiant lord, I pray the Author of all good to\ngrant you joy, honour and pleasure, with every kind thing you may wish\nto the lady of your affections, to whom I entreat that these presents\nmay recommend me. Written at Calais, and sealed with my seal, this 11th\nday of June, in the year aforesaid.\u2019\nThis letter was sent to the arragonian esquire; but the english knight\nnot receiving an answer so soon as he expected, and the matter seeming\nto be delayed, he again wrote as follows:\n\u2018To the honourable Michel d\u2019Orris, John Prendergast, knight, sends\ngreeting.\n\u2018Since to ease you from the penance you have suffered, and still do\nsuffer, in wearing the stump of the greve on your leg, I have consented\nto deliver you by a combat at arms described in your former letters,\nsealed with the seal of your arms; and in consequence of the request\nmade by me and by my friends to my sovereign lord and king, who has\nordained the most excellent and puissant lord of Somerset, his brother,\ngovernor of Calais, to be the judge of our combat, as I had written to\nyou by Aly the poursuivant, in my letter bearing date the 11th day of\nlast June, and which you ought to have received and seen in proper time.\n\u2018This is apparent from letters of that noble and potent man the lord de\nGaucourt, chamberlain to the king of France, bearing date the 20th day\nof January, declaring that he had forwarded my letter to you, to hasten\nyour journey hitherward. You will have learnt from it that the day\nappointed for the fulfilment of our engagement is fixed for the first\nMonday in the ensuing month of May; for so it has been ordained by the\nking, our lord, in consequence of my solicitations. I must therefore\nobey; and since it has pleased that monarch, for various other weighty\nconsiderations touching his royal excellence, to order my lord, his\nbrother, into other parts on the appointed day, he has condescended, at\nthe humble requests of myself, my kindred and friends, to nominate for\nour judge his cousin, my much honoured lord Hugh Lutrellier[17],\nlieutenant to my aforesaid lord of Somerset, in the government of\nCalais. I am therefore ready prepared to fulfil our engagement in arms,\nunder the good pleasure of God, St George and St Anthony, expecting that\nyou will not fail to meet me for the deliverance from your long penance;\nand, to accomplish this, I send you a passport for forty persons and as\nmany horses.\n\u2018I have nothing more now to add, for you know how much your honour is\nconcerned in this matter. I entreat therefore Cupid, the god of love, as\nyou may desire the affections of your lady, to urge you to hasten your\njourney.\u2014Written at Calais, and sealed with my arms, the 2d day of\nJanuary 1401.\u2019\n THE THIRD LETTER WRITTEN AND SENT BY THE ENGLISH KNIGHT TO\n THE ESQUIRE OF ARRAGON.\n\u2018To the honourable man Michel d\u2019Orris, John Prendergast, knight, sends\ngreeting.\n\u2018You will be pleased to remember, that you sent, by Aly the poursuivant,\na general challenge, addressed to all english knights, written at Paris\non Friday the 27th day of May 1400, sealed with the seal of your arms.\nYou must likewise recollect the answer I sent to your challenge, as an\nenglish knight who had first seen your defiance; which answer, and all\nthat has since passed between us, I have renewed in substance, in my\nletters sealed with my arms, and bearing date the last day but one of\nApril just passed. I likewise sent you a good and sufficient passport to\ncome hither, and perform the promises held out by your letter, addressed\nto you in a manner similar to that of this present letter.\n\u2018Know, therefore, that I am greatly astonished, considering the purport\nof my letters, that I have not received any answer, and that you have\nnot kept your appointment, by meeting me on the day fixed on, nor sent\nany sufficient excuse for this failure. I am ignorant if the god of\nlove, who inspired you with the courage to write your challenge, have\nsince been displeased, and changed his ancient pleasures, which formerly\nconsisted in urging on deeds of arms, and in the delights of chivalry.\n\u2018He kept the nobles of his court under such good government[18] that, to\nadd to their honour, after having undertaken any deeds of arms, they\ncould not absent themselves from the country where such enterprise was\nto be performed until it was perfectly accomplished, and this caused\ntheir companions not to labour or exert themselves in vain. I would not,\ntherefore, he should find me so great a defaulter in this respect as to\nbanish me from his court, and, consequently, shall remain here until the\neighth day of this present month of May, ready, with the aid of God, of\nSt George and of St Anthony, to deliver you, so that your lady and mine\nmay know that, out of respect to them, I am willing to ease you of your\npenance, which, according to the tenor of your letter, you have suffered\na long time, and have sufficient reason for wishing to be relieved from\nit.\n\u2018After the above-mentioned period, should you be unwilling to come, I\nintend, under God\u2019s pleasure, to return to England, to our ladies, where\nI hope to God that knights and esquires will bear witness that I have\nnot misbehaved toward the god of love, to whom I recommend my lady and\nyours, hoping he will not be displeased with them for any thing that may\nhave happened.\u2014Written at Calais, and sealed with my arms, the 2d day of\n THE ANSWERS THE ARRAGONIAN ESQUIRE SENT TO THE LETTERS OF\n THE ENGLISH KNIGHT.\n\u2018To the most noble personage sir John Prendergast, knight,\n\u2018I Michel d\u2019Orris, esquire, native of the kingdom of Arragon, make\nknown, that from the ardent and courageous desire I have had, and always\nshall have so long as it may please God to grant me life, to employ my\ntime in arms, so suitable to every gentleman; knowing that in the\nkingdom of England there were very many knights of great prowess, who,\nin my opinion, had been too long asleep, to awaken them from their\nindolence, and to make acquaintance with some of them, I attached to my\nleg a part of a greve, vowing to wear it until I should be delivered by\na knight of that country, and, in consequence, wrote my challenge at\nParis, the 27th day of May in the year 1400, and which was carried by\nthe poursuivant Aly, as your letters, dated the 11th of December, from\nCalais, testify.\n\u2018I thank you for what is contained at the commencement of your said\nletter, since you seem willing to deliver me from the pain I am in, as\nyour gracious expressions testify; and you declare you have long been\ndesirous of making acquaintance with some valiant man of France. That\nyou may not be ignorant who I am, I inform you that I am a native of the\nkingdom of Arragon, not that myself nor any greater person may claim a\nsuperior rank from having been born in France; for although no one can\nreproach the French with any disgraceful act, or with any thing\nunbecoming a gentleman, or that truth would wish to hide, yet no honest\nman should deny his country. I therefore assure you, that I have had,\nand shall continue to have, the same desire for the fulfilment of my\nengagement, according to the proposals contained in my letter, until it\nbe perfectly accomplished.\n\u2018It is true that I formed this enterprise while living in Arragon; but\nseeing I was too far distant from England for the speedy accomplishment\nof it, I set out for Paris, where I staid a very considerable time after\nI had sent off my challenge.\n\u2018Business[19] respecting my sovereign lord the king of Arragon forced me\nto leave France; and I returned very melancholy to my own country, and\nsurprised at the dilatoriness of so many noble knights in the amusement\nI offered them, for I had not any answer during the space of two years\nthat I was detained in Arragon from the quarrels of my friends.\n\u2018I then took leave of my lord, and returned to Paris to learn\nintelligence respecting my challenge. I there found, at the h\u00f4tel of the\nlord de Gaucourt, in the hands of Jean d\u2019Olmedo his esquire, your\nletters, which had been brought thither after my departure for Arragon.\nWhy they were brought hither after I had set out, I shall not say any\nthing, but leave every one to judge of the circumstance as he may\nplease. Your letter has much astonished me, as well as other knights and\nesquires who have seen it, considering your good reputation in chivalry\nand strict observance of the laws of arms: you now wish to make\nalterations in the treaty, without the advice of any one, yourself\nchoosing the judge of the field, and fixing the place of combat\naccording to your pleasure and advantage, which, as every one knows, is\nhighly improper. In regard to the other letters that were found lying at\nthe h\u00f4tel de Gaucourt at Paris, underneath is the answer to them.\u2019\n CONCLUSION OF THE SECOND LETTER OF THE ARRAGONIAN ESQUIRE.\n\u2018In answer to the first part of your letter, wherein you say you have\nsent me letters and a passport to fulfil my engagement in arms, at the\nplace and on the day that you have been pleased to fix on,\u2014know for\ncertain, and on my faith, that I have never received other letters than\nthose given me at the h\u00f4tel de Gaucourt the 12th day of March, nor have\nI ever seen any passport. Doubtless, had I received your letters, you\nwould very speedily have had my answers,\u2014for it is the object nearest my\nheart to have this deed of arms accomplished; and for this have I twice\ntravelled from my own country, a distance of two hundred and fifty\nleagues, at much inconvenience and great expense, as is well known.\n\u2018In your letters, you inform me, that you have fixed on Calais as the\nplace where our meeting should be held in the presence of the noble and\npuissant prince the earl of Somerset; and afterward your letters say,\nthat as he was otherwise occupied, your sovereign lord the king of\nEngland, at your request, had nominated sir Hugh Lutrellier, lieutenant\nto the earl of Somerset in his government of Calais, judge between us,\nwithout ever having had my consent, or asking for it, which has\nexceedingly, and with just cause, astonished me,\u2014for how could you,\nwithout my permission, take such advantages as to name the judge of the\nfield and fix on the place of combat?\n\u2018It seems to me, that you are very unwilling to lose sight of your own\ncountry; and yet our ancestors, those noble knights who have left us\nsuch examples to follow, never acquired any great honours in their own\ncountries, nor were accustomed to make improper demands, which are but\nchecks to gallant deeds.\n\u2018I am fully aware, that you cannot be so ignorant as not to know that\nthe choice of the judge, and of the time and place of combat, must be\nmade with the mutual assent of the two parties; and if I had received\nyour letters, you should sooner have heard this from me.\n\u2018With regard to what you say, that you are ignorant whether the god of\nlove have banished me from his court, because I had absented myself from\nFrance, where my first letter was written, and whether he have caused me\nto change my mind,\u2014I make known to you, that assuredly, without any\ndissembling, I shall never, in regard to this combat, change my mind so\nlong as GOD may preserve my life; nor have there ever been any of my\nfamily who have not always acted in such wise as became honest men and\ngentlemen. When the appointed day shall come, which, through GOD\u2019s aid,\nit shall shortly, unless it be by your own fault, I believe you will\nneed good courage to meet a man whom you have suspected of having\nretracted his word. I therefore beg such expressions may not be used, as\nthey are unproductive of good, and unbecoming knights and gentlemen, but\nattend solely to the deeds of arms of which you have given me hopes.\n\u2018I make known to you, that it has been told me that you entered the\nlists at Calais alone as if against me, who was ignorant of every\ncircumstance, and three hundred leagues distant from you. If I had acted\nin a similar way to you in the country where I then was (which GOD\nforbid), I believe my armour would have been little the worse for it,\nand my lances have remained as sound as yours were. You would\nundoubtedly have won the prize. I must, in truth, suppose, that this\nyour extraordinary enterprise was not undertaken with the mature\ndeliberation of friends, nor will it ever be praised by any who may\nperchance hear of it. Not, however, that I conclude from this that you\nwant to make a colourable show by such fictions, and avoid keeping the\npromise you made of delivering me;\u2014and I earnestly entreat you will\nfulfil the engagement you have entered into by your letters to me, for\non that I rest my delight and hope of deliverance.\n\u2018Should you not be desirous of accomplishing this, I have not a doubt\nbut many english knights would have engaged so to do, had you not at\nfirst undertaken it. Make no longer any excuses on account of the\nletters you have sent me, for I have explained wherein the fault lay. I\nam ready to maintain and defend my honour; and as there is nothing I\nhave written contrary to truth, I wish not to make any alteration in\nwhat I have said.\n\u2018Because I would not be so presumptuous to make choice of a place\nwithout your assent, I offer the combat before that most excellent and\nsovereign prince my lord the king of Arragon, or before the kings of\nSpain[20], Portugal or Navarre; and should none of these princes be\nagreeable to you to select as our judge, to the end that I may not\nseparate you far from your country, your lady and mine, to whose wishes\nI will conform to the utmost of my power, I am ready to go to Boulogne\non your coming to Calais,\u2014and then the governors of these two places, in\nbehalf of each of us, shall appoint the proper time and place for the\nfulfilment of our engagement according to the terms of my letter, which\nI am prepared to accomplish, with the aid of GOD, of our Lady, of my\nlord St Michael and my lord St George.\n\u2018Since I am so very far from my native country, I shall wait here for\nyour answer until the end of the month of August next ensuing; and in\nthe mean time, out of compliment to you, I shall no longer wear the\nstump of the greve fastened to my leg, although many have advised to the\ncontrary. The month of August being passed without hearing\nsatisfactorily from you, I shall replace the greve on my leg, and shall\ndisperse my challenge throughout your kingdom, or wherever else I may\nplease, until I shall have found a person to deliver me from my penance.\nThat you may place greater confidence in what I have written, I have put\nto these letters the seal of my arms, and to the parts marked A, B, C,\nmy sign manual, which parts were done and written at Paris the 4th day\nof September 1401.\u2019\n THE CHALLENGE OF THE ARRAGONIAN ESQUIRE.\n\u2018In the name of the holy Trinity, the blessed virgin Mary, of my lord St\nMichael the archangel, and of my lord St George,\u2014I, Michel d\u2019Orris,\nesquire, a native of the kingdom of Arragon, make known to all the\nknights of England, that, to exalt my name and honour, I am seeking\ndeeds of arms.\n\u2018I know full well, that a noble chivalry exists in England,\u2014and I am\ndesirous of making acquaintance with the members of it, and learning\nfrom them feats of arms. I therefore require from you, in the name of\nknighthood, and by the thing you love most, that you will deliver me\nfrom my vow by such deeds of arms as I shall propose.\n\u2018First, to enter the lists on foot, and perform the deeds specified in\nmy first letter; and I offer, in order to shorten the matter, to show my\nwillingness and diligence to present myself before your governor of\nCalais within two months after I shall have received your answer sealed\nwith the seal of your arms, if GOD should grant me life and health. And\nI will likewise send, within these two months, the two helmets, two\nsaddles, and the measure of the staves to the battle-axes and spears.\n\u2018I beg of that knight, who, from good will, may incline to deliver me,\nto send me a speedy, honourable, and agreeable answer, such as I shall\nexpect from such noble personages. Have forwarded to me a good and\nsufficient passport for myself and my companions, to the number of\nthirty-five horses, at the same time with your answer, by Longueville,\nthe bearer of this letter; and that it may have the greater weight, I\nhave signed it with my sign manual, and sealed it with my arms, dated\nParis, the 1st day of January, 1402.\u2019\n THE FOURTH LETTER OF THE ARRAGONIAN ESQUIRE.\n\u2018To the honour of GOD, Father of all things, and the blessed virgin\nMary, his mother, whose aid I implore, that she would, through her\ngrace, comfort and assist me to the fulfilment of the enterprise I have\nformed against all english knights,\u2014I Michel d\u2019Orris, a native of the\nkingdom of Arragon, proclaim, as I have before done in the year 1400,\nlike as one abstracted from all cares, having only the remembrance\nbefore me of the great glories our predecessors in former times acquired\nfrom the excellent prowess they displayed in numberless deeds of arms;\nand longing in my heart to gain some portion of their praise, I made\ndispositions to perform some deeds of arms with such english knight who\nby his prowess might deliver me from my vow. My challenge was accepted\nby a noble and honourable personage called sir John Prendergast, an\nenglish knight, as may be seen by the letters I have received from him.\nAnd that the conclusion I draw may be clearly seen, I have incorporated\nmy letters with the last letters the said sir John Prendergast has\nlately sent me, as they include every circumstance relative to the fact.\nThese letters, with my third letter, I sent back by Berry king at arms\nto Calais, to be delivered to sir John Prendergast.\n\u2018The herald, on his return, brought me for answer, that he had been told\nby the most potent prince the earl of Somerset, governor of Calais, that\nhe had, within the month of August, sent answers to my former letters to\nBoulogne, although the enterprise had not been completed. In honour,\ntherefore, to this excellent prince, the governor of Calais, who through\nhumility had taken charge to send the letters to Boulogne (as reported\nto me by the king at arms), by Faulcon king at arms in England, and in\nhonour of chivalry, and that on no future occasion it may be said I was\nimportunately pressing in my pursuit, I have waited for the space of one\nmonth after the expiration of the above term, for the delivery of this\nanswer; and that my willingness and patience may be notorious, and\napproved by every one, I have hereafter inserted copies of all my\nletters. If, therefore, you do not now deliver me, I shall no more write\nto England on this subject,\u2014for I hold your conduct as very discourteous\nand ungentlemanly, when you have so often received my request, as well\nby the poursuivant Aly, at present called Heugueville, in the letters\ndelivered by him in England in the year 1401, as by other similar ones\npresented you by the poursuivant Graville, reciting my first general\nchallenge, drawn up at the h\u00f4tel of my lord de Gaucourt at Plessis, the\n12th day of May 1402, and by other letters sent by me to you by Berry\nking at arms, and which were received by that most potent prince the\nearl of Somerset, governor of Calais, written at Paris the 22d day of\nJuly 1402, which is apparent by these presents, and by my other letters\nwritten from Paris the 12th day of June 1403, which are here copied,\npresented by the herald Heugueville, to the most potent prince the earl\nof Somerset, governor of Calais. To all which letters I have not found\nany one knight to send me his sealed answer and acceptance of my\npropositions.\n\u2018I may therefore freely say, that I have not met with any fellowship or\nfriendship where so much chivalry abounds as in the kingdom of England,\nalthough I have come from so distant a country, and prosecuted my\nrequest for nearly two years; and that I must necessarily return to my\nown country without making any acquaintance with you, for which I have a\ngreat desire, as is clear from the tenor of all my letters. Should I\nthus depart from you without effecting my object, I shall have few\nthanks to give you, considering the pain I am suffering, and have\nsuffered for so long a time. If I do not receive an answer from you\nwithin fifteen days after the date of this present letter, my intention\nis, under the good pleasure of GOD, of our Lady, of my lords St Michael\nand St George, to return to my much-redoubted and sovereign lord the\nking of Arragon. Should you, within fifteen days, have any thing to\nwrite to me, I shall be found at the h\u00f4tel of my lord the provost of\nParis.\n\u2018I have nothing more to add, but to entreat you will have me in your\nremembrance, and recollect the pain I am suffering. To add confidence to\nthis letter, I have signed it with my sign manual, and sealed it with\nthe seal of my arms. I have also caused copies to be made of our\ncorrespondence, marked A, B, C, one of which I have retained. Written at\nParis, the 10th day of May, 1403.\u2019\nIn consequence of this letter, Perrin de Loharent, sergeant at arms to\nthe king of England, calling himself a proxy in this business for the\nenglish knight, sent an answer to the esquire of Arragon, conceived in\nsuch terms as these:\n\u2018To the most noble esquire, Michel d\u2019Orris. I signify to you, on the\npart of my lord John Prendergast, that if you will promptly pay him all\nthe costs and charges he has been at to deliver you by deeds of arms,\naccording to the proposals in your letter, which deeds have not been\naccomplished from your own fault, he will cheerfully comply with your\nrequest; otherwise know, that he will not take any further steps towards\nit, nor suffer any knight or esquire, on this side of the sea, to\ndeliver you, or send you any answer to your letter. If, however, you\nsend him five hundred marcs sterling for his expenses, which he declares\nthey have amounted to, I certify that you shall not wait any length of\ntime before you be delivered by the deeds of arms offered in your\nchallenge.\n\u2018I therefore advise you as a gentleman, that should you not think proper\nto remit the amount of the expenses, you be careful not to speak\nslightingly of the english chivalry, nor repeat that you could not find\nan english knight to accept of your offer of combat, as you have said in\nyour last letter; for should that expression be again used, I inform\nyou, on the part of sir John Prendergast, that he will be always ready\nto maintain the contrary in the defence of his own honour, which you\nhave handled somewhat too roughly, according to the opinion of our lords\nacquainted with the truth, who think sir John has acted like a prudent\nand honourable man. You will send your answer to this letter, and what\nmay be your future intentions, by Ch\u00e2lons the herald, the bearer of\nthese presents; and that you may have full confidence in their contents,\nI have signed and sealed them myself at Paris in the year 1404.\u2019\nThis affair, notwithstanding the letters that have been reported, never\ncame to any other conclusion.\n GREAT PARDONS[21] GRANTED AT ROME.\nDuring this year, the court of Rome granted many pardons, whither an\ninfinity of persons went from all parts of Christendom to receive them.\nAn universal mortality took place about the time, which caused the\ndeaths of multitudes; and in the number, very many of the pilgrims\nsuffered from it at Rome.\n JOHN OF MONTFORT, DUKE OF BRITTANY, DIES.\u2014THE EMPEROR\n DEPARTS FROM PARIS.\u2014ISABELLA QUEEN OF ENGLAND RETURNS TO\n FRANCE.\nAt the beginning of this year, John of Montfort, duke of Brittany, died,\nand was succeeded by his eldest son John, married to a daughter of the\nking of France, and who had several brothers and sisters[22]. About the\nsame time, the emperor of Constantinople[23], who had made a long stay\nat Paris, at the charges of the king of France, set out, with all his\nattendants, for England, where he was very honourably received by king\nHenry and his princes; thence he returned to his own country[24].\nMany able ambassadors had, at various times, been sent from France to\nEngland, and from England to France, chiefly to negotiate with the king\nof England for the return of queen Isabella, daughter to the king of\nFrance and widow of king Richard II. with liberty to enjoy the dower\nthat had been settled upon her by the articles of marriage. The\nambassadors at length brought the matter to a conclusion, and the queen\nwas conducted to France by the lord Thomas Percy, constable of England,\nhaving with him many knights, esquires, ladies and damsels, to accompany\nher.\nShe was escorted to the town of Leulinghem, between Boulogne and Calais,\nand there delivered to Waleran count of Saint Pol[25], governor of\nPicardy, with whom were the bishop of Chartres and the lord de\nHeugueville to receive her. The damsel of Montpensier, sister to the\ncount de la Marche, and the damsel of Luxembourg, sister to the count de\nSt Pol, with other ladies and damsels sent by the queen of France, were\nlikewise present. When both parties had taken leave of each other, the\ncount de St Pol conducted the queen and her attendants to the dukes of\nBurgundy and Bourbon, who with a large company were waiting for them on\nan eminence hard by.\nShe was received by them with every honour, and thence escorted to\nBoulogne, and to Abbeville, where the duke of Burgundy, to celebrate her\nreturn to France, made a grand banquet, and then, taking his leave of\nher, he went back to Artois. The duke of Bourbon and the rest who had\nbeen at this feast conducted her to the king and queen, her parents, at\nParis. She was most kindly received by them; but although it was said\nthat she was honourably sent back, yet there was not any dower or\nrevenue assigned her from England, which caused many of the french\nprinces to be dissatisfied with the king of England, and pressing with\nthe king of France to declare war against him.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, BY ORDERS FROM THE KING OF FRANCE,\n GOES INTO BRITTANY, AND THE DUKE OF ORLEANS TO\n LUXEMBOURG.\u2014A QUARREL ENSUES BETWEEN THEM.\nThis same year, the duke of Burgundy went to Brittany to take possession\nof it in the king\u2019s name for the young duke. The country soon submitted\nto him, and he continued his journey to Nantes to visit the\nduchess-dowager, sister to the king of Navarre[26], who had entered into\nengagements speedily to marry Henry IV. of England.\nThe duke was her uncle, and treated with her successfully for the\nsurrender of her dower lands to her children, on condition that she\nreceived annually a certain sum of money in compensation. When this had\nbeen concluded, and the duke had placed garrisons in the king\u2019s name in\nsome of the strong places of the country, he returned to Paris, carrying\nwith him the young duke and his two brothers, who were graciously\nreceived by the king and queen.\nThe duke of Orleans had at this time gone to take possession of the\nduchy of Luxembourg[27], with the consent of the king of Bohemia, to\nwhom it belonged, and with whom he had concluded some private agreement.\nHaving placed his own garrisons in many of the towns and castles of this\nduchy, he returned to France,\u2014when shortly after a great quarrel took\nplace between the duke of Orleans and his uncle the duke of Burgundy;\nand it rose to such a height that each collected a numerous body of men\nat arms round Paris. At length, by the mediation of the queen and the\ndukes of Berry and Bourbon, peace was restored, and the men at arms were\nsent back to the places whence they had come.\n CLEMENT DUKE OF BAVARIA IS ELECTED EMPEROR OF GERMANY,\n AND AFTERWARD CONDUCTED WITH A NUMEROUS RETINUE TO\n FRANKFORT.\nThis year, Clement duke of Bavaria[28] was elected emperor of Germany,\nafter the electors had censured and deposed the king of Bohemia. Clement\nwas conducted by them to Frankfort, with an escort of forty thousand\narmed men, and laid siege to the town because it had been contrary to\nhis interests. He remained before it forty days, during which time an\nepidemical disorder raged in his army, and carried off fifteen thousand\nof his men. A treaty was begun at the expiration of the forty days, when\nthe town submitted to the emperor.\nThe towns of Cologne, Aix, and several more followed this example, and\ngave him letters of assurance that his election had been legally and\nproperly made. He was after this crowned by the bishop of Mentz; and at\nhis coronation many princes and lords of the country made splendid\nfeasts, with tournaments and other amusements.\nWhen these were over, the emperor sent his cousin-german the duke of\nBavaria, father to the queen of France, to Paris, to renew and confirm\nthe peace between him and the king of France. Duke Stephen was joyfully\nreceived on his arrival at Paris by the queen and princes of the\nblood,\u2014but the king was at that time confined by illness.\nWhen he had made his proposals, a day was fixed on to give him an\nanswer; and the princes told him, that in good truth they could not\nconclude a peace to the prejudice of their fair cousin the king of\nBohemia, who had been duly elected and crowned emperor of Germany. When\nthe duke of Bavaria had received this answer, he returned through\nHainault to the new emperor. He related to him all that had passed in\nFrance, and the answer he had received, with which he was not well\npleased, but he could not amend it.\nThe emperor, soon after this, proposed marching a powerful army, under\nhis own command, to Lombardy, to gain possession of the passes, and sent\na detachment before him for this purpose, but his troops were met by an\narmy from the duke of Milan[29], who slew many, and took numbers\nprisoners. Among the latter was sir Girard, lord of Heraucourt, marshal\nto the duke of Austria, and several other persons of distinction. This\ncheck broke up the intended expedition of the emperor.\n HENRY OF LANCASTER, KING OF ENGLAND, COMBATS THE PERCIES AND\n WELSHMEN, WHO HAD INVADED HIS KINGDOM, AND DEFEATS THEM.\nAbout the month of March, in this year, great dissensions arose between\nHenry, king of England, and the family of Percy and the Welsh, in which\nsome of the Scots took part, and entered Northumberland with a\nconsiderable force. King Henry had raised a large army to oppose them,\nand had marched thither to give them battle; but, at the first attack,\nhis vanguard was discomfited. This prevented the second division from\nadvancing, and it being told the king, who commanded the rear, he was\nanimated with more than usual courage, from perceiving his men to\nhesitate, and charged the enemy with great vigour. His conduct was so\ngallant and decisive that many of the nobles of both parties declared he\nthat day slew, with his own hand, thirty-six men at arms.\nHe was thrice unhorsed by the earl of Douglas\u2019s spear, and would have\nbeen taken or killed by the earl, had he not been defended and rescued\nby his own men. The lord Thomas Percy was there slain, and his nephew\nHenry made prisoner, whom the king ordered instantly to be put to death\nbefore his face. The earl of Douglas was also taken, and many others.\nAfter this victory, king Henry departed from the field of battle, joyful\nat the successful event of the day. He sent a body of his men at arms to\nWales, to besiege a town of that country which was favourable to the\nPercies[30].\n JOHN DE VERCHIN, A KNIGHT OF GREAT RENOWN, AND SENESCHAL OF\n HAINAULT, SENDS, BY HIS HERALD, A CHALLENGE INTO DIVERS\n COUNTRIES, PROPOSING A DEED OF ARMS.\nAt the beginning of this year, John de Verchin[31], a knight of high\nrenown and seneschal of Hainault, sent letters, by his herald, to the\nknights and esquires of different countries, to invite them to a trial\nof skill in arms, which he had vowed to hold, the contents of which\nletters were as follows:\n\u2018To all knights and esquires, gentlemen of name and arms, without\nreproach, I Jean de Verchin, seneschal of Hainault, make known, that\nwith the aid of GOD, of our Lady, of my lord St George, and of the lady\nof my affections, I intend being at Coucy the first Sunday of August\nnext ensuing, unless prevented by lawful and urgent business, ready on\nthe morrow to make trial of the arms hereafter mentioned, in the\npresence of my most redoubted lord the duke of Orleans, who has granted\nme permission to hold the meeting at the above place.\n\u2018If any gentleman, such as above described, shall come to this town to\ndeliver me from my vow, we will perform our enterprise mounted on\nhorseback, on war saddles without girths. Each may wear what armour he\npleases, but the targets must be without covering or lining of iron or\nsteel. The arms to be spears of war, without fastening or covering, and\nswords. The attack to be with spears in or out of their rests; and each\nshall lay aside his target, and draw his sword without assistance.\nTwenty strokes of the sword to be given without intermission, and we\nmay, if we please, seize each other by the body.\n\u2018From respect to the gentleman, and to afford him more pleasure, for\nhaving had the goodness to accept my invitation, I promise to engage him\npromptly on foot, unless bodily prevented, without either of us taking\noff any part of the armour which we had worn in our assaults on\nhorseback: we may, however, change our vizors, and lengthen the plates\nof our armour, according to the number of strokes with the sword and\ndagger, as may be thought proper, when my companion shall have\ndetermined to accomplish my deliverance by all these deeds of arms,\nprovided, however, that the number of strokes may be gone through during\nthe day, at such intermissions as I shall point out.\n\u2018In like manner, the number of strokes with battle-axes shall be agreed\non; but, in regard to this combat, each may wear the armour he pleases.\nShould it happen (as I hope it will not), that in the performance of\nthese deeds of arms, one of us be wounded, insomuch that during the day\nhe shall be unable to complete the combat with the arms then in use, the\nadverse party shall not make any account of it, but shall consider it as\nif nothing had passed.\n\u2018When I shall have completed these courses, or when the day shall be\nended, with the aid of GOD, of our Lady, of my lord St George, and of my\nlady, I shall set out from the said town, unless bodily prevented, on a\npilgrimage to my lord St James at Compostella. Whatever gentleman of\nrank I may meet going to Galicia, or returning to the aforesaid town of\nCoucy, that may incline to do me the honour and grace to deliver me with\nthe same arms as above, and appoint an honourable judge, without taking\nme more than twenty leagues from my strait road, or obliging me to\nreturn, and giving me assurance from the judge, that the combat, with\nthe aforesaid arms, shall take place within five days from my arrival in\nthe town appointed for it,\u2014I promise, with the aid of GOD and my lady,\nif not prevented by bodily infirmity, to deliver them promptly on foot,\nas soon as they shall have completed the enterprise, according to the\nmanner specified, with such a number of strokes with the sword, dagger\nand battle-axe, as may be thought proper to fix upon.\n\u2018Should it happen, after having agreed with a gentleman to perform these\ndeeds of arms, as we are proceeding toward the judge he had fixed upon,\nthat I should meet another gentleman willing to deliver me, who should\nname a judge nearer my direct road than the first, I would in that case\nperform my trial in arms with him whose judge was the nearest; and when\nI had acquitted myself to him, I would then return to accomplish my\nengagement with the first, unless prevented by any bodily infirmity.\nSuch will be my conduct during the journey, and I shall hold myself\nacquitted to perform before each judge my deeds of arms; and no\ngentleman can enter the lists with me more than once,\u2014and the staves of\nour arms shall be of equal lengths, which I will provide and distribute\nwhen required. All the blows must be given from the bottom of the\nplate-armour to the head: none others will be allowed as legal.\n\u2018That all gentlemen who may incline to deliver me from my vow may know\nthe road I propose to follow, I inform them, that under the will of God,\nI mean to travel through France to Bordeaux,\u2014thence to the country of\nFoix, to the kingdoms of Navarre and Castille, to the shrine of my lord\nSt James at Compostella. On my return, if it please God, I will pass\nthrough the kingdom of Portugal,\u2014thence to Valencia, Arragon, Catalonia,\nand Avignon, and recross the kingdom of France, having it understood if\nI may be permitted to travel through all these countries in security, to\nperform my vow, excepting the kingdom of France and county of Hainault.\n\u2018That this proposal may have the fullest assurance, I have put my seal\nto this letter, and signed it with my own hand, in the year of the\nincarnation of our Lord, the 1st day of June, 1402.\u2019\nThe seneschal, in consequence of this challenge, went to Coucy, where he\nwas received very graciously by the duke of Orleans; but no one appeared\nto enter the lists with him on the appointed day. In a few days, he set\nout on his pilgrimage to the shrine of St James, during which he\nperformed his deeds of arms in seven places, during seven days, and\nbehaved himself so gallantly that those princes who were appointed\njudges of the field were greatly satisfied with him.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS, BROTHER TO THE KING OF FRANCE, SENDS A\n CHALLENGE TO THE KING OF ENGLAND.\u2014THE ANSWER HE\n RECEIVES.\nIn the year 1402, Louis duke of Orleans, brother to the king of France,\nsent a letter to the king of England, proposing a combat between them,\nof the following tenor:\n\u2018I Louis, by the grace of God, son and brother to the kings of France,\nduke of Orleans, write and make known to you, that with the aid of God\nand the blessed Trinity, in the desire which I have to gain renown, and\nwhich you in like manner should feel, considering idleness as the bane\nof lords of high birth who do not employ themselves in arms, and\nthinking I can no way better seek renown than by proposing to you to\nmeet me at an appointed place, each of us accompanied with one hundred\nknights and esquires, of name and arms without reproach, there to combat\ntogether until one of the parties shall surrender; and he to whom God\nshall grant the victory shall do with his prisoners as it may please\nhim. We will not employ any incantations that are forbidden by the\nchurch, but make every use of the bodily strength granted us by God,\nhaving armour as may be most agreeable to every one for the security of\nhis person, and with the usual arms; that is to say, lance, battle-axe,\nsword and dagger, and each to employ them as he shall think most to his\nadvantage, without aiding himself by any bodkins, hooks, bearded darts,\npoisoned needles or razors, as may be done by persons unless they be\npositively ordered to the contrary.\n\u2018To accomplish this enterprise, I make known to you, that if GOD permit,\nand under the good pleasure of our Lady and my lord St Michael, I\npropose (after knowing your intentions) to be at my town of Angoul\u00eame,\naccompanied by the aforesaid number of knights and esquires. Now, if\nyour courage be such as I think it is, for the fulfilment of this deed\nof arms, you may come to Bordeaux, when we may depute properly-qualified\npersons to fix on a spot for the combat, giving to them full power to\nact therein as if we ourselves were personally present.\n\u2018Most potent and noble prince, let me know your will in regard to this\nproposal, and have the goodness to send me as speedy an answer as may\nbe; for in all affairs of arms, the shortest determination is the best,\nespecially for the kings of France and great lords and princes; and as\nmany delays may arise from business of importance, which must be\nattended to, as well as doubts respecting the veracity of our letters,\nthat you may know I am resolved, with God\u2019s help, on the accomplishment\nof this deed of arms, I have signed this letter with my own hand, and\nsealed it with the seal of my arms. Written at my castle of Coucy[32],\nthe 7th day of August 1402.\u2019\n THE ANSWER OF KING HENRY TO THE LETTER OF THE DUKE OF\n ORLEANS.\n\u2018Henry, by the grace of God, king of England and France, and lord of\nIreland, to the high and mighty prince Louis, duke of Orleans.\n\u2018We write to inform you, that we have seen your letter, containing a\nrequest to perform a deed of arms; and, from the expressions contained\ntherein, we perceive that it is addressed to us, which has caused us no\nsmall surprise, for the following reasons.\n\u2018First, on account of the truce agreed on, and sworn to, between our\nvery dear lord and cousin king Richard, our predecessor, whom God\npardon! and your lord and brother,\u2014in which treaty, you are yourself a\nparty. Secondly, on account of the alliance that was made between us at\nParis,\u2014for the due observance of which you made oath, in the hands of\nour well-beloved knights and esquires, sir Thomas de Spinguchen[33], sir\nThomas Ramson, and John Morbury, and likewise gave to them letters\nsigned with your great seal, reciting this treaty of alliance, which I\nshall hereafter more fully state.\n\u2018Since you have thought proper, without any cause, to act contrary to\nthis treaty, we shall reply as follows, being desirous that God, and all\nthe world, should know it has never been our intention to act any way\ncontradictory to what we have promised. We therefore inform you, that we\nhave annulled the letter of alliance received from you, and throw aside\nhenceforward all love and affection toward you; for it seems to us that\nno prince, lord, knight, or any person whatever, ought to demand a\ncombat from him with whom a treaty of friendship exists.\n\u2018In reply to your letter, we add, that considering the very high rank in\nwhich it has pleased God to place us, we are not bound to answer any\nsuch demands unless made by persons of equal rank with ourselves. With\nregard to what you say, that we ought to accept your proposal to avoid\nidleness,\u2014it is true we are not so much employed in arms and honourable\nexploits as our noble predecessors have been; but the all-powerful God\nmay, when he pleases, make us follow their steps, and we, through the\nindulgence of his grace, have not been so idle but that we have been\nenabled to defend our honour.\n\u2018With regard to the proposal of meeting you at a fixed place with one\nhundred knights and esquires of name and arms, and without reproach, we\nanswer, that until this moment none of our royal progenitors have been\nthus challenged by persons of less rank than themselves, nor have they\never employed their arms with one hundred or more persons in such a\ncause; for it seems to us that a royal prince ought only to do such\nthings as may redound to the honour of God, and to the profit of all\nChristendom and his own kingdom, and not through vain glory nor selfish\nadvantage. We are determined to preserve the state God has intrusted to\nus,\u2014and whenever we may think it convenient we shall visit our\npossessions on your side of the sea, accompanied by such numbers of\npersons as we may please; at which time, if you shall think proper, you\nmay assemble as many persons as you may judge expedient to acquire\nhonour in the accomplishment of all your courageous desires,\u2014and should\nit please GOD, our Lady, and my lord St George, you shall not depart\nuntil your request be so fully complied with that you shall find\nyourself satisfied by a combat between us two personally so long as it\nmay please God to suffer it, which mode I shall prefer to prevent any\ngreater effusion of Christian blood. God knows, we will that no one\nshould be ignorant that this our answer does not proceed from pride or\npresumption of heart, which every wise man who holds his honour dear\nshould avoid, but solely to abase that haughtiness and over presumption\nof any one, whosoever he may be, that prevents him from knowing himself.\nShould you wish that those of your party be without reproach, be more\ncautious in future of your letters, your promises and your seal, than\nyou have hitherto been. That you may know this is our own proper answer,\nformed from our knowledge of you, and that we will maintain our right\nwhenever God pleases, we have sealed with our arms this present letter.\nGiven at our court of London, the 5th day of December, in the year of\nGrace 1402, and in the 4th of our reign.\u2019\n THE LETTER OF ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE DUKE OF ORLEANS AND THE\n DUKE OF LANCASTER.\n\u2018Louis, duke of Orleans, count de Valois, Blois and de Beaumont, to all\nwhom these presents may come, health and greeting. We make known by\nthem, that the most potent prince, and our very dear cousin, Henry, duke\nof Lancaster and Hereford, earl of Derby, Lincoln, Leicester and\nNorthampton, has given us his love and friendship. Nevertheless, being\ndesirous of strengthening the ties of this affection between us, seeing\nthat nothing in this world can be more delectable or profitable:\n\u2018In the name of God and the most holy Trinity, which is a fair example\nand sound foundation of perfect love and charity, and without whose\ngrace nothing can be profitably concluded,\u2014to the end that the form and\nmanner of this our friendship may be reputed honourable, we have caused\nthe terms of it to be thus drawn up. First, we both hold it just and\nright to except from it all whom we shall think proper; and conformably\nthereto we except, on our part, the following persons: first, our very\nmighty and puissant prince and lord Charles, by the grace of God king of\nFrance; my lord the dauphin, his eldest son, and all the other children\nof my foresaid lord; the queen of France; our very dear uncles the dukes\nof Berry, Burgundy and Bourbon; those most noble princes, our dear\ncousins, the king of the Romans and of Bohemia; the king of Hungary, his\nbrother and their uncles, and Becop[34] marquis of Moravia; and also all\nour cousins, and others of our blood, now living, or that may be born,\nas well males as females, and our very dear father the duke of Milan,\nwhose daughter we have married. This relationship must make us\nfavourable to his honour. Also those noble princes, and our very dear\ncousins, the kings of Castille and of Scotland, with all the other\nallies of our foresaid lord. To whom must likewise be added our very\ndear cousin the duke of Lorraine[35], the count of Cleves[36], the lord\nde Clisson, and all our vassals bound to us by faith and oath, whom we\nhold ourselves obliged to guard from ill, since they have submitted to\nour obedience and commands.\n\u2018Item, The duke of Lancaster and myself will be always united in the\nstrictest ties of love and affection, as loyal and true friends should\nbe.\n\u2018Item, Each of us will be, at all times and places, friendly to one\nanother, and to our friends, and enemies to our enemies, as will be\nhonourable and praise-worthy.\n\u2018Item, We will each, in all times and places, aid and assist the other\nin the defence of his person, his fortune, honour and estate, as well by\nwords as deeds, diligently and carefully in the most honourable manner.\n\u2018Item, In times of war and discord we will mutually defend each other\nagainst all princes, lords and barons, with the utmost good will, and\nalso against any corporation, college or university, by every means in\nour power, engines, councils, force, men at arms, subsidies, or by\nwhatever other means we may think most efficient to make war on and\noppose the enemies of either of us; and we will exert ourselves to the\nutmost against every person whatever, excepting those who have been\nbefore excepted, in every lawful and honourable manner.\n\u2018Item, All the above articles we will strictly observe so long as the\ntruces shall continue between my aforesaid sovereign lord and king and\nthe king of England, and should a more solid peace be formed, so long as\nthat peace shall last, without infringing an article. In witness of\nwhich we have caused these articles to be drawn up, and have appended\nour seal thereto. Done at Paris the 17th day of June, in the year of\nGrace 1396.\u2019\n THE SECOND LETTER OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS, IN REPLY TO THAT\n FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND.\n\u2018High and mighty prince Henry, king of England,\u2014I, Louis, by the grace\nof God, son and brother to the kings of France, duke of Orleans, write,\nto make known to you, that I received, as a new year\u2019s gift, the first\nday of January, by the hands of your herald Lancaster, king at arms, the\nletter you have written to me, in answer to the one I sent to you by\nChampagne, king at arms, and Orleans my herald, and have heard its\ncontents.\n\u2018In regard to your ignorance, or pretended ignorance, whether my letter\ncould have been addressed to you, your name was on it, such as you\nreceived at the font, and by which you were always called by your\nparents when they were alive. I had not indeed given you your new titles\nat length, because I do not approve of the manner whereby you have\nattained them,\u2014but know that my letter was addressed to you.\n\u2018In regard to your being surprised at my requesting to perform a deed of\narms with you during the existence of the truce between my most\nredoubted lord the king of France and the high and mighty prince king\nRichard, my nephew, and your liege lord lately deceased, (God knows by\nwhose orders) as well as an alliance of friendship subsisting between\nus, of which you have sent me a copy,\u2014that treaty is now at an end by\nyour own fault; first, by your having undertaken your enterprise against\nyour sovereign lord king Richard, whom God pardon! who was the ally of\nmy lord the king of France by marriage with his daughter, as well as by\nwritten articles, sealed with their seals, to the observance of which\nthe kindred on each side made oath, in the presence of the two monarchs\nand their relations, in their different countries.\n\u2018You may have seen in those articles, of which you sent me a copy, that\nthe allies of my said lord the king were excepted, and may judge whether\nI can honestly now have any friendship for you; for at the time I made\nthe said alliance I never conceived it possible you could have done\nagainst your king what it is well known you have done.\n\u2018In regard to your objection, that no knight, of whatever rank he may\nbe, ought to request a deed of arms until he shall have returned the\narticles of alliance, supposing such to exist between them, I wish to\nknow whether you rendered to your lord, king Richard, the oath of\nfidelity you made to him before you proceeded in the manner you have\ndone against his person.\n\u2018In respect to your throwing up my friendship, know, that from the\nmoment I was informed of the acts you committed, against your liege\nlord, I had not any expectation that you could suppose you would place\nany dependance on me,\u2014for you must have known that I could not have any\ndesire to preserve your friendship.\n\u2018With regard to your high situation, I do not think the divine virtues\nhave placed you there. God may have dissembled with you, and have set\nyou on a throne, like many other princes, whose reign has ended in\nconfusion. And, in consideration of my own honour, I do not wish to be\ncompared with you.\n\u2018You say, you shall be always eager to defend your honour, which has\nbeen ever unblemished. Enough on that head is sufficiently known in all\ncountries.\n\u2018As for your intentions of visiting your possessions on this side of the\nsea, without informing me of your arrival, I assure you, that you shall\nnot be there long without hearing from me; for, if God permit, I will\naccomplish what I have proposed, if it be not your fault.\n\u2018In regard to your telling me, that your progenitors have not thus been\naccustomed to be challenged by those of less degree than themselves,\u2014who\nhave been my ancestors, I need not be my own herald, for they are well\nknown to all the world. And in respect to my personal honour, through\nthe mercy of God, it is without reproach, as I have always acted like a\nloyal and honest man, as well toward my God as to my king and his realm:\nwhoever has acted, or may act otherwise, though he hold the universe in\nhis hand, is worthless, and undeserving of respect.\n\u2018You tell me, that a prince ought to make his every action redound to\nthe honour of God, to the common advantage of all Christendom, and the\nparticular welfare of his kingdom, and not through vain glory, nor for\nselfish purposes. I reply, that you say well; but if you had acted\naccordingly in your own country, many things done there by you, or by\nyour orders, would not have taken place.\n\u2018How could you suffer my much redoubted lady the queen of England to\nreturn so desolate to this country after the death of her lord,\ndespoiled, by your rigour and cruelty, of her dower, which you detain\nfrom her, and likewise the portion she carried hence on her marriage?\nThe man who seeks to gain honour is always the defender and guardian of\nthe rights of widows and damsels of virtuous life, such as my niece was\nknown to lead. And as I am so nearly related to her, acquitting myself\ntoward God and toward her, as a relation, I reply, that to avoid\neffusion of blood, I will cheerfully meet you in single combat, or with\nany greater number you may please, and that through the aid of God, of\nthe blessed virgin Mary, and of my lord St Michael, so soon as I shall\nreceive your answer to this letter, whether body to body or with any\ngreater number than ourselves, you shall find me doing my duty, for the\npreservation of my honour, in such wise as the case may require.\n\u2018I return you thanks, in the name of those of my party, for the greater\ncare you seem to have of their healths than you had for that of your\nsovereign and liege lord.\n\u2018You tell me, that he who is not void of discernment in regard to his\nown condition will be desirous of selecting irreproachable companions.\nKnow, that I am not ignorant who I am, nor who are my companions; and I\ninform you, that you will find us loyal and honest, for such we have\nbeen ever reported. And, thanks to God, we have never done any thing by\nword or deed but what has been becoming loyal gentlemen. Do you and your\npeople look to yourselves, and write me back your intention as to what I\nhave offered, which I am impatient to know. That you may be assured this\nletter has been written by me, and that, through God\u2019s aid, I am\nresolved to execute my purpose, I have put to it the seal of my arms,\nand signed it with my own hand, on the morrow of the feast of our Lady,\nthe 26th day of March, 1402.\u2019\n THE REPLY OF KING HENRY TO THIS SECOND LETTER OF THE DUKE OF\n ORLEANS.\n\u2018Henry, king of England and lord of Ireland, to Louis de Valois, duke of\nOrleans.\n\u2018We write to inform you, that we have received, the last day of this\npresent month of April, the letter you have sent to us by Champagne king\nat arms and your herald Orleans, intending it as an answer to the one\nfrom us, received by you, on the 26th day of last January, from the\nhands of Lancaster king at arms, our herald. Your letter is dated the\n26th day of March, in the year 1402, and we have heard its contents.\n\u2018Considering all things, more especially the situation in which it has\npleased God to place us, we ought not to make you any reply to the\nrequest you make, nor to the replications since your first letter.\nHowever, as you attack our honour, we send you this answer, recollecting\nwe did reply to your first request, which you pretended arose from the\nhot spirit of youth, and your earnest desire to gain renown in arms. It\nseems by your present letter, that this desire has taken a frivolous\nturn, and that you wish for a war of words, thinking that by defaming\nour person, you may overwhelm us with confusion, which God grant may\nfall, and more justly, on yourself! We are therefore moved, and not\nwithout cause, to make answer to the principal points of your letter, in\nmanner as will hereafter to you more plainly appear, considering that it\ndoes not become our state nor honour to do so by chiding; but in respect\nto such frivolous points, replete with malice, we shall not condescend\nto make any answer, except declaring that all your reproaches are false.\n\u2018First, in regard to the dignity we hold, that you write you do not\napprove it, nor the manner by which we have obtained it. We are\ncertainly very much surprised at this, for we made you fully acquainted\nwith our intentions before we departed from France; at which time you\napproved of it, and even promised us aid against our very dear lord and\ncousin, king Richard, whom God pardon! We would not accept of your\nassistance; and we hold your approbation or disapprobation of our\nundertaking of little worth, since it has pleased God, by his gracious\nfavour, to approve of it, as well as the inhabitants of our kingdom.\nThis is a sufficient reply to such as would deny our right,\u2014and I am\nconfident in the benign grace of God, who has hitherto guarded us, that\nhe will continue his gracious mercy and bring the matter to so happy a\nconclusion that you shall be forced to acknowledge the dignity we enjoy,\nand the right we have to it.\n\u2018In regard to that passage in your letter, where you speak of the\ndecease of our very dear cousin and lord, whom God pardon! adding, God\nknows how it happened, and by whom caused,\u2014we know not with what intent\nthis expression has been used; but if you mean, or dare to say, that his\ndeath was caused by our order or consent, it is false, and will be a\nfalsehood every time you utter it,\u2014and this we are ready to prove,\nthrough the grace of God, in personal combat, if you be willing and have\nthe courage to dare it.\n\u2018As to your saying, that you would have preserved the alliance made\nbetween us, if we had not undertaken such offensive measures against our\nvery dear lord and cousin, who was so intimately related to your lord\nand brother by marriage and treaties sealed with their seals, adding,\nthat at the time you made the alliance with us, you never imagined we\nshould have acted against our very dear lord and cousin, as is publicly\nknown to have been done by us,\u2014we reply, we have done nothing against\nhim but what we would have dared to do before God and the whole world.\n\u2018You say, that we might have seen in the bond of alliance what persons\nwere excepted in it, and whether our very dear and well beloved cousin,\nthe lady Isabella, your much honoured lady and niece, was not\ncomprehended in those excepted. We know that you excepted them in\ngeneral; but when, at your request, I entered into this alliance, you\ndid not make any specific exceptions of them, like to what you did\nrespecting your fair uncle of Burgundy; and yet the principal cause of\nyour seeking our friendship, and requesting this alliance to be made,\nwas your dislike to your uncle of Burgundy, which we can prove whenever\nwe please, and then all loyal men will see if you have not been\ndefective in your conduct as to our alliance; and though hypocrisy may\nnot avail before God, it may serve to blind mankind.\n\u2018When you maintain that, after you were acquainted with the pretended\nact done by us against our aforesaid lord and cousin, you lost all hope\nthat I would abide by any agreement entered into with you, or any other\nperson, we must suppose that you no longer wish to preserve any\nfriendship with us; but we marvel greatly that some time after we were\nin possession of the dignity to which it has pleased God to raise us,\nyou should send to us one of your knights wearing your badges, to assure\nus that you were eager to remain our very sincere friend, and that,\nafter your lord and brother, the friendship of no prince would be so\nagreeable to you as ours. You charged him also to assure us, that the\nbonds of alliance between us had been sealed with our great seals, which\nhe said you would not that any Frenchman should know.\n\u2018You have afterward made us acquainted, by some of our vassals, with\nyour good inclinations, and the true friendship you bore us; but since\nyou wish not any connexion with us, considering the state we hold, (such\nis your expression) we know not why we should wish your friendship,\u2014for\nwhat you formerly wrote to us does not correspond with your present\nletters.\n\u2018When you say, that in respect to the dignity we now enjoy, you suppose\nthat divine virtue has not assisted us, adding, that God may have\ndissembled his intentions, and, like too many other princes, have caused\nus to reign to our confusion,\u2014assuredly many persons speak\nthoughtlessly, and judge of others from themselves, so that the\nall-powerful God may turn their judgments against themselves, and not\nwithout cause. And as for the divine virtue having placed us on the\nthrone, we reply, that our Lord God, to whom we owe every praise and\nduty, has shewn us more grace than we deserve; and it is solely to his\nmercy and benignity we are indebted for what he has been pleased to\nbestow upon us,\u2014for certainly no sorceries nor witchcrafts could have\ndone it; and however you may doubt, we do not, but have the fullest\nconfidence that, through the grace of God, we have been placed where we\nare.\n\u2018In regard to your charge against us for our rigour against your niece,\nand for having cruelly suffered her to depart from this country in\ndespair for the loss of her lord, and robbed her of her dower, which you\nsay we detain, after despoiling her of the money she brought hither,\u2014God\nknows, from whom nothing can be concealed, that so far from acting\ntowards her harshly, we have ever shewn her kindness and friendship; and\nwhoever shall dare say otherwise lies wickedly. We wish to God that you\nmay never have acted with greater rigour, unkindness, or cruelty,\ntowards any lady or damsel than we have done to her, and we believe it\nwould be the better for you.\n\u2018As to the despair you say that she is in for the loss of our very dear\nlord and cousin, we must answer as we have before done; and in regard to\nher dower, of the seizure of which you complain, we are satisfied, that\nif you had well examined the articles of the marriage you could not, if\nyou had spoken truth, have made this charge against us.\n\u2018In regard to her money, it is notorious, that on her leaving this\nkingdom we had made her such restitution of jewels and money, (much more\nthan she brought hither) that we hold ourselves acquitted; and we have,\nbeside, an acquittance under the seal of her father, our lord and\nbrother, drawn up in his council, and in your presence, as may be made\napparent to all the world, and prove that we have never despoiled her,\nas you have falsely asserted.\n\u2018You ought therefore to be more cautious in what you write: for no\nprince should write any thing but what is the truth, and honourable to\nhimself, which is what you have not hitherto done. We have, however,\nanswered your letter very particularly, in such wise, that through the\naid of GOD, of our Lady, and of my lord Saint George, all men of honour\nwill think our reply satisfactory, and our honour preserved.\n\u2018With regard to your companions, we have not any fault to find, for we\nare not acquainted with them; but as to yourself, considering all\nthings, we do not repute very highly of you. And when you return thanks\nto those of your family for having felt more pity than we have done for\nour king and sovereign liege lord, we reply, that by the honour of GOD,\nof our Lady, and of my lord St George, when you say so you lie falsely\nand wickedly, for we hold his blood dearer to us than the blood of those\non your side, whatever you may falsely say to the contrary; and if you\nsay that his blood was not dear to us in his lifetime, we tell you that\nyou lie, and will falsely lie every time you assert it. This is known to\nGod, to whom we appeal, offering our body to combat against yours, in\nour defence, as a loyal prince should do, if you be willing or dare to\nprove it.\n\u2018I wish to God that you had never done, or procured to be done, any\nthing more against the person of your lord and brother, or his children,\nthan we have done against our late lord,\u2014and in that case we believe\nthat you would find your conscience more at ease[37].\n\u2018Although you think us undeserving of thanks for our conduct to those on\nyour side, we are persuaded that we have acted uprightly before God and\nman, and not in the manner you falsely pretend,\u2014considering that, after\nour faithful lieges and subjects, we have good reason to love those of\nFrance, from the just right God has given us to that crown; and we hope,\nthrough his aid, to obtain possession of it. For their preservation, we\nthe more willingly shall accept a single combat with you, as it will\nspare the effusion of blood, as a good shepherd should expose himself to\nsave his flock; whereas your pride and vain glory would triumph in their\ndeath,\u2014and, like the mercenary shepherd to whom the flock does not\nbelong, on seeing the wolf approach, you will take to flight, without\never attending to the safety of your sheep, confirming the quarrel of\nthe two mothers before Solomon; that is to say, the true mother who had\npity on her child, while the other cruelly wished to have the child\ndivided, if the wise judge had not prevented it.\n\u2018As you declare in your letter, that you are willing to meet us, body\nagainst body, or with a greater or lesser number of men, in the defence\nof your honour, we shall thank you to perform it, and make known to you,\nthat, through God\u2019s assistance, you shall see the day when you shall not\ndepart without the deed being accomplished according to one or other of\nthese proposals, and to our honour.\n\u2018Since you are desirous to have the time ascertained when we shall visit\nour possessions on your side of the sea, we inform you, that whenever it\nmay please us, or we may judge it most expedient, we shall visit those\npossessions accompanied by as many persons as we shall think proper, for\nthe honour of God, of ourself, and of our kingdom, which persons we\nesteem as our loyal servants and subjects, and friends, to assert our\nright,\u2014opposing however, with God\u2019s aid, our body against yours, in\ndefending our honour against the false and wicked aspersions you are\ninclined to throw on it, if you have the courage to meet us, which, if\nit please God, shall be soon, when you shall be known for what you are.\n\u2018God knows, and we wish all the world to know, that this our answer does\nnot proceed from pride or presumption of heart, but from your having\nmade such false charges against us, and from our eager desire to defend\nour right with every means that God, through his grace, has granted us.\nWe have therefore made the above answer; and that you may be assured of\nits truth, we have sealed with our arms this present letter.\u2019\nNotwithstanding these letters and answers that passed between the king\nof England and the duke of Orleans, they never personally met, and the\nquarrel remained as before.\n WALERAN COUNT DE SAINT POL SENDS A CHALLENGE TO THE KING OF\n ENGLAND.\nIn this same year, Waleran count de St Pol sent a challenge to the king\nof England, in the following words:\n\u2018Most high and mighty prince Henry, duke of Lancaster,\u2014I Waleran de\nLuxembourg, count de Ligny and de St Pol, considering the affinity,\nlove, and esteem I bore the most high and potent prince Richard, king of\nEngland, whose sister I married[38], and whose destruction you are\nnotoriously accused of, and greatly blamed for;\u2014considering also the\ndisgrace I and my descendants would feel, as well as the indignation of\nan all-powerful God, if I did not attempt to revenge the death of the\nsaid king, my father-in-law;\u2014\n\u2018I make known to you by these presents, that I will annoy you by every\npossible means in my power, and that personally, and by my friends,\nrelations and subjects, I will do you every mischief by sea and land,\nbeyond the limits of the kingdom of France, for the cause before said,\nand no way for the acts that have taken place, and may hereafter take\nplace, between my very redoubted lord and sovereign, the king of France,\nand the kingdom of England.\n\u2018This I certify to you under my seal, given at my castle of Luxembourg,\nthe 10th day of February, in the year 1402.\u2019\nThis letter was carried to the king of England by a herald of count\nWaleran; and thereto the king, Henry, made answer, that he held his\nmenaces cheap, and that it was his will that count Waleran should enjoy\nhis country and his subjects.\nThe count de St Pol, having sent this challenge, made preparations to\nbegin the war against the king of England and his allies. He also caused\nto be made, in his castle of Bohain, a figure to represent the earl of\nRutland[39], with an emblazoned coat of arms, and a portable gibbet,\nwhich he got secretly conveyed to one of his forts in the country of the\nBoulonois; and thence he caused them to be carried by Robinet de\nRobretanges, Aliaume de Biurtin, and other experienced warriors, to the\ngates of Calais. There the gibbet was erected, and the figure of the\nearl of Rutland hung on it by the feet; and when this was done, the\nabove persons returned to their fort.\nWhen the english garrison in Calais saw this spectacle in the morning,\nthey were much surprised thereat, and without delay cut the figure down,\nand carried it into the town. After that time, they were more inclined\nthan ever to do mischief to the count Waleran and his subjects.\n CONCERNING THE SENDING OF SIR JAMES DE BOURBON, COUNT DE LA\n MARCHE, AND HIS TWO BROTHERS, BY ORDERS FROM THE KING OF\n FRANCE, TO THE ASSISTANCE OF THE WELSH,\u2014AND OTHER\n MATTERS.\nIn this year, sir James de Bourbon[40], count de la Marche, accompanied\nby his two brothers, Louis[41] and Jean[42], with twelve hundred knights\nand esquires, were sent, by orders from the king of France, to the port\nof Brest in Brittany,\u2014thence to embark for Wales, to the succour of the\nWelsh against the English. They found there a fleet of transports ready\nprovided with all necessaries, on board of which they embarked,\nintending to land at Dartmouth, but the wind proved contrary. Having\nnoticed seven sail of merchantmen coming out of this harbour, fully\nladen, making sail for Plymouth, they chaced them so successfully that\ntheir sailors abandoned their ships, and, taking to their boats, made\ntheir escape as well as they could. The count de la Marche took\npossession of the vessels and all they contained, and then entered\nPlymouth harbour, which they destroyed with fire and sword.\nThence he sailed to a small island, called Sallemue[43]; and having\ntreated it in the same manner as Plymouth, he created some new\nknights,\u2014among whom were his two brothers, Louis count de Vend\u00f4me, and\nJean de Bourbon his youngest brother, and many of their companions. When\nthe count de la Marche had tarried there for three days, suspecting that\nthe English would collect a superior force to offer him battle, he set\nsail for France; but shortly after a tempest arose that lasted for three\ndays, in which twelve of his ships and all on board perished. With much\ndifficulty, the count reached the port of St Malo with the remainder,\nand thence went to Paris to wait on the king of France.\nThis same year, duke Philip of Burgundy made grand feasts for the\nsolemnization of the marriage of his second son Anthony, count of\nRethel, who was afterwards duke of Brabant, with the only daughter of\nWaleran count of St Pol,\u2014which daughter he had by the countess Maud, his\nfirst wife, sister to king Richard of England. These feasts were very\nmagnificent, and well attended by many princes and princesses, with a\nnoble chivalry, and they were all supported at the sole expense of the\nduke of Burgundy.\n THE ADMIRAL OF BRITTANY, WITH OTHER LORDS, FIGHTS THE\n ENGLISH AT SEA.\u2014GILBERT DE FRETUN MAKES WAR AGAINST KING\nIn the beginning of this year, the admiral of Brittany, the lord de\nPenhors, the lord du Chastel[44], the lord du Boys, with many other\nknights and esquires of Brittany, to the amount of twelve hundred men at\narms, assembled at Morlens[45], and embarked on board thirty vessels at\na port called Chastel-Pol[46], to engage the English, who had a large\nfleet at sea on the look-out for merchantmen like pirates. On the\nfollowing Wednesday, as the English were cruising before a port called\nSt Matthieu[47], the Bretons came up with them, and chaced them until\nsun-rise the ensuing morning, when they engaged in battle. It lasted for\nthree hours; but the Bretons at last gained the victory, and took two\nthousand prisoners, with forty vessels with sails, and a carrack. The\ngreater part of the prisoners were thrown overboard and drowned, but\nsome escaped by promising punctual payment of their ransom.\nAbout this same time, an esquire, named Gilbert de Fretun, a native of\nthe country of Guines, sent his challenge to the king of England, to\navoid paying him his homage; and in consequence, this Gilbert collected\nmany men at arms, and made such exertions that he provided himself with\ntwo vessels well equipped, and carried on a destructive war against the\nking as long as the truces between the kings of France and England were\nbroken, from which event great evils ensued.\n THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS QUARRELS WITH SIR CHARLES DE SAVOISY\n AND WITH THE PROVOST OF PARIS.\nAt this period, when the university of Paris was making its annual\nprocessions, much dissention arose between some of its members, as they\nwere near to St Catherine du Val des Escoliers, and the grooms of sir\nCharles de Savoisy, chamberlain[48] to the king of France, who were\nleading their horses to drink in the river Seine. The cause of the\nquarrel was owing to some of the grooms riding their horses against the\nprocession, and wounding some of the scholars,\u2014who, displeased at such\nconduct, attacked them with stones, and knocked some of the riders off\ntheir horses.\nThe grooms, on this, returned to the h\u00f4tel de Savoisy, but soon came\nback armed with bows and arrows, and accompanied by others of their\nfellow-servants, when they renewed the attack against the scholars,\nwounding many with their arrows and staves even when in the church. This\ncaused a great riot. In the end, however, the great number of scholars\noverpowered them, and drove them back, after several of them had been\nsoundly beaten and badly wounded.\nWhen the procession was concluded, the members of the university waited\non the king, to make complaints of the insult offered them, and\ndemanded, by the mouth of their rector, that instant reparation should\nbe made them for the offence which had been committed, such as the case\nrequired,\u2014declaring, at the same time, that if it were not done, they\nwould all quit the town of Paris, and fix their residence in some other\nplace, where they might be in safety.\nThe king made answer, that such punishment should be inflicted on the\noffenders as that they should be satisfied therewith. In short, after\nmany conferences, in which the members of the university urged their\ncomplaints to the king, as well as to the princes of the blood who\ncomposed his council, it was ordered by the king, to appease them, that\nthe lord Charles de Savoisy, in reparation for the offence committed by\nhis servants, should be banished from the king\u2019s household, and from\nthose of the princes of the blood, and should be deprived of all his\noffices. His h\u00f4tel was demolished, and razed to the ground; and he was\nbesides condemned to found two chapelries of one hundred livres each,\nwhich were to be in the gift of the university.\nAfter this sentence had been executed, sir Charles de Savoisy quitted\nFrance, and lived for some time greatly dispirited in foreign countries,\nwhere, however, he conducted himself so temperately and honourably[49],\nthat at length principally, through the queen of France and some great\nlords, he made his peace with the university, and, with their\napprobation, returned again to the king\u2019s household.\nNot long after this event, sir William de Tigouville[50], provost of\nParis, caused two clerks of the university to be executed: the one named\nLegier de Montthilier, a Norman, and the other Olivier Bourgeois, a\nBreton, accused of having committed divers felonies. For this reason,\nnotwithstanding they were clerks, they were led to execution, and,\nalthough they loudly claimed their privileges, as of the clergy, in\nhopes of being rescued, they were hung on the gibbet. The university,\nhowever, caused the provost to be deprived of his office, and to be\nsentenced to erect a large and high cross of free stone, near the gibbet\non the road leading to Paris, on which the figures of the two clerks\nwere carved. They caused him also to have their bodies taken down from\nthe gibbet, and placed in a cart, covered with black cloth; and thus\naccompanied by him and his sergeants, with others bearing lighted\ntorches of wax, were they carried to the church of St Mathurin, and\nthere delivered by the provost to the rector of the university, who had\nthem honourably interred in the cloisters of this church; and an epitaph\nwas placed over them, to their perpetual remembrance.\n THE SENESCHAL OF HAINAULT PERFORMS A DEED OF ARMS WITH THREE\n OTHERS, IN THE PRESENCE OF THE KING OF ARRAGON.\u2014THE\n ADMIRAL OF BRITTANY UNDERTAKES AN EXPEDITION AGAINST\n ENGLAND.\nIn this same year, an enterprise of arms was undertaken by the gallant\nseneschal of Hainault, in the presence of the king of Arragon[51].\nThe combatants were to be four against four, and their arms battle-axes,\nswords and daggers: the combat was to be for life or death, subject,\nhowever, to the will of the judge of the field.\nThe companions of the seneschal were, sir James de Montenay, a knight of\nNormandy, sir Tanneguy du Chastel, from the duchy of Brittany, and a\nnotable esquire called Jean Carmen[52]. Their adversaries were from the\nkingdom of Arragon,\u2014and their chief was named Tollemache de Sainte\nCoulonne, of the king of Arragon\u2019s household, and much beloved by him:\nthe second, sir Pierre de Monstarde[53]: the third, Proton de Sainte\nCoulonne; and the fourth, Bernard de Buef.\nWhen the appointed day approached, the king had the lists magnificently\nprepared near to his palace in the town of Valencia. The king came to\nthe seat allotted for him, attended by the duke de Caudie[54], and the\ncounts de Sardonne[55] and d\u2019Aviemie[56], and a numerous train of his\nnobility. All round the lists scaffolds were erected, on which were\nseated the nobles of the country, the ladies and damsels, as well as the\nprincipal citizens of both sexes. Forty men at arms, richly dressed,\nwere ordered by the king to keep the lists clear; and between their\nbarriers was the constable of Arragon, with a large company of men at\narms, brilliantly equipped, according to the custom of the country.\nWithin the field of combat were two small pavilions for the champions,\nwho were much adorned with the emblazonry of their arms, to repose in,\nand shelter themselves from the heat or the sun. On the arrival of the\nking, he made known to the seneschal, by one of his knights, that he and\nhis companions should advance first into the field, since it had been so\nordered, as the Arragonians were the appellants. The seneschal and his\ncompanions, on receiving this summons, instantly armed themselves, and\nmounted their coursers, which were all alike ornamented with crimson\nsilk trappings that swept the ground, over which were besprinkled many\nescutcheons of their arms. Thus nobly equipped, they left their\nlodgings, and advanced toward the barriers of the lists. The before\nnamed esquire marched first, followed by sir Tanneguy and sir James de\nMontenay; and last of all, the seneschal, conducted by the seneschal du\nChut; when, having entered the lists, they made their reverences on\nhorseback to king Martin of Arragon, who paid them great honour.\nThey then retired to their tents, and waited an hour and a half for\ntheir opponents, who arrived, like the others, in a body on horseback.\nTheir horses\u2019 trappings were of white silk, ornamented with escutcheons\nof their arms. When they had made their reverences to the king, they\nretired also to their tents, which were pitched on the right, where they\nall remained for full five hours thus armed. The cause of this delay was\nowing to the king and his council wishing to accommodate the matter and\nprevent the combat. To effectuate this, many messages were sent from the\nking to the seneschal, proposing that he should not proceed farther; but\nhe prudently made answer, that this enterprise had been undertaken at\nthe request of Tollemache, and that he and his companions had come from\na far country, and at great trouble and expense, to gratify his wish,\nwhich he and his companions were determined upon doing.\nAt length, after much discussion on each side, it was concluded that the\ncombat should take place. The usual proclamations were then made in the\nking\u2019s name; and the king at arms of Arragon cried out loudly and\nclearly, that the champions must do their duty. Both parties instantly\nissued forth of their tents, holding their battle-axes in their hands,\nand marched proudly towards each other.\nThe Arragonians had settled among themselves that two of them should\nfall on the seneschal, in the hope of striking him down: both parties\nwere on foot, and they expected he would be at one of the ends of the\nlists above the others, but he was in the middle part. When they\napproached, the seneschal stepped forward three or four paces before his\ncompanions, and attacked Tollemache, who had that day been made a knight\nby the king\u2019s hand, and gave him so severe a blow with his battle-axe on\nthe side of his helmet as made him reel and turn half round. The others\nmade a gallant fight with their opponents; but sir James de Montenay,\nthrowing down his battle-axe, seized sir James[57] de Monstarde with one\nof his hands under his legs, and, raising him up with his dagger in the\nother, was prepared to stab him; but, as the affair on all sides seemed\nto be carried on in earnest, the king put an end to the combat.\nAccording to appearances, the Arragonians would have had the worst of it\nhad the combat been carried to extremities; for the seneschal and those\nwith him were all four very powerful in bodily strength, well\nexperienced in all warlike exercises, and equal to the accomplishment of\nany enterprise in arms that might be demanded from them.\nWhen the champions were retired to their tents, the king descended from\nhis seat into the list, and requested of the seneschal and Tollemache,\nin a kind manner, that the remaining deeds of arms might be referred to\nhim and his council, and he would so act that they should all be\nsatisfied.\nThe seneschal, then falling on one knee, humbly entreated the king that\nhe would consent that the challenge should be completed according to the\nrequest of Tollemache. The king replied, by again requiring that the\ncompletion of the combat should be referred to his judgment; which being\ngranted, he took the seneschal by the hand, and placed him above\nhimself, and Tollemache on the other side. He thus led them out of the\nlists, when each returned to his h\u00f4tel and disarmed. The king sent his\nprincipal knights to seek the seneschal and his companions, whom, for\nthree days, he entertained at his palace, and paid them as much honour\nas if they had been his own brothers. When he had reconciled them with\ntheir opponents, he made them fresh presents; and they departed thence\non their return to France, and the seneschal to Hainault.\nAbout this time the admiral of Brittany, the lord du Chastel, and many\nother knights and esquires of Brittany and Normandy, to the amount of\ntwelve hundred or more, embarked on board several vessels at St Malo,\nand put to sea, intending to land at Dartmouth. Notwithstanding the\nadmiral and some others were adverse to going ashore there, the lords du\nChastel and some others made their landing good, thinking they would be\nfollowed by the rest, which was not the case. They attacked the English,\nwho were assembled in a large body; but, though the combat lasted some\ntime, the Bretons and Normans were defeated, and the lord du Chastel\nslain,\u2014with him two brothers, sir John Martiel, a norman knight, and\nmany more. About one hundred prisoners were made,\u2014among whom was the\nlord de Bacqueville, who afterward ransomed himself by dint of money.\nThe admiral and those that had remained with him, or were wounded,\nreturned to their country, afflicted and disconsolate at their loss[58].\n THE MARSHAL OF FRANCE AND THE MASTER OF THE CROSS-BOWS, BY\n ORDERS FROM THE KING OF FRANCE, GO TO ENGLAND, TO THE\n ASSISTANCE OF THE PRINCE OF WALES.\nNearly at this time, the marshal of France and the master of the\ncross-bows[59], by orders from the king of France and at his expense,\ncollected twelve hundred fighting men. They marched to Brest in\nBrittany, to embark them, for the assistance of the Welsh against the\nEnglish, on board of six score vessels with sails which were lying\nthere. As the wind was contrary, they there remained fifteen days; but\nwhen it became favourable, they steered for the port of\nHaverfordwest,\u2014which place they took, slaying all the inhabitants but\nsuch as had fled. They wasted the country round, and then advanced to\nthe castle of Haverford, wherein was the earl of Arundel, with many\nother men at arms and soldiers.\nHaving burnt the town and suburbs under the castle, they marched away,\ndestroying the whole country with fire and sword. They came to a town\ncalled Tenby, situated eighteen miles off, where they found the prince\nof Wales[60], with ten thousand combatants, waiting for them, and thence\nmarched together to Carmarthen, twelve miles from Tenby.\nThence they marched into the country of Linorquie[61], went to the Round\nTable[62], which is a noble abbey, and then took the road to Worcester,\nwhere they burnt the suburbs and adjoining country. Three leagues beyond\nWorcester, they met the king of England, who was marching a large army\nagainst them.\nEach party drew up in order of battle on two eminences, having a valley\nbetween them, and each waiting for the attack of its opponent. This\ncontest, who should commence the battle, lasted for eight days; and they\nwere regularly every morning drawn up in battle-array, and remained in\nthis state until evening,\u2014during which time, there were many skirmishes\nbetween the two parties, when upwards of two hundred of either side were\nslain, and more wounded.\nOn the side of France, three knights were slain, namely, sir Patroullars\nde Tries, brother to the marshal of France[63], the lord de Martelonne,\nand the lord de la Valle. The French and Welsh were also much oppressed\nby famine and other inconveniencies,\u2014for with great difficulty could\nthey gain any provision, as the English had strongly guarded all the\npasses.\nAt length, on the eighth day that these two armies had been looking at\neach other, the king of England, seeing the enemy were not afraid of\nhim, retreated in the evening to Worcester, but was pursued by some\nFrench and Welsh, who seized on eighteen carts laden with provision and\nother baggage; upon which the French and Welsh then marched back to\nWales. While these things were passing, the french fleet was at sea,\nhaving on board some men at arms to defend it, and made for a port which\nhad been pointed out to them, where they were found by their countrymen\non their retreat from England.\nThe marshal de Tries and the master of the cross-bows, having embarked\nwith their men on board this fleet, put to sea, and made sail for the\ncoast of France, and arrived at St Pol de Leon without any accident.\nHowever, when they were disembarked, and had visited their men, they\nfound they had lost upwards of sixty men, of whom the three knights\nbefore mentioned were the principal. They thence departed, each man to\nhis home, excepting the two commanders, who went to wait on the king and\nthe princes of the blood at Paris, by whom they were received with much\njoy.\n A POWERFUL INFIDEL, CALLED TAMERLANE, INVADES THE KINGDOM OF\n THE KING BAJAZET, WHO MARCHES AGAINST AND FIGHTS WITH\nIn this year, a great and powerful prince of the region of Tartary,\ncalled Tamerlane, invaded Turkey, belonging to king Bajazet, with two\nhundred thousand combatants and twenty-six elephants. Bajazet was very\npowerful, and had been one of the principal chiefs who had conquered and\nmade prisoner the count de Nevers in Hungary, as is fully described in\nthe Chronicles of master John Froissart.\nWhen Bajazet heard that Tamerlane had thus invaded his territory, and\nwas wasting it with fire and sword, he issued a special summons\nthroughout his country, so that within fifteen days he had assembled an\narmy of three hundred thousand fighting men, but had only ten elephants.\nThese elephants of each party had small castles on their backs, in which\nwere many men at arms, who grievously annoyed the enemy. Bajazet marched\nthis force against Tamerlane, and found him encamped on a high mountain\nto the westward, called Appady, having already destroyed or burnt very\nmany good towns, and the greater part of the country.\nWhen the two chiefs were in sight of each other, they drew up their\narmies in battle-array[64]. The combat soon began, and lasted full six\nhours; but at last Bajazet and his army were defeated, and he himself\nmade prisoner. Forty thousand Turks were slain, and ten thousand of\ntheir enemies. After this success, Tamerlane sent larger detachments of\nhis army to the principal towns in Turkey,\u2014all of which, or the greater\npart, surrendered to him,\u2014so that Tamerlane, in one campaign, conquered\nnearly the whole of Turkey.\n CHARLES KING OF NAVARRE NEGOTIATES WITH THE KING OF FRANCE,\n AND OBTAINS THE DUCHY OF NEMOURS.\u2014DUKE PHILIP OF\n BURGUNDY MAKES A JOURNEY TO BAR-LE-DUC AND TO BRUSSELS.\nAt this same season, Charles[65] king of Navarre came to Paris to wait\non the king. He negotiated so successfully with the king and his privy\ncouncil that he obtained a gift of the castle of Nemours, with some of\nits dependant castlewicks, which territory was made a duchy. He\ninstantly did homage for it, and at the same time surrendered to the\nking the castle of Cherbourg, the county of Evreux[66], and all other\nlordships he possessed within the kingdom of France, renouncing all\nclaim or profit in them to the king and to his successors, on\nconsideration, that with this duchy of Nemours the king of France\nengaged to pay him two hundred thousand gold crowns of the coin of the\nking our lord.\nWhen this was done, duke Philip of Burgundy left Paris to go to\nBar-le-Duc, to attend the funeral of his sister the duchess of Bar[67],\nwho had died there. After this ceremony, he went to his town of Arras,\nwhere the duchess was, and there celebrated the feast of Easter. He then\nwent to Brussels in Brabant, to the duchess\u2019s, grandmother[68] to his\nwife, who had sent for him, to resign into his hands the government of\nthe country; but he was there seized with an alarming illness, and\ncaused himself to be carried to Halle, as will be more fully shewn\nhereafter.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY DIES IN THE TOWN OF HALLE, IN\n HAINAULT.\u2014HIS BODY IS CARRIED TO THE CARTHUSIAN CONVENT\n AT DIJON, IN BURGUNDY.\nAt the beginning of this year, the good duke of Burgundy, Philip, son to\nking John, and brother to Charles the rich, caused himself to be carried\nin a litter from the town of Brussels, in Brabant, to Halle, in\nHainault. That the horses which carried him might travel more safely,\nand he be less shaken, labourers advanced before the litter, with spades\nand pick-axes to repair and smooth the roads.\nWhen at Halle, he fixed his lodgings near to the church of our Lady, at\nan h\u00f4tel bearing the sign of the Stag; and, finding his disorder\nincrease, he sent for his three sons, namely, John count de Nevers,\nAnthony and Philip. On their arrival, he entreated and commanded them to\nbe loyal and obedient, during their lives, to king Charles of France and\nto his successors, and made them promise obedience on their love to him.\nThis engagement the three princes readily granted to their lord and\nfather, who then assigned to each such lordships and estates as they\nwere to hold after his decease, and specified the manner in which he\nintended they should enjoy them. All these, and various other\narrangements, were wisely ordered by the duke in a manner becoming such\na prince, who had a good memory in his last moments. When he had\nfinished these matters, he died in this h\u00f4tel. His body was then opened,\nand his bowels interred in the church of our Lady at Halle; but his body\nbeing well embalmed, was placed in a leaden coffin, and carried to the\ntowns of Douay and Arras, magnificently attended, and in a manner\nsuitable to his rank.\nAt Arras the corpse was placed in his chapel, where a solemn service was\nperformed. The duchess Margaret[69] there renounced her claim to his\nmoveables, from fear of the debts being too great, by placing her girdle\nwith her purse and keys on the coffin, as is the usual custom in such\ncases,\u2014and demanded that this act should be put into writing by a public\nnotary there present.\nThe body was afterward conveyed to Burgundy, and interred in the church\nof the Carthusians near Dijon, which church he had founded and\nornamented at his own expense. His heart was carried to the church of\nSaint Denis, and placed near to his royal ancestors, from whom he was\ndescended.\nThe duke, in addition to the three before mentioned sons, had three\ndaughters, namely, the archduchess of Austria[70], the countess of\nHolland[71], wife to William count of Hainault, and the duchess of\nSavoy[72].\nThere were great lamentations at his death, not only by his children but\ngenerally by the greater part of the lords of France and of his own\ncountries; for he had prudently and ably governed the affairs of France,\nin conjunction with his elder brother the duke of Berry, by whom he was\nmuch regretted.\nAfter his decease, John count of Nevers, his eldest son, took possession\nof the county and duchy of Burgundy: his second son, Anthony, was\ndeclared heir to the duchy of Brabant, after the death of his great aunt\nthe duchess, who immediately resigned to him the duchy of Limbourg[73].\nPhilip, his third son, inherited the county of Nevers and barony of\nDraxi, but not to enjoy them during the life of his mother. The three\nbrothers began to govern their territories with a high hand, and held\nmany councils together, and with their most confidential advisers, on\nthe manner in which they should conduct themselves towards the king\ntheir sovereign lord.\n WALERAN COUNT DE ST POL LANDS A LARGE FORCE ON THE ISLE OF\n WIGHT, TO MAKE WAR AGAINST ENGLAND, BUT RETURNS WITHOUT\n HAVING PERFORMED ANY GREAT DEEDS.\nIn this year, Waleran count de St Pol assembled at Abbeville, in\nPonthieu, about sixteen hundred fighting men,\u2014among whom were numbers of\nthe nobility, who had made great provision of salted meats, biscuit,\nwines, brandy, butter, flour, and other things necessary on board of\nships. From Abbeville the count led them to the port of Harfleur, where\nthey found vessels of all descriptions to receive them.\nWhen they had remained there some few days to arrange their matters, and\nto recommend themselves to the protection of St Nicholas, they embarked\non board these vessels, and sailed for the Isle of Wight, which lies\nopposite to the harbour of Southampton. They landed on the island,\nmaking a bold countenance to face their enemies, of whom indeed they had\nseen but little on their landing,\u2014for all, or at least the greater part\nof the islanders, had retreated to the woods and fortresses.\nSeveral new knights were created by the count, namely, Philippe de\nHarcourt, Jean de Fosseux, the lord de Guiency and others, who went to\nburn some miserable villages, and set fire to a few other places. During\nthis, a sensible priest of the island came to the count to treat for the\nransom and security of the island, for which he gave the count to\nunderstand a very large sum of money would be paid to him and his\ncaptains. He too readily listened to this proposal; for it was a\ndeception on the part of the priest to delay their operations, and amuse\nthem with words, until the English should arrive to fight with them.\nCount Waleran was at length informed of this plan, and, in consequence,\nre-embarked with his men on board the vessels; and they returned to the\nplace whence they had come, without doing any thing more. Many of the\nnobles were much displeased at this conduct, because they had expended\nlarge sums in laying in their purveyances. The countries through which\nhis men at arms returned were greatly harrassed by them,\u2014and this caused\nmuch murmuring against the count, but no redress could be obtained.\n LOUIS DUKE OF ORLEANS IS SENT BY THE KING TO THE POPE AT\n MARSEILLES.\u2014THE DUKE OF BOURBON IS ORDERED INTO\n LANGUEDOC, AND THE CONSTABLE INTO ACQUITAINE.\nThe king of France, with the advice of his great council, sent Louis\nduke of Orleans, accompanied by about six hundred knights, to pope\nGregory, to remonstrate with him on the necessity of establishing an\nunion in the church. He travelled through Champagne and Burgundy to\nLyon, and thence to Marseilles, where the pope and his court then were.\nHe received the duke most honourably and magnificently, and, after he\nhad heard the object of his mission, gave him his apostolical letters,\ncontaining certain conditions, preparatory to the attempt of an union.\nThe duke, on receiving them, took leave of the pope, and returned to\nParis to the king, who had near his person the dukes of Berry, Burgundy,\nBrittany and Bourbon, and many other great lords, secular and\necclesiastical. In their presence, he delivered the apostolical letters\nwhich contained, among other things, an offer from the pope to procure\nthe union of the whole church; and, should it be necessary, to obtain so\ndesirable an object, his holiness was willing to resign the papacy, and\nto act in whatever way touching this matter his council should judge\nexpedient, and conformable to reason and justice.\nThe king, his council, the lords present and the university, were well\nsatisfied, when they had heard the contents of the pope\u2019s letter.\nAbout this time, John[74] count of Clermont, son and heir to the duke of\nBourbon, was ordered by the king and council into Languedoc, and thence\nto carry on a war against the English in Gascony, who were very active\nin harrassing the frontiers. He appointed Saint Flour in Auvergne as the\nplace of rendezvous for his troops, which consisted of five hundred men\nat arms, and the same number of cross-bows and archers. The next in\ncommand to the count de Clermont was the viscount de Ch\u00e2teaubon, son to\nthe count de Foix[75]. They carried on a severe warfare, and put several\nforts under the king\u2019s obedience,\u2014such as the castles of St Pierre, St\nMary, Ch\u00e2teauneuf, and many more. After he had left these forts well\ngarrisoned, he concluded the campaign, and returned to the king at\nParis, by whom he was most graciously received.\nShortly afterward, the lord Charles d\u2019Albreth[76], constable of France,\nwas sent into the duchy of Acquitaine, accompanied by Harpedane, a\nknight of great renown in arms. They laid siege to the castle of\nCarlefin[77], the garrison of which had done much mischief to the king\u2019s\nsubjects, and laid the whole adjoining country under contribution. The\nsiege lasted for six weeks, when a treaty was concluded with the\ngarrison by the constable, which allowed them to march out in safety\nwith all their wealth; and he agreed also to pay them a certain sum of\nmoney, which was raised on the inhabitants of the country adjoining the\ncastle. When the constable had garrisoned the castle with his own men,\nhe returned to king Charles at Paris.\n THE DEATH OF DUKE ALBERT, COUNT OF HAINAULT,\u2014AND OF MARGARET\n DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY, DAUGHTER TO LOUIS EARL OF FLANDERS.\nThis year died duke Albert, count of Hainault, Holland and Zealand. He\nwas son to Louis of Bavaria, formerly emperor of Germany, and left issue\ntwo sons and a daughter,\u2014namely, William, the eldest, and John, surnamed\n\u2018sans piti\u00e9,\u2019 who was promoted to the bishoprick of Liege,\nnotwithstanding he was not then consecrated. The daughter was married to\nJohn duke of Burgundy[78]. Duke Albert was interred in the collegiate\nchurch of the Hague, in Holland.\nIn this year also died Margaret duchess of Burgundy, widow of the late\nduke Philip, at her dower-house in Arras. Her illness was very short,\nand she departed this life on the Friday before mid-lent Sunday. Her\nthree sons, John duke of Burgundy, Anthony duke of Limbourg, and her\nyoungest son Philip, were in the utmost grief at this event in the town\nof Lille, where she was buried in the collegiate church of St Peter,\nnear to her father the earl Louis of Flanders.\nAfter her decease, John duke of Burgundy succeeded to the counties of\nFlanders and Artois, and Philip to the county of Nevers, according to\nthe arrangements before mentioned. Shortly after, through the management\nof the duke of Burgundy, the two following marriages took place: Louis\nduke of Acquitaine, dauphin, and son to the king of France, with\nMargaret, eldest daughter to the duke of Burgundy,\u2014and Philip count de\nCharolois, only son and heir to the above duke, with Michelle daughter\nto the king of France. These matches had been talked of during the life\nof the late duke Philip, and were very agreeable to the king, the queen,\nand the princes of the blood, excepting the duke of Orleans, whom they\ndispleased. From that time, and indeed somewhat before, there were\nappearances of jealousy and dislike between these two princes of Orleans\nand Burgundy; and whatever seeming affection they may have shown to each\nother, there was no sincere love. These jealousies were fomented in\ngreat measure by the various reports which were carried to each, by\ntheir different dependants.\nThe above-mentioned marriages, however, were agreed on, and proper acts\ndrawn up, signed and mutually interchanged, for the security of them,\nbetween all the parties.\nA very heavy tax was about this time imposed on all the inhabitants\nthroughout France, by the king and his council at Paris; but the duke of\nBurgundy would not consent that it should be levied,\u2014which conduct\ngained him universal popularity throughout the kingdom.\n JOHN DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AFTER THE DEATH OF THE DUCHESS\n MARGARET, IS RECEIVED BY THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN FLANDERS\n AS THEIR LORD.\nAt the commencement of this year, the duke of Burgundy, having paid his\nduty to the king of France at Paris, set out for Flanders, attended by\nhis brothers and a large company of the nobles of that country. He was\nmost honourably and kindly received every where by his subjects, who\nmade him handsome presents, more especially those of Ghent, Bruges,\nYpres, and other great towns.\nThey took the usual oaths of fidelity to him, promising to serve him\nfaithfully, as they were bound to do. He then forbade all his subjects\nto pay the tax last imposed at Paris by the king and his council, as has\nbeen mentioned. This conduct greatly increased the hatred the duke of\nOrleans bore him,\u2014for at that time the public affairs were governed\naccording to his pleasure, insomuch that a stop was put to the marriages\nbefore mentioned, between the children of the king and the duke of\nBurgundy; and the duke of Orleans was desirous to find out some other\nmatch for his nephew, the duke of Acquitaine, which highly displeased\nthe duke of Burgundy when it came to his knowledge.\nThe duke instantly sent his ambassadors to the king, the queen, and the\ngreat council,\u2014but they had no very agreeable answer to bring back to\ntheir master, by reason of which they returned as speedily as they could\nto Flanders. Having heard their account, he consulted his most\nconfidential ministers as to the manner in which he should act. They\nadvised him to set out immediately for Paris,\u2014for that, being on the\nspot, he could pursue his business with the king and council with more\nurgency, and greater expectation of success, than by ambassadors. He\nassented to this advice, and made his preparations to go thither as\nspeedily as he could.\nAt this period, pope Benedict XIII.[79], who resided and kept his court\nin the county of Provence, imposed a tax of a tenth on his clergy. This\ntax was intended to hasten the union of our holy mother church, and was\nto be paid at two terms, namely, at Easter, and on the feast of St Remy.\n DUKE WILLIAM COUNT OF HAINAULT PRESIDES AT A COMBAT FOR LIFE\n OR DEATH, IN HIS TOWN OF QUESNOY, IN WHICH ONE OF THE\n CHAMPIONS IS SLAIN.\nA mortal combat was this year fought in the town of Quesnoy, in the\npresence of duke William count of Hainault, judge of the field, between\na gentleman named Bournecte, of the county of Hainault, appellant, and\nanother gentleman called Sohier Bunaige, of the county of Flanders. The\ncause of quarrel was, that Bournecte declared and maintained that Sohier\nhad killed and murdered one of his near relations; and in this case,\nduke William had ordered lists to be prepared at his expense, as was\nusual in such like instances.\nThe duke had in vain attempted several times to reconcile them,\u2014but\nfinding them unwilling to consent, he ordered them to appear before him\nat a certain time and place, to decide their difference by combat. On\nthe appointed day, the appellant entered the lists, accompanied by some\nof his nearest kindred, and was soon followed by the defendant.\nProclamation was then made in the duke\u2019s name, by a herald, that no one\nshould dare to give any hindrance to the combatants, under pain of\ndeath,\u2014and then the champions were told to do their duty. After this\nlast proclamation, the appellant first left his pavilion, and advanced\nto meet the defendant. When they had thrown each their lances without\neffect, they drew their swords, and fought for a short time; but\nBournecte soon overcame his adversary, and made him publicly avow the\ntruth of the charge he had made against him, and for which he called him\nto the combat. The vanquished man was speedily condemned by the duke to\nbe beheaded;\u2014which sentence was instantly executed, and the conqueror\nled in triumph to his h\u00f4tel. He was greatly honoured and respected by\nall the nobility,\u2014and it was reported that the duke of Orleans had been\npresent at this combat in disguise.\n THE COUNT DE SAINT POL MARCHES AN ARMY BEFORE THE CASTLE OF\n MERCQ, WHERE THE ENGLISH FROM CALAIS MEET AND DISCOMFIT\nIn the month of May of this year, Waleran de Luxembourg, count de Ligny\nand de St Pol, governor for the king of France in Picardy, assembled in\nthat country and in the Boulonois from four to five hundred men at arms,\nfive hundred genoese cross-bows, and about one thousand Flemings on\nfoot, from the country about Gravelines. He marched them from St Omer to\nTournehen, and thence advanced to lay siege to a castle called Mercq, in\nthe possession of the English, who from that place, and other garrisons,\nhad greatly harrassed the Boulonois and the adjacent countries.\nThe count caused many engines to be erected against this castle, which\nmuch annoyed the garrison, who defended themselves courageously. The\ncount saw he could not gain the place by storm without great difficulty\nand loss of men, and in consequence lodged his army in the houses of the\ntown that were surrounded by old ditches, which he had repaired to\nsecure himself against his enemies, as well from Calais as from other\ngarrisons. On the morrow, he made an attack on the lower court of the\ncastle, which was carried by storm; and the assailants gained great\nnumbers of horses, cows, sheep and mares. At this attack, sir Robert de\nBirengueville, knight, was wounded so that he died shortly after.\nOn this same day, about one hundred men at arms sallied out from Calais,\nand having viewed the French at their ease, returned to their town, and\ninstantly sent a herald to the count de St Pol to say, that on the\nmorrow they would dine with him, if he would have the goodness to wait\nfor them. The herald returned with the answer, that if they would come,\nthey should be received, and find the dinner ready.\nOn the morrow, very early, two hundred men at arms, two hundred archers,\nand about three hundred men on foot, lightly armed, marched out of\nCalais. They carried with them ten or twelve carts laden with wines and\nprovision. The whole were under the command of an english knight named\nRichards, lieutenant governor of Calais under the earl of Somerset,\nbrother to Henry of Lancaster, at that time king of England[80].\nThey advanced in good array until they were near the enemy, who, though\nadvised of their coming by their spies, made no preparations, nor did\nthey draw themselves up in battle without their quarters to meet them,\nas they should have done. They remained so long in their ditches that\nthe English kept up a terrible discharge of arrows, by which numbers\nwere killed and wounded, without the French being enabled to make any\neffectual resistance.\nThe Flemings, and the greater part of the infantry, shortly began to\ngive way, and take to flight from fear of the arrows,\u2014and the men at\narms soon followed their example. The genoese cross-bows also, having,\nin the preceding assault on the outer court of the castle, expended all\ntheir bolts, had not provided themselves with a fresh supply, so that at\nthis time of need they made a very poor defence.\nBy these means, the English, without any great loss on their side, soon\ndiscomfited the French, and remained victors oh the field. The count de\nSt Pol, with others of his companions, made off without any regard to\nhis honour, and, passing through St Omer, returned to Therouenne.\nIn general, all those of his party who remained were killed, or made\nprisoners. The slain were about sixty in number,\u2014and among them were the\nprincipal of the french commanders, namely, the lord de Querecqs, sir\nMorlet de Savences, sir Courbet de Rempeupret, sir Martel de Vaulhuon,\nsir Guy d\u2019Juergny, and the lord de Fayel.\nAmong the prisoners were the lord de Hangestez[81], governor of\nBoulogne, the lord de Dampierre[82], seneschal of Ponthieu, the lord de\nRambures[83], George la Personne, the lord de Givenchy, with several\nother noble knights and esquires, to the amount of sixty or eighty.\nWhen the battle was concluded, and the English had taken possession of\nall the carts and engines of war which the enemy had brought thither,\nand had stript the dead, they returned to their town of Calais with\ntheir prisoners, rejoicing in their victory.\nOn the contrary, count Waleran and those who had escaped with him were\noverwhelmed with despair, and not without cause. On the third day after\nthis defeat, the English marched out of Calais with the numerous cannons\nand other artillery they had taken from the French before Mercq, for the\ntown of Ardres. They amounted to about five hundred combatants; and as\nthey had marched all night, thinking to surprise it, and that it was\nweakly garrisoned, they began their attack at the break of day, by\nplacing ladders against its walls, and setting fire to different parts\nof it.\nBut through the vigilance and courage of two notable and valiant knights\nwho were in the town, sir Mansart de Boz and the lord de Lignes, the\nEnglish were repulsed. At this attack and retreat, there were from forty\nto fifty English slain, whom their companions carried to a large house\nwithout the walls, and set fire to it, that the enemy might be ignorant\nof their loss.\nConfounded and dejected with their repulse and loss, they returned to\nCalais, where, some of those who had been at the affair of Mercq having\ndied of the wounds which they had received from the genoese cross-bows,\nthey wanted to put the genoese prisoners to death, saying that their\nbolts and arrows had been poisoned.\nThe count de St Pol, who had retreated to Therouenne, sent an especial\nsummons throughout Picardy for another assembly of men at arms, in the\nhopes of retrieving his honour. The lord de Dampierre, sir John de\nCraon, lord de Dompinart[84], sir Morlet de Querecqs, the lord de\nFosseux, the lord de Chin, the lord de Houcourt, and many other nobles,\ncame to him numerously attended. The count held many councils with them;\nand it was determined to march to the frontiers of the enemy\u2019s country,\nand to harrass them by every possible means.\nAs they were preparing to put their intentions into execution, the king\nof France sent orders to the count and the other nobles not to proceed\nfurther in this business, for that he had provided other commanders. In\ntruth, he sent the marquis du Pont, son to the duke de Bar, the count de\nDammartin[85], and Harpedanne, a knight of high renown, with four\nhundred men at arms and five hundred others, to quarter themselves at\nBoulogne, and other places on the frontiers of the Boulonois. The count\nde St Pol was not well pleased at this; but he was forced to suffer,\nwhether willingly or not, the talk of the public, as there was no other\nremedy than to let the public talk on.\nJohn duke of Burgundy was in his county of Flanders when he heard of the\ngreat defeat of the count de St Pol before Mercq. He was much vexed\nthereat, and sent sir John de la Vall\u00e9e, knight, in haste to Gravelines,\nand other places on that frontier, with men at arms and cross-bows, to\nprevent the English from doing any injury to them. The guard of this\ncountry was also intrusted by the king of France to sir Lyonnet\nd\u2019Arummes, who, night and day, most diligently attended to it.\nKing Henry of England, having learnt from his commander at Calais the\nbrilliant success he had obtained over the French before Mercq, ordered\nan army of four or five thousand combatants to be instantly raised. He\nembarked this force on board the vessels prepared for it, and ordered\nthem to cruise off Dunkirk and Neuport, and to disembark the army at\nSluys.\nAbout three thousand were landed on the strand, and marched along it\nabout the distance of a league to attack the castle of Sluys; but the\ngarrison, in conjunction with the inhabitants of the country, who were\ngreatly frightened, defended it very valiantly, and, what with cannons\nand other offensive weapons, repulsed their enemies, killing about\nsixty,\u2014among whom was the earl of Pembroke, one of their leaders[86].\nNews was brought to the English, that the duke of Burgundy was marching\na great force against them; on which they returned to their ships, and\nthen to England.\nThe duke of Burgundy, however, was not long before he ordered a number\nof men at arms to be collected under the command of the lord de\nCroy[87], and others his captains, to defend his country against the\ninvasions of the English. They assembled on the frontiers of Flanders to\noppose the English, should they again return to his coasts.\nThe duke also sent an embassy to the duke of Orleans and the great\ncouncil at Paris, to demand men and money to enable him to lay siege to\nCalais, for he was very desirous of it; but he received a negative to\nthe request made by his ambassadors. The duke of Burgundy, on receiving\nthis answer, made preparations for waiting personally on the king at\nParis, the better to expedite this business; and for this purpose he\nwent to Arras, where he held many consultations with different great\nlords, his vassals and dependants.\n JOHN DUKE OF BURGUNDY GOES TO PARIS, AND CAUSES THE DAUPHIN\n AND QUEEN TO RETURN THITHER, WHOM THE DUKE OF ORLEANS\n WAS CARRYING OFF,\u2014WITH OTHER MATTERS.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had concluded his business at Arras, he set\nout on the vigil of the Assumption of the Virgin towards Paris,\naccompanied by a body of men, to the amount of eight hundred combatants,\nsecretly armed. He stopped some days at the town of Louvres, in the Isle\nof France, where letters were brought him, to say, that the king had\nrecovered his health from his late illness, and that the queen and the\nduke of Orleans were gone to Melun, and thence to Chartres, carrying\nwith them the duke of Acquitaine, dauphin of Vienne.\nHaving considered the contents of these letters, he went to bed and\nslept, but ordered his trumpet to sound very early, and left the town\nwith all his men, and hastened to Paris to prevent the dauphin from\nleaving it. On his arrival, he was told by the Parisians, that he was\nalready departed after his mother, which was true; upon which the duke,\nwithout dismounting or making any delay, trotted through Paris with his\ntroops as fast as he could in pursuit of the dauphin. He overtook him\nbetween Ville-Juive and Corbeil, where the queen and the duke of Orleans\nwere waiting dinner for him. With the dauphin were his uncle by the\nmother\u2019s side, Louis of Bavaria, the marquis du Pont, son to the duke of\nBar, the count Dammartin, Montagu, grand master of the king\u2019s\nhousehold[88], with many other lords to attend upon him. There was in\nthe litter with him his sister de Priaux, wife to sir James de Bourbon.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy approached the dauphin, he made him the most\nrespectful obeisances, and supplicated him to return and live in Paris,\nwhere, he said, he would be better than in any other part of France;\nadding, that he was desirous of conversing with him on many points which\ntouched him personally.\nAfter this conversation, Louis of Bavaria, seeing the dauphin was\ninclined to comply with the request of the duke, said, \u2018My lord duke of\nBurgundy, suffer my nephew the dauphin to follow the queen his mother\nand the duke of Orleans, as he has had the consent of his father for so\ndoing.\u2019\nNotwithstanding this speech, and many others that were urged on the same\nsubject, which for the sake of brevity I omit, the duke of Burgundy\ncaused the litter of the dauphin to be turned about, and brought him and\nall his attendants back to Paris, excepting the marquis du Pont, the\ncount Dammartin, and many more of the household of the duke of Orleans.\nThese last galloped off toward Corbeil, where they related to the queen\nand the duke of Orleans how the duke of Burgundy had made the dauphin\nand his attendants return against their will to Paris. This intelligence\nalarmed and astonished them,\u2014for they knew not what the duke of\nBurgundy\u2019s intentions were,\u2014insomuch that the duke of Orleans left his\ndinner, which was quite ready, and went in haste to Melun, followed by\nthe queen and their households.\nThe duke of Burgundy, as I have said, conducted the dauphin to Paris;\nand the king of Navarre, the dukes of Berry and of Bourbon, the count de\nla Marche, with many more great lords, and an immense crowd of the\ncitizens of Paris, came out to meet him, and escorted him most\nhonourably into the town. The duke of Burgundy, however, and his two\nbrothers, as well as the lords above mentioned, kept very close all this\ntime by the sides of the litter.\nThey rode on in this state, at a foot\u2019s pace, until they came to the\ncastle of the Louvre, when the dauphin was helped out of his litter by\nhis uncle, Louis of Bavaria, and there lodged. All the lords then\nretired to their houses except the duke of Burgundy, who likewise lodged\nthere. He shortly after sent many messengers to his different countries,\nto order men at arms instantly to attend him at Paris. The duke kept his\nstate at the Louvre, in the apartments of St Louis, and in those\nunderneath, which formed part of them. The dauphin and his household\nwere lodged in the chambers above them.\nOn the morrow, the rector and the soundest[89] part of the university\ncame to pay their respects to the duke of Burgundy, and to thank him\npublicly, with all humility, for his great love and affection towards\nthe king, his family and the whole realm, of which they formed a part,\nbeing well assured of his good intentions, which were meant for its\nreformation and amendment, beseeching him to persevere in these his\nendeavours, notwithstanding any obstacles he might meet with.\nOn the Sunday following, the duke and all his people removed from the\nLouvre; and he established himself at his h\u00f4tel of Artois,\u2014and in the\nadjacent streets he had strong fortifications made of palisades and\nbarriers, to prevent any annoyance from his adversaries. He also\nprevailed on the king and the great council, that the chains in the\nLouvre, which had formerly been taken away, should be restored, and\naffixed to the streets as they before had been. The duke of Burgundy\ngained much popularity with all the Parisians for having obtained this\nfor them.\nThe castle of the Louvre remained under the guard of sir Regnault\nd\u2019Angiennes, to whom it had formerly been intrusted by the king. The\nbastille of St Anthony was committed to the care of Montagu, grand\nmaster of the king\u2019s household, on his making oath that he would not\nsuffer any man to enter it, but when the king\u2019s council was there\nassembled. The dauphin, by orders of the king and council, was placed\nunder the care of the duke of Berry.\nThe duke of Burgundy and his two brothers now presented a petition to\nthe king and council, of which the contents were as follows:\n\u2018John duke of Burgundy, Anthony duke of Limbourg, and Philip count of\nNevers, brothers, your very humble subjects, relations, and obedient\nservants, fully sensible, by reason and justice, that every knight of\nyour realm is bound, after God, to love, serve and obey you. We feel\nourselves not only obliged to do you no harm, but held to notify to you\npersonally whatever may be proposed against your honour or advantage. In\nlike manner are bound all those your relations who hold great lordships\nunder your favour. We are, as we shall make appear, very sensible of\nthis obligation,\u2014for we are subjects of your realm, as well as\ncousins-german to your blood.\n\u2018And I John, by the grace of God and your favour, am duke of Burgundy,\npeer of the kingdom of France and dean of the peerage, count of Flanders\nand Artois,\u2014and I Anthony, count of Rethel[90],\u2014and I Philip, count of\nNevers and baron de Doussy,\u2014and withal by the consent of you, our very\nredoubted lord, and with that of our much redoubted lady the queen, and\nof all the royal family, has the marriage been confirmed between the\nduke of Acquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, your son, and the daughter of me,\nduke of Burgundy,\u2014and also that between the lady de Charolois, your\ndaughter, and Philip, count de Charolois, my son. We have also been\ncommanded by our late redoubted lord and father, at the time of his\ndecease, who then made us promise that we would inviolably preserve our\nfidelity toward you and your kingdom, which we shall wish ever to do\nduring our lives.\n\u2018In order, therefore, to prevent any of our actions from being\nsuspected, which may bring down on us the divine indignation, it seems\nnecessary that we declare what is frequently done contrary to your\nhonour and advantage, and principally, according to our judgment, in\nfour points.\n\u2018The first respects your person. Before you recovered from this last\nillness, by which you are not the only one who suffered, but all those\nwho had a real affection for you, and whom you loved, suffered great\naffliction on your behalf, seeing matters were transacted in your\ncouncil against your honour, though coloured over with a pretence of\nbeing advantageous. Many unreasonable requests were made, to which,\nthough you had given a denial, some of the members of your council have\ntaken on themselves to grant them, so that the requests, however\nunreasonable, have been complied with.\n\u2018You have, besides, neither robes, jewels, nor plate, becoming your\nroyal state; and when any small quantity is bought for use, it is very\nshortly after pawned. Your servants have not audiences from you, nor\nhave they any profit. They are afraid of mentioning to you such things\nas we now state, and which so much affect your honour, although very\ndesirous of so doing.\n\u2018The second point regards the administration of justice throughout this\nrealm, which was wont to excel all other kingdoms in the ministring\nstrict justice, which is the foundation-stone of your government.\n\u2018In former times, your officers of justice were chosen, after mature\ndeliberation, from among the wisest of your subjects, who defended your\nrights, and did equal justice to the lowest as well as to those of the\nhighest rank; but now your rights are greatly infringed upon, and daily\ndiminished, by which the people are very much oppressed.\n\u2018The third point respects your domains, which are exceedingly ill\nmanaged, insomuch that many houses, castles and edifices, are falling to\nruin. In like manner are your woods destroyed, your mills out of repair,\nyour rivers and ponds robbed, and in general all the revenue of your\ndomains are become, from their great diminution, of scarcely any value.\n\u2018The fourth point concerns churchmen, the nobility and the people; and,\nfirst, it is a well known fact, that the clergy are grievously vexed,\nand suffer great losses, as well from the judges of the realm as from\nmen at arms, and several other descriptions of persons, who take by\nforce their provisions, ransack their houses, nay, make them ransom\nthemselves from further injuries, by which means they have scarcely a\nsufficiency left to perform the divine service.\n\u2018The nobility are frequently summoned, under pretext of aiding you in\nyour wars, and never receive one penny for their attendance or service;\nand to purchase armour, horses, and other necessaries for war, they are\noften forced to sell their properties.\n\u2018In respect to your people, it is very certain that they must speedily\nbe ruined, from the vexations they suffer under your bailiffs, provosts,\nand especially from the farmers of your domains, and under your\nsoldiers. These grievances have been so long winked at that it may be\nfeared that the indignation of God will be roused against you, unless\nyou shall provide remedies for them.\n\u2018It is notorious that your enemies, during the reigns of Philip and\nJohn, both kings of France, your noble predecessors, did infinite\nmischief to your realm; and that they long detained, against the will of\nking Richard, your ally and son-in-law, as well as against your own, his\nwife and your daughter. They drowned several nobles and others, who had\nan affection for her, broke the truces, and have wasted and set fire to\nseveral places in your kingdom, in Picardy, Flanders, Normandy, Brittany\nand Acquitaine, where they have done irreparable damages.\n\u2018We do not, noble sir, advise that you should neglect the war you have\nundertaken against your enemies,\u2014for that would reflect disgrace on your\nhonour and great council, and put an end to the dissensions that now\nremain among them, and the war they have on their hands against the\nWelsh and Scots. Should peace be made between them, greater evils might\nbefal your kingdom than before.\n\u2018It seems to us, as a certain truth, that you will find it very\ndifficult to raise the necessary supplies for this war from your\ndomains, or other sources. Two heavy taxes have been lately imposed,\nunder pretence of supporting the wars; notwithstanding which, not one\npenny of their receipt has been expended on them, which may cause many\nevils,\u2014for there are great discontents among the clergy, the nobility\nand the people; and should they rise together (which I hope will never\nhappen), more real dangers may be the consequence than have ever yet\nbefallen the realm. Every person in your kingdom who is loyally attached\nto you must feel much grief in seeing the money of your realm thus\nwasted.\n\u2018We have thought ourselves, noble lord, thus bounden by our obligations\nto you, to lay the complaints of the nation before you; and, that we may\navoid incurring your royal indignation, or that of our lady the queen,\nor of the princes of the blood, or others of your faithful subjects, we\ndo not wish to make personal charges, nor to seek for any part in your\ngovernment, but most humbly supplicate you to apply a remedy to the\nvexations we have stated, and request that you call into your presence\nthose who may assure you of the truths we have told you, that you may\nseek wholesome counsel, and briefly put an end to such peculations.\n\u2018To aid so good a work, we offer you our persons, our fortunes and our\nfriends; and as in truth we cannot patiently see or suffer such things\nto be done against your honour, and that of your royal majesty, it is\nour intention never to cease supplicating your majesty until some\nefficient steps be taken to remedy them.\u2019\nSuch was the petition of John duke of Burgundy and his brothers.\nAnother day, when the king was in a tolerably good state of health, the\nthree before mentioned petitioners, accompanied by their uncle the duke\nof Berry, and many princes and knights of France, with master Regnault\nde Corbie, first president of the parliament, and a number of officers\nof state, went to the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, where they found the king, who\nhad quitted his apartment and was in the garden. After having reverently\nsaluted him, the three brothers did their homages for the lordships they\nheld under him, namely, duke John for his duchy of Burgundy, and his\ncounties of Flanders and Artois,\u2014Anthony duke of Limbourg, for his\ncounty of Rethel,\u2014and Philip the younger, for his county of Nevers.\nThere were also a very great number of noblemen, knights and esquires,\nwho did their homages to the king for the estates they held from him in\ndifferent parts of the kingdom. When the three brothers had requested\ncertificates from the king of the duties they had performed, they took\nleave of him, and departed for their h\u00f4tels.\nThese same days there arrived at Paris, and in the adjacent villages,\nfull six thousand fighting men, in obedience to the summons of the duke\nof Burgundy and his brothers, under the command of Jean sans piti\u00e9[91],\nbishop of Liege, and the count de Cleves. This force was collected to\noppose the duke of Orleans, should he attempt any insult against them;\nfor they were well informed of his not being well pleased that they had\nforced his nephew, the dauphin, to return to Paris, nor with the\npetition they had made to the king. What raised his indignation the\nmore, and especially against the duke of Burgundy, was his knowledge\nthat the charges in this petition attached more to him than to any other\nof the princes of the realm.\nThe duke of Orleans, not knowing what turn these matters might take, nor\nwhat measures might be pursued against his person, ordered men at arms\nfrom all quarters to his assistance. In the number, sir John Harpedanne\ncame with his men from the frontiers of the Boulonois. From other parts\ncame the duke of Lorraine and the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on[92] with a large body\nof men, who were quartered at Melun, and in that neighbourhood, to the\namount of fourteen hundred armed with helmets, besides a great multitude\nof other sorts.\nThe whole country round Paris, the Isle of France and Brie, were sorely\noppressed by the men at arms of both parties.\nThe partisans of the duke of Orleans bore on their pennons the motto,\n\u2018Je l\u2019envie;\u2019 and the duke sent messengers to the queen and to king\nLouis[93], who was preparing to set out for his kingdom of Naples with a\npowerful body of men at arms, to come to him at Melun. The king, leaving\nhis own business, went thither, and had a conference with the queen and\nthe duke,\u2014after which he returned to Paris, with the intention of\nnegotiating between the two parties.\nHe held many consultations with the dukes of Berry and Bourbon, and the\nking\u2019s council, to attempt a reconciliation between the dukes of Orleans\nand Burgundy. Whilst this was passing, the duke of Orleans wrote letters\nto many of the principal towns in the kingdom, complaining that many\ndefamatory and injurious reports against his person and honour had been\nvery industriously spread through Paris, which ought not to obtain any\ncredit until he should make answer to them. In like manner, he wrote to\nthe university of Paris, sending ambassadors to require that the matters\nin dispute between him and the duke of Burgundy should be argued before\nthem, and that they should decide which of the two was to blame.\nThe university, on the receipt of this letter, sent some of their\nprincipal members as ambassadors to the duke at Melun, who stated three\npoints which they were ordered to lay before him. In the first place,\nthey thanked him for the honour he had done them by sending them his\nambassadors: secondly, they declared that they should be very happy to\nwitness the commencement of a reformation in the kingdom; and thirdly,\nthat they should greatly rejoice to see him and the duke of Burgundy\nreconciled.\nThe duke of Orleans, having listened to them, instantly made answer,\nthat they had not acted wisely in supporting and advising the duke of\nBurgundy in his measures, which had been principally directed against\nhimself, as they could not have been ignorant that he was son and\nbrother to a king; that the regency of the kingdom had been given to him\nas the most proper person, and was in fact his right, considering the\nstate of the king\u2019s health, and the youth of his nephew the duke of\nAcquitaine. He added, secondly, that those members of the university who\nwere strangers, and from different countries, ought not to interfere in\nthe government or reformation of the kingdom, but should leave it to him\nand those of the blood royal, and the king\u2019s ministers.\nIn reply to their third point, he said, that there was no need of\npacification between him and the duke of Burgundy, because there was not\nany warfare, nor had any challenges passed between them.\nWhen the ambassadors had heard these answers, they withdrew, very much\nconfused, and returned to Paris. On the ensuing Saturday, while the duke\nof Burgundy was in his h\u00f4tel d\u2019Artois, he was informed, and it was a\nfact, that the queen and the duke of Orleans, with all their force, had\nmarched from Melun, and were on their road to Paris.\nThe duke, on hearing this, mounted his horse, and rode to the h\u00f4tel\nd\u2019Angiers, where he found the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry and of\nBourbon, with other lords of the king\u2019s council, who, when they knew of\nthe arrival of the said duke of Orleans, were all greatly astonished;\nfor this was in direct contradiction to their intent, and to the treaty\nwhich they were meditating between the parties.\nThe duke of Burgundy had a great number of men at arms, as well within\nParis as without, who bore for motto on the pennons of their lances, in\nFlemish, _Hie Houd!_ that is to say, \u2018I have possession!\u2019 in opposition\nto the device of the Orleans-party, _Je l\u2019envie!_[94] The greater part\nof the duke of Burgundy\u2019s forces drew up in battle-array on the summit\nof Montfaulcon, to wait the arrival of their adversaries.\nIn the mean while, the populace of Paris rose; and multitudes armed\nthemselves to oppose the entrance of the duke of Orleans, suspecting his\nintentions were to give the town up to pillage and murder. They pulled\ndown many sheds, that no obstructions might be found in the streets to\nthe full use of the lance, and that shelter might not be afforded\nagainst the stones thrown down from the roofs of the houses.\nMany scholars armed themselves for the defence of the bridges; and true\nit was, that the Parisians were far more favourable to the party of\nBurgundy than to that of Orleans, and were willing, should there be\noccasion, to assist that party to the utmost of their power.\nThe duke of Burgundy was fully prepared to resist and combat the duke of\nOrleans, had he advanced as far as Paris. But the chancellor and\npresidents of the parliament, with other prudent men, observing the\ngreat ferment in Paris, made many visits to the h\u00f4tel d\u2019Angiers, with a\nview to reconcile these princes, and avert the great mischiefs that\nmight otherwise ensue. They likewise sent messengers to the duke of\nOrleans, to inform him of the state of Paris, and how very unpopular he\nwas there. The duke and the queen, on hearing this intelligence, after a\nshort consultation with their most confidential advisers, separated: the\nqueen went to the Bois de Vincennes, and the duke returned with his army\nto Corbeil.\nOn the morrow, he came to Beaut\u00e9; and his army was quartered near the\nbridge of Charenton, and in the adjacent country. During this time, the\nbefore-named princes, with many great lords and members of the council\nassembled, and met for several days, to consider of a reconciliation\nbetween the two parties. After some time, they at length made known to\neach their determination, which was, that within two days the dukes of\nOrleans and Burgundy should submit the whole of their disputes to the\ndecision of the kings of Sicily and Navarre, and the dukes of Berry and\nBourbon; and for the accomplishment of the decision, they were each to\nbind themselves by their corporal oath, and afterward to dismiss their\nforces. The duke of Orleans came to lodge at his h\u00f4tel at St Anthony,\nnear the bastille.\nA few days afterward, the princes before named managed the affair so\nwell that the two dukes made up their quarrel, and apparently showed in\npublic that they were good friends; but He who knows the inward secrets\nof the heart saw what little dependance was to be placed on such outward\nappearances.\nThe duke of Lorraine and the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, after this, returned home\nwith their men, without entering Paris; and not long afterward, the duke\nof Burgundy departed, with his brothers and men at arms, for Artois, and\nthence to his county of Flanders, where he had a conference with his\nbrother-in-law duke William, the bishop of Liege, the count Waleran de\nSt Pol, the count de Namur[95], and several others. When this was ended,\nhe returned to his town of Arras.\n DUKE JOHN OF BURGUNDY OBTAINS FROM THE KING OF FRANCE THE\n GOVERNMENT OF PICARDY.\u2014AN EMBASSY FROM ENGLAND TO\n FRANCE.\u2014AN ACCOUNT OF CLUGNET DE BRABANT, KNIGHT.\nAt the commencement of this year, the duke of Burgundy, by a grant from\nthe king, the dukes of Orleans and Berry, and the whole council,\nobtained the government of Picardy. In consequence, sir William de\nVienne, lord of St George, was ordered by him to the frontiers of the\nBoulonois, with six hundred men armed with helmets, and a large body of\ngenoese cross-bows. They were encamped on these frontiers, whence they\nmade a sharp war against the English: nevertheless, the country was not\nso well guarded against the inroads of the latter but that it was in\nseveral parts laid waste by them.\nAbout this period, the ambassadors returned from England to the king and\nhis council at Paris, namely, the earl of Pembroke and the bishop of St\nDavid\u2019s, with some others[96], who came to request that a truce might be\nestablished between the two crowns, so that commerce might have a free\ncourse in both countries.\nThey also demanded, that the king of France should grant his eldest\ndaughter, Isabella, formerly married to king Richard, in marriage to the\neldest son of the king of England, who, in consideration of this match,\nwould, instantly after its consummation, lay down his crown, and invest\nhis son with the government of the kingdom.\nThese requests, having been made to the royal council, were referred a\nfew days for consideration; but at length, they having been fully\ndiscussed, and the frauds of the English duly considered, not one of\nthem was granted. The duke of Orleans contended, that this eldest\nprincess of France should be given in marriage to his eldest son\nCharles, which afterward took place.\nThe english ambassadors returned home, much dissatisfied at their ill\nsuccess, and the war was shortly after carried on with greater\nbitterness between the two nations.\nEven sir Clugnet de Brabant[97], knight of the household to the duke of\nOrleans, went to Harfleur with six hundred men at arms at the king\u2019s\nexpense. He had lately obtained the office of great admiral of France,\nwith the approbation of sir Regnault de Trie, who had resigned it, in\nconsideration of a very large sum of money which he had received,\nthrough the intrigues of the duke of Orleans. But as he was on the point\nof entering Harfleur, where there were twelve gallies ready for sea, on\nboard of which he meant to embark to make war on the English, and take\npossession of his new office, he was ordered, in the king\u2019s name, not to\nproceed further, but to return to Paris.\nShortly after, by means of the duke of Orleans, he married the dowager\ncountess of Blois[98], widow of count Guy de Blois, sister to the count\nde Namur, who was much irritated thereat;\u2014and because an illegitimate\nbrother of his had consented to the conclusion of this marriage, he had\nhim seized by his men, on the first favourable opportunity, and\nbeheaded, thus making his blood pay for the acts of his will.\nThe duke of Berry was at this time governor of Paris, and prevailed on\nthe king and council to permit the Parisians to wear arms, to defend\nthemselves, should there be occasion; and the greater part of the armour\nthat had been kept at the palace and Louvre, since the time of the\nmallet insurrection, were given back to them.\n THE WAR IS RENEWED BETWEEN THE DUKES OF BAR AND\n LORRAINE.\u2014MARRIAGES CONCLUDED AT COMPI\u00c8GNE.\u2014AN ALLIANCE\n BETWEEN THE DUKES OF ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY.\nThis year, the quarrels were renewed between the dukes of Bar and\nLorraine, because the duke of Lorraine had straitly besieged, with a\nconsiderable force, a castle belonging to the duke of Bar, which was\npartly in France, and had on this account been surrendered by the\nmarquis du Pont, son to the duke of Bar, to the king of France. However,\nin spite of this, the duke of Lorraine took it; and as this conduct was\nhighly displeasing to the king, a large army was assembled in that part\nof France.\nSir Clugnet de Brabant, admiral of France, was ordered to march this\narmy into Lorraine against the duke; but negotiations were entered into,\nso that the army was dismissed, and all those preparations ended in\nnothing.\nAbout this time, the queen of France came to the town of Compi\u00e8gne,\naccompanied by some of her children, namely, John duke of Touraine, and\nIsabella, who had been queen of England. The dukes of Orleans and\nBurgundy came thither also, as did the duchess of Holland, wife to duke\nWilliam count of Hainault, with her daughter Jaqueline de Baviere, count\nCharles d\u2019Angoul\u00eame, eldest son to the duke of Orleans, and many other\ngreat lords, by whom the above were attended in great state. The legate\nof the holy see at Rome, with many bishops, doctors and churchmen, were\nlikewise there,\u2014when marriages were concluded between the duke of\nTouraine, second son to the king of France, and Jaqueline de Baviere,\nand between Charles d\u2019Orleans and Isabella, late queen of England.\nIsabella was cousin-german to Charles, who had been her godfather at her\nbaptism; but notwithstanding this difficulty, the marriage was\naccomplished by means of an apostolical dispensation; and very great\nfeasts took place at Compi\u00e8gne in consequence, consisting of dinners,\ndancings, justs and other jollities.\nA few days after, when every thing had been concluded, the duchess of\nHolland and her brother-in-law John of Bavaria, with the consent of the\nqueen, the dukes before named, and the royal council, took with them the\nnew-married couple, John de Touraine and his bride, to Quesnoy le Conte\nin Hainault, where duke William then resided, who received them most\nkindly, and entertained them magnificently.\nWhen these matters had been finished, and the dukes of Orleans and\nBurgundy had mutually promised love and friendship during their lives,\nthe duke of Orleans departed, and carried his daughter-in-law, Isabella,\nwith his son to Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry, which the king, at the solicitation of\nthe duke, had given him.\nThe queen and council returned to Paris to the king, who had lately\nrecovered from his illness; and the duke of Burgundy, with his\nattendants, went to Artois and Flanders. He ordered about six hundred\ncombatants from Burgundy to guard the frontiers of the Boulonois, and\nmake war on the English. They greatly destroyed the country round\nBethune, because the count of Namur would not suffer his subjects to pay\nthe duke of Burgundy a tax which the king had lately allowed him to\nraise on the whole of Artois, for the payment of these soldiers who were\nto guard the frontiers.\nThe vassals of the count de Namur, however, seeing that their refusal of\npayment was attended with greater loss, consented to pay the whole\nwithout delay,\u2014and then the men at arms quitted their country.\nAbout this time, the earl of Northumberland and lord Percy came to\nParis, and waited on the king, the princes of the blood, and the lords\nof the council, stating their melancholy situation, and entreating to\nhave assistance and men at arms to make war on Henry king of England. In\nmaking this request, they engaged to give up some of their friends as\nhostages, that they would serve him loyally and faithfully against the\nking of England; but in a short time they received a negative to their\ndemand, and returned home without any aid from the king of France.\nAnother war broke out between the dukes of Bar and Lorraine; and sir\nClugnet de Brabant, admiral of France, was sent thither with a large\narmy. He marched it through Champagne to Lorraine, and besieged Neuf\nChastel, belonging to the duke, which instantly surrendered to the king,\nby the advice of Ferry de Lorraine[99], count de Vaudemont, brother to\nthe duke.\nThe duke of Lorraine immediately sent ambassadors to Paris to make\nexcuses for what had passed, who negotiated so successfully that the\nking was satisfied, and remanded his army, which, in going and coming\nback, committed great waste in all the countries through which they\npassed.\nThe duke of Burgundy, accompanied by his two brothers and many great\nlords, went to the town of Arras, where his duchess and his daughters\nwere waiting for him. Shortly after, the count de Cleves came thither,\nand was married to Marie, daughter to the duke; and, on the morrow, the\ncount de Penthievre[100] espoused another, called Isabella. The town of\nArras was very gay with the numerous feasts caused by these weddings.\nSome days after, the duke of Limbourg and the two new-married couples,\nhaving enjoyed much festivity, took their leaves of the duke and duchess\nof Burgundy, and returned to their own homes.\nAt this period, the duke William, count of Hainault, nobly accompanied\nby his Hainaulters, went to Paris, where he was most handsomely received\nby the king, queen, and all the princes then there.\nDuring his stay at Paris, it was declared in the parliament, and\nproclaimed throughout the town, that no one, whether ecclesiastic or\nlayman, should in future pay any tax or subsidy to pope Benedict, nor to\nsuch as favoured his pretensions. This was likewise forbidden through\nthe kingdom of France, which caused much perplexity to many well meaning\npersons in that realm from this schism in the church.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS, BY THE KING\u2019S ORDERS, MARCHES A\n POWERFUL ARMY TO ACQUITAINE, AND BESIEGES BLAYE AND LE\nThis year, the duke of Orleans, by orders from the king, quitted Paris\nto march a large army of men at arms and archers, amounting to six\nthousand combatants, into Acquitaine, to wage war against the English.\nHe took with him the lord Charles d\u2019Albreth, constable of France, the\nmarquis du Pont, son to the duke of Bar, the count de Clermont[101],\nMontagu, great master of the household, with many other noble lords, who\nmarched in a body to lay siege to Blaye, which they sorely oppressed\nwith their engines.\nIn a short time, the town began to negotiate, and offered to surrender\nto the duke, in case the town of Le Bourg, to which he intended to lay\nsiege, should set them the example. They also promised to deliver\nprovision to the duke\u2019s army, during the siege of Le Bourg, at a\nreasonable price. The duke accepted of these terms, and besieged Le\nBourg, which was strongly garrisoned by a numerous body of english and\ngascon men at arms. Many engines were pointed against the walls and\ngates by the French, which did them considerable damage; but,\nnotwithstanding, the besieged defended themselves vigorously.\nWhile this siege was going forward, sir Clugnet de Brabant, admiral of\nFrance, put to sea with twenty-two ships full of men at arms, to oppose\nthe english fleet, which was also at sea in great force. The two fleets\nmet, and had a sharp skirmish, in which many were killed and wounded on\nboth sides; but nothing more was done, and they separated. The French,\nhowever, lost one of their ships, in which were Lionnet de Braquemont,\nAgieux de St Martin, and several more, attached to the duke of Orleans,\nwho were carried by the English to Bordeaux.\nThe other Frenchmen, namely, sir Clugnet de Brabant, sir William de\nVillanes, governor of la Rochelle, sir Charles de Savoisy, and the rest,\nreturned to Le Bourg, and related to the duke what had passed at sea.\nThe duke of Orleans, having remained in vain about three months at this\nsiege, considered the strength of the place and the great mortality in\nhis army, and held a council with his officers, when it was resolved\nthat he should march his men at arms back to Paris.\nThe people of France, and some of the nobility, murmured much against\nhim for this retreat, because there had been a very heavy tax levied for\nthe support of this army.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY PREVAILS ON THE KING OF FRANCE AND HIS\n COUNCIL, THAT HE MAY HAVE PERMISSION TO ASSEMBLE MEN AT\n ARMS TO BESIEGE CALAIS.\nDuring the absence of the duke of Orleans in Acquitaine, the duke of\nBurgundy obtained liberty from the king of France and his council to\nraise a sufficient force in his own countries to lay siege to Calais.\nThe king also promised that he should be assisted with men at arms, and\nas much money as could be raised in the realm.\nOn this being concluded, he returned to his county of Flanders, and\nissued his summons for all men at arms to meet him at St Omer: at the\nsame time, he prepared many engines of war,\u2014and particularly, he caused\nto be constructed in the forest of Beaulot two large bastilles, ready to\nbe conveyed to Calais. He likewise caused many engines to be made for\ncasting stones at different places.\nOn the other hand, the king had assembled a numerous body of combatants,\nwho, like the others, traversed Picardy in their road to Saint Omer,\ndoing much mischief to the country. Among the number were from four to\nfive hundred Genoese, the greater part of whom were cross-bows on foot.\nWhen all were arrived at St Omer, they were found to amount to six\nthousand armed with helmets, three thousand archers, and fifteen hundred\ncross-bows, all picked men, without including those on foot from the\ncountries of Flanders, Cassel, and other parts, who were very numerous.\nThere were very many carts to convey bombards, cannons, artillery,\nprovisions, and other necessaries for the war. But notwithstanding all\nthese preparations had been made through the application of the duke of\nBurgundy, and with the full approbation of the king and his council, as\nhas been said, and that the musters were about to be made for their\nimmediate departure, certain messengers came to the duke of Burgundy and\nhis captains, with letters from the noble king of France, to forbid them\nto proceed further with this army.\nThe duke, on reading these orders, assembled a council of war, and\nremonstrated with them on the commands he had received from the king,\nsaying it was shameful and disgraceful thus to disarm so noble an army\nas he had assembled. The lords, however, considering that the king\u2019s\norders muse be obeyed, concluded to break up the army, and to return\nevery man to his own country; for the king had also written to the count\nde St Pol, to the master of the cross-bows[102], and to other great\nlords, to forbid them, on any pretence, to proceed further in this\nexpedition, under pain of incurring his indignation. Thus was this\narmament broken up on the night of Martinmas-day.\nThe duke of Burgundy, however, swore by a great oath, in the presence of\nmany of his people, that within the month of March ensuing, he would\nreturn to St Omer with a powerful army, and thence march to make war\nagainst the English in the Boulonois, and subject them to his obedience,\nor die in the attempt.\nThe duke and his vassals left St Omer, and returned to their homes. This\nretreat caused great discontent throughout Picardy, and the frontiers of\nthe Boulonois, against the king and his council, as well as against\nthose who had raised this army, and not without cause, for the\nmultitudes that had been collected had done infinite mischief to the\ncountry.\nSir William de Vienne, lord of St George, and lieutenant-governor of\nPicardy, resigned this office to the duke of Burgundy, who nominated in\nhis place the lord de Croy. The greater part of the king\u2019s artillery was\ndeposited in the castle of St Remy, in the expectation that they would\nbe wanted in the ensuing season.\nThe duke of Burgundy, having left St Omer, passed through Hesdin, where\nthe duchess was, to Douay, where he received the intelligence that the\nduchess of Brabant had been dead some little time. He was very indignant\nat having been forced to disband the forces he intended to march to\nCalais, and for that cause conceived a deep hatred against many of the\nking of France\u2019s ministers,\u2014more particularly against the duke of\nOrleans, for he had been told that the expedition had been countermanded\nby his interference.\nHe held a numerous council at Douay on this subject, with many of the\nnobles of his countries, when it was unanimously resolved, that he\nshould personally wait on the king, to entreat that the expedition\nagainst Calais should be renewed the ensuing spring. He went, in\nconsequence, to Paris, nobly attended. He made strong remonstrances to\nthe king, the duke of Berry, his uncle, and others of the king\u2019s\ncouncil, and heavy complaints for their having allowed him to raise so\nlarge an army, at such a great expense, and then having disgraced and\ndishonoured him, by ordering him to disband it, when on the point of\nmarching to Calais.\nThe king, however, and his ministers, gently appeased his wrath, by\ninforming him of many particulars which had made it proper that such\nmeasures as he complained of should have been taken, both from necessity\nand convenience. He was apparently satisfied with their reasons; and he\nwas given to understand, that within a short time the king would permit\nhim to accomplish his object of besieging Calais.\n THE PRELATES AND CLERGY OF FRANCE ARE SUMMONED TO ATTEND THE\n KING AT PARIS, ON THE SUBJECT OF AN UNION OF THE CHURCH.\nAt this period, all the archbishops, bishops, and the principal clergy\nof France and Dauphiny, were summoned to Paris by order of the king, to\nconfer with his great council on the means of establishing an universal\nunion of the church. When all, or the greater part, were arrived, as the\nhealth of the king was very indifferent, a grand procession was made,\nand a solemn mass to the Holy Ghost was celebrated in the royal chapel\nof the palace, by the archbishop of Rheims.\nOn the morrow, the conference was held at the palace, when the duke of\nAcquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, represented the king. He was attended by\nthe dukes of Berry, Burgundy and Bourbon, and many of the nobles. A\nlearned Cordelier, doctor in theology in the university of Paris, opened\nthe business, and explained the reasons of this assembly. He eloquently\nstated from facts the sufferings of the church, from the great\nperversity and discord of two popes contending for the papacy, and that\nit was absolutely necessary to provide a speedy remedy, otherwise the\nchurch would be ruined.\nOn the day after the feast of St Eloy, the king, having recovered his\nhealth, attended this conference, accompanied by the noble persons\nbefore mentioned, and was seated on his royal throne. He promised to\nexecute whatever this assembly and the court of parliament should\nresolve on; and shortly afterward, a proclamation was made throughout\nthe realm, that neither of the contending popes should dispose of any\nbenefices or dignities in the church which might become vacant; and\nlikewise that the sums of money usually paid into the apostolical\nchamber should be discontinued to both the rival popes. It was also\nproclaimed, that all benefices should in future be given by the\nsovereign, or legal patrons, as had been formerly done, before the\nreservations and constitutions made by pope Clement VI. of the name.\n THE LIEGEOIS EJECT THEIR BISHOP, JOHN OF BAVARIA, FOR\n REFUSING TO BE CONSECRATED AS A CHURCHMAN, ACCORDING TO\n HIS PROMISE.\nThis same year, John of Bavaria, surnamed \u2018sans piti\u00e9,\u2019 bishop of Liege,\nand brother german to duke William, count of Hainault, was ejected by\nthe Liegeois from his bishoprick, for refusing to take sacred orders,\naccording to what he had promised and sworn to them. They elected\nanother lord and bishop in his room, a young man of eighteen years old,\nor thereabout, and canon of the church of Saint Lambert of Liege. They\nalso made the lord de Pieruels[103], father to the new bishop, their\nprincipal maimbourg, and governor of the whole territory of Liege.\nJohn of Bavaria had, some time before, promised to resign the bishoprick\nto the son of Pieruels, as was known to Anthony duke of Brabant, Waleran\ncount de St Pol, and several other respectable persons, which promise he\nnow refused to keep. At the instigation, therefore, of the lord de\nPieruels, the Liegeois had rebelled against John of Bavaria[104], and\nchosen a new lord.\nTheir late bishop was much angered at their conduct, and had his town of\nBouillon, and other castles, well stored with every sort of warlike\nprovision, that he might thence carry on a war against the country of\nLiege.\nHe then went to his brother duke William, in Hainault, to obtain his\nassistance and men at arms. In the mean time, the Liegeois assembled in\ngreat force, and marched to the town of Bouillon, which, with the\ncastle, they took by storm, and put to death all they found therein.\nJohn of Bavaria shortly after entered the country of Liege, near to\nThuin, with four hundred combatants, and burnt many towns and houses,\ncarrying away a very great booty to Hainault.\nThe Liegeois soon after entered Hainault with a considerable army, where\nthey destroyed the tower of Morialines, and burnt the town. They thence\nmarched to Braban\u00e7on, and other places belonging to such knights and\nesquires as had invaded their country, which they plundered, and in many\nplaces burnt, wasting the country with fire and sword.\nThe Hainaulters assembled to repulse them; but the enemy were in such\nsuperior numbers that they returned back, without effecting any thing\nworth relating. War now raged between them,\u2014and each fortified their\ntowns as strongly as they could.\nThe Liegeois sent ambassadors to the pope, to lay before him the conduct\nof John of Bavaria, and his refusal to take orders according to his\npromise, requesting that he might be ejected by the apostolical\nauthority, and that the son of the lord de Pieruels, whom they had\nelected, might be admitted in his room.\nThe pope could not accede to their request, because he had been\nfaithfully informed that the Liegeois, after mature deliberation, had\nfixed on a day for John of Bavaria to take orders, and that this day was\nnot as yet passed.\nThe ambassadors, therefore, returned to Liege, without having done any\nthing. Those who had sent them were very indignant at pope Gregory for\nnot complying with their demands, and resolved to send another embassy\nto his rival pope Benedict. This pope received them most graciously,\ngranted all their demands, and gave them his bulls for the confirmation\nof them. They returned home greatly rejoiced at the successful issue of\ntheir negotiation.\n ANTHONY DUKE OF LIMBOURG TAKES POSSESSION OF THAT DUCHY, AND\n AFTERWARD OF THE TOWN OF MAESTRICHT, TO THE GREAT\n DISPLEASURE OF THE LIEGEOIS.\nAnthony duke of Limbourg, brother to John duke of Burgundy, after the\ndeath of the duchess of Brabant, succeeded to that duchy, and to its\ndependancies. All the Brabanters, clergy and nobles, did him homage,\npromising him obedience as their lawful lord, except the town of\nMaestricht. When he had taken possession of this duchy, he surrendered,\nwith the consent of the duke of Burgundy, the county of Rethel to his\nyounger brother, Philip count de Nevers, thus accomplishing the last\norders of his father and mother.\nAs the town of Maestricht was divided between the governments of Brabant\nand Liege, one half belonging to each, the inhabitants said they were\nbound only to do homage to one of them, and to him who first had\npossession; and that, having formerly given their oaths to John of\nBavaria, they refused to pay homage to the duke of Brabant.\nThe duke was ill pleased with their refusal, and resolved, with the\nadvice of his council, to constrain them to it by force. He sought for\nmen at arms every where; and there came to him his brother, the count de\nNevers, the counts de St Pol and de Namur, the lords de St George and de\nCroy, on the part of the duke of Burgundy,\u2014with several others in\nconsiderable number, sent to him by the king of France and the duke of\nBerry.\nWhen his forces were all assembled from different countries, he quitted\nBrabant, attended by his nobles, and a large train of waggons carrying\nthe implements of war, taking the direct road to the town of Maestricht.\nBut on passing through, or near the territories of Liege, he found they\nhad collected a large army, which much impeded him in his march by\nbreaking down the bridges, and destroying the roads, in retaliation for\nthe affection the duke of Brabant had shewn to John of Bavaria their\nadversary.\nThe Liegeois had assembled in the town of Maestricht full twenty\nthousand armed men, with the new bishop at their head, being desirous\nthat he should be received by the duke as their legal bishop and lord.\nThis great assembly, however, separated without effusion of blood: for\nthe duke of Brabant had entered into secret negotiations with the\ntownsmen, who consented to receive him as their lord, and to swear to\nhim faith and loyalty.\nWhen this was done, the duke returned and disbanded his forces. The\nLiegeois, on hearing of it, instantly required those of Maestricht, that\nsince they had sworn obedience to the duke of Brabant, they would do the\nsame to their new bishop, who was their true lord. This demand was\nrefused; and they sent for answer, that having done homage to John of\nBavaria, and acknowledged him for their lord, they would not take\nanother oath.\nThe Liegeois were very indignant at this answer, as were the governor of\nthe town and bishop, and made preparations to wage war against them, and\nbesiege their town, as shall hereafter be more fully described.\n AMBASSADORS FROM POPE GREGORY ARRIVE AT PARIS, WITH BULLS\n FROM THE POPE TO THE KING AND UNIVERSITY OF PARIS.\nAmbassadors arrived at Paris bringing bulls from pope Gregory[105] to\nthe king and the university, expressing that the pope was very ready and\nwilling to make any concessions the king and university should think\nexpedient for the union of the church, provided his rival Benedict would\nagree to similar terms. The ambassadors and their bulls were received\nwith much joy,\u2014and the contents of the latter were as follows:\n\u2018Gregory, a bishop, and servant to the servants of God, sends health and\nhis apostolical benediction to his children of the university. We are\nthe more prepared to write to you, my beloved children, because of the\nsorrowful concern which you have manifested on account of the schism in\nthe church, which, through the mercy of the all-powerful God, has much\naffected you.\n\u2018Innocent VII. our immediate predecessor, of enviable remembrance to\nthis age, was taken from us on a Saturday, the 6th of November. Our\nvenerable brethren the cardinals of the holy roman church, of whom I was\none, being by the grace of the Holy Spirit, summoned to a conclave, to\nelect a roman pontiff,\u2014after many things had been discussed, all eyes\nwere directed to me, a cardinal priest of the title of St Mark; and with\nunanimous consent, they elected me bishop of Rome, which honour we\ngreatly feared, from a sense of weakness: however, we trusted in Him who\ndoes marvellous works, that he would enable us to bear this burden,\u2014and\nwe trusted not in ourself, but in the virtue of God, by whom we were\nconvinced the thing had been done.\n\u2018This pastoral office has not fallen to us for our profit, but for the\nglory of God and the public benefit,\u2014to both of which we turn our\nthoughts and courage, in order that this poisonous schism, in which the\nChristian people have been so long bewildered may be destroyed. If, as\nwe hope, so great a grace may be shewn to us to bring this about, we\ntrust it may be shortly accomplished.\n\u2018In order, therefore, to obviate, as much as in us lies, all obstruction\non our part to the much-desired union of the church, we offer to resign\nour claim to the papacy, provided our adversary, or his successor,\nwhoever he be, shall engage solemnly to make a similar renunciation;\nthat is to say, that he renounce, fully and clearly, all claim to the\npapacy, and that all those whom he may have created cardinals do unite\nwith those of our college, so that a canonical election of a roman\npontiff may ensue.\n\u2018We offer, beside, any other reasonable concessions, so that this schism\nmay be put an end to; and that what we say may be depended on, we have\nsworn and promised the above at the time of our election to the popedom,\nin conjunction with our venerable brethren the cardinals of the same\nchurch.\n\u2018In case that either of us be re-chosen pope, we have engaged instantly\nto send properly instructed commissioners to Constance, who shall both\nprivately and publicly labour to bring about this desired union of the\nchurch.\n\u2018Do you, therefore, my beloved children, have the goodness to exert all\nyour strength to aid us in the accomplishment of this business, that the\nchurch may not longer labour under this disorder; and let affection aid\nsolicitude.\u2014Given at St Peter\u2019s, at Rome, the 11th day of December, in\nthe year 1406.\u2019\nWhen the ambassadors had fully remonstrated on the matter of their\ncoming, and made the same offers contained in the bull of the\nrenunciation of the popedom by Gregory, and had been well entertained at\nParis, having received promises of messengers being sent to pope\nBenedict, they returned to their lord and master.\nAbout the ensuing Candlemas, the king of France and the university of\nParis, in consequence of the deliberations of the prelates, clergy and\ncouncil, sent certain ambassadors to pope Benedict,\u2014namely, the\npatriarch of Alexandria, who was then at Paris, the bishops of Cambray\nand Beauvais, the abbots of Saint Denis and of Mont St Michel, the lord\nde Courrouille, master John Toussain, secretary to the king, and other\ndoctors of the university, with many very respectable persons. They took\nthe road to Marseilles, where Benedict, and some of the cardinals of his\nparty, then resided.\nThese ambassadors were charged to remonstrate with him, in an amicable\nmanner, on the offer which his rival had made to renounce the papacy, in\norder to effectuate an union of the church. In case he should not be\nwilling to make a similar offer, they were to intimate to him, that if\nhe refused, the whole realm of France and Dauphiny, in conjunction with\nmany other countries of Christendom, would withdraw themselves from him,\nand no longer obey his bulls or apostolical mandates. In like manner\nwould they act toward his adversary, were he to refuse compliance with\nthe offers made by his ambassadors to the king of France and the\nuniversity of Paris.\nThe ambassadors were graciously received by pope Benedict, on their\narrival at Marseilles; but when they opened the matter of their embassy,\nand explained the subject at length, the pope replied in person, that in\na short time they should have his answer,\u2014and in the mean while, he was\nnot forgetful that they had threatened to withdraw themselves from his\nobedience.\nTo provide a remedy against the effects of this menace, and that no\ncardinal might publish a constitution against such as might withdraw\nthemselves from his obedience, or even that of his successors, he sent\nan envoy to the king and the university of Paris, to their great\nastonishment.\nThe pope having given an answer to the ambassadors from France, very\ndifferent indeed from what they expected, they set out on their return\nto Paris much displeased with him. On their arrival, they related all\nthat had passed. The patriarch, however, had remained at Marseilles,\nwith the hope of inclining pope Benedict to an union of the church.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS RECEIVES THE DUCHY OF ACQUITAINE, AS A\n PRESENT, FROM THE KING OF FRANCE.\u2014A TRUCE CONCLUDED\n BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the duke of Orleans, by means which he\nhad long practised, prevailed on his brother, the king of France, to\ngive him the duchy of Acquitaine, which he had long been wishing for.\nTruces were at this time concluded between the kings of France and\nEngland, for one year only, and were proclaimed at the accustomed\nplaces. The Flemings were much rejoiced thereat, for they thought that\ntheir commerce would now be more securely carried on.\nAmbassadors from England arrived at Paris from king Henry, the principal\nof whom was sir Thomas Erpingham, having with him an archdeacon, and\nseveral noblemen. He was presented to the king by Tassin de Servillers,\nand required in marriage one of the princesses, a nun at Poissy, for the\nprince of Wales, eldest son to king Henry. But as they demanded too\ngreat concessions with the princess, they returned without success. The\nlord de Hangest, whom the king had lately for his merit made master of\nthe cross-bows, escorted them as far as Boulogne-sur-mer[106].\n THE PRINCE OF WALES[107], ACCOMPANIED BY HIS TWO UNCLES,\n MARCHES A CONSIDERABLE FORCE TO WAGE WAR AGAINST THE\nThe prince of Wales, son to king Henry, assembled, about the feast of\nAll-saints, one thousand men at arms and six thousand archers, to make\nan incursion into Scotland. His uncles, the dukes of York and Somerset,\nand the lords Mortimer, R\u00f4s, Cornwall, and many other nobles attended\nhim.\nTheir object was to retaliate on the Scots, who had lately broken the\ntruce, and done much mischief with fire and sword in the duchy of\nLancaster. They entered Scotland, and committed great carnage wherever\nthey passed; for the Scots were quite unprepared to receive them, nor\nhad they any intelligence of their coming until they were in the midst\nof their country.\nWhen news of this invasion was brought to the king of Scotland, he was\nat his town of St Jangon[108], in the center of his realm. He assembled\nin haste his nobles, and as large a force as could be collected on so\nshort notice, which he sent under the command of the earls of Douglas\nand Buchan, with his constable, to meet the English and combat them,\nshould they think it advisable. When they were within six leagues of the\nenemy, they were informed, that the English were far superior in\nnumbers, and they adopted other measures. They sent ambassadors to the\nprince of Wales to treat of peace, and they managed so well that the\ntruce was renewed for one year.\nThe prince of Wales, having done great mischief to Scotland, returned to\nEngland; and the Scots disbanded their army.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS, ONLY BROTHER TO CHARLES VI. THE\n WELL-BELOVED, KING OF FRANCE, IS INHUMANLY ASSASSINATED\n IN THE TOWN OF PARIS.\nThis year there happened the most melancholy event in the town of Paris\nthat had ever befallen the Christian kingdom of France by the death of a\nsingle man. It occasioned the utmost grief to the king and the princes\nof the blood, as well as to the kingdom in general, and was the cause of\nmost disastrous quarrels between them, which lasted a very long time,\ninsomuch that the kingdom was nearly ruined and overturned, as will more\nplainly be shewn in the continuation of this history.\nThis event was nothing less than the murder of the duke of Orleans, only\nbrother to Charles the well-beloved, king of France.\nThe duke was, on a Wednesday, the feast-day of pope St Clement,\nassassinated in Paris, about seven o\u2019clock in the evening, on his return\nfrom dinner. This murder was committed by about eighteen men, who had\nlodged at an h\u00f4tel having for sign the image of our Lady, near the Porte\nBarbette, and who, it was afterward discovered, had for several days\nintended this assassination.\nOn the Wednesday before mentioned, they sent one named Scas de\nCourteheuze, valet de chambre to the king, and one of their accomplices,\nto the duke of Orleans, who had gone to visit the queen of France at an\nh\u00f4tel which she had lately purchased from Montagu, grand master of the\nking\u2019s household, situated very near the Porte Barbette. She had lain in\nthere of a child, which had died shortly after its birth, and had not\nthen accomplished the days of her purification.\nScas, on his seeing the duke, said, by way of deceiving him, \u2018My lord,\nthe king sends for you, and you must instantly hasten to him, for he has\nbusiness of great importance to you and him, which he must communicate\nto you.\u2019 The duke, on hearing this message, was eager to obey the king\u2019s\norders, although the monarch knew nothing of the matter, and immediately\nmounted his mule, attended by two esquires on one horse, and four or\nfive valets on foot, who followed behind bearing torches; but his other\nattendants made no haste to follow him. He had made this visit in a\nprivate manner, notwithstanding at this time he had within the city of\nParis six hundred knights and esquires of his retinue, and at his\nexpense.\nOn his arrival at the Porte Barbette, the eighteen men, all well and\nsecretly armed, were waiting for him, and were lying in ambush, under\nshelter of a pent-house. The night was pretty dark; and as they sallied\nout against him, one cried out, \u2018Put him to death!\u2019 and gave him such a\nblow on the wrist with his battle-axe as severed it from his arm.\nThe duke, astonished at this attack, cried out, \u2018I am the duke of\nOrleans!\u2019 when the assassins, continuing their blows, answered, \u2018You are\nthe person we were looking for.\u2019 So many rushed on him that he was\nstruck off his mule, and his skull was split that his brains were dashed\non the pavement. They turned him over and over, and massacred him that\nhe was very soon completely dead. A young esquire, a German by birth,\nwho had been his page, was murdered with him: seeing his master struck\nto the ground, he threw himself on his body to protect him, but in vain,\nand he suffered for his generous courage. The horse which carried the\ntwo esquires that preceded the duke, seeing so many armed men advance,\nbegan to snort, and when he had passed them set out on a gallop, so that\nit was some time before he could be checked.\nWhen the esquires had stopped their horse, they saw their lord\u2019s mule\nfollowing them full gallop: having caught him, they fancied the duke\nmust have fallen, and were bringing it back by the bridle; but on their\narrival where their lord lay, they were menaced by the assassins, that\nif they did not instantly depart, they should share his fate. Seeing\ntheir lord had been thus basely murdered, they hastened to the h\u00f4tel of\nthe queen, crying out,\u2014\u2018Murder!\u2019\nThose who had killed the duke, in their turn, bawled out, \u2018Fire!\u2019 and\nthey had arranged their plan, that while some were assassinating the\nduke, others were to set fire to their lodgings. Some mounted on\nhorseback, and the rest on foot, made off as fast as they could,\nthrowing behind them broken glass and sharp points of iron to prevent\ntheir being pursued.\nReport said, that many of them went the back way to the h\u00f4tel d\u2019Artois,\nto their master the duke of Burgundy, who had commanded them to do this\ndeed, as he afterward publicly confessed, to inform him of the success\nof their murder,\u2014when instantly afterward they withdrew to places of\nsafety.\nThe chief of these assassins, and the conductor of the business, was one\ncalled Rollet d\u2019Auctonville[109], a Norman, whom the duke of Orleans\nhad, a little before, deprived of his office of commissioner of taxes,\nwhich the king had given to him, at the request of the late duke of\nBurgundy. From that time, the said Rollet had been considering how he\ncould revenge himself on the duke of Orleans. His other accomplices were\nWilliam Courteheuze and Scas Courteheuze, before mentioned, from the\ncounty of Guines, John de la Motte and others, to the amount of\neighteen.\nWithin half an hour, the household of the duke of Orleans, hearing of\nthis horrid murder, made loud complaints, and, with great crowds of\nnobles and others, hastened to the fatal spot, where they found him\nlying dead in the street. His knights and esquires, and in general all\nhis dependants, made grievous lamentations, seeing him thus wounded and\ndisfigured.\nWith many groans, they raised the body, and carried it to the h\u00f4tel of\nthe lord de Rieux, marshal of France, which was hard by; and shortly\nafterward, the body was covered with a white pall, and conveyed most\nhonourably to the church of the Guillemins[110], where it lay, as being\nthe nearest church to where the murder had been committed.\nSoon afterward, the king of Sicily, and many other princes, knights and\nesquires, having heard of this foul murder of the only brother of the\nking of France, came with many tears to visit the body. It was put into\na leaden coffin, and the monks of the church, with all the late duke\u2019s\nhousehold, watched it all night, saying prayers, and singing psalms over\nit.\nOn the morrow, his servants found the hand which had been cut off, and\ncollected much of the brains that had been scattered over the\nstreet,\u2014all of which were inclosed in a leaden case and placed by the\ncoffin.\nThe whole of the princes who were in Paris, except the king and his\nchildren, namely, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy and\nBourbon, the marquis du Pont, the counts de Nevers, de Clermont, de\nVend\u00f4me, de St Pol, de Dammartin, the constable of France and several\nothers, having assembled, with a large body of the clergy and nobles,\nand a multitude of the citizens of Paris, went in a body to the church\nof the Guillemins. Then the principal officers of the late duke\u2019s\nhousehold took the body, and bore it out of the church with a great\nnumber of lighted torches carried by the esquires of the defunct. On\neach side of the body were, in due order, uttering groans and shedding\ntears, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy and Bourbon,\neach holding a corner of the pall.\nAfter the body followed the other princes, the clergy and barons,\naccording to their rank, recommending his soul to his Creator,\u2014and thus\nthey proceeded with it to the church of the Celestins. When a most\nsolemn service had been performed, the body was interred in a beautiful\nchapel he himself had founded and built. After the service, all the\nprinces, and others who had attended it, returned to their homes.\nMany suspicions were formed, as to the authors of this assassination of\nthe duke of Orleans; and at first it was thought to have been\nperpetrated by sir Aubert de Canny, from the great hatred he bore the\nduke, for having carried off his wife[111], by whom he had a son, of\nwhom, and his education, I shall say more hereafter. The truth was soon\nknown who were the guilty persons, and that sir Aubert was perfectly\ninnocent of the crime.\nThe queen Isabella was so much alarmed the day she heard of this murder\nbeing committed thus near her h\u00f4tel, that, although she was not\nrecovered from her lying in, she had herself carried by her brother\nLouis of Bavaria, and others, to a litter, and thence conveyed to the\nh\u00f4tel de St Pol, where she was lodged in the adjoining chamber to that\nof the king, for her greater security.\nThe night this murder was committed the count de St Pol and many others\nof the nobility armed themselves, and went to the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, where\nthe king resided, not knowing how far these matters might be carried.\nWhen the body of the duke of Orleans had been interred, as has been\nrelated, the princes of the blood assembled at the h\u00f4tel of the king of\nSicily, with the council of state, whither the provost of Paris and\nothers of the king\u2019s lawyers were summoned, and ordered by the princes\nto make the most diligent inquiries, by every possible means, after the\nperpetrators and accomplices of this base act. All the gates of Paris\nwere commanded to be closed, except two, and those to be well guarded,\nthat all who might pass them should be known.\nHaving given these orders, the lords and the council retired to their\nh\u00f4tels in much sorrow and grief. On the morrow, the council was again\nassembled at the king\u2019s palace of St Pol, in the presence of the king of\nSicily, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy and Bourbon, and other great lords.\nOn the entrance of the provost of Paris, he was asked by the duke of\nBerry what measures he had taken to discover the murderers of so great a\nprince as the king\u2019s brother. The provost replied, that he had used all\ndiligence in his researches, but in vain,\u2014adding, that if the king and\nthe great lords present would permit him to search their h\u00f4tels, and\nthose of other great lords in Paris, he made no doubt but that he should\ndiscover the murderers and their accomplices. The king of Sicily, and\nthe dukes of Berry and Bourbon, gave him instant orders to search\nwherever he pleased.\nThe duke of Burgundy, hearing such positive orders given, began to be\nalarmed, and, drawing king Louis and his uncle, the duke of Berry,\naside, briefly[112] confessed to them what he had done, saying, that by\nthe temptation of the devil he had committed the murder by means of\nAuctonville and his accomplices[113]. The two princes were so much\nastonished and grieved at this confession that they were scarcely\nenabled to make him any reply, but what they did say was reproving him\nbitterly for having committed so base an act against his\ncousin-german[114].\nAfter this confession of the duke of Burgundy, they returned to the\ncouncil-chamber, but did not immediately declare what had passed between\nthem,\u2014when the council broke up, and all retired to their h\u00f4tels.\nOn the ensuing day, which was Saturday, the lords before mentioned again\nassembled at ten o\u2019clock in the morning, at the h\u00f4tel de Neelle, where\nthe duke of Berry resided, to hold another council. The duke of Burgundy\ncame thither as usual, attended by the count Waleran de St Pol; but when\nhe was about to enter the council-chamber, the duke of Berry said to\nhim, \u2018Fair nephew, do not now enter the council-chamber, for it is\ndispleasing to all the members that you should come among them.\u2019 On\nsaying this, the duke of Berry re-entered the council-chamber, ordering\nthe door to be closed, according to the resolutions of the council.\nThe duke of Burgundy was greatly confused at this,\u2014and being unresolved\nhow to proceed, said to the count de St Pol, \u2018Good cousin, what should I\ndo?\u2019 The count replied, \u2018My lord, you have only to return to your h\u00f4tel,\nsince it is not agreeable to the lords of the council that you should\nsit among them.\u2019 The duke said, \u2018Good cousin, return with me, to bear me\ncompany;\u2019 but the count answered, \u2018My lord, you must excuse me; for I\nshall go to the council, since I have been summoned to attend it.\u2019\nAfter these words, the duke of Burgundy, in great fear, returned to his\nh\u00f4tel of Artois; and to avoid being arrested, on his arrival there, he\nmounted a fresh horse, and, attended by six men, hastily quitted Paris\nby the gate of Saint Denis,\u2014and only changing horses, but not stopping\nat any place, he travelled onwards until he reached his castle of\nBapaume. When he had slept some little, he again continued his route\nwith all speed to Lille in Flanders. Those whom he had left in his h\u00f4tel\nat Paris followed him as speedily as they could, to avoid being\nimprisoned, of which they were greatly afraid.\nIn like manner, Rollet d\u2019Auctonville and his accomplices changed their\nclothes, and disguised themselves, and escaped from Paris by different\nways, and went to quarter themselves in the castle of Lens in Artois, by\norders of their lord and master John duke of Burgundy.\nWith so mean an attendance did this duke quit Paris, after the death of\nthe duke of Orleans, leaving the great lords of France in the utmost\ntribulation and distress.\nWhen those of the household of the late duke of Orleans heard of the\nsecret departure of the duke of Burgundy, they armed themselves, to the\namount of six score, having at their head sir Clugnet de Brabant, and,\nmounting their horses, sallied out of Paris in pursuit of the duke of\nBurgundy, with the intent of putting him to death, could they overtake\nhim. The king of Sicily, learning their intentions, sent after to forbid\nthem executing their plan,\u2014on which they returned, very indignant, to\ntheir h\u00f4tels.\nIt was now publicly known throughout Paris that the duke of Burgundy had\ncommitted this murder; but the Parisians were not well pleased with the\nduke of Orleans, for they had learnt that he was the author of all the\nheavy taxes that oppressed them, and began to say among themselves in\nsecret, \u2018The knotty stick is smoothed.\u2019\nThis melancholy event took place in the great winter of the year 1407,\nwhen the frost lasted for sixty-six days with the greatest severity. On\nthe thaw, the new bridge at Paris was destroyed, and fell into the\nSeine; and the floods did very great mischief to many parts of the\nkingdom of France.\nI have no need, in this chapter, to speak of the great hatred and\njealousy that had taken place between the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy,\nprior to the death of the former, as it would occupy too much room; and\nbesides, they will be fully spoken of in the proceedings which were\nshortly afterward instituted,\u2014namely, in the justification which the\nduke of Burgundy proposed offering publicly, in the presence of the\nprinces of the blood, the nobility, both ecclesiastical and secular,\nshewing the causes why he openly avowed being the author of the death of\nthe duke of Orleans, and likewise from the answers which the\ndowager-duchess of Orleans and her children made in exculpation of the\nlate duke,\u2014which shall all be written in this present chronicle exactly\nin the manner in which they were proposed in the presence of the whole\nroyal council, and great numbers of others of different ranks.\n THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS, WITH HER YOUNGEST SON, WAIT ON THE\n KING IN PARIS, TO MAKE COMPLAINT OF THE CRUEL MURDER OF\n THE LATE DUKE HER HUSBAND.\nThe late duke of Orleans had married the daughter of Galeazzo duke of\nMilan, his cousin-german, by whom he left three sons and one\ndaughter,\u2014namely, Charles, the eldest, who succeeded his father in the\ndukedom of Orleans; Philip, count de Vertus; John, count of Angoul\u00eame.\nThe daughter was married to Richard of Brittany. We shall say more\nhereafter respecting these princes, and of the fortunes that befel them.\nOn the 10th day of December, the duchess of Orleans, widow to the late\nduke, with her youngest son John, and accompanied by the late queen of\nEngland, now wife to her eldest son, set out for Paris. The king of\nSicily, the dukes of Berry and Bourbon, the counts of Clermont and\nVend\u00f4me, the lord Charles d\u2019Albreth, constable of France, and many other\ngreat lords, went out of the town to meet her, attended by a number of\npeople and horses, and thus escorted her to the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, where\nthe king of France resided. Being instantly admitted to an audience, she\nfell on her knees to the king, and made a pitiful complaint to him of\nthe very inhuman murder of her lord and husband. The king, who at that\ntime was in his sound senses, having lately recovered from his illness,\nraised her up with tears, and assured her he would comply with all her\nrequest, according to the opinion of his council. Having received this\nanswer, she returned to the h\u00f4tel of Orleans, accompanied by the\nbefore-mentioned lords.\nOn the following Monday, the king of France, by the advice of his\nparliament, resumed in court the county of Dreux, Chastel-Thierry, and\nMont d\u2019Arcuelles, and all the lands which the king had given to his\nbrother for his life.\nOn the Wednesday after St Thomas\u2019s day, the duchess of Orleans,\naccompanied by her youngest son,\u2014the queen of England, her\ndaughter-in-law,\u2014the chancellor of Orleans, and others of her council,\nwith many knights and esquires, who had been of the household of the\nlate duke, all clothed in black, came to the h\u00f4tel of St Pol to have an\naudience of the king. She found there the king of Sicily, the dukes of\nBerry and Bourbon, the chancellor of France, and several others, who,\nhaving demanded an audience for her of the king, instantly obtained it.\nShe was led into the presence by the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, and with many\ntears, and before all the princes, again supplicated the king that he\nwould do her justice on those who had traitorously murdered her lord and\nhusband, the late duke of Orleans. The whole manner of this deed she\ncaused to be declared to the king by her advocate in the parliament; and\nthe chancellor of Orleans was by her side, who repeated to the advocate\nword for word what she wished to have divulged.\nShe had explained at length the whole history of the murder: how he had\nbeen watched, and the hour and place where the assassins had fallen on\nhim; and how he had been betrayed by a false message from his lord and\nbrother the king, giving him to understand that the king had sent for\nhim,\u2014and ending with declaring that this murder more nearly touched the\nking than any other person. The advocate of the duchess concluded by\nsaying, the king was bound to avenge the death of his brother, as well\nin regard to the duchess and her children, from their proximity of\nblood, as in respect to the offence which had been committed against\njustice and his royal majesty.\nThe chancellor of France, who was seated at the king\u2019s feet, replied,\nwith the advice of the dukes and lords present, that the king, having\nheard the detail of the murder of his brother, would, as speedily as\npossible, do strict and equal justice against the offenders. When the\nchancellor had said this, the king himself spoke, and said, \u2018Be it known\nto all, that the facts thus exposed, relative to the death of our only\nbrother, affect us most sensibly, and we hold the offence as committed\nagainst our own proper person.\u2019\nUpon this the duchess, her son John, and the queen of England, her\ndaughter-in-law, cast themselves on their knees before the king, and,\nwith abundance of tears, supplicated him to remember to do good justice\non the perpetrators of the murder of his brother. The king raised them\nup, and, kissing them, again promised strict justice, and named a day\nfor the enforcement of it. After these words they took their leave, and\nreturned to the h\u00f4tel of Orleans.\nOn the second day ensuing, the king of France came from his palace to\nthe chamber of parliament, which had been greatly adorned, and seated\nhimself on the royal throne. He then published an act, in the presence\nof the dukes, princes, nobility, clergy, and commonalty of his realm, by\nwhich he ordained, that should he die before the duke of Acquitaine was\nof lawful age, notwithstanding this he should govern the kingdom,\u2014and\nthat all things should be conducted in his name by the three estates of\nthe realm, until he should be arrived at the proper age to take the\ngovernment into his own hands.\nShould it happen that his eldest son should die before he came of age,\nhe ordained that his second son, the duke of Touraine, should succeed\nhim; and in like manner that his third son should succeed the duke of\nTouraine, on his death; but that until these princes should be of the\nproper age, the three estates should govern in their name.\nThese ordinances were very agreeable to the princes of the blood and\ncouncil, and were confirmed by them. On the third day of January, the\nduchess of Orleans, for herself and children, did homage for the county\nof Vertus, and all the other lordships that had been held by her late\nhusband. She took her oaths of fealty to the king himself, and, having\ntaken her leave of him, quitted Paris a few days after, and returned\nwith her state to Blois.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ASSEMBLES A NUMBER OF HIS DEPENDANTS,\n AT LILLE IN FLANDERS, TO A COUNCIL, RESPECTING THE DEATH\n OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS.\u2014HE GOES TO AMIENS, AND THENCE TO\nWhen the duke of Burgundy was at Lille, he called to him the nobles,\nclerks, and others of his council, to have their opinion respecting the\ndeath of the late duke of Orleans,\u2014and he was greatly comforted by the\nadvice they gave him. He went thence to Ghent to his duchess, and there\nsummoned the three estates of Flanders, to whom he caused the\ncounsellor, John de la Sancson, to explain publicly the reasons, article\nby article, why he had caused the duke of Orleans to be put to death at\nParis; and as he was desirous that the whole should be made as public as\npossible, he ordered copies to be given of his explanation to all who\nmight be desirous of having them. He then demanded, that they would\nafford him their aid, in case any thing disagreeable should happen to\nhim in consequence of what he had done; and the Flemings promised they\nwould assist him willingly.\nIn like manner did those of Lille, Douay, and the inhabitants of Artois,\nafter they had heard the reasons for this death, and the duke\u2019s request\nof assistance against all the world, except the king of France and his\nchildren. The reasons he assigned for causing the duke of Orleans to be\nput to death were the same, or nearly the same, as those of master John\nPetit, when, by command of the duke of Burgundy, he publicly harangued\nat Paris, before the royal council, and which shall, hereafter, be very\nminutely given.\nDuring this time, the king of Sicily and the duke of Berry sent\nmessengers with letters to the duke of Burgundy at Lille, whither he was\nreturned, to require that he would meet them without fail at Amiens, on\nan appointed day, which they made known to him, in order to confer and\nconsult together on what was to be done respecting the death of the duke\nof Orleans.\nThe duke of Burgundy returned for answer, by the messengers, that he\nwould not fail to meet them; and, in consequence, he requested of the\nstates of Flanders and Artois to lend him a sum of money, which was\ngranted to him.\nHe made grand preparations for his journey, and assembled a very\nconsiderable force. When the day appointed approached, in company with\nhis two brothers, the duke of Brabant and count of Nevers, with many\nother noblemen and gentry, to the amount of three thousand, excellently\narmed, and attended by several of his council, he went from Arras to\nCorbie, and, on the appointed day, entered Amiens, and lodged at the\nhouse of a citizen called James de Hanghart. He caused to be painted\nover the door of this house two lances,\u2014the one with a sharp pointed\nhead, and the other with a blunt one,\u2014which many of the nobles of his\ncompany said was meant to signify, that he was prepared for war or\npeace, accordingly as it might be determined on.\nThe weather was exceedingly severe at this season, and the country was\ncovered with snow, insomuch that the king of Sicily and the duke of\nBerry, accompanied by about two hundred horse, on leaving Paris, were\nforced to employ great numbers of peasants with shovels to clear the\nroad for them. They arrived at Amiens on the day fixed upon; and the\nduke of Burgundy, with his two brothers, magnificently attended, went\nout of the town to meet them,\u2014and mutual respects were paid on each\nside.\nThe king of Sicily was lodged at the h\u00f4tel of the bishop, and the duke\nof Berry at St Martin les jumeaux. At the time that these two princes\nleft Paris, the duke of Bourbon[115], and his son the count de Clermont,\nmuch grieved and melancholy at the death of the duke of Orleans, did the\nsame, and returned to the duchy of Bourbon.\nThe king of Sicily and the duke of Berry had brought with them to Amiens\nsome of the members of the royal council, to attempt, if possible, a\nreconciliation between the two parties of Orleans and Burgundy, for the\nadvantage of the king and realm; but their attempts were vain, for duke\nJohn\u2019s obstinancy was so great that he would no way consent to ask the\nking\u2019s pardon, nor require any remission for what had passed. On the\ncontrary, he maintained that the king and his council should feel\nthemselves much obliged to him for what he had done.\nIn support of this conduct, he had brought with him three doctors in\ntheology, of high fame and reputation in the university of\nParis,\u2014namely, master John Petit, who afterwards argued it publicly at\nParis, and two others. They declared, in the presence of these two\nprinces and the royal council at Amiens, that it was lawful for the duke\nof Burgundy to act as he had done, in regard to the duke of\nOrleans,\u2014adding, that if he had not done it, he would have been greatly\nto blame; and they were ready to maintain these two propositions against\nall who should say to the contrary.\nWhen the two parties had discussed this matter for some days, and when\nthose sent by the king perceived they could not bring it to the\nconclusion wished for by them, namely peace, they broke up the\nconference, and took their departure to Paris, having first signified to\nthe duke of Burgundy, in the king\u2019s name, that he must not return to\nParis until he was so ordered.\nDuke John, however, plainly told them, he should pay no attention to\nthis order; for that it was his intention to go to Paris as speedily as\npossible, to lay his charges and defence publicly before the king and\nthe Parisians. On the morrow of the departure of the two princes, the\nduke of Burgundy, with his two brothers and those who had accompanied\nthem, returned to the town of Arras, with the exception of Waleran count\nde St Pol, who remained for six days after them in Amiens.\nWhen the king of Sicily and the duke of Berry, with the lords of the\ncouncil, were returned to Paris, and had made their report to the king\nand princes, relating at length the answers which the duke of Burgundy\nhad made, and that he had asserted the king ought to requite him in\nvarious ways for having caused the death and murder of the duke of\nOrleans, they were much disgusted and astonished at the great\npresumption and audacity of the duke of Burgundy.\nIt was talked of differently according to the bias of each party. Those\nof Orleans were much angered, and declared, that the king ought to\nassemble all his forces to subdue the duke of Burgundy, and punish him\nas his conduct deserved. While others, attached to the Burgundy-party,\nheld a contrary opinion, thinking the duke had done a praise-worthy act\ntoward the king and his family; and this was the opinion of the greater\npart of the Parisians, by whom the duke of Burgundy was much beloved.\nThe cause of his popularity in Paris were the hopes they entertained,\nthat through his means the heavy taxes with which they and all France\nwere oppressed would be taken off,\u2014which the duke of Orleans, when\nalive, had been so instrumental in imposing, because he had had a great\nshare in them.\nThe duke of Burgundy went shortly after to Flanders, and summoned a\ngreat number of his nobles, gentry and men at arms, to prepare\nthemselves to accompany him to Paris,\u2014notwithstanding the king of Sicily\nand the duke of Berry had forbidden him, in the king\u2019s name, to come\nthither until further orders. He did not, however, pay any attention to\nthis command, but advanced, by short journeys to St Denis, whither the\nking of Sicily, and the dukes of Berry and Brittany, and several of the\nking\u2019s council, came to visit him,\u2014and again forbade him, in the king\u2019s\nname, to enter Paris, if accompanied by more than two hundred men.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on this, quitted St Denis, in company with his\nbrother the count de Nevers, his brother-in-law the count de Cleves, and\nthe duke of Lorraine, with a very large body of men well armed, and\nentered Paris, with the intent of justifying his act and his quarrel\nwith the late duke of Orleans, as well before the king as before all who\nmight think proper to demand it of him.\nThe Parisians shewed great joy on his entering the town; and even little\nchildren sung carols in all the squares, which much displeased the king,\nthe queen, and the princes then in Paris. He dismounted at his h\u00f4tel\nd\u2019Artois, and was, in truth, greatly beloved by the common people; for\nthey believed he was much attached to the good of the kingdom, and to\nthe general weal. This made him more popular than the other princes of\nthe blood,\u2014and the people freshly remembered the heavy taxes that had\nbeen laid on them since the death of the late duke Philip of Burgundy,\nand principally, as they thought, by means of the duke of Orleans, who\nwas exceedingly unpopular with them; and they considered his death, and\nthe being delivered from his government, as a peculiar mark of God\u2019s\ngrace, not foreseeing what was afterward to befal them and the whole\nkingdom of France.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had been some days in Paris, and had learnt\nfrom his friends and partisans how he was to conduct himself, he found\nmeans to obtain an audience of the king, when the princes, clergy and\npeople should be present, to hear his justification of the murder of the\nlate duke of Orleans.\nHe went to the appointed place of audience well armed, and escorted by\nthe princes and lords whom he had brought with him, and great crowds of\nParisians. During his stay at Paris he was always armed, to the surprise\nof the other princes and members of the royal council, who were afraid\nto say any thing disagreeable to him, from his popularity with the\ncitizens, and because he was ever surrounded by men at arms, and had his\nh\u00f4tel full of them; for he had quartered there the whole, or the greater\npart, of those whom he had brought with him. He had also a strong tower\nconstructed of masonry[116], in which he slept at nights, and his\nchamber was strongly guarded. The justification of the duke now follows,\nand shall be literally given, as delivered by doctor John Petit.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY OFFERS HIS JUSTIFICATION, FOR HAVING\n CAUSED THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS, IN THE PRESENCE\n OF THE KING AND HIS GREAT COUNCIL.\nOn the 8th day of March, in the year 1407, duke John of Burgundy offered\nhis justification for having caused the death of the late duke of\nOrleans, at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol at Paris, by the mouth of master John\nPetit, doctor of theology. There were present, in royal state, the duke\nof Guienne[117], dauphin of the Viennois, eldest son and heir to the\nking of France, the king of Sicily, the cardinal de Bar[118], the dukes\nof Berry, Brittany and Lorraine, and many counts, barons, knights and\nesquires, from divers countries, the rector of the university,\naccompanied by a great many doctors and other clerks, and a numerous\nbody of the citizens of Paris and people of all ranks.\nJohn Petit[119] opened his speech in the manner following. \u2018In the first\nplace,\u2019 said he, \u2018the duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders, of Artois and\nof Burgundy, doubly a peer of France, and dean of the french peerage,\ncomes hither, with all humility, to pay his reverence to his royal\nmajesty, like an obedient subject,\u2014to which he is bounden by four\nobligations, according to the decisions of the doctors of civil and\ncanon law. The first of these obligations is,\u2014\u2018Proximi ad proximum qua\nquisque tenetur proximum non offendere. Secunda, est cognatorum ad illos\nquorum de genere geniti vel procreati sunt qua tenetur parentes suos non\nsolum non offendere, sed etiam deffendere verbo et facto. Tertia, est\nvassalorum ad dominum qua tenentur non solum non offendere dominum suum,\nsed deffendere verbo et facto. Quarta est, non solum non offendere\ndominum suum, sed etiam principis injurias vindicare.\u2019\n\u2018Now, my lord of Burgundy is a good Catholic, a prudent man, a lord of a\ngodly life in the Christian faith, and likewise nearly connected to the\nking,\u2014by which he is bound to love him as himself, and to be careful to\navoid giving him any offence. He is his relation by blood, so near as to\nbe his cousin german, which not only obliges him to be attentive not to\ngive him offence, but on the slightest ground to defend him by speech\nagainst all who might intend to injure him. Thirdly, he is his vassal,\nand is therefore bound to defend him not only by words, but by deeds,\nwith all the united strength of his power. Fourthly, he is his subject,\nby which he is obliged not only to defend him by word and deed against\nhis enemies, but is bound to avenge him on such as commit, or do intend\nto commit, and contrive any evil attempts against his person, should\nsuch come to his knowledge.\n\u2018Beside these obligations, he is also bounden to his royal majesty, from\nthe daily honours and presents he is in the habit of receiving from\nhim,\u2014and not only as his relation, vassal and subject, as has been\nstated, but as his very humble knight, duke, count and peer of France;\nnot only a peer of France from two claims, but also the dean of the\npeerage, which, next to the crown, is the highest rank and prerogative\nin the kingdom of France.\n\u2018The king has likewise had such an affection for him, and shewn him such\ngreat honour as to make him father-in-law to the most noble and potent\nlord the duke of Guienne and dauphin of the Viennois, his eldest son and\nheir, by his marriage with the eldest daughter of my lord the duke, and\nhas added to this honour by the marriage of the princess Michelle of\nFrance with the eldest son of my aforesaid lord of Burgundy; and as St\nGregory says, \u2018Cum crescunt dona et rationes donorum,\u2019 he is obliged to\ndefend him from every injury within his power. This he has acknowledged,\ndoes acknowledge, and will acknowledge (if it please God), and will ever\nretain in his heart the remembrance of these obligations, which are\ntwelve in number,\u2014namely, those of neighbour, relation, vassal, subject,\nbaron, count, duke and peer, count and peer, duke, and dean of the\npeerage, and these two marriages.\n\u2018These twelve obligations bind him to love, serve and obey the king, and\nto do him every personal reverence and honour, and not only to defend\nhim against his enemies, but to exercise vengeance against them. In\naddition, that prince of noble memory, my late lord of Burgundy his\nfather, when on his death-bed, commanded him, above all things, to\nbehave most loyally, honourably, justly and courageously toward the\nperson of the king of France, his children and his crown; for he greatly\nfeared his enemies would practise to deprive him of his crown, and that\nafter his decease they would be too strong for him. It was for this\nreason, that when on his death-bed, he insisted on his sons resisting\nevery attempt of the sort.\n\u2018The wise and determined conduct of my lord duke of Berry, in\nconjunction with my above-mentioned deceased lord, must not be\nforgotten, in their government of the kingdom, so that not even the\nslightest suspicion was ever formed against them.\n\u2018For these reasons, my lord of Burgundy could not feel greater grief of\nheart, or more displeasure, than in doing any thing respecting the late\nduke of Orleans that might anger the king. The deed that has been done\nwas perpetrated for the safety of the king\u2019s person, and that of his\nchildren, and for the general good of the realm, as shall be so fully\nhereafter explained that all those who shall hear me will be perfectly\nsatisfied thereof.\n\u2018My lord of Burgundy, therefore, supplicates the king to withdraw from\nhim any hatred he may have conceived against him, and that he would show\nhim that benignity and grace due to his loyal vassal and subject, and to\none nearly related to him as he is by blood, while I shall explain the\ncauses of justification of my lord of Burgundy, in consequence of his\ncommands, which I cannot refuse, for the two following reasons:\n\u2018In the first place, I am bound by my oath, given to him three years\nago, to serve him. Secondly, on his perceiving that I had very small\nbenefices, he gave me annually a considerable pension that I might\ncontinue my studies at the schools, which pension has furnished the\ngreater part of my expenses, and will continue, under his good favour,\nso to do.\n\u2018When, however, I consider the very high importance of the matter I have\nto discuss, and the great rank of the persons to whom I am to address\nmyself, and, on the other hand, when I feel how weak I am in\nunderstanding, memory and language, I am seized with apprehension and\nfear, so that what abilities and remembrance I may have had are fled. I\nhave no other remedy, therefore, but to recommend myself to God my\nCreator and Redeemer, to his glorious mother, and to my lord St John the\nevangelist, the prince of Theologians, that they would have the goodness\nto guard me from saying or doing any thing wrong, in following the\nadvice of my lord St Austin, who says, \u2018Libro quarto de doctrina\nChristiana circa finem; sive apud populum vel apud quoslibet jamiamque\ndicturus, sive quod apud populum dicendum vel ab eis qui voluerint aut\npotuerint legendum est dictaturus, oret ut Deus sermonem bonum det in os\nejus. Si enim regina Hester oravit pro su\u00e6 gentis salute temporali\nlocutura apud regem ut in os ejus Deus congruum sermonem daret,\nquanto-magis orare debet, ut tale munus accipiat qui pro \u00e6terna hominum\nsalute in verbo et doctrina laborat,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018And because the matters I am to treat of are of such very great moment,\nit does not behove so insignificant a person as myself to speak of them,\nnor indeed to open my lips before so august and solemn an assembly. I\ntherefore very humbly entreat you, my noble lords, and the whole\ncompany, that should I utter any thing improper, it may be attributed to\nmy simplicity and ignorance, and not to malice; for the Apostle says,\n\u2018Ignorans feci: ideoque misericordiam consecutus sum.\u2019\n\u2018I should be afraid to speak of such things as my subject will lead me\nto, and which I am charged to say, were it not for the commands of my\nlord of Burgundy.\u2014After this, I now protest that I intend no injury\nwhatever to any person, whether he be alive or dead; and should it\nhappen that some parts of my speech seem to bear hard for or in the name\nof my lord of Burgundy, I pray that I may be held excused, as it will\nproceed from his commands, and in his justification, and not otherwise.\n\u2018But some one may put a question to me, saying, Does it belong to a\ntheologian to offer such justification, in preference to a lawyer? I\nreply, that it certainly does not belong to me, who am neither a\ntheologian nor a lawyer; but to satisfy those who may think such a\nquestion proper, I shall say, that were I a theologian, it might become\na duty under one consideration, namely, that every doctor in theology is\nbounden to labour in excusing and justifying his lord, and to guard and\ndefend his honour and good name, according to the truth, particularly\nwhen his aforesaid lord is good and loyal, and innocent of all crimes.\n\u2018I prove this consideration to be true, from the duty attached to\ndoctors in theology to preach and say the truth at all times and in all\nplaces. They are likewise styled \u2018Legis divin\u00e6 professores quia inter\nomnes alios doctores ipsi magis tenentur profiteri veritatem.\u2019 Should\nthey die for having uttered the truth, they become true martyrs.\n\u2018It is not therefore to be wondered at, if I offer my poor abilities in\nthe justification of my before-mentioned lord, since he has afforded me\nthe means of pursuing my studies, and, if God please, will continue so\nto do. If ever there were a proper time and place to bring forward the\njustification of my lord of Burgundy, it is at this moment, and before\nthis assembly; and such as may find fault with me for so doing are, I\nthink, to be blamed, for every man of honour and good sense will hold me\nexcused. In the hope, therefore, that no one will bear me ill will for\nthis justification, I shall produce an authority for it from St Paul.\n \u2018ON COVETOUSNESS.\n\u2018\u2018Radix omnium malorum cupiditas, quam quidem appetentes erraverunt a\nfide,\u2019 1 Tim. vi. which may be thus translated, Covetousness is the root\nof all evil; for the moment any one is in her net, he follows her\ndoctrine:\u2014she has even made apostates of some who have been too much\nseduced by her. This proposition contains three dogmas: first, that\ncovetousness is the motive of all evil to such as she has entangled by\nher wiles; secondly, that she has caused many apostates, who, having\ndenied the catholic faith, have turned to idolatry; thirdly, that she\nhas made others traitors, and disloyal to their kings, princes, and\nlords paramount.\n\u2018These three propositions I shall bring forward as my major, and then\nadd a minor, for the complete justification of my said lord of Burgundy.\nI may indeed divide these into two parts; the first consisting of my\nmajor, and the second of my minor. The first will comprehend four\nothers, and discuss the first subject of my theme,\u2014the second the\nsecond,\u2014and the third the third. In the fourth article, I propose to\nbring forward some facts as the ground-work of my lord\u2019s justification.\n\u2018In regard to the first article, that covetousness is the root of all\nevil, I may bring forward an instance to the contrary from the holy\nScriptures, which declares, \u2018Initium omnis peccati superbia.\u2019 Eccles. x.\n\u2018Ergo, non est cupiditas radix omnium malorum.\u2019\n\u2018Since the holy church says that pride is the foundation of sin,\ncovetousness is not the root of all evil,\u2014and thus the words of St Paul\ndo not seem true. In answer to this I say, from St John the evangelist,\n\u2018Nolite diligere mundum nec ea qu\u00e6 in eo sunt. Si quis diligit mundum,\nnon est charitas Patris in eo: quoniam omne quod est in mundo aut est\nconcupiscentia carnis, aut oculorum, aut superbia vit\u00e6, qu\u00e6 non est ex\nPatre sed mundo: et mundus transibit, et concupiscentia carnis; sed qui\nfacit voluntatem Dei vivet in \u00e6ternum.\u2019\n\u2018That is to say, Do not love the world, nor place your sole happiness in\nworldly things; for the pleasures of this world consist in covetousness\nand in a love of the flesh,\u2014in the pursuit of worldly riches and vain\nhonours, which are not the passions given us by God. All worldly things\nare transitory,\u2014and the world dies and its desires with it; but he who\ndoes the will of God will enjoy everlasting glory with him.\n\u2018It appears clearly from this quotation from St John that there are\nthree sorts of covetousness, which include within them every sin,\nnamely, covetousness of vain honours,\u2014covetousness of worldly\nriches,\u2014covetousness of carnal delights; and it was thus understood by\nthe Apostle when he said, \u2018Radix omnium malorum cupiditas.\u2019\n\u2018Covetousness being understood to appear in the three forms aforesaid,\nand mentioned by St John,\u2014the first of which is that of vain honours,\nwhich is nothing more than a wicked desire, and a disordered inclination\nto deprive another of his honours or lordships,\u2014this passion is called\nby St John _superbia vit\u00e6_, and contains within it every vice, namely,\npride, vain-glory, anger, hatred and envy; for when he who is possessed\nby this passion cannot accomplish his will, he becomes enraged against\nGod, and against those that stand in his way, and thus commits the sin\nof anger, which increases soon against the person in possession of the\naforementioned superiority, to so great a degree that he practises to\nput him to death.\n\u2018The second covetousness is called \u2018the covetousness of worldly riches,\u2019\nwhich is the passion to take away from another his wealth and moveables,\nand is called by the evangelist _concupiscentia oculorum_. It includes\nwithin it usury, avarice, and rapine.\n\u2018The third covetousness is the _concupiscentia carnis_, which is merely\ndisorderly desires for carnal delights, or perhaps indolence; as, for\nexample, when a monk or other religious cannot endure to go to matins,\nbecause he is more comfortable in his bed. Sometimes it consists in\ngluttony, as when any one devours too much meat or wine, because they\nare pleasing to his tongue and savoury to his palate. At other times, it\nmay shew itself in luxury, and in other shapes and manners which it is\nunnecessary to explain.\n\u2018My first article is therefore clear, when I said, that \u2018covetousness\nwas the root of all evil,\u2019 if we understand it as the apostle did, when\nhe said, \u2018Radix omnium malorum cupiditas: et hoc de primo articulo hujus\nprim\u00e6 partis.\u2019\n\u2018To enter on the subject of the second article of my major, I shall take\nit for granted that the greatest possible crime on earth is the crime of\nhigh treason, for the highest honour under heaven consists in the royal\nmajesty. Can there then be a greater crime than any injury offered to\nthe royal majesty? As this crime, therefore, is the deepest, the\npunishment of it should be the most severe.\n\u2018There are two sorts of kingly dignity,\u2014the one divine and perpetual,\nthe other human and temporal; and in like manner, there are two kinds of\nhigh treason,\u2014the first the crime of treason against the divine, and the\nsecond against the human majesty. That of high treason against the\ndivine majesty may be again divided into two parts; first, when an\ninjury is offered personally to our Sovereign Lord God and Creator, such\nas heresy and idolatry; secondly, when they are committed against the\nspouse of our holy Lord God JESUS CHRIST,\u2014namely the holy Church, and\nwhen any schism or division is introduced within it. I therefore mean to\nsay, that heretics and idolaters commit the crime of high treason in the\nfirst degree, and schismatics in the second.\n\u2018The crime of human high treason may be divided into four degrees:\nfirst, consisting of offences done personally against the prince,\u2014of\noffences done to the person of the queen, his spouse,\u2014of such as are\ndone personally against their children,\u2014and fourthly, of injuries done\nto the public state. As the crime of high treason has been ever\nconsidered as one of the most atrocious, the laws have ordained much\nseverer punishments against it than for any others. In cases of heresy\nand human high treason, a man may be accused after his death, and a\nprocess may be carried on against him: should he be convicted of heresy,\nhis body is taken up from the grave, his bones put into a bag, carried\nto the place of execution, and burnt. In like manner, should any one be\nconvicted after his decease of human high treason, his body is taken up\nfrom the grave, his bones put into a sack, all his wealth in land or\nmoveables is confiscated to the prince, and his children declared\nincapable of holding lands or of succeeding to any property.\n\u2018Having distinguished the crimes of high treason, I shall now proceed to\nprove the second article of my major by authorities and examples,\nnamely, that covetousness has made many apostates, who have denied the\ncatholic faith, and worshipped idols. I have found many instances to\nprove this, but it would take up too much time to relate the whole: I\nshall confine myself to three only.\n \u2018OF JULIAN THE APOSTATE.\n\u2018The first example is Julian the apostate, who was a Christian and a\nchurchman; but to arrive at the imperial dignity of emperor of Rome, he\ndenied the catholic faith and his baptism, and adored idols, telling the\nChristians, by way of colouring his apostacy, \u2018Christus vere dicit in\nevangelio suo, Nisi quis renunciaverit omnibus que possidet, non potest\nmeus esse discipulus.\u2019 Saying, \u2018You who wish to be Christians cannot\npossess any thing.\u2019\n\u2018You must know, that this Julian was a churchman, very learned, and of\nhigh descent; and it was said that he might, had he laboured for it,\nhave been pope; but as the popedom was at that time in a state of\npoverty, he cared not for it,\u2014and the imperial dignity being the highest\nin the world, he was very eager to obtain it by any means. Having\nconsidered that the pagans were sufficiently strong to refuse to be\ngoverned by any Christian, he denied his baptism and the catholic faith,\nand adopted the pagan religion in the adoration of idols. He also\npersecuted the Christians, and defamed the name of JESUS CHRIST, which\nhe looked to as one means of succeeding to the empire.\n\u2018The reigning emperor shortly after died; and the pagans, knowing that\nJulian was of high birth, great learning, and the most bitter persecutor\nof the Christians in the world, and who said more than anyone else\nagainst our holy mother the church, elected him emperor.\n\u2018I will now tell you the horrible death that put an end to his days.\nDuring his government, the Persians rebelled against Rome. He collected\na large army to subdue them, and swore on the altars of his damned gods,\nthat should he return victorious, he would utterly destroy all\nChristendom. In the course of his march with the army, he passed a city\ncalled Cesarea, in the country of Cappadocia, where he met a very\nlearned doctor in theology, who was bishop of that town, and who is now\nknown by the name of St Basil.\n\u2018He was an excellently good man, and, by means of the truth of his\ndoctrines, all the inhabitants of that country were become Christians.\n\u2018St Basil waited on the apostate Julian, made his obeisance to him, and\npresented him with three barley-loaves. The emperor was indignant at the\npresent, and said, \u2018Does he send me mare\u2019s food? I will return the\ncompliment by sending him horse-meat, namely, three bushels of oats.\u2019\n\u2018The good man excused himself, saying that it was such bread as he and\nthose of that country eat. The emperor, however, swore, that on his\nreturn, he would destroy the town so completely that a plough should\npass over the ground, and make a field of the spot where the town now\nstood, which field should bear wheat\u2014\u2018Itaque juravit quod faceret eam\nfarriferam et non austeram\u2019\u2014and marched on with his army.\n\u2018St Basil and the Christians took counsel together how they could save\nthe city from this threatened destruction, and imagined it would be best\nto offer the emperor all their jewels and treasure to appease his anger.\nThey likewise proposed going in procession to a church of our Lady,\nsituated on a mountain near the city, and to remain there for three days\nto pray to God to save them and their city from ruin.\n\u2018On the third night, St Basil had a vision, in which he saw a great\ncompany of angels and saints assembled before a lady, who thus spoke to\none of the saints, called the chevalier Mercure: \u2018Thou hast always been\na faithful servant to my son and to me; and on this account I command\nthee to go and kill the emperor Julian, that false apostate, who so\nbitterly persecutes the Christians, and says such infamous things of my\nson and me.\u2019 She instantly restored Mercury to flesh and blood, who,\nlike a good knight, took his lance and shield from the roof of the\nchurch where it had been affixed after his interment there, and went as\nhe was commanded. When he overtook Julian, he thrust his lance through\nhis body in the presence of his servants: having withdrawn his lance, he\nthrew it across his neck, and none of the emperor\u2019s attendants knew who\nhe was.\n\u2018St Basil, after this vision was ended, hastened to the church wherein\nwas the tomb of the knight, and found neither body nor lance, nor\nshield. He called to him the keepers of the church, and asked them what\nwas become of the lance and shield? They replied, that in the preceding\nnight they had been carried away, but knew not how or by whom.\n\u2018St Basil returned instantly to the mountain, and related his vision to\nthe clergy and people, adding that he had just visited the church where\nthe knight had been buried, but that neither his shield nor lance was to\nbe found, which was a strong confirmation of the truth of the vision.\n\u2018The whole town, shortly after this, visited the church; and the shield\nand lance were seen hanging to the roof, as formerly, over the tomb of\nthe knight,\u2014but the point of the lance was covered with blood.\n\u2018It was imagined that this action had required but one day and two\nnights, and that on the second night the body had been replaced in the\ntomb, and the arms under the roof. The point of the lance was covered\nwith the blood of Julian the apostate, as has been mentioned; and the\nchronicle adds, that when slain, he received the blood in his hand,\nsaying, _Vicisti me Galil\u00e6e!_ that is to say, \u2018Thou hast conquered me,\nGalilean!\u2019 alluding to JESUS CHRIST, and throwing his blood in the air.\n\u2018The same chronicle says, that one of the counsellors and sophists of\nthis Julian had a similar vision respecting his miraculous death, and\nthat he came to St Basil to be baptised, like a good Christian. He told\nhim he had been present when the emperor was killed, and saw him throw\nhis blood from his hand up into the air. Thus ended miserably the life\nof Julian the apostate.\n\u2018We have another example in the monk Sergius, who was a Christian of the\nchurch, but through covetousness got admitted into the company of\nMohammed, and became his apostle. This monk, considering that Mohammed\nwas a great captain in the armies of Syria and other countries beyond\nsea, and that the principal lords of the country were almost all\ndestroyed by the plague, leaving only children behind them, said to\nMohammed, \u2018If you will follow my advice, I will shortly make you the\ngreatest and most respected lord in the universe.\u2019\n\u2018Mohammed consented to his proposals; and it was agreed that Mohammed\nshould conquer the whole country by force of arms, and make himself lord\nof it. The monk was to renounce the Christian religion, and compose a\nnew religious code, in the name of Mohammed. This was done; and all the\ncountries of Arabia, Syria, Africa, Fez, Morocco, Granada, Persia,\nEgypt, with several others that had been Christians, were converted, or\nthe greater part of them, to the religion of Mohammed, six hundred years\nafter the incarnation of our Lord.\n\u2018Mohammed gave to this monk great abundance of worldly riches, which his\ncovetousness received to the eternal damnation of his soul.\n\u2018The third example is that of the prince or duke of Simeon, one of the\ntwelve tribes of the children of Israel. He was a very powerful prince,\nand his name was Zambry, and was so smitten with concupiscence, and\ncarnal desires, for a pagan lady, who would not submit to his will\nunless he consented to adore her idols, that he apostatised, and not\nonly adored idols himself, but induced many of his people and subjects\nto do the same. The holy Scriptures thus speak of him: \u2018At illi\ncomederunt et adoraverunt deos earum. Initiatusque est Israel\nBeelphegor. Et iratus Dominus ait ad Moysem, tolle cunctos principes\npopuli, et suspende illos contra solem in patibulis, &c. et paulopost:\net ecce unus de filiis Israel intravit coram fratribus suis ad scortum\nmadianitem, &c. Quod cum vidisset surrexit de medio multitudinis\nPhinees, et arrepto pugione ingressus est post virum Israelitem in\nlupinar, et perfodit ambos simul in locis genitalibus. Et occisi sunt\nviginti quatuor millia hominum. Et sic Phinees placavit Deum. Et ideo\ninnocentius inde miseria conditionis human\u00e6 ait. Extrema libidinis\nturpitudo: qu\u00e6 non solum mentem eff\u00e6minat, sed etiam corpus aggravat.\nOmne namque peccatum quodcunque fecerit homo extra corpus est; qui autem\nfornicatur in corpus suum peccat.\u2019\n\u2018That is to say, This duke and a great part of his people committed\nfornication with pagan and saracen women of the country of Moab, who\ninduced them to worship their idols. God was much angered thereat, and\nsaid to Moses, who was their sovereign commander, \u2018Take all the princes\nof the people and hang them up on a gibbet in the face of the sun.\u2019 \u2018But\nwhy,\u2019 said he, \u2018hang all the princes?\u2019 Because part of them were\nconsenting to this crime, and the other part, though not following their\nexample, were neglectful to avenge such heavy offences against God,\ntheir Creator.\n\u2018Moses instantly assembled all the princes and people of Israel, and\ntold them what God had commanded him. The people began to weep, because\nthe offenders were so powerful the judges dared not condemn them,\u2014and\nduke Zambry had full twenty-four thousand men of his tribe.\n\u2018This duke quitted the assembly, and, in the presence of all the people,\nentered the house of the pagan lady, the mistress of his heart, who was\nthe handsomest woman of the country. A valiant man, named Phineas,\nroused by this insult to his God, stepped forth, and said, \u2018I vow to\nGod, that I will instantly avenge this offence.\u2019 He departed without\nsaying more, or having any commands from Moses, and having entered the\nlady\u2019s house found her in dalliance with her lover, when, with a knife\nor dagger, he pierced their bodies through, and instantly put them to\ndeath. The twenty-four thousand adherents of the duke wished to revenge\nhis death in battle, but, through God\u2019s grace, they were the weaker, and\nwere all slain.\n\u2018This example of the valiant man Phineas is worthy of notice,\u2014for he was\nso much enamoured with the love of God, and so grieved on seeing the\ndaring insult offered to him, that he was regardless of exposing his own\nlife to danger; nor did he wait for the orders of Moses to perform the\nact,\u2014but he did it because he saw that the judges would not do their\nduty, some through neglect, others from fear of duke Zambry.\n\u2018See what praise and recompense he received for this act, as it is\nwritten in the holy Scriptures: \u2018Dixit Dominus ad Moysem, Phinees filius\nHeleazari filii Aaron sacerdotis avertit iram meam a filiis Israel, quia\nzelo meo commotus est contra eos ut non ipse delerem filios Israel in\nzelo meo idcirco loquere ad eum. Ecce do ei pacem f\u00e6deris mei et erit\ntam ipsi quam semini ejus pactum sacerdotii sempiternum: quia zelatus\nest pro Deo suo, et expiavit scelus filiorum Israel.\u2019\n\u2018That is to say, That the act he had done was so agreeable to God that\nhe rewarded him, by ordaining that none but such as were of his blood\nshould be anointed priests; and this is confirmed by the writings in the\nOld Testament: \u2018Placuit et cessavit seditio, et reputatum est ei ad\njustitiam usque in sempiternum.\u2019 Scribitur in Psalmo. Which means, That\nthis action redounded to the honour, glory and praise of Phineas and his\nfamily for ever.\n\u2018Thus it plainly appears, that concupiscence and disorderly lusts had so\nentangled the duke Zambry in their snares that he became an idolater,\nand worshiped idols.\u2014Here concludes the third example of my second\narticle.\n\u2018Respecting the third article of my major, I must show from the\nauthority of the Bible, which none dare contradict, that covetousness\nhas made many become disloyal, and traitors to their sovereigns; but\nalthough I could produce numerous instances from the Scriptures and\nother writings, I shall confine my examples to three only.\n \u2018OF LUCIFER.\n\u2018The first instance is that of Lucifer, the most perfect of all the\ncreatures God had made, of whom the prophet Isaiah says, \u2018Quomodo\ncecidisti de c\u0153lo Lucifer, qui mane orieberis: qui dicebas in corde tuo,\nconscendam supra astra Dei, exaltabo solium meum, ascendam supra\naltitudinem nubium et similis ero altissimo. Veruntamen ad infernum\ndetraheris in profundum laci.\u2019 Scrib. Is. xiv.\n\u2018Lucifer, as the prophet writes, considering himself as the most perfect\nof creatures, said, within his own mind, \u2018I will exert myself so greatly\nthat I will place myself and my throne above the angels, and rival God;\u2019\nthat is to say, he would have the same obedience paid to him. For this\nend, he deceived numbers of angels, and brought them over to his party,\nso that they were to do him homage and obedience, as to their sovereign\nlord, and be no way subject to GOD; and Lucifer was to hold his\ngovernment in like manner to GOD, and independent of all subjection to\nhim.\n\u2018Thus he wished to deprive GOD, his Sovereign and Creator, of the\ngreater part of his power, and attribute it to himself, being induced to\nit by covetousness, which had taken possession of his mind.\n\u2018St Michael, on discovering his intentions, came to him, and said, that\nhe was acting very wrong; and that, since GOD had formed him the most\nperfect of his creatures, he was bounden in gratitude to pay him greater\nreverence and obedience than all the others, for the gracious favours\nthat had been shewn him. Lucifer replied, that he would do no such\nthing. St Michael answered, that neither himself nor the other angels\nwould suffer him to act so injuriously to their Sovereign Lord and\nCreator. In short, a battle ensued between them,\u2014and many of the angels\ntook part on either side, but the greater number were for St Michael.\n\u2018St Michael slew Lucifer with a perdurable death,\u2014and he and his legions\nwere cast out of heaven by force, and thrown into hell. Their sentence\nis in the xiith chap. of the Revelations: \u2018Michael et angeli ejus\npreliabantur cum dracone, et draco pugnabat et angeli ejus cum eo;\u2019 et\npaulum post,\u2014\u2018et projectus est in terram draco ille, et angeli ejus\nmissi sunt cum eo. Et audivi vocem magnam in c\u0153lo dicentem, nunc facta\nest salus, et virtus, et regnum Deo nostro;\u2019\u2014which means, That St John\nsaw in a vision this battle, and how Lucifer was cast with his angels\nfrom heaven into hell. When the battle was won, he heard a loud voice\nproclaiming through the heavens, \u2018At present, peace is restored to our\nLord God and to his saints.\u2019\u2014Thus ends the first example of the third\narticle.\n\u2018The second instance refers to the fair Absalon, son to David king of\nJerusalem.\u2014Absalon, considering that his father was become old and very\nfeeble, practised a conspiracy against him, and had himself anointed\nking. He collected ten thousand fighting men, whom he marched toward\nJerusalem, to put his father to death and take possession of the town.\n\u2018King David received intelligence of what was intended, and in\nconsequence fled from the city of Jerusalem, with some of his faithful\nfriends, to a town beyond Jordan, whither he summoned his adherents. A\nbattle was shortly proposed in the forest of Lendeue, whither Absalon\ncame with a large force of men at arms, leading them as their prince.\nHis constable and other knights advised him to remain within the forest,\nfor it was strongly situated. This he did; but as he was one of the most\nexpert knights in the world, he would himself form his army into three\nbattalions: the first was put under the command of Joab, his constable;\nthe second was given to Bisay, brother to Joab; and the third was\ncommanded by Eschey, son to Jeth. When the battle took place, it was\nvery severe and hard fought; but the party of Absalon was slain or put\nto flight.\n\u2018It happened, as Absalon was flying on his mule after the defeat of his\nparty, that he passed under an oak, whose spreading branches caught hold\nof his hair, and thus suspended him, while his mule galloped from under\nhim. Absalon had that day taken off his helmet from his head, the more\nreadily to escape,\u2014and his hair was extremely thick and long, reaching\nto his girdle, and got twisted among the branches, so that he seemed to\nhang there miraculously, as a punishment for the disloyal treason he had\nformed against his father and sovereign.\n\u2018Absalon was seen in this situation by one of the men at arms of Joab,\nconstable to king David,\u2014and he hastened to tell Joab of it, who\nreplied, \u2018When thou sawest him, why didst thou not kill him? and I would\nhave given thee ten golden besants, and a handsome girdle.\u2019 The man\nanswered,\u2014\u2018If thou wouldst have given me ten thousand besants, I should\nnot have dared to have touched him, or done him the least evil; for I\nwas present when the king commanded thee, and all his men at arms,\nsaying, \u2018Save me my child Absalon! Oh, save him from being slain!\u2019\u2019\n\u2018Joab said, \u2018that the commands of the king were contrary to his honour\nand safety; and that so long as Absalon should live, the king would be\nalways in peril, and we shall not have peace in the kingdom. Lead me\nwhere Absalon is.\u2019 And the man led him to where Absalon was hanging by\nhis hair. Joab, on seeing him, thrust his lance thrice into his body,\nnear to the place of his heart, and then had him thrown into a ditch and\ncovered with stones; for according to the laws of God, all traitors\nagainst their fathers and sovereigns were to be put to death and covered\nwith stones.\n\u2018When David heard of the death of his son, he went into an upper\nchamber, and wept bitterly, uttering these words: \u2018Fili mi Absalon, fili\nmi quis mihi tribuat ut ego moriar pro te Absalon fili mi[120].\u2019\n\u2018It was told to Joab and the other captains, that David was inconsolable\nfor the loss of Absalon, which made them very indignant; and Joab went\nto David, and said,\u2014\u2018Confudisti hodie vultus omnium servorum tuorum qui\nsalvam fecerunt animam tuam. Diligis odientes te, et odio habes\ndiligentes te, et ostendisti hodie quia non curas de ducibus tuis, et de\nservis tuis, et vere cognovi modo quod si Absalon viveret, et nos omnes\noccubuissemus tunc placeret tibi. Nunc igitur surge et precede et\nalloquens satisfac servis tuis: juro enim tibi per dominum, quod si non\nexieris, ne unus quidem remansurus sit tecum nocte hac; et pejus erit\nhoc tibi, quam omnia mala, qu\u00e6 venerunt super te ab adolescentia tua\nusque in pr\u00e6sens.\u2019 Scribitur, 2 Reg. xix.\n\u2018That is to say, The good knight Joab went to the king, and said to him\nwithout disguising his sentiments, \u2018Thou hatest those who love thee, and\nart fond of such as hate thee: thou wouldst that we, who have risked our\nlives in battle to save thee, had perished, so that Absalon had lived.\nThy captains and people are so wroth against thee that, unless thou\narise and seat thyself at thy gate to thank them cheerfully as they\nenter thereat, they will deprive thee of thy kingdom, and choose another\nking; and no greater misfortune will have befallen thee from thy youth\nto this day, unless thou dost as I have advised.\u2019\n\u2018The king, feeling the justice of what Joab had said, went and seated\nhimself at the gate to thank his men at arms on their entrance, and made\nthem good cheer.\n\u2018In this example, it is to be noticed, that Joab killed Absalon contrary\nto the king\u2019s express orders, because they were prejudicial to the\nhonour of God, of the king, and of the people.\n\u2018Notwithstanding that Joab slew Absalon, they had always been intimate\nfriends, insomuch that Joab had made peace for him with his father David\nfor a murder which he had committed on the eldest of the king\u2019s sons,\nand for which Absalon had been a fugitive from the kingdom four years.\n\u2018Some may, however, argue the contrary, because king David, when on his\ndeath-bed, charged his son Solomon, who was to succeed him, to punish\nJoab; but I am sure it was not for the above-mentioned act,\u2014for although\nJoab, at the time he slew Absalon, was a good and loyal knight, he\ncommitted too great faults toward the end of his days. The first, when\nhe killed a very good knight and man at arms, called Amasa,\u2014and,\nsecondly, by putting that excellent knight Abner to death treacherously,\nnamely, by embracing him, and at the same time, thrusting a knife into\nhis body; and as king David had not punished Joab for these two enormous\ncrimes himself, he felt such compunctions of conscience for it on his\ndeath-bed, that he ordered king Solomon to have it done when he should\nbe deceased, and punish him in this mortal life, that Joab might escape\nperpetual damnation, saying thus: \u2018Tu scis qu\u00e6 fecerit mihi Joab filius\nSarvi\u00e6 qu\u00e6 fecerit duobus principibus exercitus Israel, Abner filio Ner,\net Amas\u00e6 filio Jether, quos occidit, et effudit sanguinem belli in pace.\nFacias ergo juxta sapientiam tuam, et non deduces caniciem ejus pacifice\nad infernos.\u2019 Scribitur, 2 Reg. xi.\n\u2018Which means, \u2018That the two knights, chiefs of the chivalry of Israel,\nhad been disloyally slain, when at peace with God and man. I am hurt in\nmind for having been too lenient towards him; and if thou dost not\npunish him for these two crimes, thou wilt cause the damnation of his\nsoul.\u2019\n\u2018I must here remark, that there is no knight so perfect but who may\ncommit a fault, and one indeed so great as to do away all his former\ngood actions. And therefore men do not at justs and at battles cry out,\n\u2018The brave for ever!\u2019 (_Aux preux!_) but men always cry out, \u2018The sons\nof the brave!\u2019 (_Aux fils de preux!_) after the deaths of their fathers.\nFor no knight can be judged _preux_ (valiant, or brave) till after his\ndeath[121].\n\u2018My third instance shall be of Athalia, queen of Jerusalem, of whom the\nholy Scriptures say,\u2014\u2018Athalia vero mater regis Ochosi\u00e6, videns filium\nsuum mortuum surrexit et interfecit omne semen regium. Tollens autem\nJosaba filia regis Joran et soror Ochosi\u00e6 Joas filium Ochosi\u00e6 furata est\neum de medio filiorum regis qui interficiebantur et nutricem ejus de\ntriclinio et abscondit eum a facie Athali\u00e6 ut non interficeretur,\u2019 &c. 4\nReg. xi.\n\u2018Which, being translated, means, That the wicked Athalia, observing king\nOchosias, her son, was dead, and had left but very young children to\nsucceed him, through lust of governing the kingdom, slew all the king\u2019s\nchildren excepting Joas, who, through the courage of a valiant lady,\ninspired thereto by the grace of God, was carried away from his cradle,\nand sent by her secretly to the high priest, who educated him until he\nwas seven years old.\n\u2018This wicked queen reigned tyrannically for seven years, when the\nhigh-priest had her put to death by those who lay in wait for the\npurpose. He then caused the young child to be anointed king, who,\nnotwithstanding his youth, being only seven years of age, governed his\nkingdom excellently well, through the advice of the high-priest and\nother prudent counsellors. The holy Scriptures say, \u2018Joas regnavit 40.\nannis in Hierusalem fecitque rectum coram Domino cunctis diebus quibus\ndocuit eum Joiada sacerdos.\u2019\n\u2018Thus you have the third example, which shows how the concupiscence of\nvain honours is nothing more than a disorderly passion, to take by force\nthe possessions of another. This it was that made queen Athalia a\nmurderess, false and disloyal, and induced her to obtain, by a\nsuccession of crimes, the government of the kingdom of Jerusalem.\n\u2018You have heard how she was privily slain by such as lay in wait for\nher, which is a lawful manner of slaying tyrants, and is the death which\nall such ought to suffer.\u2014With this I conclude the third article of my\nmajor.\n\u2018I come now to my fourth article; to which I propose adding eight facts,\nby way of conclusion, and eight others as corollaries, the stronger to\nlay my foundation for the justification of my aforesaid lord of\nBurgundy. I shall first lay it down as law, that any subject-vassal, who\nby an artful desire of obtaining the realm of his sovereign lord and\nking, shall employ any witchcraft, or other illegal means, against his\ncorporal safety, sins most grievously, and commits the crime of high\ntreason, in the first degree, and, consequently, is deserving a double\ndeath.\n\u2018I secondly prove my proposition, by adding, that any subject-vassal who\nis an enemy to his sovereign lord sins mortally. My conclusion is\ntherefore true,\u2014and that he is a tyrant I shall prove by my lord St\nGregory, who says:\n \u2018Tyrannus est proprie qui non dominus reputatur.\n Non juste principatur; aut non principatu decoratur.\n Nam sicut regnum rectus principatus dicitur.\n Sic dominium perversum tyrannis nuncupatur.\u2019\n\u2018It appears plain, that whoever commits the crime of high treason\nagainst the person of the prince is guilty of the highest possible\noffence, and is deserving of a double death. By the first death, I mean\nthe separation of the body from the soul, which causes a perdurable\ndamnation; for St John the evangelist says, \u2018Qui vivit non morietur nec\nl\u00e6detur a morte secunda;\u2019 that is to say, That every human creature who\nshall obtain a victory over Covetousness and her three daughters, need\nnot be afraid of the second death, namely, eternal damnation.\n\u2018The second fact is, that in cases where a subject-vassal has been\nguilty of this crime, he cannot be too severely or too speedily\npunished; but a man of rank is more deserving of punishment than a\nsimple subject, a baron than a simple knight, a count than a baron, a\nduke than a count, the cousin to the king than a foreigner, the king\u2019s\nbrother than a cousin, the son to the king than his brother. Such is the\nfirst part of the second fact,\u2014and I thus prove the second part; for as\nthe obligation is greater, by many degrees, to desire to preserve the\nsafety of the king\u2019s person and the good of the state, so the punishment\nof those who act contrary increases according to their rank; and the\nconsequence I draw from it will prove true, namely, that the son is more\nbounden than the brother, the brother than the cousin, a duke than a\ncount, a count than a baron, a baron than a knight, &c. to guard and\npreserve the honour of the king and the welfare of the realm; for to\neach of these ranks and dignities is a certain corresponding duty\nattached,\u2014and the higher the rank, the greater the obligation, for the\nlarger the possessions, and the more noble the person, the more he is\nbounden, as St Gregory, before quoted, says, \u2018Cum crescunt dona et\nrationes donorum.\u2019\n\u2018To continue my argument: the nearer the person is to the king by blood\nor hereditary honours, should he commit such crimes, it is by far more\nscandalous than if they were done by others removed at a greater\ndistance from royalty. It is more scandalous for a duke or a potent\nlord, nearly related to the king, to practise his death, in order to\ngain his kingdom, than it would be for a poor subject no way related to\nthe king; and being more iniquitous, the more deserving punishment.\n\u2018I shall, in the third place, prove my proposition by saying, Where\nthere is greater danger there should be a greater degree of punishment;\nfor the machinations of near relations to the king are of far more\nimportance and more perilous than those of poor people. And as they are\nmore dangerous, they are deserving of severer punishment to obviate the\nperils that may happen, and to check the desires that may arise in such\nas are so near to the crown, to gain possession of it. For this end,\nthey may exert every influence, by force or otherwise, to grasp it,\nwhich a poorer subject would never think of doing, as he could not have\nany expectations of wearing it.\n\u2018My third truth is, That it is lawful for any subject, without any\nparticular orders from any one, but from divine, moral and natural law,\nto slay, or to cause to be slain, such disloyal traitors; I say it is\nnot only lawful for any one to act thus in such cases, but it is also\nmeritorious and highly honourable, particularly when the person is of\nsuch high rank that justice cannot be executed by the sovereign himself.\nI shall prove this truth by twelve reasons, in honour of the twelve\nApostles.\n\u2018The three first reasons are drawn from the authorities of three moral\nphilosophers: three others are from three dogmas of sacred theology of\nSt Augustin, who says, in the last part of the second book of sentences,\n\u2018Quando aliquis dominium sibi per violentiam surripit nolentibus\nsubditis, vel etiam ad consensum coactis: et non est recursus ad\nsuperiorem per quem de tali judicium posset fieri. Talis enim qui ad\nliberationem patri\u00e6 talem tirannum occidit, laudem et pr\u00e6mium accissit.\nHic primum laudatur. Item debet laudari per qu\u00e6 facit opus dignum laude.\nIdem licitum pr\u00e6mium et honorabile accipit, et idem debet accipere. Ille\nfacit opus meritorium quia nullum opus est dignum, primo nisi fieret\nmeritorium.\u2019 To translate this briefly, the holy doctor declares, that a\nsubject who shall put to death such a tyrant does a work deserving\npraise and remuneration.\n\u2018My second authority is as follows: \u2018Salisberiensie, sacr\u00e6 theologi\u00e6\neximii doctoris in libro suo Policratici, li. ii. cap. 15. Sic dicit;\namico adulari non licet; sed aurem tiranni mulcere licitum est, ei\nnamque scilicet tiranno licet adulari quem licet occidere;\u2019 that is to\nsay, It is unlawful to flatter a friend, but not so to deceive by fair\nwords the ears of a tyrant; for since it is lawful to put him to death,\nit is allowable to cheat him by flattering speeches.\n\u2018My third authority is from several doctors, whom I class together, not\nto exceed the number of three, namely, \u2018Ricardi de media villa,\nAlexandri de Hallis et Astensis, in summa qui conclusionem pr\u00e6fatam\nponunt in iii. efforum;\u2019 adding, for higher authority, the confirmation\nof St Peter the apostle, who says, \u2018Subditi estote regi quasi\npr\u00e6cellenti sive ducibus, tanquam ab eo missis ad vindictam\nmalefactorum, audem vero bonorum, quia sic est voluntas Dei.\u2019 Scribitur\nprim\u00e6 Pet. ii. That is to say, It is the will of God that all should\nobey the king, as sovereign lord over his kingdom; and the duke, as\nbeing sent by the king to punish those who have done ill, and remunerate\nthe good.\n\u2018Hence it follows, that dukes are obliged, to the utmost of their power,\nto avenge the injuries that are done, or may be intended against the\nking\u2019s person, and to oppose all such attempts as may come to their\nknowledge.\n\u2018I now proceed to the authorities from moral philosophers, the first of\nwhich is,\u2014\u2018Ante forum principis pluribus locis cuilibet subditorum\nlicitum est occidere tyrannum, et non solum licitum immo laudabile.\u2019\nThat is to say, It is lawful for any subject to destroy a tyrant, and\nnot only lawful, but even honourable and worthy of praise.\n\u2018Cicero, in libro de Officiis, \u2018Laudatis illos qui illum C\u00e6sarem\ninterfecerunt quamvis esset sibi familiarium amicus eo quod jura imperii\nquasi tyrannus usurpaverat.\u2019 That is, Tully writes, in his noble book on\nmorality, That those who killed Julius C\u00e6sar are praiseworthy, because\nJulius had usurped the government of Rome as a tyrant.\n\u2018My third authority is from Boccacio, who, in his book \u2018de Casibus\nvirorum illustrium, s. lib. ii. cap. 15. contra filios tyrannorum,\u2019 in\nspeaking of the tyrant, says, \u2018Shall I call him king? shall I call him\nprince? shall I preserve my allegiance to him? Oh no: he is an enemy to\nthe public welfare. May I employ conspiracies and open force against\nhim? It is very proper and necessary so to do,\u2014for there is not a more\nagreeable sacrifice than the blood of a tyrant, and it is insupportable\nto receive blame for having done good.\u2019\n\u2018I come now to my three authorities from the civilians. As I am no\nlawyer, it will suffice if I mention the judgments that have been given\nwithout producing them; for in my life I never studied the canon nor\ncivil law more than two years, and twenty years have passed since that\ntime, so that what little I may have learnt I have quite forgotten since\nthe period of my studies.\n\u2018The first authority of the civil law is, That any one may put to death\ndeserters from the laws of chivalry; and who can be a greater deserter\nfrom chivalry than him who deserts the person of his king, the fountain\nof chivalry, and without whom it cannot long exist?\n\u2018Secondly, It is lawful for every one to kill thieves and robbers, who\ninfest forests and rob on the highways,\u2014because they are particularly\nthe enemies of the public weal, and consequently plotting to destroy all\ntravellers: consequently, it is lawful to kill a tyrant, who is\ncontinually practising against his king, the sovereign lord, and against\nthe public good.\n\u2018Thirdly, If it be lawful for any one by the civil and imperial law to\nput to death a thief found by night in a house, it is much more so to\nslay a tyrant, who day and night devises the death of his sovereign\nlord. This consequence clearly follows, and will be apparent to any man\nof sound understanding, if he consider it, and the antecedent texts from\nholy writ.\n\u2018Before I touch on the three examples from the holy Scriptures, I wish\nto reply to some objections that may be made to what I say, in arguing\nthus: All murder is forbidden by every law, divine, natural, moral and\ncivil. Whatever may be said to the contrary, I shall prove it from\nScripture: \u2018Non occides,\u2019 in Joh. xx. is one of the divine commandments,\nwhich forbids any kind of murder. That it is forbidden by the natural\nlaw, I prove by this quotation,\u2014\u2018Natura enim inter homines quandam\ncognationem constituit qua hominem homini insidiari nefas est.\u2019\n\u2018I prove it forbidden by the moral law, from \u2018Quia per id: hoc non\nfacias aliis quod tibi non vis fieri: alterum non l\u00e6dere; jus suum\nunicuique tribuere: hoc est morale, insuper et de naturali jure.\u2019\n\u2018That the civil and imperial laws forbid murder, those laws shall prove,\n\u2018Qui hominem occidit capite puniatur, non habita differentia sexus vel\nconditionis. Item omne bellum omnis usus armorum vitiosus pr\u00e6cipue\nprohibitus est: nam qui vitio pr\u00e6cipue bellum gerit, l\u00e6s\u00e6 majestatis\nreus est. Item regis proprium furta cohibere, adulteria punire, ipsos de\nterra perdere: qui enim talia sibi appropriat aut usurpat, principem\ninjuriatur et l\u00e6dit: quoniam ut dicit lex judiciorum vigor: juris et\npublica tutela in medio constituta est, ne quis de aliquo quantumcunque\nsceleribus implicito assumere valeat ultionem.\u2019\n\u2018To reply to the above arguments: It should be known that theologians\nand jurists use diversely this word _homicidium_; but, notwithstanding,\nthey agree in the same opinion respecting the thing. The theologians\nsay, that to kill a man lawfully is not homicide, for the word\n_homicidium_ carries with it \u2018quod sit justum propter hoc dicunt quod\nMoyses, Phinees, et Mathathias non commiserunt homicidia quia juste\nocciderunt;\u2019 but some jurists say, that killing of a man, just or\nunjust, is homicide,\u2014while others deny it, saying there are two modes of\nhomicide, legal and illegal; and for justifiable homicide no man ought\nto be punished.\n\u2018I answer, therefore, with the theologians, that the killing of a tyrant\nis not homicide, inasmuch as it is just and legal. According to the\ngeneral law, I confess it would be homicide; but if there be shewn\njustifiable cause for it, no punishment, but remuneration, should\nfollow.\n\u2018With regard to that part of the argument which says, \u2018Quod hominem\nhomini insidiari nefas est, et qu\u00e6 magis insidiatur homini,\u2019 &c. it\nalludes to a tyrant who is continually practising the death of his king\nand sovereign lord. \u2018Et homo est nefas, et perditio, et iniquitas.\u2019 As\nfor him who slays a man, by watching a proper opportunity for it, to\nsave the life of his king, and preserve him from mortal peril, he does\nno \u2018nefas,\u2019 but acquits himself of his duty toward his sovereign lord.\n\u2018Et homo est nefas, et perditio, et iniquitas;\u2019 and therefore he who\nkills such an one, by watching a proper opportunity, does it to save the\nlife of his king.\n\u2018In regard to that passage which says, \u2018Non facias aliis, &c. alterum\nnon l\u00e6dere,\u2019 &c. I reply, that it makes against the tyrant, and in\nfavour of him who slays him; for he (the tyrant) does against his king\nthat which he would not have to be done against himself, \u2018et ipsum regem\ninjuriatur et l\u00e6dit.\u2019 For which reason, he who has put to death such a\nperson, according to his deserts, has done nothing contrary to the laws,\nbut has preserved the meaning of them, namely, true equity and loyalty\ntowards his king and sovereign lord.\n\u2018To the other quotation from the laws that says, \u2018Hominem occidere,\ncapitale esse omnis usus armorum,\u2019 &c. I answer, that there are no laws\nnor usages so very general but that there may be some exceptions made\nfrom them. I say, that the case of killing a tyrant is exempted, more\nespecially when he is guilty of the crimes before mentioned. How can any\ngreater cause of exemption be shewn than that, when the murder is done\nthrough necessity, to save the king from being put to death?\n\u2018Even when conspiracies against his royal person have been so far\ncarried by witchcraft and otherwise, that he is disabled from\nadministering justice; and the tyrant being found deserving of that\npunishment, the king, from weakness of intellect, cannot, or will not,\npunish him, the killing of him, in such cases, is not against the law,\nproperly speaking, for all laws have two meanings: the first is the\ntextual signification, the other is the \u2018quo animo,\u2019\u2014the person\ncommitting a crime has done it, and the law, as intended by those who\nmade it, is to be explained according to the intent of its framers, and\nnot always according to the literal sense.\n\u2018Thus the philosopher brings forward the example of citizens who made a\nlaw for the defence of their city, that no one, under pain of death,\nshould mount the ramparts, because their city was besieged; and they\nwere afraid, should strangers mount the walls with the inhabitants,\nthere might arise danger to them, from these strangers, at a proper\nopportunity, joining their enemies, or at least making them signs to\nshow where they might the more easily attack the town.\n\u2018It happened, that this town was attacked at several places,\u2014when the\nstrangers and pilgrims who were within it, observing the enemy were much\nsuperior to the inhabitants, armed themselves and mounted the walls at\nthe weaker parts, when they repulsed the enemy, and saved the town. The\nphilosopher then asks, Since these pilgrims have mounted the walls\ncontrary to the express words of the law, they have infringed it, and\nshould they not be punished? I say no; for although they have acted\ncontrary to the literal text of the law, they have not disobeyed the\nspirit of it, which was the saving of the town,\u2014for had they not mounted\nthe walls in its defence, it must have been taken.\n\u2018As to the laws which declare, that none ought to administer justice but\nthe prince, nor do any deeds of arms without his licence,\u2014I maintain,\nthat these laws were made for the preservation of the king\u2019s honour and\nperson, and for the public good.\n\u2018Should there exist a tyrant of great power and authority, who is\ncontinually practising, by witchcraft and other means, the death of the\nking, and to deprive him of his kingdom,\u2014and should that king, from\nweakness of intellect or want of force, be unable to punish him, and\nshould he permit him to go on in his wickedness,\u2014I should disregard, in\nthis case, the law that forbids me to bear arms without the king\u2019s\nlicence, or to take the authority into my own hands in a general sense\nonly. What have I to do with the literal sense of it? Am I to leave my\nking in such peril? By no means. I am bound to defend my king, and put\nto death the tyrant; for should I, by thus acting, do contrary to the\ntext of the law, I follow the spirit of it, and the object it was\ndirected to, namely, the preservation of the honour and life of my king;\nand I should think myself more deserving of praise than if I had\nsuffered the tyrant to live on in his wickedness. I ought therefore to\nbe rewarded, and not punished, for having done a meritorious deed,\ntending to a good purpose, for which end all laws were made.\n\u2018St Paul says, \u2018Littera occidit, charitas autem \u00e6dificat;\u2019 which means,\nthat to follow the literal sense of the holy Scriptures is death to the\nsoul, but that we ought to obey the true meaning in all charity,\u2014that is\nto say, to mark and accomplish the end for which the divine laws were\nmade. Spiritual edification is a goodly thing.\n\u2018Item, the laws divine, natural and human, give me authority for so\ndoing, and by so doing I am a minister of the divine law; and it is\nplain, that the objections I have started, as probably to be made\nagainst what I have said, are not of any weight.\n\u2018I come now to my three instances from the holy Scriptures, to confirm\nthe truth of my third fact. In the first place, Moses, without any\nauthority whatever, slew the Egyptian who tyrannised over the\nIsraelites.\n\u2018At this period, Moses had no authority to judge the people of Israel,\nfor this power was not given to him until forty years after the\nperpetration of this act. Moses, however, was much praised for having\ndone it. \u2018Ut patet auctoritate, Exodi ij. quia tanquam minister legis\nhoc facit. Ita in proposito in hoc faciendo ego ero minister legis.\u2019\n\u2018The second instance is that of Phineas, who, without any orders, slew\nthe duke Zambry, as has been related. Phineas was not punished for this,\nbut on the contrary praised, and greatly requited in affection, honour\nand riches. In the affection that God shewed him, greater than before.\nIn honour, \u2018Quia reputatum est ei ad justiciam,\u2019 &c. In riches, \u2018Quia\nper hoc acquisivit actum sacerdotii sempiternum non tantum pro se, sed\npro tota tribu sua.\u2019\n\u2018The third instance is that of St Michael the archangel, who, without\nwaiting for any commands from GOD, or others, but solely from his\nnatural love, killed the disloyal traitor to his God and Sovereign\nLord,\u2014because Lucifer was conspiring to invade the sovereignty and\nhonour of GOD. St Michael was rewarded for his action in love, honour\nand wealth. In love, in that GOD had a stronger affection for him than\nany other, and confirmed him in his love and grace. In honour, \u2018Quia\nfecit eum militi\u00e6 c\u0153lestis principum in \u00e6ternum.\u2019 That is to say, He\nmade him the prince of his angelic chivalry for ever. In wealth, for he\ngave him riches and glory to his satisfaction: \u2018Tantum quantum erat\ncapax, de quibus loquitur. O altitudo divitiarum sapienti\u00e6 et scienti\u00e6\nDei, quam incomprehensibilia sunt judicia ejus, et investigabiles vi\u00e6\nejus.\u2019 Ad. Rom. xi.\n\u2018Thus my third fact has been proven by twelve reasons. The fourth is,\nThat it is more meritorious, honourable and legal, that a tyrant should\nbe slain by one of the king\u2019s relations than by a stranger no way\nconnected with him by blood,\u2014by a duke than by a count,\u2014by a baron than\nby a simple knight, and by a knight than by a common subject.\n\u2018I thus prove my proposition. He who is related to the king has an\ninterest to guard his honour and life against every injurious attempt,\nand is bounden so to do more than any stranger, and, in like manner,\ndescending from those of high rank to the common subject. Should he fail\nin this his duty, the more deserving is he of punishment, while, on the\ncontrary, by performing it, he gains the greater honour and renown.\n\u2018Item in hoc magis relucent amor et obedientia occisoris, vel occidere\npr\u00e6cipientis ad principem et dominum suum quia est magis honorabile si\nfuerit pr\u00e6potens dux vel comes. Item in hoc magis relucet potentia regis\nquod est honorabile et quanto occisor vel dict\u00e6 occisionis pr\u00e6ceptor non\nfuerit vilior et potentior tanto magis,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018In regard to alliances, oaths, promises and confederations, made\nbetween one knight and another, in whatever manner they be, should they\nbe intended to the prejudice of the prince or his children, or the\npublic welfare, no one is bound to keep them; for, in so doing, he would\nact contrary to the laws, moral, natural and divine. I shall now prove\nthe truth of this: \u2018Arguendo sic. Bonam \u00e6quitatem (dictamen recta\u00e6\nrationis) et legem divinam boni principes in persona publica servare, et\nutilitatem reipublic\u00e6 debent pr\u00e6ferre, et pr\u00e6supponere in omnibus\ntalibus promissionibus, juramentis, et confederationibus: immo\nexcipiuntur implicite secundum dictamen rect\u00e6 rationis: bonam \u00e6quitatem\net charitatis ordinem quia alias esset licitum non obedire principi immo\nrebellare contra principes, quod est expresse contra sacram Scripturam\nqu\u00e6 sic dicit: \u2018Obedite principibus vestris, licet etiam discolis et\nalibi. Subjecti estote regi pr\u00e6cellenti, sive judicibus tanquam ab eo\nmissis ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem vero bonorum.\u2019 1 Pet. iij. ut\nsup. allegatum est.\n\u2018\u2018Ex illo arguitur sic. Quandocunque occurunt du\u00e6 obligationes ad\ninvicem contrari\u00e6 major tenenda est, et minor dissolvenda quantum adhoc,\nsed in casu nostro concurrunt du\u00e6 obligationes. Et cum obligatio ad\nprincipem sit major, et alia minor obligatio ad principem tenenda est,\net alia non in tali casu. Item arguendo eandem qu\u00e6stionem, quandocunque\naliquis facit quod est melius quamvis juravit se id non facturum, non\nest perjurium, sed perjurio contrarium: ut expresse ponit magister\nsententiarum ultima dicti tertii: sed in casu nostro melius est tyrannum\nin pr\u00e6fato casu occidere quamvis juravit se non occisurum quam presentem\nvivere ut tactum est superius: ergo occidere tyrannum in pr\u00e6fato casu\nquamvis juravit se non occisurum, non perjurium facit, sed perjurio\ncontrarium. Et consequenter Isidorus in libro de summo bono sic dicit:\nid non est observandum sacramentum et juramentum quo malum incaute\nremititur, sed in casu nostro male et incaute promititur. Sed non tenent\npromissiones jurata vel conf\u00e6derationes contra principem, uxorem\nprincipis, liberos, vel reipublic\u00e6 utilitatem.\u2019\n\u2018Seventhly, If any of the above confederations and alliances should turn\nout to the prejudice of the person so engaging, of his wife or his\nchildren, he is not obliged to abide by them. \u2018Patet hic veritas per\nrationes tactas prius et cum hoc probatur sic, quia observare in illo\ncasu conf\u00e6derationes contra legem charitatis qua quis magis sibiipsi,\nuxori propri\u00e6 vel liberis quam posset obligari cuicunque alteri virtute\ntalis promissionis et omnia pr\u00e6cepta et consimilia in ordine ad\ncharitatem patent per apostolum sic dicentem. Finis pr\u00e6cepti est\ncharitas, quia in omnibus casibus et promissionibus intelligitur hoc, si\nin fide observaverit juxta illud frangenti fidem, &c. Item,\nsubintelligitur si domino placuerit sed certum est quod non placeret Deo\ncum foret contra legem charitatis, ideo,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018In regard to the seventh proposition, namely, that it is lawful and\nmeritorious for any subject to put to death a traitor that is disloyal\nto his king, by waylaying him, and whether it be lawful for him to\ndissemble his purposes,\u2014I shall prove it first by the authority of that\nmoral philosopher Boccacio, already quoted, in his second book \u2018De\nCasibus Virorum illustrium,\u2019 who, in speaking of a tyrant, says, \u2018Shall\nI honour him as prince? shall I preserve my faith to him as my lord? By\nno means: he is an enemy, and I may employ arms and spies against him.\u2019\nThis act of courage is holy and necessary; for there cannot be a more\nagreeable sacrifice to God than the blood of a tyrant.\n\u2018I prove this from holy writ, in the instance of Jehu: \u2018Occident te\nsacerdotes et cultores Baal, ut habetur primo reg. ex. ubi sic dicitur,\nJehu Acab parum coluit Baal, ego autem colam eum amplius. Et paululum\npost; porro Jehu licet incidiose ut disperdat cultores Baal, dicit,\nsanctificate diem solennem Baal, &c. et laudatur de hoc. Item de Athalia\nregina vidente filium suum mortuum surrexit, et interfecit omne semen\nregium, ut regnaret, et Joyadas summus sacerdos insidiose fecit eam\noccidi. Et de hoc laudatur ut superius tactum est ad longum. Item,\nJudith occidit Holofernem per insidias. Et etiam de hoc laudatur pater\nfamilias quod ad zizani\u00e6 eradicationem non voluit expectare tempus\nmessis ne triticum simul cum zizaniis eradicaretur, &c. Quod\nintelligitur in occisione tyrannorum per insidias sed et bonam cautelam\net debet expectari loci et temporis opportunitas et expleri ne boni\neradicentur,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018This is the proper death for tyrants: they ought to be slain by\nwaylaying, or other means improper to be used toward good men; and for\nthis reason, we are bound, in many instances, to preserve our faith to\nour capital enemy, but not to tyrants. As the reasons for this, urged by\ndoctors, are common, and of some length, I shall pass them over.\n \u2018AS TO WITCHCRAFT.\n\u2018Eighthly, Any subject and vassal who shall imagine and practise against\nthe health of his king and sovereign lord, to put him to death by a\nlanguishing disorder, through covetousness to gain his crown and\nkingdom,\u2014any one who shall cause to be consecrated, or, more properly\nspeaking, to be directed against him swords, daggers, knives, golden\nrods or rings, dedicated, by means of necromancy, to the devils, or\nshall make invocations with characters, sorceries, charms, after having\nthrust sharp instruments into the bodies of dead men hung on a gibbet,\nand then into the mouths of such malefactors, leaving them there for the\nspace of several days, to the horror of all who detest these abominable\npractices; and, beside these arts, shall wear near their bodies a piece\nof cloth, containing the powder of some of the bones of malefactors,\nsewed up, or tied, with the hair from the secret parts: I say, such as\nshall commit any crimes similar to the above, are not only guilty of\nhuman high treason, in the first degree, but are disloyal traitors to\nGod their Creator, and to their king.\n\u2018As idolaters, and false to the catholic faith, they are worthy of the\ndouble death, here and in the world to come, even when such sorceries\nand witchcraft shall fail of their intended effect on the king\u2019s person.\n\u2018Quia dicit dominus Bonaventura, lib. ii. d. 6. Diabolus nunquam\nsatisfacit voluntati talium, nisi antequam infidelitas idolatri\u00e6\nimmisceatur, sicut enim ad divina miracula plurimum facit fides, &c. Et\nideo experiencia de effectu pr\u00e6dictarum superstitionum secuta in\npersonam pr\u00e6fati regis probat clare ibi fuisse idolatriam et fidem\nperversam. Item diabolus nihil faceret ad voluntatem talium in tali casu\nnisi exhiberetur ei dominium quod multum affectat nec se exhibet ad\ntales invocationes ipsis invocantibus eum, nisi ipsum adorent et\nsacrificia et oblationes offerant, aut pacta cum ipsis d\u00e6monibus\nfaciant. Item, doctor sanctus secunda secund\u00e6 in xi. articulo secundo\ndicit quod tales invocationes nunquam sortiuntur effectum nisi fuerit\nfalsa corruptio fidei idolatria et pactio cum d\u00e6monibus. Ejusdem\nopinionis videtur esse Alexander de Hallis, Ricardus de Media-villa et\nAstensis in summa. Et communiter omnes doctores qui de hac materia\nlocuti sunt, et sicut falsarii monet\u00e6 et pecuniarum regis,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018I thus perceive that all the doctors in theology agree in saying, that\nsuch sorceries, charms and witchcraft can only succeed by the work of\nthe devil, or by his false means;\u2014and that these sorceries, and suchlike\nsuperstitions, have not of themselves the power of hurting any one, but\nthat the devils have the ability to injure any person so far only as\nshall be permitted them by God.\n\u2018The devils will not do any thing for those that call on them, unless\nthey perform three things, namely, pay them divine honour, which ought\nsolely to be paid to God, by offering them homage and adoration, proving\nthemselves false to the holy catholic faith,\u2014and the doing of which\nmakes them guilty of the crime of high treason.\n\u2018_Primum Corrolarium._ Should it happen, that for the circumstances\nabove stated, any of these invocators of the devil, idolaters, and\ntraitors to the king, should be confined in prison, and that during the\ntime that their process is carried to judgment, any accomplice of their\ncrimes should deliver or cause them to be delivered from prison, he\nshall be punished just as these idolaters would have been, as guilty of\nthe crime of high treason in the first and fourth degree.\n\u2018_Secundum Corrolarium._ If any subject who shall give, or promise to\ngive, a large sum of money to another for poisoning the king his\nsovereign lord, and the bargain be proven and the poisons laid, although\nthey may fail to produce their effects, through the interference of the\nprovidence of God or other means,\u2014those who have committed this crime\nare guilty of being traitors and disloyal to their sovereign, and shall\nsuffer the double death for high treason in the first degree.\n\u2018_Tertium Corrolarium._ Any subject who, by treachery and hypocrisy,\nshall during any mummeries, through malice aforethought, procure dresses\nfor his king, and, having clothed him in such dresses, shall cause them\nto be set on fire, with the intent that the king his sovereign may be\nburnt in them, so that he may obtain his kingdom, commits high treason\nin the first degree, is a tyrant and disloyal to his king, and is\ndeserving of the double death, even should his sovereign escape, for the\nnoble and valiant persons who may have been burnt to death in exquisite\npain through his means.\n\u2018_Quartum Corrolarium est_: When any subject and vassal to the king\nshall make alliances with those who are mortal enemies to his sovereign\nand kingdom, he cannot exculpate himself from being guilty of treason;\nmore especially when he shall send advice to the men at arms of the\nenemy not to surrender any forts they may have gained in the\nkingdom,\u2014for that when he shall be employed against them he will afford\nthem succour. And beside, when he not only shall prevent the march of\nany armies against such enemies, but shall encourage them by secret and\nunderhand means, he is a traitor to his king and country, and is\ndeserving of the double death.\n\u2018_Quintum Corrolarium est_: If any subject or vassal shall, through\ndeceit and false information, sow the seeds of dissention between the\nking and queen, by telling the latter that the king hates her so\nmortally he is determined on having her and her children put to death,\nand that she has no other remedy to prevent this but flying out of the\nkingdom with her children; advising her strongly at the same time, to\nput this plan into execution, and offering to conduct her out of the\nrealm to any castle she may please, adding with much subtilty, and by\nway of caution, that the queen must keep this advice very secret, lest\nshe may be prevented from following it; and if, in order to accomplish\nthis plan, he propose to the queen that she should undertake different\npilgrimages until she be in a place of safety, intending by this means\nto confine her and her children in some of his prisons, and to gloss it\nover to the king, so that he may succeed him in his crown and kingdom.\nAny subject guilty of such a crime commits high treason in the second,\nthird and fourth degrees. This is such an apparent truth that should I\nwish to prove it, \u2018esset adjuvare c\u0153lum facibus.\u2019\n\u2018_Sextum Corrolarium est_: If any subject or vassal, through ambition to\nobtain a crown and kingdom, shall visit the pope, and impose on him, by\nimputing falsely and wickedly crimes and vices against his king and\nsovereign lord, which would be blots in his royal issue, concluding\nthence that such a king is unworthy to reign, and his children unfit to\nsucceed him, and requiring most urgently of the pope that he would issue\na declaration to the effect of depriving the king and his children of\nthe crown; and likewise declaring, that the kingdom had devolved to him\nand his race, requesting that the pope would grant absolution to all the\nvassals of the realm who should adhere to him, giving them a\ndispensation for the oaths of fidelity that all subjects are obliged to\ntake to their king,\u2014such as may commit the above crime are disloyal\ntraitors to their sovereign, and guilty of high treason in the first and\nsecond degrees.\n\u2018_Septimum Corrolarium est_: If any disloyal subject shall hinder\n(\u2018animo deliberato\u2019) the union of the church, and counteract the\nconclusions formed by the king and clergy of this realm for the welfare\nand security of the holy church, and shall use, among other means, that\nof force, to induce the pope to incline to his iniquitous way of\nthinking,\u2014such subject is a traitor to his God, to the holy church, to\nhis king and sovereign lord, and ought to be reputed a schismatic and\nobstinate heretic. He is worthy of the disgraceful death, insomuch that\nthe earth ought to open under him and swallow him up, like to Coran,\nNathan and Abiran, as we read in the Bible, \u2018Aperta est terra sub\npedibus eorum, et aperiens os suum devoravit eos cum tabernaculis suis,\ndescenderuntque viri eorum in infernum operti humo.\u2019 Num. xvi. Psal.\n\u2018Aperta est terra et deglutivit Dathan,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018_Octavum Corrolarium est_: Any subject or vassal who shall, through\nambition to obtain the crown, practise the death of his sovereign and\nhis children by secret means, such as the poisoning their food, is\nguilty of high treason in the first and third degrees.\n\u2018_Nonum et ultimum Corrolarium est_: Every subject or vassal who shall\nraise a body of men at arms, who do nothing but pillage and devour the\nsubstance of the people, rob and murder whom they please, and force\nwomen, and whose captains are posted in the strong places, castles,\npasses, and fords and bridges of the said kingdom, and shall moreover\nimpose heavy taxes on the people under the pretext of carrying on the\nwar against a foreign enemy, and, when these taxes have been raised and\npaid into the king\u2019s treasury, shall seize on them by force, and\ndistribute the amount among the enemies and illwishers to the king and\nkingdom, in order to strengthen himself that he may obtain his damnable\nends, namely, the crown and kingdom,\u2014every subject who thus acts ought\nto be punished as a false and disloyal traitor to the king and realm,\nand as guilty of high treason in the first and fourth degrees, and\ndeserving of the double death.\n\u2018Thus ends the first part of my justification of my good lord of\nBurgundy.\n \u2018SEQUITUR MINOR.\n\u2018I come now to declare and prove my minor, in which I shall show, that\nthe late Louis duke of Orleans was devoured with covetousness of vain\nhonours and worldly riches: that to obtain for himself and his family\nthe kingdom and crown of France, by depriving our king of them, he\nstudied all sorts of sorcery and witchcraft, and practised various means\nof destroying the person of the king, our sovereign lord, and his\nchildren.\n\u2018So greatly had ambition and covetousness, and the temptation of the\nhellish adversary, possessed themselves of him that, as a tyrant to his\nking and liege lord, he committed the crime of divine and human high\ntreason, in every manner and degree noticed in my major; that is to say,\nin the first, second, third and fourth degrees.\n\u2018In regard to the divine high treason, as that concerns the Sovereign\nJudge in the heavens, I shall not lay any great stress upon this\narticle, but shall touch upon it incidentally, when I speak of human\nhigh treason. I shall therefore enumerate, article by article, how he\nhas committed human high treason in the four degrees above stated, and\nshall consequently divide my minor into four heads.\n\u2018Respecting the first charge I make, of his having committed high\ntreason in the first degree,\u2014that is, when the offence has been done\ndirectly against the person of the king,\u2014it may be done two ways: the\nfirst by imagining and practising the death and destruction of the\nprince, his sovereign lord, which may be divided into several heads, but\nI shall content myself with three.\n\u2018The first by practising the death of the prince by sorcery, charms and\nwitchcraft; the second, by poisons, venoms and intoxication; the third,\nby killing or causing the prince to be killed by arms, water, fire, and\nother violent injections.\n\u2018That he is guilty of the first charge, I prove thus: To cause the king\nour lord to die of a disorder so languishing, and so slow, that no one\nshould divine the cause of it,\u2014by dint of money, he bribed four persons,\none of whom was an apostate monk, the others a knight, an esquire, and a\nvarlet, to whom he gave his own sword, his dagger and a ring, for them\nto consecrate to, or, more properly speaking, to make use of, in the\nname of the devils.\n\u2018As suchlike sorceries can only be performed in solitude, and far from\nthe world, these persons took up their abode for many days in the tower\nof Mont-Jay, near Laigny-sur-Marne. The aforesaid apostate monk, who was\nthe principal in this diabolical work, made there several invocations to\nthe devil, and at different times, the whole of which took place between\nEaster and Ascension-day; and one grand invocation on a Sunday, very\nearly and before sun-rise, on a mountain near to the tower of Mont-jay.\n\u2018The monk performed many superstitious acts near a bush, with\ninvocations to the devil; and while doing these, he stripped himself\nnaked to his shirt and kneeled down: he then stuck the points of the\nsword and dagger into the ground, and placed the ring near them. Having\nuttered many invocations to the devils, two of them appeared to him, in\nthe shape of two men, clothed in brownish green, one of whom was called\nHermias, and the other Estramain. He paid them such honours and\nreverence as were due to God our Saviour, after which he withdrew behind\nthe bush.\n\u2018The devil who had come for the ring took it and vanished; but he who\nwas come for the sword and dagger remained,\u2014but afterward, having seized\nthem, he also vanished. The monk, shortly after, came to where the\ndevils had been, and found the sword and dagger lying flat on the\nground, the sword having the point broken,\u2014but he saw the point among\nsome powder, where the devil had laid it. Having waited for half an\nhour, the other devil returned, and gave him the ring, which to the\nsight was of the colour of red, nearly scarlet, and said to him, \u2018Thou\nwilt put it into the mouth of a dead man, in the manner thou knowest,\u2019\nand then he vanished. The monk obeyed his instructions, thinking to burn\nthe king our lord,\u2014but through the providence of God, and the aid of\nthose most excellent ladies the duchesses of Berry and Burgundy, who\nwere present, he escaped.\n\u2018I shall next show that the duke of Orleans was guilty of the crime of\nhigh treason in the first degree, by the alliances he contracted\ncontrary to the interest of the king and kingdom. It is a fact, that\nwhen the king our lord and king Richard of England were firmly united in\nfriendship, by the marriage of Richard with the eldest princess of\nFrance, king Richard would, at any risk, speak to the king our lord\nrespecting his health; and when they were together, he told him, that\nthe infirmity he was subject to was caused by means used by the dukes of\nOrleans and of Milan, and entreated him, by the love of God, to be on\nhis guard against them.\n\u2018The king, after this conversation, conceived so great a hatred against\nthe duke of Milan, and not without cause, that the herald who bore his\narms dared not appear in his presence. When this came to the ears of the\nduke of Orleans, he took a mortal dislike to king Richard, and inquired\nwho was the greatest enemy he had in this world. He soon learnt that it\nwas Henry of Lancaster, to whom he made advances, and at length\nconcluded an alliance with him, in order to destroy the king, and to\nstrengthen himself as much as possible, to arrive at his damnable ends.\n\u2018The duke of Orleans and Henry of Lancaster agreed mutually to labour\nand assist each other to accomplish the deaths of the two kings, that\nthey might obtain the crowns of France and England,\u2014that of France for\nLouis d\u2019Orleans, and that of England for Henry of Lancaster.\n\u2018Henry succeeded in his attempt, but, thank God! the duke of Orleans has\nfailed. And to confirm the truth of this alliance, the duke of Orleans\nhas ever been favourable to the English, and has assisted Henry with all\nhis power, and particularly in regard to the siege of the castle of\nBordes, when he sent to the garrison not to surrender it to the French,\nfor that he would hinder the success of the siege, and afford them\nsufficient succour when there should be need of it. He also prevented\nmany expeditions from taking place, which were intended against the\nEnglish.\n\u2018Thus he proved himself a tyrant and disloyal to his prince and to the\nwelfare of the kingdom, and committed high treason of the first degree,\nin a second manner. In confirmation of this, a fact has just struck me\nwhich I will relate to you. At the time when king Richard was a\nprisoner, and it was the intention of Henry to have him put to death,\nsome of the english lords said to him, that great danger might ensue\nfrom the indignation of the French. Henry replied, they need not have\nany fears on that head, for he had a powerful friend in France, to whom\nhe had allied himself, namely, the duke of Orleans, brother to the king,\nwho would not, for any attempt that might be made on king Richard,\nsuffer the French to attack the English; and to convince them, he made\nthem read the letters that had passed, and the articles of the treaty\nconcluded between them. It appears then, that the duke of Orleans has,\nin various ways, committed high treason of the first degree.\n\u2018I shall now finish this article of my minor, although there be many\nother very horrible crimes perpetrated by the duke of Orleans of the\nfirst degree of high treason, which my lord of Burgundy reserves to\ncharge him with at a proper opportunity, should there be a necessity for\nit.\n\u2018I proceed to the second article of my minor, wherein I shall charge the\nduke of Orleans with being guilty of the crime of high treason, not only\nin the first, but also in the second degree, which consists in offending\nthe king in the person of the queen his wife.\n\u2018It is a fact, that about four years after the king was attacked by his\nunfortunate disorder, the profligate duke of Orleans never ceased\nimagining how he could succeed in his wicked and damnable designs, and\nthought that if he could prevail on the queen to quit the kingdom with\nher children, he would the more readily obtain his object. With this\nintent, he falsely informed her, that the king was very indignant\nagainst her,\u2014and advised her, as she regarded her own life and the lives\nof her children, to quit the presence of the king and to leave the\ncountry.\n\u2018He offered to conduct her and them to the duchy of Luxembourg (thinking\nthat when there he could do with them as he pleased), and promised the\nqueen that he would there safely guard her and her children. He added,\nthat should the king recover from his frenzy, and should he perceive\nthat he was no longer angry with her, and that she might safely return,\nwhich he engaged to urge to the king with all his power, he would\nre-conduct her and her children to his majesty. And in case the king\nshould not have changed his opinion concerning her, he would maintain\nher according to her rank in the duchy of Luxembourg, were any of the\nnobles, or even the king or others to visit her. The better to colour\nhis wicked designs, he gave the queen to understand that this project\nmust be kept secret, and executed with much caution, lest she and her\nfamily should be stopped on the road to Luxembourg. He advised her to\nundertake a pilgrimage with her children to St Fiacre, and thence to our\nLady at Liesse, whence he would escort her to Luxembourg, and give her\nsuch an establishment as should be suitable for her and her children\u2019s\nrank, until the present dispositions of the king should be changed.\n\u2018He frequently pressed the queen on this subject, using nearly the words\nI have related, all tending to put the queen and her children in his\npower to do with them as he pleased. They certainly were in great\ndanger,\u2014and it would have increased, if some worthy persons, real\nfriends to the queen, had not informed her, that all she had heard was\nfalse, which made her alter her intentions the moment she discovered the\nwicked and damnable designs of the duke or Orleans. She determined, in\nconsequence, not to undertake this journey.\u2014Thus concludes the second\narticle of my minor, which plainly proves the late duke of Orleans\nguilty of high treason against the person of the queen of France.\n\u2018I shall now show, that the duke of Orleans has been guilty of high\ntreason in the third degree, by three different crimes: the first, by\npoisons and intoxications; the second, by fallacious deceptions; the\nthird, by his false representations to the pope.\n\u2018In regard to my first charge, I declare the late duke of Orleans guilty\nof intending the death of the late dauphin by means of a poisoned apple\nwhich was given to a child, with orders to offer it to my lord the late\ndauphin, and to none other, which was done. It chanced as he was\ncarrying this apple, he passed through the gardens of the h\u00f4tel de St\nPol, where he met the nurse to the children of the duke of Orleans,\ncarrying one of them in her arms. The apple seemed so beautiful that she\nbade the child give it to her, that she might present it to the infant\nshe was carrying,\u2014but he said he would not give it to any one but my\nlord the dauphin. Seeing the boy so obstinate, the nurse took the apple\nfrom him by force and gave it her child to eat, who soon after fell sick\nand died.\n\u2018I here ask one question. This innocent died of the poisoned apple:\nought the boy who brought it, or the nurse who gave it the child, be\npunished? I reply, No, neither of them; but the crime must be attributed\nto those who poisoned it, or caused it to be carried.\n\u2018In regard to my second charge, of fallacious deceptions, I have already\ntouched upon them, in his treacherous conduct and advice to the queen,\nto quit the kingdom for the duchy of Luxembourg.\n\u2018As to my third charge, it is well known, that the duke of Orleans,\npersevering in his wicked designs, has personally, and by ambassadors,\noften practised with the pope to deprive the king of his crown and\nkingdom. To succeed in this damnable conspiracy, he falsely and wickedly\ncharged the king with crimes affecting his royal progeny, which he gave\nthe pope to understand were such as required him to declare the king and\nhis posterity unworthy to hold or succeed to the crown of France. He\nalso requested the pope to grant absolution to all who should act\ncontrary to the oath of fidelity they had been constrained to take to\nthe king, and to declare the next of his blood the successor to the\ncrown and government of France.\n\u2018The better to secure the pope in his interests, he has always favoured\nand supported him by divers ways, as is apparent from his conduct, in\nthe cession and restitution of the monies from the hospital of Toulouse.\n\u2018Thus the third article of my minor is made clear, notwithstanding there\nare very many other horrible crimes of high treason in the third degree,\ncommitted by the late duke of Orleans, unnoticed, which my lord of\nBurgundy has reserved to himself, to bring forward or not as he may see\noccasion.\n\u2018I now come to the fourth article of my minor, which is, that the late\nduke of Orleans, has been guilty of high treason in the fourth degree,\nnamely, of offending against the public welfare.\n\u2018Although I have before noticed his alliance with the enemies of the\nrealm, which is acting positively against the public good, I shall show\nhow he has otherwise committed this crime. In the first place, by\nkeeping men at arms in different parts of the realm, who did nothing but\nplunder the people, rob all travellers, and force women. He moreover,\nplaced their captains in the strongest castles, and at all the passes,\nbridges and fords of rivers, the better to succeed in his wicked\ndesigns, namely, the usurpation of the government.\n\u2018Secondly, He has imposed intolerable taxes on the subjects of the\nrealm, pretending they were for the carrying on the war against the\nenemy, but giving from their amount large sums to the illwishers to the\nkingdom, to induce them to become his allies, and support him in his\nattempt to seize the crown.\n\u2018Thus it appears that I have proved the duke of Orleans guilty of high\ntreason in the fourth degree. There are beside many other facts more\nwicked and criminal than I have stated; but my lord of Burgundy has\nreserved them with others, to bring forward, if it be necessary, more\nstrongly to convict the duke of Orleans of having had the design of\ncompassing the king\u2019s death, and the deaths of his royal family, that he\nmight obtain the crown.\n\u2018Now, if my hearers will unite my minor with my major, it will clearly\nfollow, that my lord of Burgundy is not deserving of any blame whatever\nfor what has happened to the criminal duke of Orleans; nor ought the\nking our lord to be dissatisfied with him, but, on the contrary, he\nshould be pleased with what he had done, and requite him for it in three\nways,\u2014namely, in love, honour, and riches, after the example of the\nrewards given to my lord the archangel St Michael, and to the valiant\nman Phineas, which I have already mentioned in my major.\n\u2018According to my plain understanding, I think our lord and king ought to\ndeclare his attachment to my aforesaid lord of Burgundy, and publish his\ngood fame both within and without the kingdom, by his letters patent, in\nthe manner of epistles or otherwise; and God grant it may be so done,\n\u2018Qui est benedictus in secula seculorum. Amen.\u2019\nAfter master John Petit had finished his harangue, he requested of the\nduke of Burgundy that he would vouch for all he had said, which the duke\ngranted, and avowed the whole of what master John Petit had laid to the\ncharge of the late duke of Orleans, in the presence of the dauphin, who\nrepresented the person of the king, and all the other princes and lords\nbefore particularized. The orator, after this, declared that the duke of\nBurgundy had reserved some charges of a deeper nature to lay before the\nking personally, when a proper occasion should offer.\nThe assembly now broke up, and the princes and lords retired to their\ndifferent h\u00f4tels. The duke of Burgundy was escorted to his h\u00f4tel\nd\u2019Artois by a large body of men at arms and archers.\nThere were great murmurings in Paris among all ranks, for the assembly\nhad been open to all, respecting the charges made against the late duke\nof Orleans, and various were the opinions concerning them. Those\nattached to the Orleans-party declared they were all false, whilst the\nBurgundians maintained the contrary.\nShortly afterward, queen Isabella of France, apprehensive of\nconsequences to herself and children, set out from Paris with her son\nthe duke of Acquitaine and the others, accompanied by Louis duke of\nBavaria, her brother, and fixed her residence in the castle of Melun.\nThe king, who had been very ill of his disorder for some time, now\nrecovered: the duke of Burgundy waited on him, and was not only\nreconciled but obtained letters sealed with the king\u2019s seal and signed\nwith his own hand, by which he was pardoned for what had lately happened\nto the duke of Orleans, to the astonishment of many great lords and wise\nmen, but at this moment it could not be otherwise.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS A SOLEMN EMBASSY TO THE POPE.\u2014THE\n ANSWER THEY RECEIVE.\u2014THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATES THE KING\n AND HIS ADHERENTS.\nAbout this period, some persons came to the king and the lords then at\nParis, to inform them, that the pope and his rival would neither of them\nresign the popedom, as they had promised in the city of Savona,\u2014but by\nvarious deceitful means kept up the schism that had so long hurt the\ntrue interests of the church. The king, in consequence, wrote letters to\nthe pope, and sent them by Jean de Ch\u00e2teau-morant and Jean de Coursen,\nknights, his ambassadors, to declare, that if peace were not firmly\nestablished throughout the Christian church by Ascension day next\nensuing, he himself and the clergy, nobles and people of his realm and\nof Dauphiny, would no longer obey him or his adversary.\nPope Benedict was not well pleased with the contents of these letters,\nnor with the embassy, although he dissembled with the ambassadors. He\nmade them a short answer, saying he would speedily reply to the letters\nthey had brought, after which they took leave of him and returned to\nParis, to make the king and council acquainted with all that had passed.\nIt was not long before a messenger from the pope arrived at Paris, who\nwent to the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, and, understanding the king was in his\noratory at the commencement of the mass, proceeded thither, and\npresenting the king with an apostolical letter instantly departed.\nWhen mass was over, the king caused the letter to be opened, and\ndeliberately read, by which he learnt that he himself and all his\nsubjects were excommunicated.\nSearch was instantly made in Paris after the person who had brought this\nexcommunication, but in vain, for he had quitted the city as secretly\nand suddenly as he could. The king and his council, noticing the manner\nand form of this act, in compliance with the exhortations of the\nuniversity of Paris, the greater part of his council, and the princes of\nthe blood, who were all much angered with the pope, he withdrew himself\nfrom his obedience to the holy see.\n THE APOSTOLICAL LETTER RECEIVED BY THE KING.\n\u2018Benedict, bishop and servant to the servants of God, to his very dear\nson in JESUS CHRIST, Charles king of France, sends health and\napostolical benediction.\n\u2018Would to God, very dear son, that thou knewest the love and affection\nwe bear to thy noble and potent person, and didst understand the purity\nof our mind, thou wouldest then be sensible of the great joy we feel in\nthy prosperity, and of our grief at any tribulations that befal thee. If\nof this thou hadst knowledge, thou wouldest not listen to those\ndetractors, who by false tales endeavour to set thy heart against us,\nbut love us, as a son should love a father, and then the disturbances in\nthy kingdom, raised up by thy persecutions against our holy church,\nwould cease.\n\u2018Thou knowest well, glorious prince, and hast also heard from public\nreport, how constantly and diligently we have laboured to restore union\nto the church; and the advances we have made, in order to obtain peace,\ntoward those who have foolishly encouraged the unfortunate schism, by\nclaiming the right of enjoying the holy see, and more particularly\ntoward Angelo Corrario, who calls himself Gregory, and is at present the\nadversary to the church. He, however, refuses to perform the promises he\nhad made in various places to resign his pretensions, and prolongs the\ndivision in the holy church under frivolous and false pretences. It is,\nhowever, notorious, and cannot be denied, that it has not been owing to\nany fault in us that peace has not been given to the church, and all\ncause for schism annihilated.\n\u2018Notwithstanding this, there are some, we hear, who are very busy in\ntheir endeavours to defame us to thee, and to lessen, in as much as they\ncan, the purity of our good fame. Others, we learn, are weakening thy\ndevotion, and that of the princes of thy blood, by unjustly blaming us,\nand charging us most falsely with want of diligence in re-establishing\nthe union of the holy church.\n\u2018In truth, such persons should be answered by stating the real facts,\nwhich would destroy their fictions and falsehoods; and we believe that\nthey have been the cause why we have not received any thing in our\ntreasury from thy kingdom for the space of two years, an edict having\nbeen issued from thy court, which has deprived us of our rights, and we\nare no longer obeyed in thy realm. We look, however, for consolation and\nassistance from thee; for thy predecessors, in times past, have laboured\nto destroy the schisms and errors in the church, and to preserve peace\nand union. But some in thy kingdom have lately rebelled against the holy\nsee, by appealing from us, against the constitutions of the canon,\u2014and\nthey have been permitted to spread abroad divers errors, contrary to the\npurity of true religion.\n\u2018In addition to what we have stated, we have been much hurt and affected\nby the conduct of thy ambassadors in this town, and in our presence. Our\nvery dear sons Jean de Ch\u00e2teau-Morant and Jean de Coursen, noble men and\nthy ambassadors, have come to us from thee, and brought us letters\nsealed with thy seal, by which thou makest known to us, that if by the\nfeast of Ascension next coming, union be not established throughout our\nholy church, and one pope or pastor of that church be elected, thyself,\nthe clergy, nobles and people of thy realm, and of the duchy of Guienne,\nwill observe a strict neutrality, and will not pay obedience to either\nof the popes, nor wilt thou suffer thy subjects to pay any attention to\nour mandates.\n\u2018Thou mayest consider, very dear son, if we had not cause for grief at\nheart, on reading these harsh expressions. They are little proofs of\nthat love a child owes a father, and have been followed by serious\nconsequences; for when thou and the princes of thy blood make use of\nsuch expressions, others may carry their meaning to a farther extent,\nand may include thee in the perdition that may befal them.\n\u2018Thy good renown has been also wounded by the sin thou hast committed in\nwishing to set bounds to divine mercy. The union thou thinkest to obtain\nis sinful, and a perseverance in schism; for our adversary and his\nfollowers, swollen up with pride, will not bend nor incline to peace,\nbut will acquire greater obstinacy from the hopes thy conduct will have\ngiven them, that we shall be deprived of any power over thy subjects and\nkingdom. Thus those who were dejected and in despair will, from our\noppressions, regain strength and courage.\n\u2018Truly, most dear son, we to whom God has intrusted the care of his\npeople, cannot longer suffer such things as may be injurious to the\ndivine Majesty, and may cause the peril of souls, and tend to keep alive\nthe schism in the holy church, and to invalidate my election and\nreputation.\n\u2018We grieve much at thy deception, and at the wicked counsels thou hast\nreceived,\u2014and we exhort and entreat of thee, in the name of our blessed\nSaviour, that thou wouldst not listen to such wicked men, who seek their\nown profit from the losses of the church, and from the quarrels they may\nexcite in thy family.\n\u2018With regard to our proceedings, thou hast had full knowledge of them,\nfrom what we have written to thee on the subject. Consider, therefore,\ncoolly with thy council, the purity of our intentions: have the goodness\nto revoke and annul all edicts that may be injurious to us and to the\nchurch, and use thy endeavours to bring thine and all other kingdoms to\nthat obedience originally due to us. We also must tell thee, that we\nwill not act as thou hast written to us, for it does no honour to thy\nexcellent understanding.\n\u2018If thou wilt obey the mandates and exhortations of thy father, thou\nwilt gain great merit with God, and, by inclining thyself to the holy\napostolical see, much praise from man. Beloved son, be on thy guard\nagainst deceivers. We will also, that thou shouldst know, and by these\npresents do make known to thee, that beside the pains and punishments\npronounced by the law, we have lately made other constitutions, which we\nsend thee with our bull, by which thyself and all other such delinquents\nand disobedient children (which God avert!) will be punished. We have\ndone this to preserve thee and other princes from the heinous offence of\nhigh treason, so great is our paternal love toward thee and them, in\norder that at the day of judgment we may be blameless, by endeavouring\nto prevent, as much as in us lies, any soul from perishing.\n\u2018Given at Porto Venere, in the diocese of Genoa, the 23d day of March,\nin the 14th year of our papacy.\u2019\n THE BULL OF THE POPE DELLA LUNA, BY WHICH HE EXCOMMUNICATES\n THE KING OF FRANCE AND OTHERS.\n\u2018Benedict, bishop and servant of the servants of God, in perpetual\nmemory of the increase of wickedness among mankind,\u2014We behold the world\ndaily becoming worse, and the thoughts of mankind so bent on evil that\nthey add crime to crime,\u2014That the good who may be intermixed with the\nbad may not be corrupted through malice and error, and that the boldness\nand presumption of vice may be somewhat restrained by fear of\npunishment.\n\u2018It has come to our knowledge by public report, that certain children of\nperdition, as well churchmen as seculars, who, ambitious of rising\nhigher than becomes them, may thence dangerously fall, having been\ndeceived by him who changes himself into the form of an angel of light\nthat he may afterward deceive others, have given great scandal to the\nsimple and weak, and much offence to those of firmer minds, from their\nattempts to destroy and divide the catholic church by schism, and to\nprevent the re-union of it, which was taking place when we were elected\nsovereign and apostolical bishop.\n\u2018Two years before this period, when we were of mature age[122], we\nlaboured hard to put an end to this schism, which has divided the church\nof God for nearly thirty years, to the great grief of all sincere\nChristians, and it still continues through the perverseness of man.\n\u2018We have declared to Angelo Corrario, (who has thrust himself into the\napostolical chair, and is called by those under his obedience by the\nname of Gregory,) the mode of renunciation frankly and sincerely offered\nby us, and which in our apostolical letters, given at Marseilles the 2d\nday of February of the aforesaid year of our papacy, is more fully\nexplained. We have again offered to Angelo Corrario to appear in person\nat a proper and convenient place, that measures may be the more speedily\nadopted for the success of so desirable an event as the re-union of the\nholy church.\n\u2018Notwithstanding this, the sons of iniquity exert all their powers, by\nmeans of fraud and hypocrisy, to prevent us and our brother cardinals\nfrom executing so salutary an object, despising the bonds of the holy\nchurch, and pretending an ardent desire for its union, while they\nwickedly withdraw themselves from its obedience, and in their defence\nappealing from us, which, however, they have not the right to do.\n\u2018We have patiently suffered all this, in the hope it may excite in them\nrepentance and a desire to return to their duty: nevertheless, they\npersevere with greater boldness and presumption.\n\u2018In order, therefore, to check this, we, having duly considered the\nweightiness of the matter, do, according to the powers vested in us,\npronounce sentence of excommunication against all who knowingly shall\nobstruct the union of the holy church, or shall impede ourself and our\nvenerable brethren the cardinals in the execution of the aforesaid\nthings offered by us, and agreed to by Angelo Corrario or his\nambassadors, or all who may appeal against us or our successors, bishops\nof Rome, legally elected to that dignity, or whoever may countenance and\nsupport such appeals, substractions or perturbations, under any pretence\nor colour.\n\u2018We likewise include in this our sentence those who may perversely\naffirm they are not bound to obey our mandates, whatever may be their\nrank, whether cardinal, patriarch, archbishop, bishop, or of imperial or\nkingly dignity, and of whatever rank in church or state. From this\nsentence none can be absolved but by the pope, excepting when in\n\u2018articulo mortis.\u2019 And should it happen that any may thus have received\nabsolution, and recover their health, we will and command, that\ninstantly on their recovery, they present themselves before the holy see\nto receive absolution again, and to make such satisfaction as may appear\nreasonable and conformable to justice.\n\u2018Should this sentence be endured through obstinacy and hardness of heart\nfor the space of twenty days, by any one of any estate or degree above\nmentioned, be the same a prince or other secular of any description\nwhatsoever, we subject him to the interdict of the church, with all the\nlands, towns, cities and castles, and every sort of inheritance that may\nbelong to him. Universities continuing in the same perverseness shall be\nalso subject to this interdict of the holy church.\n\u2018And as it has been found necessary, through the ingratitude of men,\nsometimes to revoke benefices, all such and each of them, as well\nchurchmen as seculars, who shall give aid or counsel against this\nsentence, and suffer it to remain for the space of twenty days, shall be\ndeprived of the benefit of all indulgences, privileges, and other graces\ngranted to them by the holy apostolic see. Such clerks will likewise be\ndeprived of all benefices and dignities in the church, whether with or\nwithout cure; and should their rank be that of cardinals, patriarchs,\narchbishops or bishops, or other dignities, we declare them, by full\nauthority and power vested in us, deprived of the same; and their\nvassals or other dependants, who have been bound on oath to serve them,\nwe declare absolved from such oaths, and their fiefs, honours and\ndependencies on the church, whether moveable or immoveable, shall revert\nto the governors thereof, for them to dispose of according to their will\nand pleasure.\n\u2018No judicial hearing will be granted to the sinners and transgressors\nabove mentioned, and their suits, if proceeded on by public notaries,\nwill be null and void.\n\u2018All persons who may aid and abet, openly or secretly, those who,\nthrough perverseness of mind, shall resist this sentence, be they single\nindividuals, cities, castles or places, shall undergo the same\npunishment of excommunication; and we will and command that the\npenalties ordained by our predecessors for similar crimes shall have\ntheir full effect and force, notwithstanding any constitutions,\nordinances, liberties, graces, or apostolical indulgences that may have\nbeen formerly granted to these transgressors by us, or by our\npredecessors the bishops of Rome,\u2014all which we revoke, as being contrary\nto the tenor of this present bull. It is unlawful, therefore, for any\nperson to oppose or infringe this our declaration, by any way or means\nwhatever; and should any dare attempt it, they shall know that they will\nincur the indignation of an all-powerful God, and of his blessed\napostles St Peter and St Paul.\n\u2018Given at St Victor de Marseilles, the 23d of March, in the 13th year of\nour papacy.\u2019\n THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS DECLARES AGAINST THE POPE DELLA\n LUNA, IN THE PRESENCE OF THE KING OF FRANCE.\u2014KING LOUIS\n OF SICILY LEAVES PARIS.\u2014OF THE BORGNE DE LA HEUSE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the university of Paris declared against\npope Benedict, in the manner following, by master Jean Courteheuse, a\nnative of Normandy. The assembly was held in the great hall of the\npalace, in the presence of the kings of France and Sicily, the dukes of\nBerry, Burgundy, Bar and Brabant,\u2014the counts de Mortaign[123], de\nNevers, de St Pol, de Tancarville[124],\u2014the rector of the university,\nwith deputies from that body,\u2014the earl of Warwick from England,\nambassadors from Scotland and Wales, and a great multitude of clergy and\npeople of Paris.\nMaster Jean Courteheuse took his text from the 7th Psalm: \u2018Convertetur\ndolor in caput ejus, et in verticem ipsius iniquitas ejus descendet.\u2019\nWhich is, For his travail shall come upon his own head, and his\nwickedness shall fall on his own pate.\nHe divided his speech into six conclusions. First, That Pietro della\nLuna was obstinately schismatic, not to say an heretic, a disturber of\nthe peace and union of the church.\nSecondly, That the said Pietro ought not to bear the name of Benedict,\npope, cardinal, or any other title of dignity,\u2014and that he ought not to\nbe obeyed as pastor of the church, under penalty of suffering the\nsentences pronounced against those who favour schismatics.\nThirdly, That the provisions, sentences and declarations of the bull,\nand the pains and penalties therein threatened, are of no value.\nFourthly, That the contents of the said bull and letter are wicked,\nseditious, full of deceit, and tending to disturb the king\u2019s peace.\nFifthly, That no one whatever may pay the smallest attention to them,\nwithout being guilty of the crime of favouring schismatics.\nSixthly, That such as may favour or support their contents may be\nlawfully proceeded against in the courts of justice.\nAfter master Jean Courteheuse had made all his conclusions, he offered\ncertain requests on the part of the university of Paris to the king of\nFrance. The first was, That great diligence should be used in searching\nafter copies of Pietro della Luna\u2019s letter, and that all who might\nconceal them should be punished according to their deserts; that many of\nhis supporters existed within the kingdom, whom the university would\ndenounce in due time and place.\nThe second request was, That henceforward neither the king nor any of\nhis realm would receive letters from Pietro della Luna.\nThe third, That the king would command his daughter the university to\npreach the true doctrine throughout the kingdom.\nThe fourth, That the bishop of St Flour, who had been sent ambassador to\nthe aforesaid Pietro, should be arrested and imprisoned, together with\nmaster Pierre de Courselles, Sansien le Leu, the dean of St Germain\nd\u2019Auxerre, and punished according to their demerits,\u2014and that the bull\nshould be torn to pieces, as injurious and offensive to the royal\nmajesty.\nThe university declared, that it would proceed to greater objects\ntouching the faith, and demonstrate and explain these things before\nthose whom it might concern in proper time and place.\nThe king instantly assented to the requests made by the university; and\nthen the bull was torn in pieces by the rector of the university, in the\npresence of the whole assembly. The dean of St Germain d\u2019Auxerre, being\nthere, was arrested, and put into confinement.\nShortly after, the abbot of Saint Denis, master Jean de Sains, formerly\nsecretary to the king, and many others of name, were imprisoned at the\nLouvre.\nSuch diligence was used that the king\u2019s officers overtook the messenger\nwho had brought the bull at Lyons, and brought him back a prisoner to\nParis, with the aforesaid Sansien le Leu, who had been taken in the\nchurch of Clervaulx; for the king and all the princes were very\nindignant against the pope della Luna.\nThis pope, hearing how he had excited the anger of the king of France,\nof the princes, and of the university of Paris, began to be much\nalarmed, and, in consequence, embarked at Porto Venere, attended by four\ncardinals only, and went first to Arragon, and thence to Perpignan.\nAbout this time, king Louis of Sicily took leave of the king of France,\nand left Paris for Provence, to oppose some who were favourable to his\nadversary king Ladislaus. The queen of France was still at Melun,\nwhither the king went, and after some days stay returned to Paris, where\nthe ambassadors from Scotland were waiting for him. When they had\nreceived a large sum of money from the king to carry on the war against\nthe English, they took leave and returned home.\nThe king of France also granted to the ambassadors from Wales, for the\nsame object, three hundred men at arms and two hundred cross-bows, to be\nmaintained at his expense for one whole year. They were to be commanded\nby the borgne de la Heuse, a knight of great renown, and a native of\nNormandy, to whom the king ordered vessels and money to be delivered,\nthat he might embark for Wales.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY DEPARTS FROM PARIS, ON ACCOUNT OF THE\n AFFAIRS OF LIEGE.\u2014THE KING OF SPAIN COMBATS THE SARACEN\n FLEET.\u2014THE KING OF HUNGARY WRITES TO THE UNIVERSITY OF\nOn the 5th day of July, the duke of Burgundy left Paris, attended by his\ntwo brothers, to the great vexation of many princes, governors of the\nrealm. The object of his journey was to celebrate in Arras the birth-day\nof the bishop of that city, whose name was Martin Por\u00e9e, of the order of\nPreachers, and also his confessor. He went thence to Ghent to visit his\nduchess.\nHe made great preparations to march to the assistance of his\nbrother-in-law John of Bavaria, bishop of Liege, whom the Liegeois had\ndeprived of his bishoprick, and banished their country. He had taken\nrefuge with many gentlemen of his party in the town of Maestricht,\nwherein he was besieged by his enemies under the command of the lord de\nPieruels and his son, whom the Liegeois had elected bishop in his stead.\nOn the other hand, duke William count of Hainault, brother to John of\nBavaria, the count de Conversent[125], lord of Anghien, and many other\ngreat lords of the country, assembled a large body of men at arms, who,\nwhen joined by the lords de Croy and de Hely with their men, sent by the\nduke of Burgundy, amounted to a very considerable force.\nThey marched toward the country of Liege, to make war upon it, for the\ncause before mentioned, and first burnt a house and farm belonging to a\nchurch of the order of Cistercians. They then advanced to Fosse and\nFlorennes[126], where they committed much destruction by fire and sword,\nas well as throughout the whole country on the banks of the Sambre. They\ntook several forts by storm, and put to death all found therein; nor\nwere the lives of any spared, of whatever sex or rank, in those parts.\nOn this expedition some new knights were made, among whom were Pierre de\nLuxembourg count de Conversent, Engilbert d\u2019Anghien, and many more. When\nduke William had despoiled the country, suspecting the Liegeois would\nmarch against him to offer battle, and knowing they were in superior\nnumbers, he retreated homeward, burning every house or village he\npassed; and his men were loaded with the booty they had made.\nWhen he was returned home, he raised another army in conjunction with\nthe duke of Burgundy, with the intent of marching again toward Liege and\noffering battle to the Liegeois.\nAt this time, a severe war was carrying on between the Spaniards and the\nSaracens of the kingdom of Granada. The king of Spain[127],\nmagnificently attended by his Spaniards, and sir Robinet de Braquemont,\na knight from Normandy, embarked on board twenty-four gallies, well\nprovided with men at arms and stores, to combat the Saracens, who were\nat sea with twenty-two gallies. These last were defeated, and all on\nboard put to death.\nAt this period also the king of Hungary wrote to the university of Paris\na letter, the contents of which were as follows. It was addressed, \u2018To\nthe learned, sage and prudent men, the rector and university of Paris,\nour love and affection.\u2019 Then follows the letter. \u2018Noble personages, and\nvery renowned in science throughout the world, we have with pleasure\nreceived your epistle, full of sense and eloquence, which no doubt will\nbe very agreeable to our Lord and the Holy Spirit, and most profitable\nto all true Christians; for such is the abomination at present existing\nin the church of God, that every sincere and pious Christian should\noffer up his prayers to God that out of his grace he would provide a\nremedy, by which this abomination, namely, the schism and division that\nhas existed in the church for thirty years may be destroyed, and put to\na final end by the re-union of the whole church.\n\u2018Should not this union be speedily effected, it is to be feared, that\nfrom this double division three others may spring up; and it is on this\naccount, and some others, we have sent our orator to that most Christian\nprince the king of France our lord, in order that the object of our\nlegation to him may not be frustrated by unbelievers and others. We have\nrequested of him by our ambassadors to send us some one of his noble\nrace to aid and counsel us in our affairs, which we hope he will comply\nwith, knowing that, if he grants us this favour, we shall be alway\nready, as heretofore, to serve him.\u2014Given at Rome, the 11th day of June,\nin the 22d year of our reign.\u2019\n HOW ALL THE PRELATES AND CLERGY OF FRANCE WERE SUMMONED TO\n PARIS.\u2014THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN AND OF THE DUCHESS OF\n ORLEANS.\nIn these days, the prelates and clergy, or their procurators, were\nsummoned from the greater part of France and Dauphiny to attend the king\nand his council, to give their opinions respecting an union of the\nchurch, and other matters touching the person of the king and his realm.\nThey attended in great numbers, and on the vigil of the feast of St\nLaurence assembled at eight o\u2019clock in the morning in the great hall of\nthe palace. The chancellor of France presided for the king, who was\nindisposed. When the mass of the Holy Ghost had been solemnly celebrated\nby the archbishop of Toulouse, a very renowned doctor in theology, of\nthe order of Friars Preachers, harangued notably in the presence of the\ndukes of Orleans, of Berry, and many great lords, the rector, the\nuniversity, and a large body of clergy.\nHe chose for his text, \u2018Qu\u00e6 pacis sunt sectemur, et qu\u00e6 \u00e6dificationis\nsunt invicem custodiamus,\u2019 Rom. iv. c. That is to say, St Paul tells the\nRomans, in the 4th chapter of his epistle to them, to follow the things\nof peace, and be careful of what may bring edification. The doctor\nharangued much respecting the union of the church, and uttered many\ninvectives against Pietro della Luna, who, he said, from first to last,\nhad opposed this so-much-to-be-desired union, and that he was a\nschismatic-heretic, obstinate in his wickedness.\nHe proved this by six arguments; and after declaring that the king of\nFrance had formerly been neuter, but had since withdrawn himself from\nhis obedience, on account of the letter and bull lately issued, which\nwas full of falsehoods and deceit, and highly offensive to the royal\nmajesty, he said that it was on this account the assembly was held, that\nit might be notified to the members of it, for them to consider the\nbusiness, and on the means of obtaining a solid peace and re-union of\nthe church.\nWhile these things were passing, master Sausien and the messenger from\nPietro della Luna, who had brought the letter and bull of\nexcommunication to the king, both of them Arragonians, with mitres on\ntheir heads, and having surcoats emblazoned with the arms of Pietro\ndella Luna reversed, were carried most disgracefully in a dung cart from\nthe Louvre to the court of the palace; and shortly after, near the\nmarble table, at the end of the steps, were set on a pillory. They were\nthus exhibited, for a very long time, to all who wished to see them,\nhaving labels on the mitres, on which was written, \u2018Disloyal traitors to\nthe church and king.\u2019\nThey were then carried back in the aforesaid cart to the Louvre; and on\nthe morrow the assembly met again at the palace, when the chancellor of\nFrance presided instead of the king.\nA celebrated doctor in theology, called master Ursin Talvande, a native\nof Normandy, harangued the assembly in the name of the university of\nParis, and took his text from the hundredth Psalm, \u2018Fiat pax in virtute\ntua.\u2019 He addressed himself to the throne, and to the princes of the\nblood and other nobles there present, exhorting them to attempt every\npossible means to restore peace and union to the church, by putting an\nend to the dangerous schism,\u2014proving to them the wickedness of Pietro\ndella Luna, that he was an incorrigible heretic, and ought not to be\nstyled pope Benedict, nor enjoy the dignity of cardinal or any\nother,\u2014and that they were not bound to obey him, and indeed could not\nwithout incurring the penalties due to favourers of heresy and\nschismatics.\nHe brought forward many examples of former popes, which were favourable\nto his arguments, and the determination of the last council, when it had\nbeen resolved, that if Pietro della Luna and his adversary did not\nestablish peace within the church before Ascension-day, as they had\npromised, the kingdom of France in general, and the inhabitants of\nDauphiny would withdraw themselves from his obedience; for such had been\nthe conclusion of the prelates who had attended this council, as was\napparent from their letters to the university of Paris,\u2014in consequence\nof which the aforesaid obedience had been withdrawn by order of the king\nof France, until one properly-elected head of the church should be\nchosen. The doctor then proposed the means for granting dispensations\nand collations to benefices in the interim, as well for Dauphiny as for\nFrance, and also other measures proper to be taken during this\nneutrality.\nIt was at length concluded, that no one should obey either of the popes\nafter a certain day, under pain of suffering the before mentioned\npenalties, and without incurring the indignation of the king. The doctor\ninsisted, that the bull of excommunication, and some letters which had\nbeen brought from Toulouse, should be publicly destroyed, which was\ndone.\nThe prelates and clergy were then ordered to proclaim their neutrality\nthroughout their dioceses and parishes, and different documents were\ngiven them by the university to teach them how they were to govern\nthemselves respecting the several points of this neutrality. When this\nhad been done, every one retired to his home.\nOn the morrow, the two Arragonians were again carried through Paris, and\npilloried, in the same manner as before. The queen, who had remained\nsome time at Melun, returned to Paris with her son the dauphin. He was\nmounted on a white horse led by four footmen, and followed the car of\nthe queen. The dukes of Berry, of Brittany and Bourbon, the counts de\nMortaign, de Clermont, de Vend\u00f4me, and a numerous train of nobles, as\nwell churchmen as seculars, and esquires followed the dauphin. Great\nrejoicings were made on their return by the Parisians, and carols were\nsung in many of the streets.\nThe queen, the dauphin, and the lord Louis of Bavaria her brother, took\nup their lodgings in the castle of the Louvre. On the morrow, the\nduchess-dowager of Orleans came likewise to Paris with her\ndaughter-in-law Isabella, eldest daughter to the king of France,\naccompanied by many noble persons, knights and others, dressed in\nmourning. All the before-mentioned princes went out of Paris to meet\nthem, and conducted them to the queen and the duke of Acquitaine, to\nrequest of them justice and reparation for the melancholy death of the\nlate duke of Orleans, and also permission to make a reply to charges\nwhich John duke of Burgundy had publicly brought against her late lord\nand husband the deceased duke of Orleans,\u2014which last request she at\nlength obtained.\n THE DUCHESS-DOWAGER OF ORLEANS AND HER SON CAUSE A PUBLIC\n ANSWER TO BE MADE, AT PARIS, TO THE CHARGES OF THE DUKE\n OF BURGUNDY AGAINST THE LATE DUKE OF ORLEANS, AND\n CHALLENGE THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FOR HIS MURDER.\nEight days after, the duke of Orleans, attended by about three hundred\nmen at arms, came to Paris. He was met by the duke of Berry and other\ngreat lords, his relations, without the gate of St Antoine, and went to\nwait on the queen and the duke of Acquitaine, his cousin-german, at the\ncastle of the Louvre.\nHaving strongly recommended his cause to them, he took leave and\nhastened to visit the duchess his mother, and his wife. They were\nincessant in their petitions to the king and council to do them justice\non John duke of Burgundy and his accomplices for the murder of the duke\nof Orleans, and obtained leave to make any reply they might please\nagainst the duke of Burgundy.\nIn consequence, the duke of Acquitaine, as representative of his father,\nand the queen, both dressed in royal robes, went, by command of the\nking, to the great hall of the Louvre, where were present the dukes of\nBerry, of Brittany, of Bourbon, the counts d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, de Clermont, de\nMortaign, de Vend\u00f4me, and many more lords of the council; with numbers\nof knights, the rector of the university of Paris, and great crowds of\ncommon people. The duchess-dowager, attended by her son the duke of\nOrleans, master Pierre l\u2019Orfevre, his chancellor, master Pierre\nCousinet, advocate in parliament, and by a large train of friends and\nfamiliars, entered the hall. She then caused to be read aloud by the\nabbot of Saint Fiacre, of the order of St Benedict, the contents of a\nbook, written in French, which she gave to him publicly, and which were\nconfirmed by quotations from the writings of the prophets, in both the\nOld and New Testaments, as well as from those of philosophers and\nhistorians. The contents of the book were as follows.\n\u2018Most Christian king, most noble and sovereign prince, and fountain of\njustice, to thee do I address my speech; for thou art competent to\ndisplay justice to all thy subjects of the realm of France, inasmuch as\nnot only the neighbouring, but even the most distant nations may take\nexample from the conscientiousness of thy judgments, which flow from\nthee and thy council, as from the fountains of justice and truth. I\naddress myself to thee in the names of my highly honoured and most noble\nlady the duchess of Orleans and of my lords her children, who in their\ndeplorable state present to thee their complaints with lamentations and\ntears, seeing that after God there can be no relief but in thy pity and\ncompassion.\n\u2018That what I have to say may not have the smallest appearance of\nfallacy, but may be perfectly clear, I shall divide my discourse into\nthree parts, or principal divisions. In the first, I shall show, to the\nutmost of my ability, that kings, as sovereigns, are bounden to do\njustice to all their subjects, and to maintain peace within their\nrealms.\n\u2018Secondly, That our adversary, John duke of Burgundy, and his abettors,\nhave, by counsel and otherwise, been instrumental in unjustly and\ndisgracefully murdering the late duke of Orleans, whose soul may God\nreceive!\n\u2018Thirdly, That my aforesaid lord, the late duke of Orleans, has been\nwickedly and unjustly accused of several crimes of high treason of which\nhe has been no way guilty, as shall appear hereafter.\n\u2018It is, beside, my intention to divide these three points into six other\ndivisions: thus, therefore, my discourse will consist of eighteen\ndivisions.\n\u2018In regard to the first point, it appears very clear to me, that the\nking is singularly obliged to do justice in this case, and especially\nfor six reasons. The first of which constrains him to do justice from\nthe consideration of his power and dignity, which not only binds him to\ndo it of his own will, but as matter of right from his title of office;\nfor kings are so called on account of doing justice, and not for\nanything else.\n\u2018The second reason is founded on his paternal love,\u2014for, as the common\nproverb says, \u2018Nature cannot belie herself:\u2019 the king, therefore, as\nsovereign and brother, is bound from reason and justice to support his\nright.\n\u2018Thirdly, From the melancholy state of my lady of Orleans, now reduced\nto widowhood and despair, who with her disconsolate young children, and\nmany knights, are overwhelmed with grief by the cruel death of her lord\nand husband.\n\u2018The fourth reason is, The enormity of the crime, which can scarcely\nhave its parallel found; for all who have heard of this scandalous deed\nhave thought it abominable, and have declared, that if the king did not\nprovide a remedy for it, he could not be considered as sovereign of his\nkingdom when he is thus forced to humiliate himself before his subjects.\n\u2018Fifthly, If this crime be not punished, innumerable evils will\nensue,\u2014such as the destruction of cities and towns, murders, and\nrebellion of subjects.\n\u2018Sixthly, The wickedness of our enemy, who by force of arms seeks to\nmaintain his crime, and who pleads his cause with a drawn sword in his\nhand. And in these six reasons consist the grounds of our proceedings.\n\u2018With respect to my second point, I will demonstrate by six reasons,\nthat our adverse party has so greatly sinned that it is impossible for\nany reparation to make amends.\n\u2018My first reason is, That our opponent had no authority whatever for\nmurdering so great and so noble a person as the late duke of Orleans.\n\u2018Secondly, That he followed no forms of law or justice in putting my\nlate lord to such a death; and even supposing that he had any authority\nover him, which was not the case, it was illegal to put him to death\nwithout hearing what he might have to say in his own defence; and seeing\nthat he had not any authority, his crime will appear so much the deeper.\n\u2018Thirdly, From the alliances formed between these two dukes, I do not\nmean those of blood, but the engagements mutually entered into, to avoid\nthe inconveniences that might arise from their quarrels, by which they\nwere bounden not to annoy or attack each other without having sent a\nprevious challenge. In confirmation of this, they had several times\nsworn to the same on the holy Scriptures, and on the cross of our Lord,\ngiving to each other letters signed with their seals.\n\u2018Fourthly, The death of my said lord of Orleans was so sudden that no\ntrue Christian can say it was not damnable to those who committed the\ncrime, as well as to those who had commanded it.\n\u2018Fifthly, I shall demonstrate clearly, that our opponent did not cause\nthe late duke of Orleans to be murdered for any good purpose, nor for\nthe public welfare, but solely through ambition and covetousness, from a\nlust of power, and in order to make his dependants rich, and from the\ngreat hatred that had been long fostered at his heart.\n\u2018Sixthly, That the death of the late duke of Orleans was not sufficient\nfor our adversary, but that he has exerted himself to the utmost to\nblast and scandalize his memory by defamatory libels, and by supporting\ntraitors and murderers. This regards the second part of my discourse.\n\u2018In respect to my third point, I shall produce six arguments, in\nopposition to the six false accusations brought by our adversary against\nthe late duke of Orleans, and which shall clearly prove the innocence of\nthe defunct. Such will be my third division.\n\u2018I have thus shown you my three divisions. The first regards\njustice,\u2014the second declares the malice of our adversaries,\u2014and the\nthird exonerates the late duke of Orleans from the false charges brought\nagainst him. Before I proceed further, I must here solemnly declare,\nthat I intend not to say any thing but the exact truth, or to advance\nmore than has been enjoined me by my foresaid lady of Orleans, and my\nlords her children.\n\u2018It is true, indeed, that the defender of our adversary has very\nunadvisedly called my late lord of Orleans criminal, although he has no\nway proven it; nevertheless I shall not use this expression in speaking\nof our adversary, though I repute all murderers criminal, and him in\nparticular, not from any suspicion, but from the confession made by\nhimself; and as wisdom conquers malice, according to the holy\nScriptures, it will be sufficient for me to name the adverse party, the\nparty of Burgundy; for it will be better that I first demonstrate the\ncrimes, and then show the duke of Burgundy guilty of them, than to\nfollow his example, and call him criminal without any proof or\nverification. I shall now, having divided my subject into three\ndivisions, enter on my first point, which treats of the justice of the\nking, and quote the words of the prophet which say, \u2018Justitia et\njudicium pr\u00e6paratio sedis tu\u00e6.\u2019 These words are in the lxxviiith Psalm,\nand declare to the king that his throne is founded on justice and\njudgment. I shall quote in regard to my second division, which relates\nto the malice of our adversary, the very words his defender made use of,\nnamely, \u2018Radix omnium malorum cupiditas, quam quidem appetentes\nerraverunt a fide.\u2019 These words are taken from the first epistle of St\nPaul to Timothy, in the last chapter, and which mean, That covetousness\nis the root of all evil, and causes a defalcation from the faith.\n\u2018In regard to my third division, respecting the innocence of the late\nduke of Orleans, I shall use the words of the Psalmist in the seventh\nPsalm, \u2018Judica me secundum justitiam tuam et secundum innocentiam meam\nsuper me;\u2019 that is to say, Do me right according to thy justice, and\njudge me according to my innocence.\n\u2018I shall now return to my first point, and repeat the words of the\nPsalmist, \u2018Justitia et judicium pr\u00e6paratio sedis tua.\u2019 This expression I\nmay address personally to the king our lord, in saying, \u2018Justice and\njudgment are the foundations of thy royal throne;\u2019 for royalty without\njustice is undeserving of the name, and should be called a robbery\naccording to St Austin, in the 10th chapter of his 9th book, \u2018De\nCivitate Dei:\u2019 \u2018Regna, inquit, remota a justitia, quid sint nisi magna\nlatrocinia.\u2019\n\u2018It appears, therefore, that the king is bound to do justice to all his\nsubjects, and to preserve to every one his right, and that for the six\nreasons touched upon at the beginning of my speech,\u2014my first reason\nbeing founded on the regard due to the royal dignity, which dignity has\nbeen instituted principally in order to do justice, the king being\ntruly, in respect to his subjects, what a shepherd is to his flock, as\nAristotle says in his 8th chapter of ethics, or in the 5th of his\npolitics, on the government of cities; and it is also declared, in his\nbook on the ruling of princes, that they are bounden to preserve\njustice.\n\u2018\u2018Justitia inquit regnantis utilior est subditis quam fertilitas\nipsius;\u2019 which means, That the justice of the governing powers is more\nadvantageous to the subject than fertility or riches. The Psalmist, on\nthis matter, says, \u2018Honor inquit regis judicium diligit;\u2019 that is, The\nhonour of the king loves justice and judgment. The justice here spoken\nof is nothing else than to preserve to every one his right, which is\nalso declared by the emperor Justinian, in the first book of his\nConstitutions.\n\u2018\u2018Justitia est constans voluntas unicuique jus suum tribuens,\u2019 meaning,\nThat justice is firm and stable, giving to every one his due; and it\nshould be considered that justice is not to be administered according to\npleasure, but as the written laws prescribe. Weigh well, therefore, how\nmuch you are bounden to do justice.\n\u2018To you, then, my lady of Orleans and her children address themselves,\nrequiring from you justice, which is the brightest jewel in your crown.\nRecollect the numerous examples of kings, your predecessors, who so much\nloved justice, and particularly that bright instance of a king, who\nseeing that his son had deserved, by the laws of that time, to lose both\nhis eyes, ordered one of his eyes to be put out, and had at the same\ntime one of his own destroyed, that the law might not be violated nor\ninfringed.\n\u2018Valerius also mentions, in his 6th book, a king called Cambyses, who\ncommanded a false judge to be flayed, and his skin to be placed on the\njudge\u2019s seat, and then ordered the son of the late judge to sit on the\nskin of his father, telling him, \u2018When thou judgest any cause, let what\nI have done to thy father be an example to thee; and let his skin,\nforming thy seat, always keep thee in remembrance.\u2019\n\u2018O, king of France! thou rememberest what David said, when king Saul\nunjustly persecuted him, \u2018Dominus inquit retribuet unicuique secundum\njustitiam tuam;\u2019 that is to say, The Lord God will repay every one\naccording to his justice. These words are written in the second chapter\nof the first book of Kings.\n\u2018Thou oughtest, therefore, like a true follower of our lord, to do in\nlike manner according to thy power, and aid and support such as have\nbeen unjustly wounded and persecuted. Thou canst not have forgotten, how\nAndronicus, a cruel murderer, was condemned to death on the spot where\nhe had slain the high priest, as it is written in the book of Machabees.\n\u2018O, king of France! take example from king Darius, who caused those that\nhad falsely accused the prophet Daniel to be thrown into the lion\u2019s den\nto be devoured. Recollect the justice that was executed on the two\nelders who, from false charges, had accused and condemned Susanna. These\nexamples are written in the sixth and fourteenth chapters of the book of\nDaniel the prophet, and ought to stimulate thee to do justice as king\nand sovereign,\u2014for it is in doing thus that thy subjects will be\nobedient to thee, and in such wise art thou bound to do them justice,\nand which will cause them to be highly criminal when disobedient to\nthee.\n\u2018Some indeed have doubted whether the subject may not withdraw his\nallegiance from the sovereign on a refusal of justice and equity. May it\nplease thee, therefore, sire, to consider this well, for thou wilt not\nhave any thing to fear in doing justice, as I shall hereafter\ndemonstrate; and in conclusion of this my first reason, I shall quote\nthe words of the third chapter of Job: \u2018Cum justitia indutus sum, et\nvestivi me vestimento et diademate in coronatione mea;\u2019 that is to say,\nI am clothed with justice, and have invested myself with it, as the robe\nand diadem of my coronation.\n\u2018Consequently, most noble prince, I say that fraternal love ought\ngreatly to urge thee to do justice; for I do not believe that greater\nlove ever existed between two brothers than what you both felt. Be then\nthe true friend to thy brother in justice and judgment; for it will be\nthe greatest disgrace to thee and to the crown of France, throughout the\nworld, if justice and reparation be not made for the infamous and cruel\nmurder of thy brother. It is now time for thee to show thy brotherly\naffection; and be not like to those friends spoken of by the wise man,\nin the 8th chapter of Ecclesiasticus, as follows: \u2018Est amicus socius\nmens\u00e6 et non permanebit in die necessitatis.\u2019 That is, There are friends\nwho are companions at table, and in prosperity, but who are no longer\nsuch in the day of adversity.\n\u2018At this moment, necessity and affection united call upon thee to prove\nthyself such a friend that the world may not call thee a faint hearted\nfriend, of whom Aristotle speaks, in his 9th chapter of ethics: \u2018Qui,\ninquit, fingit se esse amicum, et non est; pejor est eo qui facit falsam\nmonetam.\u2019 A faint friend is worse than a coiner of base money. Should\nsome tell thee, that our opponent is of thy blood, and thy relation,\nthou oughtest, nevertheless, to abominate his crime, and do strict\njustice between two friends, according to what Aristotle says, in his\nsecond book of ethics: \u2018Duobus existentibus amicis, sanctum est\npr\u00e6honorare virtutem.\u2019\u2014That is, It is praiseworthy to give the\npreference to virtue between two friends.\n\u2018Thou rememberest the strong love that subsisted between thee and thy\nbrother; not that I wish to obtain any favour by that remembrance, but\nsolely to exhort thee to justice and truth. Alas! it would be of little\nvalue the being son or brother to a king, if such a cruel murder were\npassed over without any punishment inflicted on the guilty, nor any\nreparation made for it,\u2014more especially as he who caused his death ought\nto have loved him as a brother; for in the holy Scriptures nephews and\ncousins-german are called brothers, as appears from the book of Genesis,\nwhere Abraham says to his nephew Lot, \u2018Ne sit jurgium inter te et me,\nfratres enim sumus.\u2019 Let there be no strife between thee and me, for we\nare brothers.\n\u2018Saint James is also called the brother of our Lord, when they were only\ncousins-german. Thou mayest repeat to our adversary the words which God\nsaid to Cain, after he had murdered his brother, \u2018Vox sanguinis fratris\ntui clamat ad me de terra.\u2019 The voice of thy brother\u2019s blood cries to me\nfrom the earth; and certainly in our case the earth and blood do cry.\n\u2018There cannot be a man of common feelings who has not compassion for\nsuch a death as that of my late lord of Orleans; and it must not be\nwondered at if I compare our adversary to Cain, for in them I see many\nfeatures of resemblance. Cain, moved by envy, slew his brother, because\nthe Lord had accepted of his brother\u2019s offerings, and had not received\nhis sacrifice, because he was practising in his heart how he could kill\nhis brother. In like manner, the duke of Burgundy, because my lord of\nOrleans was the more agreeable to the king, in his heart meditated his\ndeath, and in the end had him treacherously and infamously murdered, as\nshall be fully proven. As Cain, instigated by covetousness, committed\nhis crime, so our adversary, urged on by similar passions, did the act\nwe complain of, as shall be demonstrated from his conduct previous to\nand after the death of the late duke of Orleans. I find, likewise, that\nthe word _Cain_, by interpretation, signifies, \u2018acquired\u2019 or\n\u2018acquisition.\u2019 By the same name our adverse party may be called, for\nvengeance is acquired by the king in body and goods; but let justice\ntake its course, and events will happen according to the good pleasure\nof God. It therefore seems very reasonable that I compare the duke of\nBurgundy to Cain.\n\u2018Sire, remember, I pray thee, the words addressed to Cain, namely, \u2018Vox\nsanguinis:\u2019 The voice of thy brother\u2019s blood. It is the voice of the\nlady of Orleans, and of her children, crying to thee, and demanding\njustice. Alas! my lord king, to whom wouldst thou wish to do justice, if\nthou refusest to do it for the love of thy own brother? If thou be not a\nfriend to thy blood, to whom wouldst thou be a friend, seeing we ask no\nmore than justice? O, most noble prince, consider that thy brother has\nbeen torn from thee for ever! Thou wilt never again see him, for the\nduke of Burgundy has cruelly caused him to be put to death.\n\u2018Recollect he was thy brother, and thou wilt find how greatly he is to\nbe compassioned. He, like thee, was equally fond of the queen and thy\nchildren, and, from his natural good sense, honoured all the royal blood\nof France; and few could be found more eloquent than he was when\naddressing nobles, clergy or laymen.\n\u2018Our Lord had given him what king Solomon had demanded, prudence and\nwisdom; for every one knows, that he was adorned with an excellent\nunderstanding,\u2014and of him may be said as of David, in the chapter of the\nActs of the Apostles,\u2014\u2018Sapiebat sicut angelus Domini.\u2019 He was endowed\nwith wisdom like to an angel of God.\n\u2018Were I to speak of the beauty of his person, I could only say, that he\nwas thy image and resemblance, with this good quality that he was\nperfectly courteous to all, and never caused any one to be beaten, or\nput to death, nor did he ever procure the death of any one. He\npossessed, however, the power of so doing, even to his enemies, who were\nnotoriously defaming him, and attributing to him evils which he never\nthought of: he could, more especially, have had our adversary put to\ndeath several times, had he so pleased,\u2014for no great power is requisite\nto have any one treacherously murdered.\n\u2018But, in good truth, such thoughts were not in his heart; for the\nproperty of royal blood is to have such compassion and mercy that it\ncannot suffer any cruelty, murder or treason whatever; and of this blood\nmy late lord of Orleans had a large share, for he was the son of a king\nand queen.\n\u2018O, king Charles! if thou wert now alive, what wouldst thou say? What\ntears could appease thee? What would have hindered thee from doing\njustice for so base a murder? Alas! how hast thou loved, and to what\nhonour hast thou diligently trained the tree that has brought forth the\nfruit which has put to death thy very dear son? Alas! king Charles, thou\nmayest now say with Jacob, \u2018Fera pessima devoravit filium meum.\u2019 The\nworst of beasts has devoured my son.\n\u2018Our adversary has made a miserable return to thee, oh Charles! for all\nthe great riches thou hast heaped on his father. This is the gratitude\nfor the expedition to Flanders, wherein thou and thy kingdom were in\nsuch peril out of love to him. In truth, all the magnificent gifts thou\nmadest the father are already forgotten. Sire, look down, and hear the\nlady of Orleans, crying in the words of the Psalmist, \u2018Domine deduc me\nin justitia tua propter inimicos meos.\u2019 Lord, lead me to thy judgment on\naccount of mine enemies.\n\u2018This concludes my second argument. My third is founded on pity,\nconsidering the desolate state of the supplicants, namely, the widowed\nlady of Orleans, in despair, with her innocent children, thy nephews,\nnow become orphans, having no other father to look to but thee. It\nbecomes thee, therefore, to incline thyself diligently to do them\njustice, as they have no other refuge but in thee, who art their lord\nand sovereign; and they are beside thy very near relations, as thou well\nknowest.\n\u2018Let pity move thy breast; for as Saint James the apostle says, \u2018Religio\nmunda et immaculata est visitare pupillos et viduas in tribulatione\neorum.\u2019 To visit orphans and widows in their distress is the duty of a\npure and undefiled religion. It is melancholy that so great a lady\nshould suffer thus undeservedly; and she may be compared to her whom\nValerius speaks of in the sixth book. A widow had a son who had been\nunjustly slain: she went to the emperor Octavian to demand justice, and\nsaid, \u2018Sire, do me justice for the cruel death of my son.\u2019 The emperor\nhad already mounted his horse, to perform a long journey, but replied,\n\u2018Woman, wait until I be returned, when I will do thee justice.\u2019 The\nwoman answered instantly, \u2018Alas! my lord, thou knowest not if ever thou\nshalt return, and I wish not justice to be delayed.\u2019 The emperor said,\n\u2018Should I not return, my successor will see thee righted;\u2019 but the widow\nreplied, \u2018Sire, thou knowest not if thy successor would wish to see me\nrighted: he may, perhaps, have something to prevent it like to thee; and\nsupposing that he should do me justice, what honour would it be to thee,\nor what merit canst thou claim for it from the gods? Thou art bound to\ndo me justice: wherefore then seekest thou to throw the burden on\nothers?\u2019\n\u2018The emperor, observing the firmness of the woman and the reasonableness\nof her arguments, dismounted, and, without more delay, did her ample\njustice. It was for this meritorious conduct, that when the emperor\ndied, five years after, in the pagan faith, he was brought to life again\nby the prayers of St Gregory, then pope, and baptised, as the histories\nrelate.\n\u2018The example of this emperor, O king of France! thou oughtest to follow\nin regard to the disconsolate widow of the late duke of Orleans, who is\nnow a supplicant to thee, and has formerly demanded, and now again\ndemands justice, for the inhuman and barbarous murder of her lord and\nhusband, who was thy brother. Delays, or reference to thy successors,\nwill have no avail; for thou, as king, art singularly obliged to do\nthis, considering the rank of the supplicants, the duchess of Orleans\nand her children.\n\u2018This lady is like to the widow of whom St Jerome speaks, in his second\nbook against Jovinian, wherein he relates, that the daughter of Cato,\nafter the death of her husband, was in the deepest sorrow, uttering\nnothing but groans and lamentations. Her relations and neighbours asked\nher how long this grief was to last,\u2014when she replied, that her life and\nher sorrow would end together. Such, without doubt, is the state of my\nlady the duchess,\u2014for she can have no remedy for her loss but by means\nof the justice she is soliciting. In truth, she does not require any\nhostile measures,\u2014for were that the case, she and her children, with\ntheir allies, are so much more powerful than the duke of Burgundy that\nthey are well able to avenge themselves.\n\u2018This act of justice thou canst not refuse, nor can the adverse party\nraise any objections to it, considering the persons who demand it. O,\nsovereign king! act in such wise that the words the Psalmist spoke of\nthe Lord may be applied to thee: \u2018Justus Dominus et justitias dilexit,\n\u00e6quitatem vidit vultus ejus.\u2019 Our Lord is judgment, and loves justice:\nequity is the light of his countenance.\u2014This concludes my third\nargument.\n\u2018My fourth argument is founded partly on the act itself, which was so\nabominably cruel, the like was never seen; and all men of understanding\nmust feel compassion for it. This, if duly considered, should incline\nthee the more to do justice, from the usages of the ancient kings, who,\nthrough compassion, bewailed even the death of an enemy: how much the\nmore then does it become thee to bewail the death of thy brother, and to\nexert thy courage to punish the authors of it? Should it not be so,\ngreat disgrace will attach to thee and to many others.\n\u2018We read, that C\u00e6sar seeing the head of his enemy Pompey wept, and said,\nthat such a man ought not to have died. He was also very much grieved at\nthe death of Cato, though his enemy, and did all in his power to aid and\nconsole his children. O, most courteous king of France! thou oughtest\nlikewise to give consolation for the death of thy brother, who was thy\ndear and loyal friend. Weigh well the manner of his death, which was\npiteously lamentable. Alas! my lord, could the spirit of thy brother\nspeak, what would it not say? It would certainly address thee in words\nsimilar to these:\n\u2018Oh, my lord and brother, see how through thee I have received my\ndeath,\u2014for it was on account of the great affection that subsisted\nbetween us! Look at my wounds, five of which are mortal. See my body\nbeat to the ground, and covered with mud! behold my arm cut off, and my\nbrains scattered about! See if any pains were equal to my sufferings. It\nwas not, alas! sufficient for mine enemy to take away my life so\ncruelly, and without cause; but he suddenly surprised me when coming\nfrom the residence of the queen to thee, which has put me in danger of\ndamnation; and even after my death, he has attempted to blast my\nreputation by his false and defamatory libel.\n\u2018My sovereign king, attend to these words as if thy brother had spoken\nthem; for such they would have been, could he have addressed thee. Be\nthen more active to do justice; and having heard the petition of my lady\nof Orleans, act so that thou mayest verify what is said in the second\nchapter of the first book of Kings: \u2018Dominus retribuet unicuique\nsecundum justitiam suam.\u2019 Our Lord will render to all according to his\njustice. And this concludes my fourth argument.\n\u2018My fifth is grounded on the great evils and mischiefs that might ensue\nif justice be not done on such crimes,\u2014for every one will in future take\nthe law into his own hand, and be judge and party. Treasons and murders\nwill be the consequence, by which the kingdom may be ruined, as I shall\ndemonstrate; for, according to the doctors, the surest way to preserve\npeace in a country is to do equal justice to all. St Cyprian declares\nthis, in his book on the twelve errors, saying, \u2018Justitia regis, pax\npopulorum, tutamen pueris, munimentum gentis, terr\u00e6 f\u0153cunditas, solatium\npauperum, hereditas filiorum, et sibimet spes futur\u00e6 beatitudinis.\u2019 The\njustice of a king is peace to the people, the defender of orphans, the\nsafety of the subject, the fertility of the earth, the comfort of the\npoor, the inheritance of sons, and to himself a hope of future\nhappiness. It is an everlasting glory. And on this occasion the Psalmist\nsays, \u2018Justitia et pax osculat\u00e6 sunt.\u2019 Righteousness and peace have\nkissed each other.\n\u2018Should it be urged, that if due punishment be inflicted on this crime,\ngreater evils might ensue from the reputed power of the duke of\nBurgundy. To this, which has more of appearance than reality, it may be\nanswered, That the duke of Burgundy is as nothing compared with the\npower of the monarch; for what power or force can he have but what thou\ngivest him or sufferest him to enjoy?\n\u2018Justice and truth, however they may be delayed, always in the end,\nthrough Divine mercy, are the mistresses, and there is no security like\nworking for them. Who are the knights or esquires that would dare to\nserve him against thee? or where are the strangers that would risk their\nlives in his traitorous quarrel? Certainly none.\n\u2018O! ye knights of Burgundy and Flanders, clerks and laymen, and all ye\nvassals of our adversary, send hither men unbiassed by favour or hatred,\nto hear this cause pleaded, truth declared, and justice adjudged to the\nright, according as it shall be plainly shown.\n\u2018O! most Christian king, ye dukes, counts and princes, have the goodness\nto give your aid that justice may be administered, for which end you\nhave been principally constituted and ordained.\n\u2018O, my lord king! consider how small a power, when compared with thine,\nthy ancestors enjoyed, and yet they punished criminals of yet superior\nrank to our opponent, as any one may see who shall read our history of\nformer times. Beside, who are they that would dare to oppose their\nsovereign lord, who, doing an act of justice according to the evidence\nof truth, becomes a true and upright judge, as Tully showeth, in his\nsecond book of Offices: \u2018Judicis est semper verum sequi.\u2019 A good judge\nshould give judgment according to truth.\n\u2018The same author says, in one of his orations before he went into\nbanishment,\u2014\u2018Nemo tam facinorosus inventus est vita, ut non tamen\njudicum prius sententiis convinceretur, quam suppliciis applicaretur.\u2019\nNo one has led so wicked a life but that a verdict has been passed upon\nhis case before he was put to the torture.\n\u2018Thou art bounden, most potent king, to do justice; and should any evil\nresult from it, it will fall on the adverse party, on account of his\ncrimes, as I shall show to you hereafter. The judgment of our LORD JESUS\nCHRIST will not certainly fail of having its effect: \u2018Qui de gladio\npercutit, gladio peribit.\u2019 Whoso kills with the sword shall die by the\nsword. And Ovid, in his Art of Love, says, \u2018Neque lex est \u00e6quior ulla,\nquam necis artifices arte perire sua.\u2019 No law is more just than that\nmurderers should perish by their own arts.\n\u2018O, my lord king! open the gates of justice, and listen to the very\nreasonable complaints which my lady of Orleans makes to thee, that thou\nmayest verify in thyself the words of the prophet, \u2018Dilexisti justitiam\net odisti iniquitatem propterea unxit te Deus tuus oleo letici\u00e6 pr\u00e6\nconsortibus tuis;\u2019 that is to say, Thou hast loved justice, and hast\nhated iniquity, wherefore the Lord thy God has anointed thee with the\noil of gladness above thy fellows;\u2014and this finishes my fifth argument.\n\u2018My sixth and last argument, for the present, is founded on the conduct\nand demeanour of our opponent after this cruel and detestable crime.\n\u2018There is nothing in this world a king should so much dread and check as\nthe overbearing pride of any subject in regard to his government; and\nthou, O king! oughtest to follow, in thy governance, the example of the\nKing of kings, of whom holy writ says, \u2018Deus superbis resistit,\nhumilibus autem dat gratiam.\u2019 God humbles the proud, and raises up the\nweak-hearted. Thou art therefore bound to humble the pride of our\nopponent, which has increased to such a pitch as to make him resist thy\npower in the support of this his wicked deed.\n\u2018Oh! king of France, and all ye my lords, weigh well then the rebellion\nand disobedience of our adversary, not only against the commands of the\nking, but contrary to the orders of the whole royal council. It is a\nwell known fact, that the king of Sicily, my lord of Berry, and several\nothers, went lately to Amiens, notwithstanding the great severity of the\nseason, to attempt bringing about a reconciliation between the parties,\nfor the general good of the king and kingdom; but these lords, in truth,\ncould not effect this, though they signified to our opponent the king\u2019s\ncommands,\u2014but he contended that he would not wait upon his sovereign\nuntil he should be sent for by the king himself.\n\u2018When the aforesaid lords advised him to obey the king\u2019s commands, they\ncould scarcely obtain from him a promise not to come to the king with a\ngreat power of men at arms; and even then he delayed his coming for\nfifteen days. Consider, my lords, what sort of obedience this is, and\nwhat fatal consequences may ensue from it. After the conference at\nAmiens, what was his conduct? Why, he assembled so large a force of men\nat arms, that when he came to Paris, he seemed as if he would conquer\nthe whole kingdom.\n\u2018It is true, indeed, that the king and the princes of his blood, hearing\nof this, collected a sufficient power to provide a remedy. But when the\nking had commanded him, by especial messengers, not to enter Paris with\nmore than two hundred men at arms, he came accompanied by more than six\nhundred, in direct opposition to the king\u2019s orders.\u2014On his arrival in\nParis with so large a force, it seemed to him that the king, queen, and\nother princes ought to act according to his will; and for certain, such\nwas the state of affairs that nothing was refused him, but the whole\ncourt behaved courteously toward him, to appease his anger.\n\u2018O, government of France! if thou wilt suffer such things to pass with\nimpunity, thou wilt soon have cause for lamentations. Our adversary next\ncaused all the barricadoes and defences round the king\u2019s palace to be\ntaken away, that his wicked intentions, already begun, might be\ncompleted. Such deeds are strong proofs of subjects having evil designs\nagainst their king. It behoved him to have come to humble himself and\nseek for pardon; but, on the contrary, he came with his sword drawn, and\naccompanied by a numerous body of men at arms, the greater part of whom\nwere foreigners.\u2014During his residence in Paris, he frequently excited to\nrebellion the simple inhabitants, by spreading abroad his defamatory\nlibels, and various false promises. The citizens, believing he was to do\nwonders, and to be the regent of the kingdom, have been so much deceived\nby him that they paid great honour to him and to his writings, even by\ncries of joy, and shoutings of the populace whenever he appeared; by\nwhich and other like means, his pride and cruelty are increased, and\nmake him obstinately persist in his iniquities.\n\u2018Alas! my lord king, is it not the very height of presumption to ride\nthrough Paris openly armed, after having committed such a crime, and to\nattend thy peaceful council with his battle-axes and lances? where thou\noughtest not to have suffered any one to have entered more armed than\nthyself, lest the devil, who had instigated him to commit the base act\nhe did, should unfortunately have urged him to commit a still greater,\nbecause the princes of the council did not approve of the wickedness he\nhad done. Therefore thou shouldest never allow any one culpable like\nhim, who takes the law into his own hands, to be in thy presence, more\nstrongly armed than thou art thyself; for it is possible for such as him\nto beguile the people by the means before mentioned, and to lead them to\nthy own destruction as well as that of thy realm.\n\u2018Be pleased, therefore, to humiliate our opponent, and shew thyself an\nupright and fearless judge in the cause of truth, that it may be said of\nthee as it is written in the 8th chapter of the 3d book of\nkings,\u2014\u2018Judicabit servos suos, justificans quod justum est, attribuens\neis secundum justitiam.\u2019 He will judge his servants, justifying them\nthat are upright, and giving to each according to his deserts. From\nthis, as well as from the preceding arguments, it plainly appears, that\nthou art bounden to do the justice required by my lady of Orleans.\n\u2018I shall now demonstrate the crime of our adversary, and how he\nperpetrated such an unpardonable deed, to which I shall add six\narguments to prove the fealty and loyalty of my lord of Orleans, taking\nfor my theme the words of the advocate of our opponent,\u2014namely, \u2018Radix\nomnium malorum cupiditas.\u2019\n\u2018It seems to me, that covetousness has been the original cause of this\nmurder,\u2014not covetousness of wealth alone, but likewise covetousness of\nhonours and ambition.\u2014Covetousness has then been the original cause, as\nshall more plainly be shown hereafter.\n\u2018To prove the greatness and abomination of this crime, I shall use six\narguments. The first is founded on our adversary having not the power or\nauthority of a judge over the deceased.\n\u2018Secondly, Supposing he may have had any authority over him, he\nproceeded in his own way, contrary to every maxim of law and of justice.\n\u2018My third argument is grounded on the strict alliance that had been\nformed between my late lord of Orleans and our adversary.\n\u2018Fourthly, That this is a damnable murder, and cannot any way be\ndefended or explained.\n\u2018Fifthly, That our opponent caused my lord of Orleans to be slain with a\nwicked intention.\n\u2018Sixthly, That, not satisfied with having caused the duke of Orleans to\nbe deprived of his life, he has exerted himself to disgrace his fame, by\ndefamatory libels,\u2014thus, as it were, slaying him a second time.\n\u2018As to my first argument, it plainly appears, that the malice of our\nadversary is incorrigible, seeing that he had not any authority over the\ndeceased; for, according to the laws and decrees, as well as to reason\nand the holy Scriptures, no one can put another to death without\nauthority from the judge or judicial. Otherwise, any one may slay\nanother at his pleasure, and tumults and confusion would reign without\nany chief or head, and every one would alternately, when strongest, make\nhimself king.\n\u2018So far was our adversary from having any power or authority over my\nlord of Orleans that he was bound to do him honour and reverence as son\nto a king, and to call him his lord, and respect him in his words and\nactions, for such are the privileges and prerogatives belonging to the\nsons of kings. This usurpation, therefore, of authority is apparent in\nour adversary, and consequently his wickedness has been unjustly\nperpetrated.\n\u2018That authority is required as essential to enable any one to put\nanother to death appears clearly in many parts of the holy Scriptures:\nand in fact, St Austin, when discussing the saying of our Lord, in the\n26th chapter of the gospel of St Matthew,\u2018Omnis qui gladium acceperit,\ngladio peribit;\u2019 that is, Whosoever useth the sword shall perish by the\nsword; adds, \u2018All who shall, without lawful authority, make use of the\nsword, or shall arm himself against another, is bold in his wickedness.\u2019\nHe afterwards asserts, that even a malefactor cannot be put to death\nwithout lawful authority; for in his Civitas Dei, \u2018Qui, inquit, sine\npublica administratione maleficum interfecerit, velut homicida\njudicabitur.\u2019 That is, Whoever shall slay a malefactor without the forms\nof public administration of justice shall be judged guilty of murder.\nThis the law confirms, \u2018Vigor, inquit, publicus tutela in medio\nconstituta est, ne quis de aliquo, etiam sceleribus implicato sumere\nvaleat ultionem:\u2019\u2014which is, That the public strength is as a defence\nconstituted and ordained to prevent any one from taking vengeance, even\nupon him who is involved in great and abominable crimes.\n\u2018In truth, the advocate for our adversary may say, that the laws should\nonly take cognizance of such as act contrary to law; and that as a\ntyrant proceeds directly in opposition to them, he will affirm that this\nmurder is no way contrary to the law. Alas! and does the advocate of our\nopponent know that my late lord of Orleans was a tyrant? Who is the\njudge that declares him such?\n\u2018The fallacy of this assertion must be strictly examined, for on this\ndeception is founded the supposition of my lord being a tyrant; and as\nour adversary groundlessly asserts, that the late duke of Orleans was a\ntyrant in the eye of reason, he concludes that it was lawful to put him\nto death. Let us, however, consider the properties of tyranny, and who\nshould be accounted tyrants.\n\u2018The philosopher says, in his 4th chapter on morals, \u2018Tyrannus est, cum\naliquis princeps, vi et violentia potestatis, sine titulo terram usurpat\nalienam, et de facto aliquam occupat civitatem vel patriam et qui\nincorrigibilis est, et nulli obediens.\u2019 Now let us see whether my lord\nof Orleans had these properties. Certainly not; for he never took\npossession of another\u2019s land: if any one know the contrary, let him say\nso.\n\u2018Our opponent, therefore, ought not to have called the duke of Orleans a\ntyrant, for he never usurped any dominion, excepting over such places as\nwere given him as appanages by the king, or what he had himself justly\nacquired. The duke of Burgundy, on the contrary, withholds three castles\nand their dependencies, without any just title, from the inheritance and\ndomain of the king, namely, Lille, Douay and Orchies, notwithstanding\nhis oaths on the holy sacrament to the king, that he would restore them\nto the crown, according to the conditions and agreements then made.\n\u2018My lord of Orleans was never incorrigible; for I firmly believe that\nnever did so great a prince pay more respect and honour to the laws.\n\u2018Let our opponent say what acts or opposition the duke of Orleans ever\ncommitted or made against the laws. There are many noble persons now\nliving, who can testify that no lord ever supported or maintained the\ndignity of justice more than the duke of Orleans during his whole life.\n\u2018If we consider the properties of a tyrant according to the\nphilosophers, they declare that a tyrant bends his whole mind to slay\nand destroy the prudent and wise: he seeks the ruin of churches and\ncolleges of learning, and is solely occupied with destruction. He is\nmuch to be feared for his wickedness, whilst he studies to preserve his\npersonal safety by strong guards. Such were not the qualities of my late\nlord, for his were the direct opposite.\n\u2018In the first place, he never caused either wise men or fools to be put\nto death, but was particularly fond of the learned, and desirous of\nseeing any new improvements. In regard to churches, so far from\ndestroying them, he repaired many, and founded some new ones, to which\nhe gave large estates, as is well known. As for guarding his personal\nsafety, he felt himself so innocent and pure toward all mankind, that he\nsuspected no one of attempting to hurt him, and took no precautions, as\nyou have seen, against his murderers. In fact, had he been of a\nsuspicious temper, he would not have been thus treacherously slain.\n\u2018It is therefore wonderfully astonishing how our adversary should have\ndared to have called the duke of Orleans a tyrant, by way of excusing\nhis abominable act, when it is apparent that his qualities were directly\nthe reverse to those of a tyrant. This I think a sufficient answer to\nthe damnable proposition of our opponent.\n\u2018But the advocate for our adversary says, That whatever he may have done\ncontrary to the letter of the law was not, however, contrary to the\nintention of the maker of the law, nor contrary to its spirit, but\nthrough love of God. Who is he that has thus revealed to him the\nintention of the Maker of the law, and that it is the object of laws to\ncause men to be put to death without authority or sentence of the law?\nThe consequence would be, that any prince may be made away with, under\npretence that he was a tyrant; for every one would interpret the law\naccording to his fancy, which would create the greatest misfortunes.\n\u2018Cujus est leges condere ejus est interpretari.\u2019 It is therefore clear,\nthat our opponent could not establish laws binding on the duke of\nOrleans, who was not his subject, or interpret the law in respect to\nhim. For although his advocate styles him dean of the peers, it does not\nfollow that he had any authority over the defunct; for if so, he would\nhave authority over the whole kingdom, and be equal to the king. What\nthough he be a peer? he has no power but over his own lands; and in so\nmuch as he attributes to himself the power of another over the realm, he\nappropriates to himself kingly domination.\n\u2018His advocate has indeed alledged twelve reasons to prove that his lord\nmight lawfully put to death the duke of Orleans without orders from any\none whatever. The three first are founded on the declarations of three\ndoctors in theology, and three others on the writings of three moral\nphilosophers,\u2014three on the civil law, and the three last on examples\ndrawn from the holy Scriptures.\n\u2018With regard to the first, taken from the writings of St Thomas Aquinas,\nwho says,\u2014\u2018Quando aliquis aliquod dominium sibi per violentiam suscipit\nnolentibus subditis, vel sine consensu communitatis et non est recursus\nad superiorem per quem de tali invasore judicium posset fieri, tunc qui\nad liberationem patri\u00e6 talem tyrannum occidit laudatur et pr\u00e6mium\naccipit.\u2019 To this I reply, that it is no way applicable to the case; for\nmy lord of Orleans never intruded on any other\u2019s domination by violence,\nnor did he attempt to usurp the power and authority of the king. I say,\nhe never even thought of such a thing, as will more amply be shown in\nthe third part of my defence of him.\n\u2018I am therefore right in saying, that Saint Thomas speaks of him who may\nbe proved a tyrant,\u2014but my lord of Orleans was not one. On this subject\nSt Austin proposes a question, whether it be lawful for a pilgrim to\nkill a robber, who is on the watch on the highway? and from his\nconclusion it is apparent, that he does not think it lawful for any man\nto put another to death without sentence of the law, as Henry de Gand\nafterward determined.\n\u2018I shall add, that supposing my lord of Orleans was such a person as our\nopponent describes him, but which I deny, he had a safe resort to the\nking, when he was in good health and cheerful with the queen and the\nprinces of his blood,\u2014none of whom would have hesitated to have\npersonally exposed himself in bringing to punishment the duke of\nOrleans, had he been proven guilty of usurping the king\u2019s authority.\nMost certainly, my late lord had too good an understanding to imagine he\ncould ever succeed to the crown, when so many obstacles were against him\nand the king assured of successors.\n\u2018The second reason is founded on the authority of St Peter, who says,\n\u2018Subditi, estote regi quasi pr\u00e6cellenti sive ducibus tanquam ab eo\nmissis ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem vero bonorum quia h\u00e6c est\nvoluntas Dei.\u2019 These words appear to me of no weight in the present\ncase; for it would seem that the Apostle would not that any duke should\nhave dominion over a whole kingdom, but solely in his own country:\notherwise it would follow that Brittany, Berry, and the other duchies\nwithin the realm, should obey the duke of Burgundy.\u2014The advocate has,\ntherefore, wrongfully perverted the holy Scripture to his purpose.\n\u2018His third reason is drawn from what Sabellicus says, in the fifteenth\nchapter of his third book, \u2018Tyranno licet adulari quem licet occidere.\u2019\nThat is to say, It is lawful to flatter and deceive a tyrant who may\nlegally be put to death; but Sabellicus here speaks of such as have been\nproven and known for tyrants.\n\u2018The fourth reason is founded on what Aristotle says, in his book on the\ngovernment of cities, That it is lawful, and even praiseworthy, to slay\na tyrant. But Aristotle alludes to a public tyrant; and such was not my\nlord of Orleans, as I have before shown.\n\u2018The fifth reason is grounded on the praise Tully, in his book \u2018de\nOfficiis,\u2019 gives to those who killed C\u00e6sar. To this I reply, that\nalthough Tully was a man of great ability, he here speaks as an\nill-wisher to C\u00e6sar; for he was always of the party, and supported the\ncause of Pompey the rival and adversary to C\u00e6sar,\u2014and C\u00e6sar perpetrated\nmany deeds which my lord of Orleans never thought of.\n\u2018The sixth reason is grounded on what is said in the sixth chapter of\nthe second book of the Misfortunes of great Men: \u2018Res est valde\nmeritoria occidere tyrannum.\u2019 To this I answer, That it must apply only\nin cases where no other remedy can be had; and the conduct of our\nopponent has been illegal and wicked.\n\u2018The seventh and two following reasons are founded on the civil laws,\nwhich declare there are three sorts of men who may lawfully be put to\ndeath,\u2014namely, such as disgrace their knighthood, highway robbers, and\nhousebreakers found during the night within any dwelling. Now my lord of\nOrleans cannot be included with any one of the above three classes. He\nwas ever attended by a noble body of chivalry, and was fond of it beyond\nmeasure. And in regard to the two other cases, I maintain that the law\ndoes not command such to be slain except when the danger is most\ninevitable. They can in no wise be applicable to my lord of Orleans,\nwho, thank God, was no waylayer on the high roads, nor a housebreaker;\nand there is no law in the world that can excuse our adversary.\n\u2018The example of Moses, who slew an Egyptian without any authority, is\nproduced to support the tenth reason. To this I say, according to the\nopinion of St Austin and many other doctors, that Moses sinned in\nkilling the Egyptian; and although Moses and St Peter both acted\ncontrary to the rules of justice, their cases are not similar,\u2014for Moses\nwas a Hebrew, and noticing an unbeliever moving towards his brother, to\nslay him, put him to death to prevent him from so doing.\n\u2018The eleventh reason is grounded on the instance of Phineas, who slew\nZambry without orders, and not only remained unpunished, but was\nremunerated for it. Thomas Aquinas says, in exculpation of this act,\nthat he did it as a teacher of the law, for he was the son of the high\npriest, and, on this account, had power and public authority. This is\nalso inapplicable to the question before us, as history will show.\n\u2018The twelfth reason is founded on Saint Michael having slain Lucifer\nwithout the Divine command. For this he was rewarded with riches and\npower, as our opponent says. To this I reply, That St Michael did not\nslay Lucifer,\u2014and the assertion that he did so is deserving only of\nderision; for the slaying of Lucifer is nothing more than the\ndeprivation of the Divine grace, and of the sovereign glory of paradise,\nwhence he was cast out by God for his inordinate pride. O, my lords! in\nwhat book has this advocate learned such theology? I am confounded at\nthe boldness of his assertions, for there is not certainly any book in\nwhich it can be found. On the contrary, we see in the epistle of St\nJude, that St Michael dared not to rail against Lucifer, although he had\npower over him, nor command him to do any thing; but he only said, \u2018Our\nLord commands thee;\u2019 and thus it clearly appears, that the arguments\nwhich our adversary has produced are no way applicable to his case, nor\ncan they serve to justify his disloyal and treacherous act.\n\u2018I repeat, that such murders as the above, which our opponent has\nbrought forward, are not of any consequence as examples; for many things\nhave been suffered, that are mentioned in the Old Testament, which are\nnow forbidden. As for instance, Samuel, as a churchman, put to death the\nking Amalech,\u2014but at this day it is not lawful for a churchman to commit\nsuch crimes. To Moses was given the power of repudiation from the\nmarriage-vow, which is now forbidden. The doctrine, therefore, which is\nhere attempted, and the examples quoted to palliate and even justify\nthis atrocious crime, cannot be supported; and truly princes would be in\nconstant dread of death, if this deed go unpunished,\u2014for should any evil\nreport be spread abroad of them, some one of their subjects might take\nit into his head to punish them himself for it.\n\u2018O, princes! consider well, that if such doctrines are supported, any\nman may say, \u2018I also may kill him as such a one did.\u2019 You will therefore\nbe pleased to condemn this false doctrine as dangerous, seditious and\nabominable. Our adversary, and all those of his party, may then say with\nJeremiah, in his twentieth chapter, \u2018Confundantur vehementer qui non\nintellexerunt opprobrium sempiternum quod nunquam delebitur.\u2019\n\u2018The second argument is founded upon this consideration, that the cruel\ndeath of the duke of Orleans was not accomplished according to the way\nof justice; and supposing our adversary had the right to inflict it, he\nwas, notwithstanding, bound to do so according to the forms of law, by\ninformation, and on the testimony of irreproachable witnesses. But he no\nway followed this course; for he first kills the duke of Orleans, and\nthen seeks for reasons to exculpate himself for so doing. O, God! what a\ntrial, and what a judge!! O, justice! do thy duty; and what thou owest\nto thyself, defend thy own cause against one who seeks to reduce thee to\nnothing. In truth, every law ordains that causes should be first tried,\nand sentences examined, before they are put into execution; and to this\npurpose Julius C\u00e6sar, according to what Sallust relates, said, That when\njudges shall put men to death before they be condemned, the greatest\nevils may arise, and no man live in security. He brings, as an example,\nthe Lacedemonians, who, after their victory over the Athenians,\nconstituted thirty persons to govern the public state, who put to death\nnumbers without any previous trial, which caused great misfortunes.\n\u2018The like will befal us, if such crimes are suffered to go unpunished.\nSallust tells us, that when Cataline and his associates were intending\nto burn the city of Rome and murder its senators, Tully was then consul;\nbut although he was fully acquainted with the plot, he did not cause one\nof the conspirators to be put to death until he had fully proved their\nguilt. Now, my lords, as I have fully and clearly proved the heinousness\nof the crime with which I have charged the duke of Burgundy; and as it\nwas done contrary to all law and justice, I trust it will not remain\nunpunished, according to the words of our Lord by the prophet Isaiah, in\nhis 47th chap.: \u2018Videbitur opprobrium tuum, ultionem capiam, et non\nresistet mihi homo.\u2019\n\u2018My third argument is grounded on our adversary\u2019s having entered into\nthe strongest possible alliance with the duke of Orleans, in the\npresence of many of their dependants; and a twelvemonth prior to the\nmurder of the above duke this alliance was renewed before several\nprelates, nobles, clergymen and counsellors of each side, when the two\ndukes swore on the crucifix, with the holy evangelists in their hands,\nto the due and faithful observance of it, promising, on the salvation of\ntheir souls, and by their honour, that henceforward they would be to\neach other as brothers and companions in arms, engaging to reveal\nmutually any evil designs that might be plotted or meditated against\ntheir persons or interests. They then agreed to wear each other\u2019s badge,\nwhich was done. And at the last feast at Compi\u00e8gne, for the greater\nconfirmation of the above, my lord of Orleans and our adversary made\nmany of their knights and dependants alternately swear, that they would\nloyally and truly abide by and support the bonds of friendship entered\ninto between them, through love and attachment to their persons,\u2014and\nwould make known to each party any thing that should be imagined against\ntheir persons or estate.\n\u2018Moreover, my lord of Orleans and our adversary entered into other\nprivate engagements, promising and swearing on the true cross, that they\nwould mutually defend and guard each other\u2019s person and honour against\nall who should attack them. This agreement was signed with their own\nhands and seals.\n\u2018What now, O duke of Burgundy! canst thou say to these things? Who now\ncan put any confidence in thee? for thou canst not deny the above\nalliance, as there are many witnesses to it now living: thou hast been\npublicly seen by the whole city wearing the badge of the duke of\nOrleans.\n\u2018How did my late lord act? Certainly in no way hurtful to our opponent;\nfor from that time no reproachful or angry words passed between them,\nthat could any how be ill interpreted. It is plain, therefore, that our\nadversary has wickedly and treacherously put to death him who had the\nfullest confidence in his honour.\n\u2018O duke! what reply canst thou make to this? Shouldst thou say, that\nthou didst cause him to be put to death on account of the wickedness\nwhich thou hast by thy command caused to be imputed to him,\u2014say, then,\nwhy thou enteredst into any alliance or bonds of friendship with such an\ninfamous traitor as thou hast had him painted. Thou knowest, that loyal\nmen will never form a friendship with traitors. Thou sayest, that the\nduke of Orleans was a traitor to his king: thou therefore makest thyself\na traitor by the act of forming an alliance with him.\n\u2018Thou hast accused my lord of Orleans of having made an alliance with\nHenry of Lancaster: what wilt thou say to the alliances thou thyself\nafterward enteredst into with the duke of Orleans. If these things had\nhappened after thy alliance with my late lord, thou wouldst have had\nsome colour to have broken with him, although even this would have been\nbarely sufficient; but thou knowest well that thou hast not alledged any\nthing against him, in thy scandalous libel, posterior to these\nalliances.\n\u2018O, abominable treason! what can be offered in thy excuse? O ye knights,\nwho consider honour as your judge! God will never suffer you to approve\nof such deeds.\n\u2018O, duke of Burgundy! thou hast frequently visited the duke of Orleans,\nwhen alive: thou hast eaten and drank with him: thou hast even taken\nspices out of the same dish with him, in token of friendship. In short,\non the Tuesday preceding his death, he most kindly invited thee to dine\nwith him the Sunday following, which thou promisedst to do in the\npresence of my lord of Berry, now here. Assuredly my lord of Orleans\nmight have quoted the words of JESUS CHRIST to the traitor Judas, \u2018Qui\nmittit manum mecum in paropside, hic me tradet.\u2019\n\u2018O, my lords! weigh well this treason, and apply a remedy to it.\nConsider how strongly the faith and loyalty of chivalry should be\nguarded and the words of Vegetius, when speaking of chivalry, \u2018Milites\njurata sua omnia custodiant.\u2019 To the observance of this, all princes are\nbound,\u2014for he who shall disgrace his loyalty or honour is unworthy of\nbeing called a knight.\n\u2018My fourth argument is founded on this consideration, that the death of\nmy late lord, the duke of Orleans, was damnable and disloyal,\u2014and any\none who should maintain or assert the contrary would not be a good\nChristian. We see that the secular justice allows to malefactors time\nfor repentance,\u2014but thou, cruel adversary! thou hast caused my lord so\nsuddenly to be put to death that, inasmuch as in thee lay, he died\nwithout repenting of his sins. It seems, therefore, that thou hast\nexerted all thy influence to procure the eternal damnation of his soul\nwhen thou destroyedst his body; and most assuredly thou wilt find great\ndifficulty to make thy peace with God,\u2014for insomuch as thou believest\nhim the greater sinner, so much the more need had he, as thou mayst\nsuppose, of a fuller and longer repentance.\u2014It follows, then, that thou\nhast deprived him, to the utmost of thy power, of any possibility of\nrepentance,\u2014and consequently thy sin becomes the more grievous and\ninexcuseable, more especially as my lord was no way expecting to die\nwhen he was thus suddenly and cruelly cut off.\u2014Nevertheless, I trust\nthat our Lord may have granted that he died in his grace; and I the more\nreadily believe it, inasmuch as, a short time before this sad event, he\nhad most devoutly confessed himself.\n\u2018I repeat, that it is the deed of a wicked Christian thus to put a man\nto death; and whoever may say the contrary, or maintain that it is\nmeritorious, I tell him, that he speaks wickedly and erroneously,\naccording to the theologians.\n\u2018Hear, my lords, and consider the conduct of our adversary after the\ndeath of the duke of Orleans,\u2014how on the Thursday following his murder,\nclothed in black, and with tears and every sign of grief, he accompanied\nthe dead body from the church of the Guillemins to that of the\nCelestins! Weigh well, my lords, this treachery and dissimulation! O\nLord God, what tears and groans!!! O, Earth! how couldst thou bear such\nwickedness? Open thy mouth, and swallow up all who commit such dreadful\nsins.\n\u2018Recollect, that on the ensuing Friday, at the h\u00f4tel of the duke of\nBerry, in his presence and in that of the king of Sicily, our adversary\nadvanced towards the servants of the late duke of Orleans, entreating\nthem to make every inquiry after the author of this murder, and begging\nthem to recommend him to the duchess of Orleans and to her children:\nthen the three noble persons having conferred together, the duke of\nBerry declared the request was proper, and that they would exert\nthemselves as much as possible to discover the person who had committed\nthis atrocious act.\n\u2018O, duke of Burgundy! thou promisedst to do this, by the mouth of my\nlord of Berry, whereas thou didst the worst thou could; for, not\nsatisfied with having caused the murder of his body, thou seekest to\ndestroy the reputation of the defunct. Thou promisedst to seek most\ndiligently after the murderer, while thou knewest it was thyself that\nwast the criminal.\n\u2018Now, my lords, consider well, that after a resolution had been taken to\nseek after the author of this crime, our adversary, the duke of\nBurgundy, conscious of his guilt, confessed that it was he who had\ncaused the death of the duke of Orleans. When he made this confession on\nhis knees to the king and my lord the duke of Berry, he affirmed, that\nwhat he had done was by the instigation of the devil; and certainly in\nthis instance he spoke the truth, for he was urged to it by jealousy and\nambition.\n\u2018O, my lords! weigh well this confession, and how our adversary\ncontradicts himself,\u2014for when he first confessed his guilt, he said he\nhad been instigated to it by the devil; but afterward he commands it to\nbe argued, that he committed so atrocious a deed legally and\njustifiably. If he feel no shame for his wickedness, he ought at least\nto be sensible of his thus meanly contradicting himself. Consider also,\nthat he was desirous of concealing his crime; and God knows, that if his\ndeed had been of that worth as has been advanced for him, he would have\ngloried in having so done, and not have wished to remain undiscovered as\nthe perpetrator. And why did he own his guilt? Because it could no\nlonger be concealed. That this was the cause is apparent; for when he\nperceived that it must be known, he fled most precipitately from Paris,\nlike to one in despair. He might have said, with Judas the traitor,\n\u2018Peccavi tradens sanguinem justum.\u2019\n\u2018O Philip, duke of Burgundy! wert thou now alive, thou wouldst not have\napproved the conduct of our adversary, but wouldst have said thy son had\ndegenerated. Thou wert surnamed The Bold,\u2014but he was always fearful and\nsuspicious, consequently a traitor. Thou mightst have truly applied to\nhim what is written in the fifth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles,\n\u2018Cur temptavit sathanas cor tuum mentiri te Spiritui Sancto? non es\nmentitus hominibus sed Deo.\u2019\n\u2018My fifth argument is grounded on the falsehood of the declarations of\nour opponent, that he had caused the death of the duke of Orleans with\nthe purest intentions; for, on the contrary, he committed this crime\nthrough lust of power, and to gain greater authority over the kingdom,\nand also to possess himself of the royal treasury, that he might more\nlargely gratify and increase his dependants. This is evident from the\nconduct of our adversary before and after the death of the duke of\nOrleans.\n\u2018It is a truth, that shortly after the death of his father the duke of\nBurgundy, he exerted himself to the utmost to obtain similar power in\nthis realm, and with the same pensions and authority as his late father\nhad enjoyed. But this was not granted to him, because his father had\nbeen uncle to the king, and was a man of great prudence and\nunderstanding, qualities not possessed by our adversary.\n\u2018Having been disappointed, he instantly began to practise how he could\nbetter obtain his object; and for this end, prior to the death of the\nduke of Orleans, he caused reports to be circulated throughout the\nkingdom of his affection to the public weal, and that he alone was the\nfittest person to govern it. When he perceived, that in spite of his\nfictions, the duke of Orleans still possessed the authority he was\npanting for, because he was the son of a king, and the only brother to\nthe king, and more fit for the government than the duke of\nBurgundy,\u2014seeing, therefore, all his plans frustrated, he conspired to\ntake away the life of the duke of Orleans, expecting that when he should\nbe made away with, no other person would dare to dispute his having the\nsole government of the kingdom.\n\u2018This is the principal cause of so barbarous a murder, notwithstanding\nthe arguments that have been urged in his excuse, as is well known to\nall. His conduct, likewise, after the death of my late lord of Orleans,\nconfirms it; for instantly, on his return to Paris, he began to push\nforward those that were his dependants and supporters, by depriving many\nvaliant and deserving men of places which they held under the king,\nwithout any other cause but that they had been appointed to them by my\nlord of Orleans, as others had been, and giving their offices to such as\nhe pleased, in order to gain more authority and power. He also\nendeavoured to make all placemen, particularly those who had the\nmanagement of the royal treasury, subservient to him, that they might\nnot refuse him any thing.\n\u2018Our adversary was most anxious to have the government of the treasury,\nand obtained from it the sum of two hundred thousand livres, by warrants\nthereon, or otherwise, great part of which he distributed among his\npeople, as is well known to the clerks of the treasury; and this was his\nprincipal object in putting to death his rival in power, my late lord of\nOrleans, namely, covetousness of the king\u2019s money, and to give it away\nand enrich his followers. It appears, therefore, that covetousness and\npride have been the springs of his actions; but, please God, he shall\nnot in this instance profit from them,\u2014and the words of Job, in his\nseventh chapter, shall be verified, \u2018Cum habuerit quod cupierit,\npossidere non poterit.\u2019\n\u2018My sixth and last argument is founded on the conduct of our adversary,\nwho, not satisfied with having murdered the late duke of Orleans,\nattempts, in conjunction with his followers, to deprive him of his good\nfame and renown, by defamatory libels, wherein he groundlessly and\nfalsely charges him with the crimes of divine and human high treason, of\nwhich he was perfectly innocent, as has been, and shall be again\ndemonstrated.\n\u2018It may be said, that this justification is even more scandalous than\nthe fact itself; for to fall into sin is the lot of humanity, but\nobstinately to persevere in it is diabolical. And this manner of\njustifying murder is the defence of his own sin, and daring to do what\nGod hates: he follows not the example of David when he said, \u2018Non\ndeclines cor meum in verba malici\u00e6 ad excusandas excusationes in\npeccatis.\u2019\n\u2018I come now to my third division, in which I shall reply to the\ndefamatory libel, and to the accusations therein, that were made by our\nadversary against the character of my late lord of Orleans. I may fairly\nquote the words of the Psalmist, on the part of my late lord, \u2018Judica me\nDomine secundum justitiam meam, et secundum innocentiam meam super me.\u2019\nThis request the Psalmist makes to God, and such a request, O king! does\nthe duchess of Orleans now make to thee, as she requires nothing but\njudgment and justice. May it please thee to listen to the answers of my\nlady of Orleans to the six charges brought against her late lord, and\nthou wilt then judge whether he has not been unjustly accused.\n\u2018The first charge brought against the late duke of Orleans by the\nadvocate of the duke of Burgundy is, That during his lifetime he\ncommitted the crime of high treason in the highest degree, by his\nidolatrous conduct in witchcrafts and sorceries, contrary to the\nChristian faith and the honour of God. It is true, that in regard to\nthis accusation, the advocate did not pursue it very far, saying, that\nthe judgment of such crimes belonged to God, the sovereign\nLord,\u2014meaning, that no human judge was competent to it.\n\u2018When making this charge, he spoke of an apostate monk and several\nsorcerers, in whom my late lord of Orleans put confidence, according to\nhis allegations. I shall scarcely offer any reply to this accusation,\nbut, in like manner as he has done, refer the whole to the judgment of\nGod. It will be sufficient for me to show, in the first place, That my\nlate lord of Orleans was a good and true Christian; that he never\ncommitted any sorceries or idolatries, nor ever departed from the faith\nof JESUS CHRIST.\n\u2018I may likewise add, That from his youth upward, he was of a religious\nturn of mind,\u2014for, notwithstanding his fondness for amusements, his\nreliance was in God, to whom he very often confessed himself. Nay, the\nvery Saturday preceding his death, he had most devoutly confessed\nhimself, with many signs of contrition, declaring he would not longer\nfollow youthful pastimes, but solely devote himself to the service of\nGod, and to that of the public welfare. That I may not be suspected of\nuttering falsehoods, many religious as well as others, are now alive, to\nwhom he had made such declarations; and, without saying more, let his\nuncle the duke of Bourbon be heard, who knows what promises he made to\nGod,\u2014for a little before his decease, he assured him, that henceforward\nhis conduct should be such as to merit the approbation of God and\nmankind, and that all the inhabitants of this kingdom should be bound to\npray for him.\n\u2018I know not if our adversary had heard of these wise declarations, or\nwhether he was afraid of their being effected, as they were quite in\nopposition to his wish for the government; for he well knew that if my\nlord of Orleans should act as he had said he would, his authority in the\nkingdom would have been very small indeed. It may therefore be presumed,\nit was for this that he was so eager to have my lord of Orleans put to\ndeath.\n\u2018O, Lord God! thou knowest how well he was inclined toward thee at the\ntime of his being murdered, which gives me confidence in his salvation;\nfor the holy Scripture says, \u2018Justus si morte pr\u00e6occupatus fuerit in\nrefrigerio erit.\u2019 It is, however, evident, that our adversary did all he\ncould to destroy his soul, and afterward heard mass most devoutly in\nappearance, putting what had passed out of his thoughts, and daily\nsaying his canonical prayers.\n\u2018O, duke of Burgundy! why hast thou done all this through hypocrisy and\nfiction? Who has revealed to thee the secrets of hearts? and who has\nmade thee the judge of men\u2019s thoughts? Thou resemblest the Pharisees,\nwho called CHRIST a deceiver and possest of a devil! Thou knowest, that\neven angels are ignorant of the secrets of our hearts, and yet thou\npretendest to judge them! O! how well does the Psalmist exclaim, \u2018Tu\nsolus es scrutans renes et corda!\u2019\n\u2018It is notorious, that my late lord founded many masses and private\nchapels, doing much service to the church: let then his last will, so\ndevoutly written, be considered with what I have before said, and any\none may decide whether he was an idolater or sorcerer. It is true,\nindeed, that the advocate for our adversary refers to the judgment of\nGod all that respects divine high treason, saying that he will not make\nthis an especial charge against the late duke of Orleans.\n\u2018But I now ask why he thus acts? Because he knows the charge is\ngroundless, and that in many places human judges may and do punish\nsorcerers and idolaters according to their power; and that numbers have\nfor these crimes been condemned to death, because they were bad\nChristians, and that from such errors of the faith proceed heresies. It\nis written in the second book of Kings, that Josias killed and\nextirpated diviners and sorcerers; and in the tenth chapter of\nZacharias, \u2018Divini viderunt mendacium et somniatores locuti sunt\nfrustra.\u2019 It is also written in the nineteenth chapter of Leviticus, \u2018Ne\ndeclinetis ad magos, nec ab ariolis aliquid sciscitemini.\u2019\n\u2018The reason why the advocate passed so rapidly over this charge was,\nthat he knew nothing against my lord of Orleans that could prove him a\nbad Christian, or that he was not firm in his belief of religion. O,\nlord king! my lady of Orleans supplicates thee, that the words of Job,\nin the twenty-second chapter, may be verified,\u2014\u2018Salvabitur innocens in\nmunditia manuum suarum.\u2019\n\u2018The second accusation was, That my lord of Orleans favoured the schism\nin the church, by affording aid to Pietro della Luna, formerly called\nPope Benedict, and was consequently guilty of high treason in the second\ndegree. In reply, I say, that my lord of Orleans gave no aid nor showed\nany favour, but with the laudable end of making an honourable peace in\nthe church, and particularly when he considered Benedict as the true\npope. It is well known, that our obedience to the church would have been\nbrought about more to our honour if Pietro della Luna had done his duty,\nby yielding up his claims, for the union of the church, than by\nviolently supporting them. My lord of Orleans may have said, it will be\nbetter to wait a little, for the above Pietro to send in his cession,\nthan by hurrying make affairs worse. In this there could not be any evil\nintentions; for it is a fact, that he was anxious for the union of the\nchurch, and believed firmly that Pietro della Luna was willing to\nabdicate his claims, whenever the roman pontiff should be ready to do\nthe same.\n\u2018Many are now living who have heard the duke swear, that if he knew\nPietro della Luna was unwilling to yield up his pretensions, when the\nother pope should resign his, he would be the bitterest enemy he had in\nthe world; and should it be thought necessary, they are ready to prove\nit. Now let us consider what advantage the division of the church could\nbe of to him. He was wise enough to see all the evils that flowed from\nit, and not so weak as to found confidence on a man so old as Pietro\ndella Luna. He knew, besides, that by the union of the church more\nspiritual and temporal advantages would fall to the share of himself and\nfriends, without comparison, than if the schism were continued.\n\u2018To show more evidently the earnest desire my lord of Orleans had for an\nunion of the church, I will mention a proposal which he made to the\nuniversity of Paris three weeks before his death. When he perceived that\nthe roman pontiff would neither come to Genoa nor Savoy, nor accept as\nhostages those who had been presented to him by the mareschal de\nBoucicaut, and that nothing else prevented the union of the church, for\nPietro della Luna was ready to go to either of these places, he\naddressed the following speech to the members of the university: \u2018O\nrector, and you all my good friends! see I pray ye that we may shortly,\nthrough the grace of God, restore peace to the church, and may give\nsatisfactory security, that the roman pope may come to Genoa. I have\noffered him the choice of one of my sons, as his hostage, and am ready\nto send him, at my own expense, to Venice, or elsewhere. Write,\ntherefore, such letters as you shall think proper to him, and I will\nsign them. Tell what I have said to the whole university, and bring me\ntheir opinions on it.\u2019\n\u2018The heads of the university thanked him very warmly for his\noffer,\u2014adding, that he could not make a more generous proposal, and that\nhe had demonstrated by it the affection he bore to the church. There are\npersons still living whom he had ordered to go to Rome and Venice to\ngive notice of the offer he had made. Now, my lords, could he have done\nmore than to give his own flesh and blood for an hostage? And our\nwitnesses of this act are neither weak nor ignorant persons, but doctors\nand professors of theology.\n\u2018O, duke of Burgundy! this will show to thee how false has been thy\naccusation; and on this charge thou oughtest to have been silent,\nknowing as thou must how anxious thou wert to acquire the friendship of\nPietro della Luna. At the time when Pietro was in the greatest disgrace,\nthou didst write and send to him to obtain bishopricks and other\npreferments for thy dependants; and thy messengers were not pages nor\ncommon persons, but the guardian of thy soul, namely, thy confessor,\nthat he might the more clearly and securely explain thy meaning.\n\u2018It was also said, that my lord of Orleans consented to the malicious\nexcommunication sent by Pietro della Luna to induce the king to continue\nhis obedience to him. Now it is quite clear that this wicked\nexcommunication carries no effect against Pietro della Luna, except in\ncase the king should become disobedient, and that he had given his\nconsent to the said excommunication, which, as has been said, was to\nhave no effect, except in case of renunciation of allegiance or\ndisobedience. It is certain that Pietro della Luna was of a temper\nobstinate enough to do such things, and that he acted thus without\nconsulting any one, and as certain that my lord of Orleans was\nunfavourable to this act,\u2014for it was not put in force until after his\ndeath.\n\u2018Weigh, at the same time, my lords, the misconduct of our adversary, and\nthe innocence of the duke of Orleans, who may say with the Psalmist, \u2018Os\npeccatoris et os dolosi super me apertum est, locuti sunt adversum me\nlingua dolosa, et sermonibus odii circumdederunt me.\u2019\n\u2018The third charge of our adversary is, that my late lord of Orleans\npractised different means to cause the death of his prince and lord, the\nking of France: first, as it is said, by sorceries, witchcrafts and\nsuperstitions;\u2014secondly, by poisons;\u2014thirdly, by fire, water, or other\nviolent injections, which consequently inculpates my lord of Orleans in\nthe crime of human high treason, in the person of the king our lord.\n\u2018In regard to the first part of the charge relative to poison, supposed\nto be administered by a monk under the forms of a sword, a buckler, a\nring, or a wand,\u2014and that, to accomplish this, my lord of Orleans had\nsent for this monk, a knight, an esquire and a varlet, to whom, our\nadversary says, he gave large sums of money,\u2014all this I deny as absolute\nfalsehoods, for my said lord of Orleans never consented to sorceries or\nsuch forbidden deeds.\n\u2018Should this monk have done such sorceries, it was no way through the\nexhortation of my lord of Orleans, nor ought this to have been so\nlightly alledged against him,\u2014for there was a long trial held of this\nmonk before the ministers of the king, from whom the truth may be known.\nIt was then discovered by the confession of the monk, that my lord had\nforbidden him to use any magic arts that would any way prove to the\nprejudice of the king\u2019s person; and God knows, if there had been any\ntruth in the charge, it would not have been concealed until after my\nlord\u2019s death.\n\u2018By this, the falsehood of the accusation is evident; and although my\nforesaid lord may have at times held some conversation with this monk,\nlet it be remembered that he was then young, not more than eighteen\nyears old, and that princes of that age are frequently deceived by\nartful talkers, to gain money from them.\n\u2018With respect to the bone wrapped up in a small linen bag which he wore\nbetween his shirt and skin, as our adversary says, until it was torn\nfrom him by a knight, whom he hated ever after, and continued to\npersecute until he had ruined him in his fortune, and procured his\nbanishment out of the realm,\u2014this is most assuredly false; for the\nknight was banished the kingdom by sentence of the courts of justice for\na very notorious cause, and this odious circumstance was never mentioned\nbut by this knight who published it, and who, according to our\nadversary, was suspected of hatred to the duke of Orleans, and\nconsequently not a competent witness to be admitted against the defunct.\n\u2018Consider, my lords, what falsehoods are contained in the accusations of\nour adversary, and that such as read his libel must be deceived. It\nbehoves, therefore, the reverend professors of theology to correct it as\nsoon as possible, for they know that such libels ought not to be written\nnor published; but the most marvellous circumstance of all is, that this\nlibel and these falsehoods have been suffered and made public by a\ntheologian in the presence of the king\u2019s majesty.\n\u2018We are at present in a similar situation to that in which Saint Austin\nrepresents the companion of the physician and astrologer disputing on\ntwin children, the one fat and the other lean. The astrologer\nattributing the difference to the ascendancy of the stars,\u2014the physician\ndeclaring, that the fat one received the soul first, and, being the\nstrongest, sucked nearly the whole of the food,\u2014which ought to be\nbelieved? The physician, certainly, as St Austin says. We, in like\nmanner, may give greater credit to the faculty of medicine in this\nmanner than to the faculty of theology: the professor has very foolishly\nargued his case.\n\u2018O, most merciful God! apply a remedy to this, for thou seest\ntheologians affirm that sorcerers may succeed in their incantations; and\nit is erring against the holy Scriptures to say, that sorcerers are\nothers than liars. And the wise Solomon makes this answer to those who\nasserted similar errors, in the 33d chapter of Ecclesiasticus,\u2014\u2018Quod\ndivinatio erroris, et arguta mendacia et somnia maleficiorum vanitas\nest.\u2019 Thomas Aquinas quotes this authority to prove that sorcerers\ncannot succeed.\n\u2018O, thou university of Paris! please to correct thyself; for such absurd\nsciences are not only forbidden, as being contrary to the honour of God,\nbut as containing nothing true, which is confirmed by the workers of\nmagic.\n\u2018Ovid says, in his book, \u2018De Remedia Amoris,\u2019\n \u2018Fallitur Hermion\u00e6 si quis mala pabula terr\u00e6:\n Et magicas artes posse juvare putat.\u2019\n\u2018Master John de Bar, who was very expert in this accursed art, and who\nwas burnt, with all his books, declared, at his last confession, that\nthe devil never appeared to him, and that his invocations and sorceries\nnever succeeded, although many said the contrary. He added, that he had\npractised this art to obtain money from persons of high rank. It is\ntherefore most strange to charge the duke of Orleans with such vain and\nfoolish sorceries, as there never was a man who hated them more, or who\npersecuted such as practised them with greater rigour.\n\u2018Every one knows that my late lord was the principal cause of the trial\nof John de Bar and of two augustan friars, before the king\u2019s council and\nclergy summoned for this purpose, and were in consequence executed for\ntheir evil deeds.\n\u2018With regard to what the advocate for our opponent says, that the late\nlord of Milan only gave his daughter to the duke of Orleans in the hope\nof her being queen of France; and that, on her taking leave of him, he\nshould say, \u2018Adieu! my child: I never wish to see thee again but as\nqueen of France.\u2019 This is absolutely false; for my lord of Milan was in\ntreaty with the duke of Gueldres, brother to the king of the Romans, to\nmarry his daughter: ambassadors were even on their road to Milan to\nconclude the match, when Bertrand Gaad, at that time tutor to the count\nde Vertus, was sent by the king and the dukes of Berry and Burgundy,\n(whose soul may God receive!) to propose the alliance of the duke of\nOrleans.\n\u2018The lord of Milan, preferring the honour of a connexion with France,\nconsented to give his daughter to the duke of Orleans, ceased to treat\nwith the duke of Gueldres, and recalled the ambassadors he had sent to\nhim. As to the words the lord of Milan has been supposed to address to\nhis daughter on her taking leave of him, they are also false,\u2014for he\nleft Pavia without seeing or speaking to her, because he could not have\ndone either without weeping. The advocate for our adversary utters\nanother falsehood, when he says, that the lord of Milan expressed his\nastonishment to a french knight, on his telling him the king of France\nwas in good health, replying, \u2018Thou sayest, that the king of France is\nin good health: how can that possibly be?\u2019 My lord of Milan is too\nreserved ever to have held such a conversation; and it is well known to\nmany now alive, that my lord of Milan loved the king of France above all\nother princes, and was very much attached to his family. This he always\ntestified by the honours and presents he lavished on ambassadors and\nnobles of France, who travelled through his country, all from his\nrespect to the king and his royal blood.\n\u2018With regard to the history of that gallant man, sir Philip de Mezieres,\nwhom the advocate has most scandalously defamed,\u2014it is true, that when\nsir Philip came from Cyprus, king Charles, whom God pardon! retained\nhim, and made him his chamberlain. After the death of the king, sir\nPhilip put on the humble dress of a monk, in the church of the\nCelestins, where he devoutly remained until his death. The late duke of\nBurgundy had a friendship for the lord of Milan, and, perceiving sir\nPhilip to be a man of ability and prowess, sent him to Milan to propose\na croisade to the holy land: the lord of Milan received him honourably,\nand willingly listened to all he had to say.\n\u2018Before that time, sir Philip had never resided in Milan, nor had any\nconnexion with the lord Bernabo, uncle to the present lord. Sir Philip\nhad left Milan very long before any mention was made of the marriage of\nthe duke of Orleans with the present duchess, which clearly proves how\nill founded have been the imputations of our adversary.\n\u2018Another infamous falsehood has been boldly advanced, namely, that my\nlord of Orleans, seeing he could not compass the king\u2019s death by\nsorceries, practised other means to accomplish it, that he might succeed\nto the crown of France, by promising to one man four thousand francs, to\nanother five thousand, to make up and administer different poisons,\u2014and\nthat some accepted his offers, and others refused them. Most assuredly,\nif there had been such loyal persons as to refuse these great sums of\nmoney, they would not have hesitated to reveal the matter, that it might\nbe inquired into and punished; but as they have not done so, we may\nsafely conclude the assertion is false.\n\u2018Our adversary has alledged, that at a dinner at the queen\u2019s palace, the\nduke of Orleans threw some powder over the king\u2019s dish. This may be\nproved to be false, for no mention was made during the dinner of any\nsuch act,\u2014for it is clear, that if the queen had observed any thing of\nthe sort at her dinner, she would have denounced it to the servants and\nfamily of the king, otherwise she would not have been loyal.\n\u2018As to the story of the queen\u2019s almoner, which our adversary has brought\nforward,\u2014namely, his falling down dead and losing his hair and nails,\u2014it\nis notoriously false, for he lived five or six years after the time when\nhe was supposed thus suddenly to die. I may therefore apply to our\nopponent the words of the prophet Jeremiah, in his seventh chapter,\n\u2018Ecce vos confiditis in sermonibus mendacii, sed non proderunt vobis.\u2019\n\u2018Our adversary next advances, that my lord of Orleans, finding he could\nnot destroy the king by poisons or sorceries, attempted to do it by fire\nand other means; that my lord of Orleans, in consequence, proposed a\nmasquerade dance of persons dressed as savages, in cloth covered with\npitch and tow, and other inflammable materials,\u2014among the number of whom\nwas the king,\u2014and that the duke of Orleans caused his dress to be made\ntoo tight, that he might be excused from being of the party. Our\nadversary adds, that when one of the king\u2019s servants was warning him of\nthe danger that might ensue from such dresses, the duke of Orleans was\ngreatly enraged and gave him much abusive language: in short, that my\nlord of Orleans set fire to the king\u2019s dress, who was in the utmost\nperil of death, had not God, and certain ladies by their exertions,\nprevented it.\u2014Now, in answer to this heavy charge, I shall reply, that\nmy lord of Orleans did not provide the dresses, nor could he then have\nknown where to have sought for them.\n\u2018The dukes of Berry and Burgundy, lately deceased, well knew who were\nthe proposers of this dance, and that it was not the duke of Orleans.\nHad he been the author of it, he would not have escaped death, or very\ngreat blame, considering the commotion it caused, for he had then\nscarcely any power. As to what our adversary says, that the dress of the\nduke of Orleans was purposely made too tight, there is not the smallest\nappearance of truth in it, for at that time the duke was the thinnest of\nthe company.\n\u2018It is true, that my lord of Orleans and the lord Philip de Bar had gone\nbefore the commencement of this ball to visit the lady of Clermont, who\nhad not come to the wedding held at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, for which this\nentertainment was given, and on their return they found all the dresses\nhad been made use of. This was the sole cause why the duke of Orleans\nwas not dressed to make one of the party.\n\u2018It is an infamous lie to say, as our opponent has done, that the duke\nof Orleans wished to burn the king our lord; for the duke and the lord\nPhilip de Bar intended dressing themselves in these clothes, and,\nwithout thinking or intending any ill, they both told Peter de Navarre\nto set fire to the dresses of the savages, that when on fire they might\nrun among the ladies to frighten them. Peter de Navarre is living, and\nhe can prove the truth of this to the king. Let us suppose, that in this\nyouthful frolic, my lord of Orleans should have set fire to one of the\ndresses, as he had ordered the same to be done to all, it is not\ncredible that it could have been done through malice or evil intentions.\nIt is then apparent, that what our adversary has asserted is a lie; and\nI comfort myself with the words of the prophet,\u2014\u2018Perdes omnes qui\nloquuntur mendacium,\u2019\u2014and in the 20th chapter of Proverbs, \u2018Qui profert\nmendacia peribit.\u2019\n\u2018As to the alliances which our opponent says the duke of Orleans entered\ninto with Henry of Lancaster, at present calling himself king of\nEngland, to the prejudice of the king and realm, and colouring his\nassertion by adding, that Richard, late king of England, had assured the\nking of France, that his infirmities were solely owing to the\nmachinations of the dukes of Milan and Orleans,\u2014I answer, that they are\nwicked falsehoods; for when Henry of Lancaster came to France, he was\nmost honourably received by the princes of the royal family as their\nrelation, and frequented the company of the duke of Orleans and others\nof the blood royal as of their kindred, when, as a friend to the king,\nhe formed an alliance with the duke of Orleans publicly, and in the\npresence of the king and princes of the blood, which at the time was\nconsidered as perfectly lawful, and for the good of the kingdom. This\nplainly shows, that my lord of Orleans had made no alliance against king\nRichard; but what is more, at the treaty of marriage of the king\u2019s\ndaughter, now duchess of Orleans, with king Richard, the duke of Orleans\nand king Richard formed an alliance similar to that which the latter had\nformed with the king of France.\n\u2018After this, my lord of Orleans went to Calais, where he was most\namicably received by king Richard as a very dear brother. In addition,\nwhen king Richard died, the duke of Orleans showed great grief for it,\nand made an enemy of king Henry of Lancaster, by the challenges he sent\nhim, accusing him of being guilty of the crime of high treason against\nhis sovereign lord king Richard, offering to fight the said king Henry,\nin revenge for the death of Richard, either in single combat, or with\nany number of persons he might choose.\n\u2018These and many more circumstances can be brought forward to prove that\nmy lord of Orleans had a strong affection for king Richard, from his\nalliance by marriage with the king of France, and that he hated king\nHenry for having laid hands on his sovereign.\n\u2018There is not more truth in what our adversary has advanced, that my\nlord of Orleans, when with Pietro della Luna, exerted himself to obtain\nbulls to the prejudice of the king and his family, and on this account\nalways favoured the said Pietro; for at that time my lord of Orleans had\nprocured with this Pietro, then called Benedict, a very advantageous\nalliance for the king of France, by which he engaged to support the king\nand his family by every means in his power, as may be seen in the bulls\nissued to this effect. It is therefore very extraordinary, that any man\nendowed with common sense should have asserted publicly things that are\nevidently false.\n\u2018As to what our adversary says, that my lord of Orleans supported Pietro\ndella Luna, I have before answered it; and my lord proposed himself,\nthat if the two rival popes did not speedily agree to send commissioners\nto the council, France should withdraw itself from their obedience.\n\u2018This was more displeasing to Pietro della Luna than any thing that had\nbeen done in this kingdom relative to church-affairs, and is not a sign\nthat my lord of Orleans was desirous of retarding an union of the church\nin favour of Pietro della Luna. It is therefore evident, that the duke\nof Orleans is innocent of the charges that have been brought against\nhim.\n\u2018O, lord king! may it please thee to guard his innocence by means of thy\njustice, according as it is written in the 13th chapter of Job,\n\u2018Justitia custodit innocentis viam.\u2019\n\u2018The fourth accusation of our adversary is, That for the space of three\nwhole years my lord of Orleans, by his artful and deceitful tales, and\nadvice to the queen, attempted to prevail on her to quit the kingdom,\nwith her children, and reside in the county of Luxembourg, that he might\nenjoy greater power in the government of the realm. So far is this\ncharge from being true, that my lord of Orleans did every thing in his\npower to honour and support the queen during the melancholy illness of\nthe king, of which it does not become me to say more, for, thanks to\nGod, she is now present, and knows full well the truth of this, and\nwhich she may more fully declare whenever it may be her good pleasure so\nto do. I do not, however, know that she made any complaints on this\nsubject to our adversary, or to any other persons. I believe the\ncontrary, to this charge of our opponent, will be found to be the truth;\nand that it has been purposely brought forward to defame the reputation\nof the deceased.\n\u2018The fifth accusation is, That my lord of Orleans committed the crime of\nhigh treason in the third degree, on the person of my lord the dauphin,\nwhose soul may God pardon! by compassing his death by means of a\npoisoned apple given to a child, from whom one of the nurses of the\nchildren of the duke of Orleans took it by force, and gave it to one of\nthe children of the duke of Orleans, and caused its death, as well as\nthat of the dauphin, who also ate of it.\n\u2018This is an absolute falsehood. True it is, that one of the duke of\nOrleans\u2019 children died about the time when this fact was supposed to\nhave taken place, of a bowel complaint, which was then very prevalent,\nand carried off many others. Let the physicians, master William le\nBoucher and master John de Beaumont, be examined, who visited this\nchild, and they will declare the truth, that it did not die of poison.\n\u2018Consider, my lords, the improbability of a nurse of the children of the\nduke of Orleans daring to give an apple or pear to any of them without\nthe express orders of the duchess of Orleans; and that when the nurse\nwent to these gardens with the child she was accompanied by several\nwomen of character, who would not have suffered her to give it an apple,\nor any suchlike thing.\n\u2018O most noble and well-beloved duke of Acquitaine! while young, learn to\nlove justice, and act like Solomon. Consider the evils that may happen\nunless justice be observed; and if thou neglectest it, thou wilt not\nlove thy brothers, for they will be in danger of death if the doctrines\nof our adversary be not checked. The prophet says, \u2018Justiti\u00e6 Domini\nrect\u00e6 l\u00e6tificantes corda.\u2019\n\u2018The sixth crime alledged against the duke of Orleans is, That he\ncommitted high treason in the fourth degree, by ruining the king in his\nfinances, and by oppressing the people with intolerable taxes, and\nquartering large bodies of men at arms in various parts of the country.\nMy lords, it is very astonishing that our adversary should have made\nthis charge; for it is notorious to every one, that these taxes were not\nlevied in this kingdom for its own concerns, nor were they for the\nprofit of the duke of Orleans: they were proposed with great\ndeliberation of the king, the princes of his blood, and his council, for\nthe benefit of our adversary himself, in his expedition to Hungary, and\nfor the payment of the ransom of himself and his army. This was the\ncause of such heavy taxes being raised throughout the kingdom, and of\nimmense sums of money being sent to Turkey, and other distant places, to\nthe irreparable loss of the country.\n\u2018When our adversary charges the duke of Orleans with having taken four\nthousand francs from the tower of the palace, and one hundred thousand\nfrom the castle of Melun,\u2014I reply, that it is false: if any sums of\nmoney were in the tower of the palace, they were distributed according\nto orders from the king. In regard to the hundred thousand francs in the\ncastle of Melun, it is well known that the queen and the duke of Orleans\nwent thither to amuse themselves,\u2014during which time, our adversary very\nimproperly came to Paris with a large body of men at arms, and forced\nthe duke of Acquitaine to return thither, instead of going, as he\nintended, to join his mother the queen. He had collected this force of\nmen at arms with the design of attacking the queen and the duke of\nOrleans in Melun, which, of course, made it necessary for her majesty to\nraise an army for her own defence, and for the security of the king and\nkingdom.\n\u2018She was therefore advised to make use of the money in the castle of\nMelun for the pay of the men at arms, but my lord of Orleans never\ntouched one penny of it; and when it came to the knowledge of the king,\nhe was well satisfied that it had been so applied.\n\u2018It therefore appears, that this sum of money was expended to oppose the\ndamnable act of our adversary, and for no other cause. In regard to the\nmen at arms said to have been kept on foot by my lord of Orleans,\ncertainly some bodies of them, being quartered over the country,\ndeclared they were sent thither by command of the duke of Orleans, in\norder that no one might dare to molest them,\u2014but they had no letters or\ncommissions from him. On the contrary, he was greatly displeased at the\nevil acts they at times committed.\n\u2018When their conduct was laid before the king and council, the duke of\nOrleans caused letters to be sent in the king\u2019s name to all bailiffs and\nother officers throughout the realm, ordering them to assemble the\nnobles and gentlemen of the country to force those who committed such\ndisgraceful acts to quit the kingdom, having first punished them for\ntheir wicked conduct.\n\u2018O, duke of Burgundy! recollect the irreparable damages that have been\ndone to many parts of this realm by the bodies of men at arms which thou\nhast introduced within it, many of whom were foreigners, who wasted the\ncountries they passed through, and every one should feel compassion for\nevents of so pitiable a nature: they can never be enough bewailed.\n\u2018O, thou king of France! most excellent prince, deplore the death of thy\nonly brother; for thou hast lost the most precious jewel in thy crown,\nwhich thy justice ought to avenge, if no other way be found.\n\u2018O, thou most noble queen! weep for a prince who so greatly honoured\nthee, and whom thou hast seen so infamously murdered.\n\u2018O thou, my most redoubted lord, duke of Acquitaine! lament that thou\nhast lost the most precious member of thy blood, council and state,\nwhich has caused thee to fall from peace into great tribulation.\n\u2018O, thou duke of Berry! grieve that thou hast seen the brother of the\nking thy nephew thus disgracefully end his days, solely because he was\nbrother to the king, and for no other reason.\n\u2018O, duke of Brittany! thou hast lost the brother to thy duchess, who\ngreatly loved thee.\n\u2018O, thou duke of Bourbon! weep that thy friend is now buried under\nground; and ye other princes! join in lamentations, for the way is now\nopened to put ye all to death most traitorously and unexpectedly.\n\u2018Mourn, men and women, old and young, rich and poor! for the sweetness\nof peace and tranquillity is now torn from ye, by this assertion of the\ndoctrine of assassinating princes, whence wars and destruction must fall\nupon you.\n\u2018O, ye churchmen! deplore the loss of a prince who was much attached to\nyou, and who greatly respected all who performed the divine service,\nfrom his love to God.\n\u2018Ye clerks, and nobles of all degrees! consider how ye will henceforward\nact; for our opponent has deceived you by his false arguments, and\ncaused you to favour his wickedness. But as ye are now aware of the\nmurder committed on the person of the duke of Orleans, of the falsity\nand lies published in our adversary\u2019s defamatory libel, and consequently\nof the innocence of my lord of Orleans,\u2014should ye, from this time forth,\nin any way support the party of our adversary, know that it will be\ntreason against the king, and you will then incur the danger of losing\nyour lives and fortunes, as usual in such cases.\n\u2018Understand then, princes and men of all degrees, that ye are bounden to\nassist in maintaining the laws against the duke of Burgundy, who, by\nthis murderous act, has usurped the power and authority of the king and\nhis sons, and has deprived them of great aid and consolation; for he has\nbrought the commonweal into grievous tribulation by shamelessly\nviolating the wholesome statutes in vindicating his offence against\nnobility, kindred, oaths, alliances and assurances,\u2014against God and all\nhis saints. This mischief cannot be amended except by the laws. To\nobtain this reparation, my lady of Orleans and her children are now come\nbefore thee, O lord king! and the princes of thy royal blood,\nsupplicating you all to weigh well the injury that has been done to\nthem, and to make them amends in the manner required by her council, or\nin any other way, so that it may be publicly known that her lord was\ncruelly murdered, and unjustly and falsely accused and defamed. By doing\nthis, you will perform your duty as you are bounden to do, and acquire\neternal life, as it is written in the 21st chapter of Proverbs, \u2018Qui\nsequitur justitiam inveniet vitam et gloriam,\u2019\u2014which may God, who reigns\nand lives for ever and ever, grant. Amen.\u2019\n AT THE HAFOD PRESS,\n BY JA. HENDERSON.\nFootnote 1:\n These deeds, and the greater part of others quoted in these memoirs,\n are preserved in the Chartulary of Cambray. Extracts from them were\n communicated by M. Mutte, dean of Cambray, to M. de Foncemagne, who\n lent, them to M. Dacier.\nFootnote 2:\n They are preserved in MS. by the regular canons of St Aubert in\n Cambray.\nFootnote 3:\n \u2018This extract was published by M. Villaret in the xiith vol. of his\n \u2018Histoire de France,\u2019 edition in 12mo. page 119.\u2019\nFootnote 4:\n \u2018The text of Monstrelet is _P\u00e2ques Communiaux_. This expression has\n seemed to some learned men to be equally applicable to Palm as to\n Easter Sunday. M. Secousse, in a note on these words, which he has\n added to page 480 of the ixth volume of Ordinances, reports both\n opinions, without deciding on either. But the sense is absolutely\n determined as to Easter-day in this passage of Monstrelet, and in a\n paper quoted by du Chesne, among the proofs to the genealogy of the\n house of Montmorenci, p. 224. It is a receipt from Anthony de\n Waevrans, esquire, ch\u00e2telain of Lille, with this date,\u2014\u2018the 2d of\n April, on the vigil of _P\u00e2ques communiaux avant la cierge benit_, in\n the year 1490.\u2019 The circumstance of the paschal taper clearly shows it\n to have been written on holy Saturday, which fell that year on the 2d\n of April, since Easter-day of 1491 was on the 3d of the same\n month.\u2014See l\u2019Art de Verifier les Dates.\u2019\nFootnote 5:\n Essais de Montaigne, liv. xi. chap. 10.\nFootnote 6:\n I have a copy of these corrections, which are introduced either into\n the body of the text or at the bottom of the page.\nFootnote 7:\n \u2018More slobbering than a mustard pot;\u2019 but Cotgrave translates this,\n \u2018Foaming at the mouth like a boar.\u2019\nFootnote 8:\n \u2018Having compared these different chronicles, underneath is the result.\n The truces between England and France,\n Measures taken by the king of France\n relative to the troubles in the\n church, by the election of the duke\n Continuation of the same subject, Ditto.\n Taking of Fougeres, Ditto, and in Jean Chartier.\n Rebellion in London, Ditto. Ditto.\n Capture of Pont de l\u2019Arche, &c. Ditto. Ditto.\n From page 11. to page 23. in the\n With this difference, that the continuator of Monstrelet omits to\n report the treaties of surrender of many towns, and that he\n sometimes inverts the order of events.\n From page 29. to page 35. from the Grandes Chroniques.\nFootnote 9:\n From chapter ccxvii to ccxxxvi in the translation, third volume, 4to.\nFootnote 10:\n \u2018The capture of Sandwich by the French has been twice told; and also\n the account of the embassy from Hungary,\u2014the duke of Burgundy\u2019s entry\n into Ghent,\u2014the proceedings against the duke of Alen\u00e7on,\u2014the account\n of what passed at the funeral of king Charles VII.\u2019\nFootnote 11:\n \u2018The copy of this chronicle, whence D. Berthod made his extract, is\n (or perhaps rather was) in the royal library at Brussels. Pere le Long\n and M. de Fontette notice another copy in the abbey of St Waast at\n Arras. This must be the original, for D. Berthod told me, that the one\n at Brussels was a copy.\u2019\nFootnote 12:\n \u2018Vol. xvi. of the Memoires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie, page 251.\u2019\nFootnote 13:\n See his preface at the head of the first volume, page 7.\nFootnote 14:\n Epistola plurium doctorum e societate Sorbonic\u00e2 ad illustrissimum\n marchionem Scipionem Maffeium, de ratione indicis Sorbonici, seu\n bibliothec\u00e6 alphabetic\u00e6, quam adornant, &c. 1734.\nFootnote 15:\n This quaint expression is manifestly adopted from Froissart who uses\n it very often.\nFootnote 16:\n The house of Bavaria was at this period split into so many branches,\n the males of every branch retaining, according to the german custom,\n the title of the head of the house, that it becomes a difficult task\n to point out their several degrees of affinity without having recourse\n to a genealogical table. The following will suffice for the purpose of\n explaining Monstrelet:\n Bavaria. count of Hainault |\n D. D. D. John, William VI. Margaret palatine.\n Munich. Ingolstadt, Landshut. of Margaret, John |\nFootnote 17:\n Q. Luttrel, or Latimer?\nFootnote 18:\n The whole of this romantic passage seems to refer to the ancient\n courts of love, the institution of which was considerably prior to the\n fifteenth century.\nFootnote 19:\n The wars for the succession of Arragon had terminated two years\n previous to this, otherwise we should be at no loss to account for the\n business which forced Michel d\u2019Orris to return from France.\nFootnote 20:\n The kings of Castille were at this period styled kings of Spain, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019\n \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd.\nFootnote 21:\n This was the year of the jubilee. The plague raged at Rome, where, as\n Buoninsegni informs us, seven or eight hundred persons died daily. Few\n of the pilgrims returned. Many were murdered by the pope\u2019s soldiers,\n an universal confusion prevailing at that time throughout Italy.\nFootnote 22:\n John V. duke of Brittany, had issue, by his several wives, John VI.\n his successor, Arthur count of Richemont and duke of Brittany in 1457,\n Giles de Chambon and Richard count of Estampes. His daughters were\n married to the duke of Alen\u00e7on, count of Armagnac, viscount of Rohan,\n &c. John VI. married Joan of France, daughter of Charles VI.\nFootnote 23:\n Manuel Paleologus.\nFootnote 24:\n \u2018The emperor of Constantinople came into Englande to require ayde\n against the Turkes, whome the king, with sumptuous preparation, met at\n Blacke-heath, upon St Thomas day the apostle, and brought him to\n London, and, paying for the charges of his lodging, presented him with\n giftes worthy of one of so high degree.\u2019\nFootnote 25:\n Waleran de Luxembourg III. count of St Pol, Ligny and Roussy,\n castellan of Lille, &c. &c. &c. a nobleman of very extensive and rich\n possessions, attached to the duke of Burgundy, through whose interest\n he obtained the posts of grand butler 1410, of governor of Paris and\n constable of France 1411. He died, 1415, leaving only one legitimate\n daughter, who, by marriage with Antony duke of Brabant, brought most\n of the family-possessions into the house of Burgundy.\nFootnote 26:\n Joan, daughter of Charles the bad, third wife of John V. Her mother\n was Joan of France, sister to Charles V. the duke of Burgundy, &c.\n Joan, duchess dowager of Bretagne, afterwards married Henry IV. of\n England.\nFootnote 27:\n After the death of Wenceslaus duke of Brabant and Luxembourg (the\n great friend and patron of Froissart), the latter duchy reverted, of\n right, to the crown of Bohemia. But during the inactive and dissolute\n reign of the emperor Wenceslaus, it seems to have been alternately\n possessed by himself, by governors under him nominally, but in fact\n supreme, or by Jodocus M. of Brandenburg and Moravia, his cousin. In\n the history of Luxembourg by Bertelius, several deeds and instruments\n are cited, which tend rather to perplex than elucidate. But he gives\n the following account of the transaction with Louis duke of Orleans:\n \u2018Wenceslaus being seldom in those parts, and greatly preferring\n Bohemia, his native country, granted the government of Luxembourg to\n his cousin the duke of Orleans; and moreover, for the sum of 56,337\n golden crowns lent him by Louis, mortgaged to him the towns of Ivoy,\n Montmedy, Damvilliers and Orchiemont, with their appurtenances.\u2019 In a\n deed of the year 1412, the duke of Orleans expresses himself as still\n retaining the government at the request of his dear nephew Jodocus;\n but this appears to be a mistake, since Jodocus was elected emperor in\n 1410, and died six months after, before his election could be\n confirmed. He was succeeded by his brother Procopius.\nFootnote 28:\n Rupert, or Robert, elector palatine (see the genealogy, p. 12.) was\n elected emperor upon the deposition of Wenceslaus king of Bohemia.\nFootnote 29:\n John Galeas Visconti, first duke of Milan, father of Valentina duchess\n of Orleans. During the reign of Wenceslaus, he had made the most\n violent aggressions on the free and imperial states of Lombardy, which\n it was the first object of the new emperor to chastise. The battle or\n skirmish here alluded to was fought near the walls of Brescia.\nFootnote 30:\n This chapter presents a most extraordinary confusion of dates and\n events. The conclusion can refer only to the battle of Shrewsbury,\n which took place more than two years afterwards,\u2014and is again\n mentioned in its proper place, chap. XV.: besides which, the facts are\n misrepresented. Monstrelet should have said, \u2018The lord Thomas Percy\n (earl of Worcester) was beheaded after the battle, and his nephew\n Henry slain on the field.\u2019 The year 1401 was, in fact, distinguished\n only by the war in Wales against Owen Glendower, in which Harry Percy\n commanded for, not against, the king. The Percies did not rebel till\n the year 1403.\nFootnote 31:\n This John de Werchin, seneschal of Hainault, was connected by marriage\n with the house of Luxembourg St Pol.\nFootnote 32:\n Enguerrand VII. lord of Coucy and count of Soissons, died a prisoner\n in Turkey, as related by Froissart. Mary, his daughter and co-heiress,\n sold her possessions, and this castle of Coucy among the rest, to\n Louis duke of Orleans. His other daughters were, Mary wife of Robert\n Vere, duke of Ireland (the ill-fated favourite of Richard II.) and\n Isabel, married to Philip count of Nevers, youngest son of the duke of\n Burgundy.\nFootnote 33:\n Spinguchen. Q. Speenham?\nFootnote 34:\n Jodocus marquis of Moravia and Brandenburg, cousin-german to the\n emperor Wenceslaus, appears to be here meant. See the following\n 1. Isabel, = John, king of Bohemia, = 2. Beatrix,\n heiress of | killed at Crecy. | daughter of\n Charles IV. emperor. John-Henry, 1. Margaret, Wenceslaus,\n Wenceslaus, John, Jodocus, Procopius,\n emperor. duke of marq. of marq. of\n d. s. p. Luxemburg Brand. Brand.\n & Goritia. & Moravia, & Moravia,\n m. Antony D. of Brabant.\n 2dly, John of Bavaria, bishop of Liege.\nFootnote 35:\n Charles the bold, married to a daughter of Robert of Bavaria, elector\n palatine, and afterwards emperor.\nFootnote 36:\n Adolphus II. duke of Cleves, married Mary daughter of the duke of\n Burgundy.\nFootnote 37:\n This seems to allude, in an enigmatical manner, to the charge of\n sorcery and witchcraft against the person of the king of France, of\n which the duke\u2019s enemies accused him, as we find afterwards in doctor\n Petit\u2019s justification of the duke of Burgundy.\nFootnote 38:\n This was the half-sister of Richard, and daughter of the countess of\n Kent, by her second husband, Thomas Holland, knight of the Garter, and\n earl of Kent in right of his wife. She had been before separated from\n her first husband, William Montague, earl of Salisbury. Her third\n husband was Edward prince of Wales, by whom she had king Richard.\nFootnote 39:\n Edward duke of Aumerle and earl of Rutland, son to Edmund duke of\n York, and cousin-german both to Richard II. and Henry IV. The reason\n of the personal hatred of the count de St Pol against this prince\n appears to be his having deserted and betrayed the conspirators at\n Windsor. The discovery of that plot probably hastened the death of\n Richard II.\nFootnote 40:\n James II. count de la Marche, great chamberlain of France, succeeded\n to his father John in 1393, died 1438.\nFootnote 41:\n Louis, count of Vend\u00f4me (the inheritance of his mother) second son of\n John count de la Marche, died 1446.\nFootnote 42:\n John, lord of Clarency, third son of John count de la Marche, died\nFootnote 43:\n Sallemue. Q. Saltash?\nFootnote 44:\n Chastel, the name of a noble house in Brittany. Tanneguy, so often\n mentioned hereafter, was of the same family.\nFootnote 45:\n Morlens. Q. Morlaix?\nFootnote 46:\n Chastel-Pol. Q. St Pol de Leon?\nFootnote 47:\n At the entrance of Brest harbour.\nFootnote 48:\n In 1383, he was appointed to the office of grand treasurer.\nFootnote 49:\n He is said, during his exile, to have signalized himself, like a true\n knight, in combating the Saracens, of whom he brought back to France\n so many prisoners that he constructed his magnificent castle of\n Seignelay without the aid of other labourers.\u2014Paradin, cited by\n Moreri, Art. \u2018Savoisy.\u2019\nFootnote 50:\n William de Tignonville. The event here recorded happened in 1408.\n After the bodies were taken down from the gibbets, he was compelled to\n kiss them on the mouths.\nFootnote 51:\n John, king of Arragon, was killed in 1395 by a fall from his horse\n while hunting. By Matthea of Armagnac, his queen, he had two\n daughters, of whom the eldest was married to Matthew viscount de\n Chateaubon and count of Foix, who claimed the crown in right of his\n wife, and invaded Arragon in support of his pretensions. But the\n principal nobility having, in the mean time, called over Martin king\n of Sicily, brother of John, to be his successor, a bloody war ensued,\n which terminated only with the death of the count de Foix. After that\n event (which took place in 1398), Martin remained in peaceable\n possession of the crown. The right to the crown, both by the general\n law of succession and by virtue of the marriage-contract, appears to\n have been in the countess of Foix; but the states of the kingdom here,\n as in some other instances, seem to have assumed a controuling,\n elective power. This authority, probably inherent in the constitution,\n was more signally exercised in the death of Martin without issue in\n the year 1410.\nFootnote 52:\n Jean Carmen. Q. Carmaing?\nFootnote 53:\n Pierre de Monstarde. Q. Peter de Moncada, the name of an illustrious\n family in Arragon?\nFootnote 54:\n Duke de Caudie. Q. Duke of Gandia? Don Alphonso, a prince of the house\n of Arragon, was honoured with that title by Martin on his accession.\nFootnote 55:\n De Sardonne. Q. Count of Cardona? He was one of the deputies from the\n states to don Martin, on the death of John.\nFootnote 56:\n D\u2019Aviemie. Q. Count of Ampurias? This nobleman was another descendant\n of the house of Arragon. He espoused at first the party of Foix, but\n soon reconciled himself to Martin.\nFootnote 57:\n Before called Peter.\nFootnote 58:\n Of this invasion, Stowe gives the following brief account: \u2018The lord\n of Cassels, in Brytaine, arrived at Blackepoole, two miles out of\n Dartmouth, with a great navy, where, of the rustical people whom he\n ever despised, he was slaine.\u2019\nFootnote 59:\n John de Hangest, lord de Huqueville.\nFootnote 60:\n Owen Glendower.\nFootnote 61:\n Linorquie. Q. Glamorgan?\nFootnote 62:\n Round Table. Q. Caerleon in Monmouthshire, one of Arthur\u2019s seats?\nFootnote 63:\n Regnault de Trie, lord of Fontenay, was _admiral_ of France on the\n death of the lord de Vienne, killed at Nicopolis. He resigned, in\n 1405, in favour of Peter de _Breban_, lord of Landreville, surnamed\n Clugnet, and hereafter mentioned, but falsely, by the name of Clugnet\n de _Brabant_.\nFootnote 64:\n This famous battle was fought at Angora in Galatia.\nFootnote 65:\n Charles III. succeeded his father, Charles the bad, in 1386.\nFootnote 66:\n This county descended to him from his great grandfather Louis, count\n of Evreux, son to Philip the bold, king of France. Philip, son of\n Louis, became king of Navarre in right of his wife Jane, daughter of\n Louis Hutin. He was father of Charles the bad.\nFootnote 67:\n Mary of France, daughter of king John, married Robert duke of Bar, by\n whom she had issue Edward duke of Bar and Louis cardinal, hereafter\n mentioned, besides other children.\nFootnote 68:\n Rather aunt. John III. duke of Brabant, dying in the year 1335,\n without male issue, left his dominions to his eldest daughter Joan,\n who married Wenceslaus duke of Luxembourg, and survived her husband\n many years, dying, at a very advanced age, in the year 1406. She is\n the princess here mentioned. Margaret, youngest daughter of John III.\n married Louis de Male, earl of Flanders; and her only daughter\n Margaret (consequently niece of Joan duchess of Brabant) brought the\n inheritance of Flanders to Philip duke of Burgundy.\nFootnote 69:\n The heiress of Flanders, mentioned in the preceding page.\nFootnote 70:\n Catherine, married to Leopold the proud, duke of Austria.\nFootnote 71:\n Margaret, married to William of Bavaria, (VI. of the name), count of\n Holland and Hainault.\nFootnote 72:\n Mary, married to Amadeus VIII. first _duke_ of Savoy, afterwards pope\n by the name of Felix V.\nFootnote 73:\n Limbourg, on the death of its last duke, Henry, about 1300, was\n purchased, by John duke of Brabant, of Adolph count of Mons. Reginald\n duke of Gueldres claimed the succession; and his pretensions gave rise\n to the bloody war detailed by Froissart, which ended with the battle\n of Wareng.\nFootnote 74:\n John, son of Louis the good, duke of Bourbon, so celebrated in the\n Chronicle of Froissart. The family was descended from Robert count of\n Clermont, son of St Louis who married the heiress of the ancient lords\n of the Bourbonnois. Louis, son of Robert, had two sons, Peter, the\n eldest (father of duke Louis the good) through whom descended the\n first line of Bourbon and that of Montpensier, both of which became\n extinct in the persons of Susannah, duchess of Bourbon, and Charles\n count of Montpensier her husband, the famous constable of France\n killed at the siege of Rome. James, the younger son of Louis I. was\n founder of the second line of Bourbon. John, count of la Marche, his\n son, became count of Vend\u00f4me in right of his wife, the heiress of that\n county. Anthony, fifth in lineal descent, became king of Navarre, in\n right also of his wife, and is well known as father of king Henry IV.\nFootnote 75:\n Matthew count of Foix, the unsuccessful competitor for the crown of\n Arragon, was succeeded by his sister Isabel, the wife of Archambaud de\n Greilly, son of the famous captal de Buche, who became count of Foix\n in her right. His son John, here called viscount de Ch\u00e2teaubon, was\n his successor.\nFootnote 76:\n Charles d\u2019Albret, count of Dreux and viscount of Tartas, constable,\n lineal ancestor of John king of Navarre.\nFootnote 77:\n Carlefin. Q. Carlat?\nFootnote 78:\n Duke Albert had four other children not mentioned in this history,\n viz. Albert, who died young,\u2014Catherine, married to the duke of\n Gueldres,\u2014Anne, wife of the emperor Wenceslaus,\u2014and Jane, married to\n Albert IV. duke of Austria, surnamed the Wonder of the World.\nFootnote 79:\n Peter de Luna, antipope of Avignon, elected after the death of Clement\n VII.\nFootnote 80:\n Hollingshed says, sir Philip Hall was governor of the castle of Mercq,\n \u2018having with him four score archers and four-and-twenty other\n soldiers.\u2019\n The troops from Calais were commanded by sir Richard Aston, knight,\n \u2018lieutenant of the english pale for the earl of Somerset,\n captain-general of those marches.\u2019\nFootnote 81:\n Hangest, a noble family in Picardy. Rogues de Hangest was _grand\n pannetier_ and mar\u00e9schal of France in 1352. His son, John Rabache,\n died a hostage in London. John de Hangest, grandson of Rogues, is here\n meant. He was chamberlain to the king and much esteemed at court. His\n son Miles was the last male of the family.\nFootnote 82:\n Aynard de Clermont en Dauphin\u00e8 married Jane de Maingret, heiress of\n Dampierre, about the middle of the 14th century. Probably their son\n was the lord de Dampierre here mentioned.\nFootnote 83:\n Andrew lord de Rambures was governor of Gravelines. His son, David, is\n the person here mentioned. He was appointed grand master of the\n cross-bows, and fell at the battle of Agincourt with three of his\n sons. Andrew II. his only surviving son, continued the line of\n Rambures.\nFootnote 84:\n John de Craon, lord of Montbazon and Sainte Maure, _grand echanson_ de\n France, killed at Agincourt.\nFootnote 85:\n Antoine de Vergy, count de Dammartin, mar\u00e9schal of France in 1421.\nFootnote 86:\n Hollingshed says, this expedition was commanded by king Henry\u2019s son,\n the lord Thomas of Lancaster, and the earl of Kent. He doubts the earl\n of Pembroke bring slain, for he writes, \u2018the person whom the Flemings\n called earl of Pembroke.\u2019 He also differs, as to the return of the\n English, from Monstrelet, and describes a sea-fight with four genoese\n carracks, when the victory was gained by the English, who afterward\n sailed to the coast of France, and burnt thirty-six towns in Normandy,\nFootnote 87:\n John lord of Croy, Renty, &c. counsellor and chamberlain to the two\n dukes of Burgundy, Philip and John, afterwards grand butler of France,\n killed at Agincourt.\nFootnote 88:\n John de Montagu, vidame du Laonnois, lord of Montagu en Laye,\n counsellor and chamberlain of the king, and grand master of the\n household. He was the son of Gerard de Montagu, a bourgeois of Paris,\n secretary to king Charles V. Through his great interest at court, his\n two brothers were presented, one to the bishoprick of Paris, the other\n to the archbishoprick of Sens and office of chancellor.\nFootnote 89:\n This term may excite a smile. Monstrelet was a staunch Burgundian.\nFootnote 90:\n He styles himself count of Rethel, because, as duke of Limbourg, he\n was a member of the empire, and owed the king no homage.\nFootnote 91:\n Brother of William count of Hainault.\nFootnote 92:\n Philip the bold, king of France, gave the county of Alen\u00e7on to his son\n Charles count of Valois, father of Philip VI. and of Charles II. count\n of Alen\u00e7on, who was succeeded by his son Peter, the third count, who,\n dying in 1404, left it to his son, John, last count and first duke of\n Alen\u00e7on, here mentioned. Alen\u00e7on reverted to the crown on the death of\n Charles III. the last duke, in 1525.\nFootnote 93:\n Louis II. son of Louis duke of Anjou and king of Naples, brother to\n king Charles V. whose expedition is recorded by Froissart.\nFootnote 94:\n The devices of the two parties are different in Pontus Heuterus.\n (Rerum Burgundicarum, l. 3.) According to him, the Orleans-men bore on\n their lances a white pennon, with the inscription, _Jacio Aleam_; and\n the Burgundians set up in opposition pennons of purple, inscribed\n _Accipio conditionem_.\nFootnote 95:\n William II. count of Namur.\nFootnote 96:\n Monstrelet is mistaken as to the names of the english ambassadors. The\n first embassy took place the 22d March 1406, and the ambassadors were\n the bishop of Winchester, Thomas lord de Camoys, John Norbury,\n esquire, and master John Cateryk, treasurer of the cathedral of\n Lincoln.\n A second credential letter is given to the bishop of Winchester\n _alone_, of the same date. Another credential is given to the same\n prelate, bearing similar date, to contract a marriage with the eldest\n or any other daughter of the king of France, and Henry prince of\n Wales.\n See the F\u0153dera, anno 1406.\nFootnote 97:\n This is a mistake. His true name was Peter de Breban, surnamed le\n Clugnet, lord of Landreville.\nFootnote 98:\n Mary, daughter of William I. count of Namur, married first to Guy de\n Ch\u00e2tillon, count of Blois, and secondly to this admiral de Breban. On\n the deaths of both her brothers (William II. in 1418, and John III. in\n 1428) she became countess of Namur in her own right; and after her it\n came to Philip the good, duke of Burgundy, as a reversion to the\n earldom of Flanders.\nFootnote 99:\n Frederick, second son of John duke of Lorraine, and brother of Charles\n the bold, obtained the county of Vaudemont (originally a branch of\n Lorraine) by marriage with Margaret daughter and heir of Henry V.\n count of Vaudemont and Joinville.\nFootnote 100:\n Olivier de Blois, count of Penthievre and viscount of Limoges,\n grandson of Charles de Blois, the unfortunate competitor with John de\n Montfort for the duchy of Bretagne.\nFootnote 101:\n Son to the duke of Bourbon.\nFootnote 102:\n John de Hangest, lord of Huqueville.\nFootnote 103:\n Called in the Catalogue of the Bishops of Liege, by Joannes\n Placentius, Henry lord of Parewis. The name of his son, the elected\n bishop, was Theodoric de Parewis. Pontus Heuterus says, they were\n descended from the ancient dukes of Brabant.\nFootnote 104:\n He narrowly escaped being massacred, with all his household, at St\n Tron, by a body of the rabble, who burst into the monastery with that\n intent. His own personal courage alone saved him in that extremity.\nFootnote 105:\n Angelus Corrarius, a noble Venetian, elected at Rome after the death\n of Innocent VII. He assumed the name of Gregory XII.\nFootnote 106:\n See the F\u0153dera. The ambassadors were, sir Thomas Erpingham, John\n Cateryk, clerk, and Hugh Mortimer, treasurer to the prince of Wales.\n Other credentials are given in December of this year, wherein the\n bishop of Durham is added to the above ambassadors.\nFootnote 107:\n It is not very easy to say to what this chapter can refer. There\n appears to have been no expedition into Scotland at this period, nor\n at any other, to which the facts here related bear the least\n resemblance. Is it entirely a fabrication of Monstrelet? I have looked\n at Hollingshed, Stowe and Henry.\nFootnote 108:\n St Jangon\u2014Perth, being probably a french corruption of St John\u2019s Town.\nFootnote 109:\n Raoul d\u2019Oquetonville, a knight of Normandy.\nFootnote 110:\n The Guillemins were an order of hermits, instituted by Guillaume, duke\n of Guienne and count of Poitou. They succeeded to the church-convent\n of the Blanc-Manteaus, instituted by St Louis.\nFootnote 111:\n The name of the adulteress was Marietta d\u2019Enguien,\u2014and the son he had\n by her the famous John, count of Dunois and of Longueville. Sir Aubert\n de Canny was a knight of Picardy.\nFootnote 112:\n _Pr\u00e6senti animo_, says Heuterus.\nFootnote 113:\n Consult Bayle and Brant\u00f4me for a singular anecdote respecting the\n private reasons which urged the duke to commit this murder.\nFootnote 114:\n The monk of St Denis, author of the History of Charles VI. adds the\n following damning clause to his account of this foul transaction:\u2014\u2018But\n what raised to the highest pitch the horror of the princes at the\n blackness of soul displayed by the duke was, that very shortly before,\n he not only was reconciled but entered into an alliance of brotherly\n love with the duke of Orleans. They had yet more recently confirmed\n it, both by letters and oaths, insomuch that they called God to\n witness it, and received the communion together. They had every\n appearance of an entire union in the conduct of the war which was\n committed to their charge: they had defended one another\u2019s honour from\n the bad success which attended them: it seemed as if they had only one\n interest; and, for a yet greater token of union and of love, the duke\n of Burgundy, hearing that the duke of Orleans was indisposed, visited\n him with all the marks, I do not say of civility but, of tender\n affection, and even accepted an invitation to dine with him the next\n day, being Sunday. The other princes of the blood, knowing all this,\n could not but conceive the most extreme indignation at so horrible a\n procedure: they therefore refused to listen to his excuses,\u2014and the\n next morning, when he came to the parliament-chamber, they forbade him\n entrance.\u2019 See Bayle, Art. \u2018Petit.\u2019 The reconciliation here mentioned\n is also alluded to, ch. xliv.\nFootnote 115:\n \u2018The noble duke of Bourbon,\u2019 says the monk of St Denis, \u2018was nominated\n to this embassy, but he generously excused himself from it: he would\n not even remain any longer at court, but demanded leave to retire to\n his own estates; for he loved better to renounce the share which he\n had in the government than consent to compound with the state for the\n murder of his nephew, which made him exclaim loudly, and many times,\n as I have been assured, that he could never look with a favourable eye\n upon the author of a treason so cowardly and so infamous.\u2019 See Bayle,\n _ubi supra_.\nFootnote 116:\n This shows how general wooden buildings were still in the 15th\n century.\nFootnote 117:\n The titles of Guienne and Acquitaine were always used\n indiscriminately.\nFootnote 118:\n Louis, cardinal de Bar, afterwards cardinal of the Twelve Apostles,\n youngest son of Robert, and brother of Edward, dukes of Bar, and heir\n to the duchy after the deaths of all his brothers.\nFootnote 119:\n John Petit, professor of theology in the university of Paris, \u2018ame\n venale,\u2019 says Bayle, \u2018et vendue \u00e0 l\u2019iniquit\u00e8.\u2019 He was reputed a great\n orator, and had been employed twice before to plead on occasions of\n the first importance. The first was in favour of the university\n against some accusations of the cardinal-legate in 1406; the second,\n at Rome before pope Gregory, on the 20th of July 1407, on the subject\n of the king\u2019s proposal for a termination of the schism. The very\n curious performance with which we are here presented was publicly\n condemned by the bishop of Paris and the university as soon as they\n were out of fear from the immediate presence of the duke of Burgundy,\n and burnt by the common hangman. See, in Bayle, further particulars of\n the work and its author.\nFootnote 120:\n See the 19th chap. 2 Samuel.\nFootnote 121:\n This is a very striking allusion to a particular custom at\n tournaments, and sometimes in actual fight, of which Sainte Palaye\n gives a most interesting account in the \u2018Memoires sur l\u2019Ancienne\n Chevalerie.\u2019\n The exclamation, \u2018Aux filz des Preux!\u2019 was evidently used to encourage\n young knights to emulate the glories of their ancestors, and to do\n nothing unworthy the noble title given them; and in many instances it\n was attended with the most animating consequences.\n The greatest misfortune attending on a translation of french\n chronicles is the total absence in our language of an expression\n answerable to the french word \u2018preux,\u2019 which conveys in itself whole\n volumes of meaning. Spencer ventured to adapt the word in its\n superlative degree to the english tongue. He says somewhere \u2018the\n _prowest_ knight alive.\u2019 In fact, the word \u2018preux\u2019 may be considered\n as summing up the whole catalogue of knightly virtues in one\n expression.\n The exclamation was sometimes varied,\u2014\u2018Honneur aux filz des preux!\u2019\n which seems to be the original expression.\nFootnote 122:\n Q. \u2018Et aussi deux ans paravant que nous estiemes en meur estat?\u2019\nFootnote 123:\n Peter, youngest son of Charles the bad, and brother of Charles III.\n king of Navarre. He died without issue 1411.\nFootnote 124:\n William count of Tancarville and viscount of Melun, great chamberlain,\n president of the chamber of accounts, great butler, &c. killed at\n Agincourt. His daughter and heiress Margaret, brought the county of\n Tancarville, &c. in marriage, to James de Harcourt.\nFootnote 125:\n Peter de Luxembourg St Pol, count of Brienne and Conversano, created\n knight of the Golden Fleece in 1430; John de Luxembourg, his father,\n was brother to Walleran, and son to Guy, count of St Pol; and on the\n death of Walleran, without issue-male in 1415, Peter succeeded to his\n title and estates. His mother was heiress of the illustrious house of\n Brienne, emperors of Constantinople, kings of Jerusalem and dukes of\n Athens, &c. Anghien was one of the titles which she brought to the\n house of Luxembourg.\nFootnote 126:\n Fosse and Florennes,\u2014a small town and village in the bishoprick of\n Liege.\nFootnote 127:\n This is a mistake. Henry III. king of Castille, dying in December\n 1406, was succeeded by his son, John II. an infant of 22 months. The\n battle here mentioned was fought in the ensuing year, D. Alphonso\n Henriques being admiral of Castille. Tarquet (Hist. d\u2019Espagne) says,\n there were only 13 castillian against 23 moorish galleys, and that\n eight of the latter were taken in the engagement. Braquemont was\n rewarded for his extraordinary services by the grant of all conquests\n which he might make in the Canaries. This contingent benefit he\n resigned to his cousin, John de Betancourt, for more solid possessions\n in Normandy; and, in the year 1417, he obtained the high dignity of\n admiral of France.\nVariations in spelling and diacritics have been retained. Outliers have\nbeen changed to conform to common spelling.\nFormat of chapter headings has been regularised.\nPage vii, \u2018Frelun\u2019 changed to \u2018Fretun,\u2019 \u201cGilbert de Fretun makes\u201d\nPage viii, \u2018Tke\u2019 changed to \u2018The,\u2019 \u201cThe duke of Burgundy\u201d\nPage xiv, opening single quote inserted before \u2018According,\u2019 \u201c\u2018According\nto the historian\u201d\nPage xx, opening single quote inserted before \u2018Monstrelet,\u2019 \u201c\u2018Monstrelet\nwas married to\u201d\nPages xxx-xxxi, \u2018pursuivants\u2019 changed to \u2018poursuivants,\u2019 \u201cheralds,\npoursuivants, and kings at\u201d\nPage xxxii, opening single quote removed before \u2018Essais,\u2019 \u201cEssais de\nMontaigne\u201d\nPage xxxv, closing single quote inserted after \u2018moutarde.,\u2019 \u201cplus baveux\nqu\u2019un pot \u00e0 moutarde.\u2019\u201d\nPage xxxvii, colon changed to semicolon following \u2018them,\u2019 \u201cnone of them;\nsecondly\u201d\nPage xlvi, \u2018Monstrelent\u2019 changed to \u2018Monstrelet,\u2019 \u201cof which Monstrelet,\nwho\u201d\nPage 23, second \u2018the\u2019 struck, \u201ccontained at the commencement\u201d\nPage 49, \u2018Luxemburg\u2019 changed to \u2018Luxembourg,\u2019 \u201cwith the house of\nLuxembourg\u201d\nPage 56, \u2018wth\u2019 changed to \u2018with,\u2019 \u201cwith one hundred knights\u201d\nPage 58, \u2018LETTERS\u2019 changed to \u2018LETTER,\u2019 \u201cTO THE LETTER OF\u201d\nPage 64, full stop inserted after \u2018marq,\u2019 \u201cProcopius, marq. of Brand.\u201d\nPage 85, \u2018appear\u2019 changed to \u2018appears,\u2019 \u201cagainst this prince appears to\nbe\u201d\nPage 89, \u2018FRELUN\u2019 changed to \u2018FRETUN,\u2019 \u201cGILBERT DE FRETUN MAKES WAR\u201d\nPage 94, second \u2018long\u2019 struck, \u201cNot long after this event\u201d\nPage 94, \u2018Morery\u2019 changed to \u2018Moreri.\u2019 in footnote, \u201cMoreri.\u201d\nPage 115, \u2018imbarked\u2019 changed to \u2018embarked,\u2019 \u201cin consequence, re-embarked\nwith his men\u201d\nPage 118, \u2018cross bows\u2019 changed to \u2018cross-bows,\u2019 \u201cof cross-bows and\narchers\u201d\nPage 120, \u2018duk\u2019 changed to \u2018duke,\u2019 \u201cAlbert IV. duke of Austria\u201d\nPage 130, \u2018Ginenchy\u2019 changed to \u2018Givenchy,\u2019 \u201clord de Givenchy, with\u201d\nPage 155, \u2018confidental\u2019 changed to \u2018confidential,\u2019 \u201cmost confidential\nadvisers\u201d\nPage 187, full stop inserted after \u2018passed,\u2019 \u201call that had passed. The\u201d\nPage 198, \u2018perpretrated\u2019 changed to \u2018perpetrated,\u2019 \u201cbeen perpetrated by\nsir\u201d\nPage 198, \u2018wa\u2019 changed to \u2018was,\u2019 \u201cSir Aubert de Canny was\u201d\nPage 250, closing single quote inserted after \u2018slain!\u2019,\u2019 \u201cfrom being\nslain!\u2019\u2019\u201d\nPage 251, \u2018satisfiac\u2019 changed to \u2018satisfac,\u2019 \u201cet alloquens satisfac\nservis\u201d\nPage 254, \u2018that\u2019 changed to \u2018That,\u2019 \u201cThat the two knights\u201d\nPage 261, \u2018Policratiri\u2019 changed to \u2018Policratici,\u2019 \u201cin libro suo\nPolicratici\u201d\nPage 262, passage beginning \u2018Ricardi de media villa\u2019 left as in original\nFrench language edition\nPage 275, opening single quote inserted before \u2018\u2018Ex,\u2019 \u201c\u2018\u2018Ex illo\narguitur sic\u201d\nPage 277, closing single quote deleted after \u2018tyrant,\u2019 \u201cblood of a\ntyrant.\u201d\nPage 287, \u2018wordly\u2019 changed to \u2018worldly,\u2019 \u201chonours and worldly riches\u201d\nPage 310, comma changed to full stop following \u2018punishment,\u2019 \u201cby fear of\npunishment.\u201d\nPage 340, opening single quote inserted before \u2018\u2018Justitia,\u2019 \u201c\u2018\u2018Justitia\ninquit regnantis\u201d\nPage 341, opening single quote inserted before \u2018\u2018Justitia,\u2019 \u201c\u2018\u2018Justitia\nest constans\u201d\nPage 345, \u2018Duobis\u2019 changed to \u2018Duobus,\u2019 \u201cDuobus existentibus amicis\u201d\nPage 353, comma inserted after \u2018dilexit,\u2019 \u201cdilexit, \u00e6quitatem vidit\u201d\nPage 374, \u2018Zambre\u2019 changed to \u2018Zambry,\u2019 \u201cwho slew Zambry without\u201d\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Chronicles of Enguerrand de\nMonstrelet Vol. 1 of 13, by Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGUERRAND, VOL 1 ***\n***** This file should be named 50839-0.txt or 50839-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\ngenerously made available by The Internet Archive)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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Thus, we do not\nnecessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper\nedition.\nMost people start at our Web site which has the main PG search\nfacility: www.gutenberg.org\nThis Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,\nincluding how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to\nsubscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet Vol. 1 of 13\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Wayne Hammond and The Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN\n FROISSART finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and\n continued by others to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES ... VOL. II.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE SECOND VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n The conclusion of the duchess of Orleans\u2019\n advocate against the duke of Burgundy,\n and the reply from the chancellor 1\n CHAP. II.\n Guye de Roye, archbishop of Rheims, appeals\n from the constitutions drawn up by the\n university of Paris, which angers that body,\n and they imprison his commissary 16\n CHAP. III.\n The duke of Burgundy assembles a large body\n of men at arms to succour John of Bavaria\n against the Liegeois, and combats them 19\n CHAP. IV.\n The king of France holds a grand council at Paris,\n to consider on the manner of proceeding\n against the duke of Burgundy for the murder\n CHAP. V.\n The king of France is carried, by the princes of\n the blood, to Tours in Touraine. Peace is\n made in the town of Chartres. The death\n of the dowager-duchess of Orleans 63\n CHAP. VI.\n The queen of Spain dies during the sitting of the\n council at Pisa. The marriage of the king\n of Denmark, Norway and Sweden 77\n CHAP. VII.\n The king of France has a severe return of his\n disorder. The marriage of the count de\n Nevers with the damsel of Coucy. The war\n of Ame de Viry, a Savoyard, with the duke\n CHAP. VIII.\n Two combats take place at Paris in the presence\n of the king. The death of the archbishop of\n CHAP. IX.\n The ambassadors to the council from the\n university of Paris write letters to inform\n those who had sent them of what had passed\n at this council. Pietro della Luna and\n Gregory are deprived of the papacy, and all\n persons forbidden by the holy council from\n obeying either in any manner. Peter of\n Candia, a Cordelier, is elected bishop of\n Rome by the cardinals. Regulations for\n the approbation of the general council 105\n CHAP. X.\n The death of the bishop of Paris. The marriages,\n of the duke of Brabant with the niece of the\n king of Bohemia; of the constable of France\u2019s\n daughter with the son of Montagu, grand\n master of the household; of the king of\n Cyprus with Charlotte de Bourbon 115\n CHAP. XI.\n The duke of Burgundy holds a great council\n at Lille on his affairs. The death of the\n CHAP. XII.\n The town of Genoa rebels against Boucicaut,\n marshal of France, the governor, while\n obeying a summons from the duke of\n CHAP. XIII.\n The princes of the blood assemble, and resolve\n to reform the management of the royal\n finances. The death of Montagu 127\n CHAP. XIV.\n Duke Louis of Bavaria espouses the daughter\n of the king of Navarre. The names of the\n lords who came to Paris in obedience to the\n CHAP. XV.\n The king of France keeps royal state in his\n palace, wherein several of the great lords\n before mentioned hold many councils on\n CHAP. XVI.\n A great dissension takes places this year between\n the king of Poland, on the one hand, and the\n grand master of Prussia and his knights on\n CHAP. XVII.\n The duke of Berry, by the king\u2019s commands,\n returns to Paris. The marriage of the son\n of the king of Sicily. The assembly that is\n CHAP. XVIII.\n The king of Sicily goes to Provence and to\n Bologna, to meet his rival king Ladislaus.\n The death of pope Alexander, and the\n CHAP. XIX.\n The grand master of Prussia marches a\n powerful army of Christians into Lithuania 170\n CHAP. XX.\n The duke of Berry quits Paris, and retires to his\n own estates. He goes afterward to Angers,\n and unites with the duke of Orleans and the\n CHAP. XXI.\n The death of the duke of Bourbon. The\n proclamation of the king of France. The\n duke of Orleans and his allies send letters\n to the principal towns in France 178\n CHAP. XXII.\n In consequence of the negotiations between the\n two parties of Burgundy and of Orleans,\n peace is made between them, and called\n \u2018The Peace of Winchester,\u2019 which was the\n CHAP. XXIII.\n A meeting of the university and clergy is held\n on the 23d of November, in the church of\n St Bernard at Paris, on the state of the church 206\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The lord de Croy is made prisoner when going\n on an embassy from the duke of Burgundy\n to the duke of Berry, to the great displeasure\n CHAP. XXV.\n The duke of Orleans sends ambassadors to the\n king of France, with letters of accusation\n against the duke of Burgundy and those of\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The death of the duke of Bar. The king of\n France sends an embassy to the duke of\n CHAP. XXVII.\n The duke of Orleans and his brothers send letters\n to the king of France, to other lords, and to\n several of the principal towns in France, to\n complain of the duke of Burgundy 236\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n The duke of Orleans and his brothers send a\n challenge to the duke of Burgundy, in his\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The duke of Burgundy sends an answer to the\n challenge of the duke of Orleans and his\n CHAP. XXX.\n The duke of Burgundy is discontented with sir\n Mansart du Bos. He sends letters to require\n the assistance of the duke of Bourbon 269\n CHAP. XXXI.\n A royal proclamation is issued, that no person\n whatever bear arms for either of the parties\n of the dukes of Orleans or of Burgundy.\n The latter writes to the bailiff of Amiens 273\n CHAP. XXXII.\n The Parisians take up arms against the\n Armagnacs. A civil war breaks out in\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n Sir Clugnet de Brabant is near taking Rethel.\n He overruns the country of Burgundy.\n Other tribulations are noticed 281\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n The duke of Burgundy assembles a large army\n to lay siege to the town of Ham, and leads\n CHAP. XXXV.\n The duke of Burgundy assembles another army\n to march to Paris. Events that happened\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n The duke of Burgundy marches a large army\n from Pontoise to Paris, through Melun.\n The situation and conduct of the duke of\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The duke of Burgundy leads a great force, with\n the Parisians, to St Cloud, against the\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The king of France sends the count de St Pol to\n the Valois, and to Coucy, and other captains\n to different parts against the Armagnacs 337\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n Sir Philip de Servolles, bailiff of Vitry, lays siege\n to the castle of Moyennes. Other places\n are by the king\u2019s officers reduced to his\n CHAP. XL.\n The dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy march\n to conquer Estampes and Dourdan. The\n execution of sir Mansart du Bos and other\nHERE BEGINNETH\nTHE SECOND VOLUME\nOF THE\nCHRONICLES\nOF\n_ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\n THE CONCLUSION OF THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS\u2019 ADVOCATE AGAINST THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AND THE REPLY FROM THE CHANCELLOR.\nThe chancellor of France, in the king\u2019s name, ordered the duchess\u2019s\nadvocate, master William Cousinot, to draw up such conclusions as\nshould be satisfactory to the duchess and her son, the duke of Orleans.\nThe advocate, after many excuses, began by showing how pitiable their\nstate was, and took for his theme part of the 7th chapter of the gospel\nof St Luke, \u2018H\u00e6c vidua erat quam cum vidisset Dominus misericordia\nmotus est super eam.\u2019\n\u2018Most noble prince, when our Lord entered a city called Nain, he met\nthe corpse of a young man, which his friends were carrying to the\ngrave; and when he noticed that the mother of the young man was a\nwidow, he was on this account moved with compassion toward her, and\nrestored her son to life. I may most truly apply these words to my\nlady of Orleans, for she is a widow who bewails the death of her lord\nand husband, and our lord will have compassion on her; for the king\nis our lord, in respect of terrestrial jurisdiction; and not only the\nking, but thou, lord of Acquitaine, and all other princes of this world\nhaving territorial powers, seeing my lady of Orleans thus disconsolate,\nought to feel compassion for her, and give her aid and support in\nprocuring strict justice to be done for the cruel death of her husband.\n\u2018In every case, and at all times, full justice should be administered\nto all; for, according to the words of the Psalmist, it is a good and\nmeritorious act,--\u2018Beati qui custodiunt judicium et faciunt justitiam\nin omni tempore.\u2019 Psalm cv.\n\u2018But justice should always be more rigorously observed in regard\nto widows and orphans, who have been deprived of their fathers or\nhusbands, than in any other case; for the divine, canon and civil\nlaws urge the necessity of succouring the widow and orphan. We have\nthe first instance of this in the 22d chapter of Jeremiah,--\u2018Facite\njudicium et justitiam, et liberate vi oppressum de manu calumniatoris,\npupillum et viduam,\u2019 &c.\n\u2018In regard to the canon law, the decrees declare, that it is very\nproper for kings to do justice and execute judgment, and deliver from\nthe hands of the oppressors widows and orphans who are injuriously used\nby them.\n\u2018As for the civil law, it is very clear, that widows and orphans are\nparticularly privileged in many cases, as may be seen in different law\nwritings.\n\u2018My lady of Orleans has lost her husband: her children have lost their\nfather, certainly one of the handsomest and most accomplished princes\nin Christendom. But let us see how they have lost him: had he been\ntaken from them by a natural death, their case would not have been so\nmuch to be pitied; but he is cut off violently in the flower of his\nyouth. In truth, this is such an outrage that every law and customary\nproceeding should bend in their favour against the malignant author of\nthe deed.\n\u2018In the first place, our king and sovereign lord is bounden\nparticularly by the commands of God, to whom he cannot be disobedient\nwithout sinning, to execute judgment, according to the words of\nJeremiah in the chapter before mentioned,--\u2018In memetipso juravi, dicit\nDominus, quia in solitudine erit domus vestra.\u2019 And this is conformable\nto the reply made by St Remy to king Clovis when he baptised him. The\nking asked him how long the kingdom of France would endure. The saint\nanswered, that it would last so long as justice should reign there. The\nconverse of which is, that when justice shall cease to be administered,\nthe kingdom will fall. To the king therefore may be applied what is\nwritten in the canon law, \u2018Quod justitia est illud quod suum firmat\nimperium.\u2019\n\u2018O, duke of Acquitaine! thou art he who, after the king, art bound\nto do justice according to the words of the Psalmist, \u2018Deus judicium\ntuum regi da et justitiam tuam filio regis.\u2019 Thou art the eldest son\nto the king, to whom, by the grace of God, thou wilt succeed, and be\nour lord: attend to our case for the love of God, for to thee more\nparticularly does it belong; and if thou dost not lay thy hand on it,\nwhen thou shalt come to reign, thou mayest find thy kingdom desolate\nand destroyed,--for each will in his turn seize parts of it, and be the\nmaster, should this atrocious crime remain unpunished.\n\u2018Ye also, my lords, princes, dukes and counts of the royal blood,\nrelations of the late duke, and ye other nobles, who have an affection\nfor the king\u2019s crown and honour, what ought to be your conduct on\nthis occasion? Why, certainly, if the king will not interfere in this\nmatter, ye ought to take up the business and execute judgment; for ye\nare bound by oath to guard and defend the king\u2019s honour against all who\nmay infringe upon it. This ye have done in former times, through God\u2019s\ngrace, and for which this kingdom has gained greater glory than any\nother realm in Christendom: insomuch that the English, the Germans, and\nother foreigners, have come hither to seek for justice.\n\u2018My lords, for the love of God, let your loyalty burst forth, according\nto your oaths, in behalf of my lady of Orleans, as she has the fullest\nconfidence it will; for, after God and the king, you are her only\nrefuge. Let no one fear to do justice, from the scandal or persecution\nthat may ensue, for it is a maxim of law, \u2018Utilius est scandalum nasci\nac permitti, quam ut veritas relinquatur,\u2019--although it were certain\nthe doing justice in this case would cause much grievous persecution\nto ensue. Yet for all this justice should not be neglected; for in\nthat case you would be indeed reproachable, if, through fear of the\noffender, you shall not dare to decree justice. On no occasion should\njustice be neglected: therefore, my lords, act according to what the\nprophet says, \u2018Viriliter agite, et confortetur cor vestrum et sustinete\nDominum.\u2019\n\u2018In truth, if ye do not act with courage, for one inconvenience that\nmay happen, by executing judgment, one hundred would ensue from default\nof justice. Therefore, my lords, do not hesitate to do justice to my\nlady of Orleans and her children from any dread of inconveniences\nthat may happen, but follow the dictates of our Lord,--\u2018Judicare\npupillo et humili ut non apponat magnificare se homo super terram.\u2019\nLet the punishment be so exemplary that none other may henceforth\ncommit so great or so disgraceful a crime, and that it may be held\nin perpetual memory and abhorrence. This is the object of my lady of\nOrleans and her children, namely, that the crime may be atoned for as\nheavily as possible in this world. In order that this atonement may\nbe made, my lady of Orleans and her children would willingly take the\nlegal steps for the infliction of capital punishment, if this could\nregularly be done; but as these steps, according to the customary\nusage of France, belong to the king\u2019s attorney-general alone, they\npropose that the offender shall be punished in manner following,--that\nis to say, by sentence of the king and of the court, be it ordered\nthat our adversary, the duke of Burgundy, be brought to the castle of\nthe Louvre, or elsewhere, according to the king\u2019s pleasure and that\nof my clients, and there, in the presence of the king, of my lord of\nAcquitaine, and the other princes of the blood, as well as of the\ncouncil and people, the duke of Burgundy, without hood or girdle,\nshall, on his knees, publicly confess, with a loud voice, before my\nlady of Orleans, her children, and as many other persons as she may\nplease, that maliciously and treacherously he has had my lord of\nOrleans assassinated, through hatred, envy and ambition, and for no\nother cause, notwithstanding all the charges made against him, and\nother imputations thrown on his character, to justify and exculpate\nhimself from so base a deed; and shall demand pardon from my lady of\nOrleans and her children, most humbly supplicating them to forgive his\noffences, declaring that he knows of nothing prejudicial to the honour\nand reputation of the said duke of Orleans deceased, and recals all he\nmay have said or published to the contrary.\n\u2018In this state he shall be carried to the court of the palace, and to\nthe h\u00f4tel de Saint Pol, the residence of the king, and to the spot\nwhere the murder was committed, and there, on high stages erected for\nthe purpose, he shall repeat the above words before such commissioners\nas my lady of Orleans and her son may please to appoint. He shall\nremain on his knees, at the last place, until priests nominated for\nthe purpose shall have recited the seven penitential psalms, said the\nlitany, and the other parts of the burial service, for the soul of the\ndeceased, after which he shall kiss the earth, and ask pardon of God,\nof my lady of Orleans, and of her children, for the offences he has\ncommitted against them.\n\u2018The manner and form of this recantation, and begging pardon, shall be\nwritten out, and copies sent to all the different towns in the kingdom\nwith orders for the magistrates to have them proclaimed by sound of\ntrumpet, that it may be notorious to all within and without the realm.\n\u2018And as additional reparations for such offences, and that they may\nremain in perpetual remembrance, all the houses belonging to the duke\nof Burgundy in Paris shall be razed to the ground, and remain in ruins\nfor ever. On the places where any of his houses shall have stood, there\nshall be erected handsome crosses of stone, having large and strong\ntablets, on which shall be written a full account of the murder of my\nlate lord, the duke of Orleans, and the cause of these houses being\ndestroyed.\n\u2018On the spot where my late lord was murdered shall be erected a similar\ncross; and the house wherein the murderers hid themselves shall be\npulled down. This spot, and the adjoining houses, the duke of Burgundy\nshall be forced to purchase, and to build thereon a handsome college\nfor six canons, six vicars, and six chaplains, whose nominations shall\nremain with my lady of Orleans and her heirs. In this college six\nmasses shall be said every day for the soul of the deceased duke of\nOrleans, and high mass at the usual time of canonical hours. For the\nsupport of this college there shall be a mortmain rent of one thousand\nlivres parisis; and the whole shall be well furnished with dresses,\nbooks, chalices, ornaments, and all other necessaries, at the sole\nexpense of the duke of Burgundy; and over the entrance shall be written\nin large letters the cause of its foundation.\n\u2018The duke of Burgundy shall, beside, be constrained to found a college\nfor the salvation of the soul of the deceased, in the town of Orleans,\nconsisting of twelve canons, twelve vicars, and twelve clerks, which\ncollege shall bear the name of the defunct; and the nominations to\nit shall belong to my lady of Orleans, and to the heirs of the late\nduke of Orleans. It shall be situated in whatever part of the late\nduke\u2019s possessions in Orleans the duchess shall please, and shall be\nhandsomely constructed, furnished with books and all other necessaries,\nwith an income of two thousand livres parisis; and a similar\ninscription to the one before mentioned shall be placed over the gate.\n\u2018For the greater perpetuity of this event, and that it may be made\nknown to all foreign nations, the duke of Burgundy shall be enjoined to\nerect two chapels; the one near the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, and\nthe other at Rome, and assign to each the annual value of one hundred\nlivres in the coin of those countries, and to provide them with all\nnecessary furniture. In each of these chapels shall a daily mass be\nsaid for the soul of the deceased, and over the doors shall be placed\nthe same inscriptions as over the colleges.\n\u2018The duke of Burgundy shall also be constrained to pay the sum of\none million in gold, not to the profit of my lady of Orleans or her\nchildren, but to found and endow hospitals and monasteries, and to\ndistribute in alms and other works of piety for the salvation of the\nsoul of the defunct.\n\u2018That this sentence may be carried into due effect, all the lands\nwhich the duke of Burgundy possesses in this kingdom shall be placed\nin the hands of the king, that they may be sold for the accomplishment\nof the above works. The duke of Burgundy shall also be condemned to\nclose imprisonment in whatever place it may please the king, until\nthe above sentence be carried into execution. After which, he shall\nbe banished for ever beyond sea, or at least for the space of twenty\nyears, to bewail and repent of his crime, or until it shall be thought\nhe may have sufficiently done it. On his return, he shall be ordered,\nunder severe penalties, never to approach within one hundred leagues of\nthe queen or the children of the late duke of Orleans, without being\ncondemned to such heavy damages, and other penalties suited to the\nenormity of the case, as shall be held in perpetual remembrance. He\nshall also be condemned to pay whatever costs my lady of Orleans and\nher children may have occurred on this present occasion.\n\u2018I say, therefore, that such ought to be the judgment given for them,\nand without delay, considering the notoriety and enormity of the\noffence of our adversary; for it is publicly known, that the duke of\nBurgundy has confessed himself guilty of it. He first made a confession\nof his guilt to my lord of Berry and to the king of Sicily, giving no\nreason for it but that he was urged on by the devil: he then did the\nsame before several noblemen. This ought therefore to weigh against\nhim, and convict him of the crime, without further trial: nor ought\nyou to suffer any sort of colouring to be admitted in palliation of\nhis guilt. He ought not to be heard otherwise than he has been, for\nhe varied not in his confessions to the different persons; and pope\nInnocent approves of this, in his chapter on Free Will, and Guillermus\nde Montleon, in his chapter on Clerical Constitutions. Pope Nicholas\nheld king Lothaire, in like manner, convicted to his prejudice in a\ncertain case, about which he had written to the pope, as appears in\nthe above chapter. This confession of king Lothaire had been made in\na letter, previously to any trial. The duke of Burgundy, therefore,\nought to be condemned from this public confession of his crime in the\npresence of different persons. He has beside made a similar confession\nwhen he appeared publicly before thee, lord of Acquitaine, when thou\ndidst sit in judgment representing the person of the king, and before\nthe princes of the blood and all the council of state. He cannot,\ntherefore, deny his having made such confession before competent\njudges. It follows then, that no further trial is necessary, but that\nsentence should immediately be passed; for confession of guilt should\nbe judged the fullest evidence.\n\u2018The law says, \u2018In confitentem null\u00e6 sunt partes judicantis.\u2019 And\nsupposing, that according to some, a sentence is requisite, at least\nit is certain that no trial or examination of the cause is necessary,\nsince this present case is extremely notorious. So has it formerly been\ndetermined by the sentence and judgment of the kings in times past,\nagainst several great lords of their day,--to wit, that when the facts\nwere notorious, no other process or inquisition was required. And so\nshall it be determined, by the grace of God, in the present case,--for\nso reason demands.\n\u2018Should it, however, be thought necessary to go into another trial,\nwhich, from all I have said, I cannot suppose, my lady of Orleans\nis ready prepared to bring forward the fullest proof of what I have\nadvanced, and such as must convince all reasonable persons. But as my\nlady can now only offer civil conclusions, and would willingly propose\ncriminal ones, but that it belongs to the king\u2019s attorney-general\naccording to the usage in France,--my lady, therefore, most earnestly\nsupplicates the king\u2019s attorney to join with her, and propose such\nsentence as the law in this case requires.\u2019\nThese were the conclusions of my lady of Orleans and her sons,--after\nwhich, the council of the princes of the blood, and others of the\nking\u2019s council, with the approbation of the duke of Acquitaine, made\nthe chancellor reply to the duchess of Orleans, that the duke of\nAcquitaine, as lieutenant for the king, and representing his person,\nand the princes of the blood-royal were well satisfied with her\nconduct respecting her late lord the duke of Orleans: that they held\nhim perfectly exculpated from all the charges that had been brought\nagainst him; and that, in regard to her requests, speedy and good\njustice should be done her, so that she should be reasonably contented\ntherewith.\nA few days after, the young duke of Orleans, Charles, did homage for\nthe duchy of Orleans, and all his other possessions, to his uncle\nCharles king of France: then, taking leave of the queen and dauphin,\nand the princes of the blood who were in Paris, he departed with his\nmen at arms for Blois, whence he had come. The duchess-dowager of\nOrleans remained in Paris.\nCHAP. II.\n GUYE DE ROVE, ARCHBISHOP OF RHEIMS, APPEALS FROM THE\n CONSTITUTIONS DRAWN UP BY THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, WHICH ANGERS\n THAT BODY, AND THEY IMPRISON HIS COMMISSARY.\nAt this period, Guy de Roye[1], archbishop of Rheims, who had been\nsummoned specially by the king to attend the meeting of the prelates at\nParis, assembled to consider on the means of uniting the whole church,\nneither came himself nor sent any one in his behalf. He refused to\nagree to the decisions of this council, and sent a chaplain as his\ncommissary, with letters signed with his name and seal, to confirm his\nopposition to all the statutes they had drawn up, as well for himself\nand his diocese as for all his subjects within the province.\nThe king and the clergy were much displeased at this conduct; and the\nuniversity of Paris requested that the commissary should be confined in\nclose imprisonment, where he remained for a long time.\nThe cardinal of Bordeaux came at this time to Paris, partly for the\nunion of the church; and then also returned thither master Peter Paoul,\nand the patriarch of Alexandria, named master Symon Cramant, who\nhad been sent by the king of France and the university of Paris, as\nambassadors to the two rival popes.\nThe assembled prelates were very anxious for their arrival, that they\nmight be better acquainted with the business they had to manage, and on\nwhat grounds they should proceed. Master Peter Paoul frequently rode\nthrough the streets of Paris in his doctor\u2019s dress, accompanied by the\ncardinal riding on one side of his horse as women do. In the presence\nof this cardinal and doctor, the abbot of Caudebec, of the order of\nCistercians, and doctor in theology, proposed, on the part of the\nuniversity, an union of the church. The abbot of St Denis, with other\ndoctors in theology, declared for an union of the universal church;\nand, shortly after, the cardinal departed from Paris for Boulogne, and\nthence went to Calais.\nThe abbot of St Denis and another doctor of theology, who had been, by\nthe king\u2019s orders, confined in the prison of the Louvre, were released,\nat the request of the cardinal de Bar, and set at liberty, contrary to\nthe will of the university of Paris. In like manner did the bishop of\nCambray, master Peter d\u2019Ailly, an excellent doctor of theology, gain\nhis liberty. He had been confined at the instance of the university,\nbecause he was not favourable to their sentiments, and was delivered\nat the entreaties of count Waleran de St Pol, and the great council of\nthe king. All Christendom was now divided in religious opinions, as\nto the head of the church, by the contentions of the two rival popes,\nwho could not be brought to agree on the means to put an end to this\ndisgraceful schism.\nCHAP. III.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ASSEMBLES A LARGE BODY OF MEN AT ARMS TO\n SUCCOUR JOHN OF BAVARIA AGAINST THE LIEGEOIS, AND COMBATS THEM.\nAbout this time, John duke of Burgundy was busily employed in\ncollecting a body of men at arms to aid his brother-in-law, the bishop\nof Liege, whom, as has been said, the Liegeois had driven out of their\ncountry, and besieged in the town of Maestricht. He sent for succour\namong his friends and allies, namely, to Burgundy, Flanders, Artois,\nand the borders of Picardy, whence came very many, and several from\nSavoy.\nThe earl of Mar, also, a Scotsman, then at Bruges, with about four\nscore combatants, ready to embark for Scotland, advanced into the\nTournesis, whither the duke came, and had a conference with their\nprincipal captains in the town of Tournay.\nOn the eleventh day of September, he marched thence with a\nnumerous body of men at arms, and a great train of artillery and\nbaggage-waggons to Enghien, where he was gladly received by the lord\nof the place. On the morrow, he advanced to Nivelle in Brabant, within\na league of Salmes. He marched next to Flourines, where he met sir\nRichard[2] Daulphin, sir William de Tignonville, lately provost of\nParis, and master William Bouratier, one of the king\u2019s secretaries,\nambassadors to him from the king of France. Having obtained an\naudience, they said they had been sent to him from the king and the\ngreat council on two objects; first, to know whether the Liegeois and\ntheir bishop were willing to submit their differences to the king and\nthe great council; secondly, to inform him of the suit urged against\nhim by the duchess-dowager of Orleans and her children, for the death\nof the late duke of Orleans, his brother, of the replies they had made\nto the charges he had brought against the late duke, and that they\ndemanded instant justice on him the duke of Burgundy, and that neither\nlaw nor reason ought to prevent sentence being passed by the king\naccording to the conclusions that had been drawn up against him.\nThe duke of Burgundy shortly answered, that in regard to the first\npoint, he was willing, as was right for him to do, to obey the king\u2019s\norders, but that his brother-in-law, John of Bavaria, who had married\nhis sister, had most earnestly solicited his assistance against the\ncommonalty and his subjects of Liege, who had rebelled, and even held\nhim besieged. Similar requests had been made to duke William, count\nof Hainault, his brother in law, and also brother-in-law to John of\nBavaria: wherefore the armaments could not now be broken up, since\nduring the time the ambassadors would be negotiating between the two\nparties, John of Bavaria, their bishop and lord, might be in great\ndanger from his rebellious subjects, and their success might serve for\nan example and inducement for other subjects to resist their lords, and\ngive rise to an universal rebellion. He added, that the king and his\ncouncil might, without any prejudice to themselves, have refrained from\nso readily listening to such requests, as none of the aforesaid parties\nwere subjects to the kingdom of France.\nIn regard to the second point, he, John duke of Burgundy, made answer,\nthat instantly on his return from this expedition he would wait on\nthe king of France, and act towards him, and all others, in a manner\nbecoming a good subject, and the near relationship in which he stood to\nthe king.\nThe ambassadors, finding they could not obtain more satisfactory\nanswers to the points on which they were sent, were obliged to be\ncontented. They resolved, however, to wait the event of this expedition\nagainst the Liegeois; and during that time there came to the duke\nof Burgundy, from the country of Hainault, his brother-in-law duke\nWilliam, accompanied by the counts de Conversan, de Namur, and de\nSalines, in Ardennes, with many notable lords, as well knights as\nesquires, from Hainault, Holland, Zealand, Ostrevant, and other\nplaces, to the number of twelve hundred helmets[3], or thereabout, and\ntwo thousand infantry well equipped, with from five to six hundred\ncarriages laden with provision and military stores.\nMany councils were held at Flourines, and in that neighbourhood, as\nto their future conduct, and whither they might march their army\nwith the greatest probability of success. It was determined that duke\nWilliam should command the van, and, as he advanced, destroy the whole\ncountry with fire and sword; that the duke of Burgundy, with the earl\nof Mar and the main body, should direct their march along the causeway\nof Branchaut, which leads strait to Tongres and Maestricht. In the\nlast place, the lord de Pier-Yves[4] and the Liegeois had, as has been\nbefore said, besieged their bishop and lord, John of Bavaria.\nIn consequence of this resolution, the two dukes began their march\nby different roads, and destroyed all the country on the Tuesday,\nWednesday and Thursday, and met on the Saturday evening, about vespers,\nin the town of Montenach, situated on the above causeway. In this\nplace and neighbourhood was the whole army lodged, forming but one\nbody; and two marshals were appointed to command and find quarters for\nit;--on the part of the duke of Burgundy, the lord de Vergy[5],--and\non that of duke William, the lord de Jeumont. They had under their\nimmediate orders five hundred helmets, seven hundred cross-bows, and\nfifteen hundred archers, all men of tried courage, with sixteen hundred\ncarriages, as well carts as waggons, laden with arms, ammunition and\nprovision, and all other necessaries for such an expedition.\nOn this Saturday, the lord de Pier-Yves, and his son the newly-elected\nbishop of Liege, as they were besieging Maestricht, learnt from their\nspies, that the two before-mentioned dukes were rapidly advancing\nagainst them, and burning the country on their line of march. They\ninstantly raised the siege, and retreated to the city of Liege with\nfull forty thousand combatants, where they fixed their quarters, Liege\nbeing only five leagues distant from Maestricht. The commanders there\nheld a council, with such of the inhabitants as had not been at the\nsiege; and at its close it was proclaimed through different parts of\nthe town, by orders of the governor and his son, the bishop, that every\nman capable of bearing arms should, on the morrow-morning, at the sound\nof a bell, be ready equipped to follow their commanders out of the town\nwhithersoever they might lead them.\nIn consequence of this order, on the morrow, the 22d day of September\n1408, there issued out of Liege, according to computation, about fifty\nthousand armed men. In this number were from five to six hundred well\narmed, in the french manner, on horseback, and from one hundred to six\nscore english archers, in their pay. They were followed by infinite\nnumbers of carts and other carriages, and a mob of people dressed in\nvarious manners, according to their own fancies.\nThe bell tolled at break of day, and they then sallied forth in good\narray, following their governor and bishop, very eager to offer combat\nto the enemy. Their governor had frequently warned them of the dangers\nthat might ensue from a battle, as their enemies were, for the greater\npart, nobles or gentlemen accustomed to war and obedience to their\ncommanders, which was not the case with them; and that it would be more\nto their advantage to remain within well-inclosed towns and castles\nharrassing the enemy by various means, and so tiring him out that he\nshould be forced to quit their country.\nThis advice, however, was not agreeable to the Liegeois, for it seemed\nto them that their numbers were so great that the enemy could not\nresist them; and they were not well pleased with what their governor\nhad told them. The governor, perceiving the Liegeois determined on\nbattle, led them into the plain, and drew them up in handsome array. He\nfrequently exhorted them to behave themselves valiantly, and with one\naccord, this day against the enemy, who was marching to attack them,\nand to defend with courage their lives and liberties.\nThey marched near to Tongres, which is five leagues distant from Liege,\nwhither the two dukes had advanced on the Saturday; for they had\nalready heard the siege of Maestricht was broken up, and that the men\nof Liege were intending to offer them battle. After some councils had\nbeen holden with the captains and the most experienced in their army,\nthey sent off, very early on the Sunday morning, two hundred light\ntroops, under the command of Robert le Roux and some other noblemen\nof the country, to inquire into the truth of what they had heard, and\nto see what the enemy was about. They shortly returned, and told the\ndukes, that the intelligence they had received was true, for that they\nhad seen the Liegeois in great numbers marching in battle-array. The\ndukes, on hearing this, commanded their men to arm, and to draw up in\norder of battle. When this was done, they marched to meet the Liegeois,\nand scarcely had they advanced half a league when they appeared in\nsight.\nThe Liegeois also saw them, for they were near to Tongres. Both armies\nadvancing, the dukes then posted themselves and all their infantry\non a very advantageous spot; and thinking the enemy would attempt to\ndislodge them, they formed their army into one battalion, the better to\nsupport the attack, and placed their baggage in their rear. They posted\nthe greater part of their archers and cross-bows on their right and\nleft as wings. The lord de Miraumont this day commanded the archers, by\norders of the duke of Burgundy, and with great credit to himself. The\nduke of Burgundy was on the right, and duke William on the left of the\narmy, each attended by his own people.\nAfter the proper orders had been given, and every arrangement made\naccording to the advice of the most experienced officers, very many\nnew knights were created. The men of Liege, swelled with pride, and\narrogantly considering the army of their opponents as infinitely\ninferior to them, marched on the right for an eminence called the\nheights of Hasbane, where they halted in handsome array. They had with\nthem the standard of St Lambert, and those of their different guilds;\nand the reason why they had halted on this spot was, that some of their\nold men had told them that it was there their ancestors had gained a\nvictory, and they flattered themselves with similar success.\nThey then formed their army in handsome order, and played off many\ncannons against their enemies, which annoyed them very much. It should\nbe known, that between the two armies was a narrow valley, at the\nbottom of which was a ditch to carry off the water in times of rain.\nThe two dukes having with their army remained stationary, observing\nthat the Liegeois did not seem inclined to quit their position, and\nbegin the battle, held a short council with their ablest officers,\nand thinking success was more likely to follow the most courageous,\ndetermined to advance slowly toward them in battle-array, on account of\nthe weight of their arms, and attack them where they were, before they\ncould fortify themselves, or increase their numbers by reinforcements.\nIn consequence, five hundred men at arms, on horseback, were ordered to\nattack the army of Liege on its rear, and about a thousand infantry,\nunder the command of the lords de Croy, de Helly, de Neufville and de\nRaise, knights, with Enguerrand de Bournouville, esquire, on the part\nof the duke of Burgundy; and by the lords de Hamette and de Ligne,\nknights, with Robert le Roux, esquire, who instantly advanced into the\nplain according to their orders.\nThe Liegeois, observing so large a detachment quit the duke\u2019s army,\nand march away, as it were, thought they were running off from fear\nof their great numbers, and began shouting, in their language, \u2018Fuyo,\nfuyo!\u2019 and repeating this word many times. The lord de Pier-Yves, the\ngovernor, like an able man, well versed in war, frequently, but gently,\nchecked them for making this noise, saying, \u2018My very dear friends,\nthat troop on horseback which you see, are not running away, as you\nsuppose; but when that other body of infantry, much greater, as you\nmay observe, shall be advanced near enough to begin the attack, those\non horseback will instantly wheel about, like skilful soldiers, and\ncharge your rear, with a design to divide your army, while the others\nshall attack you in front. Notwithstanding we have every appearance\nof a successful issue to our battle, I have always advised you to the\ncontrary; and though your hearts are set upon it, as if already sure\nof victory, I remain still in the same opinion,--because you are not\nso well used to warfare, nor armed like to your adversaries, who have\nlearnt all military exercises from their childhood. This was the reason\nwhy I proposed avoiding a battle; for it would have been more to your\nadvantage to have defended your towns and fortresses, and whenever a\nfavourable opportunity offered, to have fallen on your enemies, so that\nthey would have been forced to have quitted your country. However, the\nday you have so ardently wished for is now come; and I beg of you to\nput your hopes in God, and boldly and steadily exert yourselves in the\ndefence of your country against the enemy now marching to attack you.\u2019\nHaving finished this speech, he wanted to mount some of his most\ndetermined men on horseback to oppose the detachment then on the\nplain; but in truth the commonalty would not suffer it to be done, and\nuttered against him many reproaches, calling him a traitor.\nHe patiently suffered their rude ignorance, and hastily commanded the\narmy to be formed into a square, in the front of which was a body drawn\nup in the form of a triangle,--and the carts and baggage were towards\nthe rear, on the right and left of his army, handsomely arranged: their\nhorses were in the rear, on one of the wings, intermixed with their\narchers and cross-bows,--but they were of little value, except the\nenglish archers, who were better disposed of in other places.\nThe lord de Pier-Yves, accompanied by his son the bishop and some of\nhis best companions in arms, like a good commander, posted himself at\nthe head of his army, fronting the enemy.\nDuring this time, the two dukes began their march, gaily exhorting\ntheir men to behave themselves gallantly against the enemy, a rude\nand ignorant people, who had rebelled against their lord, and who\nconfidently trusted in their superior numbers for success,--telling\ntheir men, that if they acted as they expected they would, victory\nwould infallibly be theirs, and they would gain everlasting honour.\nWhen the dukes had made such like speeches, they retired to their\nposts, and under their banners, and advanced slowly toward the enemy,\nwho kept up a heavy fire against them with their cannons.\nThe banner-bearer of the duke of Burgundy was a very valiant knight,\ncalled sir James de Courtjambe, who, accidentally falling on his knees\nas he marched, alarmed many, who thought it was an unfavourable omen\nof their success; but he was soon raised by the help of those of his\nguard, and behaved himself honourably the whole day. This knight was a\nnative of Burgundy. The banner of duke William was that day borne by\na gallant knight, called sir Hoste d\u2019Escaussines, who behaved himself\nright well.\nWhen the two armies met, the conflict became very severe on each side,\nand lasted for upwards of an hour, when many deadly blows were given\nby both parties. At this moment, the detachment on horseback, with\nthe infantry, according to their orders, advanced to the rear of the\nLiegeois; but from the position of their baggage-waggons, they had\nmuch difficulty to force their way. At length, by dint of courage, they\nsucceeded, and, having gained an entrance, began to lay about them so\nvigorously that the army of the enemy was divided,--and they saw full\nsix thousand Liegeois quit their ranks, with their guns and the banners\nof their guilds, and take flight with all speed towards a village half\na league from the field of battle.\nWhen the detachment perceived this, they left off the attack they had\nbegun, and pursued the runaways, whom they charged, not once, but\nseveral times, beating down and slaying them without mercy,--and, in\nshort, routed them so effectually that, through fear of death, they\nfled here and there, into woods and other places, to hide themselves.\nThis party of the Liegeois being either killed, dispersed, or taken\nprisoners, the horsemen returned to their main body, gallantly fighting\nthe enemy, who, it must be said, defended themselves courageously. In\ntruth, the event of this battle was some time doubtful,--for, during\none half hour, it could not be known which side would be victorious.\nThe noise of their war-cries was frightful:--the Burgundians and\nHainaulters shouted under their banners, \u2018Our Lady for Burgundy! Our\nLady for Hainault!\u2019 and the Liegeois, in their turn, shouted, \u2018St\nLambert for Pier-Yves!\u2019\nThe men of Liege would perhaps have conquered, if this detachment on\nhorseback, when returned from the defeat of the runaways, had not again\nfallen on their rear, and behaved so marvellously well that those who\nopposed them were pierced through, and all attempts to check them were\nvain. A great slaughter was made by them in a short time, for none were\nadmitted to ransom; and by their vigour whole ranks fell one over the\nother, for now all the weight and power of the infantry were brought\nagainst them.\nThe defeat once begun, there were such heaps of dead and wounded that\nit was melancholy to behold, for they were thicker in many places than\nstooks of corn in harvest. This ought not to occasion surprise; for\nwhen the common people are assembled, badly armed, and puffed up with\ntheir extravagant desires, although they be in great numbers, yet shall\nthey hardly be able to resist an army composed of noblemen well tried\nin arms, even when God shall permit it so to be. At this period of\nthe battle, and near to the banner of the duke of Burgundy, where the\nconflict was the strongest, fell the lord de Pierre-Yves and his two\nsons,--namely, the one who had been elected bishop of Liege and his\nbrother: they were instantly put to death.\nThe heir of Salmes[6], who bore the standard of St Lambert, namely,\nthe eldest son to the count de Salmes[6], who was in the army of the\ntwo dukes; sir John Collet, and many other knights and esquires to\nthe amount of upwards of five hundred; all the english archers, and\nabout twenty-eight thousand of the commonalty, were left dead on the\nfield,--and more perished by arrow-shots than by any other weapon.\nSir Baldwin de Montgardin, knight, to save his life, surrendered\nhimself to the duke of Burgundy:--he was led out of the engagement, and\nafterward given by the duke to sir Wicart de Bours.\nI have no need to particularise the great courage and coolness of the\nduke of Burgundy, nor how he galloped to different parts of the army,\nexhorting them to act well,--nor how, until the end of the battle,\nhe most gallantly behaved himself,--for in truth, his conduct was\nsuch that he was praised and spoken of by all knights and others;\nand although he was frequently covered with arrows and other missile\nweapons, he did not on that day lose one drop of blood.\nWhen he was asked after the defeat, if they should cease from slaying\nthe Liegeois, he replied, \u2018Let them all die together! for I will not\nthat any prisoners be made, nor that any be ransomed!!\u2019\nIn the like gallant manner did duke William, the other princes, and in\ngeneral the whole body of the chivalry and nobility of the two dukes\nbehave themselves. There were slain from five to six hundred of their\nmen; and among the number were, John de la Chapelle, knight to the\nabove duke,--sir Flourimont de Brimeu, John de la Trimouille, who on\nthis day had been made a knight,--Hugotin de Nambon, John de Theune,\nviscount de Brimequet, a native of Hainault,--Rollant de la Mote, and\nothers, to the amount of one hundred and six score gentlemen: the rest\nwere varlets[7].\nJust as the dukes had gained the victory, about two thousand men made\na sally from Tongres, to assist the Liegemen. When they saw they were\ndefeated, they retreated to their town, but were so closely pursued by\nthe body of horse that had done such essential service that very many\nof them were killed.\nThe two dukes, seeing their victory was now complete, met, and returned\nthanks to the Creator, congratulating with one another for their\nsuccess. They had tents pitched on the field of battle, and remained\nthere for three days and three nights.\nThe french ambassadors, having now taken their leave, departed for\nTournay, and continued their road to Paris to the king and his council;\nbut prior to their departure, the duke of Burgundy had dispatched a\nmessenger to the king of France, with letters to inform him and his\ngood friends in Paris of the fortunate event of the battle. This news\nwas not very agreeable to many who were intending to urge the king\nto prosecute the duke of Burgundy for the murder of the late duke of\nOrleans,--and on the contrary, it gave great joy to his friends.\nOn Monday, the morrow of the battle, about the hour of twelve, John\nof Bavaria, bishop of Liege, attended by the heir of Heinseberg, and\nseveral others, nobles and not nobles, to the number of six hundred\nhelmets, or thereabout, came from the town of Maestricht, wherein\nthey had been besieged, to the camp of the two dukes, and most humbly\nthanked them for the succour they had afforded him. He and his party\nwere received with much joy; and, on his arrival, he was presented with\nthe head of the lord de Pier-Yves, which had been found among the dead,\nwith his two sons, and was fixed to the top of a lance, that all who\npleased might see it!\nOn the following Tuesday, the feast of St Fremin, a martyr, the\ninhabitants of Liege, Huy, Dinant and Tongres, and of all the other\ngood towns in the bishoprick of Liege, excepting the castle of\nBouillon, hearing of the great destruction of their countrymen, and the\npower of their enemies, were panic-struck, and, seeing no probability\nof any assistance, surrendered themselves to the obedience of the dukes\nof Burgundy and of Holland. They sent to them ambassadors to this\neffect, and also to supplicate John of Bavaria, their bishop and lord,\nthat he would graciously have pity upon them, and grant them his pardon.\nThe bishop, through the intercession of the two dukes, complied with\ntheir request, on condition that such as had been most active in\npromoting the rebellion, many of whom were still alive, whose names\nthey would set down, should be given up to the two dukes, to do by them\nas they in their justice should think right; and each of the towns gave\nsufficient hostages for the due performance of the terms.\nOn the ensuing Thursday, the two dukes and the bishop, with the whole\narmy, broke up the camp, and advanced toward the town of Liege. The\nduke of Burgundy was quartered in the town of Flauye, on the river\nMeuse, one league distant from Liege, and duke William among the\nmountains.\nOn the following Sunday, the dukes and the bishop held a full council,\nto which all their ministers were admitted, on the present state of\naffairs. Other councils were continued until the Tuesday, when the\nbishop made his entry into Liege, and was received with great humility\nby the remnant of its inhabitants. The most culpable in the late\nrebellion had been before arrested and thrown into prison in this and\nin all the other towns.\nThe bishop went first to the cathedral church of St Lambert to offer\nhis prayers, and reconcile himself with the chapter: after this he went\nto his palace, when he was most humbly entreated by the people to have\nmercy on them, which he granted; and, shortly after, he returned to the\ncamp of the two dukes.\nAbout two o\u2019clock in the afternoon, on the morrow, the dukes and the\nbishop, with several nobles of the army, assembled on an elevated spot\nnear the camp, whither sir John de Jeumont, marshal to duke William,\nby the commands of the two dukes and the bishop, had ordered the heir\nof Rochefort, a rich nobleman, John de Saramie[8], knight, and fifteen\nother citizens, to be brought from the town, and had their heads cut\noff, one after another, by the executioner. Many churchmen, and some\nwomen, were also drowned in the Meuse for having been concerned in the\nrebellion!\nOn the morrow, the dukes and the bishop moved with the army to a town\nthree leagues distant, called Beaucloquet, where many conferences\nwere held, on the state of the country. The count de Nevers joined\nhis brother, the duke of Burgundy, at this place, with four hundred\ncombatants. Hither also sir John de Jeumont ordered nineteen citizens\nfrom the town of Huy to be brought, who underwent a similar punishment\nto those of Liege, and for the same cause; and, as before, many\nchurchmen and women were drowned[9].\nAm\u00e9 de Viry, a Savoyard, a nobleman well experienced in war, came\nhither also to aid the duke of Burgundy, and accompanied by three\nhundred helmets from that country. When the dukes and the bishop had\nfor several days consulted together on the affairs of Liege, it was at\nlength concluded, with the approbation of John of Bavaria, now surnamed\nJohn the Pitiless, that they should all meet again in the city of\nTournay, on St Luke\u2019s day next ensuing, to determine finally on the\nmeasures to be pursued touching these matters.\nAfter many executions had taken place in the bishoprick of Liege\non those who had been concerned in the rebellion, and when the\nfortifications of the towns of Huy, Dinant and others, had been\ndestroyed, the two dukes began their march homeward, taking with them\na number of persons from Liege, who had been given as hostages for the\nobservance of all the articles of the treaty that should be made with\nthem. Some of them were sent by duke William to Mons and Valenciennes,\nand some to Lille, Arras, and other places belonging to the duke of\nBurgundy, who went to his county of Flanders, and duke William to\nHainault, after they had disbanded their men at arms. The greater part\nreturned to their homes much enriched by the plunder of the Liegeois,\nwho, thunderstruck by the misfortune that had befallen them, became\nstupified and indolent.\nMany great lords attended the duke of Burgundy on this expedition:\namong them were, from Burgundy, sir John de Ch\u00e2lons[10], sir Gaultier\nde Ruples, the lord de Vergy[11], marshal of Burgundy, the lord de St\nGeorge, sir John de la Balme[12], sir William de Champ-divers, sir\nJames de Courtjambe, the lord de Montagu, and many more. From Picardy,\nthe lords de Croy[13], de Heilly, de Fosseux, de Vaurin, sir Bort\nGuieret and his brothers, the lord of Inchy, the lord of Raisse, the\nlord de Brimeu, sir Regnault de Crequy lord of Comtes[14], Enguerrand\nde Bournouville, the lord de Ront, sir Raoul de Flandres, the lord de\nPoix, sir Wincart de Bours, the lord d\u2019Auxy, the lord de Mailly, the\nlord de Thiennes and the lord d\u2019Azincourt. From Flanders, sir John and\nsir Louis de Guystelle, the lord de Hames, sir John de Bailleul, sir\nCollart de Fosseux, and others, the principal nobles of the country.\nIn like manner, duke William had assembled his nobles, with many\nothers, his allies; among whom was sir John de Bethune, brother to the\nviscount de Meaux. Common report said, that Anthony duke of Brabant,\nbrother to the duke of Burgundy, and Waleran de Luxembourg count\nde St Pol, had refused their assistance, because they had not been\nmade acquainted with the terms and agreements entered into by John\nof Bavaria on the one part, and the lord de Pier-Yves on the other,\nfor the resignation of the bishoprick of Liege. They also made other\nexcuses.\nWhen the day appointed for the meeting of the duke of Burgundy, duke\nWilliam and the bishop of Liege, in the town of Tournay, for the final\nsettlement of the affairs of Liege drew near, the inhabitants of\nthat town sent them a petition, by ambassadors chosen from among the\nprincipal citizens, to request they would fix on some other town, as\nthe numbers of their attendants would greatly harrass and impoverish\nthem, considering the very small stock of provision that was in\nTournay. Their request was granted,--and the town of Lille was chosen\nfor their meeting on the day that had before been fixed on.\nThither all the hostages from Liege were conducted, and brought into\nthe presence of the aforesaid dukes and bishop, with several more that\nhad been deputed to hear what judgment should be given, which was as\nfollows:\n\u2018The dukes of Burgundy and Holland declare, that this their judgment\nshall be punctually fulfilled in every respect, with regard to the\npresent time, reserving to themselves the power of making any future\nalterations in it as often as, and in what manner, they shall please.\n\u2018First, They consent that the inhabitants of Liege, of the towns and\ncountry of that bishoprick, situated within the district of Liege,\nthe country of Los, the countries of Hasbane, St Tron, the territory\nof Bouillon, shall enjoy their customary franchises and privileges.\nThey order, that the citizens of Liege, and of the other towns above\nnamed, do bring to the monastery des Escolliers, in the town of Mons\nin Hainault, on the morrow of Martinmas-day next ensuing, all the\nletters patent and charters of their laws and privileges, which they\npossess,--which they will deliver into the hands of such as may be\ncommissioned by the said dukes to receive them. Those who bring them\nshall make oath, on the salvation of their own souls, and of the souls\nof them who sent them, that they have not fraudulently left behind any\ncharters of their laws and privileges.\n\u2018Item, the dukes aforesaid declare, that should the city of Liege, or\nany other town, neglect to send, or fraudulently retain, any of their\ncharters, that town so retaining them shall be for ever deprived of its\nprivileges and particular laws.\n\u2018Item, the lords aforesaid will, that these charters and letters\npatent be delivered to the commissioners punctually on the morrow of\nMartinmas-day.\n\u2018Item, they likewise ordain, that when these charters and privileges\nshall have been duly examined, and new ones drawn up and delivered,\nneither the bishop of Liege nor his chapter shall grant any new\nprivileges to the inhabitants, without the consent of the two dukes or\ntheir successors.\n\u2018Item, they also ordain, that henceforward the commonalty shall not\nappoint or nominate, in the aforesaid towns and bishoprick, any\nofficers, such as governors, masters of trades, doctors of arts,--but\nthat from this day all such offices be annulled.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that all bailiffs, provosts, mayors, and others\nbearing similar titles, shall be nominated by the bishop of Liege\nand the count de Los;--and also, that the sheriffs in such towns as\nclaim the right of shrievalty shall be renewed yearly, and a certain\nnumber appointed according to the exigency of the case and size of the\ntowns. In no large town shall father and son, two brothers-in-law, two\ncousins-german, the uncle and nephew, nor anyone who has married the\nmother of another, be appointed sheriffs at the same time, in order\nthat no improper favours be shewn from partiality of kindred. All\nofficers shall swear solemnly on their creation, to preserve and abide\nby every article and point contained in the constitution delivered to\nthem.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that the bishop of Liege may, each year, at the\nexpiration of the shrievalty, appoint such sheriffs as he shall please,\nor re-appoint those of the preceding year, or others according to his\ngood pleasure, provided they are not any way connected by blood, as\nhas been before mentioned. All disputes respecting the persons or\nfortunes of the inhabitants of the different towns having sheriffs,\nshall be brought before their jurisdictions,--and at the end of the\nyear, the sheriffs shall be bound to render an account of their\nadministration before their lord, the bishop of Liege, or his deputies,\nand before one commissary deputed by the chapter, and another on the\npart of the different churches.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that all guilds and fraternities in the city of\nLiege, and in all the other towns, shall henceforth cease and be\nannulled; and that the banners of the above guilds in Liege shall be\ndelivered up to commissaries, on an appointed day that shall be made\nknown to them; and the banners of the other towns shall be brought\nby the inhabitants to a certain place on an appointed day, to the\ncommissioners named to receive them, and who shall do with them as they\nmay judge expedient.\n\u2018Item, they also ordain, that in the above city, and in the towns\nwithin the said bishoprick, no one shall be reputed a citizen unless\nhe shall have really resided within such town in which he shall claim\nhis right of citizenship. And all such rights of citizenship are for\nthe present annulled; for although there may be resident citizens in\nthe aforesaid towns, they cannot, in such right, claim any moveables by\nreason of inheritance, without the cognizance of the lords under whom\nsuch persons have lived, and in whose territory such inheritances are\nsituated.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that from this moment, and in times to come, the\ntowns of Huy, Dinant, and others within the territory of Liege, the\ncountry of Los, the country of Hasbane, and all within the jurisdiction\nof Liege, shall no longer call together any assembly, or congregation\nof people, under pretence of holding councils or otherwise, without the\nconsent of their aforesaid bishop and lord, or of the chapter of Liege,\nshould the bishoprick at the time be vacant.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that the bishop of Liege, or any others having the\ngovernment of the said territory and its dependancies, shall never bear\narms against the king or kings of France, their successors; nor against\nthe two said dukes, their successors in the said duchies and counties;\nnor against the count de Namur for the time being, or his successors;\nnor against any of the countries, of the aforesaid, except when ordered\nby the emperor, and only when the emperor shall be himself present:\nprovided, nevertheless, that the king of France and the above-mentioned\npersons do not invade the territories of the bishop and chapter of\nLiege.\n\u2018Item, they likewise ordain, that in perpetual remembrance of this\nvictory, and the conquest made over them by the above two dukes, they\nand their successors shall have a free passage, whenever they may\nchoose to cross the river Meuse, through all towns in the territory of\nLiege, fortified or not, and with a body of men at arms or with few\nattendants according to their pleasure,--provided they do not permit\nany of the inhabitants of the said towns, villages, or country through\nwhich they shall pass, to be any way molested by their men,--and\nprovisions shall be found them for their money, without demanding\nhigher prices for the articles than they are usually sold for.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that the coin of the aforesaid dukes and their\nsuccessors shall have free currency throughout the territories and\ndependancies of the bishop and chapter of Liege.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that a chapel shall be erected on the spot where\nthe last victory was gained, and funds allotted for the support of four\nchaplains and two priests; and the said chapels shall be furnished\nwith chasubles, chalices, and other ornaments for celebrating mass\nand such other divine services as shall be thought advisable for the\neternal welfare of the souls of those who were slain in that battle.\nThe nomination to the above benefices shall remain with the two dukes,\naccording to regulations which they shall hereafter make between\nthemselves,--the Liegeois only to be once at the expense of providing\nthis chapel with sacred vessels and ornaments. The bishop of Liege\nshall allot from his revenues two hundred golden crowns of annual rent\nfor the support of the four chaplains and two priests; that is to say,\nfor each chaplain forty crowns, for each priest ten crowns, and for the\nrepairs of the chapel twenty crowns.\n\u2018Item, the said dukes will, that on the twenty-third day of every month\nof September, on which day the battle took place, a mass shall be\ncelebrated to the blessed Virgin, with great solemnity, by the provost\nor dean of the church of St Lambert, in Liege, who shall chaunt it in\nthe choir and at the grand altar, in commemoration of this victory,\nand for the welfare of the souls of those who fell in battle. The same\nshall be required of all the churches and chapels to monasteries, as\nwell for men as women, within the said town of Liege, as of all others\nwithin its jurisdiction.\n\u2018Item, the said dukes require from the bishop of Liege and the chapter,\nthat they strictly enjoin such services to be regularly performed on\nevery twenty-third day of September throughout the diocese; and that\nall priests, after the performing of this service, shall be suffered\npeaceably to return to their homes.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that the bishop of Liege and his successors, and\nsuch as may have the government of the country in times of a vacancy\nin the see, and the members of the chapter of Liege, shall appoint\nsuch governor of the castle of Huy as they shall approve of: in which\ncastle, likewise, they shall not place a greater garrison, nor more\nstores of provision, than they shall judge expedient, like as an\nupright lord shall determine. They also insist on having a free ingress\nand regress into and from the town of Huy and the adjacent country.\nThey likewise ordain the same regulations respecting the castles of\nEscoquehen[15] and Bouillon, as to their governors, garrisons and\nstores.\n\u2018Item, the aforesaid dukes ordain, that should any one, however\nhigh his rank, attempt, by force, or otherwise, to deprive those of\nsuch gifts and preferments in the church, or any other offices for\nlife, as have been usually granted by the bishops of Liege and their\npredecessors, the members of the chapter of Liege shall be bound to\nrestore, and defend them in, their possessions to the utmost of their\npower, without any fraud whatever.\n\u2018Item, as there are still living many perverse conspirators, who are\nnow fugitives from the territories of Liege and county of Los, and\nhave retired into the neighbouring countries, where they have been\nreceived, the dukes aforesaid will appoint proper commissioners to\nmake inquiry whither such wicked persons have gone, and publish their\nnames. On the discovery of the places to which they have withdrawn,\napplications shall be made to the princes and lords thereof, that they\nmay be surrendered to the bishop of Liege, for him to inflict on them\nthe punishments due to their deserts, or at least that such princes\nand lords may drive them out of their respective countries. But should\nthese lords refuse to comply, or to do justice on such conspirators,\nthey shall be for ever banished from the bishoprick of Liege, the\ncounty of Los, and their dependancies, as conspirators and movers of\nsedition; and it shall be proclaimed throughout the above countries,\nthat no one receive them within their houses, but deliver them up\nto justice, should any attempt to return, demanding assistance from\ntheir lord, should there be a necessity for it. Should they be unable\nto arrest them, they shall denounce them to the nearest officers of\njustice, under pain of suffering corporal punishment, and having their\nfortunes confiscated, as would have been done to such conspirators\nand rebels. While exerting themselves in the performance of this\nduty, should they accidentally put to death any of such rebels, no\nconsequences shall ensue to their loss.\n\u2018Item, they ordain that the walls of the castle of Thuin, with its\ngates and towers, be razed, as well the part toward the town as that\ntoward the mountain, and the ditches filled up.\n\u2018Item, the same to be done to the town of Fosse and to the town\nand castle of Commun,--which towns shall not be repaired. And in\nlike manner shall all the posts on the river Sambre be destroyed,\nthe ditches filled, and neither they nor the towns shall be ever\nagain repaired, so that they may serve for places of defence to the\ninhabitants, on any pretence, in future times.\n\u2018Item, the gates, walls and towers of Dinant shall be pulled down, as\nwell on the opposite side of the Meuse as on this; and the inhabitants\nshall never rebuild them again.\n\u2018Item, the inhabitants of the said towns of Thuin, Fosse, Commun and\nDinant, or any persons from other towns, shall not rebuild or repair\nthe fortified places between or on the two rivers Sambre and Meuse, on\nthe road to Namur.\n\u2018Item, one of the gates of Tongres shall also be razed, namely, that\nwhich leads to Maestricht, with forty feet of wall on each side of the\nsaid gate, without a possibility of its ever being re-erected. The town\nof Tongres shall likewise, at its own expense, cause to be filled up\nthe trenches they had opened before the said town, when they besieged\ntheir lord within it, because they had put the country of Liege under\nheavy taxes, and had subjugated it.\n\u2018And whereas it is notorious, that very great losses have attended this\nsubjugation, the aforesaid dukes will, that an aid be levied on this\ncity, and the towns before mentioned, to the amount of two hundred and\ntwenty thousand golden crowns, which shall be raised as soon as may be,\nbeing levied in proportion to the comparative riches of each inhabitant.\n\u2018Item, in case any of the hostages shall die before all the articles\nof this treaty are completed, the aforesaid lords will, that the town\nor district whence such hostage or hostages shall have been sent, do\ninstantly furnish others of the same rank and property as those who\nhave died.\n\u2018Item, they ordain, that when this treaty shall be properly engrossed,\nthe bishop of Liege, his chapter, and the principal inhabitants, shall\ncome to sign it, and engage, that should any articles of it be not\ncompleted according to the exact tenor of the terms, then for each\nomission or neglect the bishop, his successors, the chapter and chief\ntowns shall forfeit two hundred thousand golden crowns of the coin of\nthe king of France, or other florins of gold of France, of the value\nof the aforesaid crowns. That is to say, fifty thousand to the then\nemperor or king of the Romans; to the king of France fifty thousand;\nand to each of the said dukes the like sum;--the whole to be levied on\nthe lands and moveables of the said Liegeois, by seizure of their goods\nand bodies wherever they may be.\n\u2018They are likewise to signify their consent, that should obstacles be\nthrown in the way by any of the said towns to prevent the articles\nof the said treaty from being carried into effect, the bishop of\nLiege, and the archbishop of Cologne for the time being, shall be the\narbitrators between such towns,--and their decision shall be final.\n\u2018When a legal pope shall be elected, and his authority over the whole\nchurch of God be acknowledged, then such as make opposition to the\nexecution of the above treaty shall be laid under an interdict, which\nshall not be taken off, until sufficient reparation be made, and the\naforesaid pecuniary forfeitures be paid.\n\u2018Should any of the towns, or their inhabitants, offer any insult, in\ncontradiction to the above treaty, to either of the said dukes or\ntheir successors, the bishop of Liege, or his vicar in his absence,\nthe chapter and citizens shall be required to constrain the offenders\nto make full reparation within one month from the time of complaint\nbeing made. And should such reparation not be made within the month,\nas aforesaid, after the summons to that effect has been delivered, the\ncountry shall be liable to the same fines as before mentioned.\n\u2018The dukes of Burgundy and of Holland order, that all these articles be\nfairly engrossed, and then sealed with their seals, and then given to\nthe lord bishop of Liege, or to his chapter, with a copy for the city\nof Liege and one for each principal town. In return, the bishop and the\ntowns shall give to the dukes aforesaid letters signed with their great\nseals acknowledging the receipt of the above treaty, and promising\nobedience to all the articles of it, and binding themselves to the\nfines therein mentioned.\n\u2018As many noble persons and others, as well secular as ecclesiastic,\nhave presented many petitions to complain of the great losses they have\nsuffered during the late rebellion, and specifying their particular\ngrievances,--the dukes aforesaid, not having had time to examine them\nwith the attention they deserve, will have them examined with all\npossible speed, and will attend to each of them.\u2019\nThe whole of the above, having been written out fair, was, by the\ncommand of the two dukes aforesaid, publicly proclaimed in the great\nhall at Lille, and in their presence, the 24th day of October, in the\nyear 1408.\nCHAP. IV.\n THE KING OF FRANCE HOLDS A GRAND COUNCIL AT PARIS, TO CONSIDER\n ON THE MANNER OF PROCEEDING AGAINST THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FOR\n THE MURDER OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS.\nDuring the expedition of the duke of Burgundy against the Liegeois, a\ngreat many of the principal lords were, by the king\u2019s orders, assembled\nat Paris. Among them were, Louis king of Sicily, Charles king of\nNavarre, the duke of Brittany, the duke of Bourbon, and several others,\nthe greater part of whom were friendly to the duchess-dowager of\nOrleans and her children in their prosecution of the duke of Burgundy.\nMany councils were held as to the manner in which the king should\nproceed against the duke of Burgundy, who was the principal actor in\nthis murder, as has been before explained.\nIt was at length determined in these councils, that a most rigorous\nprosecution, in conformity to the laws, should be carried on against\nhim; and should he refuse to obey, the king, with all his subjects\nand vassals, should march, with as great a force as could be raised,\nagainst him, to bring him and his abettors to due obedience.\nAt the same time, at the solicitations of the duchess of Orleans\nand her children, the king annulled all his letters of pardon which\nhe had formerly granted to the duke of Burgundy, and declared them\nof no weight, in the presence of the queen, the duke of Acquitaine,\nthe princes of the blood, and the whole of the council. The duchess\ndemanded and obtained letters, confirming this renunciation of the\npardon; after which, she and her daughter-in-law, wife to the young\nduke of Orleans, left Paris, and returned to Blois.\nNot long after this, news came to Paris of the great victory which\nthe duke of Burgundy had gained over the Liegeois. This was confirmed\nby the return of the king\u2019s ambassadors, sir Guichard Daulphin and\nsir William de Tignonville, who, as has been related, were present at\nthe battle, and gave to the king and the lords then in Paris a most\ncircumstantial account of it. On hearing this, several who had been\nmost violent against the duke of Burgundy, now hung their heads, and\nbegan to be of a contrary opinion to what they had before held, fearing\nthe steadiness, boldness and power of the duke, who was said to have a\nmind equal to the support of any misfortunes that should happen to him,\nand which would encourage him to oppose and conquer all attempts of his\nadversaries. In short, all the measures that had been adopted against\nhim were dropped, and the men at arms were ordered to return to the\nplaces whence they had come.\nAmbassadors had arrived from England to treat of a peace, or a truce\nfor one year, between the kings of England and of France, which having\nobtained, they set out on their return, through Amiens and Boulogne,\nto Calais. On the road, they heard of the grand victory of the duke\nof Burgundy, which surprised them very much,--and they gave him the\nsurname of \u2018Jean sans peur.\u2019\nThe duke of Burgundy was very active in attaching to his party noblemen\nand warriors from all countries, to strengthen himself against his\nenemies, of whom he was given to understand that he had many. He\nheld on this subject several consultations with his two brothers and\nbrothers-in-law, namely, duke William of Holland and John of Bavaria,\nto which were admitted his most trusty friends; and they deliberated\nlong on the manner in which he should now carry himself. It was at\nlength finally concluded, that he should openly oppose all, excepting\nthe king of France and the duke of Acquitaine; and those present\npromised him aid and support with all the power of their vassals, on\nthese terms.\nCHAP. V.\n THE KING OF FRANCE IS CARRIED, BY THE PRINCES OF THE BLOOD,\n TO TOURS IN TOURAINE.----PEACE IS MADE IN THE TOWN OF\n CHARTRES.--THE DEATH OF THE DOWAGER DUCHESS OF ORLEANS.\nThe king of France left Paris, accompanied by the kings of Sicily and\nNavarre, the queen, the duke of Acquitaine, the dukes of Berry and\nBourbon, who, with others of the blood-royal, conducted him, under\nthe escort of a large body of men at arms, to Tours in Touraine, as\nhis place of residence,--to the great displeasure of the inhabitants\nof Paris, who were so much troubled thereat that they barricadoed the\nstreets with chains. They hastily sent to inform the duke of Burgundy,\nat Lille, of the king\u2019s departure, giving him to understand that the\ngreater part of those who had carried him away from Paris were not well\ninclined towards him.\nThis intelligence was not very agreeable to the duke, for he suspected\nthat the king had only been conducted to Tours that his enemies might\ncarry their measures against him more securely; for the lords who had\nthe government knew well that the Parisians loved the duke of Burgundy,\nand would not that any other should have the government of the kingdom,\nbelieving, from the hints he had thrown out, that when in power he\nwould abolish all gabelles and other taxes which oppressed the people.\nThe duke of Burgundy first consulted the dukes of Brabant and of\nHolland, and other steady friends, and then remanded his men at arms\nfrom Burgundy, who were on their march to their own country from Liege,\nand assembled another body from various parts. He advanced to Roye, in\nthe Vermandois, where he mustered his men, and then marched them toward\nParis. He quartered himself, on the 23d day of November, in the town of\nSt Denis, and his forces in the adjacent country. On the morrow, as he\nwas advancing with his men at arms in array toward Paris, two thousand\nor more combatants sallied out thence, and conducted him, with every\nmark of honour, to his h\u00f4tel of Artois.\nMany of the Parisians sung carols in the squares, although all\nrejoicings had been strictly forbidden on his arrival, to avoid\nincreasing the envy of the princes of the blood. Some of the king\u2019s\nservants said to those who were singing carols, \u2018You may otherwise\nshow your joy for his arrival, but you ought not thus to sing.\u2019\nNotwithstanding this, all the principal citizens, and those in\nauthority, showed him as much honour and respect as if he had been king\nhimself.\nA few days afterward, duke William, count of Hainault, arrived at\nParis, well accompanied by unarmed men, and, at the request of the\nduke of Burgundy, set out for Tours, attended by the lords de Croy,\nde St George, de la Viefville, d\u2019Olhaz, and others of the council of\nthe duke, to negotiate his peace with the king, and the lords who had\ncarried him from Paris. The count of Hainault was most honourably\nreceived at Tours by the king, the queen, and the other great lords;\nfor the marriage had taken place between John duke of Touraine, second\nson to the king, and the daughter of the duke of Burgundy: he was also\nnearly related to the queen.\nOn the conclusion of the feasts made on his arrival, the count of\nHainault and those who had accompanied him opened, in full council,\nthe business of their mission, namely, to make peace for the duke\nof Burgundy. After many discussions, it was resolved, that the king\nshould send certain persons, selected by him, to hold a conference with\nthe duke of Burgundy at Paris, and point out to him the means of his\nregaining the good graces of the king.\nDuke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen, Montagu grand master of\nthe king\u2019s household, and other experienced counsellors, were nominated\nfor this purpose; and they returned with the count de Hainault to\nParis, when what had passed was told to the duke of Burgundy.\nAs all the circumstances of this treaty were not agreeable to the duke,\nand as he had many suspicions respecting Montagu, he was not disposed\nto receive the negotiators in the way they were sent to him. He even\npersonally made many reproaches to Montagu, who bore them patiently,\nexcusing himself for any thing that had passed. The treaty, however,\nhaving been altered and corrected, was sent back to the king at Tours,\nand in the end agreed to in the manner you shall hear.\nWhile these negotiations were going forward, and before their\nconclusion, the duchess-dowager of Orleans, daughter to Galeazzo duke\nof Milan, died in the town of Blois, broken-hearted at not having been\nable to obtain justice from the king and council against the duke of\nBurgundy for the murder of her late lord and husband, Louis duke of\nOrleans. The duke of Burgundy was much rejoiced at this event, for the\nduchess had bitterly carried on her prosecution against him.\nHer heart was buried at Paris, near that of her husband, and her body\nin the church of the canons at Blois. After her death, Charles, her\neldest son, was duke of Orleans and of Valois, count of Blois and of\nBeaumont, lord of Coni and of Ast, with many other lordships:--Philip,\nthe second son, was count of Vertus,--and John, the youngest, was named\ncount of Angoul\u00eame. These three brothers, and one sister, thus became\norphans, but they had been very well educated; yet, by the deaths of\nthe duke and duchess of Orleans, they were much weakened in support\nand advice,--and several of the king\u2019s ministers were not so zealous\nto prosecute the duke of Burgundy as they had been. This was very\napparent in the negotiations which took place some little time after\nthe death of the duchess, between the duke of Burgundy and the children\nof Orleans; for although the treaty sent by the king was not wholly to\nthe liking of the duke, as has been said, yet it was so corrected that\nthe parties accepted of it, in the following terms:\nFirst, it was ordered by the king and his great council, that the duke\nof Burgundy should depart from Paris with his men at arms, and return\nto his own country, where he was to remain until a certain day, namely,\nthe first Wednesday in February, when he was to meet the king at the\ntown of Chartres, accompanied only by one hundred gentlemen at arms,\nand the children of Orleans with fifty. It was also ordered, that duke\nWilliam, count of Hainault, should have under his command four hundred\nof the king\u2019s men at arms, to preserve the peace. It was also ordered,\nthat the duke of Burgundy, when he appeared before the king, should be\nattended by one of his council, who should repeat the words he was to\nsay; and the duke, in confirmation of them, was to add, \u2018We will and\nagree that it should be thus.\u2019\nAfterward, according to the tenor of the treaty, the king was to say to\nthe duke of Burgundy, \u2018We will, that the count de Vertus, our nephew,\nhave one of your daughters in marriage.\u2019 The duke was by this treaty to\nassign over to his daughter three thousand livres parisis yearly, and\ngive her one hundred and fifty thousand golden francs.\nWhen this treaty had been concluded, duke William set out from Paris\nfor Hainault; and shortly after, the duke of Burgundy disbanded his men\nat arms, and left Paris to go to Lille, whither he had summoned the\nduke of Brabant his brother, duke William and the bishop of Liege, his\nbrothers-in-law, and many other great lords.\nAt this period, there was a great quarrel between the duke of Brabant\nand duke William. It was caused by the father of duke William having\nborrowed in former times from the late duchess of Brabant one hundred\nand fifty thousand florins to carry on a war against some of his\nrebellious subjects in Holland, which sum the duke of Brabant had\nclaimed as belonging to him. He had in consequence, by the advice\nof his Brabanters, taken possession of a castle called Heusden[16],\nsituated between Brabant and Holland.\nThe duke of Burgundy took great pains to make up the quarrel between\nthese two princes, that they might the more effectually assist him in\nhis plans, which were very extensive. After this business had been\nsettled, and the parties had separated, duke William assembled in\nHainault, according to the king of France\u2019s orders, four hundred men\nat arms and as many archers. The principal lords among them were, the\ncounts de Namur, de Conversant and de Salmes. The duke of Burgundy,\nconformably to the treaty, set out, the day after Ash-Wednesday,\nattended by his son-in-law the count de Penthievre[17], and lay at\nBapaume. Thence he went to Paris, with duke William, the above-named\nlords, the count de St Pol, the count de Vaudemont[18], and several\nothers of the nobility.\nOn Saturday, the 2d day of March, they arrived all together at the\ntown of Gallardon, four leagues distant from Chartres. The Wednesday\nfollowing, duke William of Holland advanced with his body of forces to\nChartres, where the king then was. On the ensuing Saturday, the duke\nof Burgundy set out from Gallardon, to wait on the king, escorted by\nsix hundred men at arms; but when he approached Chartres, he dismissed\nthem all, excepting one hundred light horsemen, in compliance with the\ntreaty, and thus entered Chartres about ten o\u2019clock in the morning,\nriding strait to the church as far as the cloisters of the canons,\nwhere he was lodged.\nAt this same time, the duke of Orleans, in company with his brother the\ncount de Vertus, and, according to the treaty, attended by only fifty\nmen at arms, entered the church of our Lady at Chartres, with the king\ntheir uncle, the queen, the duke of Acquitaine, and several princes of\nthe blood.\nThat the king and lords might not be pressed upon by the spectators,\nand that all might plainly see the ceremony, a scaffolding was erected\nin the church, on which the king was seated near the crucifix. Round\nhim were placed the queen, the dauphin and dauphiness, daughter to the\nduke of Burgundy, the kings of Sicily and Navarre, the dukes of Berry\nand Bourbon; the cardinal de Bar, the marquis du Pont his brother, the\narchbishop of Sens, and the bishop of Chartres, with other counts,\nprelates, and the family of Orleans were behind the king. At the\nentrance of the church, by the king\u2019s orders, were a body of men at\narms drawn up in battle-array.\nIt was not long before the duke of Burgundy entered the church, and on\nhis advancing toward the king, all the lords, excepting the king, queen\nand dauphin, rose up from their seats. The duke, on his approach to the\nking, kneeled down with his advocate the lord d\u2019Ollehaing, who repeated\nto the king the following words:\n\u2018Sire, behold here my lord of Burgundy, your subject and cousin, who\nis thus come before you, because he has heard you are angry with him,\nfor the action he has committed against the person of the late duke of\nOrleans your brother, for the good of yourself and your kingdom,--the\ntruth of which he is ready to declare and prove to you, whenever you\nshall please. My lord, therefore, entreats of you, in the most humble\nmanner possible, that you would be pleased to withdraw from him your\nanger, and restore him to your good graces.\u2019 When the lord d\u2019Ollehaing\nhad said this, the duke of Burgundy himself addressed the king, saying,\n\u2018Sire, I entreat this of you:\u2019--when instantly the duke of Berry,\nseeing the king made no reply, bade the duke of Burgundy retire some\npaces behind,--which being done, the duke of Berry, kneeling before\nthe king, said something to him in a low voice,--and immediately the\ndauphin, the kings of Sicily and Navarre, with the duke of Berry, knelt\ndown to the king, and said, \u2018Sire, we supplicate that you would be\npleased to listen to the prayer of your cousin the duke of Burgundy.\u2019\nThe king answered them, \u2018We will that it be so,--and we grant it from\nour love to you.\u2019\nThe duke of Burgundy then approached the king, who said to him,--\u2018Fair\ncousin, we grant your request, and pardon you fully for what you have\ndone.\u2019 After this, he advanced, with the lord d\u2019Ollehaing, toward the\nchildren of Orleans, who, as I have said, were behind the king weeping\nmuch.\nThe lord d\u2019Ollehaing addressed them, saying, \u2018My lords, behold the\nduke of Burgundy, who entreats of you to withdraw from your hearts\nwhatever hatred or revenge you may harbour within them, for the act\nperpetrated against the person of my lord of Orleans, your father, and\nthat henceforward ye may remain good friends.\u2019 The duke of Burgundy\nthen added, \u2018And I beg this of you.\u2019 No answer being made, the king\ncommanded them to accede to the request of his fair cousin the duke\nof Burgundy. Upon which they replied, \u2018Sire, since you are pleased to\ncommand us, we grant him his request, and shall extinguish all the\nhatred we bore him; for we should be sorry to disobey you in any thing\nthat may give you pleasure.\u2019\nThe cardinal de Bar then, by the king\u2019s orders, brought an open Bible,\non which the two parties, namely, the two sons of the late duke of\nOrleans and the duke of Burgundy swore on the holy evangelists,\ntouching them with their hands, that they would mutually preserve a\nfirm peace towards each other, without any open or secret attempts\ncontrary to the full meaning of their oaths. When this was done, the\nking said, \u2018We will that henceforth ye be good friends; and I most\nstrictly enjoin, that neither of you attempt any thing to the loss or\nhurt of the other, nor against any persons who are attached to you,\nor who may have given you advice or assistance; and that you show\nno hatred against any one on this occasion, under pain of offending\nagainst our royal authority,--excepting, however, those who actually\ncommitted this murder, who shall be for ever banished from our kingdom.\u2019\nAfter this speech of the king, these princes again swore they would\nfaithfully abide by their treaty. The duke of Burgundy then advanced\nto salute the wife of the dauphin, the duke of Acquitaine; and about\nan hour after this ceremony had taken place the duke took his leave\nof the king, queen, and the lords present, and set out from Chartres\nfor Gallardon, where he dined. Many who were there were very much\nrejoiced that matters had gone off so well; but others were displeased,\nand murmured, saying, that henceforward it would be no great offence\nto murder a prince of the blood, since those who had done so were so\neasily acquitted, without making any reparation, or even begging pardon.\nThe duke of Orleans and his brother shortly after took leave of the\nking, queen, dauphin, and the lords of the court, and returned, with\ntheir attendants, to Blois, whence they had come, not well satisfied,\nany more than their council, with the peace that had been made.\nThe marquis du Pont, son to the duke of Bar, and cousin to the duke of\nBurgundy, who before this day was not beloved by him, on account of\nthe murder of the duke of Orleans, followed him to Gallardon, where\nthey dined publicly together in great friendship and concord. About two\no\u2019clock in the afternoon duke William, the count de St Pol, and other\ngreat lords, visited the duke of Burgundy at his lodgings in Gallardon,\nand then returned together toward Paris.\nThe king, the queen, the dauphin, and the other kings, princes and\ncardinals, arrived at Paris on Mid-Lent Sunday; and the dukes of\nBurgundy and of Holland, with the cardinal de Bordeaux, who was at that\ntime in Paris, on his way to the council of Pisa, went out to meet\nthem, followed by upwards of two hundred thousand Parisians of both\nsexes, eager to receive the king, singing carols, as he entered the\ngates, and conducting him with great rejoicings to his palace.\nThey were very happy that the king was returned to Paris, and also that\na peace had been concluded respecting the death of the late duke of\nOrleans. They attributed the whole to the great mercy of God, who had\npermitted that such strong symptoms of a civil war should be so readily\nextinguished; but they did not foresee or consider the consequences\nthat ensued.\nThe greater part of the Parisians were obstinately attached to the\nduke of Burgundy, through the hope that by his means all the most\noppressive taxes would be abolished; but they did not see clearly all\nthe mischiefs that afterward befel the kingdom and themselves,--for in\na very short time, as you shall hear, a most cruel contention broke out\nbetween the families of Orleans and Burgundy.\nCHAP. VI.\n THE QUEEN OF SPAIN DIES DURING THE SITTING OF THE COUNCIL AT\n PISA.--THE MARRIAGE OF THE KING OF DENMARK, NORWAY AND SWEDEN.\nIn this year died the queen of Spain[19], sister to Henry king of\nEngland, and mother to the young king of Spain and queen of Portugal.\nThe Spaniards after her death sent home all the english servants, male\nand female, belonging to the late queen, who returned to England in\nmuch grief and sorrow at heart.\nAt this same season, great numbers of prelates, archbishops, bishops\nand abbots, set out from various countries of Christendom to attend the\ncouncil at Pisa which was assembling to restore union to the church,\nwhich had for a long time suffered a schism, to the great displeasure\nof many princes and well-inclined persons.\nAbout this same period, Henry[20] king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden,\ntook to wife the daughter of Henry king of England. These kingdoms were\nput into the hands of the king of Denmark by their queen, who divested\nherself of all power and profit over them in favour of king Henry.\nCHAP. VII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE HAS A SEVERE RETURN OF HIS DISORDER.--THE\n MARRIAGE OF THE COUNT DE NEVERS WITH THE DAMSEL OF COUCY.--THE\n WAR OF AM\u00c9 DE VIRY, A SAVOYARD, WITH THE DUKE OF BOURBON.\nAt the beginning of this year, Charles king of France was much\noppressed with his usual disorder. On this account, when the kings of\nNavarre and Sicily, and the duke of Berry, had properly provided, in\nconjunction with the duke of Burgundy, for the state of the king, and\nthe government of the realm, they went to visit their own territories.\nIn like manner, the duke of Burgundy, went to the marriage of his\nbrother Philip count of Nevers, who took to wife the damsel of Coucy,\ndaughter to sir Enguerrand de Coucy[21], formerly lord and count of\nSoissons, and niece by the mother\u2019s side to the duke of Lorraine and to\nthe count de Vaudemont; which marriage was celebrated in the town of\nSoissons.\nThis ceremony was performed on Saint George\u2019s day, and the feasts and\nentertainments lasted for three days afterward. There were present the\nduchess of Lorraine[22] and the countess of Vaudemont[23], who had come\nexpressly thither to do honour to the lady of Coucy and her daughter.\nWhen these feasts were over, the duke of Burgundy, attended by his\nson-in-law the count de Penthievre, set out for Burgundy; and shortly\nafter, the count de Nevers conducted his wife, and the duchess of\nLorraine and the countess of Vaudemont, to his county of Rethel, where\nshe was received with every token of joy.\nDuring this time, the duke of Bourbon was challenged by Am\u00e9 de Viry,\na Savoyard, and a poor blade in comparison with the duke of Bourbon;\nnevertheless, he committed much damage by fire and sword in the\ncountries of Bresse and Beaujolois. The duke was very indignant at\nthis, and assembled a large body of men at arms and archers to punish\nand conquer him. He ordered his son, the count de Clermont, to lead on\nthe van, and he speedily followed in person.\nIn his company were the counts de la Marche and de Vend\u00f4me, the lord\nd\u2019Albret, constable of France, Louis de Baviere, brother to the queen,\nMontagu, grand master of the king\u2019s household, the lord de la Heuse and\nmany more great lords, who advanced with a numerous body of men to the\ncounty of Beaujolois.\nAm\u00e9 de Viry was informed of the great force which the duke of Bourbon\nwas marching against him, and dared not wait his arrival; for he had\nnot strength enough to garrison the forts he had taken. On his retreat,\nhe marched to a town called Bourg-en-Bresse, which belonged to the earl\nof Savoy, his lord. The earl, however, would not support him against\nhis great uncle, the duke of Bourbon, but gave him up, on condition\nthat Am\u00e9 should make every amends in his power for the mischiefs he had\ndone, and should surrender himself to one of the prisons of the duke,\nuntil he should have completely made him satisfaction, but that no harm\nof any sort should be done to his person.\nThe duke of Bourbon gladly received him, and thanked his nephew for his\nfriendship.--This caused a quarrel of some standing to be made up; for\nthe earl of Savoy had declared his great uncle owed him homage for his\nlands of Beaujolois, which he would not pay,--but now the dispute was\nmutually referred by them to the duke of Berry.\nWhen these matters were concluded, the duke of Bourbon returned to\nFrance, and disbanded his forces. Some time after, by means which Viry\nmade use of with the duke, he obtained his liberty. Waleran count de\nSt Pol intended being of this expedition with the duke of Bourbon, and\nraised a large force; but on marching near Paris, he was ordered not to\nproceed further, and to return to the frontiers of the Boulonois, where\nhe had been specially commissioned by the king.\nCHAP. VIII.\n TWO COMBATS TAKE PLACE AT PARIS IN THE PRESENCE OF THE\n KING.----THE DEATH OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF RHEIMS.----THE COUNCIL\n AT PISA.\nAbout Ascension-day, the king of France, who had been grievously ill,\nwas restored to health,--and in consequence, the dukes of Berry,\nBurgundy, and Bourbon, with many other lords, instantly returned to\nParis. Two combats were ordained to be fought in the square behind St\nMartin des Champs, in the presence of the king and the aforesaid lords.\nOne was between a breton knight, called sir William Batailler, and an\nEnglishman, named sir John Carmien, for a breach of faith.\nWhen they were met, and Montjoye king at arms had proclaimed their\nchallenges and the causes of them, in the accustomed manner, he bade\nthem do their duty. Sir William, who was the appellant, issued first\nout of his pavilion, and marched proudly toward his adversary, who was\nadvancing to meet him. They threw their lances without effect, and\nthen made use of their swords: but in this last combat the Englishman\nwas slightly wounded below his armour, when the king instantly put an\nend to the fight. They were both very honourably led out of the lists,\nand conducted to their lodgings.\nThe other combat was between the seneschal of Hainault and sir John\nCornwall, an english knight of great renown, and who had married a\nsister to the king of England[24]. This combat was undertaken by the\ntwo knights at the desire of the duke of Burgundy, when at Lille, to\nshow their prowess in running a few courses with the lance and giving\nsome strokes with the battle-axe: but when the duke had caused the\nlists to be prepared, the two champions were ordered by the king to\nrepair to Paris, and to perform their deeds of arms in his presence.\nAccording to these orders, and on the appointed day, sir John Cornwall\nentered the lists first, very grandly equipped, and, galloping his\nhorse around, came before the king, whom he gallantly saluted. He was\nfollowed by six little pages mounted on as many war-horses, the two\nfirst of which were covered with furniture of ermines, and the other\nfour with cloth of gold. When he had made his obeisances, the pages\nretired without the lists.\nShortly after, the seneschal arrived, attended by the duke of Brabant\nand his brother, the count de Nevers, each holding a rein of his horse,\non his right and left. The count de Clermont bore his battle-axe, and\nthe count de Penthievre his lance. When he had made the circuit of the\nlists, and had saluted the king, as sir John Cornwall had done, they\nprepared to tilt with their lances; but as they were on the point of so\ndoing, the king caused it to be proclaimed that they should not proceed\nin this matter, which was very displeasing to both of them, and forced\nthem to return to their h\u00f4tels.\nIt was again proclaimed, by the king\u2019s orders, that this deed of arms\nshould not be carried further,--and that in future no one, under pain\nof capital punishment, should, throughout his realm, challenge another\nto a duel without a substantial cause.\nWhen the king had magnificently feasted these two knights, and shown\nthem much honour at his court, they departed, as it was said, for\nEngland, with the intention of completing their deed of arms.\nDuring this time, the cardinal de Bar, son to the duke of Bar, and\nGuye de Roye, archbishop of Rheims, in company with master Peter\nd\u2019Ailly, bishop of Cambray, and several other prelates and churchmen,\nwere journeying to the general council which was to be held at Pisa,\nand took up their lodgings one night at a town called Voltri, on the\nsea-coast, about four leagues from Genoa. At this place the blacksmith\nof the archbishop had a quarrel with a blacksmith of the town, about\nthe price of shoeing a horse, which proceeded from words to blows, and\nthe archbishop\u2019s blacksmith killed the other, and fled instantly for\nsafety to the lodgings of his master.\nThe townsmen immediately rose,--and a great number of them came to\nrevenge the death of their countryman. The archbishop, hearing of the\ncause of this tumult, left his chamber, and kindly addressed them,\npromising to have the injury immediately repaired, according to their\nwishes; and, the more to appease them, he delivered up his blacksmith\ninto the hands of the magistrate of the place, who was a lieutenant of\nBoucicaut marshal of France, then governor of Genoa.\nBut this was of no avail,--for as the archbishop was speaking to them,\nwithout the door of his house, one of the mob thrust his javelin right\nthrough his body to the heart, so that he dropped down dead without\nuttering another word. It was a great pity, for he was a religious\nprelate, and of a noble family.\nThis deed, however, did not satisfy them; for instantly after they\nmurdered the magistrate and the aforesaid blacksmith, and also\nendeavoured to force their way into the house, whither the cardinal de\nBar and the greater part of the others had retired, in order to put\nthem likewise to death.\nThey were, however, at length appeased by the principal inhabitants,\nand it was concluded that the cardinal should grant them his pardon for\nwhat they had done against him,--to which, indeed, he was induced by\nhis attendants, from their fears of being all destroyed.\nThey never told him of the murder of the archbishop until he was gone\ntwo leagues from the town: on the hearing of it, he was so troubled,\nand sick at heart, that he was near falling off his mule. His\nattendants, notwithstanding, made him hasten his pace as much as they\ncould; for they were alarmed for their lives, after the instances they\nhad seen, and from the numbers of people they perceived descending\nthe hills, and the accustomed signs they saw when a town is under any\napprehension of danger, and the ringing of bells in the manner usual on\nthese occasions.\nThese signals were sounded throughout the country, and the peasants\nwere seen running down the hills to overtake them; but when they were\narrived within a league of Genoa, the marshal Boucicaut[25] came out\nwith a handsome company to meet him. The cardinal made loud complaints\nto him of the outrages that had been committed on his people at the\ntown of Voltri, and demanded that he would judicially inquire into it.\nThe marshal replied, that he would make so severe an example of that\ntown that all others should take warning from it.\nThe cardinal was then conducted into the city of Genoa, where he was\nmade welcome by the churchmen and other inhabitants; and this same\nday the body of the archbishop of Rheims was brought thither, and\nhonourably interred,--and his obsequies were performed in the principal\nchurch of Genoa.\nShortly after, the marshal Boucicaut punished most severely all whom\nhe could apprehend that had committed these outrages, with their\naccomplices: they were put to death in various ways, and their houses\nalso were razed to the ground, that these executions might serve for\nwarnings to others never to commit such cruel murders.\nThe cardinal de Bar, with his companions, now set out from Genoa, and\ntravelled, by easy day\u2019s journies, to Pisa, where were assembled a\nprodigious number of cardinals, doctors in theology, and graduates in\ncivil law and other sciences, ambassadors and prelates, in obedience\nto the two popes, from different kingdoms, and from all parts of\nChristendom.\nAfter many councils had been held on the schism in the church, they\ncame at last to this conclusion: they unanimously condemned the\ntwo rival popes as heretics, schismatics, obstinate in evil, and\nperturbators of the peace of our holy mother the church. This sentence\nwas passed in the presence of twenty-four cardinals, at the gates\nof Pisa, before all the people, the 15th day of June, in the year\naforesaid.\nThe same cardinals, after invoking the grace and assistance of the\nholy Spirit, entered into conclave, where they remained until the 16th\nday of the same month, when they finished their election. They chose\nPeter of Candia, so named from being a native of that island: he was\nof the order of Friars Minors, created a doctor in theology at Paris,\narchbishop of Milan and cardinal; and, when consecrated sovereign of\nthe true and holy catholic church, he took the name of Pope Alexander V.\nO, most powerful God! how great was the joy thus caused, through thy\nnever-failing grace; for it is impossible to relate the shoutings and\nacclamations that resounded for more than a league round the city of\nPisa. But what shall we say of the city of Paris? Why, when this joyful\nnews was brought thither, on the 8th of July, they incessantly shouted,\nnight and day, \u2018Long live Alexander V. our pope!\u2019 in all the squares\nand streets, and entertained all passengers with meat and drink, from\ntheir heartfelt happiness. When the ceremony of consecrating the pope\nwas over, letters were sent to different persons, the more fully to\nexplain the proceedings of the council. I shall insert the one written\nby the abbot of Saint Maixence to the bishop of Poitiers, the tenor of\nwhich was as follows.\n\u2018Reverend father, and my redoubted lord, after my humble respects being\naccepted, I know that your reverence would gladly be informed of the\nproceedings of the council, which has been held in the city of Pisa,\nand any intelligence concerning it; and it is for this reason I have\nindited the following lines to your reverence.\n\u2018First, then, on the 25th day of March all the cardinals, who had been\ncreated by both popes, and all the prelates then in Pisa, assembled\nin the church of St Martin, which is situated beyond the river, on the\nroad leading to Florence, and thence being dressed in their robes, with\nmitres on their heads, they made a grand procession to the cathedral\nchurch, which is as distant from that of Saint Martin as our church of\nN\u00f4tre Dame at Paris is from that of St Martin des Champs. There the\ncouncil always afterward assembled; and on this first day, mass was\ncelebrated with great solemnity: the sermon was preached by my lord\ncardinal of Milan, of the order of Friars Minors, a great theologian.\nWhen the service was over, the morrow was fixed on to open the council,\nand the two popes were summoned to attend on that day at the gates of\nthe church by two cardinals; but neither of them appeared, nor any one\nfor them.\n\u2018The council continued to sit till the latter end of March, when the\npopes were again summoned to appear, but neither of them obeyed. The\ncouncil therefore having required the two rival popes to come before\nthem, on account of the schism that has reigned in the church, and\nneither of them appearing, or sending any one to make satisfactory\nanswers for them, and the term allotted for their appearing being\nelapsed, declared them both guilty of the schism that distresses the\nchurch, and of contumacy, by their conduct, toward the council.\n\u2018The council ordered prosecutions to be carried on against both of the\npopes, on the Monday after Quasimodo-Sunday, the 15th of April, when\nmy lords cardinals celebrated together the service of the holy week.\nOn Good Friday, my lord cardinal d\u2019Orsini celebrated divine service in\nSaint Martin\u2019s church; and a secular doctor of divinity, from Bologna\nla Grassa, preached an excellent sermon.\n\u2018My lords cardinals were all present at the ceremonies of Easter\nSunday. During the ensuing week they assembled in council, sometimes\nalone, at others they called in the prelates, to deliberate on the\nstate of affairs, and what line of conduct should be pursued; and every\nthing was carried on with mutual good will on all sides. This week the\nambassadors from the king of the Romans arrived at Pisa.\n\u2018On the Sunday of Quasimodo, an italian bishop said mass before the\ncardinals; and a cordelier from Languedoc, a doctor in divinity\npreached the sermon, in which he greatly praised my lords cardinals\nfrom France, and such as were seeking to restore peace to the\nchurch,--but very harshly treated the two contending popes, calling\nthem schismatics, heretics, and traitorous enemies to God and to his\nchurch. He chose for his text, \u2018Jesus dixit, Pax vobis,\u2019 which he\nhandled extraordinarily well.\n\u2018The following Monday, the cardinals, prelates, ambassadors, and\nprocurators then present, made oath to obey the decisions of the\ncouncil. Mass was then chaunted, and succeeded by many prayers; then\nthe litany was sung, at which all the cardinals and prelates, dressed\nin their robes and mitres, attended, and so continued as long as the\nsittings of the council lasted, which made it a handsome sight to see.\n\u2018This same day, the council gave audience to the ambassadors from\nRobert king of the Romans; and the bishop of Verdun, on the part of\nRobert, who favoured pope Gregory as much as he could, began his\nharangue, taking for his theme, \u2018Pax vobis.\u2019 He made many mischievous\npropositions, to divide and distract the council, in obedience to\nhis master, and to serve the false pope Gregory. There were with\nthis bishop an archbishop of a foreign order, and a numerous body of\nattendants. When the bishop had made his propositions, the ambassadors\nwere required to deliver the same in writing, and to show their\nprocurations from their lord. A day was then fixed to hear the answer\nof the council to their propositions; but before this day arrived, the\nambassadors went away without taking leave of their host.\n\u2018This week of Quasimodo, the lord Malatesta came to Pisa in great\nstate: he had given to pope Gregory one of his castles called\nRimini[26], and made the following request to the cardinals assembled,\nas well on the part of pope Gregory as on his own,--namely, that it\nwould please the members of the council to adjourn its sittings, and\nchange the place of its meeting; that if they would so do, pope Gregory\nwould attend personally, provided the situation were in a place of\nsafety, and that he might have security for his coming to and going\nfrom it.\n\u2018In consequence of this request, the cardinals summoned the prelates to\nnotify it to them; but they unanimously declared, they would neither\nconsent that the place of holding the council should be changed nor\nthat the meetings of it should be adjourned. This answer was very\nagreeable to the cardinals. The lord Malatesta, therefore, returned\nwithout having succeeded in his object; but his anger was appeased by\nsome of the cardinals, his friends and acquaintance.\n\u2018From the 15th of April, the council continued sitting to the 23d\nof the said month,--when, after the solemnity of the mass, the\nadvocate-fiscal demanded, that the council should declare, that the\nconjunction of the two colleges of cardinals of the holy church of Rome\nhad been, and was, lawful and canonical at the time it was formed.\n\u2018Item, that it should declare, that this holy council is duly\ncanonical, by the cardinals of both colleges assembling for so\nexcellent a purpose.\n\u2018Item, that this holy council has been called together by the cardinals\nof both colleges with a good intent.\n\u2018Item, that it has been assembled at a convenient opportunity.\n\u2018Item, that it should declare, that this holy council, as representing\nthe universal church of God, has a right to take cognizance of the\nmerits of the two competitors for the papacy.\n\u2018Item, that a narrative should this day be read of the introduction and\ncommencement of the schism that took place from the time of the death\nof pope Gregory X. until the convention of this holy general council.\n\u2018In this narrative were displayed all the tricks and deceits that had\nbeen made use of, either individually or conjunctively by the two rival\npopes.\n\u2018After it had been read, the advocate fiscal drew several conclusions\nagainst the said rivals and their pretensions to the papacy, and ended\nhis harangue by demanding that they should be deposed and punished\ncorporally, and that the council should proceed to the election of a\ntrue and holy pope.\n\u2018The sittings were prolonged to Saturday the 27th day of the same\nmonth, when the ambassadors from the king of England entered the\ncouncil with a most magnificent state.--The bishop of Salisbury[27],\nin the diocese of Canterbury, made a handsome speech, urging the\nnecessity of peace and union in the church.\n\u2018When he had finished, the advocate-fiscal made an interesting oration,\nand concluded by demanding, through the procurator of the holy council,\nthat it would please to appoint a commission of certain wise, discreet,\nand experienced persons to examine witnesses as to the notorious sins\ncharged on the two competitors for the papacy, and his request was\ngranted.\n\u2018The second Sunday after Easter, mass was celebrated before the\ncardinals, and the sermon was preached by the bishop of Digne in\nProvence: he was of the order of Friars Minors, a learned doctor in\ndivinity, and had ever been a great friend to Pietro della Luna, and\nwas well acquainted with the tricks and cavils of both popes. This\nbishop delivered a good sermon from his text of \u2018Mercenarius fugit,\u2019 in\nwhich he discovered many deceptions of the two rivals, in descanting on\nthe words of his text.\n\u2018The sittings were continued from this Sunday to the 2d day of May,\nwhen mass was said before the cardinals; and the sermon was preached\nby the cardinal Prenestin, more commonly called the cardinal of\nPoitiers.--He delivered a good discourse, and chose for his text,\n\u2018Libera Deus Israel ex omnibus tribulationibus suis.\u2019 He urged in his\nsermon eleven conclusive arguments against the two popes, for refusing\nto give peace to the church, and ended by requiring the council, in\nconsideration of their obstinate contumacy, to proceed against them and\nprovide a pastor for the flock of God.\n\u2018On the 2d day of May, there was a general meeting of the council,\nwhen, after the usual solemnities, a very renowned doctor of Bologna\nmade a reply to the insidious propositions of the bishop of Verdun, on\nthe part of the emperor Robert. He condemned, by arguments drawn from\ndivine, canon, and civil law, all that had been advanced by the bishop;\nand his reasoning was so just and clear that the council were much\nsatisfied and comforted.\n\u2018The ensuing Sunday, mass was said before the cardinals, and the sermon\nwas preached by the general of the order of Augustins. He was a great\ndoctor in divinity, and a native of Italy. He chose for his text, \u2018Cum\nvenerit ille arguet mundum de peccato, et de justitia, et de judicio.\u2019\nHe discussed this subject very well, and with a good intent.\n\u2018The sittings were prolonged from this 2d of May to the 10th.--The\npatriarch of Alexandria celebrated mass before the cardinals on the\nfeast of the revelation of St Michael, the 8th of May; and he likewise\npreached a sermon, taking for his text, \u2018Congregata est ecclesia ex\nfiliis Israel et omnes qui fugiebant a malis additi sunt, et facti\nsunt illis ad firmamentum.\u2019 These words are written in the 2nd and 5th\nchapters of the first book of Machabees. In the course of this sermon,\nhe pressed six arguments against the two rival popes.\n\u2018On Friday, the 10th of May, the council, after the usual solemnities,\nresumed its sittings, when the advocate-fiscal made the following\nrequisitions: that the holy council would be pleased to confirm and\napprove the demands he had before made, namely, that it should declare\nthat the union of the two colleges of cardinals has been and is legal;\nand that the council should pronounce definitively on the other demands\nhe had made. The procurator fiscal made a request to the council, that\neight days should be allowed for the production of witnesses; and the\ncouncil was adjourned to the 16th of May.\n\u2018On the Sunday preceding that day, mass was said before the cardinals\nby the bishop of Faenza; and the sermon preached by a native of\nArragon, a learned doctor in divinity, who had always been of the party\nof Pietro della Luna. He chose his text from one of St Paul\u2019s epistles,\n\u2018Expurgate vetus fermentum ut sitis nova conspersio.\u2019 He expatiated on\nthis with such ability that all the doctors wondered. Drawing from it\ncertain conclusions, he said that the two rivals were as much popes\nas his old shoes, calling them worse than Annas and Caiaphas, and\ncomparing them to the devils in hell.\n\u2018Such things passed in the council to the 23d day of this present\nmonth, as I have briefly related, on which day the ambassadors from the\nking of Spain were to come to Pisa. The number of prelates that were\npresent cannot be estimated, for they were daily increased by new ones,\nwho came from all parts of Christendom. I should suppose that at the\nlast sitting of the council there were present of cardinals, bishops,\narchbishops, and abbots, wearing mitres, one hundred and forty, without\ncounting the non-mitred members.\n\u2018There were also ambassadors from the kings of France, England,\nJerusalem, Sicily, Cyprus, and Poland; from the dukes of Brabant,\nAustria, Stephen of Bavaria, William of Bavaria; from the counts of\nCleves and of Brandac[28]; from the marquis of Brandenbourg and de\nMoraine[29]; from the archbishops of Cologne, Mentz and Saltzbourg, and\nfrom the bishop of Maestricht; from the grand master of the Teutonic\norder; from the patriarch of Aquileia, and from many princes in Italy.\nNumbers of doctors in divinity, and in the canon and civil law, were\npresent, as well from France as from other countries, and very many\nprocurators from divers parts of the world, who, by the grace of God,\nhave held instructive and charitable conversations together from the\ncommencement of the council until this moment.\n\u2018In the city of Pisa are abundance of all sorts of provisions, which\nare sold at reasonable prices; but they would be much cheaper, were\nit not for the gabelles and taxes that are levied in these countries.\nIn my mind, Pisa is one of the handsomest cities existing: it has a\nnavigable river, within a league distant, running into the sea,--and\nwhich river brings large vessels, laden with different merchandise, to\nthe town. Around the city are vineyards of white grapes and many fine\nmeadows.\n\u2018We are very well lodged, considering the great number of men at\narms quartered in it for its guard. The town has been conquered by\nthe Florentines, who have banished many of the Pisans to prevent any\ntreasons, and sent them to Florence, to the amount of two thousand; and\nthey are obliged to show themselves twice every day to the governor at\nan appointed place, under pain of death.\n\u2018Four or five thousand of the Pisans went to ask succour from king\nLancelot[30], who, in compliance with their request, advanced within\nfive leagues of Pisa, with a force of twenty-three thousand combatants,\nas well horse as foot; but the Florentines, through the grace of God,\nare well able to resist all his power, and guard us. True it is, that\nthis king Lancelot ran a risk of losing his kingdom by the union of\nthe holy church, for he had tyrannically seized on a large part of the\npatrimony of St Peter.\n\u2018It was said that there were certain ambassadors from Pietro della Luna\nat the council, not with the intent of forwarding the union, but of\nthrowing every obstacle in its way.\n\u2018There were nineteen cardinals of both colleges, at this council\nat Pisa, including the cardinal de Challan, whose attendants were\narrived,--and the cardinal was to follow with the ambassadors from\nSavoy.\n\u2018My lords the cardinals are much displeased with those bishops,\nabbots, and chapters of cathedral churches, who have neglected to send\nprocurators to this general council. I have nothing more to send to\nyou at present.--Written at Pisa the 15th day of May, by your humble\nmonk and servant, the abbot of St Maxence.\u2019\nThe direction was, \u2018To the reverend father in JESUS CHRIST, and by the\ngrace of God, lord bishop of Poitiers, and chancellor to my lord the\nduke of Berry.\u2019\nCHAP. IX.\n THE AMBASSADORS TO THE COUNCIL FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS\n WRITE LETTERS, TO INFORM THOSE WHO HAD SENT THEM OF WHAT\n HAD PASSED AT THIS COUNCIL.--PIETRO DELLA LUNA AND GREGORY\n ARE DEPRIVED OF THE PAPACY, AND ALL PERSONS FORBIDDEN BY\n THE HOLY COUNCIL FROM OBEYING EITHER IN ANY MANNER.--PETER\n OF CANDIA, A CORDELIER, IS ELECTED BISHOP OF ROME BY THE\n CARDINALS.--REGULATIONS FOR THE APPROBATION OF THE GENERAL\n COUNCIL.\nI shall now transcribe the letters written by the ambassadors from the\nuniversity of Paris to the council at Pisa, the contents of which are\nas follows.\n\u2018Reverend fathers, lords and masters, after offering you our humble\nrecommendation, may it please you to know, that we write to inform you\nof the conclusions entered into by the council-general, which has held\nthirteen sittings.\n\u2018The two rival popes, having for some time been waited for in vain,\nnotwithstanding the summons sent them, have been declared contumacious\nin respect to schism and the faith. Many decrees were passed against\nthem for their contumacy, and commissioners were appointed to examine\nwitnesses against them.\n\u2018Item, the council-general approved of the union of the colleges of\ncardinals, the citations served on the contending popes, and the place\nof meeting of the council, as being perfectly convenient and secure.\nThe council declared, that it was supreme on earth to take cognizance\nand judge of the charges brought against the contenders for the papacy.\nIt was also declared by the council, that it had been lawful for any\none to quit his obedience to either of the popes, from the moment they\nhad promised to abdicate the papacy; and that all suits and processes,\ncarried on against such as had quitted their obedience to either, were\nannulled and of no weight.\n\u2018Public charges were then made against them, and an interlocutory\nsentence passed on the notorious sins of the two competitors. This\nday, doctor Peter Paoul declared, in full council, your opinions,\nand took for his text, \u2018Congregabuntur filii Jud\u00e6 et filii Israel et\nfacient sibimet caput unum.\u2019 That is to say, Those who are come to\nthis council, and such as shall hereafter come, will choose from among\nthemselves a head to the church. A little before this, doctor Dominic\nle Petit had made a solemn harangue before all the cardinals, taking\nfor his text, \u2018Principes populorum congregati sunt cum Deo Abraham.\u2019\nThe cardinals and prelates of the holy church are styled princes of\nthe people. On this day also, the theologians, to the number of six\nscore and three, delivered their opinions, and eighty of them are your\nfriends and supporters.\n\u2018Item, this day it has been ordered that the two rival popes be\nsummoned to appear at the doors of the church on Wednesday the 5th of\nJuly, to hear their definitive sentence.\n\u2018Gregory has sent a bull to the English to entreat they would be of his\nparty, with Robert king of the Romans, to change the place of holding\nthe council, and that they would please to be of his council; but\nhe labours in vain, for the English, Germans, Bohemians, Polanders,\nFrench, those from Cyprus, Rhodes and Italy, are all unanimous,\nexcepting Robert, whose ambassadors have gone away.\n\u2018Few prelates have come to this council from the kingdom of Hungary.\nKing Ladislaus wrote that he intended being here in person, but he is\nfully occupied in his war against the infidels.\n\u2018Pietro Mastin, called della Luna, has issued a most thundering bull,\nin which he admonishes the cardinals to return to their duty toward\nhim; and should they refuse, he prohibits them from attempting to\nmake another election, menacing them, in case of disobedience, with\nexcommunication and other penalties against them and their supporters.\n\u2018Reverend fathers, and redoubted masters, we have nothing more for the\npresent to write to you, except that all nations seem inclined to a\nreformation in the church, which the new pope, whom it shall please\nGod to elect, will be forced to comply with. Should you have any orders\nto send us, we are ready to obey them to the utmost of our power.\nBeseeching you humbly to keep all our concerns in your consideration,\nmay the Sovereign Lord have you under his guard!\n\u2018Written at Pisa the 29th day of May.\u2019 Underneath were signed the\nnames of Dominic le Petit, Pierre Paoul de Quesnoy, Jean Pere Ponce,\nVincent, Eustace de Faquemberge, Arnoul Vibrant, Jean Bourlet, dit\nFran\u00e7ois.--Master Pierre de Poingny and master Guillaume le Charpentier\ndid not sign the above, because they were absent.\nHere follows the sentence on the two contending popes.\n\u2018This present holy council, assembled in the name of JESUS CHRIST,\nwithdraws itself from the obedience to Pietro della Luna, called Pope\nBenedict XIII. and from Angelo Corrario, called Pope Gregory XII.; and\nthe holy council decrees and declares, that all true Catholics ought to\ndo the same.\n\u2018Item, the same holy synod, as representative and judge of the\nuniversal church, after mature consideration and examination of\nwitnesses concerning the horrible sins of the two contending popes,\npronounces, in the church of Pisa, this its definitive sentence, that\nboth popes be deprived of every honour and dignity, especially that of\nthe papacy. It also pronounces, that they be separated from the holy\nchurch, in conformity to the sacred canons, and by the above sentence,\nforbidding all persons to have the boldness ever to defend or obey\neither of them as pope.\n\u2018The council forbids any Christians from obeying or showing favour\nto either, notwithstanding any oath or promise they may have made or\nentered into, under pain of excommunication,--and decrees, that whoever\nshall disobey this sentence shall be delivered into the hands of\nsecular justice, and condemned as one who favours heretics, and that he\nshall be punished according to the divine commandments, and the decrees\nof the holy canons.\n\u2018The council also declares and pronounces, that all promotions of\ncardinals made by the two rival popes, namely, those made by Angelo\nCorrario since the 3d day of May, and by Pietra della Luna since the\n15th day of June, of the year 1408, have been and are of no effect,\nand are annulled by this definitive sentence. It also declares, that\nevery judgment given by the aforesaid competitors for the papacy, to\nthe prejudice of the holy church, against any kings, princes, lords,\npatriarchs, archbishops, bishops, prelates of the church, or other\nprivate persons, are of no effect; and the holy synod has ordained that\nproceedings to the contrary, and to the welfare of the holy church\nshall commence on the ensuing Monday, the 10th day of June.\u2019\nThe above sentences and declarations were passed in the general council\nof Pisa, the 5th day of June, in the year 1409.\nThe 26th day of June, in the year 1409, Peter of Candia, a Cordelier\nand native of Greece, doctor of divinity, and usually called the\nCardinal of Milan, was unanimously chosen pope by the cardinals at\nPisa, with the approbation of the general council, and called Alexander\nV. who, immediately after his election, published the following bull.\n\u2018Alexander, bishop and servant to the servants of God, to the bishop\nof Paris, health and apostolical benediction. Praise and glory be to\nthe God of heaven for having instilled into the minds of men a desire\nof peace on earth, and who, through his benign grace and mercy, has\nbrought about an union of his Christian people, hitherto long disturbed\nby a dangerous schism.\n\u2018Who is there among mankind that will not most heartily rejoice at\nthis happy event, on considering the perils souls must run when such\ndivisions take place in the holy church, and which have for so long a\ntime been encouraged by sacrilegious schismatics?\n\u2018Our blessed God, taking pity on his people, who had long suffered\nfrom this division, opened and illuminated the minds of the holy\ngeneral council, who have justly condemned the two popes, according\nto the sacred canons, as enemies to God and his holy church, by their\nenormous, horrible, and notorious sins.\n\u2018When our brethren, the venerable Cardinals of the holy roman church,\nof whom we were one, were desirous of finding a proper pastor for the\nChristian flock, after the usual ceremonies and solemnities, with the\nconsent of the council-general, they entered into conclave, where,\nafter long discussions, they unanimously selected our humble self, then\ncardinal-priest of the church of the Twelve Apostles, and chose us\nbishop of Rome. Although we knew our unworthiness of so great a charge,\nconsidering our weakness, yet, always confiding in the aid of God, we\nhave accepted of it.\n\u2018Venerable brother, these things we notify to thee, as one loving and\ndesirous of the peace of the church, as we have been well informed;\nand we exhort thee and thy flock to render thanks to the all-powerful\nGod for this most gracious gift which he has granted to us. We have so\ngreat an affection for thy worthy person, that we inform thee, that we\nare ready to serve thee and thine to the utmost of our power.--This\npresent letter we have intrusted to be delivered to thee by our\nwell-beloved son, that notable man Paulin d\u2019Arc\u00e9, esquire of honour,\nchamberlain, and our loyal servant.--Given at Pisa the 8th day of July,\nin the first year of our papacy.\u2019\nIt is the good pleasure of our very sacred lord Alexander V. by divine\nProvidence, pope, that all promotions, translations, confirmations and\ncollations whatever, and all consecrations of bishops and others, that\nhave been granted or performed by the two competitors for the papacy,\nshall be considered as strictly legal, provided they were effected\nprior to passing of the definitive sentence, and done according to the\nregulations of the canon law.\nItem, it is also the pleasure of the general council, that our\naforesaid lord shall give his orders concerning the archbishop of Genoa.\nItem, the benefices in the church, that had been given by ordinary\njudges, have the approbation of the holy council to continue to them to\nwhom they have been given.\nItem, the holy council approves of proceedings being instituted against\nall who shall obstinately obey or favour either of the late competitors\nfor the papacy, Pietro della Luna or Angelo Corrario,--and the council\ncondemns such, as guilty of schism and notorious heresy, and ordains\nthat they be punished according to the regulations of the sacred canons.\nItem, it is ordered, that should the cardinal de Flisque[31] be willing\nto return to his duty, and appear personally within two months, he\nshall be kindly received, and enjoy all his honours and benefices,\nwhich he obtained in the year 1408.\nItem, all dispensations given by bishops of dioceses in those parts\nnot obedient to the two competitors, in the cases of persons not being\nof sufficient age to obtain dignities in the church or benefices,--and\nall absolutions, and acts of penitence, ordained by the competitors\nduring the schism, shall be reserved to the determination of the holy\napostolic see. All of which has been approved of and certified by the\nholy council.\nCHAP. X.\n THE DEATH OF THE BISHOP OF PARIS.----THE MARRIAGES, OF THE\n DUKE OF BRABANT WITH THE NIECE OF THE KING OF BOHEMIA,--OF THE\n CONSTABLE OF FRANCE\u2019S DAUGHTER WITH THE SON OF MONTAGU, GRAND\n MASTER OF THE HOUSEHOLD,--OF THE KING OF CYPRUS WITH CHARLOTTE\n DE BOURBON.\nIn these days, the lord John d\u2019Orgemont, bishop of Paris, departed this\nlife, in his episcopal palace, about the end of June. He was succeeded\nin his bishoprick by the lord Gerard de Montagu, bishop of Poitiers,\nchancellor to the duke of Berry, and brother to the grand master of\nthe king\u2019s household and to the archbishop of Sens. He was honourably\nreceived in the cathedral church of N\u00f4tre Dame in Paris, the 22d day of\nSeptember following.\nThe king of France, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon, the king\nof Navarre, and several other princes, with prelates and churchmen\nwithout number, were present at his consecration. With the aid of the\ngrand master, his brother, the feast he gave on the occasion was the\nmost magnificent ever seen, in regard to the quantity of gold and\nsilver plate, and the diversity and abundance of meats and liquors.\nFrom this grand display, the princes observed that the grand master\ngoverned the king as he pleased; and they began to form suspicions as\nto the uprightness of his conduct.\nOn the 16th day of July following, duke Anthony of Brabant married, at\nBrussels, the niece of the king of Bohemia[32], heiress to the duchy\nof Luxembourg in right of her father. This marriage had been concluded\nby the mediation of the bishop of Ch\u00e2lons and sir Regnier Pot.\nSeveral knights, esquires, ladies and damsels of high rank, had\naccompanied the lady to Brussels, according to the orders of the king\nof Bohemia, her uncle. There were present at these nuptials the two\nbrothers of the duke of Brabant, the duke of Burgundy and the count de\nNevers, with their sister, wife to duke William count de Hainault; the\ncount de Charolois and the countess of Cleves, children to the duke of\nBurgundy; the marquis du Pont, his brother John[33] and their sister,\nthe countess de St Pol[34], all three children to the duke de Bar; the\ncounts de Namur and de Conversant, with their ladies, with many more of\nthe great nobility of both sexes.\nThe count de Clermont, son to the duke de Bourbon, was also there,--and\nwhen he tilted was attended by the duke of Burgundy and count de\nNevers. The duke bore his shield and the count his lance, to the\nsurprise of many present, on account of the great hatred that had so\nlately subsisted between them for the murder of the duke of Orleans:\nhowever, they seemed then to be in perfect concord. This feast was\nabundantly served with all sorts of provisions and wines,--and when it\nwas ended, the different guests retired to their respective countries.\nOn the last day but one of the same month of July, the marriage of the\ndaughter of the lord d\u2019Albret, constable of France, with the eldest\nson of Montagu[35], grand master of the king\u2019s household, was solemnly\ncelebrated. The queen of France and numbers of the great nobles were\npresent,--and the whole of the expense was paid by the king, which\ncreated much anger and envy in several of the princes of the blood\nagainst Montagu.\nAt this time, the truces were broken between the kings of France and of\nEngland, but only at sea; and a bitter naval war ensued, to the great\nloss of many merchants in each country.\nOn the 2d day of August, John de Lusignan, king of Cyprus, espoused by\nproxy, Charlotte de Bourbon, sister-german to the count de la Marche.\nThe ceremony was performed in the castle of Melun, in the presence of\nthe queen of France, the duke of Acquitaine and her other children,\nthe king of Navarre, the dukes of Berry and of Bourbon, the counts de\nla Marche and de Clermont, the lord Louis de Baviere, brother to the\nqueen, and many ladies and damsels, who greatly amused themselves in\ntournaments, dances, in feastings and other pastimes.\nThe lady Charlotte, queen of Cyprus, was very handsome, and well\nendowed with noble and gracious manners. On the conclusion of these\nfeasts, she departed for Cyprus, most honourably accompanied by the\nnobles so ordered by her brother, and also by those who had been sent\nto her from the king of Cyprus. She landed at the port of Chermes,\nwhither the king came to meet her, much rejoiced at her safe arrival,\nand conducted her, attended by the greater part of the nobility of\nthe island, to Nicosia, where were made many feasts, according to the\ncustom of the country. They reigned for a long time with much honour,\nand had two children, of whom more shall be spoken hereafter.\nCHAP. XI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS A GREAT COUNCIL AT LILLE ON HIS\n AFFAIRS.--THE DEATH OF THE DUCHESS OF ORLEANS.\nOn the 5th of August, and the eight succeeding days, duke John of\nBurgundy held a grand council in his town of Lille, on his own affairs,\nand on the means of reconciling his brother and brother-in-law, the\nduke of Brabant and duke William of Holland, who had quarrelled for a\ncause before mentioned.\nWith these two dukes, there were also present the duke of Burgundy\u2019s\nsister, the wife of duke William, the bishop of Liege, and the count\nde Namur. At length, the duke of Burgundy made peace between them, on\ncondition that duke William should pay to the duke of Brabant, for all\nhis demand of debt, the sum of seventy thousand golden florins of the\ncoin of France, by different instalments.\nWhen this had been settled, the duke of Burgundy went, about the\nmiddle of August, to Paris, by orders from the king and royal council:\nhe was accompanied by many men at arms, whom he quartered in the\nvillages round Paris. The reason why he was attended by such a force\nwas, because the duke of Brittany had lately brought from England\ngreat numbers of English, and, in conjunction with his Bretons, was\ncarrying on a sharp war against the old countess of Penthievre[36]\nand her lands. The queen of France and the king\u2019s ministers were much\ndispleased at this conduct of the duke of Brittany, because it was to\nthe prejudice of the realm. The duke had increased this displeasure\nagainst him by having beaten and ill treated his duchess, daughter to\nthe king of France, for blaming him on account of his undertaking this\nwar.\nIt was therefore intended, that the duke of Burgundy should march the\nforces he had brought, attended by other princes and captains, against\nthe duke of Brittany, to conquer his country and oblige him to submit\nto the king. The duke of Burgundy was very desirous of succouring\nthe countess and her fair son, the count de Penthievre; but while the\npreparations were making, the duke of Brittany, informed by some of\nhis friends that he was in the ill graces of his mother in law, the\nqueen of France, and of those who governed the king, sent, by advice\nof his council, certain ambassadors to Paris, to offer to submit his\ndifferences with the countess de Penthievre to the king and council,\nwhich was at length accepted, through the interference of the king of\nNavarre.\nThe countess de Penthievre and her son were summoned to Paris, whither\nalso came the duke of Brittany, when, after some discussions, peace was\nmade between them.\nIn this same month, Isabella, the king of France\u2019s eldest daughter, and\ndowager queen of England, but wife to Charles duke of Orleans, died\nin childbed. The duke bitterly lamented her loss, but received some\nconsolation out of regard to the daughter she had brought him.\nThe patriarch of Alexandria, bishop of Carcassonne, succeeded Guy de\nRoye (whose murder has been noticed) in the archbishoprick of Rheims,\nand the archbishop of Bourges succeeded to the patriarchate. Doctor\nWilliam Bouratier, secretary to the king, was nominated archbishop\nof Bourges; and nearly about this time died doctor Peter Paoul, and\nwas succeeded in his dignities by doctor Gilles des Champs, almoner\nto the king. Louis de Harcourt, brother to the count de Harcourt, was\nappointed archbishop of Rouen.\nCHAP. XII.\n THE TOWN OF GENOA REBELS AGAINST BOUCICAUT, MARSHAL OF FRANCE,\n THE GOVERNOR, WHILE OBEYING A SUMMONS FROM THE DUKE OF MILAN.\nBoucicaut, marshal of France, was at this time governor of Genoa, and\nresided there. He was called upon by the duke of Milan and his brother,\nthe count of Pavia[37], to settle a dispute which had arisen between\nthem, respecting part of their dominions. He accepted the invitation,\nthinking he should do an agreeable service to the duke of Milan, and\nnot suspecting any trick in the matter. But during his absence, the\ninhabitants of Genoa rebelled against his government, and sent for some\nof their allies and accomplices to come to them.\nThey cruelly murdered the marshal\u2019s lieutenant, the chevalier de\nColletrie, named Chollette, a native of Auvergne, which the other\nFrenchmen hearing of, fled into the forts, for fear of suffering a\nsimilar fate. These were instantly besieged by the Genoese, who sent\nfor the marquis of Montferrat[38]: he lost no time in hastening to\ntheir aid with four thousand combatants, as they had promised to pay\nhim ten thousand florins yearly,--and they immediately elected him doge\nof Genoa. They also chose twelve knights, as a council to manage public\naffairs.\nA few days after, Fassincault[39], a very renowned captain in Italy,\nand a great friend of the marquis of Montferrat, came to Genoa with\nthe intent of assisting the marquis; but the Genoese refused to admit\nhim, or accept of his offers. On his return, his force, amounting\nto eight thousand men, took a town called Noefville; but the French\nretreated within the castle, which was instantly besieged.\nWhen Boucicaut heard of the rebellion of the Genoese, he set out\naccompanied by his men, and the duke of Milan and the count of Pavia,\nand arrived with speed at the castle of Gaing[40], situated between the\ntown of Noefville[41] and Genoa, and fought with Fassincault and his\nforces. In this battle, eight hundred men were slain, the greater part\nbelonging to Fassincault,--and night alone separated the combatants.\nBoucicaut, by the advice of Enguerrand de Bournouville and Gaiffier\nde la Salle, both men at arms of acknowledged prowess, advanced that\nnight to the castle of Gaing, which he won, and amply provided it with\nprovision and all necessary stores. Fassincault remained in the town;\nbut seeing he could not gain the castle, he departed with his men to\nhis own fortresses.\nThe marshal Boucicaut carried on a severe warfare against the Genoese\nand those who had assisted them. He also sent messengers to inform\nthe king of France of his situation, and to require that he would\nimmediately send him reinforcements of men at arms.--The king and his\ngreat council, on receiving this intelligence and considering the\nfickleness of the Genoese, determined to proceed cautiously against\nthem. The king sent, at his expense, the lords de Torsy, de Rambures,\nand de Viefville, with a certain number of men at arms, to the city of\nAsti, belonging to the duke of Orleans, and near to the territory of\nGenoa, with the hope of affording assistance to Boucicaut.\nOn their arrival at Asti, they found that the whole country was in\nrebellion, excepting some forts, which held out for the French; but as\nthey were without the town, and could not contain many men, from dread\nof wanting provision, they were not of consequence, nor could they do\nmuch mischief. The above knights, therefore, perceiving they could not\nperform any essential services, resolved to return to France.\nAll merchants, and others who came from or had any connexions with\nGenoa, were now sought after in Paris, arrested and imprisoned, and\ntheir goods confiscated to the king\u2019s use. Now these Genoese had for a\nlong time been under obedience to the king, and had diligently served\nhim in many of his wars.\nCHAP. XIII.\n THE PRINCES OF THE BLOOD ASSEMBLE, AND RESOLVE TO REFORM THE\n MANAGEMENT OF THE ROYAL FINANCES.--THE DEATH OF MONTAGU.\nAt this period, the following princes of the blood,--Louis king of\nNavarre[42], the dukes of Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon, and many other\ngreat lords, were at Paris; and having learnt that the king\u2019s treasury\nwas impoverished by his officers and those who governed him, insomuch\nthat his plate and the greater part of his jewels were in pawn, they\none day personally explained to the king, in the presence of the queen,\nthe duke of Acquitaine and others of his council, the miserable state\nof his finances, and the unworthy government of the officers of his\nhousehold. They at the same time requested, that he would be pleased\nto permit that some of them should have power to reform in general the\nabuses that had commenced with his reign, and to call to an account,\ndismiss, and punish all who should have mismanaged the finances,\naccording as the cases might require, without any exception whatever.\nThis request the king granted; and for the better carrying on their\nobject, the greater part of the lords before mentioned left their\nown h\u00f4tels, and resided in the king\u2019s palace of St Pol, where, with\nthe advice of the members of the parliament and the university, they\ncontinued their reformations for many days.\nThey soon discovered that those who had managed the finances for the\nlast sixteen or twenty years had very dishonestly acquitted themselves,\nand had acquired for themselves and their friends immense fortunes,\nto the prejudice of the state. Montagu, who had been the principal\nminister of finance, was particularly the object they aimed at,--and\nthey ordered him, with several others, to be arrested and confined in\nthe prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet.\nSir Peter des Essars, provost of Paris, was directed to put this order\ninto execution, with his sergeants; and by the command of the duke of\nBurgundy, the lords de Heylly, de Robais, and sir Roland de Vequerque,\nwere appointed to assist the provost in this duty. Having assembled\ntogether, they, on a certain day, met Montagu, and with him the doctor,\nMartin Gouge, bishop of Chartres, both going to hear mass at the\nmonastery of St Victor.\nThe provost, attended by the above lords, on meeting them, laid his\nhands on both, saying, \u2018I lay hands on you by virtue of the royal\nauthority vested in me for this purpose.\u2019--Montagu, hearing these\nwords, was much astonished, and trembled greatly; but his courage soon\nreturned, and he replied to the provost, \u2018What! rascal, art thou daring\nenough to lay hands on me?\u2019 But the provost answered, \u2018Matters will\nnot turn out as you think,--for you must make reparation for the many\nand great mischiefs you have done.\u2019\nMontagu, unable to resist, was tightly bound by the provost, and\ncarried by him straight to the little Ch\u00e2telet. The bishop of Chartres\nwas arrested with him, as he had been president of one of the financial\ndepartments. Montagu was several times put to the torture, insomuch\nthat, suspecting his end was approaching, he asked his confessor what\nhe had best do: the confessor replied, \u2018I see no other remedy than your\nappealing from the jurisdiction of the provost of Paris.\u2019 This he did;\nand the provost waited on the lords who had commanded him to arrest\nMontagu, to inform them, that he had appealed against his jurisdiction.\nThe parliament was consequently convoked to examine into the matter;\nand the members of it declared the appeal of no effect. The lords,\ntherefore, seeing the cause had been judged, said to the provost, \u2018Go,\nwithout delay, accompanied by some of the populace well armed, take thy\nprisoner, and finish the matter by cutting off his head with an axe,\nand fix it on a lance in the market-place.\u2019\nAfter these words, the populace armed themselves, and, on the 17th\nof October, assembled in bodies in the place Maubert, and in other\nparts of the town. They carried Montagu to a scaffold erected in the\nmarket place, where, having made him strip to his shirt, they cut off\nhis head, and fixed it to the end of a pike, and hung his body by the\nshoulders to the highest gibbet at Montfaucon. This execution was\nchiefly owing, as it was said, to the duke of Burgundy\u2019s hatred to him,\nwho even sent for a very great number of the nobles of his countries of\nBurgundy, Flanders, and Artois, to be spectators of it.\nA little before this execution took place, the duke of Bourbon, and\nhis son the count de Clermont, left Paris, indignant at the arrest of\nMontagu. The duke of Orleans, his brothers, and all of their party,\nwere also very much displeased that he was put to death,--but they\ncould not help it, for at that time they were not listened to by the\nking\u2019s council.\nOn the morrow of this event, duke William count of Hainault arrived at\nParis, having been sent for by the duke of Burgundy. A large company of\nthe nobles went out of the town to meet him; and he was most graciously\nreceived by the king, the duke of Acquitaine and the other princes. On\nhis arrival, the h\u00f4tel that had belonged to Montagu was given to him,\nwith all its furniture, for it had been confiscated to the king\u2019s use;\nand duke William took instant possession.\nThe castle of Marcoussi, which had been built by Montagu, was seized\nby the king: it is situated seven leagues from Paris, on the road to\nChartres. Montagu was born in Paris, and had first been secretary\nto the king: he was the son of Gerard de Montagu, who had also been\nsecretary to Charles V. He was of noble birth by his mother\u2019s side, and\nhad three daughters, two of whom were married; the elder to John[43]\ncount de Roussy, the second to Peter de Craon, lord of Montbason;\nand the third was betrothed to John de Melun, son to the lord\nd\u2019Antoing[44], but the match was broken off: his son was married to the\ndaughter of the lord d\u2019Albret, constable of France and cousin to the\nking, as has been related.\nAfter this, the provost of Paris arrested many of the king\u2019s officers,\nparticularly those who had been concerned in the finances and in\nmatters of revenue. All the principals in the department of the\ngeneralities, the presidents and others of the chamber of accounts,\nPerrin Pillot, a merchant, with several others, were imprisoned in the\nLouvre and in other places of confinement.\nWhen the borgne de Foucal, equerry to the king, and keeper of that\ndepartment of the treasury called the Epargne, heard that the grand\nmaster of the household was arrested, he was greatly astonished and\ntroubled, and, instantly changing his dress, mounted a fleet horse, and\nsecretly left Paris. This caused him to be much suspected of improper\nconduct by the princes who were examining into these matters.\nAt this period, the archbishop of Sens, brother to the grand master,\nGuichart Daulphin, William de Tignonville, knights, and master Goutier\nCol, secretary to the king, were sent, by orders from the king, to meet\nthe english ambassadors at Amiens. The archbishop, hearing of the\narrest and imprisonment of his brother, took leave of his companions,\nand set out from Amiens: but as he was journeying toward Paris, he was\nmet by one of the king\u2019s ushers, who made him his prisoner; for he had\norders so to do from the king, and confine him at Amiens, should he\nchance to find him there.\nThe archbishop very prudently replied, that he was ready to follow him\nto prison or to death; but when they came to the river Oise, near the\npriory of St Leu de Cherens, he played the usher a trick. On leaving\nthe ferry boat with a few of his people, he mounted the fleetest of his\nhorses, and galloped off, leaving the usher on the other side waiting\nfor the return of the ferry-boat; but, thunderstruck at his being so\ncheated, he returned to Paris without his prisoner.\nThe lord de Tignonville, having been a member of the chamber of\naccounts, was, by command of the princes, arrested by the bailiff of\nAmiens, and confined in his prison. But after a short time, he, the\nbishop of Chartres, and the other prisoners at Paris, were suspended\nfrom their offices, and, having given bail, were permitted to go about\nParis, or wherever they pleased.\nThe princes, not being able to attend sufficiently to these matters\nof reform from their other occupations of greater weight, appointed\na commission to examine carefully into them, which commission was\ncomposed of the counts de la Marche, de Vend\u00f4me and de St Pol, with\nsome members of the parliament.\nThe men at arms that had been called together round Paris by the duke\nof Burgundy and others were disbanded; and each, as they returned to\nthe places whence they had come, devoured the substance of the poor\npeople, according to the custom of that time.\nSir Guichart Daulphin[45], before mentioned, was, by the princes,\nappointed grand master of the king\u2019s household in the room of the\nmurdered Montagu; for the king was then troubled with his usual\ndisorder.\nThe bishop of Paris now requested of the princes, that they would, in\ntheir mercy, permit him to have the body of his brother taken down from\nthe gibbet, and, with many tears and supplications, petitioned for\nleave to bury him. But neither of these requests was granted him by the\nprinces; on which the bishop, ashamed of the disgraceful death of one\nbrother and the flight of another, the archbishop of Sens, soon after\nquitted his see, and taking with him his sister-in-law, the widow of\nMontagu, and some of their children, for the duke of Berry had already\nappointed another chancellor, went to the estate of his sister-in-law\nin Savoy: she was the daughter of sir Stephen de la Grange, formerly\npresident of the parliament, and brother to the cardinal d\u2019Amiens.\nThe borgne de Foucal, not answering to the proclamations that were\nmade for his appearance, was banished the realm of France, by sound\nof trumpet in the four quarters of Paris. In like manner were the\narchbishop of Sens and many other fugitives banished the kingdom.\nThe king of Navarre, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy and Holland, with the\ncounts de Vend\u00f4me and de la Marche, and several great lords, waited on\nthe queen of France and the duke of Acquitaine, to make them acquainted\nwith the reasons for the executing Montagu, and what progress they had\nmade in the reformation of abuses, and the measures they had pursued\nagainst such as were criminal. The queen testified her satisfaction,\nand was contented that they should proceed as they had began. She was,\nhowever, far from being pleased with the duke of Burgundy, whom she\ndreaded, from the great power he was now possessed of, more than any of\nthe other princes, although he treated her respectfully in his speech.\nThe marriage of the lord Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen, was\nagain talked of with the daughter of the king of Navarre; and he was\npresented with the castle of Marcoussi, with all its furniture and\nappurtenances, which had lately been confiscated to the king, by the\ndeath of Montagu, which was very agreeable to the queen.\nAfter these lords had for some days transacted business at Melun, where\nthe court was, they all returned to Paris, carrying with them master\nPeter Bosthet, president of the parliament, and some members of the\nchamber of accounts, and assembled daily to inquire after those persons\nwho had been in the receipt and expenditure of the public revenues.\nDuring this time, the king, who had been very ill, was restored\nto health, insomuch that on the 2d day of December, he rode from\nhis palace of St Pol, dressed in a hauberk under his robes, to the\ncathedral church of N\u00f4tre Dame, where he made his prayers, a page\ncarrying behind him a very handsome steel helmet and a moorish lance.\nHaving finished his prayers, he returned to his palace of Saint Pol.\nOn the morrow, he held a royal council in person, at which were present\nthe king of Navarre, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy, and of Bourbon,\nwhich last was lately returned to Paris. It was there resolved, that\nthe king should summon the following lords to attend him personally\nat the ensuing feast of Christmas, namely, the dukes of Orleans, of\nBrittany, of Brabant, of Bar, and of Lorraine: the counts of Savoy[46],\nof Alen\u00e7on, of Penthievre, of Namur, of Harcourt, of Armagnac[47],\nand in general all the great lords within his realm of France and\nDauphiny, with many prelates and other noblemen. After this summons of\nthe king, the duke of Burgundy gave orders for a large body of men at\narms to be collected in his countries of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy,\nfor the safety of his person.\nShortly after this council, duke William count of Hainault went to\nMelun, the residence of the queen of France, who was his near relation;\nand so managed that she, who could not bear the duke of Burgundy, and\nhad strongly supported the party adverse to him, namely, that of my\nlord the duke of Orleans, was reconciled to him.\nCHAP. XIV.\n DUKE LOUIS OF BAVARIA ESPOUSES THE DAUGHTER OF THE KING OF\n NAVARRE.--THE NAMES OF THE LORDS WHO CAME TO PARIS IN OBEDIENCE\n TO THE KING\u2019S ORDERS.\nAbout this time, duke Louis of Bavaria was married at Melun to the\ndaughter of the king of Navarre, according to what has been before\nmentioned. She had previously married the eldest son of the king of\nArragon[48], who had lately been slain in a battle between him and the\nviscount de Narbonne and the Sardinians, which took place in Sardinia.\nThere was much feasting at this wedding, which was attended by many\nlords, ladies and damsels.\nAbout Christmas the greater part of those lords whom the king had\nsummoned, arrived at Paris: the duke of Orleans and his brothers,\nhowever, did not come. On the eve of Christmas-day, the king went to\nthe palace to hold his state, and remained there until St Thomas\u2019s day,\nwhere he celebrated most solemnly the feast of the nativity of our Lord.\nOn this day the following persons were seated at the king\u2019s table at\ndinner: on his right, doctor William Bouratier, archbishop of Bourges,\nwho had said the mass, next to him was the cardinal de Bar. The king\nwas seated at the middle of the table, very magnificently dressed in\nhis royal robes. On his left were the dukes of Berry and Burgundy. A\ngreat variety of ornamental plate was produced in gold and silver,\nwhich were wont to be served before the king on high feasts, but which\nhad not for some time been seen, because they had been pawned to\nMontagu, and had been found after his death in his castle of Marcoussi,\nand in other places where he had hidden them.\nBy orders from the princes of the blood they had been replaced, as\nusual, in the king\u2019s palace, which was a very agreeable sight to the\nnobles and people of Paris, from their regard to the honour of the\nking\u2019s person, and his royal state.\nA great many princes and others had obeyed the king\u2019s summons, and\nwere at this feast,--namely, the king of Navarre, the dukes of Berry,\nBurgundy, Bourbon, Brabant, duke William count of Hainault, the duke of\nLorraine, duke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the queen,--and nineteen\ncounts, namely, the count de Mortain, brother to the king of Navarre,\nthe count de Nevers, the count de Clermont, the marquis du Pont, son\nto the duke of Bar, the count de Vaudemont, the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, the\ncount de Vend\u00f4me, the count de Penthievre, the count de St Pol, the\ncount de Cleves, the count de Tancarville, the count d\u2019Angy[49], the\ncount de Namur, and several others, to the aforesaid amount. The number\nof knights who accompanied these princes was so great that, from the\nreport of the heralds, they were more than eighteen hundred knights,\nwithout including esquires.\nNevertheless, there were not in this noble company the duke of Orleans\nnor his brothers, nor the duke of Brittany, nor the lord d\u2019Albret,\nconstable of France, nor the counts de Foix, d\u2019Armagnac, and many other\npotent lords, although they had been summoned by the king in like\nmanner as the others.\nOn St Thomas\u2019s day, after the king had feasted his nobles in royal\nstate, the queen, by orders from the king, came from the castle of\nVincennes to Paris. All the princes, prelates, and great crowds of\npeople, went out to meet her and her son, the duke of Acquitaine, and\nconducted her to the palace, where they presented her to the king, in\nthe presence of all the before-mentioned lords. Her son had visited\nhis government, to be properly instructed in arms, and other necessary\nmatters, that he might be the better qualified to rule his kingdom when\nit should fall to him.\nCHAP. XV.\n THE KING OF FRANCE KEEPS ROYAL STATE IN HIS PALACE, WHEREIN\n SEVERAL OF THE GREAT LORDS BEFORE MENTIONED HOLD MANY COUNCILS\n ON THE STATE OF THE NATION.\nIn consequence of several meetings having been held in the presence of\nthe king, queen, and duke of Acquitaine, the king ordered the great\nhall of the palace to be magnificently prepared for a royal sessions.\nThither were summoned all the principal noblemen, prelates and others,\nwhen the king appeared seated in his regal robes. On one side of him\nwere the king of Navarre and the cardinal de Bar, and on the other\nthe duke of Acquitaine, the duke of Berry, and all the other princes\nand nobles, each seated according to his rank: in like manner were\nthe prelates, knights, and clergy, and a multitude of others, seated\naccording to their respective situations in life.\nThen, by the king\u2019s commands, the count de Tancarville, an able and\neloquent man, harangued with a loud and clear voice, how Richard\nlate king of England, and son-in-law to the king, had been basely and\ntreacherously put to death, during the time of a truce, by Henry of\nLancaster, calling himself king of England, but then earl of Derby, in\nconjunction with his partisans, as might be fully proved by several of\nthe English, near relations of the deceased king Richard:--And also how\nthe young prince of Scotland, an ally to the king, when on his voyage\nto France, was taken by this same Henry, and detained his prisoner for\na long time; as were likewise many Scots, who were in the company of\nthe prince of Wales. Yvain Graindos[50], with several of his Welshmen,\nallies also to the king, notwithstanding the aforesaid truce, were by\nthe English harrassed with war. The eldest son likewise to the prince\nof Wales was made captive[51], carried to England, and imprisoned by\nHenry for a considerable time.\n\u2018In consequence of the facts above stated, the king thinks he may,\nwithout further consideration, lawfully wage war against the said\nHenry and his english subjects, without giving them any respite.\nNotwithstanding this,\u2019 continued the orator, \u2018the king is desirous that\nwhatever he may please to order should be for the common welfare of the\nstate; and for this purpose a royal sessions has been held, for every\none to consider these matters and what ought to be the line of conduct\nfor him to pursue,--and, having an opinion thereon, if they will inform\nthe king or his council thereof, the king will thank them and follow\nthat advice which shall seem to him the most advantageous for the\ngeneral good.\nUpon this, the eldest of the princes of the blood, namely, the king\u2019s\nuncle the duke of Berry, arose from his seat, and, advancing in front\nof the king\u2019s throne, fell on his knees, and, speaking for himself and\nthe other princes of the blood, declared they would relinquish, to the\nuse of the state, all taxes and impositions which they annually levied\non their lands,--and in like manner would they relinquish all the fees\nand perquisites of office which they were in the habit of receiving\nfrom their places under the king, and as the members of his council.\nThe king kindly listened to the duke\u2019s speech, and accepted his offers,\nand then commanded him to be reseated. The lord Tancarville continued\nhis harangue, saying, that the king, then present, revoked all pensions\nand grants which he had given, and thus publicly annulled them. In\nregard to the reformation and future management of the finances, the\nking declared his intention that such regulations as should be ordered\nby himself, and by the advice of the count de la Marche (who had now\nlost his wife, the daughter of the king of Navarre), his brother the\ncount de Vend\u00f4me, the count de Saint Pol, and the other commissioners\nfrom the parliament, should be fully executed without excepting any\nperson whatever; and that the reformations by them proposed should take\nplace, as well in the chambers of accounts as in the generalities and\nin the household of the king,--and that all receivers, comptrollers,\nand all persons any way interested in the management of the finances\nof the realm, whether bishops or archbishops, and of what rank soever,\nshould be subjected to them.\u2019 The orator continued,--\u2018That the king\nwilled and ordered, that during his absence, the queen should call\nto her assistance some of the princes of the royal blood, and should\ngovern the affairs of this kingdom according as she might judge most\nconducive to its welfare; and in case of the absence of the queen, the\nduke of Acquitaine, his son, then present, should govern the kingdom,\nwith the assistance of the dukes of Berry and Burgundy.\u2019\nWhen the lord de Tancarville had more fully enlarged on the above\nmatters, and concluded his speech, the king descended from his royal\nthrone, and, with a small company, entered his apartment to dinner; and\nthe whole assembly broke up, and departed to their h\u00f4tels.\nAfter the dinner, the queen set out with her attendants for the castle\nof Vincennes, as it was the eve of the feast of the Circumcision, but\nleft her son with the king. On the morrow, the feast-day, the duke of\nBurgundy (who had alone more princes, knights, and gentlemen attached\nto him than all the other princes together,) gave presents of jewels\nand rich gifts, of greater magnificence than any one, according to the\ncustom of that day. He made presents to all the knights and nobles of\nhis household, to the amount, as was estimated, of fifteen thousand\ngolden florins, of medals formed like to a mason\u2019s level, of gold and\nsilver gilt; and at the pointed ends of these levels was fastened a\nsmall gilt chain, with a plummet of gold, so that it might be used as a\nrule.\nItem, on Twelfth-day following, Louis king of Sicily, having been sent\nfor by the king, entered Paris. He came from the city of Pisa, whither\nhe had gone to visit pope Alexander V. and made his entry, attended by\nnumbers of the nobility and clergy, who had gone out to meet him.\nShortly after, the cardinal de Thurey came to Paris, as ambassador from\nthe pope to the king, who most honourably received him, as he likewise\ndid Philibert de Lignac, grand master of Rhodes, and chief of the order\nof St John of Jerusalem, who had come from England.\nThe king now disbanded all the troops he had collected, as did the duke\nof Burgundy, excepting about one hundred or six score gentlemen, whom\nhe retained, with those of his household, to guard his person: the\nothers returned to their homes.\nBefore the duke of Burgundy left Paris, the duke of Acquitaine, with\nthe consent of the king and queen, was intrusted to his care and\nguardianship, that he might be properly instructed in the arts of war\nand government. He had been very anxious to obtain this, and had caused\nseveral of the princes of the blood to press the matter: even his\nuncle, the duke of Berry, had, on this account, more than once refused\nthe queen to accept of the guardianship of the duke of Acquitaine;\nbut had so urged the business that the lord de Dolhaing[52], knight,\nhis principal esquire, counsellor and advocate, had, by the earnest\ndesire of the queen, been made chancellor to the duke of Acquitaine,\nand the lord de Saint George his first chamberlain. The government\nof the castles of Crotoy and Beaurain-sur-Canche were granted to the\nduke of Berry for his life, on giving the preceding governors the\nusual pension, in whose room he appointed two of his own knights; the\nlord de Croy to Crotoy, and the lord de Humbercourt to Beaurain; and\nsir Reginald Pot was, at his request, appointed governor of Dauphiny\nfor the dauphin. Soon after this, the king relapsed into his usual\ndisorder, and was put under good guard. Those who were intrusted with\nthe reform of abuses continued daily at work, and with such success\nthat large sums were recovered from the late directors of the finances.\nAt this period, the princes and council of state went often to the\ncastle of Vincennes, where the queen resided,--for without her\nknowledge no business of any importance was carried on. The dukes of\nBerry and Bourbon, however, were much discontented that they were not\nso often summoned to the council as before, and that their authority\nwas greatly lessened. Seeing themselves, as it were, banished from the\ngovernment, they took leave of the king, queen, and princes, and each\nretired to his own domains.\nThe cardinal de Thurey had come to Paris to solicit the university\nand council of state to consent that pope Alexander might levy\ntwo-tenths on the gallican church, to defray the great expenses he was\nbound to pay. This request was not granted, because the university\nopposed it, in the name of the whole church. The better to effect\nthis, the university required and obtained a royal mandate, to\ncommand all officers under the crown forcibly to send out of their\njurisdictions all persons who should come thither making similar\ndemands. The solicitors of this levy had brought to Paris with them\na bull containing many novelties, which were not usually advanced,\nnamely, that the tythes, and other things, such as oblations to the\nchurch, belonged to them in preference to the parochial clergy, for\nthat in fact they were in the same capacity, inasmuch as whoever should\nconfess themselves to them were not under the necessity of so doing to\ntheir own clergyman. This doctrine they publicly preached throughout\nParis, and the members of the university preached in opposition to it,\nso that during Lent the whole town was in confusion and discord by\nthese quarrels of the university and the mendicants, until they were\ndriven out of it by the university. The Jacobins, however, as the most\nprudent, renounced the bull, and made oath that they would never claim\nany advantages from it, nor from other privileges that had been granted\nto them. By this means, they were reconciled to the university. The\npope, at this period, held his court with great state in Bologna la\nGrassa.\nCHAP. XVI.\n A GREAT DISSENSION TAKES PLACE THIS YEAR BETWEEN THE KING OF\n POLAND, ON THE ONE HAND, AND THE GRAND MASTER OF PRUSSIA AND\n HIS KNIGHTS ON THE OTHER.\nThis year, a great quarrel arose between the king of Poland and the\ngrand master of the Teutonic order in Prussia; and the king assembled a\nlarge force from different nations, which he marched into Prussia, with\nthe intent to destroy it.\nThe grand master and his brethren soon made themselves ready to meet\nhim with a great army, and showed every inclination to give him battle;\nbut when the two armies were in sight of each other, through the will\nof God, the king of Poland retreated with his forces, among which were\ntwenty thousand Tartars at least, without counting his Polanders and\nothers his Christian allies, who were very numerous, and returned to\nhis own country.\nAfterward, the king of Lithuania, by the exhortations of the king of\nPoland, invaded Prussia with an immense army, and destroyed the greater\npart which lay on the sea-shores. The Prussians made a thousand of them\nprisoners, and slew many.\nThe king of Poland was formerly an infidel, and son to the king of\nLithuania, but, having a great ambition to reign, murdered his father,\nand was for this crime banished the country. He took refuge with the\nthen king of Poland, who received him kindly, and admitted him into his\nfriendship and confidence. He also gained the affections of the princes\nand nobles, insomuch that, on the death of their king, they unanimously\nelected this parricide to succeed him, had him baptised, and married\nhim to the widow of the late king; and, since that time, he has happily\nenough governed that kingdom[53].\nAt this period, Sigismond king of Hungary, brother to the king of\nBohemia, took to wife the sister of the above queen of Poland: they\nwere daughters to a german count, called the count de Cilly, of the\nroyal branch of Hungary[54]. The king of Poland laid claim to Hungary\nin right of his wife, and thence took occasion to harrass that country\nas well as Prussia. He sent secret messengers to the king of Lithuania,\nhis cousin german and ally, to press him to invade Prussia on the\nquarter nearest the sea, when he would march his Polanders to form a\njunction and destroy the whole of it. His intentions were discovered\nby the messenger being arrested by orders of the king of Hungary, and\ninformation sent of them to Prussia, whenceforward the king of Hungary\nand grand master took such wise precautions that his future attempts\nwere fruitless.\nCHAP. XVII.\n THE DUKE OF BERRY, BY THE KING\u2019S COMMANDS, RETURNS TO\n PARIS.--THE MARRIAGE OF THE SON OF THE KING OF SICILY.--THE\n ASSEMBLY THAT IS HOLDEN AT MEUN LE CHASTEL.\nThis year, the duke of Berry was, by the king\u2019s orders, remanded to\nParis, and, on his arrival, was sent, with the king of Navarre, to\nGiens sur Loire, to put an end to the quarrels between the duke of\nBrittany and the count and countess of Penthievre. Although both\nparties had promised to meet them, they did not personally attend, but\nsent commissioners.\nThe king of Navarre and the duke of Berry took great pains, and\nproposed various means, to bring about a reconciliation. Finding all\ntheir attempts fruitless, they referred the whole matter, with the\nconsent of the commissioners, to the king\u2019s decision on All-saints-day\nnext coming, and then they returned to Paris.\nIn this year was concluded the marriage between the eldest son of Louis\nking of Sicily, and Catherine, daughter to the duke of Burgundy. The\nlady was conducted by sir John de Ch\u00e2lons, lord de Darlay, the lord de\nSt George, sir William de Champdivers, and sir James de Courtjambe, to\nAngers, and there delivered to the queen of Sicily, who received her\nmost affectionately and honourably,--and she magnificently entertained\nthe knights who had brought her. After a short stay at Angers, they\nreturned to their lord, the duke of Burgundy, at Paris.\nAt this time, the dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, the counts de Clermont,\nd\u2019Alen\u00e7on, d\u2019Armagnac, the lord Charles d\u2019Albreth, constable, and many\nother lords of great power and authority, held a meeting in the town\nof Meun le Ch\u00e2tel,--where they had several long consultations with\neach other on the state of public affairs, and particularly as to the\nmurder of the late duke of Orleans, principally to consider how they\nshould proceed to take vengeance on the person who had committed it.\nMany different opinions were urged: one was, that the duke of Orleans\nshould declare a deadly war against him, and carry it on by every\npossible means, with the assistance of his relations, friends, and the\nwellwishers to his cause.\nOthers said, it would be better to follow another course, and\nremonstrate strongly to the king, their sovereign lord, on the\nnecessity he was under to do strict justice on the duke of Burgundy,\nto which he was the more particularly bound, as the murder was\ncommitted on his own brother. But, as they could not all agree in the\nsame opinion, they broke up the meeting, and appointed another day to\nassemble again.\nBefore they separated, a treaty of marriage was entered upon between\nCharles duke of Orleans and the daughter of the count d\u2019Armagnac. She\nwas niece to the duke of Berry by her mother\u2019s side, and sister[55]\nto the count de Savoye. This done, the lords departed for their own\ndomains.\nThe duke of Burgundy resided in Paris, and ruled there more\ndespotically than any other of the princes: affairs were solely carried\non by him and his partisans, which, no doubt, made very many jealous of\nhim.\nCHAP. XVIII.\n THE KING OF SICILY GOES TO PROVENCE AND TO BOLOGNA, TO MEET HIS\n RIVAL KING LADISLAUS.--THE DEATH OF POPE ALEXANDER, AND THE\n ELECTION OF POPE JOHN.\nAbout this period, Louis king of Sicily set out from Paris with a\nnumerous body of men at arms, and went for Provence, and thence to\nBologna, to meet king Ladislaus, his opponent, and to defend his\nkingdom of Naples, where his rival was committing great devastation.\nKing Louis had for this raised so considerable a force, that he might\nbe enabled to offer him combat; and he had also the hope that pope\nAlexander would assist him, to the utmost of his ability, in money and\nin men.\nAn end was soon put to his expectations in this respect; for, on the\nmorrow of the feast of the discovery of the holy cross, pope Alexander\nwas poisoned in the town of Bologna, as was currently reported, and\ndied most pitifully. His bowels were interred, and his obsequies were\nperformed in the church of the Cordeliers. Mass was celebrated by the\ncardinal de Vimers: the deacon and under deacon were the cardinals\nd\u2019Espaigne and de Thurey. The whole court was dressed in deep mourning.\nThe 6th of May, the corpse of the pope, having been embalmed with fine\nspices, was placed in the hall of audience, dressed in his papal robes,\nhis face uncovered, gloves on his hands, but his feet naked, so that\nwhoever pleased might kiss them,--and nine funeral services were there\nperformed.\nThere were present twenty cardinals, two patriarchs, four archbishops,\ntwenty-four bishops, with many prelates, abbots, and other churchmen.\nHis escutcheon of arms were placed at the four corners of his coffin;\nand for nine days, masses were celebrated in the same manner as on the\nmorrow of his death. The masses were said by the cardinals in rotation;\nand the ninth day, the body was carried to the Cordeliers for interment.\nThe two first bearers were the cardinals de Vimers and de Challant,\nand the two last the cardinals d\u2019Espaigne and de Thurey. The cardinal\nMilles preceded the body bearing a cross. The chorists were the\ncardinals de Bar, (not the son of the duke of Bar, but the cardinal of\nBar[56] in Calabria), and d\u2019Orsini. The cardinal de Vimers performed\nthe service, as he had done at the interment of the bowels.\nWhen this ceremony was over, the cardinals returned home dressed in\nblack; and after dinner, they assembled at the palace, and entered\ninto conclave, where they remained shut up from the Wednesday to the\nSaturday following. Some of the cardinals, having consulted together,\nproposed Balthazar, cardinal of Bologna, as sovereign pontiff of\nthe universal church; and the others, who were not of this opinion,\nseeing their numbers were very small, consented to it; and the new\npope was conducted by them to the church of St Peter, where they placed\nthe tiara on his head, and took the oaths of fidelity to him. They\nthen led him to the palace of his predecessor, where every piece of\nfurniture had been carried off, and there did not remain even a door or\nwindow-frame.\nOn the morrow, he took the name of pope John XXIII. and great were the\nrejoicings and feasts that ensued. In the procession were twenty-three\ncardinals, two patriarchs, three archbishops, twenty-seven abbots,\nmitred and non-mitred, without reckoning other churchmen, who were\nalmost numberless. The pope wore on that day a silver-gilt tiara bound\nwith white. The following Saturday, the 23d of May, the pope received,\nin the chapel of his predecessors, the holy order of priesthood, when\nthe cardinal de Vimers said the mass, and the cardinal de Challant was\ndeacon: at this service, all the before-named prelates attended.\nOn the following day, Sunday, the pope celebrated mass in the church\nof St Peter, having the cardinal de Vimers near him to show him the\nservice. The marquis of Ferrara and the lord of Malatesta were present,\nand held the bason wherein the pope washed his hands. The marquis of\nFerrara had brought with him fifty-four knights, all clothed in scarlet\nand blue, having five trumpets and four companies of minstrels, each\nplaying on a different instrument.\nWhen mass was finished, pope John was carried out of the church to a\nvery handsome platform erected without the porch, and there solemnly\ncrowned in the presence of all those whom I have mentioned, and a great\nmultitude of doctors and clergy.\nWhen seated on his throne, which was covered all over with cloth of\ngold, he was surrounded by the cardinals de Vimers, de Challant, de\nMilles, d\u2019Espaigne, de Thurey, and de Bar, having tufts of tow in their\nhands. The cardinals lighted their tufts; and as the flame was suddenly\nextinguished, they addressed the pope, saying, \u2018Thus, holy father,\npasses the glory of this world!\u2019 This was done three times.\nThe cardinal de Vimers having said some prayers over him and on the\ncrown, placed it upon his head. This crown was a triple one: the first\nof gold, which encircled the forehead within the mitre; the second\nof gold and silver, about the middle of the mitre; and the third, of\nvery fine gold, surmounted it. He was then led down from the platform,\nand placed on a horse covered over with scarlet furniture. The horses\nof the cardinals and bishops, &c. were caparisoned in white; and in\nthis state he was conducted from street to street, making every where\nthe sign of the cross, until he came to where the Jews resided, who\npresented him with a manuscript of the Old Testament. He took it with\nhis own hand, and, having examined it a little, threw it behind him,\nsaying, \u2018Your religion is good, but this of ours is better.\u2019\nAs he departed, the Jews followed him, intending to touch him,--in the\nattempt of which, the caparison of his horse was all torn.--Wherever\nhe passed, the pope distributed money,--that is to say, quadrini and\nmailles of Florence, with other coins. There were before and behind him\ntwo hundred men at arms, each having in his hand a leathern mallet,\nwith which they struck the Jews in such wise as it was a pleasure to\nsee.\nOn the morrow, he returned to his palace, accompanied by the cardinals\ndressed in crimson,--the patriarchs in like manner,--the archbishops\nand bishops in similar dresses, having white mitres on their heads,\nand numbers of mitred and non-mitred abbots. In this procession were,\nthe marquis of Ferrara[57], the lord Malatesta[58], the lord of\nGaucourt[59], and others, to the amount of forty-four, as well dukes as\ncounts and knights of Italy, all dressed out in their liveries. In each\nstreet, two and two by turns led the pope\u2019s horse by the bridle,--the\none on the right hand, and another on the left.\nThere were thirty-six bagpipes and trumpets, and ten bands of minstrels\nplaying on musical instruments, each band consisting of three\nperformers. There were also singers, especially those of the chapel of\nhis predecessor, as well as those belonging to the cardinals and from\ndifferent parts of Italy, who rode before the pope loudly chaunting\nvarious airs, sacred and profane.\nWhen he arrived at the palace, he gave his peace to all the cardinals,\nwho, according to their rank in the college, kissed his foot, hand, or\nmouth. The cardinal de Vimers first performed the ceremony, and was\nfollowed by the other cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, bishops,\nabbots and clergy. He then gave his benediction to the four elements,\nand to all persons in a state of grace, as well to those absent as\npresent, and bestowed his dispensations for four months to come,\nprovided that, during this time, three Pater-nosters should be said by\neach in praying for his predecessor, pope Alexander.\nPope John then went to dinner, as it was now about twelve o\u2019clock, and\nthis ceremony had commenced between five and six in the morning.\nIn honour of him, feasts were continued at Bologna for the space\nof eight days; and on each of them very handsome processions were\nmade round St Peter\u2019s church, when the prelates were all dressed\nin vermilion robes, with copes of the same. In like manner did the\nCarthusians of St Michael\u2019s Mount, without the walls of Bologna.\nThe next day, the 25th of May, pope John held a consistory, in the\npresence of the cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, and\npresented to the marquis of Ferrara and the italian heralds, many and\nvarious rich gifts. This was followed by a great feast, with dancing\nand music. The ensuing day, the pope revoked all that his predecessor\nhad done, excepting what he had confirmed, or what had been taken\ncorporal or spiritual possession of.\nKing Louis of Sicily arrived at Bologna the Friday after the coronation\nof the pope, and twenty-two cardinals, two patriarchs, six archbishops,\ntwenty bishops and eighteen abbots, handsomely equipped, went out of\nthe city to meet him: on his entrance, he went directly to the pope. He\nwas clothed in scarlet, and his horse\u2019s furniture was ornamented with\nsmall gilt bells: he was attended by about fifty knights dressed in his\nuniform. It was the last day of May that the king arrived,--and he was\nmost graciously received by the pope.\nThe ensuing day, the Florentines came to pay their duty and reverence\nto the holy father. They were about three hundred horse, among whom\nwere eighteen knights dressed in scarlet, with feathers bespangled\nwith gold. They were attended by six trumpets, two heralds, and ten\nmusicians playing on different instruments. When they had made their\nreverence to the pope, they returned to their h\u00f4tels, and the next\nday went to court. By reason of their alliance with king Louis, they\nsupplicated the pope to give him assistance against his adversary king\nLadislaus, adding, that they intended affording him every aid in their\npower of men and money. These Florentines were very indignant at the\nlate conduct of the Genoese in regard to the king of Sicily; for when\nthe king of Sicily was sailing with five gallies from Marseilles,\nnear to the port of Genoa, the Genoese, being in the interest of king\nLadislaus, hastily armed fifteen gallies with cross-bows and men at\narms, and sent them to attack the remainder of king Louis\u2019s fleet that\nwas following him, which they conquered, all but one, that escaped\nback to Marseilles by superior sailing, and carried the crews and all\ntheir baggage prisoners to Genoa.\nThe pope, having heard their request, asked some time to consider of\nit before he gave an answer. He could not well consent to it, because\nthe Genoese had been long connected with him, and he had also entered\ninto some engagements with king Ladislaus. The matter was, therefore,\ndeferred. King Louis was, notwithstanding this, magnificently feasted\nby the pope and cardinals; after which, he left his court well pleased,\nand returned to Provence.\nOn the first day of June, the pope held an open court, and signed many\ngraces and benefices, and all such things as with honour and justice he\ncould sign. He continued from that time to hold public audiences, and\nto do whatever business appertained to the papacy.\nCHAP. XIX.\n THE GRAND MASTER OF PRUSSIA MARCHES A POWERFUL ARMY OF\n CHRISTIANS INTO LITHUANIA.\nThis year, 1410, the grand master of the Teutonic order, accompanied\nby his brother knights and a numerous army of three hundred thousand\nChristians, invaded the kingdom of Lithuania, to destroy the whole of\nit. The king of Lithuania was soon ready to meet him; and, aided by\nthe king of Sarmatia, he assembled an army of four hundred thousand\ninfidels, and offered battle.\nThe Christians gained a complete victory,--for there remained dead on\nthe field full thirty-six thousand infidels, the principals of whom\nwere the grand general of Lithuania and the constable of Sarmatia. The\nremnant, with the other officers, escaped by flight. Of the Christians,\nonly two hundred were slain, but a great many were wounded.\nShortly after, the king of Poland, who was a determined enemy to\nthe grand master of Prussia, (and who had but faintly accepted of\nChristianity in order to obtain his kingdom) marched his Polanders to\nthe assistance of the infidels, whom he strongly pressed to renew the\nwar against Prussia, insomuch that, eight days after this defeat, the\nking of Poland, in conjunction with the aforesaid two kings, assembled\nan army of six hundred thousand men, and marched against the grand\nmaster of Prussia, and other Christian lords. A battle ensued, which\nwas lost by the Christians, who had more than sixty thousand killed\nand wounded. In the number of dead were the grand master of Prussia,\nwith a noble knight from Normandy, called sir John de Ferriere, son to\nthe lord de Ferriere, and another from Picardy, son to the lord du Bos\nd\u2019Ancquin.\nIt was currently reported that the day had been lost through the fault\nof the constable of Hungary, who commanded the second squadron of the\nChristians, by running away with all his Hungarians. The infidels,\nhowever, did not gain the glory without loss,--for without counting\nthe Polanders, who had ten thousand men slain, they lost upward of\nsix-score thousand men, according to the reports of the heralds, and\nthe bastard of Scotland, called the count de Hembe[60].\nThe lord de Kyeuraing and John de Grez, Hainaulters, were there, and\nwith them full twenty-four gentlemen, their countrymen, who were unhurt\nat this battle, and returned home as speedily as they could.\nAfter the engagement, the infidels entered Prussia, and despoiled\nmany parts of it, and took twelve inclosed towns in a short time and\ndestroyed them. They would have persevered in their wickedness, and\nhave done further mischief, had not a valiant knight of the Teutonic\norder, named Charles de Mouroufle[61], rallied a great number of the\nChristians who had fled, and by his prudence and vigour regained the\ngreater part of these towns, and finally driven the infidels out of the\ncountry[62].\nCHAP. XX.\n THE DUKE OF BERRY QUITS PARIS, AND RETIRES TO HIS OWN\n ESTATES.--HE GOES AFTERWARD TO ANGERS, AND UNITES WITH THE DUKE\n OF ORLEANS AND THE OTHER PRINCES OF HIS PARTY.\nThe duke of Berry, finding that he had not that government of the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine to which he had been accustomed,\nbecame very discontented, and retired to his estates, indignant at\nthe ministers, and particularly at his nephew and godson, the duke\nof Burgundy. Shortly after, he went to Angers, where the dukes of\nOrleans and of Bourbon, and all the principal lords of that party, were\nassembled.\nThey went in a body to the cathedral church, and there made oath, in\nthe most solemn manner, to support each other, and mutually to defend\ntheir honour against all who should attempt any thing against it,\nexcepting the king, and ever to remain in strict friendship united,\nwithout acting to the contrary in any kind of measure.\nMany great lords in France were not pleased with this confederation;\nand when, shortly after, news of it was brought to the king and his\ncouncil, he was much astonished and dissatisfied therewith.\nThe king, in consequence of the advice of the duke of Burgundy and his\nfriends, marched out of Paris, accompanied by him, the duke of Brabant,\nthe count de Montagu, and a large body of chivalry, and went to Senlis:\nthence to the town of Creil, to regain the castle of that place, which\nthe duke of Bourbon held, and had given the government of it to some of\nhis people.\nThe governor made so many delays before he surrendered it that the\nking became much displeased; and because they had not obeyed his\nfirst summons, the garrison were made prisoners, and carried bound\nto the prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet in Paris. The countess of Clermont,\ncousin-german to the king, soon after made application for their\ndeliverance, and obtained it; and on the morrow the king appointed\nanother garrison, and returned to Paris.\nThis expedition was not very agreeable to the Orleans-faction,--and\nthey continued to collect daily, and inlist in their party as many as\nthey could.\nThe duke of Burgundy became very uneasy at their proceedings; for he\nsuspected the duke of Orleans and his party would infringe the peace\nwhich had so lately been patched up between them at Chartres, or that\nthey would march a large force to Paris, to seize the government,\ntogether with the persons of the king and duke of Acquitaine.\nTo obviate this, he caused several royal summons to be proclaimed in\nvarious parts of the realm, for the assembling of men at arms and\nquartering them in the villages round Paris, to be ready to defend the\nking and his government against the ill-intentioned. By the advice of\nhis brothers and the king of Navarre, he resolved to defend himself\nby force against his adversaries, and caused it to be proclaimed\nthroughout the kingdom, in the king\u2019s name, that no one should dare to\nassemble armed in company of the dukes of Berry and Orleans, and their\nallies, under pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of goods.\nThe Orleans-faction, however, continued their meetings in spite of\nthis proclamation, and even forced their vassals to serve under and\naccompany them: I mean, such of them as were dilatory in obeying their\nsummons. There were, therefore, at this time, great and frequent\nassemblies of armed men in different parts of France, to the prejudice\nof the poor people.\nThose lords that were well inclined to the king came to Paris, and\ntheir men were quartered in the flat country of the island of France.\nThe Orleans-party fixed their quarters at Chartres and the adjacent\nparts; and their forces might amount, according to the estimate of\nwell-informed persons, to full six thousand men in armour, four\nthousand cross-bows, and sixteen hundred archers, without counting the\nunarmed infantry, of which there were great numbers.\nIn regard to the army which the duke of Burgundy had assembled by\norders from the king, it was estimated to consist of upward of sixteen\nthousand combatants, all men of tried courage. During this time, the\nking of Navarre and his brother, the count de Mortain, at the request\nof the duke of Burgundy, negotiated a peace between the duke of\nBrittany, their nephew, and the count de Penthievre, son-in-law to the\nduke of Burgundy.\nThis was done in the hope that the duke of Brittany would be induced\nto assist the king with his Bretons, and give up the Orleans-party, to\nwhom he had engaged himself. On the conclusion of this peace between\nthe two parties, twenty thousand golden crowns were sent the duke, to\ndefray the expenses he had been at in raising men at arms.\nLarge sums of money were also sent to the lord d\u2019Albreth, constable\nof France, that he might collect a numerous body of men at arms, and\nmarch them to Paris, to serve the king. He had not any great desire to\nperform this, for he was wholly inclined to the duke of Orleans and his\nallies, as was perfectly notorious shortly afterward.\nCHAP. XXI.\n THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF BOURBON.--THE PROCLAMATION OF THE KING\n OF FRANCE.--THE DUKE OF ORLEANS AND HIS ALLIES SEND LETTERS TO\n THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN FRANCE.\nDuring this troublesome time, Louis duke of Bourbon, uncle to the\nking of France by the mother\u2019s side, being full sixty years of age,\nfeeling himself oppressed with years and sickness, caused himself to be\nconveyed to his residence at Moulins[63] in the Bourbonnois, where he\ndeparted this life, and was buried in the church of the canons, which\nhe had founded.\nHe was succeeded by his only son, the count de Clermont, who, after\nsome days of lamentation, had the funeral obsequies of his father\nperformed, and, having arranged his affairs, returned to the duke of\nOrleans and the other lords at Chartres, and firmly united himself with\nthem, treading in the steps of his late father. The duke of Bourbon\nhad long held the office of great chamberlain of France, from the\nfriendship of the king, and was in possession of it even at the time of\nhis death; but at the entreaty of the king of Navarre and the duke of\nBurgundy, the king now gave it to the count de Nevers, to exercise the\nduties of it in the usual manner.\nAt this time, the duchess of Brittany, daughter to the king of France,\nwas brought to bed of a son; and she sent to request the duke of\nAcquitaine, her brother, to stand godfather. He sent, as his proxy,\nsir David de Brimeu, knight, lord of Humbercourt, with a handsome\npresent of jewels, which sir David gave her on the part of the duke of\nAcquitaine.\nThe king again issued his summons to the different bailiwicks and\nseneschalships in the realm, for all persons to arm without delay who\nwere bounden so to do from the tenure of their fiefs or arriere fiefs,\nand to march instantly to Paris to serve the king against the dukes of\nOrleans, Berry, Bourbon, the counts d\u2019Armagnac, d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, and others\ntheir allies, who, notwithstanding the king\u2019s positive orders to the\ncontrary, continued daily to assemble large bodies of men at arms, to\nthe destruction of his country and subjects.\nThe above dukes wrote letters to the king, to the university of Paris,\nand to many of the principal towns, to explain the causes why they had\nthus confederated and collected men at arms; one of which, signed with\ntheir signs-manuel, they sent to the town of Amiens, and the contents\nwere as follows:\n\u2018To our well-beloved and very dear citizens, burgesses, and inhabitants\nof the town of Amiens, health and affection. We have written to\nour most redoubted and sovereign lord the king of France in manner\nfollowing:--We dukes of Berry, of Orleans, and of Bourbon, counts of\nAlen\u00e7on and of Armagnac, your humble uncles, relations and subjects,\nfor ourselves and all others our adherents, wellwishers to your\nperson,--as the rights of your domination, your crown and royal\nmajesty, have been so nobly instituted, and founded on justice,\npower, and the true obedience of your subjects,--and as your glory\nand authority are resplendent through all parts of the world, you\nhaving been worthily consecrated and anointed by the holy roman see,\nand considered by all Christendom as sovereign monarch and equal\ndistributor of justice, as well to the poor as to the rich, without\nowing obedience to any other lord, but God and his Divine Majesty, who\nhas been pleased most worthily to have gifted you,--may all those who\nare connected with you by blood, by their frank and loyal affections,\nguard and defend your sacred person as your relations and subjects.\n\u2018And may we, in particular, as your near relations, and for that cause\nmore obliged to it, set an example of due obedience to your other\nsubjects, and exert ourselves in preserving to you free liberty of\naction in every part of your government, insomuch that you may have\npower to reward the good and punish the wicked, and to preserve every\none in his just rights, and likewise that you may execute justice in\nsuch wise that your kingdom may remain in peace, first to the honour\nof God, and then to your own honour, and to the example of your good\nfriends and subjects, by following the paths of your predecessors,\nthe kings of France, who, by this noble way of governing their great\nkingdom, have ever preserved tranquillity and peace, insomuch that all\nChristian nations, far and near, and even infidels, have had recourse\nto them in their disputes, and have been perfectly contented with their\ndecisions on the cases referred to them, as the fountains of justice\nand loyalty.\n\u2018And, most sovereign lord, that your power, justice, and the state of\nyour government may not suffer at present any wound or diminution,\nand that public affairs may be managed according to the principles\nof reason, in such wise as may be apparent to all men of sound\nunderstanding;--\n\u2018For this effect, most redoubted sovereign, we, the above-written, have\nconfederated and assembled, that we may most humbly lay before you the\nreal state of your situation, in regard to your royal person, and also\nthat of my lord of Acquitaine, your eldest son. We have likewise to lay\nbefore you the manner in which you are enthralled, and the government\ncarried on, that justice may be restored, and the public weal no longer\nsuffer, as we can more fully explain. Should any persons deny this,\nlet your majesty, by the advice of your council, appoint some of the\nprinces of your blood, and other impartial and unprejudiced persons,\nto inquire into it, in whatever number you in your wisdom may select.\nBut we advise that you speedily and effectually provide for the safety\nof your own person, and for that of my lord of Acquitaine, your eldest\nson, so that your state may enjoy justice and a good government, to the\nadvancement of the public welfare, and that the power and authority\nmay be exercised by you alone, freely and uncontrolled by any other\nperson whatever; and that such a desirable object may be obtained, we,\nthe above-named, offer our earnest prayers, and, at the same time, our\nlives and fortunes, whatever they may be, which God has graciously\ngranted us in this world, for the just defence of your rights, and in\nopposing all who may attempt to infringe on them, if any such there be.\n\u2018Most redoubted lord, we also inform you, that we shall not break up\nour confederation until you shall have listened to us, and until we\nshall see that you have properly provided against the inconveniences\nwe have mentioned, and until you be fully and wholly reinstated in\nthat power which is your right. To this, most redoubted lord, are we\nbound, as well in regard to what we have already said, as from fear,\nhonour and reverence to our Creator, from whom originates your royal\nauthority, and also to satisfy justice, and then yourself, who are\nsovereign king on earth, and our sole lord. To your support we are\nurged by our kindred and by our love to your person; for in truth,\nmost redoubted sovereign, there is nothing we dread so much as having\noffended God, yourself, and wounded our own honour, by leaving for so\nlong time unnoticed the aforesaid grievances, which are notorious to\nevery one.\n\u2018In like manner as we signify the above to you, we shall do the same to\nall prelates, lords, universities, cities and principal towns of your\nrealm, and in general to all your wellwishers.\n\u2018Most redoubted lord, we humbly supplicate that you will deign to hear\nus, and consider of what we have written,--for the sole object we aim\nat personally affects yourself and your government; and we earnestly\nbeg that you will speedily adopt the most effectual measures for the\nenjoyment of your own freedom of action, and that your government may\nbe carried on to the praise of God first, and your own glory, and\nto the advantage of all your good subjects who are anxious for your\nwelfare.\n\u2018We have written this, that you may know our intentions, and the cause\nof our assembling, which is solely for the preservation of the personal\nliberty of our lord and king, and the affranchisement of his government\nfrom any hands but his own. For this object we have sought the advice\nof the most prudent men, and shall follow their counsels, with all the\nmeans God has put in our power, to obtain so desirable an end, for the\ngeneral welfare of the realm; and we intend so to act toward our lord\nthe king that God and the world shall be satisfied with us.\n\u2018And we most earnestly entreat that for so praiseworthy an object\nyou will join us, and exert yourselves in the same cause; for it is\nnot properly us but the king your lord that you will serve, whom by\nyour oaths you are bounden to assist,--and know that for so doing you\nwill be commended by all men of understanding and prudence. Given at\nChartres the 2d day of December, 1410.\u2019\nThis letter, when received by the council of the town of Amiens,\nproduced very little sensation,--for all, or the greater part of the\ninhabitants, were inclined to the duke of Burgundy. When a similar one\nwas read in the council of state, it did not make any impression on the\nking, nor did it seem advisable that the dukes should have an audience;\nbut, on the contrary, orders were sent to them to disband their forces\nwithout delay, on pain of incurring the royal indignation.----They\nrefused to obey this order, and bade the messenger tell the king,\nthat they would not cease assembling until he should grant them an\naudience, and hear their complaints. At this period, the dukes of\nAcquitaine and Burgundy paid a visit to the queen of France at her\nresidence in the castle of Melun, and left there a garrison, having\nbrought back with them the queen and her children to the castle of\nVincennes.\nThe duke of Brabant at this time left Paris, to go to his country, and\nassemble his Brabanters to serve the king. Many able ambassadors were\nsent, in the king\u2019s name, to the lords assembled at Chartres; and among\nthem was the grand master of Rhodes, to signify to them that they must\ndisband their army, and that, if they pleased to wait on the king in\ntheir private capacity, he would see them.\nThis they refused; and as they continued disobedient, the king took\npossession of the counties of Boulogne[64], Estampes, Valois,\nBeaumont, Clermont, and other lands belonging to the said dukes,\ncounts, and their adherents, of whatever rank they might be. The king\u2019s\nofficers appointed governors to the castles and fortresses within these\ncountries, whom they ordered to govern them at the expense of the\naforesaid lords.\nSo very numerous were the forces that assembled near Paris, in\nobedience to the summons from the king and the duke of Burgundy, that\nthe oldest persons had not for a long time seen so many men at arms\ntogether.\nAmong the number was the duke of Brabant, with a great force. He was\nquartered in the town of St Denis, where he lived at the expense of the\ngreater part of the inhabitants, as if he had been in the open country.\nThe count de Penthievre, son-in-law to the duke of Burgundy, was there\nwith him, accompanied by a large body of Bretons.\nTwo thousand men belonging to the count Waleran de St Pol were\nquartered at Menil-Aubry, and the adjacent villages.--Because the\ncount himself resided in Paris, he one day ordered his troops to be\nassembled under the lord de Chin, for him to march them to Paris to be\nmustered and enrolled for pay; but it happened, as they were marching\nthrough St Denis to obey the order, that a dispute arose between them\nand the Brabanters, on account of some enterprise which the last had\nmade against the lord de Carlian, a native of the Boulonois, so that\nthe two parties armed and drew up in battle-array to decide matters\nby combat. The duke of Brabant was soon informed of this tumult, and\nhastened from Paris to check his own men, and acted so prudently with\nboth parties that an end was put to it; but he was very wroth with the\nfirst promoters of it, for he was married to the daughter and heiress\nof the count de St Pol.\nWhen they had marched through Saint Denis, they came before their lord,\nthe count de St Pol, in Paris, who having reviewed them, and paid many\ncompliments to their captains, dismissed them to the quarters whence\nthey had come. In order to pay these troops which had been levied,\nas has been said, by orders from the king and the duke of Burgundy,\nand which amounted, by the muster-rolls, to fifteen thousand men with\nhelmets, seventeen thousand cross-bows and archers, very heavy taxes\nwere levied throughout the realm, and particularly on the city of\nParis. It will be impossible to relate one half of the mischiefs the\narmies of both parties committed: suffice it to say, that churches,\nchurchmen, and the poor people were very great sufferers.\nThe Orleans-party, shortly after this, marched from Chartres\nto Montlehery, seven leagues from Paris, and there, and in the\nneighbouring villages, quartered their army, ruining the whole country\non their line of march. The lords and adherents of this faction, as\nwell clergy as seculars, wore, as their badge, a narrow band of white\nlinen on their shoulders, hanging over their left arm, like to a deacon\nwhen celebrating divine service.\nWhen the king of France and his council learnt that they had approached\nso near the capital, they hastily dispatched to the leaders the count\nde la Marche, the archbishop of Rheims, the bishop of Beauvais, and the\ngrand master of Rhodes, with some others, to persuade them to disband\ntheir army, and come before him at Paris, in consequence of his former\norders, without arms, in the manner in which vassals should wait on\ntheir lords, and that he would do them justice in regard to their\ndemands; but that, should they refuse, he would instantly march his\nforces against them.--The princes made answer, that they would not\nact otherwise than they had said in their letter to the king; and the\nambassadors, seeing they could not gain any thing, returned to Paris.\nIn like manner, the university sent to them an embassy of learned\nmen, headed by Noe\u00e9tz, abbot of Povegny and doctor in divinity, who\nharangued them very ably and gravely. They were very handsomely\nreceived by the princes, especially by the duke of Berry, who, among\nother grievances, complained much that his nephew, the king, should be\ncounselled by such fellows as the provost of Paris, and others of the\nsame sort, who now ruled the realm, which was most miserably governed,\nas he was ready to explain, article by article, when they should be\nadmitted to an audience.\nThey could obtain no other reply than that, with God\u2019s pleasure, they\nwould accomplish, to the utmost of their power, the matters contained\nin their circular letters to the university and principal towns.\nOn this repeated ill success, the king, by the advice of his council,\nsent another embassy, composed of the queen, the cardinal de Bar, the\ncount de St Pol, and others. The count de St Pol had lately accepted,\nwith the king\u2019s approbation, the office of grand butler of France,\nwhich the provost of Paris had held, through the interest of the count\nde Tancarville, by a gift from the king.\nNotwithstanding the queen and her companions were received with every\nhonour, she did not remain with their army, but went to the castle\nof Marcoussi, which is not far distant from Montlehery, with her\nattendants, and remained there some time negotiating with them, and\nsome of the princes daily visited her. Although she acted with much\nperseverance, she failed in her object,--for the princes were firm in\ntheir resolution of marching with their army to the king, and requiring\nthat he would execute justice and attend to the affairs of government,\nand choose another set of ministers than those now in power.\nFinding she was labouring in vain, she returned with her companions\nto Paris, and related to the king all that had passed. He was very\nindignant, and much troubled thereat; and on the morrow, the 23d\nSeptember, he ordered all the men at arms that were come to serve him\nto be drawn out, and the baggage and artillery waggons to be made ready\ninstantly to march against the Orleans-party, to give them battle.\nWhen all were ready, and as he was going to attend mass and afterward\nto mount his horse, he was met by the rector of the university,\nmagnificently accompanied by all the members and supporters of it, who\nremonstrated with him, that his daughter, the university of Paris, was\npreparing to leave that city, from the great want of provisions, which\nthe men at arms of the two parties prevented coming to Paris,--for no\none could venture on the high roads without being robbed and insulted;\nand, likewise, that all the low countries round Paris were despoiled by\nthese men at arms. They most humbly requested, that he would provide\na remedy, and give them such answer as might seem to him good. The\nchancellor, namely, master Arnauld de Corbie, instantly replied, \u2018The\nking will assemble his council after dinner, and you shall have an\nanswer.\u2019 The king of Navarre, being present, entreated the king that he\nwould fix an hour for hearing them again after dinner; and the king,\ncomplying with his request, appointed an hour for the rector to return.\nWhen the king had dined, he entered the _chambre verde_, attended by\nthe following princes: the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy and Brabant,\nthe marquis du Pont, the duke of Lorraine, the counts de Mortain,\nde Nevers and de Vaudemont, with many other great lords, as well\necclesiastical as secular. The king of Navarre made four requests to\nthe king: first, that all the princes of the blood, as well on the one\nside as on the other, should retire to their principalities, and never\nmore interfere in the king\u2019s government, and likewise that henceforth\nthey should not receive any profits or pensions, as well from the\nsubsidies arising from their lands as from other exactions, but live\non their own proper revenues until the public treasury should be in\na better state than it was at that moment: however, should the king\nbe inclined to make them presents of any thing, or call them near his\nperson, they should be alway ready to obey him.\nHis second request was, that some diminution should take place in those\ntaxes that most aggrieved the people.\nThe third, that as some of the citizens of Paris had lent different\nsums of money to the king, of which repayment had been promised, but\nnot made, sufficient assignments on the treasury should be given to\nthem.\nThe fourth, that the affairs of the king and realm should be governed\nby prudent men, taken from the three estates of the kingdom. When the\nking of Navarre had ended, the king himself replied, and said he would\ntake advice on what he had proposed, and then give him such answers as\nought to satisfy him and every one else.\nWhen this was over, the king showed the same determination as before\nto march, on the morrow morning, against the rebellious lords; but he\nwas overruled, and the queen, with the former ambassadors, were again\nsent to negotiate a peace. On their arrival at the army of the princes,\nshe exerted herself, as it was said very much and loyally; for it was\ncommonly reported that she was in her heart inclined to the Orleans\nfaction.\nDuring the time of this embassy, the count Am\u00e9 de Savoye, who had been\nsent for by the king, arrived at Paris with five hundred men at arms.\nHis brothers-in-law the dukes of Burgundy and Brabant, and the count\nde Nevers, attended by many other lords, went out to meet him beyond\nthe gate of St Anthony, and thence conducted him to the palace to the\nking, who very kindly received him.\nSome days after, the queen, not having more success than before,\nreturned to the king, and told him that she could not any way bring\nthem to terms, for they were obstinate in their original intentions.\nShe then hastened to the castle of Vincennes as speedily as she could.\nOn the ensuing morning, the aforesaid lords quitted Montlehery; and\nthe duke of Berry came to his h\u00f4tel of Vinchestre[65], which he had\nrebuilt, and was there lodged. The duke of Orleans fixed his quarters\nat Gentilly, in the palace of the bishop, and the count d\u2019Armagnac at\nVitry; the rest as near to each other as they could; and at vespers,\nthey had advanced as far as the suburbs of St Marcel and the gate de\nBordelles.\nThe king, the duke of Burgundy, and the other princes, were greatly\nsurprised at this boldness; and the Parisians, at their own expense,\ncollected a body of a thousand men armed with helmets to serve as a\nguard during the night, and they also made great fires in very many of\nthe streets. To prevent them from crossing the Seine at Charenton, they\nsent two hundred men at arms to defend that pass.\nThe third day, Arthur count de Richemont, brother to the duke of\nBrittany, joined the dukes of Berry and Orleans, with six thousand\nbreton horse, to the great displeasure of the king, and especially of\nthe duke of Burgundy; for the duke of Brittany had lately been summoned\nby the king to attend him with his Bretons, and had, for this purpose,\nreceived a very large sum of money. The duke, in consequence, having\nother business in hand, sent his brother to serve the king in his room.\nIt was also said, that the lord d\u2019Albreth, constable of France, had\ndisposed of the money sent him in the same manner, and had employed it\nin the service of the duke of Berry. The army of the princes marched to\nSaint Cloud, and to the adjoining towns, which they plundered, taking\nby force whatever they were in need of. Some of the worst of them\nravished and robbed many women, who fled to Paris, and made clamorous\noutcries against their ravishers, requiring vengeance from the king,\nand restitution, were it possible, of what they had been plundered of.\nThe king, moved with pity, and by the importunity of his ministers,\nordered a decree to be drawn out, which condemned the whole of the\nOrleans-party to death and confiscation of goods. While this was doing,\nthe duke of Berry, uncle to the king, hastily sent ambassadors to\nParis to prevent it from taking effect, and in the name of their lord\nrequested that the decree might be a little delayed, when other means\nof accommodation, through God\u2019s grace, would be found.\nThis request was granted, and the proclamation of the decree put off:\na negotiation was entered into warmly by both parties, although the\nking was very much displeased that the princes of his blood were thus\nquarrelling with each other, so that he should be forced to proceed\nwith rigour against them. To prevent the effusion of blood, the king\ndesired his chancellor and others of his privy council to exert\nthemselves diligently that peace might be established; and he likewise\nspoke to the same purpose to the duke of Burgundy, the count de St\nPol, and other princes, who promised faithfully that an accommodation\nshould take place.\nWhile these matters were going on, the lord de Dampierre, the bishop\nof Noyon, the lord de Tignonville, master Gautier de Col, and others,\nambassadors from the king of France, were sent from Paris to Boulogne,\nto meet an embassy from the king of England, consisting of the lord\nBeaumont, the bishop of St David\u2019s, and others, who had arrived at\nCalais to treat of a truce. It was prolonged from All-saints-day, when\nthe former one expired, to the feast of Easter ensuing.\nCHAP. XXII.\n IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO PARTIES OF\n BURGUNDY AND OF ORLEANS, PEACE IS MADE BETWEEN THEM, AND CALLED\n \u2018THE PEACE OF WINCHESTER,\u2019 WHICH WAS THE SECOND PEACE.\nAfter the ambassadors from both parties, namely those of the king and\nduke of Burgundy on the one hand, and those of the dukes of Berry, of\nOrleans, and of Bourbon, on the other, had held several conferences,\nthe following treaty was at length concluded, on the 2d of November.\nThe princes of the blood on each side, with the exception of the count\nde Mortain, were to retire to their principalities, and lead back their\nforces, committing as little damage as possible to the countries they\nshould pass through, without fraud or deception. The duke of Berry had\nliberty, if he pleased, to reside at Giens-sur-Loire, and the count\nd\u2019Armagnac might stay there with him for fifteen days. The king of\nNavarre was to depart for his duchy of Nemours. The duke of Brabant\nmight, if he so pleased, visit his sister, the duchess of Burgundy, in\nthat country.\nThe aforesaid princes were to conduct their men at arms so that all\ntrespassing might be mutually avoided on each other\u2019s lands,--nor\nshould they suffer any of their adherents to commit waste or damage, so\nthat all inconvenience or source of quarrel might be avoided.\nItem, in whatever garrisons there shall be more men than are usually\nkept, the same shall be reduced to the accustomed number of men\nretained therein for its defence, without any fraud or deception. And\nthat these terms may be faithfully observed, the aforesaid lords shall\npromise, on their oaths, made before such princes as the king may\nnominate, that they will punctually and loyally keep every article.\nItem, the captains of their troops shall make oath also to the due\nobservance of this treaty; and if it be the good pleasure of the king\nhe may appoint some of his knights as conductors to the men at arms,\nand superintendents on their leaders, to prevent them and their men\nfrom delaying their march, and also from committing waste in the\ncountries through which they shall pass.\nItem, the aforesaid lords will not return near the person of the king,\nunless they be sent for by him, by letters patent under the great seal,\nconfirmed by his council, or on urgent business,--nor shall any of the\naforesaid lords intrigue to obtain orders for their return; and this\nthey shall especially swear to before commissioners nominated for the\npurpose. The king shall make the terms of this treaty public, and all\nthe articles they shall swear to observe.\nShould the king think it necessary to send for the duke of Berry,\nhe shall, at the same time, summon the duke of Burgundy, and _vice\nversa_; and this he will observe, in order that they may both meet at\nthe same time on the appointed day, which will hold good until the\nensuing Easter in the year 1411; and from that day until the following\nEaster in 1412, no one of the aforesaid shall proceed against another\nby acts of violence or by words.--Every article of this treaty to be\nproperly drawn out and signed by the king and his council, with certain\npenalties to be incurred on the infringement of any of them.\nItem, the king shall select certain able and discreet persons, of\nunblemished characters, and no way pensioners, but such as have solely\ngiven their oaths of allegiance to the king, to form the royal council;\nand when such persons have been chosen, a list of their names shall be\nshown to the princes on each side.\nItem, the dukes of Berry and Burgundy, having the wardship of the duke\nof Acquitaine, shall agree together as to the person who shall be their\nsubstitute in that office during their absence; and powers for so doing\nshall be sent to the duke of Berry, as he is at present without them.\nItem, the provost of Paris shall be dismissed from all offices which he\nholds under the king, and another shall be appointed according to the\nking\u2019s pleasure, and as he may judge expedient.\nItem, it was ordained, that no knight, or his heirs, should in future\nsuffer any molestation because he had not obeyed the summons sent him\nby either of the parties; and should they be any way molested, the king\nwould punish the offender by confiscation of his property. Letters,\nconfirming this last article, shall be given by the king and the\naforesaid lords to whoever may require them.\nThis treaty was concluded on All-saints day, and on the ensuing Monday\nconfirmed; and four days after, the greater part of the articles were\nfulfilled. Sir John de Neele, chancellor to the duke of Acquitaine,\nwas, by the king\u2019s command, appointed to receive the oaths of the lords\non each side.\nThe king dismissed his provost of Paris, sir Peter des Essars, knight,\nfrom all his offices, and nominated sir Brunelet de Sainct-Cler, one of\nhis masters of the household, to the provostship. He also sent letters,\nsealed with his great seal, to the duke of Berry, appointing him to\nthe guardianship of his son, the duke of Acquitaine.\nIn consequence of one of the articles above recited, twelve knights,\nfour bishops, and four lords of the parliament, were appointed to\ngovern the kingdom,--namely, the archbishop of Rheims, the bishops\nof Noyon and Saint Flour, master John de Torcy, lately one of the\nparliament, but now bishop of Tournay, the grand master of the king\u2019s\nhousehold sir Guichart Daulphin, the grand master of Rhodes, the\nlords de Montenay, de Toursy, de Rambures, d\u2019Offemont, de Rouvroy, de\nRumacourt, Saquet de Toursy, le vidame d\u2019Amiens, sir John de Toursy,\nknight to the duke of Berry, and grand master of his household, and the\nlord de St George. The two last were nominated, by the dukes of Berry\nand Burgundy, guardians to the duke of Acquitaine during their absence.\nThe two parties now left Paris and the adjoining fortresses and\ncastles; but on the following Saturday, the king was again strongly\nseized with his usual malady, and confined in his h\u00f4tel of St Pol. The\nqueen and her attendants, then at Vincennes, returned to Paris with her\nson, the duke of Acquitaine, and fixed their residence, with her lord,\nin the h\u00f4tel de St Pol.\nThe duke of Burgundy went to Meaux, where he was met by the king of\nNavarre;--and thence the duke went to Arras and Flanders, accompanied\nby sir Peter des Essars, late provost of Paris, and his most\nconfidential adviser; and he always gave him the title of provost of\nParis, as though he had still retained the office.\nConformably to the treaty, all the men at arms on each side returned\nto the places whence they had come, but plundering the poor people\non their march. A number of Lombards and Gascons had formed part of\nthe army of the duke of Orleans, who were mounted on terrible horses,\nthat were taught to wheel round when on full gallop, which seemed very\nastonishing to the French, Flemings, Picards, and Brabanters, who had\nnot been accustomed to such movements.\nBecause the count d\u2019Armagnac had joined the duke of Orleans with a\nlarge body, his men were called _Armagnacs_; and in consequence, the\nwhole of that faction were called _Armagnacs_. Although there were many\nprinces of much higher rank in either party than the count d\u2019Armagnac,\nthey were not pleased if they were not called by this name, which\nlasted a very considerable time.\nAs the treaty before mentioned had been concluded at the h\u00f4tel de\nWinchester, where the dukes of Berry and Orleans, with others of their\nparty were amusing themselves, it was called \u2018The Peace of Winchester.\u2019\nAll who had come to these meetings at Paris now departed, and those\nto whom the government had been intrusted remained near the person of\nthe king and the duke of Acquitaine. The people expected, that by this\nmeans they should enjoy more peaceable times; but it happened just the\ncontrary, as you shall shortly hear.\nCHAP. XXIII.\n A MEETING OF THE UNIVERSITY AND CLERGY IS HELD ON THE XXIII. OF\n NOVEMBER, IN THE CHURCH OF ST BERNARD AT PARIS, ON THE STATE OF\n THE CHURCH.\nWhen peace had been established, a large congregation was held, by\norder of the university, on the 23d of November, in the church of\nthe Bernardins in Paris,--to which were called, the bishop of Puy\nin Auvergne, many other prelates, and in general all bachelors and\nlicentiates in canon and civil law, although in former times doctors\nonly had been summoned.\nThis assembly was holden at the request of the archbishop of Pisa,\nand other legates from the pope, on the subject of tythes, the vacant\nbenefices, and the effects of the dead. But it was opened by the\nadoption of a solemn ordinance, which had been ordained during the\npapacy of Pietro della Luna, respecting the liberties of the french\nchurch, in the year 1406, and since confirmed by the king, his great\ncouncil, and the parliament, namely, that the said church shall be\nmaintained in all its ancient privileges. It was thus freed from all\ntythes, procurations, and subsidies, or taxes whatever. And as the\nobject of these legates was to establish the above impositions, it was\nresolved that the aforesaid ordinance should be strictly conformed to;\nand the more effectually to have it observed, they sent deputations\nto the king, to his council, and to the parliament, to whom the guard\nof this ordinance belonged, to obviate the inconveniences that might\nfollow should any article of it be infringed.\nIt was also concluded, that should the legates attempt, by menaces of\necclesiastical censures or otherwise, to compel payment of any tribute,\nan appeal should be made from them to a general council of the church.\nItem, should any collectors or sub-collectors exact subsidies to\nthe church, they shall be arrested, and punished by confiscation of\nproperty, and, when they have no property, by imprisonment.\nIt was also concluded, that to settle this matter, the king\u2019s attorney,\nand other lords, should be requested to join the university. But it was\nat last resolved, that should the pope plead an evident want of means\nto support the church, a council should be called, and a charitable\nsubsidy granted, the which should be collected by certain discreet\npersons selected by the council, and the amount distributed according\nto the directions of the said council.\nOn the ensuing Monday was held a royal sessions, at which the duke of\nAcquitaine, the archbishop of Pisa, and the other legates from the\npope, the rector and the members of the university were present. In\nthis meeting, the archbishop declared, that what he demanded was due\nto the apostolic chamber, by every right, divine, canon, civil and\nnatural, and that it was sacred and simple justice,--adding, that\nwhoever should deny this right was scarcely a Christian.\nThe university was greatly displeased, and said, that such expressions\nwere derogatory to the king\u2019s honour, to that of the university, and\nconsequently of the whole kingdom. From what had passed, another\ngeneral assembly was holden on Sunday the 30th of November, in the\nplace where it had been held the preceding Sunday; and it was then\ndetermined that the university should send a deputation to the king,\nto lay before him the words uttered by the legates, and to demand that\nthey should be publicly recanted by them. It was proposed, that in case\nthey should refuse so to do, the faculty of theologians should bring\naccusations against them, on the articles of faith, and they should be\npunished according to the exigence of the case. It was also resolved,\nthat the university of Paris should write letters to all the other\nuniversities in the realm, and to the prelates and clergy, to invite\nthem to unite in their opposition to such tenets.\nMany other things were agitated in this meeting, which I pass over for\nthe sake of brevity. It was, however, finally concluded to send an\nanswer to the pope, that he could not have any subsidy granted him in\nthe way which had been proposed. The meeting came to the resolution,\nthat the university of Paris should require from the archbishop of\nRheims, and those of the members of the king\u2019s government who, as\nmembers, had given their oaths to the university, to join in the\nmeasures they had adopted, otherwise they should be expelled the\nuniversity.\nIt should be known, that while these things were passing, the legates,\nfearful of the consequences, hastily left Paris, without taking leave,\nas is usually done. The holy father, however, sent ambassadors to the\nking, to demand payment of the tenth imposed on the french church. When\nthey declared the object of their mission to the council of state, and\nin the presence of the duke of Acquitaine, they said, that not only\nwas the french church bound to pay this subsidy to the pope, but all\nother churches which were under his obedience,--first, from the divine\nlaw in Leviticus, which declares that all deacons shall pay to the\nhigh priest a tenth of their possessions,--and, 2dly, by natural and\npositive law.\nWhilst these things were passing, the university came to the council,\nand on the morrow a congregation was held in the monastery of the\nBernardins. It was then resolved that the manner of demanding this\nsubsidy should be reprobated, for that it was iniquitous, and contrary\nto the decree of the king and his council in the year 1406, for the\npreservation of the franchises of the french church. The university\ninsisted on this decree being preserved inviolate, and declared, that\nif the pope or his legates attempted to constrain any person to pay\nthis subsidy by censures of the church, it would appeal to a general\ncouncil on this subject. Should any of the new ministers attempt any\nthing against this decree, the university would appeal to the king and\nthe whole council of state; and should any members of the university\nurge the payment of this tenth, they should be expelled; and if any\npersons, guilty of the above offence, should have any property of their\nown, the university would require that the said property should be\nconfiscated to the king\u2019s use, otherwise they should be imprisoned.\nShould the holy father adopt the manner of raising this subsidy by\nway of charity, it would be agreeable to the university that the king\nshould call together the prelates of his realm,--first, to consider\nwhat subjects should be discussed in the general council of the church\nto be holden on this occasion; secondly, to deliberate on the demands\nmade by the ambassadors respecting the tenth. Should it be determined\nfor the pope to receive this subsidy, the university expressed its wish\nthat some sufficient person should be deputed from this kingdom to\nreceive the amount of the same, for the peace and union of the greek\nand latin churches, and from England for aid of the holy land, and the\npreaching the gospel to all the world; for such were the purposes for\nwhich the legates declared the holy father raised this subsidy. The\nuniversity solicited the members of the parliament to unite themselves\nwith them, for it was in support of their decree made on the demand of\nthe king\u2019s attorney-general.\nJuvenal des Ursins[66] was deputed by the university to reply to what\nthe pope\u2019s ambassadors had advanced before the council; but at length\nthe archbishop of Pisa, perceiving he could not otherwise gain his\nobject, humbled himself much before the university, and spoke privately\nto some of the principal members to prevail on them to assist him.\nHowever, on the 28th day of January, it was declared, that no subsidy\nwhatever should be granted to the pope without the previous consent of\nthe french church; and the deliberation on this matter was deferred to\nthe 10th of February, when many prelates were summoned to give their\nopinions thereon. Through the active diligence of the university, the\nlegates could not obtain consent that a subsidy in any shape should be\ngranted to the pope, although the greater part of the lords, and in\nparticular the princes, were very agreeable to it.\nWhile these matters were transacting at Paris, the holy father sent\nletters to the king of France and to the university, to say that\nthe Florentines refused any longer to obey him, from fear of king\nLadislaus; that this king Ladislaus was assembling an immense army,\nas the pope wrote word, to conquer Rome and the adjacent country,\nthat he might place in the chair of St Peter a pope according to his\npleasure. Should this happen, a more ruinous schism might befal the\nchurch than the former one,--to obviate which, he requested from the\nking, the princes, and university, aid and support. This was, through\nthe intercession of the archbishop of Pisa, complied with, and in the\nmanner that shall be hereafter related.\nCHAP. XXIV.\n THE LORD DE CROY IS MADE PRISONER WHEN GOING ON AN EMBASSY\n FROM THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY TO THE DUKE OF BERRY, TO THE GREAT\n DISPLEASURE OF THE LATTER.\nThe duke of Burgundy, shortly after he had left Paris, sent three of\nhis counsellors, namely, the lords de Croy and de Dours, knights, and\nmaster Raoul, head canon of Tournay and of Amiens, licentiate of law,\nas ambassadors to the king at Paris, and to his uncle and godfather,\nthe duke of Berry, at Bourges. But when they were travelling between\nOrleans and Bourges, the lord de Croy was arrested by the officers\nof the duke of Orleans on the last day but one of January, without\nany molestation being given to the other two ambassadors or their\nattendants.\nHe was carried to a castle within three leagues of Blois, and, on the\nmorrow, strictly interrogated respecting the murder of the late duke\nof Orleans, and put to the torture to confess if he had been any way\nconsenting to it, or an accomplice in it; but they could not discover\nany thing to his prejudice. On the following Sunday, he was carried to\nBlois, and confined in the dungeons of a prison.\nThe other ambassadors continued their route to Bourges, where, having\nexplained to the duke of Berry the object of their mission, they humbly\nentreated that he would exert himself with the duke of Orleans that the\nlord de Croy might obtain his liberty. When they related to him the\nmanner of the lord de Croy being arrested, the duke was filled with\nindignation, and instantly sent letters signed with his hand to the\nduke of Orleans, to say that he must immediately give up his prisoner,\nwhom he had illegally arrested when coming to him; and that if he did\nnot do it, he would have him for his enemy.\nThe duke of Orleans, on the receipt of this letter, considered it well,\nand replied at length most courteously to the duke of Berry, excusing\nhimself for what he had done, but putting off the setting the lord de\nCroy at liberty. The king and the duke of Acquitaine were soon made\nacquainted with this arrest,--and they sent letters to the duke of\nOrleans, commanding him instantly to deliver the lord de Croy from his\nimprisonment, on pain of incurring their indignation.\nNotwithstanding these letters, the duke of Orleans would not give him\nhis liberty, but kept him in close confinement, where he was very often\nmost rigorously treated, and at times examined and put to the torture.\nIn the mean time, the other ambassadors sent messengers to the duke of\nBurgundy, to notify to him this conduct and the means they had taken in\nvain for the deliverance of the lord de Croy.\nThe duke was much surprised and vexed at this news, for he greatly\nloved the lord de Croy. Having considered this insult, and others that\nhad been offered to his friends, he thought it time to take effectual\nmeasures for his security, and in consequence amassed as large a sum as\nhe could: to this end, he sold his right to all confiscations within\nthe town of Ghent to the townsmen, and yielded for money several other\nprivileges to the Flemings. He likewise carried his son, the count\nde Charolois, to show him to many of the principal towns as their\nfuture lord, who, on this occasion, made him considerable presents. He\nafterward held a grand council on his affairs, in the town of Tournay,\nwhich was attended by his brothers-in-law duke William and the bishop\nof Liege. The count de Namur was also present, and several great lords\nfrom the borders of the empire. The duke of Burgundy solicited their\naid against his enemies, should need be, and in particular against\nthe duke of Orleans, his brothers and allies. This service they\noffered him liberally, to the utmost of their power. Having obtained\ntheir promises, he went to Lille, whither the marshal Boucicaut, late\ngovernor of Genoa, came to meet him. He received him very kindly, and\ncarried him with him to his town of Arras, whither he had convoked all\nthe lords and nobles of the county of Artois and its dependancies.\nWhen they were assembled in the great hall of his residence, he\naddressed them himself, and caused them to be harangued by master\nWilliam Bouvier, knight, licentiate of law, to explain how his enemies\nwere plotting daily to arrest and imprison his friends, and had\nactually arrested and imprisoned the lord de Croy; for which cause he\nhad now assembled them, to request that they would remain loyal, and\nthat, should there be a necessity, they would enter into his pay and\nserve him,--for they might be assured it would be solely in his own\ndefence, and for that of the king and the duke of Acquitaine, that\nhe would ever take up arms. He declared, that it was merely for the\npreservation of the crown to his present majesty, and to his heirs,\nthat he had slain the duke of Orleans, father to the present duke.\nThis death had been lately pardoned, and peace established by the\nking in the town of Chartres, and proclaimed by letters patent. He\nadded, that should any of the conditions of that treaty of Chartres be\nunaccomplished by him, he was ready to fulfil them, and willing to do\nany thing else that would afford satisfaction.\nWhen he had concluded his speech, the nobles and knights present\nunanimously replied, that they would serve him to the utmost of their\npower. The meeting then broke up, and each man returned to his own\ncountry and home.\nThe marshal Boucicaut went to Paris, and in full council, presided\nby the duke of Acquitaine in the place of his father, he accused the\nGenoese of various crimes, and exculpated himself for having lost that\ntown; and ended by entreating, that he might be sufficiently supplied\nwith men and money to offer them battle and regain it.\nThe council deferred giving an answer at the moment, but appointed a\nday for him to receive it. In the mean time, Boucicaut waited on all\nthe principal lords, to interest them in his cause, and to beg that\nthey would press the king and council to hasten a compliance with his\nrequest. It was ordered by the council, conjunctively with the three\nestates, that the Genoese should be summoned to appear before them at\nParis, at the feast of Easter, when many of the nobles would be there\nassembled on other weighty affairs, particularly to have their consent\nthat the duke of Acquitaine should be appointed regent of the kingdom,\nfor the Parisians were extremely pressing that this should be done.\nThe duke of Berry, however, was much displeased when he heard of it,\nand, to prevent it, wrote urgent letters to the duke of Acquitaine, to\nthe queen, and to the great council, giving substantial reasons why\nthis could not and ought not to be done, considering how very young the\nduke of Acquitaine was,--adding, that he and his brother Philip duke of\nBurgundy, of good memory, had sworn on the holy sacrament that they\nwould support and defend, to their last drop of blood, their nephew,\nthe king now on the throne, against all who should attempt any thing to\nhis dishonour or disadvantage.\nWhile these things were in agitation, the king recovered his\nhealth,--and of course, the duke of Acquitaine was not regent, to the\ngreat satisfaction of the duke of Berry, who was much rejoiced thereat.\nIn consequence of the quarrel that had now again broken out between the\ndukes of Orleans and Burgundy, the king issued a proclamation to all\nthe bailiwicks, provostships, seneschalships and governments in his\nrealm, to forbid all nobles, of whatever rank they might be, and every\nother person, to obey the summons or join in arms either of the above\ndukes, under pain of their property being confiscated.\nOn the Wednesday of the holy week, the duke of Bourbon and the count\nde Vertus, brother to the duke of Orleans, marched five hundred men at\narms to Clermont in Beauvoisis, and thence invaded Normandy. The count\nde Vertus did not remain long there, but, taking a part of the men at\narms, left the duke of Bourbon, and hastened to the countries of the\nSoissonnois and Valois, to the territory of Coucy, which belonged to\nhis brother, and there placed a good garrison.\nTrue it is, that when the duke of Burgundy heard this, he was much\ntroubled, and, as speedily as he could, ordered his men at arms to meet\nhim at Ch\u00e2teau-Cambresis the last day but one of April. But when these\ntransactions came to the knowledge of the king and council, he sent\nable ambassadors to each of these dukes, to forbid them, under pain of\nhaving all their lands confiscated, and being declared enemies to their\nking and country, to attempt any expeditions against each other, and\ncommanded them instantly to disband their forces. For this time they\nvery humbly obeyed his orders, and deferred proceeding further for a\nconsiderable space.\nCHAP. XXV.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS SENDS AMBASSADORS TO THE KING OF FRANCE,\n WITH LETTERS OF ACCUSATION AGAINST THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND\n THOSE OF HIS PARTY.\nAt the commencement of this year, the duke of Orleans was displeased\nthat those ministers who had been nominated by the duke of Burgundy had\ngreater influence than any of the others, and that they daily deprived\nsuch as had been attached to the late duke of Orleans, and were now\nhis friends, of their offices. In consequence, he sent ambassadors\nto the king to complain of this conduct, and to require that the\nmurderers of his father should be punished conformably to the articles\nof the treaty, but who were now residents within the kingdom. To these\nambassadors promises were made, on the part of the king, that proper\nremedies should be applied to give them satisfaction.\nOn their departure, the king sent to his uncle, the duke of Berry, at\nBourges, to require that he would interfere between his two nephews of\nOrleans and Burgundy, and make peace between them, which he engaged\nto do; and in consequence, he sent his chancellor, the archbishop of\nBourges, to Paris, well instructed by the duke how he was to act.\nShortly after, this chancellor, the marshal Boucicaut, with others,\nwere dispatched to the duke of Burgundy, then at St Omer, who, having\nheard all they had to say, replied, that it was no fault of his, nor\nshould it ever be so, that any articles of the late treaties were\ninfringed; for that in this, and in every thing else, he was very\ndesirous of obeying the king. And this his answer they laid before the\nking and council.\nBut as the proceedings against the murderers of the late duke of\nOrleans did not seem to his son, and his advisers, to be carried on\nwith sufficient vigour, he wrote letters, signed with his own hand, to\ncomplain of this and other matters to the king, the contents of which\nwere as follows:\n\u2018Most redoubted lord, after offering my humble recommendation,--lately,\nvery redoubted lord, two of your counsellors came to me, namely, sir\nCollart de Charleville, knight, and sir Simon de Nanterre, president of\nyour parliament, whom you had been pleased to send me to signify and\nexplain your good will and pleasure touching certain points, which they\nhave clearly and distinctly declared, according to the terms of their\ncommission.\n\u2018First, they require and entreat of me, in your name, who may command\nme as your loyal subject and humble servant, that I should submit the\nquarrel that subsists between me and the duke of Burgundy, for the\ninhuman and cruel murder of my very redoubted lord and father, and your\nown brother, on whose soul may God have mercy! to my lady the queen,\nand to my lord and uncle the duke of Berry, who has been in like manner\nsolicited by your ambassadors to labour diligently to establish a firm\npeace, for the general good of the kingdom.\n\u2018They have informed me, that you have also made a similar proposal to\nthe duke of Burgundy,--and that, to effectuate so desirable an object\nas peace, I should send four of my friends to my said uncle of Berry,\nwho will there meet the same number from the duke of Burgundy.\n\u2018The second point mentioned by them is, that you entreat I would desist\nfrom assembling men at arms.\n\u2018Thirdly, that I would accept of letters from you similar to those\nwhich had been formerly sent me at my request, respecting the\nmurderers, and their accomplices, of my late father and your brother.\n\u2018Having very maturely weighed and considered the above points, I reply,\nthat I most humbly thank you, very redoubted lord, for your grace and\nkindness in thus sending to me; and I can assure you, that I have no\ngreater pleasure than in hearing often from you, and of your noble\nstate; that I was, and am always ready to serve and obey you in body\nand fortune, to the utmost extent of my own and my subjects\u2019 abilities.\n\u2018But as the matters which they have mentioned to me in your name are\nof very high consideration and importance, concerning yourself and\nyour noble state, and as I shall ever be most anxious to show my ready\nobedience to your will, I was unable at the moment to make them any\nreply, excepting that I would send you an answer as speedily as I\ncould. This I have hitherto deferred, for I know you have near your\nperson, and in your council, several of my bitter enemies, whom you\nought to regard as yours also, and to whom I am unwilling that my\nanswer, or my future intentions, should be made known: neither is it\nright they should be made acquainted with what concerns me, or have the\nopportunity of giving their opinions in council, or elsewhere, relative\nthereto.\n\u2018I therefore assure you, most redoubted lord, in the fullest manner,\nthat I am your humble son and nephew, ready at all times to obey you\nas my sovereign lord, and most heartily anxious to honour and exalt to\nthe utmost of my power your crown and dignity, as well as that of the\nqueen, the duke of Acquitaine, and all your other children and kingdom,\nand to advise you most loyally and faithfully, without ever concealing\nany thing from you that may tend to the glory of your crown, or to the\nwelfare of your realm.\n\u2018I have some time hesitated to denounce to you such of my enemies, and\nyours also, as are in your council and service, namely, the bishop of\nTournay, the vidame d\u2019Amiens, John de Neelles[67], the lord de Heilly,\nCharles de Savoisy, Anthony des Essars, John de Courcelles, Peter de\nFontenay and Maurice de Railly, who, by force or underhand means, are\ncapable of doing me great mischief, insomuch that they have dismissed\ncertain very able men from their offices, who were your trusty\nservants, and have done them very great and irreparable damages: they\nare guilty also of insinuating very many falsehoods, to keep myself and\nothers, your relations and faithful servants, at a distance from you,\nby which, and other means equally dishonourable and iniquitous, long\nfollowed by them and their adherents, have they troubled the peace of\nthe kingdom: nor is it very probable that so long as such persons shall\nremain in power, and in your service, any firm or lasting peace can be\nestablished; for they will always prevent you from doing justice to\nmyself or to others, which ought indifferently to be done to all,--to\nthe poor as well as to the rich.\n\u2018This conduct they pursue, because they know themselves guilty of many\ncrimes, and especially John de Neelles and the lord de Heilly, who were\naccomplices in the murder of my late honoured father, and your only\nbrother, under the protection of the duke of Burgundy, the principal\nin this crime. They are his sworn servants and pensioners, or allies\nto the said duke, whence they may be reputed actors and accomplices in\nthis base and cowardly assassination. These accomplices, most redoubted\nlord, appear daily in your presence, and you ought to consider their\ncrimes in the same light as if done personally against you, for indeed\nyour authority was set at nought.\n\u2018That I may now say all that I know, I am satisfied, that had not the\ncourse of your justice been checked by the aforesaid persons and their\naccomplices, ample justice would have been done for the death of my\nlord and father, and your brother, with the aid of your officers and\nloyal subjects, as I know for certain that they were well inclined to\nit.\n\u2018For this I am very thankful; and I most earnestly pray you, for your\nown honour, for that of the queen and of the duke of Acquitaine, as\nwell as for the honour of your kingdom, that you would do good and fair\njustice, by causing these guilty persons to be arrested and punished,\nsince they are equally your enemies as mine,--and that you would not\nlonger admit to your presence and councils the partisans of the duke of\nBurgundy, but select in their places good, loyal, and able men, such as\nmay be found in abundance in your kingdom.\n\u2018When these things shall be done, I will then, under God\u2019s pleasure,\nsend you such answer, that you may clearly know my inmost thoughts, and\nwhich shall prove satisfactory to God, to yourself, and to the world.\nFor the love of God, I pray you, my most redoubted lord, do not neglect\ndoing this; otherwise I see plainly, that whatever supplications or\nrequests I make to you will never be attended to, although they be\nconformable to reason and justice, and that you will be prevented from\nacting in the manner you have proposed, through your ambassadors to me,\nnor shall I be able to do what they have required from me on your part.\n\u2018Therefore, my most redoubted lord, I beg you will not disappoint\nme; for what I have required is but just and reasonable, as will be\napparent to any one. My very dear lord, may it please you to order me\naccording to your good pleasure, and, with the will of God, I will obey\nyou faithfully in all things.\u2019\nWhen the duke of Orleans had sent this letter to the king, he wrote\nothers of the like tenour to the chancellor of France, and to such\nof the ministers as he knew were favourable to him, to entreat that\nthey would earnestly exert themselves in pressing the king, queen, and\nduke of Acquitaine, to dismiss those of the council who governed under\nthe name of the duke of Burgundy, and whose names have been already\nnoticed,--and that he might obtain justice on the murderers of his\nlate father. Notwithstanding the many attempts he made by repeated\nletters to the king and to others, he could not at that time, through\nthe interposition before mentioned, obtain any answer which was\nsatisfactory.\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF BAR.--THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS AN\n EMBASSY TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nIn this year died that valiant and wise man Henry duke of Bar, and was\nsucceeded by his eldest son Edward, marquis du Pont, in the duchy of\nBar and castlewick of Cassel, excepting a part which he had bequeathed\nas an inheritance, after his decease, to Robert de Bar, son to the\ndeceased Henry de Bar, his eldest son, and to the lady de Coucy,\nnamely, Varneston, Bourbourg, Dunkirk and Rhodes[68]. In consequence\nof his death, Edward was styled Duke of Bar, and began his reign\nprosperously.\nAt this period, the king of France sent ambassadors to the duke of\nBurgundy, who, beside what they delivered to him in speech, gave\nhim the letters which the duke of Orleans had written to the king,\ncontaining his charges against him and his accomplices. He was much\ndispleased at this conduct, and made reply by these ambassadors, that\nthe charges brought against him by the duke of Orleans were untrue.\nWhen he had received the ambassadors with every honour, he took leave\nof them, and went to his county of Flanders: and they returned to\nParis without any satisfactory answer to the matters concerning which\nthey had been sent.\nIt was not long before the duke of Burgundy raised a large body of men\nat arms, whom he sent into the Cambresis, and toward St Quentin; but\nimmediately after, by orders from the king and council, he dismissed\nthem to the places whence they had come.\nOn the 15th day of July, master John Petit, doctor of divinity, whom\nthe duke of Orleans had intended to prosecute, before the university\nof Paris, for heresy, died in the town of Hesdin, in the h\u00f4tel of\nthe hospital which the duke of Burgundy had given him, beside large\npensions, and was buried in the church of the Friars Minors in the town\nof Hesdin.\nAt this time, a tax was laid on the clergy of France and of Dauphiny,\nof half a tenth, by the pope, with the consent of the king, the\nprinces, and the university of Paris, and the greater part of the\nprelates and cities, to be paid by two instalments; the first on\nMagdalen day, and the second at Whitsuntide following. It was so\nrigorously collected that the poorer clergy complained bitterly.\nDuring this transaction, and while the duke of Burgundy was resident\nin his town of Bruges, on Saturday the 10th of July, sir Am\u00e9 de\nSarrebrusse, sir Clugnet de Brabant, and other captains of the duke of\nOrleans, came, with a numerous body of men at arms, before Coucy, in\nthe Vermandois, and Ham sur Somme.\nNews of this was soon carried to the duke of Burgundy, who, suspecting\nthey intended to invade and make war on his territories, gave\ncommissions to several of his captains, namely, the lord de Heilly,\nEnguerrand de Bournouville, the lord de Ront, and some others, to march\na body of men at arms towards Bapaume and Ham, to oppose the Armagnacs,\nshould they attempt to penetrate further into the country.\nDuring this time, the duke of Orleans and his brothers continued their\nsolicitations for justice, and again sent letters to the king, princes,\ncities, and prelates, to engage them to unite with them in obtaining\nthe object of their petitions. The tenour of the letter they wrote to\nthe king is as follows.\nCHAP. XXVII.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS AND HIS BROTHERS SEND LETTERS TO THE KING\n OF FRANCE, TO OTHER LORDS, AND TO SEVERAL OF THE PRINCIPAL\n TOWNS IN FRANCE, TO COMPLAIN OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\n\u2018Most redoubted and sovereign lord,--we Charles duke of Orleans,\nPhilip count de Vertus, and John count of Angoul\u00eame, brothers, your\nvery humble children and nephews, have, with all due humiliation\nand submission, considered it right to lay before you, jointly and\nseparately, what follows.\n\u2018Although the barbarous and cruel murder of our redoubted lord and very\ndear father, your brother, must for certain be most strongly impressed\non your royal memory, and engraven on your heart,--nevertheless, most\nredoubted lord, our grief and the sense of what is due to us from all\nlaws, human and divine, force us to renew in your memory all the minute\ntransactions of that inhuman event.\n\u2018It is a fact, most dear lord, that John, who styles himself duke\nof Burgundy, through a hatred he had long nourished in his breast,\nand from an insatiate ambition and a desire of governing your realm,\nand that he might have the office of regent, as he has clearly shown\nand daily continues to show, did, on the 14th day of November in the\nyear 1407, most treacherously murder your brother, our most renowned\nlord and father, in the streets of Paris, and during the night, by\ncausing him to be waylaid by a set of infamous wretches, hired for this\npurpose, without having previously testified any displeasure towards\nhim. This is well known to all the world; for it has been publicly\navowed by the traitorous murderer himself, who is more disloyal, cruel,\nand inhuman than you can imagine; and we do not believe you can find in\nany writings one of a more perverse or faithless character.\n\u2018In the first place, they were so nearly connected by blood, being\ncousins-german, the children of two brothers, that it adds to his crime\nof murder that of parricide; and the laws cannot too severely punish\nso detestable an action. They were also brothers in arms, having twice\nor thrice renewed this confederation under their own hands and seals,\nand solemnly sworn on the holy sacrament, in the presence of very many\nprelates and nobles, that they would be true and loyal friends,--that\nthey would not do any thing to the prejudice of each other, either\nopenly or secretly, nor suffer any such like thing to be done by others.\n\u2018They, besides, entered into various protestations of love and\nfriendship, making the most solemn promises to continue true brothers\nin arms, as is usual in such cases, to demonstrate that they felt a\nperfect friendship for each other; and as a confirmation of their\naffection, they mutually wore each other\u2019s colours and badges.\n\u2018Secondly, he proved the perverseness of his heart by the manner in\nwhich this murder was committed. Under cover of his pretended affection\nfor your aforesaid brother, he conversed frequently with him; and once\nwhen he was ill, a short time before his death, he visited him at his\nhouse of Beaut\u00e9 sur Marne, and in Paris, showing him every sign of love\nand friendship that brother, cousin, or friend could testify,--when,\nat the same time, he had plotted his death, had sent for the murderers\nto Paris, and had even hired the house to hide them in, which clearly\ndemonstrates the wickedness and disloyalty of his heart.\n\u2018In addition to what I have just stated, and the very day before the\nmurder took place, after the council which you had held at the h\u00f4tel\nde St Pol was broken up, they both, in your presence and before the\nother princes of the blood who were there, drank wine and ate together;\nand your brother invited him to dine with him the Sunday following.\nThe duke of Burgundy accepted the invitation, although he knew what\na diabolical attempt he harboured in his heart, and that it would be\nput into effect the very first favourable opportunity. This is an\nabomination disgraceful even to relate.\n\u2018On the morrow, therefore, notwithstanding all his fair promises and\noaths, being obstinately bent upon his wicked purpose, he caused him to\nbe put to death with more cruelty than ever man of any rank suffered,\nby those whom he had hired to waylay and murder him, and who had, for\na long time, been watching their opportunity. They first cut off his\nright hand, which was found the next day in the dirt: they then cut his\nleft arm so that it held only by the skin, and, beside, fractured and\nlaid open his skull in several places that his brains were scattered\nin the street; and they then dragged his body through the mud, until it\nwas quite lifeless.\n\u2018It would be pitiful to hear of such barbarous conduct towards the\nmeanest subject: how much the more horror must the recital cause, when\nit was practised on the first prince of the blood of France! Never was\nany branch of your noble race so cruelly and infamously treated,--and\nyou and all of your blood, and such of your subjects as wish you well,\nought not to suffer such a lamentable deed to be perpetrated without\nany punishment or reparation whatever, as is the case till this present\ntime, which is the most shameful thing that ever happened, or ever\ncould happen, to so noble a house; and additional disgrace will fall\nupon it, if you any longer delay justice.\n\u2018Thirdly, he shows his perverseness and obstinacy by false and damnable\nhypocrisy; for after the horrid deed had been done, he came with the\nother princes dressed in black, to attend the body, pretending the\nutmost grief at the funeral for the loss of his brother in arms,\nthinking by this means to cover the wickedness of his sin. It would be\ntiresome to relate all the damnable and hypocritical arts he employed\nto hide the treacherous and murderous part he had acted, until he\nperceived that his crime must be brought to light by the diligence of\nyour officers of justice.\n\u2018He then, and then only, confessed to the king of Sicily, and to the\nduke of Berry, that he had perpetrated this murder, or at least had\ncaused it to be committed; and that the devil had tempted him to do\nit, for that in truth he could not assign any other cause for having\nso done. But he was not contented with murdering his body: he wanted\nagain, so great is his iniquity, to murder his fame and fair reputation\nby false and wicked accusations, when he was no more able to defend\nhimself against them. The falsehood of these charges, through the grace\nof God, is notorious to you and to the whole world.\n\u2018My late most redoubted lady-mother, whose soul may God receive!\nsuffered the utmost tribulation, not only for the death of her\nmuch-beloved lord and husband, but also for the inhuman and cruel\nmanner of it; and like one in despair, attended by me, John of\nAngoul\u00eame, she waited on you, as her king and sovereign lord, and\nher sole refuge in this her distress, and most humbly supplicated\nthat you would, out of your benign goodness, have compassion on her\nand her children, and would order such prompt and just judgment to\nbe executed on the perpetrators of this murder as the blackness of\nthe case required; and as you are bound in your quality of king to\nadminister strict justice to all your subjects without delay, as well\nto the poor as to the rich, so rather the more promptly ought you to\nexercise it in favour of the poor and deserted than for the rich and\npowerful; for this upright administration of justice is a great virtue,\nand on this account were kings chiefly appointed, and power intrusted\nto their hands. The case that was then and is now again brought before\nyou requires the most speedy justice; for it not only concerns you as\nking, but affects you more sensibly and personally,--for her husband,\nour much regretted lord, who was so treacherously slain, was your only\nbrother, and, consequently, strict justice ought to have been granted\nto her, and done on the murderers.\n\u2018You did indeed appoint a day for doing her this justice; on which\naccount, she constantly employed her agents near your person, to\nremind you thereof: she waited long after the appointed day had elapsed\nfor the judgment which you had promised her,--and, notwithstanding all\nher diligence and exertions, she met with nothing but delays, caused by\nthe means of the aforesaid traitor, his friends and adherents, as shall\nbe more fully explained hereafter.\n\u2018However, most redoubted lord, I know for certain, that your\ninclinations were very willing to do us justice, and that they still\nremain the same. Our most afflicted mother, attended by me Charles of\nOrleans, again returned; and we renewed our request to have judgment\nexecuted on the assassins of our late lord and father. We also caused\nto be most fully detailed before my lord of Acquitaine, your eldest\nson, and by you commissioned as your lieutenant on this occasion, and\nbefore the queen, every circumstance relative to the murder, and the\ninfamous charges urged by way of exculpation by the murderer, and the\ncauses why he had committed this atrocious crime. We, at the same time,\nfully replied to what had been argued in his defence; and after this,\nour lady-mother caused conclusions to be drawn against the aforesaid\ntraitor, according to the usual customs of your reign, and required\nthat your attorney should join with her in the further prosecution of\nthe criminals, so that they might be brought to justice.\n\u2018When this was done, our very redoubted lord the duke of Acquitaine,\nby the advice of the princes of your blood and divers others of your\ncouncil, then present at the Louvre, made answer to our lady-mother,\nthat, as your lieutenant, he and the princes of the blood, and\nthe members of your council, were satisfied, and pleased with the\njustifications offered by our lady-mother in behalf of your brother,\nour much redoubted father, whose soul may God pardon! and that they\nconsidered him as fully innocent of the charges brought against him,\nand added, that substantial justice should be done to her satisfaction.\n\u2018Notwithstanding all these promises, there was much delay in their\nexecution, insomuch that she frequently renewed her solicitations\nto you, the princes of your blood, and to your council, and used\nvarious other means to obtain justice, the recital of which would\ntire you: nevertheless, she could never gain the assistance of your\nattorney-general in prosecuting the aforesaid criminals to judgment,\nwhich circumstance is lamentable to think on.\n\u2018For the aforesaid traitor, well knowing your inclination to execute\njustice, knowing also that his crime could by no means be justified, in\norder to prevent matters being pushed to extremity, (notwithstanding\nyour positive orders to him, to forbid his appearing at Paris, with any\nbody of men at arms) came thither with a powerful force, composed of\nforeigners, and several who had been banished your realm, who did great\nmischief to the countries through which they passed, as is notorious to\nevery one.\n\u2018Your and our lady the queen, with the duke of Acquitaine, your son\nand heir, and the princes of the blood, were forced to quit your\ncapital before he arrived there. He remained, therefore, in your\ntown of Paris lord paramount, and conducted himself in a tyrannical\nmanner, subversive of your dominion, and contrary to the interests\nof the people. To avoid greater inconveniences and oppressions on\nyour subjects from him and his men at arms, it was judged expedient\nthat you, the royal family and council of state should, according to\nhis good pleasure, come to Chartres, and there grant him whatever\nhe should ask. Thus he thought he should be acquitted of all the\ntraitorous acts and murders which he had committed, by trampling your\njustice under his feet. Consequently he refuses to suffer any of your\nofficers to take cognizance of his crimes, and has not condescended to\nhumiliate himself before you, whom he has troubled and offended more\nthan can be told. He is not, therefore, capable of receiving any grace\nby law or reason; nor worthy of being admitted to your presence, and\nhaving any favours shown to him or to his dependants and friends. He\nshould have presented himself before you in all humility and contrition\nfor his offences; whereas he has done precisely the contrary, and has\nso obstinately persisted in his wickedness that he has had the boldness\nto avow to yourself publicly, and before so great an assembly as met at\nChartres, that he put your only brother to death for your welfare and\nthat of the state.\n\u2018He wishes also to maintain, that you told him you were not displeased\nthat it had been done. This has shocked every loyal ear that has heard\nit, and will shock still more the generations to come, who shall read\nand learn that a king of France (the greatest monarch in Christendom)\nshould not have been displeased at the most inhuman and traitorous\nmurder of his only brother.\n\u2018This is so manifestly treason of the deepest die against your\nown honour, and that of your crown and kingdom, that scarcely any\npunishments ordered by law and justice are capable of making reparation\nfor it. It is also greatly prejudicial to the far-famed justice of your\ncourts of law.\n\u2018Notwithstanding the excuses which he made to you, that the murder\nof your brother had been committed for your personal security, and\nthe good of your kingdom, it is notorious, that it had been plotted\na very long time, through his immeasurable ambition of obtaining the\ngovernment of your realm, as I have before stated. He has declared to\nseveral of his dependants and officers, that there never before was\ncommitted in this country so base a murder; and yet, in his defence, he\nsays it was done for the public good, and for your personal safety.\n\u2018It is therefore very clear, according to law and equity, that every\nthing done at Chartres on that day is null and void; and what perhaps\nis as deserving of punishment as the commission of the crime itself\nis, that he never deigned to pay you any honour, respect, or condolence\nfor such a loss as that of your brother, nor ever once solicited\npardon, or any remission for his offence whatever. And he wishes to\nmaintain, that without confessing his guilt, and without demanding\npardon, you have remitted all further proceedings against him, which is\ncontrary to all equity and written laws,--a mere illusion, or rather a\nderision of justice, namely, thus to leave a murderer, without taking\nany cognizance of his crime, without penitence or contrition, and\nto prosecute no inquiry into his conduct, and, what is worse, when\nsuch a criminal obstinately perseveres in his wickedness, even in the\npresence of his sovereign lord. On that same day, however, he fell\ninto a manifest and apparent contradiction; for he says that he has\ndone well, and consequently he assumes to himself merit, and requires\nremuneration,--and, nevertheless, he pretends to say that you have\ngiven him pardon and remission, which circumstance implies not good\ndeeds and merit, but a crime and offence.\n\u2018He has never offered any prayers for the salvation of the soul of the\ndeceased, nor any remuneration to those who have suffered from the\nloss caused by him; and this you ought not, and cannot in any manner\npardon.\n\u2018Thus it clearly appears, that what was done at Chartres was contrary\nto every principle of law, equity, reason and justice; whence it again\nfollows, that from this, and other causes too long to be detailed, all\nthe proceedings at Chartres are null and of no effect. Should any one\nmaintain, that the treaty made at Chartres is good and binding, it may\nvery easily be shown, that this aforesaid traitor has infringed the\narticles of it in various ways, and has been the first to violate it.\n\u2018Although you had ordered, that henceforth he should in no way act to\nour prejudice, and although he had sworn to observe it,--nevertheless\nhe did directly the contrary; for, thinking to damn the good fame of\nour very redoubted lord and father, he caused your grand master of\nthe household, whose soul may God receive! to be arrested, thrown\ninto close imprisonment, and inhumanly tortured, so that his limbs\nwere broken, and made him suffer other martyrdom that he might,\nthrough the severity of torture, force him to confess that our\never-to-be-regretted lord and father, and your only brother, whose\nsoul may God pardon! was guilty of some of the charges which he had\nfalsely brought against him, so that his crimes might be excused, and\nthat he might for ever destroy the honour of our family.\n\u2018He had the grand master carried to the place of execution, who there,\nwhen death was before his eyes, declared, on the damnation of his soul\nif he told a falsehood, that he had never in his life seen any thing\ntreasonable in the conduct of the late duke of Orleans, or any thing\nthat tended to the hurt of any individual,--but that he had always most\nloyally served you: and should he have said any thing to the contrary\nwhen under torture, it must have been his sufferings that forced him to\nutter what he thought would please his tormentors. What he now said was\nthe real truth, and he uttered it on the peril of damnation; and this\nhe persevered in to the moment of his execution, in the hearing of many\nknights and other respectable persons.\n\u2018This plainly demonstrates, that the duke of Burgundy\u2019s conduct was\nprecisely the reverse to what he had sworn to observe when at Chartres.\n\u2018He has received into his h\u00f4tel and supported, and continues daily\nso to do, the murderers who slew your brother, although they were\nespecially excepted out of the treaty concluded at Chartres. He\nlikewise, as is notorious, troubles the officers and servants of our\nlate lord and father, who now appertain to us, and dismisses them from\nall the employments which they held under your government, without any\nother cause whatever but his hatred to us and to our house, and to\nthose servants who are attached to us. He even attempted not only to\nruin them in their fortunes, but to take away their lives by means too\ntedious to relate; but the facts are notorious.\n\u2018The traitor, therefore, sensible of the horror of his criminal\ncruelty, and that he could not by any means palliate it, has usurped\nthe government of your kingdom (for the sole cause of his murdering\nyour brother was his unbounded ambition),--and, by so doing,\neffectually prevents your officers of justice from taking cognizance\nof his crimes, and likewise creates infinite grief to all your loyal\nsubjects and wellwishers.\n\u2018He detains your royal person, as well as that of my lord the duke of\nAcquitaine, in such subjection that no one, however high his rank, can\nhave access to you, whatever may be his business, without first having\nobtained permission from those whom he has placed around you, and has\nthus driven from you and your family several faithful and valiant\nservants long attached to you, and filled their places with his own\ncreatures, and in great part with foreigners and persons unknown to\nyou. In like manner, he has acted toward my lord of Acquitaine.\n\u2018He has also displaced your officers,--in particular, such as held\nthe principal posts in your realm; and as for your finances, he has\nlavished them here and there according to his will and pleasure, but\ngreatly to his own advantage, and not at all for the good of yourself,\nor for the relief of your people, which has caused much discontent\nagainst you. The underlings in office he has sorely vexed, under\nfeigned pretences of justice, and has robbed them of their fortunes,\nwhich he has applied to his own proper use, as is well known throughout\nParis and elsewhere.\n\u2018In short, he has introduced such a licentiousness of manners into the\nkingdom that all sorts of crimes are committed, without inquiry or\npunishment following them; and thus, from default or neglect of justice\nbeing done on this enormous and detestable murderer, many other murders\nhave been committed with impunity in different parts of the realm,\nsince the melancholy death of our much-regretted lord and father,\nmurderers and other criminals saying, \u2018Our crimes will be passed over,\nsince no notice has been taken of him who slew the king\u2019s brother.\u2019\n\u2018On this account, most redoubted lord, my lord of Berry your uncle,\nthe duke of Bourbon, the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on, the counts de Clermont and\nd\u2019Armagnac, and I Charles of Orleans, wishing to testify our loyalty to\nyou, as we are bound by parentage, and being your very humble subjects,\nhad intended coming to you last year to lay before you the damnable\ngovernment of your kingdom, and to remonstrate, that should it continue\nlonger, it must end in the destruction of yourself, your family, and\nyour realm.\n\u2018In order, therefore, that you may hear us as well as such as may\nmaintain the contrary, let there be chosen a sufficient number of\ndiscreet men to examine into the grievances we complain of; and let a\nremedy be applied to them, providing first for the security of your\nroyal person, and for that of my lord of Acquitaine. This was more\nfully explained in the proclamations issued previously to our coming\nto Paris, when, for our personal safety, we were accompanied by our\nfriends and vassals, all of them your subjects; and our only object in\nthus coming was the welfare of yourself and your kingdom.\n\u2018We offered to wait on you with very few attendants, but we could\nnever obtain access to you, nor have a single audience, through the\nobstructions of this traitor, who was alway by your side; and he alone\nprevented the goodness of our intentions being made known to you,\nfrom his persevering ambition and his boundless desire of seizing the\ngovernment of yourself and realm.\n\u2018We, therefore, finding all hopes of seeing you fruitless, in\nconsequence of agreements concluded with your council, returned home;\nbut to avoid, if possible, the destruction of your country, we must\nagain confederate.--We faithfully observed all the articles of the\nagreement; but we were no sooner at a distance than our enemy violated\nthem in the most essential part. It had been settled that your new\nministry should be composed of men of unblemished characters, who were\nnot partisans or servants, or pensioners to either side; but he has\nkept those that were attached to him in power, so that he has now a\nmajority in the council, and consequently rules more despotically and\nmore securely than when he held the reins of government in his own hand.\n\u2018These grievances are increasing, and will increase, unless God shall\ndirect your mind to provide a remedy to them.\n\u2018Pierre des Essars, who had been provost of your good town of Paris,\nand minister of finance, was to be deprived of these offices, and of\nevery employment he held under your name. This was done for a short\ntime,--but he has since obtained for him, by letters sealed with\nyour great seal, a re-appointment to the provostship, under pretence\nof which the said Pierre des Essars has returned to Paris, and has\nattempted by force to execute the duties of that office. He came, in\nfact, to the court of the Ch\u00e2telet, seated himself on the judgment\nseat, and took possession of his office with the knowledge and\nconnivance of the duke of Burgundy,--and it was not his fault, if he\nfailed in success.\n\u2018Hence it appears plainly, that the late arrangements have been by\nhim, and those of his party, violated; and that he never had any real\nintentions of keeping the treaty is clear from his having consented to\nthe dismission of Pierre des Essars, and then secretly procuring his\nrestitution. It was also stipulated in this treaty, that all who had\nbeen deprived of their offices for having been in the company of me,\nCharles d\u2019Orleans, and the other lords, at the h\u00f4tel of Winchester,\nshould be restored to them; and that, by your orders, and those of your\ncouncil, sir John de Charencieres was to be replaced in his government\nof your town and castle of Caen,--nevertheless, the duke of Burgundy,\nin opposition to these your orders, had him displaced, and solicited\nthe appointment for himself, from hatred to sir John de Charencieres,\nand, having obtained it, now holds it, which is another infringement of\nthe treaty.\n\u2018Notwithstanding, most redoubted lord and sovereign, all the diligence\nand exertions made by our much-loved mother, whose soul may God\npardon! to obtain justice on the murderers of our late very dear\nfather, four years have now elapsed without any judgment being passed\non such enormous criminals, although she pursued every means in her\npower.\n\u2018In consequence of this failure or neglect, I, Charles of Orleans, have\nof late most humbly supplicated you to grant me warrants against these\naforesaid murderers, addressed to all your justices, that they might,\non due examination of the charges, imprison and punish, according to\nthe exigency of the case, all or any who may have been implicated in\nthis abominable crime. In this I made not any extraordinary request;\nfor justice is due to all your subjects, and cannot be refused them:\nyou cannot believe that any man, however low his rank, in your kingdom,\nwould have a similar request neglected by your courts of justice, for\nI know it could not be refused. However, in spite of every exertion I\ncould make, I have never yet been able to obtain these warrants, the\nreason of which is, as I suppose, that some of your new ministers are\nimplicated in the crime I am anxious to have punished, and therefore\nwill not suffer such warrants to be issued.\n\u2018For this reason, therefore, most redoubted lord, have I of\nlate earnestly supplicated you, that you would, from personal\nconsiderations, and for the good of your realm, dismiss from your\nservice the persons named in my letter,--for I therein charged them\nwith having obstructed public justice and disturbed the peace of the\ncountry. When this should be done, I declared to your ambassadors,\nthat I was willing, from my love to your person and attachment to your\nkingdom, to make publicly known my future intentions, and that my\nconduct should be such as would have the approbation of God and of your\nmajesty; but notwithstanding this, I have not yet had any satisfactory\nanswer to all my repeated solicitations for justice on the murderers of\nmy late regretted lord and father.\n\u2018We, therefore, most redoubted lord, again make our petitions that the\naforesaid criminals may be brought to that justice which is due to them\nfor the enormity of their offences; the principal having made a public\nconfession of his guilt in the presence of my lord of Acquitaine, who\npresided, in your absence, at the meeting held at his request in the\nh\u00f4tel de St Pol, and before a numerous body of the nobility, clergy\nand others; and the traitor cannot deny that this his confession was\nmade before a competent judge, and in the presence of such witnesses as\nthe king of Sicily and my lord of Berry your uncle.\n\u2018He had before privately confessed to these two persons, that he had\ncommitted the murder without any cause whatever, but through the\ninstigation of the enemy of mankind. This confession, according to\nevery law, ought to be to his prejudice, nor should he be suffered to\noffer any excuse in extenuation of a crime thus publicly and privately\navowed; for he has condemned himself, and ought to have judgment passed\non him accordingly.\n\u2018It is very apparent, that such confession requires not any further\nproceedings but the passing of that sentence which the enormity of the\ncrime deserves. Notwithstanding this, our much-regretted lady-mother\nand ourselves have never been able, with all our exertions, to overcome\nthe premeditated delays to obstruct justice; for three years and a half\nare elapsed since we first brought the matter before you, and we are\nnot one step more advanced to the attainment of judgment than we were\nthen. It is painful to consider what may be the consequence of this\nwilful delay of justice to the welfare of your kingdom, and that the\nmost dangerous consequences may ensue, unless a speedy and decisive\nremedy be applied.\n\u2018May it therefore please your grace to do your loyal duty, in executing\nthis act of justice, in obedience to God your Creator, to whom judgment\nappertains, and from whom you hold your authority. Have regard also to\nthe good government of your realm, and exert yourself to put an end\nto every obstacle in the way of a just punishment on the traitor. We\nmost earnestly supplicate you to comply with this our request as soon\nas possible, for we are bounden to press you to it, to the utmost of\nour powers, under pain of not being reputed the children of our late\nlamented father, and of being disgraced, and unworthy of bearing his\nname and arms, and of succeeding to his honours and estates: such\ndishonour we will never endure, but would rather suffer death, as ought\nto be the determination of every man of noble heart, of whatever rank\nor estate he may be.\n\u2018We therefore entreat you, with all possible humility, that for this\npurpose, and also in order to resist and oppose his wicked intention\nto destroy us by any means whatsoever, it may please you, from your\nbenignant grace, to aid, assist and abet by your power, us to whom\nGod hath vouchsafed so great favour as to cause us to be born your\nrelations, even of your own kin, and your true nephews, children of\nyour only brother,--or, to speak more properly, assist your only\nbrother, who has fallen a martyr to the ambitious views of this\ntraitor. Most redoubted lord, there is no man so poor, who, having had\nhis brother murdered, will not prosecute the murderer to death, and\nthe more earnestly as the criminal displays greater obstinacy. This is\nexemplified in the conduct of our traitor; for it is notorious, that he\nhas dared to write, and to declare to many respectable persons, that he\nslew your brother, whom God pardon! our much-redoubted lord and father,\nfairly and meritoriously. In answer to which, I Charles of Orleans say,\nthat he lies, and I at present decline to make a more ample reply,--for\nit is very manifest, as I have before explained, that he is a liar, and\na false disloyal traitor, and that, through the grace of God, I am, and\never will be without reproach, and a teller of truth.\n\u2018Since, therefore, such things cannot fail of being very prejudicial to\nyour realm and to the public welfare, we beseech you most humbly to do\nus that justice which you are bounden to do, and to assist us by every\nmeans in your power, that we may have full and ample reparation for the\nwrongs done us and our family, and that this murder may be punished in\nthe manner it deserves. In acting thus, you will acquit yourself toward\nGod our Creator, and execute justice, of which you are the supreme\nhead, to whom we must have recourse after God.\n\u2018That you, our most redoubted lord, may be assured that the contents of\nthis letter are from our free will and knowledge, we, Charles, Philip\nand John, your most humble children and nephews, have each of us signed\nit with our own hands. Written at Gergeau, the 10th day of July, in the\nThis letter was sent, by a herald of the duke of Orleans, to the king\nat Paris, and was laid before the whole of the council, where different\nopinions were held as to the contents. Some wished that the brothers\nshould have their requests complied with, and that the duke of Burgundy\nshould be summoned, that they might hear what he had to say in his\ndefence to the charges which they should make against him. But at\nlength the business was postponed, and the duke of Orleans could not\nobtain any favourable answer; for the greater part of those who ruled\nthe king and the duke of Acquitaine were favourers of the duke of\nBurgundy, to whom they shortly after sent a copy of the above letter.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on reading it, was convinced that the family of\nOrleans and their friends would very soon declare war against him;\nand in consequence, he immediately began to make every preparation to\noppose them, by forming magazines of stores, and engaging a numerous\nbody of men at arms, in various parts of his possessions.\nThe duke of Orleans and his brothers had not only written to the king\nof France, and to the princes of the blood, but also to the principal\ntowns, making complaint against the duke of Burgundy, and requiring\ntheir support. When they perceived that the king and his ministers did\nnot intend to answer their letter, they again wrote to the great towns,\ngiving them to understand, that if redress were not granted them in the\nlegal manner, as they had demanded it, they should seek other means of\nobtaining it.\nIt was now ordered by the king, the queen, and the duke of Berry,\nand others of weight in the council, that measures should be adopted\nfor appeasing the quarrels of the dukes of Orleans and of Burgundy.\nAmbassadors were sent to each of the parties, but without success,\nprincipally because the duke of Burgundy would not condescend to make\nany other reparation than what had passed at the treaty of Chartres;\nand his pride was increased by having the king and the duke of\nAcquitaine on his side.\nThe Orleans-party were much discontented, but not dismayed; for many\nvery considerable lords were with them, and had promised them aid and\nsupport against the duke of Burgundy to the utmost of their powers. The\nqueen, therefore, and the others employed to negotiate a peace between\nthe two factions, finding their attempts fruitless, gave it up, and on\na certain day made a report to the king of what they had done, and the\nanswers they had received from both parties. Shortly after, the duke\nof Orleans and his faction resolved to make mortal war on the duke of\nBurgundy and his allies, and sent him their challenges by a herald.\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS AND HIS BROTHERS SEND A CHALLENGE TO THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY, IN HIS TOWN OF DOUAY.\nThe following is the tenour of the challenge sent by the three brothers\nof Orleans to the duke of Burgundy, in consequence of the murder of\ntheir late father, the duke of Orleans.\n\u2018Charles, duke of Orleans and of Valois, count of Blois and of\nBeaumont, and lord of Coucy, Philip count of Vertus, John count of\nAngoul\u00eame, brothers,--to thee, John, who callest thyself duke of\nBurgundy.\n\u2018For the very horrible murder by thee committed (in treacherously\nwaylaying by assassins) on the person of our most redoubted lord and\nfather, Louis duke of Orleans, only brother to my lord the king, our\nsovereign and thine, in spite of all the divers oaths of brotherhood\nand fellowship thou hadst sworn to him; and for the numberless\ntreacheries and disloyal acts that thou hast perpetrated, as well\nagainst our sovereign lord the king as against ourselves, we thus\nacquaint thee, that we shall make war upon and distress thee and thine\nby every possible means in our power.\n\u2018And we appeal to God and justice against thy disloyalty and treason,\nand call for the assistance of every worthy man in this world. In\ntestimony whereof, and to assure thee of its truth, we have subjoined\nthe seal of me Charles of Orleans to these presents. Given at Gergeau,\nthe 18th day of July.\u2019\nThe above letter was delivered to the duke of Burgundy by a herald\nin his town of Douay, who, having considered its contents, wrote the\nfollowing answer, which he sent by one of his heralds at arms to the\naforesaid brothers.\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS AN ANSWER TO THE CHALLENGE OF THE\n DUKE OF ORLEANS AND HIS BROTHERS.\n\u2018John duke of Burgundy, count of Artois, of Flanders, palatine of\nBurgundy, lord of Salines and of Malines,--to thee Charles, who stylest\nthyself duke of Orleans and Valois,--and to thee Philip, who signest\nthyself count of Vertus,--and to thee John, who callest thyself count\nof Angoul\u00eame, who have lately sent me your letters of defiance.\n\u2018We make known to you, and to all the world, that to put an end to the\nabominable treasons and mischiefs that were daily plotted in various\nways, against the person of our sovereign lord and king, and against\nall his royal offspring, by Louis your father, and to prevent your\nfalse and disloyal father from succeeding in his abominable designs\nagainst the person of our and his most redoubted lord and sovereign,\nwhich were become so notorious that no honest man ought to have\nsuffered him to live, more especially we who are cousin-german to\nour lord the king, dean of the peerage, and twice a peer[69], felt it\nincumbent on us not to permit such a person longer to exist on the\nearth, and, by putting an end to his life, have done pleasure to God,\nand a most loyal service to our sovereign lord, in destroying a vile\nand disloyal traitor.\n\u2018And since thou and thy brothers are following the detestable traces\nand felony of your said father, thinking to succeed in the aforesaid\ndamnable attempts, we have received your challenge with great gladness\nof heart. But in regard to the charges therein made against us, we\ndeclare ye have falsely and wickedly lied, like disloyal traitors as\nye are; and with the assistance of our sovereign, who is perfectly\nwell acquainted and satisfied with our loyalty and honour, and for the\nwelfare of his people, we will inflict that punishment on you as such\nabandoned traitors and wicked rebels are deserving of. In witness of\nwhich, we have had this letter sealed with our seal. Given at our town\nof Douay, the 14th day of August, in the year 1411.\u2019\nThis answer, as I have before said, was carried by one of the duke of\nBurgundy\u2019s officers at arms to Blois, and there delivered to the duke\nof Orleans and his brothers, who were very indignant at the expressions\ncontained therein. He nevertheless entertained the bearer well, and,\nhaving maturely considered the matter, exerted himself to the utmost in\ncollecting men at arms to wage war on the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. XXX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY IS DISCONTENTED WITH SIR MANSART DU\n BOS.--HE SENDS LETTERS TO REQUIRE THE ASSISTANCE OF THE DUKE OF\n BOURBON.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy was convinced that he could not avoid war\nwith the family of Orleans and their adherents, for several of them had\nchallenged him by letters and otherwise, he vigorously applied himself\nto collect forces to resist them. Among those who had sent him letters\nof defiance, he was more displeased with sir Mansart du Bos, a knight\nof Picardy, than with any of the rest; but of him, and his end, more\nshall be said hereafter.\nHe wrote a letter to the duke of Bourbon, which he sent by Flanders\nking at arms, the contents of which were as follow:\n\u2018Very dear and well-beloved cousin, duke of Bourbon and count of\nClermont,--John duke of Burgundy, count of Artois, Flanders and\nBurgundy, hopes he remains well in your good memory. In the year 1405,\nyou and he formed certain alliances, which, three years ago, were,\nat your request, renewed and again sworn to, in the presence of many\nknights and of other persons well deserving credit. In consequence, you\nwere to remain my good and true friend during your life, to promote to\nthe utmost my welfare and honour, and to ward off any evil from me, as\na sincere relation is bound to do; and likewise, whenever any thing\nshould affect my own honour, or that of my friends, you were bound\nto assist them or me, to the utmost of your abilities, in council or\nin arms, and to aid me with money and vassals against all the world,\nexcepting only the persons of my lord the king and of my lord of\nAcquitaine, or whoever may succeed to the throne of France, and of my\nlate fair cousin, the duke of Bourbon, your father.\n\u2018Should it have happened that a war took place between me and any\nenemy, whose side the late duke of Bourbon embraced, in that case you\nmight have joined your late father, but only during the course of\nhis life, without any way derogating from the articles of our said\nalliance. Now, as we both have most solemnly sworn to the observance\nof this alliance on the holy evangelists of God, and on sacred relics\ntouched by us, to the damnation of our souls in case of failure, I\ninform you, very dear and well-beloved cousin, that Charles, who calls\nhimself duke of Orleans, in conjunction with Philip and John, his\nbrothers, have sent me a challenge, and intend to wage war on me to the\nutmost of their power; but I hope, through the will of God, and the\nassistance of my friends and allies, in council and in arms, and with\nthe aid of my subjects and vassals, to make a successful defence of my\nhonour against their attempts.\n\u2018And since, very dear and well-beloved cousin, you have so solemnly\nbound yourself to assist me on every lawful occasion, I now,\ntherefore, in virtue of this alliance, require and summon you to come\npersonally to my aid, attended by as many of your friends and men\nat arms as you can collect, in opposition to the aforesaid Charles,\nPhilip and John, and thus honourably acquit yourself of your oaths and\npromises,--knowing, at the same time, that on a similar occasion I\nwould accomplish every article of my oaths, without any fraud whatever.\nAnd this I hope you will do.--Have the goodness to write to me by the\nreturn of the bearer, to inform me of your pleasure and intentions, as\nthe necessity of the case requires it.\n\u2018Given at my town of Douay, and sealed with my great seal appendant to\nthese presents, the 14th day of August, in the year 1411.\u2019\nThis letter was delivered by the aforesaid herald to the duke of\nBourbon, who, having fully read and considered its contents, replied\nto the herald, that he would speedily send his answer to the duke of\nBurgundy. This he did; for in a few days he returned the articles of\nconfederation, which he had formed with the duke of Burgundy, declaring\nthem annulled, and strictly united himself to the duke of Orleans and\nhis brothers, to the great displeasure of the duke of Burgundy, but\nwho at that time could not redress it.\nCHAP. XXXI.\n A ROYAL PROCLAMATION IS ISSUED, THAT NO PERSON WHATEVER BEAR\n ARMS FOR EITHER OF THE PARTIES OF THE DUKES OF ORLEANS OR OF\n BURGUNDY.--THE LATTER WRITES TO THE BAILIFF OF AMIENS.\nThe duke of Burgundy, fearful that many of his friends would desert\nhim, in obedience of the royal proclamation which had been made in\nevery town and bailiwick through France, strictly commanding all\npersons whatever not to interfere, or in any manner to assist the\ndukes of Orleans and Burgundy in their quarrels with each other, wrote\nletters to the bailiff of Amiens, to his lieutenant, and the mayor and\nsheriffs of that place, and to each of them, the contents of which were\nas follows:\n\u2018Very dear and well-beloved,--we have heard from several of the\ndeclaration of my lord the king, by which you are forbidden, as well\nas all his other subjects, to arm in our defence, or in that of our\nadversaries. This proclamation has been issued by our lord the king,\nbecause he was very desirous of establishing peace and concord between\nus and our enemies; and for this purpose he had many times sent his\nambassadors as well to them as to us, to which we have alway replied\nlike a true and loyal subject and servant; and, through God\u2019s mercy,\nall our answers have tended to a good end, and to peace and union,\nwhich has made them perfectly agreeable to our lord the king. But our\nadversaries having persisted in the same damnable and wicked purposes,\nwhich they have ever followed against the peace of my lord the king,\nhis noble family, and the public welfare, by continuing to tread in\nthe footsteps of their father, who, for a long time, persevered in\nhis intentions of destroying my lord the king and his family, have\nacted quite contrariwise, and sent answers full of dissimulation and\ntreachery, with the sole design of gaining time.\n\u2018Whilst our much-redoubted lady the queen of France, our very dear\nlord and uncle the duke of Berry, and our very dear brother the duke\nof Brittany, were endeavouring, according to the king\u2019s orders, to\nnegotiate a peace between us and our adversaries, these false and\ndisloyal traitors, and disobedient subjects, Charles, who calls himself\nduke of Orleans, and his brothers, sent to us their challenges, and,\nbefore that time, have often scandalously, and in violation of their\noaths, defamed our person and character as they had before done. This,\nhowever, under God\u2019s pleasure, will fail in having any effect, for he\nwho knows all hearts is acquainted with the steady love and attachment\nwe bear, and shall bear so long as we live, to our lord the king and\nto his family, and to the welfare of his kingdom; and we shall ever\nsupport the same with all the worldly possessions and powers that God\nhas bestowed upon us.\n\u2018With these views we have done and commanded such acts as have been\ndone, without paying regard to the scandalous defamations that have\nbeen thrown out against us, or any way fearing a diminution of honour\nby such false, wicked, and disobedient traitors to our lord the king,\nas the aforesaid Charles and his brothers, the issue of that infamous\ntraitor, their father, so notorious throughout the realm.\n\u2018In truth, we hold it not to have been the intention of our lord the\nking to prevent any of our relatives, friends, allies, subjects, and\nwell-inclined vassals, from joining us, in the defence of our honour,\nagainst our enemies, and to defend our countries from invasion.\n\u2018We therefore entreat of you, and require most affectionately, that\nyou will please to allow such as may be inclined to serve us, who live\nwithin your bailiwick, and all others of our friends who may travel\nthrough it, to pass freely without any molestation whatever; for you\nmay be assured, that what we shall do will be for the welfare and\nsecurity of my lord the king, his family, and the whole kingdom, to the\nconfusion of all disloyal traitors.\n\u2018Should there be any thing that we could do to give you pleasure,\nyou have but to signify it to us, and we will do it with our whole\nheart.--Very dear and good friends, may the Holy Spirit have you under\nhis care! Written in our town of Douay, the 13th day of August.\u2019\nThese letters were very agreeable to Ferry de Hangest, then bailiff of\nAmiens, and to the others to whom they had been addressed, for they\nwere well inclined to favour the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. XXXII.\n THE PARISIANS TAKE UP ARMS AGAINST THE ARMAGNACS.--A CIVIL WAR\n BREAKS OUT IN SEVERAL PARTS OF FRANCE.\nAt this time the king of France, who had for a considerable time\nenjoyed good health, relapsed into his former disorder; on which\naccount, and by reason of the discontents that prevailed throughout\nthe kingdom, (the seat of government had been transferred to Melon,)\nthe butchers of Paris, who have greater power and privileges than any\nother trade, suspecting that the government of the realm, through\nthe intrigues of the queen and the provost of merchants, named\nCharles Cudane, would be given to the dukes of Berry and Brittany, in\npreference to the duke of Acquitaine, the king\u2019s eldest son, waited\nupon the latter, and exhorted him, notwithstanding his youth, to assume\nthe government for the good of the king and kingdom, promising him\ntheir most loyal aid until death. The duke of Acquitaine inclined to\ntheir request, and granted them their wishes.\nThis done, they ordered it to be proclaimed by sound of trumpet in all\nthe squares of Paris, that the provost of merchants, and others in\nParis, who were numerous, and whom they suspected of being favourable\nto the dukes of Berry, Bourbon, and Brittany, and to their parties,\nmust quit the town before a fixed day, under pain of suffering death.\nIn consequence of this proclamation, twelve persons, men and women,\nwithout including the domestics of the above lords, left Paris; and\nshortly after, the duke of Brittany, hearing of these commotions, took\nleave of the queen at Melun and retired into his duchy.\nThe butchers, and those who lived near the market-places, with the\ngreater part of the Parisians, were strong partisans of the duke of\nBurgundy, and very desirous that only he, or those that were of his\nparty, should govern the kingdom; and, to say the truth, it was now\nbecome dangerous for the nobility, of whatever party they might be, to\ndwell in Paris, for the common people had great sway in its government.\nIn the mean time, the duke of Orleans and his allies were strengthening\nthemselves, by every means in their power, with men at arms. The duke\nof Bourbon and the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on came in these days with a numerous\nbody before the town of Roye in the Vermandois, which belongs to the\nking of France, and entered it about mid-day, more through fraud than\nby force of arms, for the townsmen did not suspect any warfare. When\nthey had dined, they sent for the principal inhabitants, and ordered\nthem, whether it were pleasing to them or otherwise, to receive a\ngarrison from them. They then rode to Nesle, in the Vermandois,\nbelonging to the count de Dammartin, wherein they also placed a\ngarrison.\nThence they dispatched sir Clugnet de Brabant, who had joined them, sir\nManessier Guieret, and other captains well attended, to the town of\nHam in the Vermandois, belonging to the duke of Orleans: they returned\nby Chauni sur Oise, where they also left a garrison, and in many other\nplaces, as well belonging to themselves as to others attached to their\nparty.\nThe duke of Bourbon, on his arrival from this expedition at his town\nof Clermont, strengthened it, and all his other towns in that country,\nwith fortifications. When the garrisons had been properly posted,\nthe war suddenly broke out between the two parties of Armagnacs and\nBurgundians.\nThe duke of Burgundy had not been idle in fortifying his towns with\ngarrisons, and in collecting men at arms to resist his adversaries: he\nhimself was in Flanders making preparations to march an army to offer\nthem battle. The army of the Armagnacs had already made incursions into\nArtois, and had done much mischief to friend and foe, by carrying off\nprisoners and great plunder to the garrisons whence they had come. The\nBurgundians were not slow in making reprisals, and frequently invaded\nthe county of Clermont and other parts.\nWhen by chance the two parties met, the one shouted \u2018Orleans!\u2019 and\nthe other \u2018Burgundy!\u2019 and thus from this accursed war, carried on in\ndifferent parts, the country suffered great tribulation.\nThe duke of Burgundy, however, had the king on his side, and those also\nwho governed him: he resided in his h\u00f4tel of St Pol in Paris, and the\ngreater part of its inhabitants were likewise attached to the duke of\nBurgundy.\nAt that time, the governors of Paris were Waleran count de St Pol and\nJohn of Luxembourg[70], his nephew, who was very young, Enguerrand\nde Bournouville, and other captains. They frequently made sallies,\nwell accompanied by men at arms, on the Armagnacs, who at times even\nadvanced to the gates of Paris. They were particularly careful in\nguarding the person of the king, to prevent him from being seduced by\nthe Orleans-party, and carried out of the town.\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n SIR CLUGNET DE BRABANT IS NEAR TAKING RETHEL.--HE OVERRUNS THE\n COUNTRY OF BURGUNDY.--OTHER TRIBULATIONS ARE NOTICED.\nSir Clugnet de Brabant, who always styled himself admiral of France,\none day assembled two thousand combatants, or thereabout, whom he\nmarched as speedily as he could from their different garrisons, to the\ncountry of the Rethelois, having with them scaling ladders and other\nwarlike machines. They arrived at the ditches of the town of Rethel\nabout sun-rise, and instantly made a very sharp assault, thinking to\nsurprise the garrison and plunder the town. The inhabitants, however,\nhad received timely notice of their intentions, and had prepared\nthemselves for resistance as speedily as they could.--Nevertheless,\nthe assault lasted a considerable time with much vigour on both sides,\ninsomuch that many were killed and wounded of each party.\nAmong the latter was sir Clugnet de Brabant, who, judging from the\ndefence which was made, that he could not gain the place, ordered\nthe retreat to be sounded; and his men marched into the plain,\ncarrying with them the dead and wounded. He then divided them into two\ncompanies; the one of which marched through the country of the Laonnois\nto Coucy and Chauni, plundering what they could lay hands on, and\nmaking all prisoners whom they met on their retreat.\nThe other company marched through part of the empire, by the county of\nGuise, passing through the Cambresis, and driving before them, like\nthe others, all they could find, especially great numbers of cattle,\nand thus returned to the town of Ham sur Somme and to their different\ngarrisons.\nWhen they had reposed themselves for eight days, they again took the\nfield with six thousand combatants, and marched for the county of\nArtois. They came before the town of Bapaume, belonging to the duke of\nBurgundy, and, on their arrival, won the barriers, and advanced to the\ngates, where there was a severe skirmish. But the lord de Heilly, sir\nHugh de Busse, the lord d\u2019Ancuelles and other valiant men at arms, who\nhad been stationed there by the duke of Burgundy, made a sally, and\ndrove them beyond the barriers,--when many gallant deeds were done,\nand several killed and wounded on both sides; but the Burgundians were\nforced to retire within the town, for their enemies were too numerous\nfor them to attempt any effectual resistance. The Orleans-party now\nretreated, and collected much plunder in the adjacent country, which\nthey carried with them to their town of Ham.\nDuring this time, sir James de Chastillon[71], and the other\nambassadors from the king of France, negotiated a truce at Leulinghen,\nin the Boulonois, with the english ambassadors, to last for one year on\nsea and land.\nWhile these things were passing, the duke of Berry came with the queen\nof France from Melun to Corbeil, and thence sent Louis of Bavaria to\nthe duke of Acquitaine in Paris, and to those who governed the king,\nand also to the butchers, to request that they would be pleased to\nallow him to attend the queen to Paris, and to reside in his h\u00f4tel of\nNeele, near to the king his nephew, since he was determined no way to\ninterfere in the war between the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy.\nBut his request was refused, chiefly owing to the butchers of Paris,\nand others of the commonalty, who had great weight; and that he might\ngive over all thoughts of coming, they broke every door and window of\nhis h\u00f4tel de Neele, and committed other great damages. They sent back\nthe queen\u2019s brother with a message to her, to come and reside with her\nlord at Paris, without delay, but not to bring the duke of Berry with\nher.\nThe Parisians, fearful that the king and the duke of Acquitaine might\nbe carried off from the h\u00f4tel of St Pol, made them reside at the\nLouvre, where they kept constant guard day and night, to prevent any\nattempts of the Orleans-party to carry them away.\nThe queen, on receiving the message by her brother from the Parisians,\nand suspecting the consequences of their commotions, set out from\nCorbeil, and returned to Melun with him and the duke of Berry. A few\ndays after, the Parisians took up arms, marched in a large body to\nCorbeil, took the town, and placed a garrison therein. They then broke\ndown all the bridges over the Seine, between Charenton and Melun, that\nthe Armagnacs might not pass the river and enter the island of France.\nWhile the queen and the duke of Berry were at Melun, with the count\nWaleran de St Pol, whom the marshal Boucicaut had sent thither, the\nmaster of the cross-bows and the grand master of the household came to\nthem with few attendants. The duke of Bourbon and the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on,\non their road from the Vermandois and Beauvoisis, to join the duke of\nOrleans, who was assembling his troops in the G\u00e2tinois, called on the\nqueen and the duke of Berry, to require their aid and support against\nthe duke of Burgundy, which was not granted,--because the king in\nfull council, presided by the duke of Acquitaine, had just published\nan edict in very strong terms, and had caused it to be sent to all the\nbailiwicks and seneschalships of the kingdom, ordering all nobles, and\nothers that were accustomed to bear arms, to make themselves ready to\nserve the king, in company with John duke of Burgundy, and to aid him\nin driving out of his realm all traitorous and disobedient subjects,\ncommanding them to obey the duke of Burgundy the same as himself,\nand ordering all towns and passes to be opened to him, and to supply\nhim with every necessary provision and store, the same as if he were\nthere in person. On this proclamation being issued, very many made\npreparations to serve under the duke of Burgundy with all diligence.\nIn addition, the duke of Acquitaine wrote the duke letters in his own\nhand, by which he ordered all the men at arms dependant on the crown to\nserve personally against his cousin-german, the duke of Orleans, and\nhis allies, who, as he said, were wasting the kingdom in many different\nparts, desiring him to advance as speedily as he could toward Senlis\nand the island of France.\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY TO LAY SIEGE TO THE\n TOWN OF HAM, AND LEADS THITHER HIS FLEMINGS.\nThe duke of Burgundy, being now assured that the duke of Orleans and\nhis allies were raising a large force to invade his countries, and that\nthey had already placed garrisons in towns and fortresses belonging\nto him or his allies, whence they had made frequent inroads to the\ndespoiling of his country, was highly discontented. To oppose them, he\nhad sent his summons to all his territories in Burgundy, Artois and\nFlanders, and elsewhere, for all nobles, and others accustomed to bear\narms in his behalf, to prepare themselves to join him with all speed,\nwell accoutred and armed, in obedience to the king\u2019s commands, and to\noppose his and the king\u2019s enemies.\nHe also solicited the assistance of his good towns in Flanders, and\nrequested that they would powerfully exert themselves in his favour,\nto which they readily and liberally assented. They raised a body of\nforty or fifty thousand combatants, well armed and provided with\nstaves according to the custom of the country. They had twelve thousand\ncarriages, as well carts as cars, to convey their armour, baggage and\nartillery, and a number of very large cross-bows, called ribaudequins,\nplaced on two wheels, each having a horse to draw it. They had also\nmachines for the attack of towns, behind which were long iron spits, to\nbe used toward the close of a battle,--and on each of them was mounted\none or two pieces of artillery.\nThe duke of Burgundy had also summoned to his assistance the duke of\nBrabant, his brother, who attended him with a handsome company; as\ndid likewise a valiant english knight, named sir William Baldock,\nlieutenant of Calais, with about three hundred english combatants.\nTheir places of rendezvous were at the towns of Douay and Arras, and\nthe adjacent country. The duke of Burgundy, on quitting Douay with his\nbrother of Brabant and great multitudes of men of rank, advanced to\nSluys, belonging to the count de la Marche, where he lodged. On the\nmorrow, the first day of September, he marched away early, and fixed\nhis quarters on the plain near to Marcouin, where he had his tents\nand pavilions pitched, and waited there two days for the arrival of\nhis whole army, and particularly for his Flemings, who came in grand\nparade, and drew up to their quarters in handsome array.--So numerous\nwere their tents that their encampments looked like large towns; and\nin truth, when all were assembled, they amounted to sixty thousand\nfighting men, without including the varlets, and such like, who were\nnumberless,--and the whole country resounded with the noises they made.\nWith regard to the Flemings, they thought that no towns or fortresses\ncould withstand them; and the duke of Burgundy was obliged, on their\nsetting off, to abandon to them whatever they might conquer; and when\nthey went from one quarter to another, they were commonly all fully\narmed, and in companies, according to the different towns and the\ncustom of Flanders,--and even when they marched on foot, the greater\npart wore leg-armour.\nAs to their mode of marching through a country, whatever they could\nlay hands on was seized, and, if portable, thrown into their carts;\nand they were so proud, on account of their great numbers, that they\npaid not any attention to noble men, however high their rank; and when\nthe army was to be quartered, or when they were on a foraging party,\nthey rudely drove away other men at arms, especially if they were not\ntheir countrymen, taking from them whatever provision they might have\ncollected, or any thing else that pleased them. This conduct created\ngreat disturbances and quarrels, more especially among the Picards, who\nwould not patiently endure their rudeness, insomuch that the duke of\nBurgundy and his captains had great difficulty in keeping any kind of\npeace between them.\nThe duke, after waiting some days for the whole of his army, saw it\narrive; and then he marched off triumphantly, and in handsome array,\nand fixed his quarters on the river Scheldt, near to the town of\nMarcouin.\nOn the morrow, he advanced to Mouchi la Garhe, between Peronne and Ham,\nand halted there. At this place, a Fleming was hanged for stealing a\nchalice and other valuables from a church. He thence marched toward the\ntown of Ham sur Somme, where his enemies were.\nOn his approach to the town of Athies, belonging to the count de\nDammartin, one of his adversaries, the inhabitants were so terrified\nthat they came out in a body to present him with the keys of the gates,\non the condition of being secured from pillage. The duke liberally\ngranted their request, seeing they had thus humbled themselves before\nhim of their own free will, and gave them a sufficient force to guard\ntheir town from being any way molested.----The duke then advanced with\nhis army near to Ham, but sent forward some of his best light troops\nto observe the countenance of the enemy. The Orleans-party sallied\nout against them, and a sharp skirmish took place; but they were\ncompelled, by the superior number of the Burgundians, to retire within\nthe town. The next day he marched his whole army before the place in\nbattle-array, and had his tents pitched on an eminence in front of one\nof the gates, and about the distance of a cannon shot. The Flemings\nwere likewise encamped according to the orders of their marshals\nand leaders, during which the garrison made some sallies, but were\nrepulsed, in spite of their valour, by superior numbers, and many were\nkilled and wounded on each side.\nWhen the duke had surrounded this town on one side only, he ordered\nbattering machines to be placed against the gate and wall, to demolish\nthem; and the Flemings pointed their ribaudequins, and shot from them\nso continually, day and night, that the enemy were greatly annoyed.\nBreaches were made in the wall and gate within a few days; but though\nthe garrison was much harrassed, they repaired both in the best manner\nthey could, with wood and dung.\nAt length, the besiegers fixed on a day for a general attack on the\ngate, intending to force an entry: the engagement continued very sharp\nfor three hours, but the garrison defended themselves so valiantly,\nwounding and slaying so many of the assailants, that they were forced\nto retreat. This happened on a Thursday; and on the Friday, the duke\nof Burgundy, I know not for what reason, had it proclaimed that no\none should, on any account, make an assault on the town, but that all\nshould labour in forming bridges over the Somme, that a passage might\nbe obtained for the army, and that the place might be besieged on all\nsides,--but events turned out very far from his expectations.\nOn the Friday morning, the besieged were expecting that the attack\nwould be renewed; but hearing of the duke\u2019s intentions to cross the\nriver with his army and surround the town, they packed up all their\nvaluables and fled, leaving within the walls only poor people and\npeasants, who had retired thither for safety. Those persons not having\nability or inclination to defend themselves, the duke\u2019s army, headed\nby the Picards, entered the place without any danger. The Flemings,\nobserving this, rushed so impetuously to gain admittance that many\nwere squeezed to death. When they had entered, they instantly began to\nplunder all they could lay hands on, according to the liberty which\ntheir lord the duke had granted them; for, as I have said, he had been\nnecessitated so to do before they would march from home. Part placed\nthemselves on one side of the street, leading to the gate which they\nhad entered, and part on the other; and when the Picards, or others\nnot of their country, were returning, they stopped and robbed them of\nall they had: they spared no man, noble or otherwise; and in this riot\nseveral were killed and wounded.\nThey entered a monastery of the town, and took away all they could\nfind, and carried to their tents many of both sexes, and children;\nand, on the morrow, having seized all they had, they set fire to\nseveral parts of the town,--and, to conclude all, the churches and\nhouses, with many of the inhabitants, were burnt, as well as a great\nquantity of cattle that had been driven thither as to a place of\nsecurity.\nNotwithstanding this cruel conduct of the Flemings, six or seven of the\nmonks escaped from the monastery, by the assistance of some noblemen,\nparticularly the prior, who most reverently held in his hands a cross,\nand were conducted to the tents of the duke of Burgundy, where they\nwere in safety.\nSuch was the conduct of the Flemings at the commencement of this war.\nThere were many towns beyond the Somme that belonged to the duke of\nOrleans and his allies, who, hearing of what had passed at Ham, were,\nas it may be readily believed, in the utmost fear and alarm; and there\nwere few people desirous of waiting their coming, lest they should be\nbesieged in some fortress, and suffer a similar fate,--for sir Clugnet\nde Brabant and sir Manessier Guieret, as I have said, had already\nabandoned Ham, which was well supplied with stores and provision, and\nhad retreated to Chauni and to Coucy.\nThe inhabitants of the town of Neelle, belonging to the count de\nDammartin, seeing the smoke of Ham, were greatly perplexed, for their\ngarrison had fled; but they, following the example of the town of\nAthies, waited on the duke of Burgundy, and, with many lamentations,\npresented him with the keys of their town, offering to submit\nthemselves to his mercy. The duke received them into favour, in the\nname of the king and his own, on their swearing not to admit any\ngarrison, and to be in future true and loyal subjects to the king,\ntheir sovereign lord.\nThis oath they willingly took; and, having thanked the duke for his\nmercy, they returned to their town, and by his orders demolished some\nof their gates and many parts of their walls. They also made their\nmagistrates and principal inhabitants swear to the observance of the\ntreaty which they had made, and for this time they remained in peace.\nIn like manner, those of the town of Roye, that were but lately become\nsubjects to the king, sent deputies to the duke, at his camp before\nHam, to say, that the Orleans party had treacherously entered their\ntown, and had done them much mischief, but that they had departed on\nhearing of his march, and requesting he would not be displeased with\nthem, as they were ready to receive him, and act according to his\npleasure. The duke told them, he should be satisfied if they would\npromise, on their oaths, never to admit again within their walls any of\nhis adversaries of the Orleans-party. Having obtained this answer, they\nreturned joyous to their town.\nThe duke now passed the Somme with his army at Ham, leaving that town\ncompletely ruined, and marched toward Chauni on the Oise, belonging to\nthe duke of Orleans; but the garrison, hearing of it, quitted the place\nin haste. The townsmen, greatly alarmed, sent, without delay, to offer\nhim their keys, and humbly supplicated his mercy, saying that their\nlord\u2019s men at arms had fled on hearing of his approach, from the fear\nthey had of him. The duke received them kindly, and took their oaths,\nthat they would henceforth loyally obey the king their sovereign lord,\nand himself, and would admit a garrison of his men to defend the town.\nAfter the conclusion of this treaty, the duke advanced to Roye, in the\nVermandois, and was lodged in the town, having quartered his army\nin the country round it. He dispatched thence sir Peter des Essars,\nknight, and his confidential adviser, to the king of France, to his\nson-in-law the duke of Acquitaine, and to the citizens of Paris, to\nmake them acquainted with the strength of his army, and with his\nsuccesses. Sir Peter des Essars was honourably received by the duke\nof Acquitaine and the Parisians; and in compliment to the duke of\nBurgundy, he was reinstated in his office of provost, in the room of\nsir Brunelet de Sainct Cler, who, by the royal authority, was appointed\nbailiff of Senlis, on the dismission of sir Gastelius du Bost, who was\nsuspected of being a favourer of the Orleans-party.\nWhen sir Peter des Essars had finished the business he had been sent\non to Paris, he set out for Rethel to announce to the count de Nevers,\nwho had assembled a considerable force, the march of the duke, and to\ndesire him to advance to the town of Mondidier, where he would have\nmore certain intelligence of his brother. The count de Nevers, on\nhearing this, used all diligence to assemble his men, and set off to\njoin the duke.\nDuring these transactions, the duke of Orleans, the count d\u2019Armagnac,\nthe constable of France, the master of the cross-bows, with a large\nbody of men at arms and others, came to the town of Melun, where the\nqueen of France and the duke of Berry resided. Having held a conference\nwith the queen and duke, they advanced to La Fert\u00e8 on the Marne, which\nbelonged to sir Robert de Bar[72], in right of his wife the viscountess\nde Meaux. They crossed the Marne, and came to Arsy en Mussien, in the\ncounty of Valois, dependant on the duke of Orleans, where his brother,\nthe count de Vertus, met him.\nThe count was accompanied by a numerous body of combatants, among whom\nwere the duke of Bourbon, John son to the duke of Bar, sir William de\nCoucy, Am\u00e9 de Sallebruche, sir Hugh de Hufalize, with others from the\nArdennes, Lorraine and Germany, who, in the whole, amounted to full six\nthousand knights and esquires, not including armed infantry and bowmen;\nand this party was henceforward popularly called _Armagnacs_, as I have\nbefore observed. Each bore on his armour badges similar to those which\nthey had formerly worn when they lay before Paris.\nThe duke of Orleans marched this army from the Valois, passing by\nSenlis, toward his county of Beaumont; but Enguerrand de Bournouville,\nwho had been posted in Senlis with a large force of men at arms to\nguard it, sallied out on their rear, and made a good booty of their\nbaggage as well as prisoners. In doing this, however, he lost some of\nhis men, who were slain or taken, and he then returned to Senlis. The\nduke of Orleans, with the other princes, were lodged in the castle of\nBeaumont, and his army in the country surrounding it.\nThe count de Nevers was prevented from joining his brothers as he\nintended,--for the Armagnacs, being the strongest, constrained him to\nconduct his army to Paris.\nThe duke of Burgundy was already arrived at Mondidier with his whole\narmy, and was making preparations to combat his enemies, should they\nbe so inclined, or to attack any town to which they should retire,\naccording to his pleasure. But the Flemings were now desirous to return\nhome, and had demanded permission of the duke, saying, that they had\nserved the time required of them on their departure from Flanders.\nThe duke was much surprised and displeased at their conduct, but\nearnestly desired that they would stay with him for only eight days\nlonger, as he had received intelligence that his enemies were near at\nhand, with a great army, ready to offer him battle, and that they could\nnever serve him more effectually. At this moment, the greater part of\ntheir officers waited on the duke to take leave of him, who, hearing\nthe earnest and affectionate manner in which he made so trifling a\nrequest, resolved to go back to their men and inform them of it, and\npromised to do every thing in their power in order that it should be\ncomplied with.\nOn their return to the tent of Ghent, where all their councils were\nheld, they assembled the leaders of the commonalty, and told them the\nrequest the duke their lord had made, namely, that they would stay with\nhim only eight days more, for that his adversaries were at hand with\na large army to offer him battle. This request having been stated,\nvarious were the opinions of the meeting: some were for staying, others\nnot, saying they had fulfilled the term required of them by their\nlord,--that winter was approaching, when, so numerous as they were,\nthey could not keep the field without great danger. Their opinions\nwere so discordant that no conclusion could be formed, to enable their\ncaptains to give any positive answer to the duke.\nThis council was held the 20th day of September, in the afternoon;\nand when it became dusk, these Flemings made very large fires in\ndifferent places, of the wood and timber of the houses which they\nhad pulled down and destroyed in Mondidier. They then began to load\ntheir baggage-waggons, and to arm themselves; and at midnight they all\nshouted from their quarters, in Flemish, _Vax, vax!_ which signifies,\n\u2018To arms, to arms!\u2019 and alarmed all the other parts of the army.\nThe duke of Burgundy was entirely ignorant of what they intended to do,\nand sent some flemish lords to know their intentions; but they would\nnot explain themselves to any one, and made answers contrary to the\nquestions asked. During this, the night passed away; and the moment day\nappeared, they harnessed their horses to the baggage-waggons, and set\nfire to all their lodgings, shouting, \u2018Gau, gau!\u2019 and departed, taking\nthe road to Flanders.\nThe attendants of the duke of Burgundy, hearing this cry and clamour,\nwent to inform him of it in his tent. Very much astonished thereat, he\ninstantly mounted his horse, and, accompanied by the duke of Brabant,\nrode after them. When he had overtaken them, with his head uncovered\nand his hands uplifted, he most humbly besought them to return,\nand stay with him four days only, calling them his most trusty and\nwell-beloved friends and companions, offering them great gifts, and\npromising to relieve the country of Flanders from taxes for ever, if\nthey would comply with his wishes.\nThe duke of Brabant also remonstrated with them on the advantages\noffered them by their lord, and, as he asked in return so very trifling\na favour, entreated them to pay due deference to his demand. But it was\nin vain: they turned a deaf ear to all that was said, and continued\ntheir march, only showing the written agreements they had made with\nthe duke, which were carried before them, and which they had fulfilled\non their part; but, as they were signed with his seal, he had not\nperformed his, in having them escorted beyond the river Somme to a\nplace of safety. Should he refuse to do this, they would send him his\nonly son, then at Ghent, cut into thousands of pieces.\nThe duke of Burgundy, noticing their rude manners, and perceiving that\nnothing was to be gained from them by fair means, began to appease them\nby ordering the trumpets to sound for decamping. This was not done\nwithout much loss,--for the duke, occupied solely with the attempt to\nmake the Flemings change their minds, had not ordered the tents to be\nstruck, nor the baggage loaded, so that the greater part of the tents\nwere burnt, with other things, from the fire of the houses caused\nby the Flemings on their departure. The flames spread from house to\nhouse, to the lodgings of the duke of Burgundy, who was troubled to the\nheart,--for he well knew that his adversaries were in high spirits, a\nshort day\u2019s march off, and he was anxious to give them battle; but from\nthis conduct of the Flemings his intentions would be frustrated,--and\nwhat was worse, he knew for certain, that the moment they should hear\nof it, they would publish that he had retreated, not daring to meet\nthem. He was, nevertheless, forced to submit to events which he could\nnot foresee nor prevent.\nThe Flemings had no sooner turned their faces homeward but they\nadvanced more in one day than in three before, and whatever they could\nlay hands on was pillaged and thrown into their baggage-carts: they\nhad, moreover, many quarrels with the Picards and English, and it often\nhappened that stragglers were wounded or put to death,--and when they\nwere superior in numbers, they failed not to retaliate.\nIt must be remembered, that this retreat took place in the month of\nSeptember, when the grapes in the vineyards were ripe; and they robbed\nevery vineyard they passed, devouring so many that numbers were found\ndead among the vines. On the other hand, they fed their horses and\ncattle so very abundantly on the immense pillage which they every where\nmade, that very many were bursten.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on his arrival at Peronne with his men at arms,\nwent personally to thank the Flemings, who were encamped on the river\nside, in the most humble manner for their services, and then had them\nescorted by his brother, the duke of Brabant, to Flanders, when every\nman returned to his home. The magistrates of the great towns were,\nhowever, very much displeased when they heard of their behaviour; but\nthey did not at the time notice it, for there were too many of them\nunder arms.\nThus did the Flemings retreat from Mondidier contrary to the will of\ntheir lord, the duke of Burgundy. On the same day, a knight of the\nparty of the duke of Orleans, called sir Peter de Quesnes, lord of\nGarois, at the head of full two hundred combatants, made an attack\non Mondidier, about four hours after they had marched away. He found\nthere many people, especially merchants, and inhabitants of the\nneighbourhood, whom he took prisoners: he slew many, and he and his men\nmade a very great booty.\nHe then returned to Clermont in Beauvoisis, whither the Armagnacs had\nmarched in pursuit of the count de Nevers. When they heard of this\nretreat of the duke of Burgundy and the Flemings, they held a council\nwhether or not they should follow them into their own country. It\nwas at length determined by the wisest to return toward Paris, and\nattempt to gain admittance by means of some connexions they had there,\nprincipally in order to have possession of the person of the king,\nwhich was their grand object.\nThey began their march, in consequence, towards Verberies, and crossed\nthe river Oise by a new bridge, which they erected, and thence advanced\nfor Paris. Those who had the guard of the king and the Parisians\nwere not well pleased to hear of their being so near, and made every\npreparation to oppose their entrance to Paris. The Armagnacs, finding\nit impossible to succeed, managed so well with the inhabitants of St\nDenis that they were there admitted; and the princes lodged in the\ntown, and the army in the adjacent fields and villages. From that\nsituation, they made a sharp war on the town of Paris, and on all those\nwho sided with the king and the duke of Burgundy.\nThey advanced daily from different parts to the very gates of\nParis,--when sallies were made against them, particularly by sir\nEnguerrand de Bournouville, who was one of the chiefs of the garrison\nunder the count Waleran de St Pol, the governor of the town. Severe\nskirmishes often took place, and many gallant deeds were done by the\nmen at arms of both sides.\nCHAP. XXXV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ASSEMBLES ANOTHER ARMY TO MARCH TO\n PARIS.--EVENTS THAT HAPPENED DURING THAT TIME.\nWe will now return to the duke of Burgundy, who having, as I have said,\ndismissed his Flemings, under the escort of his brother the duke of\nBrabant, went from Peronne to Arras, where he met the earls of Pembroke\nand of Arundel, and sir William Baldock, who had accompanied him on his\nlate expedition. As these earls were lately come from England, he paid\nthem every respect, in compliment to the king of England who had sent\nthem. They had brought full twelve hundred combatants, as well horse as\nfoot, all men of courage.\nMuch intercourse took place at this time between the king of England\nand the duke of Burgundy, respecting a marriage between Henry prince of\nWales and one of the duke\u2019s daughters[73].--After he had magnificently\nfeasted these english captains in his town of Arras, and made them\nhandsome presents, he ordered them to march to Peronne, and hastily\nsummoned men at arms from all quarters to meet him personally at\nPeronne, where he had commanded the nobles of his estates to assemble.\nThe duke of Brabant did not meet him this time, being detained in the\ncounty of Luxembourg by affairs on behalf of his wife. The duke of\nBurgundy left Peronne with no more than six thousand combatants, and\nmarched to Roye,--thence, by Breteuil, to Beauvais, and from Beauvais,\nthrough Gisors, to Pontoise, where he halted for three weeks or\nthereabout. During this period, great numbers of men at arms came from\ndifferent countries to serve him.\nWhile these things were passing, it was ordered by the royal council,\nin the presence of the duke of Acquitaine, the count de Mortain,\nthe lord Gilles of Brittany, Waleran count de St Pol, governor of\nParis, the chancellor of France[74], the lord Charles de Savoisy,\nand other great nobles, that certain proclamations should be sent to\nall the bailiwicks and seneschalships of the kingdom, respecting the\nassembling of such large bodies of men at arms, daily done in defiance\nof the king\u2019s orders, by the duke of Orleans, his brothers, the duke\nof Bourbon, the counts d\u2019Alen\u00e7on and d\u2019Armagnac, and others of their\nparty, to the great mischief and tribulation of the kingdom at large,\nand highly displeasing to the king and disgraceful to his dignity.\nThis proclamation again prohibited any one from daring to join the\naforesaid nobles, or any of their party in arms, under pain of being\nreputed rebels and traitors to the king and his realm. It likewise\ncommanded all that had joined them to depart without delay, and return\npeaceably to their homes, without further living on or harrassing the\npeople, and ordered that no hindrance should be given to prevent this\nfrom being carried into effect. Such as should disobey these orders\nwould be most rigorously prosecuted without delay as rebels,--and from\nthat day forth no grace or favour would be shown them.\nThis proclamation was published in the usual places, and some few, but\nin no great number, privately quitted the party of the Armagnacs, and\nreturned to that of the king. Those that were disobedient, when taken\nby the royal officers, were in great danger of their lives. Several\nwere publicly executed; and among them a knight, called sir Binet\nd\u2019Espineuse, attached to the duke of Bourbon from being a native of\nthe county of Clermont, suffered at Paris. The cause of his death was\nhis having taken by force some flanders horses that were coming as a\npresent to the duke of Acquitaine from the duke of Burgundy. After he\nwas beheaded in the market-place, his body was suspended by the arms to\nthe gibbet at Montfaucon.\nThis punishment was inflicted by order of sir Peter des Essars, who, as\nhas been said, was lately re-established in his office of provost of\nParis, in the room of sir Brunelet de Sainct-Cler.\nThe duke of Orleans and his party were indignant at this execution, as\nwell as at the late royal proclamation; and the duke of Bourbon was\nparticularly angry at the disgraceful death of his knight.\nThus affairs went on from bad to worse. One day, the duke of Orleans\nfixed his quarters, with a large force, at the castle of St Ouen, which\nis a royal mansion, and thence made daily excursions to the gates of\nParis. He pressed the Parisians so hard that they were much straitened\nfor provisions; for they were not as yet accustomed to war, nor had\nthey provided any stores or assembled a force sufficient to repel the\nattacks of their adversaries.\nThe archbishop of Sens, brother to the late grand master Montagu, had\njoined the Armagnacs, but not in his pontifical robes; for instead\nof a mitre, he wore a helmet,--for a surplice, a coat of mail,--and\nfor a cope, a piece of steel,--for his croisier, a battle-axe. At this\nperiod, the duke of Orleans sent his heralds with letters to the king\nand the duke of Acquitaine, to inform them that the duke of Burgundy\nhad fled with his Flemings from Mondidier, not daring to wait his\nnearer approach. He took that opportunity of writing also to some\nof his friends in Paris, to know if through their means he could be\nadmitted into the town. It was lost labour, for those who governed for\nthe duke of Burgundy were too active and attentive in keeping the party\ntogether.\nBy some intrigues between those of the Orleans-party and one named\nColinet du Puiseur, who was governor for the king in the town of St\nCloud, this place was given up to them. The duke of Orleans instantly\nre-garrisoned it, and continually harrassed the Parisians; for now\nhe could at any time cross the Seine at the bridge of St Cloud, and\nattack both sides of Paris at once. Thus were the Parisians oppressed\non all sides by the Armagnacs,--on which account, another proclamation\nwas issued in the king\u2019s name throughout the realm, complaining of\nthe continued atrocious and rebellious acts, in spite of the positive\norders of the king to the contrary, committed by the duke of Orleans\nand his allies, to the great loss and destruction of his subjects\nand kingdom; that since such grievous complaints had been made on\nthe subject, and were continually made, he was resolved to have a\nstop put to such lawless proceedings. The king, therefore, with\nmature deliberation of council, now declares the aforesaid family of\nOrleans, and their allies, rebels, and traitors to himself and the\ncrown of France; and in order that henceforward no persons may dare\nto join them, he declares, all such to have forfeited their lives and\nestates, and by these presents gives power and authority to all his\nloyal subjects to arrest and imprison any of the aforesaid rebels, and\nto seize on their properties, moveable or immoveable, and to drive\nthem out of the kingdom, without let or hindrance from any of the\nking\u2019s officers. Given at Paris, the 3d day of October, 1411. Signed\nby the king, on the report from the great council specially called\nfor this purpose, at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, when were present the duke\nof Acquitaine, the count de Mortain, the count de la Marche, Louis\nde Baviere, the lord Gilles of Brittany, the count de St Pol, the\nchancellor of France, with many other nobles of high rank.\nIn consequence of this proclamation, many of the captains and noblemen\nof the Armagnacs grew cold in their service, or delayed joining them\naccording to their former agreements; and fearing greater evils might\nbefal them by further incurring the indignation of the king, they\nwithdrew to the king\u2019s party, and excused themselves the best way they\ncould.\nWhile these affairs were going forward, the duke of Burgundy remained\nat Pontoise, as I have before said, and was there joined by numbers of\nmen at arms, as well vassals to the king as his own.\nDuring his stay at Pontoise, a man of a strong make entered his\napartment, with the intention to murder him, and had a knife hid in\nhis sleeve to accomplish his wicked purpose; but as he advanced to\nspeak with him, the duke, having no knowledge of his person, and always\nsuspicious of such attempts, placed a bench before him. Shortly after,\nsome of his attendants, perceiving his design, instantly arrested him,\nwhen, on confessing his intentions, he was beheaded in the town of\nPontoise.\nThe king, in order to strike more terror into the duke of Orleans\nand his allies, issued other proclamations throughout his kingdom.\nUnderneath is the tenour of the one which he sent to the bailiff of\nAmiens.\n\u2018Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, sends health.\n\u2018It has lately come to our knowledge, by informations laid before\nour council, that John, our uncle of Berry, Charles our nephew, duke\nof Orleans, and his brothers, with John de Bourbon, John d\u2019Alen\u00e7on,\nCharles d\u2019Albreth, our cousin Bernard d\u2019Armagnac, in conjunction with\nothers, their aiders and abettors, moved by the wicked and damnable\ninstigations of their own minds, have for a long time plotted to depose\nand deprive us of our royal authority, and with their utmost power to\ndestroy our whole family, which God forbid! and to place another king\non the throne of France, which is most abominable to the hearing of\nevery heart in the breasts of our loyal subjects.\n\u2018We, therefore, by the mature deliberation of our council, do most\nsolemnly, in this public manner, divulge these abominable and\ntraitorous intentions of the aforesaid persons, and earnestly do call\nfor the assistance of all our loyal subjects, as well those bound to\nserve us by the tenure of their fiefs as the inhabitants of all our\ntowns, who have been accustomed to bear arms, to guard and defend our\nrights and lives against the traitors aforesaid, who have now too\nnearly approached our person, inasmuch as they have entered by force\nour town of St Denis, which contains not only many holy relics of the\nsaints but the sacred bodies of saints, our crown and royal standard,\nknown by the name of the Oriflamme, with several other precious and\nrare jewels.\n\u2018They have also gained forcible possession of the bridge of St Cloud,\nand have invaded our rights, (not to say any thing of our very dear\nand well-beloved cousin, the duke of Burgundy, to whom they have sent\nletters of defiance,) by setting fire to and despoiling our towns and\nvillages, robbing churches, ransoming or killing our people, forcing\nmarried women, and ravishing maidens, and committing every mischief\nwhich the bitterest enemy could do. We therefore do enjoin and command\nthee, under pain of incurring our heaviest displeasure, that thou\ninstantly cause this present ordinance to be proclaimed in the usual\nplaces in the town of Amiens, and in different parts within thy said\nbailiwick, so that no one may plead ignorance; and that thou do punish\ncorporally, and by confiscation of property, the aforesaid persons,\ntheir allies and confederates, whom thou mayest lay hands on, as guilty\nof the highest treason against our person and crown, that by so doing\nan example may be held forth to all others. We also command, under\nthe penalty aforesaid, all our vassals, and all those in general who\nare accustomed to carry arms, to repair to us as soon as possible. Be\ncareful to have the within ordinances strictly executed, so that we may\nnot have cause to be displeased with thee.\n\u2018Given at Paris, the 14th day of October, 1411, and in the 32d year of\nour reign.\u2019\nThis ordinance was signed by the king, on the report of his council,\nand thus dispatched to Amiens and other good towns, where it was\nproclaimed in the usual places, and with such effect on the vassals and\nloyal subjects of the king that they hastened in prodigious numbers to\nserve him.\nOn the other hand, very many of those who were of the Orleans-party\nwere arrested in divers parts of the realm,--some of whom were\nexecuted, and others confined in prison, or ransomed, as if they had\nbeen public enemies. It was pitiful to hear the many and grievous\ncomplaints which were made by the people of their sufferings, more\nespecially by those in the neighbourhood of Paris and in the isle of\nFrance.\nI must not forget, among other circumstances, to relate, that the\nParisians, to the amount of three thousand, as well those of the\ngarrison as others, sallied out of Paris, and went to the palace of\nWinchester (Bic\u00eatre), a very handsome mansion of the duke of Berry,\nwhere, from hatred to the duke, they destroyed and plundered the whole,\nleaving the walls only standing.--When they had done this, they went\nand destroyed another house, where the duke kept his horses, situated\non the river Seine, not far from the h\u00f4tel de Neelle.\nThe duke was much enraged when he was told of the insult and mischief\nthat had been done to him, and said aloud, that a time would come when\nthese Parisians should pay dearly for it.\nAffairs daily grew worse; and at length, the duke of Berry, the duke of\nOrleans and his brothers, the duke of Bourbon, the counts d\u2019Alen\u00e7on and\nd\u2019Armagnac, the lord d\u2019Albreth, were personally banished the realm by\nthe king, with all their adherents, of whatever rank they might be, by\nsound of trumpet in all the squares of Paris, and forbidden to remain\nor set foot within it until they should be recalled.\nThey were not only banished the kingdom of France, but, by virtue of\na bull of pope Urban V. of happy memory, (preserved in the Tr\u00e9sor des\nChartres of the king\u2019s privileges in the holy chapel at Paris), they\nwere publicly excommunicated and anathematised in all the churches of\nthe city of Paris, by bell, book, and candle. Many of their party were\nmuch troubled at these sentences, but, nevertheless, continued the same\nconduct, and made a more bitter war than before.\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MARCHES A LARGE ARMY FROM PONTOISE TO\n PARIS, THROUGH MELUN.--THE SITUATION AND CONDUCT OF THE DUKE OF\n ORLEANS.\nI have mentioned, that during the stay of the duke of Burgundy at\nPontoise, he received great reinforcements of men at arms from all\nparts: among others, the count de Penthievre, his son-in-law, joined\nhim with a noble company. Having remained there for about fifteen days,\nand made diligent inquiry into the state of his adversaries, on the 22d\nday of October, he marched his whole army thence about two o\u2019clock in\nthe afternoon. As the royal road from that place to Paris was occupied\nby the enemy, he quitted it for that through Melun sur Seine, where\nhe crossed the river with full fifteen thousand horse, and, marching\nall night, arrived on the morrow morning at the gate of St Jacques at\nParis. Great multitudes went out of the town to meet him; among whom\nwere the butchers of Paris, well armed and arrayed, conducted by the\nprovosts of the Ch\u00e2telet and of the merchants, under the command of the\ncount de Nevers, brother to the duke of Burgundy, who was attended by\nseveral princes, noble lords and captains: even the great council of\nstate went out upwards of a league to meet him, and to do him honour.\nIndeed, they all showed him as much deference and respect as they could\nhave done to the king of France, on his return from a long journey.\nWith regard to the people of Paris, they made great rejoicings on his\narrival, and sang carols in all the streets through which he passed;\nand because his entry was made late in the day, and it was dusk, the\nstreets were illuminated with great quantities of torches, bonfires and\nlanthorns.\nOn his approach to the Louvre, the duke of Acquitaine, who had married\nhis daughter, advanced to meet him, and received him with joy and\nrespect. He led him into the Louvre, and presented him to the king and\nqueen, who received him most graciously.\nHaving paid his due respects, he withdrew, and went to lodge at\nthe h\u00f4tel de Bourbon. The earl of Arundel was quartered, with his\nattendants, at the priory of St Martin des Champs, and his Englishmen\nnear to him in the adjoining houses. The rest quartered themselves as\nwell as they could in the city.\nOn the morrow, which was a Sunday, Enguerrand de Bournouville, with\nmany valiant men at arms and archers, as well Picards as English, made\na sally as far as La Chapelle, which the Armagnacs had fortified, and\nquartered themselves within it. On seeing their adversaries advancing,\nthey mounted their horses, and a sharp skirmish ensued, in which\nmany were unhorsed. Among those who behaved well, sir Enguerrand was\npre-eminent. Near his side was John of Luxembourg, nephew to the count\nde St Pol, but very young. Many were wounded, but few killed. The\nEnglish, with their bows and arrows, were very active in this affair.\nWhile this action was fought, the Armagnacs quartered at St Denis,\nMontmartre, and other villages, hearing the bustle, mounted their\nhorses, and hastened to cut off the retreat of Enguerrand. He was\ninformed of this in time, and, collecting his men, retreated toward\nParis; but as the enemy were superior in numbers, they pressed hard on\nhis rear, and killed and made prisoners several of his men.\nThe duke of Orleans and the princes of his party, on hearing of the\narrival of the duke of Burgundy with so large an army in Paris, ordered\ntheir men at arms, and others that were lodged in the villages round,\nto unite and quarter themselves at St Denis. To provide forage, sir\nClugnet de Brabant was sent with a body of men at arms into the Valois\nand Soissonois, where there was abundance. Sir Clugnet acquitted\nhimself well of his command, and brought a sufficient quantity to\nSt Denis; for at this time there was great plenty of corn and other\nprovision in France.\nThe Armagnacs were, therefore, well supplied; and as they were the\nstrongest on that side of Paris, they daily made excursions of\ndifferent parties as far as the rivers Marne and Oise, and throughout\nthe isle of France. In like manner, the army of the king and the duke\nof Burgundy scoured the country on the other side of the Seine, as far\nas Montlehery, Meulan and Corbeil; and thus was the noble kingdom of\nFrance torn to pieces.\nThere were frequent and severe rencounters between the men at arms of\neach side; and a continued skirmish was going forward between those in\nParis and in St Denis, when the honour of the day was alternately won.\nAmong other places where these skirmishes took place was a mill,\nsituated on an eminence, and of some strength. In this mill, two or\nthree hundred of the Orleans-party sometimes posted themselves, when\nthe Parisians and Burgundians made an attack on them, which lasted even\nuntil night forced them to retreat.--At other times, the Burgundians\nposted themselves in the mill, to wait for the assault of their\nadversaries.\nThe duke of Orleans had with him an english knight, called the lord de\nClifford, who had, some time before, joined him with one hundred men\nat arms and two hundred archers, from the country of the Bourdelois.\nHaving heard that the king of England had sent the earl of Arundel,\nwith several other lords, to the duke of Burgundy, he waited on the\nduke of Orleans to request that he would permit him to depart, for that\nhe was afraid his sovereign would be displeased with him should he\nremain any longer. The duke of Orleans having for a while considered\nhis request granted it, but on condition that neither he himself nor\nhis men should bear arms against him during the war. The knight made\nhim this promise, and then returned to England.\nOn the 6th day of November, Troullart de Moncaurel, governor and\nbailiff of Senlis, having marched about six score combatants of his\ngarrison to the country of Valois, was met by seven score of the\nArmagnacs, who vigorously attacked him; but, after many gallant deeds\nwere done, Troullart remained victorious. From sixty to eighty of the\nArmagnacs were taken or slain; and among the prisoners was sir William\nde Saveuse, who had followed the Orleans-party, when his two brothers,\nHector and Philip, were in arms with the duke of Burgundy. Thus, in\nthis abominable warfare, were brothers engaged against brothers, and\nsons against fathers. After this defeat, Troullart de Moncaurel and\nPeter Quieriet, who had accompanied him, returned with their booty\nto Senlis, when, shortly after, by the exertions of the old lord de\nSaveuse and the two brothers, Hector and Philip, sir William obtained\nhis liberty.\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY LEADS A GREAT FORCE, WITH THE PARISIANS,\n TO ST CLOUD, AGAINST THE ARMAGNACS.\nThe duke of Burgundy having remained some time at Paris with his army,\nand having held many councils with the princes and captains who were\nthere, marched out of the town about midnight, on the 9th of November,\nby the gate of St Jacques. He was magnificently accompanied by men at\narms and Parisians, among whom were the counts de Nevers, de la Marche,\nde Vaudemont, de Penthievre, de St Pol, the earl of Arundel, Boucicaut\nmarshal of France, the lord de Vergy marshal of Burgundy, the lord de\nHeilly, lately appointed marshal of Acquitaine, the lord de St George,\nsir John de Croy, Enguerrand de Bournouville, the lord de Fosseux, sir\nRegnier Pot governor of Dauphiny, the seneschal of Hainault sir John de\nGuistelle, the lord de Brimeu, the earl of Kent, an Englishman, with\nmany other nobles, as well from Burgundy as from Picardy and different\ncountries. They were estimated by good judges at six thousand\ncombatants, all accustomed to war, and four thousand infantry from the\ntown of Paris.\nWhen they had passed the suburbs, they advanced in good array, under\nthe direction of trusty guides, to within half a league of Saint Cloud,\nwhere the Armagnacs were quartered. It might be about eight o\u2019clock in\nthe morning when they came thither, and the weather was very cold and\nfrosty. Being thus arrived without the enemy knowing of it, the duke of\nBurgundy sent the marshal of Burgundy, sir Gaultier des Ruppes, sir Guy\nde la Trimouille, and le veau de Bar, with eight hundred men at arms,\nand four hundred archers, across the Seine, toward St Denis, to prevent\nthe enemy from there crossing the river by a new bridge which they had\nerected over it. These lords so well executed the above orders that\nthey broke down part of the bridge, and defended the passage.\nThe duke, in the mean time, ascended the hill of St Cloud in order of\nbattle, and at the spot where four roads met posted the seneschal of\nHainault, sir John de Guistelle, the lord de Brimeu, John Phillips and\nJohn Potter[75], english captains, at one of them, with about four\nhundred knights and esquires, and as many archers. At another road, he\nstationed the lords de Heilly and de Ront, Enguerrand de Bournouville,\nand Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, with as many men as the knights above-mentioned. The\nthird road was guarded by Neville earl of Kent[76], with some picard\ncaptains; and the Parisians and others, to a great amount, were ordered\nto Sevres, to defend that road.\nWhen these four divisions had arrived at their posts, they made\ntogether a general assault on the town of St Cloud, which the Armagnacs\nhad fortified with ditches and barriers to the utmost of their power.\nAt these barriers, a notable defence was made by those who had heard of\nthe arrival of the enemy, under the command of their captains, namely,\nsir James de Plachiel, governor of Angoul\u00eame, the lord de Cambour,\nWilliam Batillier, sir Mansart du Bos, the bastard Jacob, knight, and\nthree other knights from Gascony, who fought bravely for some time; but\nthe superiority of numbers, who attacked them vigorously on all sides,\nforced them to retreat from their outworks, when they were pursued,\nfighting, however, as they retreated, to the tower of the bridge and\nthe church, which had been fortified.\nThe whole of the burgundian force which had been ordered on this duty,\nexcepting the party who guarded the passage of the bridge, now bent all\ntheir efforts against the church. The attack was there renewed with\ngreater vigour than before, and, notwithstanding the gallant defence\nthat was made, the church was stormed, and many were slain in the\nchurch as well as at the barriers. Numbers also were drowned of the\ncrowd that was pressing to re-enter the tower of the bridge, by the\ndrawbridge breaking under their weight.\nIt was judged by those well acquainted with the loss of the Armagnacs,\nthat including the drowned, there were nine hundred killed and five\nhundred prisoners. Among these last were sir Mansart du Bos, the lord\nde Cambour, and William Batillier. In the town of St Cloud were found\nfrom twelve to sixteen hundred horses that had been gained by plunder,\nand a variety of other things.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Burgundy was with the main army\ndrawn up in battle-array, on a plain above the town: he had with him\nthe greater part of the princes, and his spies were every where on the\nlook-out that the enemy might not surprise him by any unexpected attack.\nThe engagement at the tower of the bridge was still continued by the\nBurgundians, in the hope of taking it; but it was labour in vain, for\nthose within defended it manfully.\nSome of the garrison sallied out on the opposite side, and hastened\nto St Denis, to inform the duke of Orleans of the disaster that had\nbefallen them. He was sorely displeased thereat, and instantly mounted\nhis horse, accompanied by the duke of Bourbon, the counts d\u2019Alen\u00e7on\nand d\u2019Armagnac, the constable, the master of the cross-bows, the young\nBoucicaut, and about two thousand combatants, advanced toward St Cloud,\nand drew up in battle-array on the side of the river Seine, opposite to\nwhere the duke of Burgundy was posted, and made every preparation as\nif for an immediate combat. The duke of Burgundy and his men likewise\ndismounted, drew up in order of battle, and displayed his banner, which\nwas most rich and splendid. But notwithstanding the eager desire which\nthese princes showed for the combat, it was to no purpose,--for the\nriver was between them, so that no damage could accrue to either party,\nexcepting by some chance bolts from the cross-bows, who shot at random.\nWhen the Armagnacs had remained there for some time, seeing that\nnothing effectual could be done, they remounted their horses and\nreturned to St Denis, leaving, however, a reinforcement to defend the\ntower of St Cloud. On their departure, the duke of Burgundy held a\ncouncil, and it was determined to march the whole army back to Paris.\nThe duke lost this day, in slain, not more than from sixteen to twenty;\nbut there were many wounded, among whom were Enguerrand de Bournouville\nand Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, who had fought well, as did the lord of Heilly. In\nlike manner, the earl of Arundel and his men behaved gallantly; and it\nwas one of them who had made sir Mansart du Bos prisoner, but for a sum\nof money he resigned him to one of the king\u2019s officers.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on his return, was received by the Parisians with\ngreat acclamations; for they had heard of his brilliant success, and\nthey imagined that through his means they should shortly be delivered\nfrom their enemies, who oppressed them sorely. With regard to the king,\nthe duke of Acquitaine, and the members of the grand council, prelates\nas well as seculars, the reception which they gave him, the princes and\nthe captains of his army, is not to be described.\nThe duke of Orleans, learning that the duke of Burgundy had returned\nto Paris with his army, held a council with the heads of his party,\nwhen, having considered the severe loss they had suffered of the most\nexpert of their captains, and the great power and numbers of their\nopponents, whom they could not at this moment withstand with hopes of\nsuccess, they resolved to retire to their own countries, and collect a\nsufficient army to oppose any force the king and the duke of Burgundy\nshould bring against them. This was no sooner determined than executed;\nfor they instantly packed up their baggage, and, crossing the\nnewly-erected bridge over the Seine, which they had repaired, and the\nbridge of St Cloud, hastily marched all night toward Estampes, and then\ncontinued their route to Orleans, and to other towns and castles under\ntheir obedience.\nThus, therefore, the duke of Orleans, in seeking vengeance for the\ndeath of his father, gained only disgrace and great loss of men. Such\nof them as were slain in the field, at the battle of St Cloud, were\nthere inhumanly left without sepulture, as being excommunicated, a prey\nto dogs, birds, and wild beasts. Some lords of his party, such as sir\nClugnet de Brabant, sir Aym\u00e9 de Sarrebruche, the lord de Hufalize, and\nmany more, passed through the county of Valois to Champagne, and thence\nto their own homes.\nNews of this retreat was, very early on the morrow, carried to the\nduke of Burgundy and his captains at Paris. Some of them mounted their\nhorses, and went to St Denis, when all that the Armagnacs had left was\nseized on and pillaged: they even arrested and carried away, in the\nking\u2019s name, the abbot of St Denis, for having admitted his enemies\ninto that town. Many of the principal inhabitants were also fined,\nnotwithstanding the excuses they offered. Others of the duke\u2019s officers\nwent to the town of St Cloud, which they found abandoned.--Many pursued\nthe Armagnacs, but in vain; for they had marched all night, and were at\na considerable distance before the news of their decampment had reached\nParis.\nA few days after, the king, by the advice and entreaties of the duke\nof Burgundy, bought the greater part of the prisoners made at the late\nbattle, by paying their ransoms to those who had taken them. In the\nnumber was Colinet, thus surnamed by many, who had betrayed the bridge\nof St Cloud to the duke of Orleans; and on the 12th day of November, he\nand five of his accomplices were beheaded in the market-place at Paris:\nhis body was quartered, and the five others were hung up by the arms on\nthe gibbet at Montfaucon.\nOn the 13th of the same month, a sermon was preached in the\nchurch-square, before the porch of N\u00f4tre Dame in Paris, by a Friar\nMinor, in the presence of the duke of Burgundy, many princes, and a\ngreat concourse of people,--in which he said that the bulls given by\npope Urban V. had been of the utmost efficacy against the rebellious\nsubjects of the king, and publicly denounced the duke of Orleans and\nhis party as excommunicated. They were also thus denounced in many\nother succeeding sermons.\nThe ensuing day, the king heard mass in N\u00f4tre Dame, and returned to the\nLouvre to dinner, when he most graciously received the earl of Arundel,\nand caused him to be seated at his table next to the duke of Burgundy.\nMany councils were held at Paris respecting this war, and on the\nmeasures the king should now adopt. It was at length determined, that\non account of the winter, neither the king nor the princes should\nattempt any thing more until the ensuing summer, but only have some\nable captains with a sufficient force on the frontiers, to harrass\nand pursue the enemy, and keep him in check. In consequence, the lord\nBoucicaut marshal of France, the lord de Heilly marshal of Acquitaine,\nEnguerrand de Bournouville, Aym\u00e9 de Vitry, the lord de Miraumont and\nothers, were ordered on this service with a very considerable force.\nThey marched toward Estampes and Bonneval, and those parts, having with\nthem the lord de Ront.\nBonneval, on the first summons from the above captains, surrendered to\nthe king\u2019s obedience, and the greater part of them were lodged in the\ntown, and in an adjoining abbey of some strength. Those of Estampes\nrefused to surrender, for it was garrisoned by the duke of Berry, and\nbegan to make war on the troops of the king and the duke of Burgundy,\nby the instigation of the lord Louis de Bourbon, governor of Dourdan,\nwho resided there.\nAt this period, with the consent of the duke of Burgundy, sir John de\nCroy, eldest son to the lord de Croy, still detained prisoner by the\nduke of Orleans, marched from Paris, with eight hundred combatants, for\nthe castle of Monchas, in the county of Eu, in which were the duke of\nBourbon\u2019s children and his lady-duchess, namely, one son about three\nyears old, and a daughter by her first husband nine years old, with\ntheir nurses and other attendants. The son of sir Mansart du Bos, and\nthe lord de Foulleuses, knight, were also there. The castle and the\nwhole of its inhabitants were taken by sir John de Croy; and he carried\nthem, and all he found within it, to the castle of Renty, where he held\nthem prisoners, until his father, the lord de Croy, was released. When\nthis misfortune was told to the duke of Bourbon, he was much afflicted;\nbut the duchess took it so sensibly to heart that very soon after she\ndied of grief[77].\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS THE COUNT DE SAINT POL TO THE VALOIS,\n AND TO COUCY, AND OTHER CAPTAINS TO DIFFERENT PARTS AGAINST THE\n ARMAGNACS.\nConformable to the resolutions of the aforesaid council, count Waleran\nde St Pol was sent into the Valois, to reduce the whole of that country\nto the king\u2019s obedience, and then to march to Coucy with a large body\nof men at arms, archers, and cross-bows.\nSir Philip de Servolles, bailiff of Vitry en Pertois, was also ordered\ninto the country of Vertus, with a considerable force, to subdue the\nwhole of it. The vidame of Amiens was sent into the county of Clermont.\nFerry d\u2019Hangest, bailiff of Amiens, was ordered, for the above purpose,\ninto the counties of Boulogne, Eu, and Gamaches.\nThe inhabitants of Crespy, the principal town of the Valois, no sooner\nlearnt the intentions of the count de St Pol than they surrendered it\nto him, and received him handsomely. He thence advanced to the castle\nof Pierrefons, which was very strong, and well provided with all\nwarlike stores and provision. On coming before it, he held a parley\nwith the lord de Boquiaux the governor, who concluded a treaty with\nhim for its surrender, on condition that the count would pay him, in\nthe king\u2019s name, two thousand golden crowns for his expenses, and that\nthe garrison should carry away all they had with them. The lady of\nGaucourt, who was in the castle, retired to the castle of Coucy, where\nshe was honourably received by sir Robert d\u2019Esne, the governor.\nThe count de St Pol marched from Pierrefons to la Fert\u00e9-Milon, a very\nstrong castle, and to Villers-Cotter\u00eats, both belonging to the duke of\nOrleans; when not only these two but all the other places in Valois,\nhearing of the surrender of so strong a castle as Pierrefons without\nmaking any resistance, surrendered, and returned to their obedience to\nthe king. The Count placed good garrisons in each, and then marched\nfor Coucy, in the Soissonois, where, as I have before said, sir\nRobert d\u2019Esne was governor of the castle. He had with him Rigault des\nFontaines, and others attached to the party of the duke of Orleans.\nThe governor of the town of Coucy was sir Enguerrand des Fontaines,\nand within it were many noblemen, who, holding a council, resolved to\nsurrender the place, and to leave it with all their baggage.\nThe count quartered himself and his men at arms in the town and\nsuburbs, and then summoned sir Robert d\u2019Esne, in the king\u2019s name, to\nsurrender the castle. This sir Robert refused to do, saying, that the\nduke of Orleans had given him orders, when he appointed him governor,\nnever to surrender it without his consent or knowledge, and these\norders he had sworn to obey; that it was well provided with all kinds\nof stores, and plenty of provision, so that he did not fear its being\ntaken by force; and he hoped, that before he should be induced to\nyield it, means would be found to restore his lord and master to the\ngood graces of the king.----The count, on hearing this answer, ordered\nthe castle to be surrounded, and quartered his men as near to it as\npossible, keeping up at the same time a brisk cannonade. Among other\nexpedients, the count employed a body of miners, to undermine the gate\nof the lower court, called la Porte Maistre Odon, which was as handsome\nan edifice as could be seen for twenty leagues round; and he employed\ncompanies of miners to work at the other large towers, who were so\nsuccessful that, in a short time, the mines were ready to be set fire\nto.\nThe governor was again summoned to surrender, but again refused. Upon\nwhich, the count ordered his men under arms, to be prepared for the\nstorm should it be necessary; and when all was ready, fire was set to\nthe combustibles within the mines, so that when the supporters were\nburnt, the whole of the tower and gate fell flat down, but, fortunately\nfor the besieged, the inside wall remained entire, so that the\nbesiegers were not greatly benefited. Several were killed and wounded\non both sides by the fall of the towers: one of them at the corner was\nprevented from falling to the ground by the wall supporting it; and one\nof the men at arms remained on this inclined tower, where he had been\nposted to guard it, and was in great peril of his life, but was saved\nby the exertions of the garrison.\nAt length, when the count de St Pol had been before this castle of\nCoucy about three months, a treaty was entered into between him and sir\nRobert, that he would surrender the castle on condition that he and his\ngarrison should depart unmolested whither they pleased, with all they\ncould carry with them, and should receive, for their expenses, twelve\nhundred crowns, or thereabout. When this was concluded, the governor\nmarched off with about fifty combatants, the principal of whom were\nhis son, le Baudrain de Fur, knight, Rigault des Fontaines, before\nmentioned, and Gaucher de Baissu. The lady de Gaucourt departed also\nin their company. Sir Robert and the greater part of his men went and\nfixed their residence at Creve-coeur and in the castle of Cambresis.\nThe count de St Pol, on the surrender of the castle, appointed sir\nGerard de Herbannes governor, with a sufficient garrison. There were\nwith him on this expedition his nephew John of Luxembourg, the vidame\nof Amiens, the lord de Houcourt, and many other nobles and esquires\nfrom Picardy, especially such as were his vassals. Having finished\nthis business so successfully, he returned to the king at Paris, who,\nin consideration of his good qualities, and as a remuneration for his\nservices, nominated him constable of France. The sword of office was\ndelivered to him, and he took the usual oaths, in the room of the lord\nd\u2019Albreth, who had been dismissed therefrom, being judged unworthy to\nhold it any longer.\nIn like manner, the lord de Rambures was appointed master of the\ncross-bows of France, in the place of the lord de Hangest, who had been\ndismissed by the king. The lord de Longny, a native of Brittany, was\nmade marshal of France, on the resignation, and with the consent, of\nthe lord de Rieux[78], who was superannuated.\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n SIR PHILIP DE SERVOLLES, BAILIFF OF VITRY, LAYS SIEGE TO THE\n CASTLE OF MOYENNES.----OTHER PLACES ARE BY THE KING\u2019S OFFICERS\n REDUCED TO HIS OBEDIENCE.\nIn regard to the county of Vertus, the moment sir Philip de Servolles\ncame before the town of that name, it surrendered to the king,--and in\nlike manner all the other places in that county, excepting the castle\nof Moyennes. In this castle were sir Clugnet de Brabant, his brother\nJohn of Brabant, sir Thomas de Lorsies, and many more, who would not on\nany account submit to the king.\nThe bailiff of Vitry consequently laid siege to it, and made every\npreparation to conquer it by force. It was, however, in vain; for the\ngarrison were well provided with provision, artillery and stores of all\nkinds, so that they little feared the besiegers, and very frequently\ncut off their detachments.\nThe siege lasted for upwards of three months; and at the end of this\ntime, sir Clugnet and sir Thomas de Lorsies, mounted on strong and\nactive coursers, followed by two pages, set out from the castle,--and,\ngalloping through the besieging army with their lances in their rests,\npassed safely, striking down all opposers, escaped to Luxembourg, and\nwent to sir Aym\u00e9 de Sarrebruche to seek for succour. But they did not\nreturn with any assistance; for a few days after, John of Brabant was\nmade prisoner in a sally from the castle, and, by order of the king and\ncouncil, beheaded in the town of Vitry. After this event, the remainder\nof the garrison surrendered themselves to the king\u2019s obedience, on\nstipulating with the bailiff that they were to have their lives and\nfortunes spared. He instantly new-garrisoned the castle.\nThus was that whole country reduced to the king\u2019s obedience; and that\nof Clermont followed the example, by surrendering to the vidame of\nAmiens without making any resistance. The garrisons in the different\ntowns and castles that had done great mischief to the surrounding\ncountry withdrew with all their baggage, under the protection of\npassports, to the Bourbonois, and were replaced by the king\u2019s troops.\nThe bailiff of Amiens was equally successful at Boulogne-sur-mer,\nwhich, with all the adjacent places, surrendered, excepting the castle\nof Boulogne,--the seneschal of which, by name sir Louis de Corail,\na native of Auvergne, would not yield it without the permission of\nhis lord, the duke of Berry, who had intrusted it to his guard. The\nbailiff, however, with his men, destroyed the drawbridge, and filled\nup the ditches, so that no one could enter or come out of the castle.\nA parley took place between the governor and bailiff, when the first\nwas allowed to send to his lord, the duke of Berry, to know if he would\nconsent that the castle should be given up to the king, and hold him\ndischarged for so doing.\nThe duke, in answer, bade him surrender the castle to the king\u2019s\nofficers, and come to him at Bourges, which was done. In like manner,\nall the places in the county of Eu, and in the territory of Gamaches,\nwere surrendered to the king; and the officers who had been placed in\nthem by their lords were dismissed, and others of the king\u2019s servants\nput in their room.\nDuring this time, very large sums of money were raised in Paris and\nelsewhere, to pay the english troops who had come to serve the duke\nof Burgundy by permission of the king of England. On receiving their\npayment, the earl of Arundel, with his men, returned to England by\nway of Calais; but the earl of Kent[79] and his troops remained in the\nservice of the duke of Burgundy.\nAt this moment, the Orleans-party were in great distress, and knew not\nwhere to save themselves; for the instant any of them were discovered,\nwhether secular or ecclesiastic, they were arrested and imprisoned, and\nsome executed,--others heavily fined. Two monks were arrested at this\ntime, namely, master Peter Fresnel, bishop of Noyon, who was taken by\nsir Anthony de Craon, and carried from Noyon to the castle of Crotoy;\nthe other, the abbot of Foresmoustier, was made prisoner by the lord\nde Dampierre, admiral of France. They were soon delivered on paying a\nlarge ransom, when each returned to his bishoprick and monastery.\nThe lord de Hangest, still calling himself grand master of the french\ncross-bows, being attached to the Orleans-party, had, after the retreat\nfrom St Denis, secretly retired to the castle of Soissons. Having a\ndesire to attempt regaining the king\u2019s favour, he sent a poursuivant\nto demand a safe conduct from Troullart de Moncaurel, bailiff and\ngovernor of Senlis, for him to come and reside in that town. The safe\nconduct was sent to him, and he came to Senlis; but, because there was\nno mention of his return in this permission, Troullart made him and\nfifteen other gentlemen prisoners in the king\u2019s name. Shortly after,\nthey were carried to the Ch\u00e2telet in Paris, to his great displeasure,\nbut he could not prevent it.\nThe count de Roussy also had retired, after the retreat from St Denis,\nto his castle of Pont \u00e1 Arsy sur Aine; but it was instantly surrounded\nby the peasants of the Laonnois, who increased to about fifteen\nhundred, and made most terrible assaults on the castle,--and, in spite\nof its deep moat and thick walls, they damaged it very much. These\npeasants called themselves the king\u2019s children. Sir Brun de Barins,\nknight, bailiff of the Vermandois, and the provost of Laon, came to\nassist and to command them,--when the count, perceiving the danger he\nwas in, to avoid falling into the hands of these peasants, surrendered\nhimself and his castle to the bailiff of the Vermandois, on condition\nthat his own life, and the lives of all within it, should be spared.\nThe bailiff accepted the terms, and, having re-garrisoned it with the\nking\u2019s troops, carried the count and his men prisoners to Laon, where\nthey remained a long time; but at length, on paying a heavy ransom,\nthey obtained their liberty.\nThe archdeacon of Brie was, in like manner, taken in the tower of\nAndely by these peasants. He was natural son to the king of Armenia.\nSir William de Coussy, who was of the Orleans-party, retired to his\nbrother in Lorraine, who was bishop of Metz.\nCHAP. XL.\n THE DUKES OF ACQUITAINE AND BURGUNDY MARCH TO CONQUER ESTAMPES\n AND DOURDAN.----THE EXECUTION OF SIR MANSART DU BOS AND OTHER\n PRISONERS.\nDuring these tribulations, there were so many grievous complaints made\nto the king and the princes at Paris, of the mischiefs done to the\ncountry by the garrisons of Estampes and Dourdan, that notwithstanding\nit had been determined in council that neither the king nor the duke\nof Acquitaine should take the field until the winter should be passed,\nthis resolution was overruled by circumstances.\nOn the 23d day of November, the duke of Acquitaine, accompanied by the\nduke of Burgundy, the counts of Nevers, de la Marche, de Penthievre,\nde Vaudemont, and the marshal de Boucicaut, with others of rank, and a\ngreat multitude of the Parisians on foot, marched out of Paris, with\nthe intent to reduce to the king\u2019s obedience the garrisons of Estampes\nand Dourdan, and some others, who continued the war on the part of the\nduke of Orleans and his adherents.\nHe halted at Corbeil to wait for the whole of his forces,--and thence,\nwith an immense quantity of warlike stores and bombards, with other\nartillery, marched his army toward Estampes, wherein was sir Louis\nde Bourdon, who instantly withdrew into the castle. The townsmen\nimmediately returned to their former obedience, and were kindly\nreceived by the duke of Acquitaine, in consideration of his uncle the\nduke of Berry. Sir Louis de Bourdon, however, refused to surrender,\nalthough he was summoned many times, when the castle was besieged on\nall sides. The lord de Ront was at this time prisoner there,--for he\nhad been taken by sir Louis not long before the arrival of the duke of\nAcquitaine.\nMany engines were now pointed against the walls, which they damaged in\nseveral places; and in addition, miners were employed to underwork the\ntowers. The siege was carried on with such vigour that the garrison,\nthinking it probable they should be taken by storm, opened a parley,\nand, by means of the lord de Ront, surrendered themselves to the duke\nof Acquitaine. Sir Louis de Bourdon, with some other gentlemen, his\nconfederates, were sent to the Ch\u00e2telet at Paris. Great part of the\nwealth of Bourdon, with a most excellent courser of his, were given to\nthe lord de Ront, to make amends for the losses which he sustained when\nhe was made prisoner.\nThe dukes of Acquitaine and Burgundy re-garrisoned this place, and\nthen returned with their army to Paris; for in truth, they could not,\nfrom the severity of the winter, make any further progress. A few days\nafter, by order of the duke of Burgundy, many noble prisoners were\ncarried from Paris to the castle of Lille; among whom were the lord de\nHangest, sir Louis de Bourdon, the lords de Gerennes, des Fontaines,\nsir John d\u2019Amboise and others, who had been arrested for supporting the\nparty of the duke of Orleans. They suffered a long confinement, but\nwere set at liberty on paying a heavy fine.\nAt this period, sir Mansart du Bos was beheaded in the market-place\nof Paris, his body hung by the shoulders on the gibbet at Montfaucon,\nand his head affixed to the spike on the top of the market-house.\nThis execution took place at the instance of the duke of Burgundy,\nbecause sir Mansart was his liege man, nevertheless he had sent him his\nchallenge at the same time with the brothers of Orleans, as has been\nbefore noticed. Not all the solicitations of his friends could save\nhim, and he had many of weight with the duke, who endeavoured earnestly\nto obtain his pardon; but it was in vain, for the duke had resolved\nupon his death.\nThere were in the prisons of the Ch\u00e2telet, and in other prisons of\nParis, very many of the Orleans-party who perished miserably through\ncold, famine, and neglect. When dead, they were inhumanly dragged\nout of the town, and thrown into the ditches a prey to dogs, birds,\nand wild beasts. The reason of such cruel conduct was their having\nbeen several times denounced from the pulpits, and proclaimed from\nthe squares, as excommunicated persons. It seemed, however, to many\ndiscreet men, as well noble as of the church, that it was a great\nscandal thus to treat those who were Christians and acknowledged the\nlaws of JESUS CHRIST.\nThe same rigorous conduct being persevered in, a short time after,\na valiant knight, called sir Peter de Famechon, was beheaded in the\nmarket-place of Paris: he was of the household and family of the duke\nof Bourbon,--and his head was affixed to a lance like the others. The\nduke of Bourbon was much exasperated at his death, especially when he\nwas informed of the disgraceful circumstances that had attended it. At\nthis time, therefore, all who sided with the Armagnacs, and were taken,\nran great risk of their lives; for there were few that dared speak in\ntheir favour, however near their connexions might be.\nEND OF THE SECOND VOLUME.\n AT THE HAFOD PRESS,\n BY JA. HENDERSON.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[1] Of one of the most noble houses in Picardy.\nMatthew II. lord de Roye and d\u2019Aunoy, grand master of the cross-bows,\nmentioned by Froissart, had issue,\n 1. John III. lord of Roye, &c.\n 2. _Guy, archbishop of Rheims._\n 3. Matthew Tristan, lord of Busancy, &c.\n 4. John Saudran de Cangy.\n 5. Drogo, counsellor and chamberlain, grand master of waters\n and forests in Languedoc, killed at Nicopolis.\n 6. Raoul, abbot of Corbie.\n 7. Reginald, who went to Hungary with his brother Drogo.\n 8. Beatrix-John de Ch\u00e2tillon, vidame of the Laonnois.\n[2] Probably a mistake for Guichard.\n[3] \u2018Bachines.\u2019 Q. Is not this rather _lances_? the more usual term.\n[4] Before called Pieruels: rightly Parwis.\n[5] John III. de Vergy, lord of Champlite, seneschal, mareschal, and\ngovernor, of Burgundy.\n[6] Salmes. Q. Salines?\n[7] This battle was fought on the plains of Eichtfeld, near Tongres.\n[8] The lord d\u2019Agimont, son to the lord of Rochefort, and the lord de\nSaraing, according to Placentius.\n[9] There seems to have been some pretext, on the score of retaliation,\nfor the commission of these barbarities, the insurgents, during the\ntime of their power, having exercised many similar enormities against\nthose of the government faction.\n[10] John, third son of Louis I. and brother of Louis II. de Ch\u00e2lons,\ncounts of Auxerre.\n[11] Mentioned in p. 23.\n[12] Amblard I. lord of La Ba\u00fbme, had issue, Peter, Perceval, _John_,\nWilliam, and Louis. John was a monk at Ambronnai; but Perceval, who\ncontinued the line, had issue, Amblard II. and William, surnamed\nMorelet, who was grand butler of Burgundy in 1430. Perhaps he is the\n_great lord_ here meant.\n[13] Mentioned in vol. i. p. 135.\n[14] John III. lord of Crequy and Canaples, is mentioned by Froissart.\nHe had issue, John IV. lord of Crequy, &c. _Reginald_, killed at\nAgincourt, and others.\n[15] Escoquehen. Q. Stocheim?\n[16] Heusden,--a town between Gorcum and Bois-le-Duc.\n[17] Oliver count of Penthievre, mentioned before.\n[18] Frederic, or Ferry, count of Vaudemont.\n[19] Catherine of Lancaster, wife of Henry III. and mother of John II.\nkings of Castile. I do not find a queen of Portugal in the catalogue\nof her children; but this event seems to be here strangely misplaced.\nTurquet says, \u2018L\u2019an suyvant, 1418, d\u00e9c\u00e9da la royne D. Catherine, aag\u00e8e\nde cinquante ans, de mort soudaine, et f\u00fbt enterr\u00e8e \u00e0 Tolede, en la\nchapelle des roys derniers.\u2019\n[20] Brooke calls him _John_. He married Philippa, daughter to king\nHenry of England by Eleanora his second wife.\n_Eric_ X. king of Denmark, &c. son of Wratislaus duke of Pomerania by\nMary of Mecklenburg, niece to Margaret, _the Semiramis of the north_.\nHis great aunt, Margaret, was still alive.\n[21] See before, vol. i. p. 57.\n[22] Margaret of Bavaria, sister to the emperor Robert, married Charles\nthe bold, duke of Lorraine.\n[23] Margaret, heiress of Vaudemont, married Frederick, brother of\nCharles duke of Lorraine.\n[24] Q. Who was this?\n[25] John le Maingre, second of the name, count of Beaufort and\nviscount of Turenne. He was the son of mareschal Boucicaut the elder,\nmentioned by Froissart, who died in 1371. He was himself made a\nmareschal of France in 1391, having been knighted, nine years before,\nat the battle of Rosebec in Flanders. He went into Hungary and was\npresent at the battle of Nicopolis, and made prisoner with John count\nof Nevers. He was again appointed to the relief of the emperor of\nConstantinople in 1399. In 1401, he was made governor of Genoa,--and\nhe took the city of Famagousta in Cyprus for the Genoese. He was made\nprisoner at Agincourt, and died in England 1421. He was a poet as well\nas warrior, and composed many rondeaux and virelays. In his epitaph, he\nis called Constable to the emperor of Constantinople.\n[26] See Shepherd\u2019s Life of Poggio, p. 42.\n[27] Robert Hallam, cardinal, and chancellor of the university of\nOxford.\n[28] Brandac. Q. Brunswic?\n[29] Marquis of Brandenbourg and Moravia. See vol i. p. 63.\n[30] Ladislaus, or Lancelot, son of Charles of Durazzo, and brother to\nJoan II. who succeeded to the crown of Naples on his death in 1412.\nHe took up arms on behalf of Gregory, and invaded the florentine\nterritories in the year 1409, at the head of a large body of forces.\nThe proceedings of the council were in fact detrimental to him, as\nby its decree he was deposed, and the neapolitan crown vested in his\ncompetitor, the duke of Anjou. He had also seized many towns in the\npatrimony of St Peter, and among the rest on Rome itself.--See _Poggio_\n_Hist. Florent._ p. 178. et seq.\n[31] Flisque. Q. Fiesco?\n[32] Elizabeth, daughter of John duke of Luxembourg, brother of\nWenceslaus king of Bohemia, and _ci-devant_ emperor. See vol. i. p. 63.\n[33] John lord of Puisaye, fifth son to the duke of Bar.\n[34] Bona, third daughter of the duke of Bar, married to Waleran count\nof St Pol.\n[35] Charles de Montagu, to whom the confiscated honours of the vidame\ndu Laonnois and lord of Marcoussy were restored after the death of his\nfather. There was no issue of this marriage with Catherine d\u2019Albret.\n[36] Margaret de Clisson, widow of John de Blois and mother of Oliver,\ncounts of Penthievre.\n[37] John Maria and Philip Maria, sons of John Galeas, and successively\ndukes of Milan.\n[38] Theodore Pal\u00e6ologus, second marquis of Montferrat. He married,\nfirst, a daughter of the duke of Bar, and, secondly, a princess of\nthe house of Savoy. His daughter Sophia was married to Philip Maria\nVisconti, then count of Pavia, afterwards duke of Milan.\n[39] Facino Cane, a captain of great reputation, and partisan of John\nMaria Visconti, duke of Milan.\n[40] Gaing. Q. Gavi?\n[41] Noefville. Q. Novara, or Novi?\n[42] Q. Louis king of Sicily? or Charles king of Navarre? Probably the\nlatter.\n[43] John VI. count of Roucy and Braine, son of Hugh count de Roucy\nand Blanche of Coucy. He married Isabel de Montagu, and was killed at\nAgincourt.\n[44] The lords of Antoing and princes of Espinoy were a younger branch\nof the house of Melun, counts of Tancarville. John I. viscount of\nMelun, was grandfather both to the count of Tancarville and the lord\nd\u2019Antoing, mentioned in this volume.\n[45] Guichard Dauphin, descended from the old counts de Clermont,\ndauphins of Auvergne, grand master from 1409 to 1413. He was son to\nGuichard Dauphin I. grand master of the cross-bows.\n[46] Amadeus VIII. the first duke of Savoy, son of Amadeus VII. and\nBona daughter to the duke of Berry.\n[47] Bernard VII. brother of John III. count of Armagnac, killed at\nAlexandria della Paglia, as related by Froissart. This count was a\nman of the most unbounded ambition, and had already, in the forcible\nseizure of the county of Fesenzaguet, (the appanage of a younger branch\nof Armagnac) and the murder of its count, Geraud III. and his two sons,\ndiscovered an unprincipled cruelty of disposition, remarkable even at\nthis calamitous period of history. He married Bona of Berry, the widow\nof Amadeus VII. and mother of Amadeus VIII. above mentioned.\n[48] Martin king of Sicily, by whose death without issue the king of\nArragon was deprived of male heirs. The island of Sardinia was at this\ntime divided between the genoese and arragonian factions. The chief of\nthe former was Brancaleon d\u2019Oria, whose sister was married to William\ncount of Narbonne. Turquet calls him Aimery,--and says that the king\nof Sicily was not killed, but died a natural death at Cagliari, after\nobtaining a victory over the confederates.\n[49] Q. Angennes? John d\u2019Angennes, lord de la Louppe, was governor of\nDauphin\u00e8 and afterwards of the Louvre, and enjoyed great credit at\ncourt.\n[50] This Yvain Graindos is a strange corruption, if any corruption\nin the french nomenclature can be strange to a practised ear, of Owen\nGlendower, who, as Rapin says, \u2018upon the Welch unanimously renouncing\ntheir allegiance to the crown of England, and acknowledging him for\nsovereign, from thenceforward always styled himself Prince of Wales, as\nappears from several acts.\u2019\n[51] In a battle fought May 14. 1405. See Rapin\u2019s History of England\n_in loco_.\n[52] De Dolhaing. Q. D\u2019Olhaing?\n[53] I suppose Monstrelet must mean Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania,\nwho was called to the throne of Poland in 1386, on condition that\nhe would become a Christian, marry the daughter of the late king,\nand annex Lithuania to Poland. This last condition, however, was not\ncompletely fulfilled until the reign of Sigismond Augustus in 1569.\n _Baudran._\nJagellon took the name of Uladislaus V. on his baptism; but Hedwige,\ndaughter to the king of Poland, reigned two years before she married\nUladislaus.\n _Anderson._\n[54] Sigismond was king of Hungary in 1387,--roman emperor 1411,--king\nof Bohemia 1419,--died 1437, aged 70. He married for his second wife\nBarbara, daughter to Hermannus II. count of Cilly in Crain.\n _Anderson._\n[55] Of the half blood. See p. 138.\n[57] Probably Nicholas d\u2019Este, connected by marriage with the house of\nMalatesta.\n[58] Probably Pandulph Malatesta, lord of Rimini, a captain of great\nreputation and adherent of king Ladislaus.\n[59] Sir Raoul de Gaucourt, successively promoted to the posts of\nchamberlain, governor of Dauphin\u00e8, and grand master of the household,\nbecame a distinguished actor in the wars with the English, from 1427 to\n1437 particularly.\nThere was also a sir Eustace de Gaucourt, lord of Vicy, who was grand\nfalconer in 1406 and 1412.\n[60] Count de Hembe. Q.\n[61] Charles de Mouroufle. Q.\n[62] The author of \u2018An Account of Livonia, with a Relation of the Rise,\nProgress and Decay of the Marian Teutonic Order,\u2019 London, 1701, relates\nthese transactions in the manner following:\n\u2018The order was now on the highest pinnacle of prosperity and honour,\nexceeding great kings and potentates of Europe in extent of dominions,\npower and riches, when Ulricus \u00e0 Jungingen was chosen great master; but\nhe being of a boisterous, fiery temper, soon broke the peace concluded\nbetween Poland with his brother Conradus \u00e0 Jungingen, whereupon\nking Uladislaus Jagellon joining forces with his father Witoldas of\nLithuania, formed an army of 150,000 fighting men and marched into\nPrussia. To stop the progress of this formidable army, the great master\ndrew up as many forces as he could, and, after the Livonians had\njoined him, found his army consisted, in a general muster, of 83,000\nwell armed stout combatants; and thus, with an undaunted spirit, he\nmarched forth to meet his enemy. Such a battle as this was never heard\nof before in these parts, and was given the 15th day of July 1410 in\nPrussia, near the town Gilgenbourg, between the two villages Tannenberg\nand Grunwald, on a large plain, with such obstinacy that, according\nto an exact computation, there were actually killed, on both sides,\n100,000 on the spot. The Poles got the victory, but lost 60,000 men.\nThe order lost 40,000,--but among them almost all their generals and\ncommanders. The great master himself, and the chief of the order, with\n600 noble german marian knights, were there slain. There is still\nkept every year a day of devotion upon that plain, in a chapel built\nto the remembrance of this battle, marked with the date of the year\nit happened, and this inscription, _Centum mille occisi_. The king of\nPoland was so weakened by this dear-bought victory that he very readily\nagreed to a peace. This memorable battle is called The Battle of\nTannenberg.\u2019\n[63] Moreri says, that the good duke Louis died at Monbucan on the 19th\nof August 1410. By his wife Anne, dauphiness of Auvergne and countess\nof Forez, he left John count of Clermont, his son and successor:\nhis other children, Louis and two daughters, died without issue and\nunmarried. He left also a natural son, named Hector, who was killed at\nthe siege of Soissons in 1414.\n[64] Boulogne, the property of the duke of Berry, by marriage with\nJane, heiress of Auvergne and Boulogne.\n The county of Estampes belonged to the duke of Berry,\n Valois, I believe, to the count d\u2019Alen\u00e7on,\n Beaumont to the duke of Orleans,--and\n Clermont to the duke of Bourbon.\n[65] Vinchestre, or rather Winchester,--now called Bic\u00eatre, was a\npalace built by a bishop of Winchester 1290. For further particulars,\nsee \u2018Sauval Antiquit\u00e8s de Paris\u2019, vol. ii. book vii.\n[66] I hardly know whether this can be the celebrated archbishop of\nRheims, and historian of the reign of Charles VI. who was one of the\nmost learned men of his time, and died at an advanced age, in 1474.\nHe had two brothers older than himself, William des Ursins, baron\nof Treynel, chancellor of France in 1445, and again in 1464,--and\nJames Juvenal des Ursins, who was archbishop of Rheims before him.\nThe history written by Juvenal des Ursins occupies the space from\n1380 to 1422, and throws great light, by comparison, on Froissart and\nMonstrelet.\n[67] Q. De Nesle?\nGuy III. de Nesle, lord of Offemont and Mello, was grand master of the\nhousehold to queen Isabella, and was killed at Agincourt. His two sons,\n_John_ III. and Guy IV. followed him in succession. He had a third son,\nwho died with him at Agincourt.\n[68] Monstrelet apparently mistakes. According to Moreri, _Robert_ duke\nof Bar died this year, leaving issue by his wife Mary (daughter to John\nking of France),\n 1. Henry lord d\u2019Ossy, who died in Hungary, 1396, leaving by his\n wife Mary de Coucy, countess of Soissons, one son, Robert count\n of Marle and Soissons, killed at Agincourt.\n 2. Philip, died in Hungary 1396.\n 3. Edward III. marquis du Pont, and duke of Bar after his\n father\u2019s death.\n 4. Louis cardinal of Bar.\n 5. Charles lord of Nogent.\n 6. John lord of Puisaye. (Both Edward and John were killed at\n Agincourt.)\n 7. Yoland, queen of Arragon.\n 8. Mary, countess of Namur.\n 9. Bona, countess of St Pol.\nOne striking peculiarity is discernible in this table, viz. the\npreference shown in the succession to Edward the third son, over\nRobert, son of the eldest son of the deceased duke; but this was\naccording to the law of many feudal tenures, which took no notice of\nour universally-established doctrine of _representation_ in descents.\nThe same law prevailed in Artois, and was the ground of that famous\ndecision by which Robert d\u2019Artois was ejected in the middle of the\nfourteenth century, and in consequence of which he retired in disgust\nto the court of our Edward III. who asserted the justice of his\npretensions.\n[69] He was a peer as duke of Burgundy, and again a peer as\ncount-palatine of Burgundy.\n[70] John, called count de Ligny, third son of John count of Brienne,\nbrother to the count de St Pol.\n[71] James de Ch\u00e2tillon was appointed admiral in 1408, in the room\nof Clugnet de Breban. He was lord of Dampierre, and son of Hugh de\nCh\u00e2tillon, formerly master of the cross-bows.\n[72] Nephew of duke Edward. See p. 232.\n[73] The advice which, according to Stowe, king Henry gave to the duke\nof Burgundy on this occasion was deserving of more attention than he\nwas disposed to pay to it. \u2018The duke of Burgoyne, desiring the king\u2019s\naid against the duke of Orliance, promised many things,--amongst the\nwhich he promised his daughter in marriage to the prince, and a great\nsum of gold with her. To whom the king answered: \u2018We advertise you not\nto fight with your enemie in this case, who justly seemeth to vexe\nyou, for the death of his father by you procured, but as much as in\nyou lyeth endeavor yourself to mitigate the young man\u2019s wrath, and\npromise to make him reasonable satisfaction, according to the advice\nof your friends; and if then he will not cease from persecuting you,\nget you into the strongest place of your dominion, and there gather\nsuch power as may be able to put off his force. If then, after this,\nhe will make war against you, you shall have the juster occasion to\nfight with him,--and in such case we will shew you such favour as yee\nhave demaunded.\u2019 Thus there were sent over to his ayde Thomas earl of\nArundell, Gilbert Umfreville earl of Angus, or earl of Kyme, sir Robert\nUmfreville, sir John Oldcastle, lord Cobham, sir John Grey and William\nPorter, with twelve hundred archers,\u2019 &c. &c.\n[74] According to the catalogue in Moreri, Arnauld de Corbie, lord of\nJoigny, was at this time chancellor.\n[75] Called William Porter by Stowe.\n[76] Q. If this is not _Umfreville_ earl of Angus and _Kyme_ (as Stowe\ncalls him)? There was at this period no Neville earl of Kent. The\nonly earl of Kent of that family was William Nevil lord Falconbridge,\ncreated 1461. I find this conjecture somewhat confirmed by the\noriginal, which is, \u2018Ousieville comte de Kam.\u2019 It is true, that\nHolinshed mentions the earls of Pembroke and of _Kent_ as being of the\nexpedition: but he cites Monstrelet as his authority, and is therefore\nlikely to be mistaken.\n[77] \u2018Que _\u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s_ elle _ne_ mourast de deuil.\u2019 \u2018That she was\nwithin a little of dying with grief.\u2019 Mary of Berry, daughter of John\nduke of Berry, and wife to John duke of Bourbon (her third husband, she\nhaving been before twice a widow, first of Louis de Ch\u00e2tillon count\nof Dunois, and, secondly, of the constable d\u2019Eu), lived till the year\n1434, when she died at Lyons. See Morery. Her children by the duke of\nBourbon were Charles, duke of Bourbon after his father,--Louis, who\ndied young,--and another Louis, founder of the line of Montpensier.\n[78] John II. lord of Rieux and Rochefort. According to Morery\u2019s\ncatalogue, two mareschals were created this year,--Louis lord of\nLoigny, and James lord of Heilly, commonly called Mareschal of\nAcquitaine.\n[Transcriber's Note:\nInconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.\nSeven instances of \u201cPier-vves\u201d changed to read \u201cPier-Yves\u201d; and one\ninstance of \u201cPierre-vves\u201d changed to read \u201cPierre-Yves.\u201d]\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Chronicles of Enguerrand de\nMonstrelet, Volume 2 (of 13), by Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES--ENGUERRAND MONSTRELET, VOL 2 ***\n***** This file should be named 52607-0.txt or 52607-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Wayne Hammond and The Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London_\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN\n FROISSART finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and\n continued by others to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES.... VOL. VI.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE SIXTH VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n Charles VI. king of France, dies in his h\u00f4tel\n of St Pol, and is interred at Saint Denis\n CHAP. II.\n Information of the death of king Charles\n the well-beloved is carried to his only son\n Charles the dauphin. Other matters 8\n CHAP. III.\n Charles the dauphin is crowned king of\n France, in consequence of his father's\n CHAP. IV.\n The Parisians send an embassy to England, to\n young king Henry and to his ministers.\n CHAP. V.\n The captains of king Charles assemble in\n great numbers to raise the siege of Meulan.\n The duke of Bedford treats with\n CHAP. VI.\n CHAP. VII.\n The French take the fortress of Dommart in\n Ponthieu by scalado. And many other\n CHAP. VIII.\n The dukes of Bedford, Burgundy and\n Brittany, meet at Amiens, and form a\n CHAP. IX.\n Poton de Saintrailles and Lyonnel de Wandonne\n perform a combat at arms at Arras,\n in the presence of the duke of Burgundy 35\n CHAP. X.\n The earl of Salisbury besieges the castle of\n Mont-Aquilon, which surrenders to him.\n CHAP. XI.\n King Charles of France has the town of\n Crevant besieged by the constable of\n Scotland and the count de Ventadour 43\n CHAP. XII.\n CHAP. XIII.\n Sir James de Harcourt holds a conference\n with sir Raoul le Bouteiller for the surrender\n CHAP. XIV.\n Several events briefly touched upon 62\n CHAP. XV.\n The town of Compi\u00e8gne is delivered up to\n the English. The town and castle of\n Crotoy are surrendered to the duke of\n CHAP. XVI.\n Two masters of arts are sent to Tournay to\n admonish the people, and to keep alive\n their affection to king Charles 73\n CHAP. XVII.\n Sir John de Luxembourg besieges the castle\n of Wiege. He lays an ambush, in which\n Poton de Saintrailles and his companions\n CHAP. XVIII.\n A large body of English arrive at Calais.\n Sir John de Luxembourg besieges the\n town of Guise. Other matters briefly\n CHAP. XIX.\n The lord de Longueval and many other\n French lords turn to the party of king\n CHAP. XX.\n The duke of Bedford marches a large army\n to keep his appointment before Ivry.\n That town and castle surrender to him 86\n CHAP. XXI.\n The duke of Bedford combats the French\n CHAP. XXII.\n The inhabitants of Tournay rebel against\n CHAP. XXIII.\n The garrison of Guise capitulate to sir John\n de Luxembourg and sir Thomas Rampstone 98\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy\n endeavour to make up the quarrel between\n the dukes of Glocester and of\n CHAP. XXV.\n The duke and duchess of Glocester leave\n Calais for Hainault, to receive the allegiance\n of the principal towns of that\n country. The duke of Burgundy makes\n preparations to aid his cousin the duke of\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The duke of Glocester sends a letter to the\n duke of Burgundy. A copy thereof 117\n CHAP. XXVII.\n Copy of the answer of the duke of Burgundy\n to, the letter from the duke of\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n Copy of the second letter sent by the duke\n of Glocester to the duke of Burgundy 128\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The duke of Burgundy returns to Flanders,\n whence he sends his answer to the duke\n of Glocester's letter. A copy thereof 132\n CHAP. XXX.\n The town of Braine in Hainault taken and\n destroyed by the allies of the duke of\n CHAP. XXXI.\n Pope Martin sends his bull to duke John of\n CHAP. XXXII.\n After the departure of the duke of Glocester,\n a war takes place in Hainault. The\n duchess Jacquiline writes to the duke of\n Glocester for assistance. The contents\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n The dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy\n meet in the town of Dourlens. Other\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n The sultan of Egypt and Saracens determine\n to conquer the whole kingdom of Cyprus 159\n CHAP. XXXV.\n The duke of Burgundy makes great preparations\n to combat the duke of Glocester.\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n The duchess Jacqueline of Bavaria escapes\n in disguise from Ghent, and goes to\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The duke of Bedford prevents the combat\n between the dukes of Burgundy and\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The lord Fitzwalter arrives in Holland to\n the aid of the duchess Jacquiline 172\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n The duke of Burgundy returns to Holland,\n and besieges the town of Zeneuberche,\n which surrenders to him. Other matters 178\n CHAP. XL.\n The Saracens return to Cyprus. A battle\n between them and the Cypriots, in which\n the king is made prisoner, and carried to\n CHAP. XLI.\n The castle of Moyennes in Champagne surprised\n by the French. The pope gives\n sentence in favour of the duke of Brabant.\n The fortress of Oripecte in Provence\n CHAP. XLII.\n The duke of Bedford lays siege to Montargis.\n The siege is raised by the French.\n Other events briefly touched on 199\n CHAP. XLIII.\n The castle of Malmaison, belonging to the\n bishop of Cambray, is taken by sir John\n CHAP. XLIV.\n Sir John Blondel surrenders the castle of\n Malmaison, which he had taken from the\n CHAP. XLV.\n The duke of Burgundy returns to Holland,\n and attacks the town of Hermontfort.\n CHAP. XLVI.\n The sultan of Babylon writes letters to the\n princes in Christendom. The tenour of\n CHAP. XLVII.\n The English invade Brittany, where they do\n CHAP. XLVIII.\n Sir John de Luxembourg besieges Beaumont\n CHAP. XLIX.\n A treaty concluded between the duke of\n Burgundy and the duchess Jacquiline,\n which ends the war in Holland. The\n CHAP. L.\n The earl of Salisbury arrives in France with\n great reinforcements to the duke of Bedford.\n The duke of Burgundy escorts\n the duchess Jacquiline into Hainault 228\n CHAP. LI.\n The townsmen of Tournay again rebel 231\n CHAP. LII.\n The earl of Salisbury conquers Gergeau and\n other places near Orleans. The duke of\n Bedford wants to lay hands on the revenues\n CHAP. LIII.\n The earl of Salisbury lays siege to the town\n CHAP. LIV.\n A preacher called friar Thomas, converts\n many persons, and inveighs against the\n extravagant dresses of the women, in\n CHAP. LV.\n A grand tournament in the city of Brussels 244\n CHAP. LVI.\n The count de Namur dies, and makes the\n CHAP. LVII.\n The English, marching to reinforce the\n siege of Orleans, are met and attacked by\n CHAP. LVIII.\n A maiden, named Joan, waits on king\n Charles at Chinon, where he resided.\n The king retains her in his service 254\n CHAP. LIX.\n Ambassadors are sent by king Charles, and\n the burghers of Orleans, to Paris, to negotiate\n a treaty with the regent, that\n the town of Orleans may remain in\n CHAP. LX.\n The maid with many noble French captains\n of great renown reinforce and revictual\n the town of Orleans, and afterward raise\n CHAP. LXI.\n The king of France, at the requests of the\n maid Joan and the noble captains in Orleans,\n sends them a large reinforcement\n of men at arms to pursue his enemies 265\n CHAP. LXII.\n The maid Joan, with the constable of France,\n the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, and their men, conquer\n the town of Gergeau. The battle\n of Pataye, when the French defeat the\n CHAP. LXIII.\n The duke of Burgundy, at the request of\n the duke of Bedford, comes to Paris,\n when they renew their alliances 276\n CHAP. LXIV.\n King Charles of France takes the field with\n a numerous body of chivalry and men\n at arms. Many towns and castles submit\n CHAP. LXV.\n King Charles of France with a noble chivalry\n and a numerous body of men at arms,\n arrives at Rheims, where he is crowned\n CHAP. LXVI.\n The duke of Bedford assembles a large army\n to combat king Charles. He sends a\n CHAP. LXVII.\n The armies of Charles king of France and\n of the regent duke of Bedford meet near\n CHAP. LXVIII.\n King Charles of France sends ambassadors\n to the duke of Burgundy at Arras 296\n CHAP. LXIX.\n The lord de Longueval conquers the castle\n CHAP. LXX.\n The town of Compi\u00e8gne surrenders to the\n French. The return of the French embassy\n which had been sent to the duke of\n CHAP. LXXI.\n The king of France makes an attack on the\n CHAP. LXXII.\n The duke of Burgundy sends ambassadors\n to Amiens, to keep up his interest with\n CHAP. LXXIII.\n Charles king of France returns to Touraine\n CHAP. LXXIV.\n Duke Philip of Burgundy conducts his sister\n back to Paris, in great pomp to her lord\n CHAP. LXXV.\n The French and Burgundians attack each\n other, notwithstanding the truce 315\n CHAP. LXXVI.\n The lord de Saveuses and the bastard de St\n Pol are made prisoners by the French,\n near to Paris. A party of French gain the\n CHAP. LXXVII.\n The English make many conquests 321\n CHAP. LXXVIII.\n The duke of Burgundy marries, for the\n third time, the lady Isabella, daughter to\n CHAP. LXXIX.\n Estienne de Vignolles, surnamed La Hire,\n surprises and takes the town of Louviers,\n CHAP. LXXX.\n The duke of Burgundy institutes, this year,\n CHAP. LXXXI.\n The lord de Crevecoeur and sir Robert de\n Saveuses are attacked by the French on\n their march to Clermont in the Beauvoisis 331\n CHAP. LXXXII.\n Five Frenchmen combat five Burgundians at\n CHAP. LXXXIII.\n The duke of Burgundy quarters his army at\n CHAP. LXXXIV.\n The duke of Burgundy lays siege to the\n castle of Choisy, which he conquers in a\n CHAP. LXXXV.\n Joan the maid overthrows Franquet d'Arras,\n CHAP. LXXXVI.\n R\u00e9n\u00e9 duke of Bar lays siege to Chappes,\n CHAP. LXXXVII.\n The maid is taken prisoner by the Burgundians\n CHAP. LXXXVIII.\n Young king Henry of England disembarks\n CHAP. LXXXIX.\n After the capture of the maid, the duke of\n Burgundy encamps his army before Compi\u00e8gne 349\n CHAP. XC.\n The Liegeois raise a large army, and invade\n CHAP. XCI.\n The duke of Burgundy sends the lord de\n Croy to the county of Namur against the\n CHAP. XCII.\n The earl of Huntingdon comes to the aid of\n the duke of Burgundy before Compi\u00e8gne 357\n CHAP. XCIII.\n An adventurer named Toumelaire, with\n some of the townsmen of Rheims, lays\n siege to the castle of Champigneux 361\n CHAP. XCIV.\n The death of Philip duke of Brabant. The\n duke of Burgundy takes possession of his\n CHAP. XCV.\n Sir John de Luxembourg takes the command\n of the siege of Compi\u00e8gne. The orders\n CHAP. XCVI.\n The prince of Orange is conquered by the\n CHAP. XCVII.\n The French march to Compi\u00e8gne and raise\n CHAP. XCVIII.\n The marshal de Bousac lays siege to the castle\n CHAP. XCIX.\n A large body of English and Burgundians,\n on their march to besiege Guerbigny, are\n attacked and conquered by the French 388\n CHAP. C.\n The French offer battle to the duke of Burgundy\n and his army, which the duke, by\n HERE BEGINNETH\n THE SIXTH VOLUME\n OF THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\nCHAP. I.\n CHARLES VI. KING OF FRANCE, DIES IN HIS H\u00d4TEL OF SAINT POL, AND IS\n INTERRED AT SAINT DENIS WITH HIS ANCESTORS.\nIn these days, Charles king of France was confined to his bed by\nillness; and on the 22d day of October, the feast of the eleven\nthousand virgins, he departed this life at his h\u00f4tel of St Pol. Only\nhis chancellor, his first chamberlain, his confessor, almoner, and a\nvery few of his household, were present at his decease.\nShortly after his death was made public, the lords of his council, the\nmembers of his parliament, the chamber of accounts, the university of\nParis, many of the colleges, the sheriffs, burghers, and multitudes of\nthe common people, went to see him as he lay on his bed.\nHis attendants placed the body in a leaden coffin, when it was very\nreverently borne by knights and esquires to the chapel within his\nh\u00f4tel, where it remained for twenty whole days, until the duke of\nBedford were returned to Paris from Normandy in the following month of\nNovember. During these twenty days, masses were daily celebrated in the\nking's chapel, in the same manner as in his lifetime by the priests\nattached to it,--after which, the service for the dead was celebrated.\nThe four orders of mendicant friars, and the canons from the different\ncolleges, daily performed alternate services. The university caused one\ngrand one to be celebrated, as did the college of the Quatre Nations,\nand in general this was done by all the parishes in Paris.\nOn the 10th of November, the king's body was carried from his h\u00f4tel of\nSt Pol to the cathedral of N\u00f4tre Dame, in grand procession, preceded\nby the members of the different churches dressed in their robes, each\naccording to his rank. The prelates were on the right hand, namely,\nthe bishops of Paris, of Chartres, of Terouenne,--the abbots of St\nMagloire, of St Germain des Pres, of St Maur, and of St Genevieve. On\nthe left hand were the heads of the universities and doctors, equally\nnear as the prelates to the body, which was borne by the king's\nforesters and by those of his stable. Then followed the maitres d'h\u00f4tel\nand the esquires of the stable.\nOn the left of the body were the provosts of Paris and of the\nmerchants, having sergeants at arms between them; and near to the body\nwas the king's first valet de chambre. The members of the court of\nparliament bore the pall, at the head of which was the king's first\nchamberlain, and the others in succession. After them came the king's\npages, and then at a little distance, the duke of Bedford, as regent\nof the Kingdom. None of the princes of the royal blood of France\nattended the funeral, which was a melancholy consideration, when it was\nremembered what great power and prosperity the king had enjoyed during\nthe early part of his reign.\nThen came, after the duke of Bedford, the chancellor of France,\nthe masters of requests, the members of the chamber of accounts,\nsecretaries, notaries, burghers, and a great multitude of the\ncommonalty of Paris.\nThe body was placed on a handsome litter, over which was a canopy of\ncloth of gold on a ground of vermilion and azure, besprinkled with\nflowers de luce. Over the coffin was an image of the late king, bearing\na rich crown of gold and diamonds, and holding two shields,--one of\ngold, the other of silver: the hands had white gloves on, and the\nfingers were adorned with very precious rings. This image was dressed\nwith cloth of gold on a vermilion ground, with close sleeves, and a\nmantle of the same lined with ermine: the stockings were black, and the\nshoes of blue velvet besprinkled with flowers de luce.\nIn this state was he solemnly carried to the church of N\u00f4tre Dame,\nwhere a mass for the defunct was chaunted by the patriarch of\nConstantinople. When the service was finished, the procession moved to\nSt Denis. The body was borne by the attendants of his stable as far as\na cross, half way between Paris and St Denis, when the measurers and\ncarriers of salt in Paris took it from them, having each a flower de\nluce on his breast. They carried the body to a cross near St Denis,\nwhere the abbot, attended by his monks and all the clergy of the town,\nwith great multitudes of people bearing lighted torches, received it.\nThence with chaunting and singing, recommending his soul to God, was it\ncarried to the church of St Denis.\nDuring this whole time, neither the duke of Bedford nor any of\nthose before mentioned quitted the body. On the body being placed\nin the church, another service was celebrated by the patriarch of\nConstantinople; but a night intervened between the two services. No one\nbut the duke of Bedford went to the offering.\nThere were full twenty thousand pounds of wax expended at these two\nservices; and sixteen thousand persons attended the almsgiving, when\nthree blancs of royal money were given to each.\nWhen the last service had been performed in the church of Saint Denis,\nand the king's body laid in the sepulchre of his forefathers, the\npatriarch gave his benediction in the usual manner,--on which the\nlate king's ushers at arms broke their staves and threw them into the\ngrave, and turned their maces downward. Then Berry, king at arms,\nattended by many heralds and poursuivants, cried over the grave, 'May\nGod shew mercy and pity to the soul of the late most puissant and most\nexcellent Charles VI. king of France, our natural and sovereign lord!'\nImmediately after Berry cried, 'May God grant long life to Henry by the\ngrace of God king of France and of England, our sovereign lord!' which\ncry he again repeated. After this, the sergeants at arms, and ushers,\nreturned their maces, and shouted together, 'Long live the king! long\nlive the king!'\nWhen the ceremony was over, the lords returned to Paris, which had been\nplaced under the guard of sir Guy le Bouteiller and the bastard de\nThian, with a very large body of men at arms. They had also under their\ncommand different detachments in the environs, with able captains, to\nprevent any surprise or attempts of the Dauphinois.\nThe duke of Bedford was now regent and sole governor of the realm, in\nthe name of his nephew the young king Henry, in so far as to those\nparts under his obedience.\nThus ended the life of the most noble king Charles in the 43rd year of\nhis reign, during great part of which the kingdom was sorely troubled\nand ruined by the continual quarrels of the princes of his blood with\neach other. May God, through his infinite goodness, have mercy on and\nreceive his soul!\nCHAP. II.\n INFORMATION OF THE DEATH OF KING CHARLES THE WELL-BELOVED IS CARRIED\n TO HIS ONLY SON CHARLES THE DAUPHIN.--OTHER MATTERS.\nNews of the death of king Charles the well-beloved was soon carried\nto his only son the dauphin, then residing at a small castle called\nEspally, near to Puy in Auvergne, and belonging to the bishop of\nthat place. The dauphin was very much grieved on receiving this\nintelligence, and wept abundantly.\nBy the advice of his ministers, he instantly dressed himself in\nmourning, and on the morrow, when he heard mass, was clothed in a\nvermilion coloured robe, attended by several officers at arms, in\ntheir emblazoned coats. The banner of France was then displayed in the\nchapel, and all present shouted 'Vive le Roi!' After this, the service\nof the church was performed without any other ceremony; but henceforth\nall that were attached to the party of the dauphin styled him King of\nFrance.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy was returned to Artois, after the death of\nthe king of England, he held a council of his captains in Arras, when\nit was determined, that sir John de Luxembourg should assemble a body\nof men at arms to subdue the Dauphinois in the county of Guise and in\nthe adjacent parts,--for they were harassing greatly the Cambresis and\nthe Vermandois. Sir John therefore fixed his place of rendezvous for\nhis men at and about Peronne.\nAt this time, the lord de l'Isle-Adam obtained his liberty, through\nthe solicitations of the duke of Burgundy. He had been for a long time\nprisoner in the bastille of St Anthony, by orders of the late king\nof England. He was restored to his possessions, and, in part, to the\noffices he had held.\nMany knights and esquires of Picardy were now sent to St Valery to\nsummon sir James de Harcourt to surrender the place according to his\npromise. The gates of the town were thrown open to their summons,--and\nsir John de Blondel was made governor thereof.\nOn Martinmas-night, by means that had been practised before, the town\nof Rue was given up to sir James de Harcourt, and the inhabitants swore\nallegiance to the dauphin, thus violating the peace that had been made.\nSir James appointed the lord de Verduisant governor; and, as his force\nwas inadequate for its defence, he sent for a reinforcement from the\ncounty of Guise, which, on its arrival, oppressed the country much.\nAbout this same time, the lord de Bosqueaux, who had long been most\nactive to serve the Dauphin and Orleans-party, was made prisoner in the\ncastle of Thoisy-sur-Oise and carried to Paris, where he was beheaded\nand quartered, for having, some time past, maliciously murdered sir Guy\nde Harcourt, bailiff of the Vermandois.\nCHAP. III.\n CHARLES THE DAUPHIN IS CROWNED KING OF FRANCE, IN CONSEQUENCE OF HIS\n FATHER'S DEATH.\nAfter the death of the king of France, his only son Charles the\ndauphin, by the advice of the nobles of his party, was crowned king, in\nthe town of Poitiers,--and from that day was called King of France by\nhis adherents, as his father had been before him. A short time prior to\nthis, he had narrowly escaped being killed; for while he was holding\na council in the town of la Rochelle, part of the chamber in which he\nwas sitting fell in, when John de Bourbon, lord of Pr\u00e8aux, and some\nmore were killed. The dauphin was slightly wounded; but his attendants\nhastily extricated him from his danger, and carried him to a place of\nsecurity, where he soon recovered his health.\nIn this year, sir Mansart d'Esne was made prisoner in the castle of\nVitry, of which he was governor, by la Hire, both of them being\nadherents to the dauphin, and notwithstanding they had long been\nintimate friends. Sir Mansart, however, was deprived of all his\neffects, of his castle, and a high price withal fixed for his ransom,\nwhile he was kept in close confinement for a length of time. It was\ncommonly reported, that John Raoullet was a party concerned with la\nHire in playing this trick.\nWhen sir John de Luxembourg had collected his men at arms at Peronne,\nhe entered the country of Guise, and having soon subdued the forts\nof Buissy-sur-Fontaines, Proisy and some others, and conquered that\ncountry, he returned homeward, and disbanded his troops, when they all\nretired to the places they had come from.\nCHAP. IV.\n THE PARISIANS SEND AN EMBASSY TO ENGLAND, TO YOUNG KING HENRY AND TO\n HIS MINISTERS.--OTHER MATTERS.\nIn this year, the Parisians sent a solemn embassy to king Henry, and to\nthe queen of England, to request they would speedily order a sufficient\nforce to France, to oppose the daily advances of the party of the new\nking of France, the late dauphin of Vienne.\nThe ambassadors were, the bishop of Terouenne, master John de Mailly,\nsir Bourdin de Salignies, Michault Lallier, and other persons of note.\nThey took their road through Lille, to have a conference with the duke\nof Burgundy, and thence to Calais, where they embarked for England.\nThey were joyfully received by the king and queen, and promised\neffectual and speedy succours by their ministers. Having thus\naccomplished the object of their embassy, they returned to France.\nOn the 14th of January in this year, the fortress on the bridge of\nMeulan was surprised by the French under the command of sir John de\nGrasville. He had with him some able captains and a body of five\nhundred combatants who slew all the English they found there, and used\ngreat diligence to put the place in better repair, and to revictual it;\nfor they intended to defend the town and castle against their enemies.\nAt this time, the countess-dowager of Hainault was defied by a noted\nplunderer of the name of L'Escremont Castel, a native of Ligny, in the\nCambresis, and then captain of the tower of Beaumont under sir John\nde Luxembourg. Having sent his defiance to the countess, he attacked\nmany of her towns, and made war on her subjects and vassals for a\nconsiderable space of time.\nAbout Christmas in this year, some of the burghers of Paris formed a\nconspiracy against king Henry, with the intent to deliver up Paris to\nthe Dauphinois; but it was discovered, and many arrested, some of whom\nwere beheaded. A woman that had been concerned therein was burnt:\nthe rest saved themselves by flight (among the latter was Michault\nLallier), and their property was confiscated to king Henry.\nAt this period, the town of La Fert\u00e9-Milon was won by the French, with\nthe consent of the inhabitants; but the castle was well defended by the\ngarrison, who sent in haste for succour to the lord de l'Isle-Adam,\nto the lord de Castillon, and to the bastard de Thiam. The lord de\nl'Isle-Adam collected a force of five or six hundred men, and marched\nthem secretly in the rear of the castle, whence, at an hour previously\nagreed on with the garrison, they made a joint attack on the town,\nwhich was soon gained without any great resistance being made; and the\ngreater part of those found within it were put to death without mercy,\nand all their effects carried off.\nShortly after the capture of Meulan, the duke of Bedford, who styled\nhimself regent of France, assembled a large body of combatants,\nEnglish, Normans, Picards and others, and led them to lay siege to the\nbridge of Meulan on each side of the river. He had bombards, and other\nwarlike engines erected against the gates and walls to destroy them,\nand continued this siege with great perseverance from the beginning\nof January until the following March, when the besieged offered to\ncapitulate.\nIn the month of February, while this siege was carrying on, sir John\nde Luxembourg conquered the forts of Franquemez, Neufville, Endorans,\nVironfosse and Canaple. He had with him the lord de Saveuses, sir\nDaviod de Poix, and many expert and tried men at arms. After these\nconquests, he returned before the town of Guise, and had a grand\nskirmish with its garrison. Having thus succeeded, sir John returned to\nhis castle of Beaurevoir, where he dismissed his captains and men at\narms.\nCHAP. V.\n THE CAPTAINS OF KING CHARLES ASSEMBLE IN GREAT NUMBERS TO RAISE THE\n SIEGE OF MEULAN.--THE DUKE OF BEDFORD TREATS WITH THE GARRISON.\nToward the end of February, a large body of combatants attached to\nking Charles, from the country of Berry, assembled under the command\nof the count d'Aumarle, the earl of Buchan, a Scotsman, the viscounts\nde Narbonne, d'Annechy, de Ch\u00e2tel Breton and others: they amounted\nto about six thousand men, and were marched to within six leagues of\nMeulan, where they formed themselves in battle-array; but a quarrel\narose among their leaders, so that they broke up in a very disorderly\nmanner, and departed without advancing farther. They lost great numbers\nof men from the sallies made by the garrisons of Chartres, and other\nplaces in the hands of the English, while retreating in such disorder.\nThe besieged in Meulan, hearing of what had happened, were exceedingly\nenraged that they had failed of having the promised succour. In their\nrage, they tore down the banner of king Charles that had been displayed\nover the gate, and flung it to the ground. Many gentlemen ascended the\nbattlements, and in sight of the English tore to pieces the crosses\nthey had worn as badges of king Charles, and loudly abused those who\nhad been sent to their relief for perjured traitors.\nThe garrison was not long before they held a parley with the duke's\nofficers; and persons were chosen on each side to conclude a treaty.\nOn the part of the English were deputed the earl of Salisbury, sir\nJohn Fastolfe, sir Pierre de Fontenay, sir John de Poulligny lord\nde la Motte, Richard Widville, Nicholas Bourdee, grand butler of\nNormandy, and Pierre le Verrad. The deputies from the town were sir\nJohn de Grasville, sir Louis Martel, sir Adam de Croisines, knights,\nJohn d'Estainbourg, Jean de Mirot, Roger de Boissie, Oudin de Boissie\nand Jean Marie, esquires. These deputies having met several times, at\nlength agreed to a treaty, the terms whereof were as follow.\nCHAP. VI.\n A COPY OF THE TREATY OF MEULAN.\nIn the first place, the besieged shall surrender the bridge and\nfortress into the hands of my lord duke of Bedford, or to his\ncommissaries, fully repaired, and with all its cannons, powder,\ncross-bows and all other warlike stores, without fraud or deceit, and\nwithout committing any damages to these articles. The said bridge and\nfort shall be thus honestly surrendered three days after to-morrow;\nthat is to say, on the 5th day of this present month of March.\nSecondly, all persons now within the fort of the bridge of Meulan,\nwhatever may be their rank, shall submit themselves, with the utmost\nhumility, to the will of my lord the regent, who, in consideration\nof this their very humble obeisance, and from motives of mercy and\nreligion, in honour of God, and with due reverence to this holy time\nof Lent, shall grant them their lives, excepting those who shall have\nformerly been subjects to the late king of England, (whose soul may God\npardon!) and such as shall have sworn to the observance of the last\npeace between the kingdoms of France and England; those who shall have\nbeen in any way accomplices in the murder of duke John of Burgundy; all\nWelsh, Irish and Scots, should any there be, are also excepted; and\nmore particularly so, John Dourdas, Savary, a bernardine monk, Olivier\nde Launoy, the cannoneers, and those who formed the ambuscade by which\nthe bridge was surprised: all these last are to remain at the disposal\nof the lord regent.\nThirdly, it is agreed, that if any gentleman or others (excepting such\nas have been before excepted) be willing to submit themselves to the\nobedience of the king our sovereign lord of France and of England,\nand to my lord regent, as true and loyal subjects, and carry on a war\nagainst his enemies, in the manner they had done against the king,--my\nlord regent will receive them into his favour, and acquit them of all\nimprisonment and ransom, provided they give sufficient pledges for\ntheir future good conduct.\nItem, all persons now within the fort of the bridge of Meulan who may\nhold any towns or castles, by themselves or others, against our said\nking, shall deliver them up to the lord regent, or to his commissioners\ndeputed for that purpose; and they shall exert themselves to the utmost\nthat their relations or friends shall in like manner surrender all\ncastles or towns they may be possessed of. And until all these things\nshall be done, they are to remain at the disposal of the regent, who\nengages, on their due accomplishment, to restore them to liberty.\nItem, if any persons now within the fort of the bridge of Meulan\nshall detain there, or elsewhere, any prisoners, english, french or\nburgundians, or merchants having sworn allegiance to the king of\nEngland, they shall release them without calling on them or their\nsecurities for any ransom whatever.\nItem, it is agreed, that the besieged shall, the day after to-morrow,\neither by themselves or others, carry to one or more appointed places,\nall their armours, without any way damaging the smallest article of\nthem; and they will also have carried to another part all gold and\nsilver plate, money, jewels, and every article of value within the said\nfortress, without concealing any part thereof or destroying it. They\nwill deliver to the commissaries of the lord regent exact lists of the\nsame without fraud or deception, under pain of forfeiting all benefit\nof this treaty, and of the grace of the lord regent.\nItem, they will also deliver up their horses at an appointed place in\nthe state they are now in, with their armours, to the said commissaries\nof the lord regent, on pain of forfeiture as above.\nItem, under similar penalty, the besieged shall not, until the full\naccomplishment of the treaty, suffer any person or persons to depart\nfrom, or to enter the said fortress, without the express leave of the\nlord regent first had and obtained.\nItem, under pain of the above, they shall denounce and deliver up to\nthe said commissioners all those who have been especially named. And\nin order that all these articles may be fully complied with, the\ncommissioners and deputies of either party have thereto set their\nseals, this first day of March; in the year 1422.\nThis treaty was fully completed; and in consequence of it, the\nfortresses of Marcoussy, of Montlehery, and several others held\nby the besieged were yielded up to the regent. On the day Meulan\nwas surrendered, one hundred gentlemen, and two hundred others of\nthe garrison, took the oaths before required, and swore faith and\nallegiance to the lord regent: even the lord de Grasville took these\noaths: when they were conducted prisoners to Rouen, until all the\narticles of the treaty should be accomplished. The lord de Grasville\ncertified to the regent's commissioners, that king Charles was in full\nhealth when he parted from him to come to Meulan,--but that he had been\nhurt by the falling in of a room at la Rochelle, where he was holding a\ncouncil, as has been before mentioned.\nCHAP. VII.\n THE FRENCH TAKE THE FORTRESS OF DOMMART IN PONTHIEU BY SCALADO.--AND\n MANY OTHER EVENTS.\nOn the 20th day of March in this year, the French escaladed and won the\ncastle of Dommart in Ponthieu,--in which were the borgne de Fosseux,\nknight, and Jacques de Craon his son-in-law, who made their escape,\nwith a few attendants, by a postern, on hearing the tumult and the\nnumbers of the enemy. Sir Simon de Boulenviller, John de Douceure, and\nothers within the castle, with the lady of de Fosseux, were detained\nprisoners.\nAll the effects, which were very abundant, were seized as lawful prey\nand carried off.\nShortly after, the lord de Crotoy, with three or four hundred\ncombatants, fixed his quarters at a castle belonging to the bishop of\nAmiens, called Pernois, about a league distant from Dommart, to make\nhead against and oppose the farther progress of the French. A treaty\nwas concluded with the French some days after the lord de Crotoy's\narrival, by which they were to return unmolested, with their plunder,\non condition they surrendered Dommart. The chief of this expedition was\none called Dandonet.\nAt this period, the duke of Glocester married Jacqueline duchess of\nBavaria, countess of Hainault and of Holland, who had for some time\nresided in England, notwithstanding that Jacqueline had been married\nto duke John of Brabant, then living. This marriage astonished many\npersons.\nIn this same year, the king of Arragon went to Italy, at the request\nof queen Johanna, wife to sir James de Bourbon, as her elected heir.\nOn his arrival he drove the duke of Anjou, who styled himself king of\nSicily, and all his people, out of that country. He then attached to\nhis service all the great captains of the queen of Naples, namely,\nSforza, Braccia-Monte and Tartaglia, with others of the leading men in\nItaly, who, uniting with the king of Arragon, made the queen Johanna\nprisoner. Thus was she punished in the same way she had treated her\nformer lord sir James de Bourbon. The king of Arragon, by these means,\nremained for a considerable time master of great part of Italy: even\nthe pope joined his party, and sent the cardinal of St Angelo to\nconclude a treaty of friendship with him. This cardinal, while on the\njourney, fell from a plank, as he entered a fort, into the ditch, and\nwas so grievously bruised that he died soon after.\nNews was now brought to France that the heretics at Prague were in\ngreat force, and attempting to subdue all the Christian castles and\nfortresses. Their heresy was more powerful and extended than it had\never been, in so much that the emperor, unable to resist them, was\nreturned to Hungary without effecting any thing.\nAbout this time also, sir James de Harcourt's men made several secret\ninroads to the countries of Vimeu, Ponthieu and Artois, and seized and\ncarried away many ploughs from the farmers of Mont St Eloy, near to\nArras, which they sold, with other booty, in the town of Crotoy, so\nthat the farmers were afraid of residing on or working their lands.\nOn the other hand, the French, quartered at Guise, made frequent visits\nto Crotoy and Rue, by which the country was sorely harrassed by each\nparty,--and justice was no where obeyed.\nThe Burghers and commonalty of Tournay had, at this time, great\ndissentions, and assembled in arms under the banners of the different\ntrades, that is to say, the great against the small. The commonalty\nadmitted the lord de Moy into the town, who was attached to the party\nof king Charles, as well as themselves; and they elected several men\nof low degree for their captains, in place of the provost and their\nrulers. This time, however, the quarrel was appeased without coming\nto blows; but similar agitations and changes frequently took place\nafterward within the town of Tournay.\nTwo thousand five hundred English were now assembled in Normandy\nunder the command of the lord de la Pole, sir Thomas Berry and other\ncaptains, who marched them through the country of Maine, wasting every\npart they passed through, to Angers, where they did much damage, and\nmade numbers of prisoners. They returned with them and their plunder to\na large town, called Busignes de la Graville, where they halted many\ndays.\nWhile these things were passing, John count d'Aumarle, who had received\nfrom the country people intelligence of this expedition together with\nthe baron de Colilouvre, the lord de Fontaines in Anjou, and sir Peter\nle Porc, collected a large body of men at arms and common people, and\nlay wait for the enemy in handsome array not far from La Graville. When\nthe English perceived them, they dismounted, and posted the baggage in\ntheir rear. The French were mounted, and began the attack with great\nvigour, but the English defended themselves with such courage, the\nconflict was very severe and doubtful; but at length the English were\nconquered, and left full twelve hundred men on the field. The lord de\nla Pole, was made prisoner, and thirty other gentlemen at the least.\nOf the commonalty on the side of the French, six score persons were\nkilled.\nCHAP. VIII.\n THE DUKES OF BEDFORD, BURGUNDY AND BRITTANY, MEET AT AMIENS, AND FORM\n A TRIPLE ALLIANCE.\nIn the beginning of this year, the dukes of Bedford, Burgundy and\nBrittany, met in the town of Amiens, attended each by a large company\nof knights and esquires. With the duke of Bedford, who styled himself\nregent of France, came the great council of the young king Henry of\nEngland; and with the duke of Brittany was his brother Arthur count de\nRichemont.\nThese princes, on their arrival at Amiens, paid each other the utmost\nrespect, and every outward symptom of affection; and the duke of\nBedford splendidly and royally entertained them at dinner at the\nbishop's palace, where he lodged. When this had been done, they formed\na triple alliance, in the form and manner following, signed with their\nhands and sealed with their seals.\n'John, governor and regent of the kingdom of France, Philip duke of\nBurgundy, and John duke of Brittany, to all to whom these presents\nshall come, greeting.\n'Know ye, that in consideration of our friendships, and the approaching\nnear connection about to take place by the marriages concluded between\nus, John duke of Bedford, regent of France, on the one part, with our\nvery dear and well-beloved companion and cousin Anne of Burgundy on the\nother part; and between our very dear and well-beloved brother Arthur\ncount de Richemont, de Montfort and of Ivry, on one part, with our\nvery dear and well-beloved sister and cousin, Margaret of Burgundy,\non the other part; and for the general welfare of the king our lord,\nand of his kingdoms of France and England, for ourselves and for our\nlordships, lands and vassals, do faithfully swear and promise to\neach other eternal friendship and love so long as we shall live, as\naffectionate brothers ought to do; and we will defend the honour of\neach both publicly and in private, without fraud or any dissimulation,\nand we will mutually inform each other of whatever may be for the\nadvantage or disadvantage, the glory or disgrace, of ourselves or of\nour territories and subjects.\n'Should any persons make evil reports to us of either in his absence,\nwe will not put any belief in such reports, but detain all those who\nshall make such in safe custody, and give immediate notice to him of\nwhom such reports shall have been made.\n'Should either of us feel himself bound in honour, or for the safeguard\nof his inheritances, to make war, each of us binds himself to aid\nthe other, when called upon, with five hundred men at arms, or with\nan equivalent number of archers, according to the will of the person\nmaking such demand for aid. He who shall send the succour shall be\nobliged to pay them for the first month, and the supplicant to pay\nthem for so long as they shall remain with him more than the time of\none month.\n'Should a greater number of men be required by either of us, the others\nshall furnish him therewith to the utmost of their power, without,\nhowever, leaving their countries defenceless.\n'Item, we engage to exert ourselves to the very utmost to the relief\nof the poor of this realm who have suffered, and are now suffering\ngreatly, from poverty,--and to the driving out all foreign bands from\nthe kingdom, so that peace and tranquillity may be restored, that God\nmay be properly served and honoured, and commerce and labour be renewed.\n'We, and each of us, do loyally promise, on the word of a prince, to\nfulfil all the above articles of alliance so long as we shall live,\nwithout doing any one thing to the contrary, under pain of forfeiting\nour honour in this world and our salvation in the next. In testimony of\nwhich, we have set our respective seals to these presents, and signed\nthe same with our own hands, in the town of Amiens, this 27th day of\nApril, in the year 1423.'\nWith this treaty, the intended marriages were confirmed, between the\nduke of Bedford, regent, with Anne sister to the duke of Burgundy,--and\nArthur of Brittany with Margaret, sister also to the said duke, who had\nbeen before married to the eldest son of the late king Charles, duke of\nAcquitaine and dauphin of Vienne.\nIn truth, the duke of Burgundy gave with his sister Anne, the county of\nArtois, with all its dependancies, to the duke of Bedford, to inherit\nfor ever, in case he had by this marriage legal heirs.\nWhen all these things had been settled, the dukes of Bedford and\nBurgundy quitted Amiens, and returned together to Paris. The count de\nRichemont went to Arras; and the duke of Brittany, having received six\nthousand crowns to defray the expenses of his journey, by orders from\nthe regent returned home with his Bretons.\nDuring the time these dukes were at Amiens, the duke of Burgundy\nrequested of the regent, that in case the castlewicks of Peronne, Roye\nand Mondidier were placed under subjection to king Henry, he might have\nthe towns of Amiens, Abbeville, Montrieul, Dourleans, Beauquesne, with\nall their appurtenances, given to him in exchange. The regent replied,\nthat he would lay the matter before the grand council.\nThe duke of Bedford, after a short stay in Paris, went to Troyes\nin Champagne with a very grand attendance of English,--whither was\nconducted, in a most honourable manner, from Burgundy, Anne sister to\nduke Philip, magnificently attended by the lady of Rochefort and the\nlady of Salins, the lord de St George, and many other great barons of\nBurgundy. With them came one John de Quielong, whom the duke had sent\nto the duchess-dowager, to make preparations for this ceremony. The\nregent espoused the lady Anne on her arrival at Troyes, and the wedding\nwas celebrated solemnly and royally. After some days the ladies who had\naccompanied the duchess, took their leaves, but not without many tears,\nand returned to Burgundy. The duke and duchess of Bedford journeyed\ntowards Paris; but on the road he attacked the town of Pont-sur-Seine\nwith such courage it was taken by storm, and all the French within it\ncruelly put to the sword. He then continued his journey, and resided a\nconsiderable time in the h\u00f4tel des Tournelles in Paris, which he had\ncaused to be magnificently fitted up for his reception.\nCHAP. IX.\n POTON DE SAINTRAILLES AND LYONNEL DE WANDONNE PERFORM A COMBAT AT ARMS\n AT ARRAS, IN THE PRESENCE OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nIn these days, a combat at arms was performed at Arras, in the presence\nof the duke of Burgundy as judge of the lists, between Poton de\nSaintrailles and Lionnel de Wandonne. Poton had demanded of Lyonnel\nto break six lances with him, and Lyonnel, in return, had required,\nafterward, a combat with battle-axes so long as they should hold out.\nWhen the preparations had been finished, and the day of combat was\narrived, Poton entered the lists first as the appellant, handsomely\naccompanied by his friends, and having made his reverence to the duke,\nwho was seated as judge, he retired to his pavilion. Soon after,\nLyonnel, entered the lists, attended by sir John de Luxembourg, who,\nduring the fight, supplied him with lances, and some other lords and\nfriends. He, like Poton, went to make his bow to the duke, and then\nretired to the end of the lists, when the combat began. Many strokes\nwere given with great vigour, and several lances broken and damaged on\nboth sides. However, toward the end, the helmet of Lyonnel was somewhat\nfractured by the point of the lance of his adversary, and his head\nslightly wounded. When the duke saw this, he put an end for this day to\nany further combat on horseback.\nOn the morrow, the duke of Burgundy returned to the lists about ten\no'clock in the morning, accompanied by the count de Richemont and the\nlords of his council, to be ready for the champions who were to fight\non foot. Shortly after came Lyonnel, attended, as before by sir John\nde Luxembourg, and, having made his obeisance to the duke, withdrew to\nhis pavilion to wait for his opponent. Poton was not long in making his\nappearance, and, saluting the duke retired to his pavilion also.\nUpon this, the usual proclamation was made by an herald, for all\npersons to clear the lists, and to give no hindrance to the champions\non pain of death. Lyonnel de Wandonne then, as appellant, issued from\nhis tent, his battle-axe on his wrist, and marched with long strides\ntoward his adversary, who, seeing him approach, advanced to meet him.\nLyonnel made a gallant attack, and gave Poton many back-hand strokes\nwith his battle-axe, without drawing breath. Poton coolly received and\nparried them as well as he could; but, watching his opportunity, closed\nwith Lyonnel, and struck him such repeated blows with the point of his\naxe under the vizor of his helmet that he broke it, and the face of his\nopponent was clearly seen. On finding his danger, Lyonnel grappled and\nseized the end of the axe under his arm, and Poton, taking hold of the\nbroken part of the helmet, scratched his face with his gauntlet. While\nthe struggle lasted, Lyonnel nearly replaced his vizor but the duke put\nan end to the contest, by causing them both to be conducted to him by\nthose who had charge of the lists, and ordered them henceforth to be\ngood friends, for that they had well performed their combat. On this,\nthey returned to their lodgings, where Poton kept up a great expense\nwith his companions.\nThe next day a tilting took place with lances between Rifflard de\nChampremy, attached to king Charles, and the bastard de Rosebecque.\nThey broke many lances, but, in the end, Rifflard was pierced through\nhis armour and side but not mortally hurt. The duke then put an end to\nthe business; and each party retired to his lodgings with his friends.\nWithin a few days after this last combat, Poton, with his companions\nwent back to the county of Guise.\nCHAP. X.\n THE EARL OF SALISBURY BESIEGES THE CASTLE OF MONT-AQUILON, WHICH\n SURRENDERS TO HIM.--OTHER MATTERS.\nAt this period, the earl of Salisbury, by orders from the duke of\nBedford, who called himself regent of France, laid siege to the castle\nof Mont Aquilon in Champagne. Lord Salisbury was then governor of the\ncountries of Champagne and of Brie.\nThis siege, notwithstanding the many attacks that were made, and the\nwarlike engines employed, lasted for six months, or thereabout. The\ngarrison consisted of full six score combatants, under the command of\nthe lords de la Bourbe, de Cotigny, and a man at arms named Bourghenon.\nVery many of these six score left the place, so that toward the end no\nmore than about thirty remained, who were so much distressed that they\nwere forced to eat their horses.\nAt length, the earl of Salisbury accepted their surrender, on condition\nthat they paid twenty-two thousand saluts of gold for their lives being\nspared; and for the payment of which, they were to give four of the\nprincipal men at arms as pledges. The garrison now departed in their\nbare pourpoints, under safe escorts, excepting those who had sworn\nto the observance of the last peace between the kings of France and\nEngland; and then the castle was demolished and razed to the ground.\nAbout this same time sir Mauriod de St Leger was arrested in Arras,\nby command of the duke of Burgundy, many complaints having been made\nagainst him to the duke, and particularly for having plundered his\ntown of Auchin. He was carried prisoner to the castle of Chavetignes,\nwhere he remained a whole year and was delivered therefrom by the\nsolicitations of his friends.\nThe duke of Bedford now caused the strong castle of Orsay, between\nParis and Montlehery, to be besieged by his English. It held out\nfor about six weeks and then was unconditionally surrendered. The\ngarrison were led to Paris bareheaded, in their under doublets, some\nwith cords round their necks, and others with the points of their\nswords turned to their bosoms. In this manner they were brought before\nthe duke and duchess of Bedford, at the h\u00f4tel des Tournelles, when\nthe duke commanded them to be carried instantly to the Ch\u00e2telet; but\nthe duchess, moved by pity, pressed the duke so urgently for mercy\nthat they were all set at liberty, without any other punishment, and\nwent whithersoever they pleased. Some joined the English, and others\nreturned to their own party.\nIn the month of May, seven hundred English marched from Rouen and the\nterritory of Caux, under the command of the bailiff of Caux, through\nAbbeville, to besiege the castle of No\u00eblle on the sea side, belonging\nto sir James de Harcourt. Those within the castle being doubtful of\nsuccour, after a few days, surrendered it, on condition that their\nlives and fortunes should be spared.\nSir James de Harcourt, on hearing this, hastily remanded his men from\nRue, and abandoned that town, without any defence, to his enemies. The\nEnglish lost no time in taking possession of it, and much harrassed the\npoor inhabitants who had remained. They made it a frontier-town, to\noppose that of Crotoy, as you will hear.\nIn this month of May, a severe battle was fought near to Naples,\nbetween Alphonso king of Aragon and the great captains of Italy, who\nhad revolted from him. The defeat was so complete that Alphonso was\nforced to fly with a few attendants, or he would have been slain or\nmade prisoner by his enemies.\nAbout St John Baptist's day following, the English besieged Crotoy by\nsea and land, under the command of sir Raoul le Bouteiller, who having\nposted his men very advantageously, had his camp strongly fortified.\nSir James de Harcourt prepared for an obstinate defence, and pointed\nmany cannon and other warlike engines to annoy the enemy, and to\nprevent their nearer approach. The country people round were very much\nrejoiced at this siege.\nCHAP. XI.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE HAS THE TOWN OF CREVANT BESIEGED BY THE\n CONSTABLE OF SCOTLAND AND THE COUNT DE VENTADOUR.\nIn the beginning of the month of July, king Charles ordered a large\nbody of forces to cross the Loire and besiege the town of Crevant,\nwhich was of the burgundian party. The chief of this expedition was the\nconstable of Scotland who had under him many great lords and expert\ncaptains: and they vigorously assaulted the town by their engines of\nwar.\nAs neither the English nor Burgundians seemed to attend to this siege,\nthe duchess-dowager of Burgundy sent in haste to the nobles of that\ncountry, to require, in the name of her son the duke, that they would\nassemble their men, and march to the relief of Crevant. The lord de\nToulongeon, marshal of Burgundy, in consequence, assembled his men,\nand, with the united forces of the other lords, advanced to Auxerre to\njoin the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Suffolk, the lord Willoughby,\nand other English lords, whom the duke of Bedford had sent thither to\nthe amount of four thousand combatants, all picked men and tried in\narms. To do these English honour, the count de Joigny, the borgne de\nToulongeon, the lord du Vergy, sir John and sir William de Vienne, sir\nRegnier Pot, the lord de Rochefort, and many more notable lords, went\nout of Auxerre, to meet them on their march.\nOn their meeting, very great and mutual respects were shewn on both\nsides; and they rode together in handsome array into the town, where\nthe earl of Salisbury was lodged in the bishop's palace. When they had\nsomewhat refreshed themselves with meat and drink, the English and\nBurgundians assembled in the cathedral, and there entered into such\nresolutions as you shall hear.\nThis united force began their march toward Crevant; and when within a\nlong quarter of a league from the town they dismounted. It was at the\ntime very sultry; and they suffered much thus marching on foot, by the\nweight of their armour and from the extreme heat of the sun. This day\nwere knighted William de Vienne, son to the lord de St George, John\nlord of Auxi, Philip lord de Trenont and Coppin de la Viefville.\nThe regulations that had been made by the chiefs of the English and\nBurgundians, when in the cathedral of Auxerre, were as follow:\nFirst, that on the morrow, Friday, they would march away at ten o'clock\nin the morning, to fix their quarters near to Crevant.\nSecondly, two marshals were to be appointed to overlook and inspect the\narmy, namely, the lord du Vergy for the Burgundians, and sir Gilbert de\nHallesal for the English.\nThirdly, it was to be proclaimed that the Burgundians and English\nshould live in good harmony with each other, without quarrels or\nstrife, on pain of being severely punished by their commanders.\nFourthly, that the whole should form one army; and that there should\nbe six score men at arms, namely sixty English and sixty Burgundians,\nwith as many archers, sent forward as scouts to gain intelligence.\nFifthly, it was ordered that when the army should arrive near any\nspot where a battle was likely to take place, proclamation should be\ninstantly made for every one to dismount,--and those who refused should\nbe put to death: the horses were to be led half a league in the rear;\nand all that should be found nearer the army should be seized and\nconfiscated.\nIt was also ordered, that every archer should provide himself with a\nstake with two sharp points, to plant before him should it be found\nnecessary.\nItem, that no person, whatever might be his rank, should dare attempt\nmaking any prisoners on the day of battle until the field should be\nfairly won. Should any such be made, the prisoner was to be instantly\nput to death, and with him the person who had taken him, should he\nrefuse to obey.\nItem, that every man should provide himself with provision for two\ndays; and that the town of Auxerre should send after the army as much\nprovision as could possibly be collected, for which they were to be\nwell and truly paid.\nItem, it was then also ordered that no one should precede or remain\nbehind their captains, but that every man should keep the station that\nhad been assigned him, under pain of corporal punishment.\nAll these regulations and orders were proclaimed by sound of trumpet\nthroughout Auxerre; and on the ensuing day, after having heard mass\nwith great devotion, and drank a cup, they departed from Auxerre in\nmuch brother-like affection, and fixed their quarters within a short\nleague of their enemies.\nOn the following Saturday, they decamped at ten o'clock in the morning,\nand advanced in handsome array toward the French, whom they saw posted\non a mountain in front of the town of Crevant, and where they had\nremained the preceding night waiting the arrival of more men.\nUpon the English and Burgundians crossing to the other side of the\nriver Yonne, near to Coulogne les Vimeus or Vigneuses, the French\ndescended the mountain, and marched toward the enemy with great\nappearance of courage; and each party formed their order of battle, in\nwhich they remained without doing any thing more for three hours, as\nthe river Yonne was between them. The English and Burgundians, however,\nmade an advance, and gained possession of a bridge, whence they annoyed\nthe French greatly, those in Crevant, at the same time, making a\nsally, and attacking them briskly in their rear. The battle now began\nin earnest on both sides, and, finally, the English and Burgundians\nwon the day and the field; the greater part of the Scots, amounting\nto three thousand, who were in the front ranks, were either killed or\ntaken.\nThe constable of Scotland surrendered himself prisoner to the lord de\nCh\u00e2tellux, but with the loss of an eye. In like manner, the lord de\nVentadour surrendered to the lord de Gamaches,--and he also had lost\nan eye. Stephen and John de Farimeres[1], scots, knights, with several\ngentlemen of note, to the number of four hundred were made prisoners.\nThe nephew of the earl of Buchan was slain, as were sir Thomas\nSecron[2], sir William Hambon[3] and his son, all three knights of\nScotland, John Pillot[4], a scots captain and bastard to the king,\nwith many others, to the amount of twelve hundred or thereabout.\nThe english and burgundian captains assembled together in great harmony\nand joy after the victory, and entered the town of Crevant rendering\nthanks to the Creator for their success. They were received with every\ndemonstration of joy, and their men lodged within and near to it.\nPerrinet, however, and some others followed the runaways, and took\nand slew several in the pursuit. On the Monday following, when all\ntheir men were returned, the army separated: the Burgundians went\nhome, and the earls of Salisbury and Suffolk returned to the siege of\nMont-Aquilon, whence they had come, having left a sufficient force to\nblockade the place.\nSoon after the battle of Crevant, the earl of Suffolk laid siege to\nthe town of Coussy, which was yielded up to him within a few days.\nHe thence marched into the Maconnois, where he subdued many castles\nheld by the French. He ordered one of his captains, called Claidas, to\nbesiege the strong castle of la Roche, which in the end surrendered to\nhim.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: To clear up, if possible, these misnomers, I consulted\nmy friend, Dr Robert Anderson, at Edinburgh. 'He thinks, that Stephen\nand John de Farimeres may perhaps mean Ferrier, or Ferrieres, which\nare scottish names. It may be Farmer, or Farnihurst, or Fernihurst,\nthe ancient title of the family of Lothian. Stephen, however, is a\nChristian name of but rare occurrence.\n_The nephew of the earl of Buchan_ is doubtful. Robert Stewart was\nactive in raising the levies, but whether he attended his uncle to\nFrance, and was killed at Crevant, is uncertain.]\n[Footnote 2: Sir Thomas Secron is probably sir Thomas Swinton, who\nis mentioned by our historians among the gentlemen of reputation and\nhonour who fell at this battle. This is almost certain.]\n[Footnote 3: Sir William Hambon is evidently sir William Hamilton. Hume\nmentions him among those who were left on the field of battle.]\n[Footnote 4: John Pillot does not apply to any Scottish name, except\nperhaps Pollock, which seems probable. Of the bastard of the king, I\nfind no name.']\nCHAP. XII.\n MANY EVENTS BRIEFLY SPOKEN OF.\nWhile these things were passing, the duke of Burgundy left Artois, and,\nmaking Paris in his road, went to Burgundy, where he remained until the\nmonth of February following. He took with him the count de Richemont,\nwho there espoused his sister, as this marriage had been agreed on some\ntime before.\nAt the end of July, a body of French assembled from the borders of\nMousson, the county of Guise and other parts, and suddenly shut up\nwithin Bethlehem the bailiff of the Vermandois, and the bastard de\nSt Pol; but sir John de Luxembourg, and the earl marshal of England\ninstantly collected a number of their men, and hastened to raise the\nsiege. The French, on hearing this, decamped as speedily as they could\nfor their own territories, and were pursued full twenty leagues by the\nearl marshal and sir John de Luxembourg, who hastened after with the\nintent to combat them.\nIn this year, a numerous army of Castilians and Arragones arrived at\nthe port of Naples, and took by storm that town, which was plundered\nand sacked. Eight hundred of the principal inhabitants were made\nprisoners and sent to Arragon, where the greater number of them died.\nA third part of the town was burnt and totally destroyed, to the great\ngrief of king Louis; but he shortly after, by the succours sent him\nfrom the duke of Milan reconquered it and several other towns.\nIn August following, sir John de Luxembourg took by storm the fortress\nof Arsie, in which were about thirty pillagers of the party of king\nCharles, some of whom were beheaded, others hung, and the place\ndemolished. Sir John went thence to besiege Landrecy, where he\nremained until October battering the wall with his engines of war. In\nthe end, however, the garrison surrendered, on having their lives and\ngreat part of their fortunes spared; and the castle was also demolished.\nAt the same time, the earl marshal of England, with about six hundred\ncombatants, entered the Laonnois; and those of the party of king\nCharles assembled a body of men to repel him,--but the earl, having\nnotice thereof, marched against them, and forced them to fly. Part of\nthem, in their flight, took shelter in a fort wherein they were so\nclosely besieged by the earl that they surrendered at discretion, when\nmany of them were hanged, and the fort demolished.\nIn this month of August, the governor of la Buisserie, between\nTornus and M\u00e2con, who was attached to king Charles, fixed a day for\nthe surrender of that castle to the lord de Toulongeon, marshal of\nBurgundy, on payment of a sum that had been previously settled between\nthem; but on that day the governor placed two ambuscades near to the\ntown, and when the lord de Toulongeon had passed the first with but\na dozen persons, those in ambush fell on him so suddenly that few\nescaped being carried with their lord prisoners into the castle. After\na certain time, he was exchanged for the count de Ventadour, made\nprisoner at the battle of Crevant, as has been related.\nIn this year also, sir John de Luxembourg reduced to obedience the\nstrong places which king Charles held in the Cambresis and Tierrache;\nand all the lands in that country belonging to the count de Pontieuvre\nwere placed in the hands of the count de Hainault by the lord de\nHavrech, governor thereof,--because it was suspected that the count de\nPontieuvre would not garrison the strong places which he had there,\nsuch as Landrecy, Avesnes, and others.\nCHAP. XIII.\n SIR JAMES DE HARCOURT HOLDS A CONFERENCE WITH SIR RAOUL LE BOUTEILLER\n FOR THE SURRENDER OF CROTOY.\nSir Raoul le Bouteiller having continued the siege of Crotoy by sea\nand land until the month of October, then held a parley with sir James\nde Harcourt, when each of them appointed commissioners to draw up a\ntreaty, truces having been agreed on for the intermediate time.\nAfter a short delay, the following were the terms proposed by their\ncommissioners, and ratified by them.\nArticles of a treaty concluded between sir Raoul le Bouteiller, knight,\nand William Miners, esquire, as deputies for that most excellent\nprince John duke of Bedford, regent of France, on the one part, and\nsir James de Harcourt, knight, lieutenant-general of Picardy for king\nCharles,--he the said sir James answering for the clergy, nobles and\ninhabitants of the town and castle of Crotoy on the other part.\nIn the first place, my lord regent, or his deputies, shall, on the\nfirst day of March next, appear in arms in the plain between Crotoy and\nRue, and for three successive days, from sun-rise until three o'clock\nin the afternoon; when if they should not be combated by the said sir\nJames so powerfully that the field of battle shall remain to the said\nsir James de Harcourt, he, the said sir James, engages loyally to\ndeliver up the town and castle of Crotoy to the said lord regent, or\nto whomever else he may appoint. This is to be accomplished at three\no'clock in the afternoon of the said ensuing third day of March.\nItem, the said sir James de Harcourt and all such as may please shall\nhave full liberty to depart from the town and castle of Crotoy, on the\nday of its surrender, excepting those who may have been implicated in\nthe death of the late duke of Burgundy, should any such be there, who\nare to remain at the discretion of the lord regent.\nItem, sir James shall leave within the castle all the powder,\ncross-bows and bolts, without any way injuring or damaging them, with\nthe exception of nine veuglaires, two kegs of powder, twenty three\ncross-bows, and nine boxes of bolts. His men to be allowed to carry\nwith them their armour, clothes and other effects.\nItem, in case any of the men at arms, or inhabitants of the said town\nand castle shall wish to take the oaths of allegiance to the lord\nregent, all their effects, moveable and immoveable, shall be preserved\nto them, and sufficient certificates given them thereof.\nItem, the said sir James shall have the use of part of the fleet\nbefore Crotoy, namely, the great hulk and the barge, Colin l'Anglois,\nPlumeterre, Balenier, Jacquese and Martinet,--and he shall leave behind\nall other vessels. The boats of the fishermen shall remain to their\nowners, on condition that they take the oaths of allegiance.\nItem, sir James shall deliver up all the prisoners whom he may have at\nthis moment in the town and castle of Crotoy, and, in return, sir Raoul\nle Bouteiller will give up one of his men, whom he has captured.\nItem, during the whole intermediate time henceforth to the first day\nof March, all those within the said town and castle shall abstain from\nmaking war either secretly or openly, saving that sir James de Harcourt\nmay carry on the war wheresoever he pleases on the other side of the\nSeine.\nItem, it is strictly forbidden any persons that belong to the lord\nregent to make any inroads, or to plunder the lands appertaining to the\nsaid town and castle, or on the lands of any of their allies, during\nthis said space of time.\nItem, from henceforward to the first day of March, the inhabitants of\nCrotoy may carry on commerce with the towns of Rue, Abbeville and Saint\nValery, provided they obtain leave from the governors of these towns,\nbut not otherwise. They shall also have liberty to traffic by sea, and\nto bring wines and other provision for sale, but not in sufficient\nquantities to revictual the town or castle, but solely for their daily\nsupply during the aforesaid term.\nItem, all persons attached to the lord regent shall have liberty to\nenter the town of Crotoy on business, provided they first obtain leave\nfrom the governor.\nItem, should it happen, that during this intermediate time, any armed\nvessel, or other having men at arms on board, appear before Crotoy,\nsuch shall not be admitted into the harbour, nor receive any succour\nfrom the vessels then within the port. Sir James de Harcourt shall not,\nduring this aforesaid term, in any way strengthen or demolish the said\ntown and castle.\nItem, the lord regent, or his commissioners, shall, at the time of\nsurrender, grant passports to all within the town and castle to go\nwhithersoever they may please to join their party, and carry with them\nall their effects,--for the moving of which they shall be allowed\nfifteen days, and passports to continue for fifteen days more.\nItem, sir James de Harcourt shall in like manner have passports for\nhimself, his children and family, to depart by sea or land, as he may\nplease, and whithersoever he shall choose.\nItem, for the due performance of these articles, the said sir James\nshall deliver as hostages the lord Pierre de Hergicourt, knight,\nBoort de Fiefiez, Jean Sarpe, and Percival Combiet, esquires, Jean\nd'Estampes, Gilles le Roi, and Jean de Gonne, burghers of the town of\nCrotoy. These hostages shall be set at liberty on the surrender of\nCrotoy; and in case that he who calls himself their king shall, by\nhimself or others, come to their succour, and remain victorious, these\nsaid hostages shall have their liberty as before.\nOn the signing this treaty, and the delivery of the hostages, the siege\nwas broken up. Sir James de Harcourt, had all his stores of provision\nin Abbeville and elsewhere sold, and ordered his children from Hainault\nto the castle of Hamesche, whence, on their arrival, he sent them to\nMonstreul-Bellay.\nAfter sir James had disposed of his stores, he embarked with a part of\nhis people and his immense wealth, leaving sir Choquart de Cambronne\nhis lieutenant in the castle of Crotoy. He sailed for Mont St Michel,\nwhere he was received honourably, and thence to visit his children at\nMonstreul-Bellay, where he deposited the greater part of his wealth.\nSome days after, he waited on king Charles, who received him very\nkindly, and made him kingly presents. He thence took his way to visit\nthe lord de Partenay, uncle to his lady, who was attached to the\nBurgundy interest. When the lord de Partenay had shewn him much honour\nand liberal entertainment, sir James required his uncle to give up his\ncastle to his guard, and that he would quit the duke of Burgundy, whose\nquarrels he had hitherto espoused, and he (sir James) would make his\npeace with king Charles, so that he should keep up his usual state.\nThe lord de Partenay replied, that it was his intention to remain lord\nof his own castle and lands, and that those to whom they would belong\nafter his decease might then do with them as they listed. Upon this,\nsir James, having formed his plan so that it could not fail, laid\nhands on the lord de Partenay, and made him prisoner in the name of\nking Charles. Sir James's people raised the drawbridge of the castle;\nbut in doing so, they made a noise which alarmed the townsmen, who\nhastened in crowds to enquire what was the matter,--and as the bridge\nwas neither fastened by bolt nor latch, they pulled it down again, and\nentered the castle so suddenly that they put to death sir James, Jean\nde Huselames, Jean de Frousieres, Philip de Neufville, and others of\nhis men. Thus did sir James de Harcourt find a sudden and cruel death\nthrough somewhat too much covetousness,--although this has been related\nin various other manners.\nCHAP. XIV.\n SEVERAL EVENTS BRIEFLY TOUCHED UPON.\nIn these days, the county of Hainault was in great alarm and\ntribulation for fear of a war between the dukes of Glocester and of\nBrabant, which now seemed very probable, for both of them had espoused\nthe heiress of these territories; and each styled himself lord of the\ncountry as a matter of right.\nThe lords of these parts were also divided, some declaring for the duke\nof Brabant, and others for the duke of Glocester, notwithstanding they\nhad all sworn fidelity to the duke of Brabant, and had, for a long time\nacknowledged him for their legal lord.\nThe dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy met at Amiens, having with them\nmany of their council, to adjust the differences between these two\ndukes; but not being able to do so, they adjourned the business for\nfinal determination at Paris, and fixed a day for meeting there.\nAbout this time, the regent caused the castle of Ivry to be strongly\nbesieged by his English, in conjunction with the lord of Isle-Adam and\nthe bastard de Thyan. The count d'Aumarle, the bastard d'Alen\u00e7on and\nother captains, assembled a large force to raise this siege. On their\nmarch for this purpose they met the governor of Avranches, brother to\nthe earl of Suffolk, who, returning from an excursion, had dismissed\na part of his men. The French instantly charged and defeated his\nremaining force, and made him prisoner; and supposing that Avranches\nwould have now but a small garrison, they pressed forward to the\nattack, thinking to conquer it. They did indeed make a sharp assault;\nbut the townsmen defended themselves so courageously, that many were\nslain and wounded, and left in the ditches. The French, having heard\nthat the duke of Bedford was on his march to combat them, departed with\nall speed for the duchy of Touraine, but not without being closely\npursued by the English.\nOn the third day of October, in this year, the town of Hamme sur Somme\nwas taken by scalado by a party of king Charles's men, under the\ncommand of Poton de Saintrailles, through neglect of the night-guard.\nSir John de Luxembourg was so much vexed at this event, (as that town\nbelonged to him) that he instantly collected a body of men at arms,\nand on the third day after the capture advanced thither. He had it\nsuddenly attacked, and with great courage; and ordered a detachment to\ncross the river with his banner, which was valiantly borne on that day\nby a man at arms called Jacotin de Cambray. In short, sir John speedily\nreconquered the town, and cruelly put to death the greater part of his\nenemies. Poton de Saintrailles escaped as quickly as he could, and lied\nto Tierrache, but was pursued by the burgundians,--and many of his men\nwere taken. In this attack on Hamme, two men at arms were grievously\nwounded, namely, sir John de Fontenelle and Valerien de St Germain; but\nthis last was almost immediately beheaded, by orders from sir John de\nLuxembourg.\nAbout this time, king Charles's queen was brought to bed of a son,\nwho was christened Louis, dauphin of Vienne. This birth caused great\nrejoicings throughout all parts under his dominion, more especially in\nTours, where bonefires were made in all the streets, carols sung, and\nevery sign of joy manifested.\nThe French gained also the castle of Beaumont sur Oise, which was,\nhowever, soon after besieged by orders from the duke of Bedford,\nreconquered and demolished.\nThe commonalty of Tournay again rose in rebellion, with displayed\nbanners, because they were suspicious of the lords de Moy and de\nConflans, who, having great weight in the town, would introduce a\ngarrison sufficiently strong to keep them in awe. This rebellion was\nsoon appeased without coming to blows; but the two above-mentioned\nlords quitted the town for fear of the populace,--and the lord de Moy\nfixed his residence at Li\u00e9ge.\nAbout this time, the town of Compi\u00e8gne was won by scalado by a party\nof king Charles's men, through neglect of the watch, they amounted to\nnearly three hundred combatants, under the command of Yvon du Puis,\nAngerot de Laux, and Broussart, who, instantly on winning the town,\nimprisoned all the English and Burgundians, with those attached to them\nand seized their effects.\nShortly after, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, Lyonnel de Bornouville, the\nlord de Thyan, with others, appeared before it, to reconquer it; but\nthey did little or nothing, although the country round suffered great\noppressions from them.\nIn these same days, the town of la Charite sur Loire was retaken from\nking Charles, by an adventurer attached to the duke of Burgundy, called\nPerrinet Crasset, who had a long time before carried on a successful\nwar in the country of Berry and in that neighbourhood. The French were\nmuch grieved and vexed at this loss; for they were prevented crossing\nthe Loire, which would have been of great utility to them.\nIn this year, Arthur count of Richemont, notwithstanding his marriage\nwith Margaret of Burgundy, and the oaths and alliances he had made\nwith the late king Henry and his successors, joined king Charles,\nowing, as it was said, to a quarrel between him and the duke of\nBedford. King Charles received him with the utmost joy, and instantly\nmade him constable of France: but very many wondered at this change,\nconsidering how lately he had connected himself with the duke of\nBurgundy.\nIn the month of January of this year, the dukes of Bedford and of\nBurgundy, the count de Conversan, the bishop of Tournay his brother,\nsir John de Luxembourg, with a number of other notable persons, the\nministers of each prince, and commissioners from the dukes of Glocester\nand Brabant, assembled in the town of Amiens. Although the matter of\ndispute between these two last had been frequently discussed, nothing\namicable could be concluded. The meeting was therefore broken up, and\nthe commissioners ordered to meet them again on Trinity-day following.\nCHAP. XV.\n THE TOWN OF COMPI\u00c8GNE IS DELIVERED UP TO THE ENGLISH.--THE TOWN AND\n CASTLE OF CROTOY ARE SURRENDERED TO THE DUKE OF BEDFORD.\nAbout this period, the duke of Bedford went to the town of Mondidier,\nwhere he staid five or six days: he thence gave orders for his\ncaptains, as well burgundian as english, to lay siege to Compi\u00e8gne, and\nappointed the lord de Saveuses chief of the expedition. The principal\ncaptains were the bailiff of Rouen, the governor of Gisors, called\nMalberry, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, sir Lyonnel de Bournouville, the\nbastard de Thyan, the lord de Crevecoeur and Robert de Saveuses.\nIn obedience to these orders, they assembled their men with all speed\nat the bridge of St Maixence, and thence marched in good array toward\nCompi\u00e8gne. The lord de Saveuses advanced with the English on the\nside toward Mondidier, and fixed his quarters in a meadow near to\na town called Venvette,--while the lord de l'Isle-Adam, Lyonnel de\nBournouville and other captains, advanced on the opposite side of the\nriver to the abbey of Royaulieu, and then besieged the town on both\nsides of the river for about three weeks.\nDuring this time, many considerable skirmishes took place; but at\nlength the French, not having any hope of succour, entered into a\ntreaty with the English to surrender the town within three weeks from\nthat time, if they were not delivered by their king, and on condition\nthey should depart in safety with all their effects. They gave hostages\nfor the due performance of the above, and were likewise to deliver up\nthe lord de Soral, who had been made prisoner by the besieged.\nOn the conclusion of this treaty, every one returned to his home. On\nthe appointed day, no succours arrived, and the place was put into the\nhands of the English by command of the duke of Bedford, who styled\nhimself regent of France. The lord de Montferrant, who had received the\nsurrender of Compi\u00e8gne, nominated the lord de l'Isle-Adam governor\nthereof.\nAbout the end of February, the duke of Bedford went to Abbeville, with\na large army, to keep the appointment that had been made for him to\nmeet the French before Crotoy: but as the duke had received certain\nassurances that the French would not appear, he sent sir Raoul le\nBouteiller to command in his stead, while he remained at Abbeville. Sir\nRaoul kept the field on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd of March; when, about 12\no'clock on that day, sir Cloquart de Cambronne surrendered the castle\nand town of Crotoy into the hands of sir Raoul, who returned him the\nhostages, and gave him passports for himself and his men to join their\nking, or to go whithersoever they pleased on the other side of the\nSeine.\nWhen sir Raoul le Bouteiller had made his entry, he received the\noaths of allegiance from the inhabitants of Crotoy and from such as\nhad remained within the town and castle. He was appointed by the\nregent governor general of that place and its dependancies; but this\nsurrender was not very agreeable to many of the neighbouring lords and\ncommonalty, for they suspected that the connexion between the English\nand the duke of Burgundy would not be of long duration, and that by\nmeans of this place they would be totally ruined, notwithstanding that\nmany of them had been already great sufferers.\nIn this year died Pedro della Luna, who called himself Pope Benedict:\nhe had been, ever since the council of Constance, rebellious and\ncontumacious to the roman church, being resolved to die pope. The\ncardinals of his party attempted to elect another on his decease; but\nthey soon returned to a proper obedience to the church, and to the holy\nfather pope Martin, and thus perfect union was restored to the whole\nChristian church.\nCHAP. XVI.\n TWO MASTERS OF ARTS ARE SENT TO TOURNAY TO ADMONISH THE PEOPLE, AND TO\n KEEP ALIVE THEIR AFFECTION TO KING CHARLES.\nIn this year, two masters of arts were sent to Tournay by king Charles,\nto admonish the burghers and commonalty, and to press them to continue\nin the loyalty they had for some time borne to him, promising, on the\nword of a king, that should he, through the grace of God, succeed in\nregaining his kingdom, he would most handsomely reward them.\nThese ambassadors were received by the nobles and commonalty with every\nhonour and respect; rich presents were made them, and their expenses\nwere most liberally paid by the municipality. When they had staid\nsome time in Tournay, one of them departed for Berry; but the other\nremained behind, and made many harangues to induce the inhabitants\nto keep steady to the interests of king Charles,--but at length his\nestablishment was lessened, and those in Tournay were cooled in their\nattachment to him, and began to repent having made him such large\npresents on his first arrival.\nIn the month of April following, sir John de Luxembourg assembled\nhis men at arms, and in company with sir Thomas Ramstone, an english\nknight, went to lay siege to Oysi in Tierrache. Within a few days, le\nCadet, the governor, treated conditionally to surrender the place on\nthe 5th of May next, if he were not relieved before that day. Thus the\nsiege was broken up, and the surrender took effect.\nNearly at the same time, sir John de Luxembourg besieged the church of\nBroissi, which some pillagers of king Charles's party had fortified,\nand committed great ravages over the country. He also besieged the\ntower of le Borgne; and at the capture of both places, about fourscore\nof these marauders were taken, with one of their captains, called\nle Gros Breton; and they were all hung on trees near to Sery les\nMaizieres.\nIn this year, a mischievous fire burnt about six hundred houses in the\ntown of St Amand, with the gates of the lower court of the abbey, and\nthe apartments of two monks of that place: only two small houses were\nsaved within the gates of the town; and the poor inhabitants were in\nthe utmost distress and affliction.\nThe truces were now broken, that had subsisted for thirteen years,\nbetween the sultan of Babylon and the king of Cyprus,--owing to\nfalsities told the sultan by renegado Christians, that the king of\nCyprus put to death the sultan's subjects whenever he could lay hands\non them.\nOn this report, the sultan, without any declaration of war, sent six\ngalleys full of Saracens to invade Cyprus and destroy the country with\nfire and sword. They first burnt and demolished the town of Lymessa,\nand many other parts. When the king of Cyprus was informed of this,\nhe sent one of his knights, sir Philip Prevost, with a large body of\nmen, to oppose them; but at the first skirmish, he was sorely wounded\nby an arrow in the face, and fell from his horse,--when the Saracens,\nadvancing, cut off his head, and seizing his golden spurs, carried both\nwith them to their galleys, and made sail for Syria.\nCHAP. XVII.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG BESIEGES THE CASTLE OF WIEGE.--HE LAYS AN\n AMBUSH, IN WHICH POTON DE SAINTRAILLES AND HIS COMPANIONS ARE MADE\n PRISONERS.\nSir John de Luxembourg now besieged the castle of Wiege with a numerous\narmy. The siege lasted for three weeks, during which he continually\nbattered the walls and gates with his engines. At length, the besieged,\nlosing all hope of relief, made a treaty with sir John to surrender the\nplace, on condition they should depart in safety with their effects\npromising not to bear arms again on that side of the Loire, except\nwhen in company with king Charles. On the signing of the treaty they\nwent away for Guise, and the castle was demolished.\nOne or two days after this, sir John decamped, with some of the most\ntrusty of his men, and formed a plan for taking Poton de Saintrailles,\nas you shall hear. Sir John on the departure of the garrison, placed\nan ambuscade behind a small church, on the borders of the country of\nGuise, to watch the motions of the enemy, and to be prepared should\nthey attempt any incursions on that side.\nPoton de Saintrailles, l'Estandart de Mailly, the lord de Verduisant,\nwith some others expert in arms, made a sally from Guise, near to where\nthe ambuscade had been posted. When they were far enough advanced,\nsir John, profiting of his advantage, made so vigorous a charge that\nthey were instantly, thrown into confusion,--and Poton, the lord de\nVerduisant, and a few more were taken prisoners. But l'Estandart de\nMailly, on the first shock, pointed his lance against Lyonnel de\nVandonne, unhorsed him, and gave him so violent a blow on the shoulder\nthat ever after the said Lyonnel was lame on that side. L'Estandart\nfinding, however, that prowess would avail nothing, and that numbers\nwere against him, wheeled about, and returned as quickly as his horse\ncould carry him to the town of Guise.\nSir John de Luxembourg pursued for a long time the others, who fled\ndifferent ways. On his return, he collected his men together, and,\nrejoicing at his good fortune, carried the prisoners to his castle of\nBeaurevoir, where he dismissed his captains until further orders.\nCHAP. XVIII.\n A LARGE BODY OF ENGLISH ARRIVE AT CALAIS.--SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG\n BESIEGES THE TOWN OF GUISE.--OTHER MATTERS BRIEFLY SPOKEN OF.\nAt the beginning of this year, sixteen hundred combatants, or\nthereabout, were landed at Calais from England,--the greater part of\nwhom went to the duke of Bedford at Paris, and the rest to sir John de\nLuxembourg on the borders of the country of Guise.\nSir John consented to treat with Poton de Saintrailles and the other\nprisoners, on condition that they would, with their men, abandon Guise,\nand cross the river Loire without harrassing the country, and promise\nnever to return unless in company with king Charles. By this treaty,\nand a considerable sum paid down as ransom, Poton and his companions\nobtained their liberty, and marched away to the country on the other\nside of the Loire.\nIn this year La Hire, Jean Roullet, and some other of king Charles's\ncaptains, assembled a large body of men on the borders of Champagne,\nwhom they led toward the Ardennes and the Rethelois, and besieged\nOlivier d'Estanevelle in his castle.\nAbout this time, sir John de Luxembourg, by orders from the dukes of\nBedford and Burgundy, made great preparations, with men and artillery,\nto lay siege to the town of Guise in Tierrache. When all was ready,\nhe marched thither, accompanied by the lord de Picquigny, the vidame\nof Amiens, the lords d'Antoing, de Saveuses, sir Colart de Mailly, his\nbrother Ferry de Mailly, sir Daviod de Poix, Maufroy de St Leger, sir\nLyonnel de Bournouville, the bastard de St Pol, and very many more.\nSir Thomas Ramstone and a certain number of English were also with him.\nOn commencing their attacks, they met with great resistance from the\ngarrison within the town, who, to prevent the enemy from approaching,\nhad set fire to the suburbs, where many handsome houses were burnt.\nBut this availed them nothing; for sir John instantly surrounded the\nplace with his men, and had his engines pointed against the walls and\ngates on the side next the suburbs. Intelligence of this siege was\nimmediately sent to R\u00e9n\u00e9 duke of Bar, to the count de Guise, and to the\nduke of Lorraine, his father-in-law, by John lord de Proisy governor of\nGuise, who informed them of the urgent necessity there was of instant\nrelief being sent him.\nThis news was very displeasing to the two dukes, who held many councils\nthereon, and assembled men at arms, in compliance with the governor's\nrequest; but, fearful of incurring war with the young king of England\nand the duke of Burgundy, they abstained from any open hostilities.\nThe siege continued for a considerable time without any material\noccurrences, excepting that the garrison made frequent sallies to annoy\nthe enemy,--but it would take too much time to enter into the detail of\neach.\nAbout St John Baptist's day, in this year, the earl of Salisbury,\ngovernor of Champagne and Brie, and very renowned in arms, besieged\na good little town called Sodune, in the county of Vertus, which was\ntaken by storm, by means of a mine, and the greater part of those\nwithin were cruelly put to death, to the amount of two hundred at\nleast, and the rest made prisoners. Their effects were pillaged, their\nwomen ravished, and the place demolished.\nThe lord de Ch\u00e2tillon was with the earl of Salisbury, and created a\nknight by the hand of the earl within the mine. The governor of the\ntown was a valiant man at arms called William Marin, who was slain with\nthe others at the storming.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Bedford caused the castle of\nGaillon, a very strong place belonging to the archbishop of Rouen, to\nbe besieged, as it was held by the partisans of king Charles. It was\nbattered so effectually, that the garrison surrendered on having their\nlives spared,--and the place was utterly destroyed.\nIn the month of June, the duke of Bedford ordered the town and castle\nof Ivry to be besieged. The first was soon won; but the castle, being\nstrong and well garrisoned, held out for about a month, when the\ngarrison capitulated to deliver up the fort to the English on the night\nof the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin, in case king Charles\nshould not appear before that day with a sufficient force to combat\nthem with success. When the treaty had been signed, and proper hostages\ngiven for its performance, the siege was broken up.\nThe English and Burgundians at this time besieged many places on the\nborders of Normandy. Neelle in Tardenois submitted to king Henry; and\nAlardin de Monsay treated with the duke of Bedford for the castle of\nLa Fere, and stipulated that he would not make further war against him\nif he should be suffered to keep it, unless king Charles should muster\nforces enough to cross the Seine, and advance to Champagne. The French\nwere at this time much the weakest.\nCHAP. XIX.\n THE LORD DE LONGUEVAL AND MANY OTHER FRENCH LORDS TURN TO THE PARTY OF\n KING CHARLES.\nIn this year the lord de Longueval, his brother Reginald, John Blondel,\nthe lord de Saint-Simon, John de Mailly, the lord de Maucourt, and\nseveral other knights and gentlemen of the Vermandois, who had always\nbeen attached to the Burgundy-party, assembled at Roye to consider on\nthe most effectual means of opposing the bodies of men at arms who\nfrequently despoiled their towns, and who had likewise very improperly\ntaken possession of their lands on their return from the expeditions of\nsir John de Luxembourg to conquer the county of Guise.\nOn their meeting at Roye, many of them formed an alliance to resist\nthese intruders; but others, fearing sir John de Luxembourg, excused\nthemselves, and advised that the meeting should be adjourned to another\nday. In the mean time, a conciliatory message was sent to sir John de\nLuxembourg, to know his opinion, and whether it were with his consent\nthat such depredations had been committed on their lands, and if he\nwould order his men away.\nNevertheless some among them did not intend that matters should be\ncarried to the lengths they were, and quietly forbore their attendance\nat similar meetings. However, the lord de Longueval, his brother sir\nReginald, John Blondel, the lord de Maucourt, Pierre de Recourt, and\nseveral more, continued the business, and in the end determined to turn\nto the party of king Charles. They placed strong garrisons in many\nplaces under their command; but as their intentions were soon made\nknown, they were forced to hide themselves with the utmost care,--for\nall their towns, castles, and estates were put into the hands of the\nking of England, and themselves publicly banished.\nIn consequence, they openly espoused the cause of king Charles,\ncarrying on a warfare night and day against king Henry and the duke\nof Burgundy, which surprised very many,--for the lord de Longueval\nand others of the aforesaid had long served the duke of Burgundy,\nand followed his interests. They excused themselves by saying, that\nthey thus acted to revenge the insults they had received, and were\ndaily receiving, from the men of sir John de Luxembourg; and that it\nwas better to risk the loss of every thing than be reduced to such\nsubjection, which they had borne as long as they were able. Some of\nthem, for their conduct, were executed, as will be seen hereafter.\nCHAP. XX.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD MARCHES A LARGE ARMY TO KEEP HIS APPOINTMENT\n BEFORE IVRY.--THAT TOWN AND CASTLE SURRENDER TO HIM.\nHistory relates, that about the 8th day of August in this year, the\nduke of Bedford assembled a considerable force of men at arms and\narchers, under the command of the earls of Salisbury and of Suffolk,\nthe lord Willoughby, and several other captains, as well from Normandy\nas elsewhere, to the amount of eighteen hundred men at arms and eight\nthousand archers. He marched them to be present at the surrender of\nIvry, of which mention has been made, and arrived before that place on\nthe eve of the Assumption of our Lady.\nThat whole day he remained, in battle-array, expecting his enemies,\nwho were very numerous, and but three leagues distant, and amounting\nto eighteen thousand combatants, under the command of the duke\nd'Alen\u00e7on, the counts d'Aumale, de Ventadour, de Tonnerre, the earls of\nDouglas, Buchan, and Murray, the viscount de Narbonne, the lord de la\nFayette, and many other lords and princes of great renown. They sent\noff forty of their most expert and best mounted men, to reconnoitre\nthe enemy,--who, having observed the duke of Bedford's army in such\nhandsome array, hastened back, but not without being closely pursued by\nthe English, to relate what they had seen.\nThe french lords, finding they had not any way the advantage, turned\nabout and marched in a body to the town of Verneuil in Perche, which\nwas in the possession of the English, and gave the inhabitants to\nunderstand that they had completely defeated the english army, and\nforced the regent to fly with a very few attendants. On hearing this,\nthe garrison opened the gates of Verneuil, and shewed them all\nobedience in the name of king Charles. After the surrender of the\nplace, passports were granted, according to the stipulations of the\ntreaty, to the English within it, who were sent with their baggage to\nthe duke of Bedford.\nGerard de la Pailliere, governor of Ivry, seeing the hour for his\nrelief was passed, waited on the duke, who was in the front of his\narmy expecting the enemy, and presented to him the keys of the castle,\ndemanding at the same time, in conformity to the articles, passports\nfor himself and his men, which were instantly granted. The duke, in the\npresence of Gerard, pulled out some letters, and, shewing them to him,\nsaid, 'I perceive that eighteen great barons attached to my lord king\nHenry have this day failed in their promises of bringing me succour.'\nTheir seals were affixed to these letters; and immediately afterward,\nfour gentlemen of Gerard's friends were put in confinement as security\nfor them.\nThe duke of Bedford now ordered that the French should be pursued by a\nbody of men, under the command of the earl of Suffolk, to the amount of\nsixteen hundred combatants. The earl marched to Damville, and thence to\nBreteuil in Perche, within two leagues of Verneuil, where the whole of\nthe french force was. The duke went with the remainder of his army to\nEvreux, whither the earl of Suffolk sent him information that the whole\nof the french army was in Verneuil.\nThe duke, on hearing this, advanced with his force to join the earl\nof Suffolk and offer them combat. Verneuil had belonged to the\nEnglish,--but, as I have before said, the French gained it by the false\ninformation of their having defeated the English. This battle took\nplace on the 16th day of August, in the manner you shall now hear.\nCHAP. XXI.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD COMBATS THE FRENCH BEFORE VERNEUIL.\nWhen the duke of Bedford had gained the town and castle of Ivry,\nhe appointed a knight of Wales, renowned in arms, governor, with a\nsufficient garrison to defend them. He detached the earl of Suffolk in\npursuit of the French, who had advanced to within three leagues for\nits relief, and went with the rest of his army to Evreux. He there\nreceived intelligence that the French had won Verneuil by stratagem,\nand were with their whole force within it. He instantly dislodged, and\nmarched for Verneuil; but the French, having had information thereof,\nmade all haste to prepare for his reception, and drew their men up in\nbattle-array without the town, ready for the combat. They only formed\none grand division, without any advanced guard,--and ordered the\nLombards, with others, to remain on horseback, under the command of\nthe borgne Cameran, du Rousin, Poton, and La Hire, to break the ranks\nof the enemy on their flanks and rear.\nThe grand battalion of the French was on foot,--which being observed\nby the duke of Bedford, he ordered his army to be formed in the same\nmanner, without any vanguard, and not having any party on horseback.\nThe archers were posted in front, each having a sharp-pointed stake\nstuck in the ground before him; and the stoutest of these men were\nplaced at the two ends of the battalion, by way of wings. Behind the\nmen at arms were the pages, the horses, and such as were unfit for the\ncombat. The archers tied the horses together by their collar-pieces and\ntails, that the enemy might not surprise and carry them off. The duke\nof Bedford ordered two thousand archers to guard them and the baggage.\nVery many new knights were now created on both sides; and when all was\nready, these two powerful armies met in battle, about three o'clock in\nthe afternoon, on the 16th day of August, The English, as usual, set\nup a grand shout as they advanced, which alarmed the French much; and\nthe conflict raged with the utmost violence for three quarters of an\nhour,--and it was not in the memory of man that such armies had been so\nlong and warmly engaged without victory declaring for either of them.\nThat division of the French which had been ordered to remain mounted\nto attack the rear of the English, while the combat was going on, came\nto the horses and baggage of the enemy, but could make no impression\nfrom the resistance of the guard of archers: they, however, seized\nsome of the cavalry and baggage with which they fled, leaving their\narmy fighting on foot. The archers then, finding themselves thus\ndisembarrassed from the enemy, were fresh to join their companions in\nthe front, which they did with loud shouts.\nThe French now began to fail; and the English, with great bravery,\nbroke through their ranks in many places, and, taking advantage of\ntheir success, obtained the victory, but not without much effusion\nof blood on both sides: for it was afterward known by the kings at\narms, heralds, pursuivants, and from other persons worthy of belief,\nthat there were slain of the French and left on the field of battle,\nfrom four to five thousand, great part of whom were Scotsmen, and two\nhundred made prisoners.\nOn the part of the English, sixteen hundred were killed, as well from\nEngland, as from Normandy,--the principal persons of whom were two\ncaptains of the name of Dudley and Charleton. The following is a list\nof those of name who fell on the side of the French.\nJean count d'Aumale, the son of the count de Harcourt, the count de\nTonnerre, the count de Ventadour, the earl, of Douglas, sir James\nDouglas his son the earl of Buchan, at that time constable to king\nCharles, the earl of Murray, the lord de Graville the elder, the lord\nde Montenay, sir Anthony Beausault, Hugh de Beausault his brother,\nthe lord de Belloy and his brother, the lord de Mauny, the lord de\nCombrest, the lord de Fontenay, the lord de Bruneil, the lord de\nTumblet, the lord de Poissy. From Dauphiny, the lord de Mathe, the\nlord de Rambelle. From Languedoc and Scotland, sir Walter Lindsay, sir\nGilles de Gamaches, Godfrey de Malestroit, James Douglas, sir Charles\nde Boin, sir John de Vretasse, sir Gilles Martel, the son of Harpedame,\nsir Brunet d'Auvergne, sir Raoul de la Treille, Guy de Fourchonivere,\nsir Pochart de Vienne, sir John de Murat, the lord de Vertois, sir\nCharles de Gerammes, Dragon de la Salle, the lord de Rambouillet, the\nbastard de Langlan, the viscount de Narbonne, whose body, when found\non the field, was quartered, and hung on a gibbet, because he had been\nan accomplice in the murder of the late duke of Burgundy,--the lord de\nGuictry, sir Francis de Gangeaux, sir Robert de Laire, sir Louis de\nTeyr, the lord de Foregny, Moraut de la Mothe, sir Charles d'Anibal\nand his brother Robinet d'Anibal, Pierre de Cour\u00e7eilles, sir Aymery de\nGresille, Andrew de Clermont, sir Tristan Coignon, Colinet de Vicomte,\nGuillaume Remon, sir Louis de Champagne, Peron de Lippes, sir Louis de\nBracquemont, the lord de Thionville, the lord de Rochebaron, sir Philip\nde la Tour, and Anselin de la Tour.\nThe principal prisoners were the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the bastard d'Alen\u00e7on,\nthe lord de la Fayette, the lord de Hormit, sir Pierre Herrison, sir\nLouis de Vaucourt, Roger Brousset, Huchet de St Mare, and Yvon du Puys;\nbut there were numbers of others, whose names I cannot remember.\nWhen the duke of Bedford had gained this important victory at Verneuil,\nhe assembled his princes and captains around him, and with great\nhumility, with uplifted hands and eyes, he returned thanks to the\nCreator for the great success he had given him. The dead were then\nstripped, and whatever was valuable taken away.\nThe duke encamped that night round Verneuil, and appointed a strong\nguard to prevent any surprise from the enemy. On the morrow, the French\nwithin the town and castle were summoned to surrender. They were so\nmuch terrified by the defeat and carnage of their army that they\ninstantly obeyed, on condition that their lives and fortunes should be\nspared. The lord de Rambures, governor, was also permitted to depart.\nAfter the duke had regarrisoned Verneuil and its castle, he marched his\narmy into Normandy.\nOn the very day that this battle took place, a number of knights and\nesquires from Normandy and the adjacent parts deserted from the duke's\narmy, although they had before sworn loyalty and obedience to him. For\nthis offence, some of them were afterward severely punished in their\nbodies by the duke, and all their estates and effects confiscated to\nthe use of king Henry. In the number were, the lord de Choisy and the\nlord de Longueval.\nAbout this time, the lord de Maucour was taken, who had been implicated\nby the lord de Longueval, and others accused before master Robert le\nJeune, bailiff of Amiens: he was beheaded by orders from the council of\nking Henry, in the town of Amiens, his body hung on a gibbet, and his\nfortune confiscated to the king. In like manner was afterward taken,\nPierre de Recourt implicated likewise with the above, by one named\nRaoul de Gaucourt, who sent him to sir John de Luxembourg; and sir John\nsent him to Paris, where his body was quartered, and parts of it hung\nup at the usual places.\nVery soon was intelligence of this unfortunate battle carried to king\nCharles, who was sorely affected at the destruction of his princes and\nchivalry, and for a long time was mightily grieved, seeing that all his\nplans were now unsuccessful.\nCHAP. XXII.\n THE INHABITANTS OF TOURNAY REBEL AGAINST THEIR MAGISTRATES.\nIn the beginning of the month of September, the inhabitants of\nTournay rose in rebellion,--the burghers against the magistrates and\nothers of rank,--namely, those of the market-place, and of the old\nprecincts, against those within the walls. This commotion was caused\nby a blacksmith having fastened a chain during the night about the\nslaughter-houses, for which he was banished the town. In consequence\nof this banishment, those within the old precincts, to a large number,\nput on, as badges, an upright cross; while those of the market-place\nraised the bridges, and erected many bulwarks against them. They began\nhostilities with courage; but in the end a truce was agreed on, for the\nsake of their annual procession,--and at last peace was established,\nwithout any great harm being done to either party.\nCHAP. XXIII.\n THE GARRISON OF GUISE CAPITULATE TO SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG AND SIR\n THOMAS RAMPSTONE.\nWhen sir John de Luxembourg and sir Thomas Rampstone had, with great\nperseverance, continued their siege of Guise and its castle until the\nmonth of September,--the garrison finding provisions grow short, and\nlosing all hope of relief offered to capitulate with the two aforesaid\nlords, on the following terms.\n'To all to whom these presents shall come, we John de Luxembourg lord\nde Beaurevoir, and Thomas Rampstone knight, chamberlain to the lord\nregent, and governors of this district for the king of France and of\nEngland, our sovereign lord, by the appointment of my lords the regent\nand the duke of Burgundy, send health and greeting.\n'Know ye, that we have this day signed a treaty in the names of our\nlords aforesaid, with John de Proisy governor and captain of the town\nand castle of Guise, and with the churchmen, gentlemen, men at arms,\nand the burghers of the said town, according to the terms and articles\nhereafter to be declared.\n'First, the governor and the persons aforesaid, residing within the\ntown and castle of Guise, do promise truly and faithfully to surrender\nthe said town and castle to one of us, or to such other person or\npersons as the king of France and England may depute for that purpose,\non the first day of March next ensuing, provided that on or before that\nday they be not relieved by the princes or others of the same party\nas themselves, by combating us between the town of Sains and the house\nof Fouquausuins, which spot we have fixed on, in conjunction with the\ngarrison of Guise, for the field of battle.\n'Should those of the party of king Charles be defeated in fair combat,\nby the forces of the king of France and England, or put to flight, the\ngarrison of Guise shall hold themselves bounden to deliver up the town\nand castle. In case the contrary should happen, and we of the party of\nthe king of France and of England be beaten, or afraid to appear on\nthe appointed day, we shall be bounden to return without ransom the\nhostages which shall have been given to us for the due observance of\nthis treaty.\n'Item, my lord the regent, and my lord of Burgundy, or those\ncommissioned by them, shall be bound to appear with such force as they\nmay please on the first day of March, to hold the wager of battle\nnamely, from sun-rise of that day until sunset; and if they shall not\nthen be fought with nor defeated, the garrison shall, without fail, or\nany fraud whatever, surrender the town and castle immediately after\nsunset, on receiving back the hostages whom they had given.\n'Item, during the term of this treaty, and within one month afterward,\nthe governor and all others within the said town and castle, of\nwhatever rank they may be, shall have free liberty to depart singly\nor in companies across the river Seine, to such places as are held\nby their party, and carry with them, or have carried, their armour,\nhorses, baggage and all their effects; and for their greater security\nwe promise to deliver to them sufficient passports in the name of my\nlord the regent, if so required, that shall include not more than\ntwenty in a company. Should any of them wish to go out of the kingdom,\neven to Hainault, they must do so at their peril.\n'Item, should any now resident within Guise be inclined to remain\nthere, or elsewhere, under the dominion of our lord the king, or\nof our lords the regent and the duke of Burgundy, they shall have\nfull liberty, on taking the oaths of allegiance, and on swearing to\npreserve the last-made peace between the kingdoms of France and\nEngland, with the free enjoyment of all their effects and inheritances\nthat may not before have been disposed of. Should they wish to depart,\nthey shall not carry with them any of their moveables.\n'Item, the inhabitants of Guise having passports from the conservators\nof the articles of this treaty, who are bounden to give them, may go to\nsuch towns as we have notified, and enter the same with the permission\nof their captains or governors, namely, St Quentin, Riblemont, Laon,\nBruyeres, Crespy, Marle, Aubenton, Vertus and the adjacent villages,\nto procure provision and other necessaries for money, so that the\nquantities be not more than sufficient for their sustenance, until the\ncapitulation be expired.\n'Item, the inhabitants of Guise may pursue their lawful and just debts\nbefore the said conservators, who will take cognisance thereof and do\njustice between the parties, on hearing each side.\n'Item, if during the terms of this treaty, any of the king's party\nshall take by scalado, or otherwise, the town and castle of Guise, we\nwill exert ourselves to the utmost of our loyal power to force them to\nevacuate the same,--and we will replace them in their former state for\nwe will neither attempt to take them ourselves, nor suffer others to do\nso during the said term.\n'Item, in like manner those within Guise shall not, during the same\nterm, gain openly or secretly any places dependant on the king or his\nallies, nor carry on any manner of warfare against his or their vassals.\n'Item, a general pardon shall take place with regard to all persons\nindiscriminately within Guise, excepting, however, those who may have\nbeen implicated in the murder of the late duke of Burgundy, whose\nsoul may God pardon! those who have sworn to observe the articles of\nthe last peace concluded between France and England; those guilty of\ntreason on the person of the duke of Brittany; all English and Irish\nwho may be in the said town or castle; all of whom must be delivered\nup to justice. For the better knowledge of the aforesaid persons, the\ngovernor of Guise shall give to us in writing the names and surnames of\nall men at arms now within that town and castle.\n'Item, should any violences be committed, contrary to the above\narticles, by either party, during the said term, this treaty shall not\nthereby be infringed nor violated; but the conservators shall have full\npowers to arrest and punish those, guilty of any violence, and to make\nrestitution of whatever things may have been unlawfully plundered.\n'Item, the garrison of Guise shall not, during the said term, although\nthey have possession of the castle and town, carry on any warfare, nor\ngive aid or support to any of their party that may be so inclined.\nShould it happen that any persons acting hostilely be pursued by the\nking's party, and chaced visibly into the said town or castle, the\ngovernor shall cause them to be delivered up to those who had thus\npursued them, to be dealt with like prisoners.\n'Item, the inhabitants of Guise shall not, during the said term,\ndemolish any part of the fortifications or outworks of the said town\nand castle,--nor shall they in any way add to their strength.\n'Item, so soon as we shall have withdrawn all our cannon, artillery,\nstores and engines of war, to a place of security, we will raise\nthe siege, and depart from before the said town and castle, to go\nwhithersoever we shall please.\n'Item, the governor, the gentlemen and burghers within the said town,\nto the number of twenty-four persons, shall solemnly swear punctually\nto observe all the above articles, and promise faithfully not to\ninfringe any one of them in the smallest degree, and those who may have\na seal shall seal these articles with their seal.\n'Item, for the better observance of these articles, eight persons\nshall be given as hostages, namely, Jean de Regnault, du Hamel, Jean\nde Cadeville, Jean de Beauvoir, Jean de St Germain, the elder Wautier,\nsir Walerant du Mont, and Jean Flangin de Noulles. In case any of the\nabove shall die, or make their escape, during the time aforesaid, those\nof Guise shall be bounden alway to find eight sufficient hostages, on\ndemand of the besiegers.\n'Item, the inhabitants of Guise, in conjunction with us, have\nunanimously appointed as conservators of this treaty sir Daviod de\nPoix knight, and Collart de Proisy, or his deputy. To this sir Daviod\nde Poix, or to his deputy, we have given full powers and authority to\ngrant to the said inhabitants of Guise good and sufficient passports,\nand to determine all suits at law that may be brought before him from\neither party, according to what has been before mentioned.\n'Item, we have promised and sworn and do by these presents promise\nand swear to fulfil all things contained in these said articles,\nmost loyally and honourably, to the utmost of our powers, and that\nwe will have them faithfully observed and maintained by all subjects\nand vassals under the obedience of our lord the king, of our lord the\nregent, and of our lord of Burgundy.\n'Item, for the greater security of the above, we will have these\narticles confirmed by our said lord the regent, in manner hereafter to\nbe declared. In testimony of which, we have affixed our seals to these\npresents. Given at our camp before the town and castle of Guise, the\n18th day of September, in the year 1424.'\nWhen the treaty had been signed, and the hostages delivered, the siege\nof Guise was broken up. Sir John de Luxembourg returned to his castle\nof Beaurevoir, and dismissed his captains; and sir Thomas Rampstone\nwent with the English to wait on the duke of Bedford, at Paris, by whom\nhe was most graciously received.\nAbout this time, the lord de Montagu, a Burgundian, concluded a treaty\nwith Estienne de Vignolles, called La Hire, of the opposite party,\nthat Vitry en Pertois, and other fortresses held by La Hire, should\nbe surrendered to the lord de Montagu on the first Sunday in Lent, in\ncase they were not relieved on or before that time by king Charles. No\nsuccour arrived, and in consequence they were yielded up according to\nthe agreement.\nIn these days, sir Manfroy de St Leger and the bastard de St Pol\nassembled from four to five hundred combatants, and led them into\nBarrois, where they committed infinite mischiefs, and gathered much\nriches, with which they returned in safety, and without opposition to\ntheir own country.\nIn the month of October, the duke of Glocester and Jacqueline of\nBavaria, countess of Hainault, of Holland and of Zealand, (whom the\nduke of Glocester had married some time before in England, although\nduke John of Brabant, her first husband, was still alive,) disembarked\nat Calais with five thousand english combatants, intending to make a\npowerful invasion on Hainault, and gain the government thereof, as\nbelonging of right to the said Jacqueline. The earl marshal of England\nwas commander in chief of these men at arms.\nCHAP. XXIV.\n THE DUKES OF BEDFORD AND OF BURGUNDY ENDEAVOUR TO MAKE UP THE QUARREL\n BETWEEN THE DUKES OF GLOCESTER AND OF BRABANT.\nAbout the end of October the dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy met at\nParis, with their confidential ministers, according to what had been\nagreed on when they were last at Amiens, to discuss the differences\nthat had arisen between the dukes of Glocester and of Brabant. The\nmatter was most fully debated during several days before their council,\nnotwithstanding a suit was still pending at the court of Rome. At\nlength, the dukes of Bedford and Burgundy agreed on the terms of a\npacification, according to the opinions of their counsellors, and sent\nthem to the dukes of Glocester and of Brabant. The ambassadors who went\nto the duke of Glocester and his lady, at Calais, were sir Raoul le\nBouteiller and the abbot Fouquans. When they showed their credentials,\nand the terms that had been agreed on, they had a direct negative from\nthe duke and the lady, who declared they would not abide by them, but\nwould march a powerful army into Hainault to take possession of that\ncountry. On receiving this answer, the ambassadors returned to Paris.\nThose who had been sent to duke John of Brabant, were graciously\nreceived; and he declared, with the advice of his council, that he was\nvery willing to accept the terms agreed on by the dukes of Bedford and\nBurgundy, and was well contented therewith.\nOn these answers being carried to the two dukes in Paris, they were\nmuch troubled that the duke of Glocester would not accept of the terms\nwhich they had settled,--more particularly the duke of Burgundy, who\nplainly told his brother-in-law, the duke of Bedford, that since\nhe found his brother the duke of Glocester would not listen to any\nreasonable terms, he should assist his cousin, the duke of Brabant,\nwith all his power, to enable him to preserve his honour and\nterritories against the duke of Glocester.\nThe duke of Bedford was much angered against his brother at heart,\nfor his obstinacy, and greatly feared, that from this quarrel, all\nconnexions of the English with the duke of Burgundy would be done away,\nand their power in France destroyed.\nThe dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy kept each at his h\u00f4tel in Paris\nthe feast of All-saints, with much solemnity; and some days afterward,\nthe duke of Burgundy had the marriage of sir John de la Trimouille\nlord de Jonvelles, with the damsel of Rochebaron, sister to the lord\nd'Amboise, (who at that time resided with the queen of France, widow of\nthe late king, in company with the lady of La Fert\u00e9) celebrated at his\nh\u00f4tel of Artois, and at his own expense.\nAt this marriage were present the said queen of France, the duke and\nduchess of Bedford, sister to the duke of Burgundy, attended by the\nearl and countess of Salisbury, the earl of Suffolk, the bishop of\nTherouenne, the lord d'Estable, and many noble knights, esquires,\nladies and damsels of high degree, who were all magnificently\nentertained by the duke of Burgundy and his officers. There was a\ngrand display of every costly viand and wines, followed by dancings,\ntiltings, and other amusements.\nThe dukes of Bedford and Burgundy even tilted themselves with other\nprinces and knights. When this feast was over the duke of Burgundy\nreturned from Paris to his residence in Burgundy, where he united\nhimself in marriage, by an apostolical dispensation, with the widow\nof his uncle the count de Nevers, who had been slain at the battle of\nAzincourt. This lady was much renowned for her pious life: she had two\nchildren by the count de Nevers, and was sister-german to the count\nd'Eu, then a prisoner in England, and sister by the half blood to\nCharles de Bourbon count de Clermont.\nAt this time died John of Bavaria formerly bishop of Li\u00e9ge, uncle to\nthe duke of Burgundy, and to Jacqueline of Bavaria; and because he had\nnot had any children by his lady, he declared the duke of Burgundy his\nheir and successor, thus putting aside Jacquiline of Bavaria his niece.\nCHAP. XXV.\n THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF GLOCESTER LEAVE CALAIS FOR HAINAULT, TO\n RECEIVE THE ALLEGIANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF THAT COUNTRY.--THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY MAKES PREPARATIONS TO AID HIS COUSIN THE DUKE OF\n BRABANT.\nToward the end of November the duke and duchess of Glocester marched\ntheir great army from Calais, and taking their route by Hesdin, and\npassing by Lens in Artois, arrived in Hainault. As they marched through\nthe territories of the duke of Burgundy, no disorders were suffered to\nbe committed, but all provisions were courteously paid for.\nThey were liberally received at Bouchain and Mons, whither they went\nfirst, and many lords and gentlemen of the country came thither to pay\nobedience and homage to the duke and to his lady. Shortly after, all\nthe principal towns in Hainault, dependant on the lady Jacquiline took\noaths of allegiance to the duke of Glocester; for she declared herself\nhis wife, and all the lords and gentlemen did the same excepting the\nsingle town of Halx, which held for the duke of Brabant.\nIn like manner did the count de Conversan lord of Anghien support duke\nJohn and sir Angilbert d'Anghien, with Jean de Jumont, and all their\ngarrisons and dependants. The remainder, as well towns as nobles,\nbreaking the oaths they had formerly taken to the duke of Brabant, now\nopenly espoused the cause of the duke of Glocester and the duchess\nJacquiline.\nSome days after the marriage of the duke of Burgundy, he quitted the\nduchess and went to M\u00e2con, where he had a conference with the duke of\nSavoy, and with ambassadors from the duke of Brittany, the principal\nof whom was Arthur count de Richemont. While these conferences were\nholding, Charles de Bourbon count de Clermont, the archbishop of\nRheims, the bishop of Puy, and some others, came to M\u00e2con, by orders\nof king Charles, who among different matters, treated for a marriage\nbetween the count de Clermont and Agnes, sister-german to the duke of\nBurgundy. Charles de Bourbon promised the said archbishop, on the word\nof a prince, that he would espouse her at the time that had been fixed.\nWhen this, and other great affairs had been discussed and settled, they\nseparated, and each returned to the place he had come from.\nPhilip duke of Burgundy, hearing of the arrival of Humphrey duke of\nGlocester in Hainault, was very indignant thereat, and issued his\nsummonses to the men at arms, and others accustomed to serve him\nin war, throughout his countries of Flanders, Artois and his other\ndominions, which were proclaimed in the usual places, ordering all\nnobles, and others of every degree, able to bear arms, to prepare\nthemselves to support the duke of Brabant against the duke of\nGlocester, under the orders of sir John de Luxembourg, the lords\nde Croy, de l'Isle-Adam, and such other captains as should be\ncommissioned to command and conduct them.\nIn consequence of these proclamations, very many men at arms assembled\nunder the aforesaid lords, who marched them to Philip count de St Pol,\nbrother to duke John of Brabant, he having been appointed by the duke\ncommander in chief in this war against the duke of Glocester.\nThe principal adviser of the count de St Pol was Pierre de Luxembourg\ncount de Conversan, and Braine lord d'Anghien. There were also with him\nsir Angilbert d'Anghien, le Damoiseau de Vissemale, de Rosbarre, and\nother great lords and bannerets of the country of Brabant, a multitude\nof the commonalty, and an infinity of warlike engines.\nA bitter war now commenced, with fire and sword, throughout Hainault,\nto the ruin of the poor people, for the duke of Glocester had strongly\ngarrisoned with English all the towns in that country under his\nobedience; and in like manner had the count de St Pol done to those\non the borders, and what remained in Hainault subject to the duke\nof Brabant. These garrisons made frequent sallies on their enemy's\ncountry, and committed every kind of mischief.\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE DUKE OF GLOCESTER SENDS A LETTER TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--A COPY\n THEREOF.\nWhen the duke of Glocester heard that the duke of Burgundy had issued\nhis summons for men at arms to assemble against him, in support of the\nduke of Brabant, he was highly displeased, and wrote to the duke of\nBurgundy a letter, of which the following is an exact copy:\n'High and potent prince, very dear and well-beloved cousin,--we have\nheard that in your lands and territories a proclamation has been made\nfor all able men at arms to assemble and march under the orders of sir\nJohn de Luxembourg and others, to the support of my cousin of Brabant,\nagainst me, my friends, allies and subjects, and stating, as reasons\nfor the above, many charges contrary to the truth, which I have\ndiscovered, in a copy of certain letters said to be written by you, in\nyour town of Dijon, the 21st day of last December.\n'These letters, I am convinced, have been written with your knowledge,\nand by your orders, although you cannot have forgotten all that I have\ndone in times past at your request and solicitation; nor how often\nI have submitted the whole of my dispute with our cousin of Brabant\nto the arbitration of my brother the regent and yourself,--what\nappointments I have made, and what things I offered to relinquish to\nmy prejudice,--and which you know those of the party of the duke of\nBrabant would not accept nor enter into any treaty, notwithstanding\nthese letters I allude to have given a contrary colour to the business,\nas will be apparent if you compare the copy I inclose with the\noriginals.\n'I know also, that what I have formerly done has not escaped your good\nmemory. You must also feel, that if proximity of lineage is of any\navail, you should be more inclined to serve me than my adversary,\nseeing that my companion and spouse is your cousin-german by two lines,\nand that my said cousin of Brabant is not so nearly related to you.\n'You are likewise bounden to assist me by the treaty of peace solemnly\nsworn to by us,--which the duke of Brabant has never done, but on the\ncontrary, as you know, made alliances inimical to your interests, which\nshould move you to act against him. The treaty between us has never\nbeen infringed by me; and it would have grieved me to have even thought\nof it,--for I should believe, that had I broken it, nothing fortunate\nwould have ever happened to me. I am also persuaded, that during your\nlife, you will not act contrary to it.\n'You must likewise have noticed, that ever since I have been on this\nside of the sea, I have alway endeavoured so to act as would be most\nagreeable to you; that I have never, in the smallest degree done, or\nsuffered to be done, any damage to your subjects or your lands, but\nhave acted toward them as if they had been my own proper subjects, as\nthey can truly inform you.\n'I have lately written to you, to declare I ask for nothing but what is\nmy own, but am contented to have what belongs to me in right of my said\ncompanion, your cousin, and which, with the aid of God, I will guard\nand preserve so long as she shall live, for that fortune is sufficient\nfor me.\n'Should any circumstances have induced me to act against my said cousin\nof Brabant, I am not as you know, any way to blame, but constrained\nthereto by his enterprises, in the defence of my own honour, and for\nthe preservation of my country, which will make me exert myself to the\nutmost of my power.\n'Now as you are perfectly well acquainted with all that I have\nmentioned, I can scarcely persuade myself that these said letters\nhave been written with your knowledge; and I most earnestly intreat,\nmost high and potent prince, my very dear and well beloved cousin,\nthat you would maturely consider of all that I have done for your\nservice, the different conduct of my adversary toward you, the\nnearness of the relationship, the treaty of peace between us, which I\nhave never violated, and the enterprises of my opponent. I am firmly\nconvinced, that supposing the measures hitherto followed have had your\napprobation, when you shall have maturely reconsidered the whole of\nmine and of my adversary's conduct, you will be of a contrary opinion.\n'Should, however, your intentions remain unaltered, God, to whom\nnothing is hidden, will defend my just rights, if you be regardless of\nthe oath you have taken for the same purpose. High and potent prince,\nmy very dear and well-beloved cousin, let me know your intentions\nby the bearer of this, and if there is any thing I can do for your\nservice, I will most heartily employ myself therein, as our lord knows,\nand to his care I commend you.\n'Written at my town of Mons, and signed with my signet, this 12th day\nof January. High and potent prince, very dear and well-beloved cousin,\nI send with this letter copies of the letters I have alluded to,\nsigned 'de Croy.'\nThe address on this letters was, 'To the high and potent prince, my\nvery dear and well-beloved cousin, the duke of Burgundy;' and lower\ndown, 'Your cousin the duke of Glocester, count of Hainault, of\nHolland, of Zealand, and lord of Frizeland.'\nThe duke of Burgundy, on receiving this letter, laid it before the\nwhole of his council, and, after due deliberation, returned the\nfollowing answer to the duke of Glocester.\nCHAP. XXVII.\n COPY OF THE ANSWER OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY TO THE LETTER FROM THE DUKE\n OF GLOCESTER.\n'High and mighty prince Humphrey duke of Glocester, I, Philip duke of\nBurgundy, earl of Flanders and of Artois, have received your letter\naddressed to me, and written at Mons in Hainault, under your signet,\nthe 12th day of January last, containing, among other things, that\nyou have heard of proclamations having been issued throughout my\ndominions, for all well disposed men at arms to assemble, and to march\nunder the command of our very dear and well-beloved cousin sir John de\nLuxembourg and others, for the service and support of our very dear\nand well-beloved cousin the duke of Brabant, in opposition to you,\nyour friends, allies and subjects, and which proclamations contained,\naccording to the tenour of your letter, many charges contrary to\ntruth,--the which, and other things, you have discovered in the copy\nsent me, of certain letters said to have been written by me, on the\n21st day of December, in my town of Dijon.\n'With regard to this, high and mighty prince, and the greater part of\nyour letter, I shall forbear repeating, or making any reply thereto;\nfor as there is nothing but what touches my honour that I shall\nconsider, and this I will not suffer any one to treat or to blame\nunjustly.\n'You say, however, that the writings, of which you have inclosed a\ncopy, have been done with my knowledge, and by my command. To this I\nanswer, that I was moved thereto by your refusal to conform to the\narticles of pacification entered into with great deliberation of\ncouncil, between your fair brother the regent and myself at Paris, to\nput an end to the discord between you and our very dear cousin the duke\nof Brabant.\n'On the contrary, the duke of Brabant, (to gain the favour of God,\nand to please your said brother and myself) agreed to abide by these\nsaid articles, while you, persisting in your refusal, and without\nwaiting for the final decisions of your suit at the court of Rome, have\nentered the country of Hainault with a powerful army, with the intent\nof driving therefrom our said cousin of Brabant, and taking possession\nof the same. These have been the reasons for my said letter, which\ncontains truths which you cannot any way deny, or be ignorant of.\n'I have not therefore given any thing to be understood contrary to\ntruth, or by way of lie, with which you seem most wrongfully to charge\nme in your letter, which I shall carefully preserve to shew in proper\ntime and place.\n'I am sufficiently aware of all that you are attempting against our\nsaid cousin of Brabant, and very displeasing has it been to me,\nwithout your endeavouring to tarnish our own honour and fair fame,\nwhich I will not endure from you nor from any one; and I am persuaded\nthat those with whom I am connected by blood, all my loyal friends,\nsubjects and vassals, who have been greatly attached to and have served\nmy predecessors, will not suffer such a slur to be passed over with\nimpunity. I therefore now summon and require of you to recall all that\nyou have said in your letter, touching what you have therein declared\nto have been asserted by me contrary to the truth.\n'Should you be unwilling to do this, and to support the charges you\nhave made against my honour and fame, I am ready to defend myself\npersonally against you, and to combat you, with the aid of God and our\nlady, within a reasonable time, in the presence of that most excellent\nand most potent prince, the emperor, my very clear lord and cousin.\n'But that you and all the world may witness that I am anxious to\nbring this matter to a speedy conclusion, and instantly to repel all\nattempts on my honour, I am contented, should it be more agreeable to\nyou, that we choose for the judge of our combat your fair brother the\nregent duke of Bedford, which you cannot reasonably refuse; for he is\nsuch a prince that I know he will do the utmost justice between us, as\nbetween the most indifferent persons. And for the honour of God, and\nto avoid the effusion of Christian blood, and the destruction of the\npoor people, whose sufferings I in my heart compassionate, you and I,\nwho are youthful knights, ought to accept of this proposal (supposing\nyou be determined to maintain what you have written), as it personally\nconcerns us, rather than engage in public warfare, by which numberless\ngentlemen and others of each party will have their days miserably\nshortened; and I must add, that it will be highly disagreeable to me\nif this last mode shall be resorted to. It ought to be matter of regret\nto us and all catholic princes, that Christian people should engage\nin war one against another; for my part I repeat that it will be very\nunwillingly that I shall engage in a public warfare, unless urgent\nnecessity forces me to it.\n'High and mighty prince, have the goodness to send me a speedy\nanswer to the contents of this letter by the bearer, or by any more\nexpeditious mode, without prolonging matters by letters; for I am\nimpatient, that every thing touching my honour may be as briefly\nsettled as possible, and I will not that matters concerning it remain\nas they now are.\n'I should sooner have replied to your letter on this subject, had I not\nbeen delayed by several concerns of high import that have retarded me.\n'That you may be assured this letter is mine, I have signed it with my\nown hand, and affixed my signet.\n'Written the 3rd day of March, in the year 1424.'\nThis letter was read by the duke of Glocester with great attention, in\nthe presence of his council: in reply, he sent the following letter.\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n COPY OF THE SECOND LETTER SENT BY THE DUKE OF GLOCESTER TO THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY.\n'High and mighty prince, Philip duke of Burgundy, earl of Flanders, of\nArtois, and of Burgundy,--I Humphrey duke of Glocester, son, brother\nand uncle to the kings of England, count of Hainault, of Holland,\nof Zealand, lord of Frizeland, and high chamberlain to the king of\nEngland, have received your letter in form of a placart, addressed to\nme, and written on the 3rd day of this month; which letter, that it\nmay appear to be from yourself, you have signed with your own hand,\nand sealed with your signet. The contents of the greater part thereof\nconcern me as little as those of mine did you, addressed and written\nin my good town of Mons in Hainault, under my signet, the 12th day of\nJanuary last past, excepting what you say of my refusing to agree to\nterms of pacification between me and my cousin the duke of Brabant,\nwhich is not true; for my very dear and well-beloved brother the regent\nof France and the whole of the french council, as well as yourself,\nknow how I have acted therein. Should you wish to be ignorant thereof,\nit is not in your power.\n'You say, that I have in my letter wrongfully and falsely offended your\nhonour, by charges therein made, and that you were sufficiently hurt\nat my attempts against my said cousin the duke of Brabant, without my\nhaving attacked your honour and fame. You therefore summon and require\nof me to recant what I have thus written in my letter, or else you\nare ready to defend your honour in a personal combat with me. I make\nknown to you, that I hold for true the whole of the contents of my\nsaid letter, and shall remain in the firm belief thereof, which has\nindeed been confirmed by what your people have done and perpetrated in\nmy country of Hainault conformably to the tenour of your summons; nor\nshall you nor any one force me to recal my words, but with the aid of\nGod, of our lady, and of my lord St George, I will, by personal combat,\noblige you to own their truth, before either of the judges you have\nnamed, for they are both of them to me indifferent.\n'I am equally desirous with yourself that the matter should be brought\nto a short and speedy issue; but solely because my fair brother is\nnearest at hand am satisfied to perform the combat before him, and\naccept of him as judge of the field. Since you leave the appointment\nof the day of combat to me, I shall fix on the feast of St George next\nensuing for that purpose, or any other day more convenient for my\nbrother, when, with God's favour, I shall be ready prepared to meet you\nwithout fail.\n'Should my said brother decline the office of judge of the field, I\nam willing that the combat take place before the very high and potent\nprince the emperor; and should he in like manner decline it, our\nbrother of Oldeberth[5], or any other indifferent person, may be the\njudge.\n'But, as I am doubtful whether you will abide by the terms under your\nsignet, I summon and require of you, by the bearer of this letter, that\nyou send me other terms sealed with your seal, in like manner as I have\ndone to these presents.\n'With regard to the duke of Brabant, if you shall dare to say that\nhis right is superior to mine in this present dispute,--I am ready to\nattack you body to body, on the day above-mentioned, and prove that I\nhave the better right, with the favour of God, of our lady, and of St\nGeorge. That these presents may appear fully authentic, and to shew\nthat I am resolved to abide by their contents, I have signed my name to\nthem, and have likewise affixed my seal.\n'Written in my town of Soignies, the 16th day of March, in the year\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 5: Oldeberth,--probably Oldenbourg.]\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RETURNS TO FLANDERS, WHENCE HE SENDS HIS ANSWER\n TO THE DUKE OF GLOCESTER'S LETTER.--A COPY THEREOF.\nDuring the time of this correspondence between these two princes, the\nduke of Burgundy returned to Flanders, and ordered a considerable force\nto march thence to the aid of the duke of Brabant. He likewise sent an\nanswer to the duke of Glocester's last letter, accepting the day he had\nfixed for their combat, the tenour of which was as follows.\n'High and mighty prince Humphrey duke of Glocester, I, Philip, duke of\nBurgundy, earl of Flanders and of Artois, have this day received your\nletter, written and signed with your own hand, in answer to mine of the\n3rd of this present month, in which I said that you had, after mature\ndeliberation, refused the terms of pacification between you and our\ncousin of Brabant, that had been agreed on by my brother-in-law the\nregent and myself.\n'To this you reply, that it is not true. My fair brother the regent\nand the whole council of France know full well to the contrary: I am\nnot ignorant thereof,--and were I inclined to be so, it is out of my\npower. You persist in denying what the ambassadors sent to you by my\nbrother the regent and myself with a copy of these articles, can most\nsatisfactorily prove; and in the direct face of them you have invaded\nthe country of Hainault, notwithstanding my fair cousin of Brabant had\naccepted of our terms; and you have called all these things which I had\nwritten to you falsehoods. Your conduct toward my cousin of Brabant\nwas to me dishonourable and displeasing enough, without adding insults\nagainst my honour.\n'For this did I summon you to recant all that you have thus\noffensively written; otherwise I was ready to defend my honour in\npersonal combat, in the presence of my fair brother the regent, or\nbefore the emperor. You in reply maintain the truth of what you had\nwritten, and that you shall remain in that belief, for what my troops\nhad done in Hainault was a full confirmation of the truth of what\nyou had advanced, and that you would not for me, nor for any one\nelse, recal your words, but would force me, by personal combat, to\nacknowledge their truth, before either of the aforesaid judges.\n'You add, that as the said regent is nearer at hand, you are content\nto name him as judge, and fix on St George's day next ensuing, or\nany other more agreeable to the regent, for the day of combat, being\nequally desirous with myself that this matter should be speedily\nbrought to issue.\n'I make for answer, that in regard to the judge and the day I am well\nsatisfied, and, with the aid of God and of our lady, I will defend\nmyself, and maintain the contrary to what you have advanced, with my\nbodily strength, and prove fairly on which side the lie rests, to the\nclearance of my loyalty and honour.\n'With respect to what my troops may have done in Hainault, should it\nbe for the honour and success of my fair cousin of Brabant, I shall be\nvery much rejoiced. As you express a doubt whether our said brother the\nregent will accept of the office of judge between us, I shall instantly\nsend him notable ambassadors earnestly to intreat that he would accept\nof it; but should he refuse, I am willing, as I have said in my former\nletter, that the emperor take his place.\n'As to what you declare, that should I dare to say our cousin of\nBrabant has the better right, you will force me by combat to retract\nit publicly before the judge,--I reply, that the sentence of our holy\nfather the pope (before whom the suit is now pending) will make it\nclearly known whose is the right, against which I am not inclined to\nderogate or disobey. It therefore does not belong to either of us to\ndetermine who has the right.\n'And I have such confidence in our Lord Jesus Christ, and in his\nglorious virgin-mother, that before the end of the combat thus fixed\non by you, I shall defend my good cause with such vigour that you will\nnot be soon forward to advance such novelties again. Since you require\nthat I send you a copy of my former letter which was sealed with my\nsignet, under my seal, I have complied with your request. And what I\nhave written I am fully determined to abide by and fulfil.'\nCHAP. XXX.\n THE TOWN OF BRAINE IN HAINAULT TAKEN AND DESTROYED BY THE ALLIES OF\n THE DUKE OF BRABANT.\nWhile these quarrelsome letters were passing between the dukes of\nBurgundy and Glocester, a very large army was raised by Philip count\nde Ligny and de St Pol, brother to the duke of Brabant, having in his\ncompany the count de Conversan, the lord d'Anghien, the lords de Croy,\nde l'Isle-Adam, sir Andrew de Malines, the bastard de St Pol, with\nother captains, banners, and gentlemen, together with thirty or forty\nthousand common men, whom he led before the town of Braine-le-Comte in\nthe country of Hainault.\nThere were not more than about two hundred English of the duke of\nGlocester's party, in addition to the commonalty within the place.\nIt was closely besieged on all sides; but after it had been well\nbattered for eight days by their cannon and other engines, the\ngarrison, considering the great force of the enemy, entered into\nterms of capitulation, that the English might depart with safety to\ntheir persons, and with part of their baggage, and that the town\nshould return to the obedience of the duke of Brabant, taking oaths of\nallegiance to him or to his commissioners, and withal paying a certain\nsum of money by way of ransoming the town from pillage.\nWhen this treaty had been signed, and the English were ready to march\nout of it, a body of the common people who had come with the count de\nSt Pol rushed in by different gates, and slew the greater part of these\nEnglish, with many of the townsmen. They then plundered the houses,\nand set them on fire, so that the whole town was completely burnt and\ndestroyed.\nThus did they break through the treaty which their captains had made,\nand no prayers or entreaties could prevail on them to desist, which\ngreatly angered their leaders. However, some of the English were saved\nby the exertions of the gentlemen and nobles, and sent away in safety.\nAt this siege of Braine, there were with the count de St Pol, Poton\nde Saintrailles, Regnaut de Longueval, and others, all firm friends\nof king Charles. When the town had been thus destroyed, the army of\nthe Brabanters remained where they had been encamped; for news of the\nintended combat between the dukes of Burgundy and Glocester before the\nregent had been notified to them, so that all warfare was suspended\nbetween the Brabanters and the duke of Glocester, until victory should\ndeclare for one of the dukes in their personal combat.\nShortly after, the count de St Pol marched away from before Braine,\non his return with the army to Brabant; but as the duke of Glocester\nwas with his lady in Soignies, the Brabanters were afraid of being\nattacked, and therefore all the nobles and gentlemen marched in the\nsame array as if they were about to engage in battle. The commonalty\nwere likewise well drawn up; and they had not advanced far, when the\nscouts, whom they had left in their rear to bring them information,\ngave notice that the English had taken the field.\nThis was true, for some of the duke of Glocester's captains, having his\npermission, collected, at most, eight hundred men to see the Brabanters\ndecamp. They advanced so near as to be visible to all, although there\nwere some ditches between the two parties. The count de St Pol drew his\nmen in array, on the ascent of a mountain, namely, the gentlemen and\narchers, and so did the english: and in the mean time some skirmishing\ntook place between the outposts of each, in which several were killed,\nwounded and unhorsed, but in no great numbers. The two parties remained\nthus for a considerable time in battle array, each waiting for the\nother to depart first. While they were in this position, certain\nintelligence was brought to the count de St Pol of the day of combat\nhaving been fixed between the dukes of Burgundy and of Glocester, and\nthat all warfare was to cease until that was over.\nOn this being made public, and because evening was coming on, the\nEnglish marched away to the duke of Glocester in Soignies, and the\ncount de St Pol with his men to Halx and that neighbourhood, where they\nkept a strict watch.\nIt is a truth that the greater part of the commonalty of Brabant, who\nwere in the count's army, had been panic-struck, and deserted in great\nconfusion, leaving suits of armour, without number, carts, cars and\nall their warlike instruments dispersed over the fields, although they\nwere, as I said before, from thirty to forty thousand men, so that\nvery few remained with their commander and other captains, and it was\nnot their fault that they did not on that day receive much loss and\ndisgrace.\nThe town and castle of Guise was by treaty to have been surrendered\non the first day of March; but sir John de Luxembourg practised so\nsuccessfully with John de Proisy the governor, that they were yielded\nup to him on the 26th of February, without waiting for the appointed\nday. In like manner he gained possession of the fortress of Irechon.\nHe was, by this means, obeyed throughout the whole county of Guise, to\nthe great displeasure of R\u00e9n\u00e9 d'Anjou duke of Bar, to whom this county\nbelonged as its true lord. Those who had assembled to be present at the\nsurrender on the first of March, as well English as Picards, hearing\nwhat had passed, returned to their quarters. Sir John de Luxembourg\ngave liberty to the hostages, and passports for them to go whither they\npleased. He also appointed sir Daviod de Poix governor of Guise.\nWhen the count Philip de St Pol and the Brabant-nobles were returned\nto Brussels, and the Picards quartered on the borders of Hainault, the\nduke of Glocester retreated with his duchess and army from Soignies to\nMons, where he met the countess-dowager of Hainault. Having conferred\nwith her and some of the nobility, it was determined that he and his\nEnglish should return to England, to prepare himself for the combat\nthat was to take place with the duke of Burgundy.\nWhen he was on the point of his departure, his mother-in-law, the\ncountess of Hainault, and the nobles and deputies from the principal\ntowns, requested that he would leave the duchess Jacquiline, whom\nhe called his wife, and their lady behind. This he assented to, on\ncondition that they would solemnly swear to him that they would guard\nand defend her against all who might attempt to injure her; and more\nespecially the burghers and inhabitants of Mons were to take this oath,\nas she intended to reside within that town.\nThe duke and duchess of Glocester now separated with many tears and\nlamentations; and he departed with from four to five thousand english\ncombatants for St Gillart, and thence to Yvins near Bohain, where he\nlay the first night: he then continued his route by Vy, and after\nsome days arrived at Calais; but in all the countries through which\nhe passed he committed no waste, but paid for all his provision very\npeaceably.\nHe carried with him to England Eleanor de Cobham, whom he had brought\nwith him as companion to the duchess Jacquiline, and was afterward\nmarried to her.\nToward the end of this year king Charles sent ambassadors to the court\nof Rome, the principal of whom was the bishop of Leon in Brittany, who\noffered, in the king's name, his submission to pope Martin, the which\nwas very graciously received.\nCHAP. XXXI.\n POPE MARTIN SENDS HIS BULL TO DUKE JOHN OF BRABANT.--ITS CONTENTS.\nIn the beginning of this year, copies of a letter, in the manner of\na bull, from pope Martin to duke John of Brabant, were published\nthroughout the duke's dominions, the tenour of which was as follows:\n'Martin, bishop, and servant to the servants of God, to our dear son\nJohn duke of Brabant health and benediction. Whereas there has lately\ncome to our knowledge from persons worthy of belief what is very\ndispleasing to us, namely, that certain papers have been divulged and\npublicly read, as coming from us, and in our name, by way of bull, in\ndivers parts of Hainault, and in the bishopricks of Utrecht, Li\u00e9ge\nand Cambray, purporting (as it has been affirmed to us), that we have\nconfirmed the marriage-contract between our dear son Humphrey duke of\nGlocester, and our dear daughter in Jesus Christ Jacquiline, a noble\nlady and duchess of Bavaria; and that we have reprobated your marriage\nwith the said duchess, having judged it invalid.\n'Now although such writings have never been issued by us, and have been\npublished to our great scandal and dishonour, we will that the suit\nrespecting this said marriage shall be determined according to the\ndecision of common law.\n'And we notify to you, by these presents, that you bear not any\nmalice nor sorrow in your mind, but firmly hold that the papers thus\nscandalously published do not come from us, but from wicked men not\nhaving the fear of God before their eyes, who delight in novelties,\nfalsehoods and dissentions.\n'We will also, that the movers and promoters of such scandal shall, for\nthe honour of us and of the apostolical chair, be punished in a manner\nadequate to the heinousness of the crime they have committed. For this\nreason, we have written to our venerable brethren the bishops of\nUtrecht, Li\u00e9ge and Cambray, and to each of them, apostolical mandates,\ndirecting them to read this our letter publicly from their pulpits to\nthe people, to undeceive them relative to the aforesaid scandalous\npapers, to excommunicate all who shall henceforth read them in their\npresence, or promulgate them, and also to confine them in their persons\nuntil they shall receive further orders on this subject from us.\n'Given at Rome, at the church of the holy Apostles, on the ides of\nFebruary, in the 8th year of our papacy.'\nCHAP. XXXII.\n AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE DUKE OF GLOCESTER, A WAR TAKES PLACE IN\n HAINAULT.--THE DUCHESS JACQUILINE WRITES TO THE DUKE OF GLOCESTER FOR\n ASSISTANCE.--THE CONTENTS OF HER LETTER.\nNot long after the duke of Glocester had left Hainault, the men at\narms of duke John of Brabant and the Picards began an open and severe\nwarfare against the towns in that country under obedience to the duke\nof Glocester, as well as on those belonging to the lords of his party,\nby which the inhabitants were sorely oppressed and the country ruined.\nTo remedy these evils, the countess dowager of Hainault had many\nconferences with the duke of Burgundy, her nephew, and with the\nambassadors from the duke of Brabant at Douay, Lille and Oudenarde,\nwhen it was concluded that Hainault should be restored to the\ngovernment of the duke of Brabant, who was to promise a general amnesty\nto the inhabitants. The duchess Jacquiline was also to be put under\nthe wardship of the duke of Burgundy, who was to receive a certain sum\nof money for her establishment, and she was to remain under his guard\nuntil the suit pending at the court of Rome should be determined.\nWhile this treaty was negotiating, many of the principal towns revolted\nfrom their lady, and placed themselves under the obedience of the dukes\nof Burgundy and of Brabant, namely, Valenciennes, Cond\u00ea, Bouchain and\nsome others, so that there remained to her scarcely more than the bare\ntown of Mons, which was nearly blockaded by her enemies, and very small\nquantities of provision permitted to be carried into the town.\nThe inhabitants, seeing themselves in great danger, were much\nexasperated against their lady, and told her plainly, that if she did\nnot make peace, they would deliver her into the hands of the duke of\nBrabant: at the same time, they imprisoned many of her attendants, some\nof whom they judicially put to death, as shall be hereafter told.\nThe duchess Jacquiline, greatly alarmed at this sudden change, and\nfearing the worst, from what she had witnessed, and from what she had\nheard from her lady mother, namely, that she was to be put under the\nwardship of the duke of Burgundy, and carried to Flanders, sent letters\nin haste, describing her situation, to the duke of Glocester; but these\nletters were intercepted, and carried to the duke of Burgundy. Their\ncontents were as follow.\n'My very dear and redoubted lord and father, in the most humble of\nmanners in this world, I recommend myself to your kind favour. May it\nplease you to know, my very redoubted lord and father, that I address\nmyself to your glorious power, as the most doleful, most ruined, and\nmost treacherously-deceived woman living; for, my very dear lord, on\nSunday the 13th of this present month of June, the deputies of your\ntown of Mons returned, and brought with them a treaty that had been\nagreed on between our fair cousin of Burgundy and our fair cousin of\nBrabant, which treaty had been made in the absence, and without the\nknowledge of my mother, as she herself signifies to me, and confirmed\nby her chaplain master Gerard le Grand.\n'My mother, most redoubted lord, has written to me letters, certifying\nthe above treaty having been made; but that, in regard to it, she knew\nnot how to advise me, for that she was herself doubtful how to act.\nShe desired me, however, to call an assembly of the principal burghers\nof Mons, and learn from them what aid and advice they were willing to\ngive me.\n'Upon this, my sweet lord and father, I went on the morrow to the town\nhouse, and remonstrated with them, that it had been at their request\nand earnest entreaties that you had left me under their safeguard, and\non their oaths that they would be true and loyal subjects, and take\nespecial care of me, so that they should be enabled to give you good\naccounts on your return,--and these oaths had been taken on the holy\nsacrament at the altar, and on the sacred evangelists.\n'To this my harangue, my dear and honoured lord, they simply replied\nthat they were not sufficiently strong within the town to defend and\nguard me; and instantaneously they rose in tumult, saying that my\npeople wanted to murder them; and, my sweet lord, they carried matters\nso far that, in despite of me, they arrested one of your sergeants,\ncalled Maquart, whom they immediately beheaded, and hanged very many\nwho were of your party, and strongly attached to your interest, such\nas Bardoul de la Porte, his brother Colart, Gilet de la Porte, Jean du\nBois, Guillaume de Leur, Sanson your sergeant, Pierre, Baron, Sandart,\nDandre and others, to the number of two hundred and fifty of your\nadherents.\n'They also wished to seize sir Baldwin the treasurer, sir Louis de\nMontfort, Haulnere, Jean Fresne and Estienne d'Estre; but though they\ndid not succeed, I know not what they intend doing,--for my very dear\nlord, they plainly told me, that unless I make peace, they will deliver\nme into the hands of the duke of Brabant, and that I shall only remain\neight days longer in their town, when I shall be forced to go into\nFlanders, which will be to me the most painful of events; for I very\nmuch fear that unless you shall hasten to free me from the hands I am\nnow in, I shall never see you more.\n'Alas! my most dear and redoubted father, my whole hope is in your\npower, seeing, my sweet lord and only delight, that all my sufferings\narise from my love to you. I therefore entreat, in the most humble\nmanner possible, and for the love of God, that you would be pleased to\nhave compassion on me and on my affairs; for you must hasten to succour\nyour most doleful creature, if you do not wish to lose her for ever. I\nhave hopes that you will do as I beg, for, dear father, I have never\nbehaved ill to you in my whole life, and so long as I shall live I will\nnever do any thing to displease you, but I am ready to die for love of\nyou and your noble person.\n'Your government pleases me much, and by my faith, my very redoubted\nlord and prince, my sole consolation and hope, I beg you will consider,\nby the love of God and of my lord St George, the melancholy situation\nof myself and my affairs more maturely than you have hitherto done, for\nyou seem entirely to have forgotten me.\n'Nothing more do I know at present than that I ought sooner have\nsent sir Louis de Montfort to you; for he cannot longer remain here,\nalthough he attended me when all the rest deserted me; and he will tell\nyou more particularly all that has happened than I can do in a letter.\nI entreat, therefore, that you will be a kind lord to him, and send me\nyour good pleasure and commands, which I will most heartily obey. This\nis known to the blessed Son of God, whom I pray to grant you a long and\nhappy life, and that I may have the great joy of seeing you soon.\n'Written in the false and traitorous town of Mons, with a doleful\nheart, the 6th day of June.' The signature below was, 'Your\nsorrowful and well beloved daughter, suffering great grief by your\ncommands,--your daughter de Quienebourg.'\nWith the above was found another of the following tenour:\n'Very dear and well-beloved cousin I commend myself to you. May it\nplease you to know, that at this present moment, I am grieved at heart\nfrom having been wickedly and falsely betrayed, and am so overwhelmed\nthat I cannot write particulars; but if you will have the goodness to\nmake enquiries from our very dear and redoubted lord, he will tell you\nmore than you may wish to hear.\n'I have nothing more to say, but that you retain in hand what you are\npossessed of, in case my dear lord should come. With regard to what you\nadvise for me to cross the sea, it is now too late. Hasten as fast as\nyou can, with the greatest force you can raise, to deliver me from the\nhands of the Flemings, for within eight days I shall be given up into\ntheir power.\n'Very dear and beloved cousin, I pray God to give you a long and happy\nlife. Written in this false and traitorous town of Mons, the 6th day of\nJune. Jacquiline de Quienebourg.'\nIt appears by the above letters, that the duchess was much afraid of\ngoing to Flanders.\nWhen the deputies of Mons were returned from their conference with the\ndukes of Burgundy and of Brabant, it was known that many things had\nbeen agreed on contrary to the interest of the countess-dowager of\nHainault, and of the duchess Jacquiline her daughter. And on the 13th\nday of June, Jacqueline, having no means of resistance, departed from\nthe town of Mons accompanied by the prince of Orange, and other lords\ncommissioned for this purpose by the duke of Burgundy, who conducted\nher to the town of Ghent, where she was lodged in, the ducal palace,\nand had an establishment suitable to her rank.\nDuke John of Brabant, according to the treaty, took on him the\ngovernment of Hainault, whence he ordered all the men at arms, and\npublished a general amnesty for all that had passed.\nThus did the inhabitants of Mons deliver their lady and legal princess\ninto the hands of the duke of Burgundy against her will, although they\nhad, a short time before, promised and sworn to the duke of Glocester\nthat they would guard and defend her against all who should attempt any\nway to hurt her.\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n THE DUKES OF BEDFORD AND OF BURGUNDY MEET IN THE TOWN OF\n DOURLENS.--OTHER MATTERS.\nOn the vigil of the feast of St Peter and St Paul, the duke of\nBedford, the regent, accompanied by his duchess, arrived in the town\nof Corbie, escorted by about eight hundred horsemen. There were with\nhim the bishop of Therouenne, chancellor of France for king Henry, the\npresident of the parliament, and many other noblemen members of the\ncouncil.\nTwo days after, the duke of Burgundy came thither to see the regent and\nhis sister, when they gave each other a hearty welcome, particularly\non the part of the duke of Burgundy. Soon after, this duke went to\nLuchen, where his cousin-german the count de St Pol resided; and on the\nmorrow, about four o'clock in the afternoon he returned to Dourlens\nwith the count de St Pol. He thence conducted the regent and his sister\nto his castle of Hesdin, where he lodged them and their attendants, and\nentertained them magnificently. They all remained there for six days,\npassing the time joyously in feasting, drinking, dancing, hunting, and\nin divers other amusements. At the end of six days the duke and duchess\nof Bedford departed with their attendants, and went from Hesdin to\nAbbeville, where they staid some time.\nThey thence went to Crotoy, where the duke d'Alen\u00e7on was prisoner, whom\nthe regent sent for into his presence, and reasoned long to prevail\non him to take the oath of allegiance to king Henry of Lancaster, as\nthen he would be released from his confinement, and all his lands and\nlordships restored to him, adding, that should he refuse to comply, he\nwould run much personal danger.\nThe duke d'Alen\u00e7on replied, that he was firmly resolved never, during\nhis life, to take any oath contrary to his loyalty to king Charles of\nFrance, his true and legal lord. On hearing this answer, the regent\nordered him from his presence into confinement, and then, passing\nthrough the country of Caux, returned to Paris.\nDuring the time the regent was at Hesdin, the bastard de St Pol and\nAndrew de Humieres appeared there with silver rings on their right\narms, whereon was painted a sun with its rays. They had put them on as\na challenge to the English and their allies, maintaining that duke John\nof Brabant had a more just right to the government and possession of\nHainault and the other territories of Jacquiline of Bavaria, his lady,\nthan the duke of Glocester.\nThe regent was at first desirous that these rings should be taken from\nthem by some of his men, for he had been given to understand that their\nwearing them was owing to another quarrel, for which they wanted to\nfight with the English; but, in the end, he was well satisfied with\nthem,--and nothing farther was done in the matter.\nWhen the duke of Glocester was returned to London, he was sharply\nreprimanded by the council, in presence of the young king Henry, on his\nexpedition into Hainault, and on the manner in which he had conducted\nhimself in regard to the duke of Burgundy, the most potent prince of\nthe blood-royal of France: he was much blamed,--because they said from\nsuch conduct a coolness might arise between the king and the duke, the\nalliances between them broken, and all their conquests in France lost.\nThe duke of Glocester was plainly told, that he would not, in this\nbusiness, have any aid of men or money from the king, which very much\ndissatisfied him, but, at the moment, he could not remedy it.\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n THE SULTAN OF EGYPT AND SARACENS DETERMINE TO CONQUER THE WHOLE\n KINGDOM OF CYPRUS.\nWhen the Saracens, whom we have before mentioned, left Cyprus, they\nwaited on the Sultan, and, as a sign of their victory, carried with\nthem the head and spurs of the knight whom they had slain with a lance.\nThey proclaimed throughout the town of Cairo that it was the head of\nthe brother to the king of Cyprus, Henry prince of Galilee,--but in\nthis they lied.\nNevertheless, the sultan and his courtiers were so much puffed up with\nthis victory, that they resolved to raise so large an army as should\ndestroy the whole kingdom of Cyprus. There was at this time in the town\nof Damascus a great, powerful and rich Saracen, who was considered\nthroughout Syria as a saint: he was much reverenced by the sultan,\nalthough a cordial friend to the king of Cyprus.\nWhen this holy man heard of the destruction which the six saracen\ngallies had done in Cyprus, he went to Cairo, and reproved and blamed\nthe sultan for having thus commenced a war, insomuch that the sultan\nrepented of what he had done, and consented that a peace should be\nmade. To accomplish this purpose the holy Saracen determined to send\nhis son to Cyprus to treat thereof; but, on his arrival in the island,\nthe king would not admit him to his presence, but sent his ministers\nto inquire into his business. He would not explain the cause of his\ncoming to them, but said, if he could have a personal interview with\nthe king, he would engage that an honourable peace should be made with\nthe sultan. The ministers of the king of Cyprus remonstrated with him\non the folly of the sultan in beginning the war, because he would have\nall Christendom against him. The Saracen replied, that the sultan was\nperfectly well informed of the state of Christendom; that the king of\nFrance, his most mortal enemy, had now so much on his hands that he no\nway feared him.\nAfter this conversation, he returned to his father in Damascus, and\nrelated to him the reception he had met with in Cyprus, and that\nthe king would not even see or hear him. The holy man was so much\nexasperated against the king of Cyprus, that he became, ever after,\nhis most mortal enemy, and was continually urging the sultan to make\nwar on Cyprus, declaring there could be no doubt but that he would be\nvictorious over his enemies.\nCHAP. XXXV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MAKES GREAT PREPARATIONS TO COMBAT THE DUKE OF\n GLOCESTER.--OTHER MATTERS.\nThe duke of Burgundy lost no time in making his preparations, as well\nin armour as in housings for his horses, to be ready for the day of\ncombat with the duke of Glocester. The greater part of his armour he\nhad forged within his castle of Hesdin. He also exercised himself with\nall diligence, and was very abstemious, the better to strengthen his\nbreath; for in truth he was very impatient for the arrival of the day,\nthat he might combat his enemy, as he well knew that his brother-in-law\nthe regent and his council were endeavouring, by all means, to procure\na reconciliation, and that measures for the same effect were pursuing\nwith the duke of Glocester in England.\nIn the mean time, the regent ordered the earl of Salisbury to besiege\nthe castle of Rambouillet, in the possession of king Charles's\npartisans, who at times made excursions even to the gates of Paris, and\nheavily oppressed the people. The castle held out some time, and then\nsurrendered to the earl, on condition that the garrison should carry\naway their effects.\nAbout the feast of St John Baptist, the people of Tournay again\nrebelled, and gained the government of the town to rule it as it\nhad formerly been done by one named Passecarte, with another called\nBlarie and others of low degree, who for their misconduct had been\nbanished the town. The populace, however, with displayed banners and\nin arms, brought them back in triumph, and replaced them in their\nsituations contrary to the will of the higher ranks of burghers and the\nmagistrates, some of whom were imprisoned and in great danger of their\nlives; but all was after some time appeased.\nIn this year, the sultan of Egypt required the aid of the king of Tunis\nto carry on his war against Cyprus, which was granted him. He then\ncollected the largest possible force of armed vessels from all his\ndependancies, which he victualled and filled with men, and sent them,\nunder the command of one of his admirals, to make a descent on Cyprus,\nnear to Famagousta, where, having effected a landing, they overran the\ncountry and committed innumerable mischiefs.\nAt this period, the king of Cyprus lay dangerously ill; for which\nreason, he appointed his brother, the prince of Galilee, captain and\ncommander in chief of his army. The prince collected the whole force of\nCyprus, and advanced to where the Saracens were to offer them combat;\nbut they, having intelligence of his motions, retreated to their\nvessels.\nThe prince pursued them; but when near to them, he found that the\ngreater part of his vessels had deserted, which forced him to return to\nNicosia; and the Saracens relanded, behaving worse than they had done\nbefore, so that the country was destroyed wherever they came.\nAfter they had gorged themselves with plunder and rapine, they returned\nto Syria with numbers of Christian prisoners. They carried off with\nthem a gentleman of high renown, called Ragonnet de Picul, who had\nbeen taken in the large tower of Lymissa, and presented him to the\nsultan for he had defended himself like a man of valour.\nThe sultan attempted strongly to persuade him to renounce the religion\nof Jesus Christ, promising to make him a great lord if he would so do;\nbut he would never listen to such proposals, and even in the presence\nof the sultan contemned the doctrines of Mohammed, which so much\nexasperated the sultan that he caused his body to be sawn in twain.\nIt was afterward assured for truth, by many persons worthy of belief,\nthat on the spot where he had been buried they saw a crown of fire\ndescend from heaven to earth, and repose on the aforesaid grave.\nWhen the earl of Salisbury had conquered the castle of Rambouillet, he\nwent to lay siege to the town of Mans St Julien. Having surrounded it,\nhe was some time combating the garrison with his engines of war; but\nthe inhabitants, despairing of succour, offered to capitulate.\nThe bishop and other churchmen waited on the earl, and, with all\nhumility, besought him to take pity on them, to avoid further\neffusion of Christian blood. The earl inclined to their prayers, and\nconcluded a treaty, that if within eight days they were not relieved\nby king Charles's party, they were to surrender the town with all its\nartillery, arms and stores, and to swear allegiance to king Henry. In\nreturn, they were to enjoy all their effects unmolested. Upon this,\nthey gave sufficient hostages for their due performance of the above;\nand as they were not succoured by any one, they delivered the town up\nto the earl of Salisbury, who, after placing a new garrison within it,\nreturned to the duke of Bedford at Rouen.\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n THE DUCHESS JACQUILINE OF BAVARIA ESCAPES IN DISGUISE FROM GHENT, AND\n GOES TO HOLLAND.\nThe duchess Jacquiline, finding her confinement in Ghent very irksome,\nbegan about the beginning of September to look for means of escape.\nOne evening, when her guards were at supper, she dressed herself in\nman's clothes, as did one of her women, and, quitting her apartments\nunobserved, they mounted horses which were waiting for them, and,\nescorted by two men, rode off full gallop from Ghent to Antwerp, where\nshe reassumed her female dress, and thence proceeded on a car to Breda,\nand to la Garide[6], where she was honourably received, and obeyed as\ntheir princess.\nShe there ordered the lord de Montfort, her principal adviser, to meet\nher, and many of the noble barons of Holland, to take council with them\non the state of her affairs. Knowledge of this event was soon carried\nto the duke of Burgundy, who was much troubled thereat, and sent in\nhaste for men at arms from all quarters: he collected numerous vessels\nto pursue the duchess into Holland, whither he also went in person.\nOn his arrival in Holland, many of the principal towns opened their\ngates to him, such has Harlem, Dordrecht, Rotterdam, and some others.\nThen began a serious war between the duke of Burgundy and the duchess\nJacquiline of Bavaria, his cousin-german.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 6: La Garide. Q. if not meant for Gertruydenberg?]\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD PREVENTS THE COMBAT BETWEEN THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY\n AND GLOCESTER.--OTHER EVENTS.\nIn the month of September, the duke of Bedford, who styled himself\nregent of France, assembled in the city of Paris many of the nobles of\nFrance, some learned men from the three estates, and the ambassadors\nfrom England, to consider on the combat that had been declared between\nthe dukes of Burgundy and of Glocester. Having for several days\ndiscussed the origin of this quarrel, and all matters appertaining\nthereto in council, it was concluded, after mature deliberation, that\nthere was no cause for a combat; and although a day had been fixed for\nit to take place, it was annulled; and it was declared that neither\nparty was bound to make any satisfaction to the other.\nThere were present at this meeting, on the part of the duke of\nBurgundy, the bishop of Tournay: from the duke of Glocester, the bishop\nof London: each of them attended by some of their lord's council.\nOn the 17th of this same month, the marriage between Charles de Bourbon\ncount de Clermont, son and heir to the duke of Bourbon, a prisoner\nin England, and Agnes, sister to the duke of Burgundy, was solemnly\ncelebrated in the city of Autun. The duchess-dowager of Burgundy,\nsister to the duke de Bourbon, was present at the ceremony and feasts;\nand when they were finished she returned to Dijon, where she suddenly\ndeparted this life, and was buried in the church of the Carthusians,\nwithout the walls of Dijon, being followed to the grave by the\nuniversal sorrow and lamentations of the Burgundians, who loved her\nmuch; for she was a good and pious lady toward God and man.\nIn this year, an embassy was sent to the holy father in Rome from\nthe two kingdoms of France and England, consisting of the abbot of\nOrcamp and two knights from France, and of the abbot of Beaulieu and\ntwo knights from England, to summon the pope, (in like manner as had\nbeen done previously to the last general council held at Constance)\nto convoke a council to perfect and accomplish those things that had\nbeen left unfinished at the last council, notifying to him, at the\nsame time, that he had too long delayed this, which was hurtful to the\nuniversal church.\nIn this year, a great quarrel took place in England between the duke\nof Glocester and the cardinal of Winchester. The cause of this discord\narose from the duke wishing to have the government of his nephew the\nyoung king, who had been by his father king Henry given in wardship to\nthe cardinal.\nThe cardinal, overpowered by force, was constrained to take refuge,\nfrom the duke of Glocester, in the tower of London, where he remained\nsix days, without daring to venture abroad, for eight or ten of his\npeople had been slain. At length peace was made between them; and the\nparliament was assembled to take cognisance of their dispute. During\nits sitting, the young king Henry was frequently brought thither, and\nseated on the royal throne: the earl-marshal was then created a duke.\nThis parliament lasted a considerable time, in which many weighty\nmatters were discussed, relative to affairs in France as well as in\nEngland.\nIn the month of December the duke and duchess of Bedford, attended\nby about five hundred combatants, left Paris for Amiens, where they\nstaid some days. While the duke was at Amiens, there were in that\nneighbourhood about a thousand pillagers, well mounted, under the\ncommand of one Sauvage de Fermanville, who was not in favour with the\nregent. Sauvage was quartered at Esclusiers, near Peronne, and hearing\nthat the duke was to leave Amiens, for Dourlens, lightly accompanied,\nwas in hopes of taking him by surprise, and to this effect he marched\nhis men from Esclusiers, and hastily advanced to Beauquesne, where he\nhalted; but the duke had passed by, and was lodged in Dourlens, and\nthence went to Calais, by St Pol, and Therouenne. He embarked from\nCalais to England, whither he went to reprimand and check his brother\nHumphrey of Glocester, for his conduct toward the duke of Burgundy.\nWhen the duke of Bedford learnt the intentions of Sauvage de\nFermanville he was very indignant, and so managed that some time\nafterward, he was severely punished, as you shall hear, for this and\nothers of his evil deeds.\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE LORD FITZWALTER ARRIVES IN HOLLAND TO THE AID OF THE DUCHESS\n JACQUELINE.\nWhile the duke of Burgundy was carrying on a deadly warfare in Holland\nagainst his cousin the duchess Jacquiline, about five hundred English,\nall picked men, arrived at Zuricksee in Zealand, under the command\nof the lord Fitzwalter, calling himself lieutenant for the duke of\nGlocester in the countries of Holland and Zealand. This body of men\nadvanced toward the duchess to aid her to support the war.\nThe duke of Burgundy was at Leyden when he heard of the landing of this\nreinforcement; he departed thence with about four thousand combatants,\nwhom he had assembled from his different territories, and marched to\nRotterdam, where he embarked with the intent to meet the English and\noffer them battle. In the mean time, a party of Burgundians, falling in\nwith them, were defeated, slain or made prisoners by the English.\nThe duke having had intelligence that his enemies, Dutch, Zealanders,\nand English, amounted from two to three thousand combatants, and were\nat the port of _Branvers[7] en une aduene_, he marched thither, and\nmade so successful an attack on them that they were soon discomfited.\nFrom seven to eight hundred of his enemies lay dead on the field: the\nrest fled in great confusion toward the sea-shore, and great part saved\nthemselves on board their vessels. Among those who escaped were the\nlord Fitzwalter and the lord de Hentred\u00e9e.\nOn the part of the duke of Burgundy, the only man of note that was\nkilled, was sir Andrew de Valines: Robert de Brimeu was carried away\nso badly wounded that he died thereof. After this victory, the duke\ncollected his men around him, and most humbly returned thanks to his\nCreator for the fortunate issue of the day. Having strengthened the\ngarrisons of those towns under his obedience, he returned to Flanders\nto collect reinforcements to carry on his war in Holland against the\nduchess with greater vigour.\nOn the duke of Burgundy's leaving Holland, the duchess Jacquiline\nassembled a large force, and led it before Harlem, which she closely\nblockaded. The captains for the duke within the town were the damoiseau\nYsambergue and sir Roland de Hultquerre knight, with a sufficient\ngarrison. During the siege, sir John de Hultquerre, son to sir Roland,\nassembled in haste a body of men, from seven to eight hundred, of\nnobles and common people, from Flanders, whom he conducted into\nHolland by forced marches to succour his father; but his intentions\nwere known to the duchess, who detached a force to meet him,--and he\nwas found near the sea with his men in great disorder, so that, when\nattacked, he was speedily routed: the greater part were made prisoners:\nthe others escaped with sir John de Hultquerre.\nThe duchess was delighted with her victory, but cruelly caused the\nprisoners to be put to death: and after this, from fear of the arrival\nof the duke of Burgundy, who was raising an immense army in Flanders\nand Artois, she raised the siege of Harlem.\nIn this year, the earl of Salisbury besieged the castle of Moyennes in\nChampagne, which was beyond measure strong and well garrisoned with\nmen at arms. During the siege, there were many severe skirmishes on\neach side. In one of them, Valerien de Bournouville, brother to sir\nLyonnel de Bournouville, was slain by a lance passing through his body.\nHowever, notwithstanding the obstinate resistance of the garrison, from\nthe length of the siege, they were forced to capitulate, with liberty\nto depart with their baggage and effects. The castle was afterward\nrazed to the ground.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy was in Flanders, he had many conferences with\nhis cousin the duke of Brabant and his council, respecting the affairs\nof Holland. Many great lords there joined him, and a noble chivalry\nfrom Burgundy under the command of the prince of Orange. With these\nand a large body of Picards and Flemings, the duke returned to Holland\nabout Mid-Lent, and renewed his war more earnestly than before against\nthe duchess Jacquiline and her adherents.\nAlthough several of the principal towns soon surrendered to him, the\nduchess collected about four thousand combatants, and led them to the\ntown of Horn, on the borders of Frizeland to conquer it by surprise.\nWithin the place was the lord de l'Isle-Adam, the bastard de St Pol,\nand about five hundred combatants, who with great gallantry sallied out\nagainst the enemy, and fought them with such determined courage that\nthey conquered and put them to flight.\nFour hundred were left dead on the field, and the numbers of the\nwounded were very great indeed. On the part of the duke of Burgundy\nwere slain the bastard de la Viefville and about ten archers; and in\nconsequence of this defeat, the greater part of Holland submitted to\nhim. There were very many severe rencounters between the two parties in\nHolland, but it would be too tedious to relate them in detail: suffice\nit to say, that in general the success of them was against the duchess\nJacquiline,--for the duke's men had been long experienced in arms, and\nwere expert in war; add to this, he had plenty of archers, to whose\nmode of fighting the Hollanders had not been accustomed.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 7: Branvers. Q. Brouvershaven?]\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RETURNS TO HOLLAND, AND BESIEGES THE TOWN OF\n ZENEUBERCHE[8], WHICH SURRENDERS TO HIM.--OTHER MATTERS.\nAt the beginning of this year, the duke of Burgundy assembled a\ngreat body of men at arms from his countries of Flanders, Artois and\nBurgundy, whom, after he had finished his preparations, he led into\nHolland, to the attack of a strong town called Zeneuberche, which, with\nits lord, had supported the party of the duchess Jacquiline of Bavaria,\nand, in consequence, had carried on a severe warfare by sea and land\nagainst the friends of the duke of Burgundy.\nThe town was surrounded on all sides, and vigorously attacked; but the\nlord of it had a numerous garrison, with whom he for a considerable\ntime made a gallant defence,--but at length the lord de Zeneuberche was\nforced to capitulate, and on the hard terms that he should surrender\nthe town, its inhabitants and dependancies to the duke, and also that\nhe and all the gentlemen with him should yield themselves up to the\nwill of the duke, on having their lives spared, and promise to remain\nprisoners on their parole, in any place whithersoever he might please\nto order them.\nThe whole of the stores in the town and castle were given up to the\nduke, as well as the shipping: the foreign soldiers were allowed to\nmarch away, on taking an oath that they would never make war on any\nof the territories of the duke of Burgundy. All the prisoners of\nthe duke's party were set at liberty, among whom were the lord de\nMoyencourt, the damoiseau d'Ercle and others.\nThe burghers and inhabitants of the town took the oaths of allegiance\nto the duke, or to his commissioners,--and on paying a certain sum\nof money they remained in peace. Thus was the lord de Zeneuberche\ndeprived of his town and fortune, and, in addition, carried to Lille.\nThe duke, having regarrisoned the place with his own men, marched his\narmy back to Flanders and Artois; but the lord de Humbercourt, sir\nManfroy de St Leger, and some others, died of an epidemical disorder in\ntheir march home.\nThe duke of Bedford, after a residence of eight months in England\nwith his duchess, returned to Calais, escorted by three thousand\ncombatants, and thence to Paris, where he remained some time, to\nregulate the affairs of France. He thence went to Lille, where he and\nhis duchess were joyfully received by the duke of Burgundy. They had\nmany conferences together on the subject of the dissentions between the\ndukes of Burgundy and Glocester; but as the regent could not any way\nsucceed in bringing about a pacification, he returned to Paris.\nIn these days, the duke of Glocester, on the departure of his brother,\nthe duke of Bedford, for France, issued his summonses for the raising\na large force to succour the duchess Jacquiline in Holland, whom he\ncalled his wife. The earl of Salisbury and many other great lords had\nconnected themselves with him, in opposition to the duke of Burgundy;\nbut the duke of Bedford, hearing of these movements, sent in haste\nambassadors to his brother of Glocester, who prevailed on him to give\nup his intentions, on the conclusion of a truce for a certain period,\nin the hope that, in the course of time, peace might be made between\nthem. The abbot of Orcamp and master John le Duc were the ambassadors\non this occasion.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: Zeneuberche. Q. Nieuverkerk?]\nCHAP. XL.\n THE SARACENS RETURN TO CYPRUS.--A BATTLE BETWEEN THEM AND THE\n CYPRIOTS, IN WHICH THE KING IS MADE PRISONER, AND CARRIED TO THE\n SULTAN.\nAbout this period, many knights and esquires arrived at Cyprus, in\nconsequence of the king of Cyprus's solicitations, to oppose the\nSaracens, who were daily expected to return thither. The king collected\nall the forces within the island, whom he provided with lodging, food\nand money, as well as he could, according to their different ranks.\nWhile they were thus expecting the Saracens, his army, which was\ncollected from various nations, mutinied, so that the king had much\ndifficulty to keep peace among them, and knew not whom to appoint\nas commander in chief, who would be agreeable to them. During these\ndissentions, the Saracens came before Cyprus in prodigious numbers, and\nlanded at Lymeson: they besieged the great tower, and, notwithstanding\nit had been much strengthened, and was full of men at arms, they took\nit by storm, and killed the governor, Estienne de Buyserse, and all his\nmen.\nThe king, hearing of this, assembled his council, and demanded what\nmeasures he should pursue. The greater part proposed that he should\nremain in the town of Nicosia, saying that a country wasted was better\nthan a country lost; but all the foreigners were of a contrary\nopinion, and advised him to march his army into the plain, and combat\nboldly an enemy who was destroying his kingdom, and putting to death\nhis subjects. The king, on this, determined to march his army to meet\nthe Saracens; and on the second day after, when he was mounted, his\nhorse, at the first step, fell on its knees to the ground. The prince\nof Galilee also, his brother, let his sword fall out of the scabbard on\nthe earth: many persons thought these such omens of ill success, that\nthey had but little hopes of victory.\nThis day, the king advanced three leagues, and fixed his quarters at a\nvery beautiful spot called Beaulieu. On the Saturday following, for on\nthe Thursday, he had taken the field, he marched in handsome array to\na town called Citolye[9]. On the ensuing Sunday, the 6th day of July,\nafter the king had attended mass, and was seated at table, and while he\nand his army were at dinner, a great smoke was seen in different parts\nnot far distant, and intelligence was brought that the Saracens were\nadvancing against him.\nThe commander of Cyprus, with some of the knights of Rhodes, the lord\nde Varemboulais, and several gentlemen from France, hearing this,\nrequested the king's permission to go and reconnoitre the enemy. It was\nvery unwillingly granted. They advanced so far that they fell in with\nthe Saracens, with whom they skirmished, and killed a few; but numbers\nwere so much against them that they could not longer resist, and,\nleaving nearly thirty dead behind them, retreated as well as they could\nto their army, which they met, with the king, advancing at a quick pace.\nThe king of Cyprus marched his army without much order for some time,\nand at last came in sight of the Saracens near to a town called Domy.\nHe had near him his brother the prince of Galilee, the constable of\nJerusalem, two german counts, and the flower of his own chivalry.\nThe king charged the Saracens very gallantly and rapidly, insomuch\nthat at the onset they suffered much; but fortune seemed unwilling\nto continue her favours, for the king's horse fell under him to the\nground and burst the girths of the saddle; so that when the king was\nremounted, and engaged in the combat, the saddle turned, and he fell\nto the ground: the horse galloped off, and necessity forced him to\nmount a small horse of one of his esquires, named Anthony Kaire, for\nthe boys had fled for fear with all the war-horses. By reason of this\naccident, most of the Cypriots believed their king was killed, and\nwere panic-struck. The Saracens were beginning to retreat toward the\ncoast, but, observing some disorder in the enemy's army, recovered\ntheir courage, and with their main body charged the Christians with\nsuch vigour that the king was obliged to retire to Citolye, whence he\nhad departed; but when almost close to it, he was surrounded by the\nSaracens, and his entrance cut off.\nThe Christians were now discomfited, and began to fly on all sides as\nfast as they could. The king retired to an eminence, alway attended by\nhis brother the prince of Galilee, who said to him, 'My lord, you see\nclearly that your men are flying, and that all resistance against the\nenemy is vain: deign, therefore, to save yourself, and take compassion\non your kingdom, for should you be made prisoner we shall all be\nruined. Take with you therefore some of your most faithful servants,\nand retire to a place of safety. In the mean time, I will remain here\nwith the banners until I shall be sure that you have escaped, and will\nthen save myself in the manner God shall be pleased to point out to me.'\nThe king, on hearing these words, looked with much tenderness on his\nbrother, and replied, 'Fair brother, God forbid that I should separate\nmyself from you: go, and comfort and rally my people, and urge them to\nthe assistance of their natural lord and sovereign in his distress.'\nThe prince of Galilee departed, but was met by a large body of\nSaracens, by whom, after displaying acts of valour worthy of a prince,\nhe was slain and left dead on the field. On the other hand, the king\nwas so hardly pressed that, finding himself abandoned by his men,\nhe descended the eminence and made for a small valley; but he was\npursued, wounded in four places, and at length struck off his horse.\nThe Saracens, ignorant that it was the king, rushed on him from all\nquarters to put him to death, when a knight from Catalonia, called sir\nGalleran Savary, throwing himself over the king's body, cried out,\nin the syrian language, 'It is the king! it is the king!' upon which\na saracen captain made a sign with his hand, when all around dropped\ntheir swords to the ground, and the captain thrust his own into the\nscabbard. He then advanced to the king, took him by the hand, and,\naddressing him in Greek, said, that it had pleased God to deliver him\ninto the hands and power of the sultan. 'You will come before him;\nbut take comfort, for I have the greatest hopes that he will be a\ngood friend to you.' The catalonian knight was made prisoner with the\nking; for his life was spared on account of the great courage he had\ndisplayed.\nThus was the king of Cyprus made captive by the Saracens, who fastened\na chain round his neck: and, shortly after, a body of saracen infantry\ncame up, who wanted, by all means, to put the king to death, but God,\nfrom his kind mercy saved him, for he was a man of great charity, and\nof a pious life toward his God.\nThe army of Cyprus, after its defeat, saved itself as well as it could,\nand the greater part fled to the mountains: there remained dead on the\nfield from sixteen to seventeen hundred. The Saracens carried the king\nto the coast where their shipping lay, and put him under a strong guard.\nThere were in this battle two counts from Germany, namely, the count\nde Humberche and the count de Noorch, protector of Cologne, with a\ncertain number of their vassals. There were also from Savoy the lord\nde Varembon and sir John de Champaigns lord de Gruffy,--and all these\ngentlemen escaped death and imprisonment.\nWhen the news of this defeat and capture of the king was known\nthroughout Cyprus, sir Gilles de Lusignan, brother to the king and\narchbishop of Nicosia, sir James de Caffran marshal of Cyprus, who\nhad remained as guard to the royal children, were much troubled at\nthese melancholy events; and, about midnight of this same Sunday, they\nleft the city of Nicosia, carrying with them the king's sister and\nhis children, to the castle of Cerines, on the sea coast, about five\nleagues distant from Nicosia, where they remained until the king's\nreturn.\nOn the morrow, Monday, the commonalty of the town hastened to the\npalace to learn some news of the king; but finding no one to speak\nwith, they returned home, and taking their wives, children and effects,\nquitted the town, leaving the whole abandoned to old beggars and blind\nmen. Some of them fled to Famagousta, others to Cerines, to divers\ntowns, or to the mountains, so that it was a piteous spectacle.\nOn the second day after the battle, the chief of the Saracens marched\nhis army to Nicosia, which he found abandoned. He was lodged in the\nroyal palace, and caused a proclamation to be instantly issued for all\nthe inhabitants to return to their houses and occupations, on promise\nof not being disturbed, or any way molested. In consequence of this\nproclamation, from ten to twelve thousand persons returned to the city.\nThe king of Cyprus and the grand master of Rhodes had at this time\na considerable fleet at sea, on board of which were the bastard of\nBurgundy, brother to duke Philip, the lord de Roubaix, and many other\ngreat lords from divers countries, very impatient to combat the\nSaracens, but they never could have a favorable wind to carry them near\nthe infidels. The bastard of Burgundy had arrived at Baffa, in hopes of\nbeing present at the battle in which the king was captured; but hearing\nof the unfortunate issue of that day, he and his men returned and\nembarked again on board of the fleet.\nAt length, the Christians had a favourable wind, which brought them in\na short time within sight of the enemy's fleet. The commander of the\nSaracens was then on board, and, seeing the Christians so numerous,\nsent messengers in haste to the governor of Nicosia, ordering him, on\npain of being reputed a traitor, to return with his men to his ship\nwithout delay. This order he obeyed, but not until he had plundered\nthe city of all that he could, and reduced the inhabitants to poverty.\nHe also set fire to the royal palace and to several other parts of the\ntown, and then marched for Salina, where the saracen fleet lay. On\ntheir march, they forcibly took many children from the breasts of their\nmothers, and flung them on thorns among the hedges, and then stoned\nthem to death.\nOn the other hand, the Saracens, who had the guard of the king of\nCyprus, made him write letters to the admiral of the Christian fleet,\ncontaining in substance that he must be careful not to do any damage\nto the saracen ships, if he valued the life of the king. Sir Galeran\nSavary was the bearer of these letters in a small galliot. The admiral\nobeyed these orders, which, according to the opinions of many, he ought\nnot to have done; but there was a good deal of fighting between the\nvessels before these orders arrived, particularly by the bowmen, in\nwhich there were very many killed and wounded.\nAt this affair, Guy bastard of Burgundy, brother to duke Philip, Simon\nde Lan, Robert lord de Rebecque, and others from different countries\nwere made knights, although no vessel was taken on either side, but one\nhaving pilgrims on board, as shall be now mentioned. While the fleets\nwere drawing up against each other, a ship filled with pilgrims eager\nto acquire honour, concluding for certain, that as the Christian fleet\nwas in sight of the Saracens, a combat must insue, advanced so near\nthat of the infidels that they could not put back; and notwithstanding\nsuccour was instantly sent them, and that they were in sight of the\nking of Cyprus, they were all hacked to pieces, as butchers would chop\nmeat in a market, excepting a very few who were detained prisoners.\nSome days after, the saracen fleet, having the king of Cyprus on board,\nsailed for Egypt.\nOn the arrival of the Saracens in Egypt, they conducted the king of\nCyprus to Cairo to the sultan of Babylon, and the other Christian\nprisoners chained two and two like beasts. They dragged after them the\nbanner of the holy virgin reversed on the ground, and then followed the\nking mounted on a small mule without saddle and bound with chains. In\nthis manner were they led into the presence of the sultan of Babylon,\nand constrained to bow their heads nine times to the very ground,\nkissing it each time. When they arrived in front of the sultan, who was\nseated in great pomp in a high gallery, he kept them a full hour in his\npresence, and then had them conducted to a tower for their prison so\nlong as he should stay in Cairo, where the sultan was served royally\nand abundantly with all sorts of provision, excepting wine; but this\nwas secretly supplied to him by Christian merchants. The other Cypriot\nprisoners were confined in divers places.\nWhile the king of Cyprus thus remained prisoner to the sultan of\nBabylon in Cairo, the archbishop of Nicosia, brother to the king, sent\nfor sir Peter de Lusignan, constable of Jerusalem, and resigned to\nhim the government of the island of Cyprus. He was no sooner in the\npossession thereof than he executed rigorous justice by punishing all\nwho in these times of tribulation had attempted to revolt. Shortly\nafter, the archbishop returned to Nicosia, which by degrees was\nrepeopled.\nIn the course of time, a genoese merchant, named Benedict Percussin,\nmoved by compassion, required of the regency at Cyprus, that he might\nbe sent to Cairo, for that he had great hopes of obtaining the king's\nliberty. He was accordingly sent thither, and was so successful with\nthe sultan that he ransomed the king of Cyprus for two hundred thousand\nducats, and on condition that he would also pay an annual tribute to\nthe sultans of Babylon of five thousand ducats.\nThus was peace made between the sultan and the king of Cyprus, and on\nthe feast of the Assumption of our Lady, the latter was delivered from\nchains. After this, the sultan frequently sought opportunities of\nconversing with him, and put different questions by way of tempting him\nto abandon the Christian faith; but the king made such sagacious and\nprudent answers, that the sultan not knowing how to reply, ordered him\nrefreshments of all sorts and then dismissed him,--for on the ransom\nbeing agreed on, the sultan had him taken from his prison and lodged in\nthe town.\nThe king was often permitted to make excursions into the country\nfor his amusement, well mounted, but alway attended by some of the\nSaracens. When part of his ransom was paid, and security accepted for\nthe remainder, on Palm Sunday he had his full liberty, and embarked on\nboard a galley in the port of Alexandria. In company with the admiral\nof Rhodes, he disembarked at Cerines, where he was met by his sister,\nhis children and all the nobles and gentlemen of the island, who most\nreverently and humbly gave thanks to our Lord Jesus Christ for his safe\nreturn.\nSome days afterward he left Cerines, and went to Nicosia, where he was\njoyfully received by his subjects, and was lodged at the mansion of\nthe constable of Jerusalem, wherein he ever after remained, because\nhis own palace had been burnt and destroyed by the Saracens. After\nthe death of his queen Charlotte, he never remarried, nor, as his\nattendants firmly believed, had he connection with any other woman: he\nlived after this for a considerable length of time.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 9: Citolye. Q. Chiti.]\nCHAP. XLI.\n THE CASTLE OF MOYENNES IN CHAMPAGNE SURPRISED BY THE FRENCH.--THE POPE\n GIVES SENTENCE IN FAVOUR OF THE DUKE OF BRABANT.--THE FORTRESS OF\n ORIPECTE IN PROVENCE WON BY TREACHERY.\nIn these days, the castle of Moyennes in Champagne was surprised by a\nparty from king Charles, through the treachery of an Englishman of the\ngarrison. It was, however, instantly besieged by the earl of Salisbury,\nwho remained so long before it that it was forced to surrender. The\nFrench within it were allowed to depart in safety; but those who had\nbeen attached to the english and burgundian party were punished with\ndeath,--and among them was a gentleman called Gilles de Clary. Sir John\nde Luxembourg was present at the surrender; and when the walls had been\ncompletely demolished, he returned to his castle of Beaurevoir.\nThe pope this year published his definitive sentence in the suit of the\nduke of Brabant, by which he declared that the marriage between the\nduke of Glocester and Jacquiline duchess of Bavaria was null and void;\nand that if the duke of Brabant should die, the said duke of Glocester\nand the duchess Jacquiline could not be legally married to each other.\nThe duke of Glocester, on being informed of this sentence of the pope,\ntook to wife a woman of low degree compared with his rank, named\nEleanor Cobham, of whom mention has been before made. The duke had for\nsome time lived with her as his mistress; and her character was not\nspotless in regard to her connexions with others beside the duke. This\ncreated much wonder in France and in England, considering that the duke\ndid not act conformably to the blood he sprung from.\nAt this period sir John Blondel, accompanied by John Blondel, his\ncousin german, and eight others his companions in arms, by means of\nthe chaplain, gained the fortress of Oripecte in Provence, of which\nJohn Cadart was governor, and made him prisoner, expecting to receive\na large sum for his ransom. News of this was soon spread over the\ncountry; and the place was so expeditiously and strongly besieged that\nthose who had won it were glad to be allowed to depart in safety, and\nwithout carrying away any thing. Notwithstanding this treaty, on their\nmarching out, John Blondel was slain by the peasants, and the chaplain\nwho had done the treason was beheaded.\nCHAP. XLII.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD LAYS SIEGE TO MONTARGIS.--THE SIEGE IS RAISED BY\n THE FRENCH.--OTHER EVENTS BRIEFLY TOUCHED ON.\nThis year, the duke of Bedford, who styled himself regent of France for\nking Henry, had the town and castle of Montargis besieged by the earls\nof Warwick and Suffolk. With them were the lord de la Pole, brother to\nthe earl of Suffolk, sir Henry Bisset and other captains, having under\nthem three thousand combatants.\nThe town was so situated that it required three different sieges,\nwhich could with difficulty afford assistance to each other: however,\nthe English formed lodgements all around it and fortified them. The\nearl of Warwick was quartered in a nunnery on one side of the town.\nThey soon threw bridges over different parts of the river to serve for\ncommunications between their quarters.\nHaving done this, they made vigorous approaches toward the town, which\nthey damaged very much by their cannon and engines of war. The besieged\nmade so good a defence, that the business was continued for more than\ntwo months, during which time they sent notice to king Charles that\nunless speedy succours were afforded them, they must surrender to\nhis enemies. The king, hearing this, assembled his council, when it\nwas resolved to raise the siege, or at least to throw reinforcements\nof men and provision into the place. This was attempted but without\neffect. An assembly of men at arms was then ordered by king Charles\nat Orleans, and the command of them given by the king to the count\nde Dunois bastard of Orleans. He had with him sir William d'Albreth\nlord d'Orval, the lords de Graville, de Villag, de Gaucourt, Estienne\nVignolles surnamed La Hire, sir Gilles de St Simon, Gaultier Boussart,\nand many other captains, amounting to sixteen hundred combatants, all\nmen of tried courage. They commenced their march with a large train of\nforage-carts, intending only to revictual the town, and not to raise\nthe siege.\nWhen they were arrived within half a league of the enemy's camp, they\nheld a council as secretly as they could, and determined to attack\nthe nearest quarters of the English. They had some of the garrison of\nMontargis with them as guides,--and in the number was one called le\nPetit Breton.\nLa Hire was appointed leader of one of the parties, and fell on the\nEnglish quarters with great courage, shouting, 'Montjoye St Denis!'\nThe English were quite unprepared,--and their camp was soon on fire in\nvarious parts,--and much slaughter was committed near to where the lord\nde la Pole was lodged: indeed the whole of that part was defeated, and\nthe lord de la Pole escaped with eight others in a small boat.\nThe garrison of the town had dammed up the river so high that the\nbridges the English had made were overflowed, and most of them who\nattempted to escape over them fell into the water and were drowned.\nThe bastard of Orleans, while this was going forward, made a vigorous\nattack on the quarters of sir Henry Bisset: he had dismounted, and\nbegan to be hard pressed, when those who had destroyed the lord de\nla Pole's quarters opportunely came to his support, for the lord de\nGraville had been wounded.\nThe English, finding that fortune was against them, began to retreat\ntoward the quarters of the earl of Warwick; but crossing a bridge\nin haste, and too many at once, it broke down with their weight and\ngreat numbers lost their lives. Add to this, that the garrison made a\nwell-timed sally to assist their friends, and killed great numbers and\nmade many prisoners.\nIn the mean time, the earl of Warwick assembled his men around him as\nspeedily as he could; but when he perceived the greatness of his loss,\nfor from one thousand to fifteen hundred had been slain, drowned or\ntaken, he formed his men in order of battle, and thus retreated to a\nsmall eminence, covered with vineyards, above his quarters.\nThe French, who had fought hard and were fatigued, entered Montargis.\nWhen night came on, the English collected their men together, the\ngreater part of whom were now on foot, and retreated to castle Landonin\nNemours, and to other places under their dominion. The French remained\nin Montargis, making good and hearty cheer, being rejoiced that with\nthe aid of God they had accomplished the purpose they had been sent on.\nThey afterward returned to king Charles of France, who received them\nmost graciously.\nIn this year, duke John of Brabant after a very severe illness,\ndeparted this life in his castle of Leneure[10], repeating most\ndevoutly, 'Miserere mei Deus,' &c. He was buried in the chapel of\nthis castle, near to the body of his father. On his decease, his\nbrother Philip count de Ligny and de St Pol took possession of all\nhis territories. Thus was the duchess Jacquiline deprived of her two\nhusbands,--for, as I have before said, the duke of Glocester had\nmarried another woman, and the duke of Brabant was dead.\nDuring the life of the duke of Brabant, a person named John Chevalier\nhad engaged at the request as it was said, of the countess-dowager of\nHainault, to put an iron collar round the duke's neck, for which this\nchevalier was arrested at Brussels and beheaded.\nAt the same time, the fortress of Escandeur, near to Cambray, was put\ninto the hands of sir John de Luxembourg, with the consent of the\nduke of Burgundy, and was the cause why sir Louis, bastard-brother\nto the duchess Jacquiline, to whom it had belonged, carried war and\ntribulation through that country in fighting the battles of his sister,\nbut he lost his inheritance for so doing.\nIn these days, a terrible combat took place near to Mont St Michel,\nbetween the English who had possession of Mont de Hellem[11] on the\none side, and the French and Bretons on the other; but in the end the\nFrench were victorious, having killed or put to flight the English and\nconsequently gained the castle.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 10: Leneure. The annotations at the beginning of the volume,\nfrench edition, suppose it to be Geneppe or Gueneppe, a summer\nresidence of the dukes of Brabant, whither Louis XI. when dauphin, fled\nto, and resided at during his stay in Brabant.]\nCHAP. XLIII.\n THE CASTLE OF MALMAISON, BELONGING TO THE BISHOP OF CAMBRAY, IS TAKEN\n BY SIR JOHN BLONDEL.--OTHER EVENTS.\nIn the beginning of this year, the fortress of Malmaison, situated two\nleagues from the castle of Cambresis, belonging to Jean de Lens, lord\nof Li\u00e9equerque and bishop of Cambray, in right of his bishoprick, was\nsurprised by sir John Blondel of king Charles's party, accompanied by a\nfew men. The governor for the bishop was a fair esquire, called Walter\nde Baillon, whom they caught in bed.\nSir John Blondel having traversed the ditches, though full of water,\nscaled the walls by means of ladders, and entering the lower court,\nseized the guard, and his troops posted themselves in ambuscade near\nthe bridge of the dungeon. In the morning, when the porter lowered the\ndrawbridge, they rushed upon him with drawn swords, and put him to\ndeath; after which, they entered without further opposition, although\nit was the strongest of all the forts in that country.\nThe adjacent parts were greatly alarmed at this conquest, even those\nwithin the castle of Cambresis; and the bishop of Cambray, being then\nthere, was much surprised how and by whom it could have been taken, for\nat that time the whole country was at peace. The bishop, however, sent\nsome of his people, and the inhabitants of Cambresis to Malmaison, to\nlearn who had done this, and by what means.\nOn their arrival, they had a parley with those who had taken it;\nbut they, through mischief, replied by shouting the war-cries of\nBurgundy and Luxembourg, and those who had come thither returned to\nCh\u00e2teau Cambresis. Sir John Blondel having soon provided himself with\nprovision, stores, and men in abundance, began to make inroads on the\ncountry of Cambresis, and the parts adjoining, committing irreparable\ninjuries, and in some of these he was joined by parties attached to the\nduke of Burgundy and sir John de Luxembourg.\nIn the mean time, the bishop sent to the duke of Burgundy, to know if\nit had been with his consent that his castle had been taken. The duke\nreplied, that so far from having consented, he would send him such\nassistance that his castle should be restored to him.\nSome time after the decease of duke John of Brabant, a grand assembly\nof the nobility was held at Valenciennes, at which were present the\nduke of Burgundy, the counts de Namur, de Penthievre, and de Conversan,\nthe prince of Orange, sir John de Luxembourg, the bishops of Tournay\nand of Arras, with many other churchmen, to consider who was to have\nthe government of Hainault. After long and mature deliberation, it was\nresolved it should remain in the hands of the duke of Burgundy, who in\nconsequence nominated various officers for the due government thereof.\nIn this year, the earl of Warwick and other Englishmen besieged\nthe town of Pontorson, and forced the garrison to surrender on\ncapitulation, provided they were not relieved by a certain day,\nand that the French and Bretons should not be sufficiently strong\nto conquer the English. As they were not relieved, the place was\nsurrendered according to the terms of the capitulation.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Mont de Hellem must be Tombelaine (probably a corruption\nof _Tombe d' Hel\u00e9ne_), a small rock near to Mont St Michel.]\nCHAP. XLIV.\n SIR JOHN BLONDEL SURRENDERS THE CASTLE OF MALMAISON, WHICH HE HAD\n TAKEN FROM THE BISHOP OF CAMBRAY.\nWhen the meeting broke up at Valenciennes, the duke of Burgundy went\nto Mons in Hainault, attended by a great part of his council, and\nwhile there, constituted (as I have said) different officers, natives\nof Hainault, for the well governing that country.\nDuring his stay at Mons, sir John Blondel came thither on a passport\nfrom the duke, and was by him more than once summoned and required to\nrestore the castle of Malmaison to the bishop of Cambray. Sir John\nwould not consent to this, but gave evasive answers. The duke then\nresolved to afford the bishop such aid as should recover for him the\ncastle; and the bishop sent summonses to all his friends to come to his\nassistance.\nThe duke of Burgundy made sir William de Lalain, bailiff of Hainault,\nthe b\u00e9gue de Launoy, knight, governor of Lille, with some other\nnobles, commanders of the aid which he sent to the bishop; but sir\nJohn Blondel, hearing of these preparations, and knowing that the duke\nwas displeased at his conduct, condescended to treat, and offered to\nsurrender the castle on condition that his peace was made with the\ndukes of Bedford and Burgundy, that all his lands and castles, which\nhad been confiscated to king Henry of Lancaster, were restored to him,\nthat he and his men were to carry away all their effects, and that he\nwas to be paid four thousand crowns for his expenses.\nHigh as these terms were, they were in the end agreed to, and\nsecurities given for their due performance. Thus was Malmaison\ndelivered into the hands of Balthazar, bastard of Quesnoy, who had been\nappointed by the duke of Burgundy to take possession and the charge of\nit for a certain time.\nTo pay the ransom-money, and other expenses, a heavy tax was laid on\nall ranks throughout the country of Cambresis, as well on churchmen as\nothers, the payment of which was most rigorously exacted.\nWhen these matters had been settled, the castle of Malmaison was\nrazed to the ground, with the consent of the bishop and others of\nthat country. It was a great pity, for it was a nonpareil, and the\nbest built and strongest place in all those parts. Sir John Blondel,\nby means of his misconduct, succeeded in his intentions, for all his\ncastles, lands and manors, were restored to him.\nCHAP. XLV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RETURNS TO HOLLAND, AND ATTACKS THE TOWN OF\n HERMONTFORT.[12]--OTHER EVENTS.\nThe duke of Burgundy, having finished his business in Hainault,\nreturned to Holland with a great force of men at arms to punish those\nwho, after having sworn allegiance to him, had revolted. On his march,\nhe attacked a town fortified with thick hedges and deep ditches, called\nHermontfort, which attack lasted a long time, and was very severe.\nThe duke crossed the ditches, and valiantly fought in person with his\nenemies, who defended themselves with the utmost courage, regardless\nof their lives. In this attack the lord de Voydanquin, a valiant and\npowerful knight, who had with him some very expert warriors, was slain.\nThe good lord de Saveuses was also wounded, and so badly, that he\nwas obliged to be carried from the field, with many more in the same\ncondition. The duke, seeing the loss he was suffering, took council,\nand ordered the retreat to be sounded, which was done, and they lodged\nthemselves near to the town, where they were badly off that night for\nall sorts of necessaries. On the morrow, the duke marched away in\nanother direction.\nThe town of Utrecht had now joined the party of the duchess Jacquiline,\nand the dukes of Gueldres and of Cleves that of Burgundy, by which\nmeans war and misery were daily increased throughout that country.\nAt this time, about five hundred combatants, as well men at arms as\narchers, were assembled on the confines of Picardy, and, by orders from\nthe duke of Burgundy (at the request of a knight called sir Phillebert\nAndrinet,) were conducted by sir Charles de Moyencourt, Matthieu\nd'Hermieres, John de Longueval and other gentlemen, to the aid of Am\u00e9\nduke of Savoy, uncle to the duke of Burgundy, then at war with the duke\nof Milan.\nThis body of men at arms, after many days marches, arrived in Savoy,\nand were joyfully received by the duke. They were thence ordered to\nthe borders of Lombardy, where they committed numberless mischiefs,\ninsomuch that, through fear of them, and from compassion to the poor\nnatives, these two princes concluded a peace.\nWhen this was done, duke Am\u00e9 of Savoy gave orders for the Picards to\nreturn home, thanking them greatly for their effective services, and\npresenting to some of the principal captains pieces of damask and other\nprecious ornaments. The Picards were now marched home again. The origin\nof this war was owing to the duke of Milan having forcibly taken Novara\nand the city of Vercelli from the duke of Savoy, which were restored to\nhim.\nAfter the duke of Burgundy had visited many parts of Holland, and\nplaced garrisons on the frontiers of Gouda, where the duchess\nJacquiline resided, leaving some of his most expert captains for the\ndefence of the country, such as the lord de l'Isle-Adam, sir Lyonnel de\nBournouville, and others, he returned to Flanders.\nIn this year, there were great earthquakes in Spain, Catalonia and\nLanguedoc, which overthrew many towns and handsome edifices; and the\npeople remained for a long time in the utmost trouble and dismay.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 12: Hermontfort. Q. if not Herenthuls?]\nCHAP. XLVI.\n THE SULTAN OF BABYLON WRITES LETTERS TO THE PRINCES IN\n CHRISTENDOM.--THE TENOUR OF THESE LETTERS.\nIn these days, the sultan of Babylon sent letters to all the kings and\nprinces in Christendom, of the following tenour:\n'Baldadoch, son of Aire, constable of Jericho, provost of the\nterrestrial paradise, nephew of the gods, king of kings, prince of\nprinces, sultan of Babylon, of Persia, of Jerusalem, of Chaldea, of\nBarbary, prince of Africa, and admiral of Arcadia, lord de Siche, des\nAinces, des Payens, and des Maritans,--master Archipotel, protector of\nAmazone, guardian of the islands, dean of the abbeys, commander of the\ntemples, crusher of helmets, splitter of shields, piercer of hauberks,\nbreaker of armour, lancer of spears, overturner of war-horses,\ndestroyer of castles, flower of chivalry, a wild boar for courage, an\neagle for liberality, the fear of his enemies, the hope of his friends,\nthe raiser up of the discomfited, standard of Mohammed, lord of all the\nworld.\n'To the kings of Germany, of France, and of England, and to all other\nkings, dukes and counts, and generally to all on whom our courtesy may\ncondescend, greeting, and love in our grace.\n'Whereas it is very commendable for all who please to relinquish error,\nthrough wisdom,--we send to you that you may not delay coming to us to\nreceive your fiefs and inheritances from our hands, by denying your\nGod and the Christian faith, and laying aside your errors, in which\nyou and your predecessors have been too long involved. Should you not\ninstantly obey these our commands, our indignation will be raised, and\nour powerful sword turned against you, with which we will have your\nheads as a recompense, without sparing yourselves or your countries.'\nThese letters were dated the vigil des Ambassadiens, the 10th year from\nour coronation, and the 2d from our noble victory and destruction of\nthe unfortunate country of Cyprus.\nCHAP. XLVII.\n THE ENGLISH INVADE BRITTANY, WHERE THEY DO GREAT DAMAGES.--OTHER\n MATTERS.\nThis year, the earl of Suffolk and sir Thomas Rampstone, on account\nof the duke of Brittany having joined king Charles, made an inroad on\nhis duchy with about twelve hundred combatants, and advanced even to\nRennes, where the duke resided. They committed great waste, and made\na very considerable booty in prisoners and effects, with which they\nreturned to a large village in that country, called Tintenarch[13].\nOn the morrow, they marched back to lower Normandy with all they had\ngained without any opposition.\nSoon afterward, sir Thomas fixed his quarters in a small town, called\nSt James de Beuvron, which had been destroyed; but he had it repaired\nand refortified to serve him as a post to carry on the war against the\nBretons, for it was but half a league from their country. Sir Thomas\nwas deputy to the earl of Suffolk, the governor of lower Normandy, and\nthence he led the English on different excursions through Brittany,\ncarrying on a severe warfare.\nThe duke, to oppose them, assembled a large force of his nobles,\nwhom he gave in charge to his brother the count de Richemont,\nlately made constable of France. The count led them straight to St\nJames de Beuvron, which he instantly besieged, and commenced his\noperations with a grand skirmish. Having surrounded it on all sides,\nhe established his quarters, and had his engines pointed against the\nwalls, which greatly damaged them. He attacked the place by storm,\nwhich lasted for a considerable time very sharply.\nA party of Bretons from the lower parts of the duchy had been posted\nbelow the town, near to a pond; and to get near the walls, it was\nnecessary to cross the head of this pond, which was very narrow. There\nwas beside it a small bulwark under the command of an english knight,\nsir Nicholas Bourdet, having with him from sixty to eighty combatants,\nand near to it was one of the town-gates well guarded by the English.\nWhen these Bretons were descending the ditch in great numbers to attack\nthe walls, they heard on each side of them the English shouting,\n'Salisbury! Suffolk!' which threw the Bretons into great confusion. Sir\nNicholas, seizing the opportunity of their dismay, vigorously fell on\nthem, and, meeting scarcely any defence, put to death or drowned in\nthe pond from seven to eight hundred, and made about fifty prisoners.\nThe English won eighteen standards, and one banner. News of this defeat\nwas speedily carried to the count, who was storming the town on the\nopposite side. He was much hurt at the intelligence, and ordered the\nretreat to be sounded, for the siege had been raised on the other side\nof the place.\nWhen the count had collected his men together, he held a council on\nwhat should now be done, and it was resolved, that considering the\ngreat loss they had sustained, it would be prudent to march away, which\nwas carried into effect; but he waited until midnight, when he returned\nto the town of Fougeres in a disorderly manner, leaving behind great\nquantities of provision, stores, bombards, and other artillery. Sir\nThomas, with his six hundred men, for he had no more, and the greater\npart of them were wounded, remained in the town very much rejoiced\nat his good fortune; and he caused all the things the enemy had left\nbehind them to be brought thither.\nTwo days after this affair, the earl of Suffolk joined sir Thomas with\nfifteen hundred combatants, whom the latter conducted with some of his\nown men, to a strong monastery that soon surrendered. The earl thence\nadvanced farther into the country, toward the city of Dol, with the\nintent to reside there. In the mean time, the duke of Brittany sent a\npoursuivant with letters to the earl, to request that he would consent\nto a suspension of arms, according to the inclosed terms, which being\nagreed to, he remanded sir Thomas and his men, who returned to St James\nde Beauvron with a very rich booty.\nA negotiation now took place, when a truce was signed to last for three\nmonths; and the earl of Suffolk had four thousand five hundred francs\nfor consenting to it. The truce was well kept until the end of June,\nwhich terminated it, as the two parties could not agree on a final\npeace, so that the war recommenced, and the English daily committed\ngreat waste on the country by fire and sword.\nTo obviate these evils, the duke, and his brother the constable, had\nthe town of Pontorson, which divides Normandy from Brittany, and is two\nleagues from Mont St Michel, well repaired and fortified, to serve as a\nbarrier town against the English.\nA few days after this, the earl of Suffolk was dismissed from his\ngovernment, and the earl of Warwick appointed in his stead, who\nassembled a considerable body of men and laid siege to Pontorson.\nDuring this siege, the English were in constant danger of having their\nconvoys of provision cut off by the garrisons of Mont St Michel and\nother places. To prevent which, lord Scales was detached with five\nhundred combatants to lower Normandy to escort the convoys. On his\nreturn, the Bretons, who had been made acquainted therewith, placed\nthemselves, to the amount of fifteen hundred men, in ambuscade, near\nto Mont Saint Michel, and, watching their opportunity, sallied out\non the English, as they were marching by. They found them, however,\nin handsome array; and they made so valorous a resistance that the\nBretons were completely routed. Eight hundred were slain; and in the\nnumber were the lord Ch\u00e2teau-Geron, the lord de Couesquen, the lord\nde Chambourg, the baron de Chamboches, the lord de la Hunaudes, sir\nPierre le Porc, the commander of the Scotsmen, and many others of the\nnobility. The lord de Rohan and several great lords were made prisoners.\nThis event was known in Pontorson by the English having caused the\ndead bodies of the baron de Soulenges and sir Pierre le Porc, and of\nothers, to be brought to the walls, and delivered to the garrison for\nburial, and hastened their determination of surrendering to the earl of\nWarwick, on having their lives spared, as they had no longer hopes of\nsuccour. They were marched out of the town with white staves in their\nhands, leaving all their baggage and effects behind them. Lord Scales\nwas made governor of the town.\nToward the end of this year, sir John de Luxembourg assembled in\nPicardy, and the parts adjacent, about a thousand combatants, men\nat arms and archers, with the intent to besiege and reduce to his\nobedience the town of Beaumont in Argonne, held by William de Flavy, of\nthe party of king Charles,--which Flavy, and those under his command,\ndid many injuries and oppressive acts to all the surrounding country.\nIn these days, duke Philip of Burgundy again collected a large body of\ntroops from Flanders and Artois, to march into Holland and besiege the\nduchess Jacquiline in the town of Gouda. On this occasion, he wrote to\ninform his nobles, that he was resolved this campaign to finish the war\nwith Holland, and not return until it was ended. They had indeed often\nbeen assembled for this purpose, and were almost tired with the war.\nThe duke led this armament to Sluys, and there embarked for Holland.\nDuring these tribulations, the English continued a severe warfare on\nthe borders and in Brittany. A very sharp combat took place between\nthem and the Bretons, under the command of the constable de Richemont,\nin which numbers were slain on both sides; but, in the end, the earl\nof Warwick and his English gained the day.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 13: Tintenarch,--probably Tinteniac, a village near St Malo.]\nCHAP. XLVIII.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG BESIEGES BEAUMONT IN ARGONNE.\nSir John de Luxembourg, in the beginning of this year, had besieged\nBeaumont in Argonne. He was attended by many of the nobles from\nPicardy, and frequent skirmishes took place between the besieged and\nbesiegers. In one of them, a vigorous and subtle man at arms, named\nEnguerrand de Brigonval, was made prisoner, which much troubled sir\nJohn de Luxembourg, who feared he was wounded or killed,--for William\nde Flavy had wickedly caused a coffin to be buried with great ceremony,\nmeaning to have it understood that Enguerrand was dead. He had also a\nsolemn funeral service performed, intending at the same time to send\nEnguerrand secretly out of the town to some safer place, knowing him to\nbe a rich man and able to pay a heavy ransom.\nNotwithstanding the obstinate defence of the besieged, they were soon\nso closely blockaded that no one could go out of the town without\ndanger of his life. William de Flavy, therefore, losing all hope of\nsuccour, and foreseeing that he must in the end yield, entered into a\ntreaty with sir John de Luxembourg to surrender the place toward the\nlatter end of May, on condition that he and his men should march away\nin safety with their baggage and effects.\nBy this means sir John gained possession of Beaumont, in which\nhe placed his own garrison, and appointed as governor Valeran de\nBournouville. Enguerrand de Brigonval was likewise given up to him,\nsafe and well. While this siege was carrying on, a truce was agreed to\nbetween sir John de Luxembourg and the townsmen of Mouzon, until the\nfeast of St Remy ensuing; and in the interval the burghers were to go\nto king Charles, to learn if they might depend on succours from him,\nor whether they were to surrender to sir John.\nWhen these matters had been concluded, sir John dismissed his troops,\nand returned to his castle of Beaurevoire. William de Flavy, in like\nmanner, disbanded those who had served under him and went with a few\nattendants, under passports, to the mansion of his lord and father; for\nduring the time he was besieged in Beaumont, the duke of Bar had caused\none of his fortresses, called Neufville sur Meuse, to be destroyed,\nwhich was held by a garrison of his, and wherein he had placed all his\ntreasures.\nCHAP. XLIX.\n A TREATY CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND THE DUCHESS\n JACQUILINE, WHICH ENDS THE WAR IN HOLLAND.--THE CONTENTS OF THIS\n TREATY.\nOn the return of the duke of Burgundy, with such vast preparations\nof stores and men at arms, into Holland, to besiege the duchess\nJacquiline in the town of Gouda, whither she had retired with\nher adherents, the country was greatly alarmed. The duchess, in\nconsequence, held a council of her most faithful friends, when, having\nconsidered the great power of the duke, that the majority of the nobles\nand commonalty were already turned to his party, and that it was very\ndoubtful if she could further resist, it was determined that she should\noffer terms of peace to her adversary the duke; and a treaty of the\nfollowing import was concluded by the commissioners from each party.\nThe duchess Jacquiline shall acknowledge and avow that the duke of\nBurgundy is the true and legal heir to all her territories, and that\nhenceforth she shall appoint him governor and guardian of them,\npromising to give him possession of all the towns and castles she now\nholds, in which the duke shall place such captains as he may please.\nThe duchess promises also never to marry but with the consent of the\nsaid duke; and the town and castle of Zeneuberche is to be given up\nto the duke of Burgundy. When this treaty had been signed, a day was\nappointed for the meeting of the parties in the town of Delft,--when,\nafter mutual salutations and gratulations, they received, by themselves\nor by their commissaries, the oaths of many of the principal towns.\nThus was Holland, after having long suffered the miseries of war,\nrestored to peace; and the duke of Burgundy, having disbanded his\nPicards, returned to his countries of Flanders and Artois.\nCHAP. L.\n THE EARL OF SALISBURY ARRIVES IN FRANCE WITH GREAT REINFORCEMENTS\n TO THE DUKE OF BEDFORD.--THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ESCORTS THE DUCHESS\n JACQUELINE INTO HAINAULT.\nIn the month of May ensuing, the earl of Salisbury, a knight very\nexpert, and of great renown in arms, by orders from king Henry and his\nministers, assembled a force of six thousand combatants, men tried in\nwar, great part of whom he was to carry to France to the aid of the\nduke of Bedford, who styled himself regent of that kingdom. The earl\nsent off a detachment of three thousand to Calais, whence they marched\nto Paris, to carry on the war against king Charles.\nAbout Midsummer-day, the earl followed with the remainder of his men,\nand, crossing to Calais, marched by St Pol, Dourlens and Amiens, to\nParis, where he was joyfully received by the duke of Bedford and the\ncouncil of France attached to the interests of king Henry.\nInstantly on his arrival, many councils were held respecting the war;\nand it was resolved that the earl, after having subdued some trifling\ntowns held by the enemy, should lay siege to Orleans, which they said\nhad done them great injury.\nOn the council breaking up, orders were issued for the Normans,\nand others of the english party, to assemble immediately; and such\ndiligence was used, that within a very short time the earl of Salisbury\nhad upward of ten thousand combatants. The principal captains were\nthe earl of Suffolk, the lord Scales, the lord de Calaboche, the lord\nLisle, Classedach, and many valiant and expert men in arms. When they\nhad been well feasted and honoured in Paris, they departed, under the\ncommand of the earl of Salisbury, to besiege the town of Nogent le Roi,\nwhich was soon conquered, and great part of the garrison put to death:\nthe rest escaped by paying large ransoms. The earl marched thence to\nGergeau.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Burgundy had returned to Holland\nwith his most faithful adherents, to make further arrangements with his\ncousin the duchess Jacqueline, and to receive the oaths of fidelity\nfrom divers others of the nobles and towns of that country. After these\nmatters were finished, the duke, and duchess Jacqueline went into\nHainault; and in all the towns through which they passed they received\nsimilar oaths to what had been given in Holland and Zealand, from the\nnobles, clergy and commonalty. In some places, they were received with\nhonour and respect, although very many were much dissatisfied with\nthese arrangements, but at present they saw no means to remedy them.\nCHAP. LI.\n THE TOWNSMEN OF TOURNAY AGAIN REBEL.\nIn the month of July of this year, the inhabitants of Tournay again\nmutinied against their magistrates, and rose more than once in arms,\nas they had frequently done before. The cause of the present tumults\nwas the magistrates having laid a tax on beer, to aid them to pay the\ndemands of the duke of Burgundy. However, by the exertions of some\nprudent persons in the town, peace was restored; and shortly after, one\nof their leaders called John Isaac, a goldsmith, was arrested,--and\nfor various crimes by him committed, and for having been the cause\nof Arnoul le Musi and Loctart de Villeries being beheaded, Isaac was\npublicly hanged on the gibbet at Tournay.\nAt this time, R\u00e9n\u00e9 duke of Bar laid siege to the castle of Passavant,\nin which was a person named Varnencourt, who had for a long space\nsorely harrassed and cruelly treated the inhabitants of the country\nround that place.\nCHAP. LII.\n THE EARL OF SALISBURY CONQUERS GERGEAU AND OTHER PLACES NEAR\n ORLEANS.--THE DUKE OF BEDFORD WANTS TO LAY HANDS ON THE REVENUES OF\n THE CHURCH.\nThe earl of Salisbury, on his arrival before Gergeau, caused it to be\nsurrounded on all sides, and very hotly attacked by his artillery,\ninsomuch that the garrison who held it for king Charles, fearing the\nconsequences, entered into a treaty with the earl to surrender it, on\nbeing permitted to depart in safety.\nThe earl, having regarrisoned it, advanced to Genville, which he\nbesieged on all sides; but the French being in force within it,\ndefended themselves valiantly. After a few days, however, they held\na parley with the earl, but they could not agree as to the terms of\ndelivering it up. On the French retiring, a skirmish took place between\nthe besiegers and the besieged, which occasioned the whole of the\nEnglish to arm themselves suddenly, and without command from the earl\nto storm the place so vigorously that it was won, and numbers of the\nFrench taken or killed, and other great disorders committed which it\nwould be tedious to relate.\nDuring these transactions, the regent duke of Bedford and king Henry's\nministers at Paris were earnestly attempting to acquire, for the king's\nuse, all the rents and revenues that had been given to the church for\nthe last forty years. To succeed in this, several great councils were\nheld in Paris, between the duke and his ministers and the members of\nthe university, in which the matter was fully and long debated: it was,\nhowever, in the end negatived, and the church remained at peace in\nregard to this demand.\nIn this year, the king of Portugal raised a large army, in conjunction\nwith the duke of Cambray[14], who commanded the van division, and\nthe whole amounted to ten thousand combatants. They led his army to\nan island against the infidels, where were the king of Albastre[15]\nwith twenty thousand Saracens, Turks, Tartars, Barbaresques, of which\nthe greater number were left dead on the field, and the said king of\nAlbastre made prisoner. The king of Portugal suffered but little loss,\nand after the victory he returned with his army back to his own country.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 14: Cambray. Q. Coimbra.]\n[Footnote 15: Albastre. Q.]\nCHAP. LIII.\n THE EARL OF SALISBURY LAYS SIEGE TO THE TOWN OF ORLEANS.--HE IS THERE\n SLAIN.\nWhen the earl of Salisbury had subjected the towns of Gergeau,\nGenville, Mehun, and several castles and forts in those parts, to the\nobedience of king Henry of Lancaster, he made diligent preparations to\nlay siege to the city of Orleans. His army came before it in the month\nof October; but as the garrison and inhabitants had long expected\nhis arrival, they had provided themselves with all sorts of warlike\nstores and provision, having determined to defend the place to the last\nextremity.\nTo prevent the earl from fixing his quarters in the suburbs, and\nfortifying them, the French had demolished the whole, including many\nexcellent houses, and upward of twelve churches, belonging to the four\norders of mendicant friars, with several fine houses of recreation for\nthe burghers of Orleans. By thus doing they could discharge the cannon\nfrom the ramparts freely all around.\nLord Salisbury, notwithstanding this, and a violent opposition from\nthe garrison, who made many sallies, and fired on him from culverines,\nand other instruments of death, to the wounding and killing many of\nhis men, quartered himself and his army near to the walls. The English\nrepulsed these attacks with the utmost courage, to the wonder of the\nbesieged; and while these skirmishings were going on, the earl ordered\nthe tower at the end of the bridge, over the Loire, to be stormed,\nwhich was won, as well as a small bulwark hard by, in spite of the\ndefence of the French. The earl commanded a party to enter and guard\nthis tower, that the garrison might not unobserved make any sallies\nfrom the town. He then, with his captains, made a lodgment in some of\nthe ruins that remained in the suburbs near the walls; and his men,\nin their usual manner, raised huts of earth, to shelter themselves\nfrom the effects of the arrows which were showered at them from the\nbattlements.\nThe earl, on the third day after his arrival before Orleans, entered\nthe tower on the bridge, and ascended to the second story, whence\nfrom a window that overlooked the town he was observing what was\npassing within, and was considering on the best mode of reducing it\nto obedience. While thus occupied, a stone from a veuglaire struck\nthe window, whence the earl, hearing the report, had withdrawn, but\ntoo late, for the shot carried away part of his face, and killed a\ngentleman behind him dead on the spot[16]. The army were greatly\ngrieved at this unfortunate accident, for he was much feared and\nbeloved by them, and considered as the most subtle, expert, and\nfortunate in arms, of all the english captains.\nThe earl, though so severely wounded, lived eight days; and having\nsummoned all his captains, he admonished them, in the name of the king\nof England, to reduce the town of Orleans to his obedience without\nfail: having done this, he was carried to Mehun, and there died, as I\nhave said, at the end of eight days.\nThe earl of Suffolk was now the commander of the english army before\nOrleans, having under him the lords Scales, Talbot, sir Lancelot de\nLisle, Classedach and others. The English, notwithstanding the loss\nthey had suffered in the death of the earl of Salisbury, recovered\ntheir vigour, and exerted themselves in every way to carry the town.\nThey also erected block-houses in various parts, in which large\ndetachments were posted, to prevent any surprise from the enemy.\nKing Charles, knowing that his ancient and inveterate enemies, the\nEnglish, were desirous to gain the city of Orleans, had resolved in\ncouncil, before they came before it, to defend the place to the last,\nbelieving that should it be conquered, it would be the finishing stroke\nto himself and his kingdom. For this reason, he had sent thither his\nmost expert and faithful officers, namely, Boussac, the lord d'Eu, the\nbastard of Orleans, the lords de Gaucourt, de Graville, de Vilain,\nPoton de Saintrailles, la Hire, sir Theolde de Valperghe, sir Louis de\nVaucourt, with others renowned in arms, and of great authority.\nThey had under their daily command from twelve to fourteen hundred\ncombatants, well tried and enterprising; but sometimes more and\nsometimes less,--for the town was not so completely surrounded but\nthat the besieged could replenish themselves with provision or stores\nwhenever they pleased.\nVery many sallies and skirmishes took place during the siege, but it\nwould be tiresome to relate the various successes that attended them;\nbut from what I have heard from well-informed persons, I do not find\nthat the besieged did any great damage to the enemy, except with their\ncannon and other like instruments from their walls. By one of these was\nslain sir Lancelot de Lisle, a very valiant english knight and renowned\nin arms.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: Sir Thomas Gargrave.]\nCHAP. LIV.\n A PREACHER CALLED FRIAR THOMAS, CONVERTS MANY PERSONS, AND INVEIGHS\n AGAINST THE EXTRAVAGANT DRESSES OF THE WOMEN, IN DIFFERENT PLACES.\nIn this year, a friar called Thomas Conecte, a native of Brittany, and\nof the carmelite order, was much celebrated through parts of Flanders,\nthe Tournesis, Artois, Cambresis, Ternois, in the countries of Amiens\nand Ponthieu, for his preachings.\nIn those towns where it was known he intended to preach, the chief\nburghers and inhabitants had erected for him in the handsomest square,\na large scaffold, ornamented with the richest cloths and tapestries,\non which was placed an altar, whereon he said mass, attended by some\nmonks of his order, and his disciples. The greater part of these last\nfollowed him on foot wherever he went, he himself riding on a small\nmule.\nHaving said mass on this platform, he then preached long sermons,\nblaming the vices and sins of each individual, more especially those\nof the clergy, who publicly kept mistresses, to the breach of their\nvows of chastity. In like manner, he blamed greatly the noble ladies,\nand all others who dressed their heads in so ridiculous a manner, and\nwho expended such large sums on the luxuries of apparel. He was so\nvehement against them that no woman thus dressed dared to appear in\nhis presence, for he was accustomed, when he saw any of them with such\ndresses, to excite the little boys to torment and plague them, giving\nthem certain days of pardon for so doing, and which he said he had the\npower of granting. He ordered the boys to shout after them, _Au hennin,\nau hennin!_[17] even when the ladies were departed from him and from\nhearing his invectives; and the boys pursuing them endeavoured to\npull down these monstrous head dresses, so that the ladies were forced\nto seek shelter in places of safety. These cries caused many tumults\nbetween those who raised them and the servants of the ladies.\nFriar Thomas, nevertheless continued his abuse and invectives so loudly\nthat no women with high head dresses any longer attended his sermons,\nbut dressed in caps somewhat like those worn by peasants and people of\nlow degree.\nThe ladies of rank on their return from these sermons, were so much\nashamed by the abusive expressions of the preacher, that the greater\npart laid aside their head dresses, and wore such as those of nuns. But\nthis reform lasted not long, for like as snails, when any one passes\nby them, draw in their horns, and when all danger seems over, put them\nforth again,--so these ladies, shortly after the preacher had quitted\ntheir country, forgetful of his doctrine and abuse, began to resume\ntheir former colossal head dresses, and wore them even higher than\nbefore.\nFriar Thomas, however, acquired very great renown in the towns wherein\nhe preached from all ranks of people, for the boldness and justness of\nhis remonstrances, more especially for those addressed to the clergy.\nHe was received wherever he went with as much respect and reverence by\nthe nobles, clergy, and common people as if he had been an Apostle of\nour Lord Jesus Christ, sent from Heaven to earth.\nHe was followed by multitudes of people, and his mule was led by\nknights, or those of high rank, on foot to the house wherein he was to\nlodge, which was commonly that of the richest burgher in the town; and\nhis disciples, of whom he had many, were distributed among the best\nhouses; for it was esteemed a great favour when one of them lodged in\nthe house of any individual.\nWhen Friar Thomas arrived at his lodgings, he retired to a private\nchamber, and would not be visited by any but those of the family,\nexcept for a few moments. At the conclusion of his sermons, he\nearnestly admonished the audience on the damnation of their souls, and,\non pain of excommunication, to bring to him whatever backgammon boards,\nchess boards, ninepins, or other instruments for games of amusement\nthey might possess. In like manner did he order the women to bring\ntheir hennins,--and having caused a great fire to be lighted in front\nof his scaffold, he threw all those things into it.\nFriar Thomas remained in these parts for the space of six months, and\nvisited many great cities, such as Cambray, Tournay, Arras, Amiens and\nTherouenne, wherein he made many celebrated sermons, to the delight of\nthe lower ranks, who sometimes assembled to hear him, to the number of\nfrom sixteen to twenty thousand persons. At his sermons, he divided\nthe women from the men by a cord; for he said he had observed some sly\ndoings between them while he was preaching. He would not receive any\nmoney himself, nor permit any of the preachers who attended him to\ndo so, but was satisfied if presents were made to him of rich church\nornaments, if his disciples were clothed and his own expenses paid. The\npeople were very happy in thus gratifying him.\nMany persons of note, in the conviction that to serve him would be a\npious act, believing him to be a prudent and holy man, followed him\nevery where, deserting their parents, wives, children and homes. In\nthis number was the lord d'Antoing, and some others of the nobility.\nWhen he had remained any time, without the clergy attempting to confute\nhis reasonings, he departed with the love of the people, but with the\nindignation of some churchmen. He embarked at the port of St Valery, to\nreturn to Brittany, where he had been born.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 17: _Au hennin._ This was the name given by the preacher to\nthose ridiculous colossal head dresses worn by the ladies in the 15th\ncentury. For further particulars, see the French Encyclopedie, vol.\nviii.]\nCHAP. LV.\nA GRAND TOURNAMENT IN THE CITY OF BRUSSELS.\nAt this period, the duke of Burgundy set out grandly accompanied by the\nnobles of his country, for Brussels, to be present at a tournament that\nwas to be given there during the carnival. The son of the demoisel de\nGazebeque was the founder of the prize.\nThe duke of Burgundy was magnificently feasted by his cousin duke\nPhilip of Brabant, the great barons of the country, and by the city\nof Brussels. On the day of the tournament, the two dukes were matched\nagainst each other, as well as their nobles, by the advice of prudent\ncounsellors and heralds at arms, to avoid any accidents that might\nhappen.\nThere were this day from seven to eight score helmets in the market\nplace at Brussels who made a fine show; for they were all richly\ndressed, and adorned with their emblazoned surcoats. When the officers\nat arms had made the usual proclamations, the tournament commenced,\nand many hardy strokes were given; but the prize was adjudged to a\ngentleman of Brabant, called Jean Linquart.\nOn the morrow, and the ensuing day were great justings: on the first,\nthe duke of Brabant gained the prize, and on the second the lord de\nMamines won it. With regard to the dancings and banquets, there were\nabundance of both, and crowds of ladies and damsels richly dressed\naccording to the fashions of the country. There were likewise very\nmany masquerades of the ladies and gentlemen.\nDuring the feast, the sword was given to the lord de Croy, knight to\nthe duke of Burgundy, who, having considered a while, had another\ntournament proclaimed to be holden on an appointed day in the town of\nMons, in Hainault, but which, from certain causes that interfered at\nthat time, did not take place.\nThe duke of Burgundy, having tarried in the city of Brussels from four\nto five days, set out on his return home to Flanders, notwithstanding\nthe weather was then very severe, with frost and snow. The other lords\nreturned to the places whence they came.\nCHAP. LVI.\n THE COUNT DE NAMUR DIES, AND MAKES THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HIS HEIR.\nThe count de Namur, who was very old, died in the course of this year.\nHe had, some time before his death, sold to the duke of Burgundy his\ncounty of Namur with its dependancies; and on his decease the duke\nadvanced thither, when peaceable possession was given to him of the\nwhole; and he appointed commissioners and captains to govern and defend\nit at his pleasure.\nThe Liegeois, who bordered on Namur, were not well pleased at this\naccession of power to the duke of Burgundy, whom they feared before,\nand very much disliked, because duke John his father, and duke William\nhis uncle, had formerly conquered them, as has been related in the\nearlier part of this work. The Liegeois held, at this time, the strong\ntown of Mont-Orgueil, situated near to Bouvines[18], which was said\nto belong to Namur, and, as such, the duke of Burgundy wished to have\nit, but the Liegeois refused to yield it up, and hence began a quarrel\non each side. The duke, finding that he could not gain it amicably,\nreturned to Flanders and secretly raised a body of men at arms, whom he\ndispatched, under the command of sir John Blondel and Gerard bastard\nof Brimeu, to the country of Li\u00e9ge, with orders to win the tower of\nMont-Orgueil by force.\nWhen they had approached the walls, and were preparing their scaling\nladders, they were seen by the garrison, who made a sally and defeated\nthem. They then returned back, and the Liegeois kept up a stricter\nwatch than before; and their hatred to the duke of Burgundy was\nincreased.\nThe English continued their siege of Orleans, and king Charles was in\nvery great distress; for the major part of his princes and nobles,\nperceiving that his affairs were miserably bad, and every thing going\nwrong, had quite abandoned him. Nevertheless, he had great hope and\nconfidence in God; and laboured earnestly to procure a peace with the\nduke of Burgundy, and had sent him many embassies to solicit it, but,\nhitherto, no terms could be agreed on between them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 18: Bouvines,--in the county of Namur, situated on the Meuse.]\nCHAP. LVII.\n THE ENGLISH, MARCHING TO REINFORCE THE SIEGE OF ORLEANS, ARE MET AND\n ATTACKED BY THE FRENCH.\nThe regent duke of Bedford, while at Paris, had collected about five\nhundred carts and cars from the borders of Normandy and from the\nIsle de France, which different merchants were ordered to load with\nprovision, stores and other things, and to have conveyed to the english\narmy before Orleans. When all was ready, the command of this convoy\nwas given to sir John Fascot[19] grand master of the duke's household,\nand with him were the provost of Paris, named Simon Morbier, the\nbastard de Thiam knight, bailiff of Senlis, the provost of Melun, and\nseveral other officers from the Isle de France and that neighbourhood,\naccompanied by sixteen hundred combatants and a thousand common men.\nThis armament left Paris on Ash-Wednesday, under the command of sir\nJohn Fastolfe, who conducted the convoy and his forces in good order by\nshort marches, until he came near the village of Rouvroy in Beauce,\nsituated between Genville and Orleans.\nMany french captains, having long before heard of his coming, were\nthere assembled to wait his arrival, namely, Charles duke of Bourbon,\nthe two marshals of France, the constable of Scotland and his son, the\nlords de la Tour, de Chauvigny, de Graville, sir William d'Albreth, the\nviscount de Thouars, the bastard d'Orleans, sir James de Chabannes,\nthe lord de la Fayette, Poton de Saintrailles, Estienne de Vignolles,\nsurnamed La Hire, sir Theolde de Valperghe, and others of the nobility,\nhaving with them from three to four thousand men. The English had\nbeen informed of this force being assembled from different garrisons\nwhich they had in those parts, and lost no time in forming a square\nwith their carts and carriages, leaving but two openings,--in which\nsquare they inclosed themselves, posting their archers as guards to\nthese entrances, and the men at arms hard by to support them. On the\nstrongest side of this inclosure were the merchants, pages, carters,\nand those incapable of defending themselves, with all their horses.\nThe English thus situated, waited two hours for the coming of the\nenemy, who at length arrived with much noise, and drew up out of\nbow-shot in front of the inclosure. It seemed to them, that considering\ntheir superior numbers, the state of the convoy, and that there were\nnot more than six hundred real Englishmen, the rest being composed of\nall nations, they could not escape falling into their hands, and must\nbe speedily conquered. Others, however, had their fears of the contrary\nhappening, for the french captains did not well agree together as to\ntheir mode of fighting, for the Scots would combat on foot, and the\nothers on horseback.\nThe lord Charles de Bourbon was there knighted by the lord de la\nFayette, with some others. In the mean time, the constable of Scotland,\nhis son and all their men, dismounted and advanced to attack their\nadversaries, by whom they were received with great courage.\nThe english archers, under shelter of the carriages, shot so well and\nstifly that all on horseback within their reach were glad to retreat\nwith their men at arms. The constable of Scotland and his men attacked\none of the entrances of the inclosure, but they were soon slain on\nthe spot. Among the killed were sir John Stuart, his son, sir William\nd'Albreth lord d'Orval, the lord de Ch\u00e2teaubrun, the lord de Mont\nPipel, sir John Larigot, the lord de Verduisant, the lord de Divray,\nthe lord de la Greve, sir Anthony de Puilly and others, to the amount\nof six score gentlemen and five hundred common men, the greater part of\nwhom were Scotsmen. The other french captains retreated with their men\nto the places whence they had come.\nThe English, on their departure, refreshed themselves, and then marched\naway in haste for their town of Rouvroy, where they halted for the\nnight. On the morrow, they departed in handsome array, with their\nconvoy and artillery, armed with every accoutrement becoming warriors,\nand in a few days arrived before Orleans, very much rejoiced at their\ngood fortune in the late attack from the French, and at having so\nsuccessfully brought provision to their countrymen.\nThis battle was ever afterward called the Battle of Herrings, because\ngreat part of the convoy consisted of herrings and other articles of\nfood suitable to Lent. King Charles, on hearing the event, was sick\nat heart, seeing that the state of his affairs was becoming worse and\nworse. This battle of Rouvroy was fought on the night of the first\nSunday in Lent, about three hours after midnight. The English lost\nonly one man of note, called Bresanteau, nephew to sir Simon Morbier,\nprovost of Paris.\nOn the part of the English were that day made knights, Galloy d'Aunoy,\nlord d'Orville, the great Raoulin, and Louis de Luxu, a Savoyard. The\narmy of the English might have consisted of about seventeen hundred\ncombatants of tried courage, without including common men; and the\nFrench, as I have said, were from three to four thousand at least. The\nlord de Ch\u00e2teaubrun and some others were knighted at the same time with\nCharles de Bourbon. Only one prisoner was made that day, and he was a\nScotsman.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 19: Q. If not sir John Fastolfe.]\nCHAP. LVIII.\n A MAIDEN, NAMED JOAN, WAITS ON KING CHARLES AT CHINON, WHERE HE\n RESIDED.--THE KING RETAINS HER IN HIS SERVICE.\nIn the course of this year, a young girl called Joan, about twenty\nyears old, and dressed like a man, came to Charles king of France at\nChinon. She was born in the town of Droimy, on the borders of Burgundy\nand Lorraine not far from Vaucouleurs, and had been for some time\nhostler and chambermaid to an inn, and had shown much courage in riding\nhorses to water, and in other feats unusual for young girls to do.\nShe was instructed how to act, and sent to the king by sir Robert de\nBaudricourt, knight, governor of Vaucouleurs, who supplied her with\nhorses and from four to six men as an escort. She called herself a\nMaiden inspired by the Divine Grace, and said that she was sent to\nrestore king Charles to his kingdom, whence he had been unjustly\ndriven, and was now reduced to so deplorable a state.\nShe remained about two months in the king's household, frequently\nadmonishing him to give her men and support, and that she would repulse\nhis enemies, and exalt his name. The king and council in the mean time,\nknew not how to act; for they put no great faith in what she said,\nconsidering her as one out of her senses; for to such noble persons the\nexpressions she used are dangerous to be believed, as well for fear of\nthe anger of the Lord, as for the blasphemous discourses which they may\noccasion in the world.\nAfter some time, however, she was promised men at arms and support:\na standard was also given her, on which she caused to be painted a\nrepresentation of our Creator. All her conversation was of God, on\nwhich account great numbers of those who heard her had great faith in\nwhat she said, and believed her inspired, as she declared herself to be.\nShe was many times examined by learned clerks, and other prudent\npersons of rank, to find out her real intentions; but she kept to her\npurpose, and alway replied, that if the king would believe her, she\nwould restore to him his kingdom. In the mean time, she did several\nacts which shall be hereafter related, that gained her great renown.\nWhen she came first to the king, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the king's\nmarshal, and other captains were with him, for he had held a grand\ncouncil relative to the siege of Orleans: from Chinon the king went to\nPoitiers, accompanied by the Maid.\nShortly after, the marshal was ordered to convey provisions and stores,\nunder a strong escort, to the army within Orleans. Joan requested to\naccompany him, and that armour should be given her, which was done. She\nthen displayed her standard and went to Blois, where the escort was to\nassemble, and thence to Orleans, alway dressed in complete armour. On\nthis expedition many warriors served under her; and when she arrived at\nOrleans great feasts were made for her, and the garrison and townsmen\nwere delighted at her coming among them.\nCHAP. LIX.\n AMBASSADORS ARE SENT BY KING CHARLES, AND THE BURGHERS OF ORLEANS, TO\n PARIS, TO NEGOTIATE A TREATY WITH THE REGENT, THAT THE TOWN OF ORLEANS\n MAY REMAIN IN PEACE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the duke of Burgundy arrived at Paris\nwith about six hundred horse, and was most joyfully received by the\nduke of Bedford and the duchess his sister. Soon after came thither\nPoton de Saintrailles, Pierre d'Orgin, and other noble ambassadors\nfrom king Charles, with envoys from the town of Orleans, to negotiate\nwith the duke-regent and king Henry's council for that town to remain\nin peace, and that it should be placed in the hands of the duke of\nBurgundy, for him to govern it at his pleasure, and to maintain its\nneutrality. It was also pleaded, that the duke of Orleans and his\nbrother the count d'Angoul\u00eame, who had for a long time past been the\nright owners of the town, were now prisoners in England, and had been\nno way concerned in this war.\nThe duke of Bedford assembled his council many times on this matter,\nbut they could not agree respecting it. Several urged the great\nexpenses king Henry had been put to for this siege, and the great\nlosses he had sustained of his principal captains,--adding, that the\ntown could not hold out much longer, for it was hard pressed for\nprovision, and that it was a place more advantageous for them to\npossess than any other, supporting what they said by several weighty\nreasons. Others were not pleased that it should be put into the hands\nof the duke of Burgundy, saying that it was unreasonable, when king\nHenry and his vassals had supported all the risks and danger, that the\nduke of Burgundy should reap the profit and honour, without striking a\nblow.\nOne among them, called master Raoul le Saige, said, that he would\nnever be present when they should chew, for the duke of Burgundy to\nswallow. In short, after much debating of the business, it was finally\nconcluded that the request of the ambassadors should not be granted,\nand that the town should no otherwise be received in favour than by its\nsurrender to the English. The ambassadors, hearing this, made a reply,\nwhich they had not, however, been charged with, that they knew well the\ntownsmen of Orleans would suffer the utmost extremities rather than\nsubmit to such conditions. The ambassadors then returned to Orleans, to\nreport the answer they had received.\nThe duke of Burgundy was very well pleased with their conduct in this\nmatter, and would not have disliked, had it been agreeable to the\nregent and council, to have had the government of Orleans, as much from\nhis affection to his cousin of Orleans as to prevent it suffering the\nperils likely to befall it; but the English, at that time, in full tide\nof prosperity, never considered that the wheel of fortune might turn\nagainst them.\nThe duke of Burgundy, while at Paris, had made many requests to his\nbrother-in-law the regent, for himself and his adherents, which,\nhowever, were but little attended to. Having staid at Paris about three\nweeks, he returned to Flanders, where he was attacked by a severe\nillness, but by the attentions of able physicians he recovered his\nhealth.\nCHAP. LX.\n THE MAID WITH MANY NOBLE FRENCH CAPTAINS OF GREAT RENOWN REINFORCE AND\n REVICTUAL THE TOWN OF ORLEANS, AND AFTERWARD RAISE THE SIEGE.\nThe english captains had continued their siege of Orleans about seven\nmonths, and had much straitened it by their batteries and towers, of\nwhich they had erected not less than sixty. The besieged, sensible\nof the peril they were in of being conquered, resolved to defend\nthemselves to the last, and sent to king Charles for reinforcements of\nmen, and a supply of stores and provision.\nFrom four to five hundred combatants were first sent; but they were\nfollowed by seven thousand more, who escorted a convoy of provision up\nthe river Loire. With these last came Joan, the Maid, who had already\ndone some acts that had increased her reputation.\nThe English attempted to cut off this convoy; but it was well defended\nby the Maid and those with her, and brought with safety to Orleans,\nto the great joy of the inhabitants, who made good cheer, and were\nrejoiced at its safe arrival and the coming of the Maid.\nOn the morrow, which was a Thursday, Joan rose early, and, addressing\nherself to some of the principal captains, prevailed on them to arm,\nand follow her,--for she wished, as she said, to attack the enemy,\nbeing fully assured they would be vanquished. These captains and other\nwarriors, surprised at her words, were induced to arm and make an\nassault on the tower of St Loup, which was very strong, and garrisoned\nwith from three to four hundred English. They were, notwithstanding\nthe strength of the blockhouse, soon defeated, and all killed or made\nprisoners, and the fortification was set on fire and demolished.\nThe Maid, having accomplished her purpose, returned with the nobles\nand knights who had followed her to the town of Orleans, where she was\ngreatly feasted and honoured by all ranks. The ensuing day she again\nmade a sally, with a certain number of combatants, to attack another\nof the english forts, which was as well garrisoned as the former one,\nbut which was in like manner destroyed by fire, and those within put to\nthe sword. On her return to the town after this second exploit, she was\nmore honoured and respected than ever.\nOn the next day, Saturday, she ordered the tower at the end of the\nbridge to be attacked. This was strongly fortified, and had within\nit the flower of the english chivalry and men at arms, who defended\nthemselves for a long time with the utmost courage; but it availed them\nnothing, for by dint of prowess they were overcome, and the greater\npart put to the sword. On this occasion were slain, a valiant english\ncaptain named Classendach, the lord Molins, the bailiff of Evreux, and\nmany more warriors of great and noble estate.\nThe Maid, after this victory, returned to Orleans with the nobles who\nhad accompanied her, and with but little loss of men. Notwithstanding\nthat at these three attacks Joan was, according to common fame,\nsupposed to have been the leader, she had with her all the most expert\nand gallant captains who for the most part had daily served at this\nsiege of Orleans, mention of whom has been before made. Each of these\nthree captains exerted himself manfully at these attacks, so that from\nsix to eight thousand combatants were killed or taken, while the French\ndid not lose more than one hundred men of all ranks.\nThe ensuing Sunday, the english captains, namely, the earl of Suffolk,\nlord Talbot, lord Scales and others, seeing the destruction of their\nforts, and the defeat of their men, resolved, after some deliberation,\nto form the remains of their army into one body, march out of their\ncamp, and wait prepared for any engagement, should the enemy be willing\nto offer them battle, otherwise they would march away in good order\nfor such towns as were under their obedience.\nThis resolution they instantly executed on Sunday morning, when\nthey abandoned their forts, setting fire to several, and drew up in\nbattle-array, expecting the French would come to fight with them; but\nthey had no such intentions, having been exhorted to the contrary by\nJoan the Maid. The English, having waited a considerable time for them,\nin vain, marched away, lest their forces might be further diminished,\nwithout prospect of success.\nThe townsmen of Orleans were greatly rejoiced on seeing themselves, by\ntheir dishonourable retreat, delivered from such false and traitorous\nenemies, who had for so long a time kept them in the utmost danger.\nMany men at arms were dispatched to examine the remaining forts, in\nwhich they found some provision, and great quantities of other things,\nall of which were carried safely to the town, and made good cheer of,\nfor they had cost them nothing. The whole of these castles were soon\nburnt, and razed to the ground, so that no men at arms, from whatever\ncountry they might come, should ever lodge in them again.\nCHAP. LXI.\n THE KING OF FRANCE, AT THE REQUESTS OF THE MAID JOAN AND THE NOBLE\n CAPTAINS IN ORLEANS, SENDS THEM A LARGE REINFORCEMENT OF MEN AT ARMS\n TO PURSUE HIS ENEMIES.\nThe French within Orleans, and the captains who accompanied the\nMaid, with one common accord, sent messengers to the king of France,\nto inform him of their vigorous exploits, and that the English had\nretreated to their own garrisons,--requesting him, at the same time,\nto send them as many men at arms as he could procure, with some of the\ngreat lords, that they might be enabled to pursue his enemies, now\nquite dismayed at their reverse of fortune, and praying that he himself\nwould advance toward the country where they were.\nThis intelligence was very agreeable to the king and his council, and\nthe advice readily, as may be supposed, attended to. He instantly\nsummoned to his presence the constable, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, Charles\nlord d'Albreth, and many other lords of renown, the greater part of\nwhom were sent to the town of Orleans. After some time, the king\nadvanced, with a considerable force, to Gien, where many councils were\nheld with the captains from Orleans and the nobles lately arrived,\nwhether or not they should pursue the English. To these councils the\nfirst person summoned was the Maid, for she was now in high reputation.\nAt length, on the 4th day of May, the siege of Orleans having been\nraised, the French took the field with about five or six thousand\ncombatants, and marched straight for Gergeau, where the earl of Suffolk\nand his brothers were quartered.\nThe earl had sent frequent messages to the regent at Paris, to acquaint\nhim with the misfortunes that had happened at Orleans, and to request\nspeedy succours, or he would be in danger of losing several towns\nand castles which he held in Beauce and on the river Loire. The duke\nof Bedford was much angered and cast down at this intelligence; but\nseeing the necessity of immediately attending to what was most urgent,\nsent in haste for four or five thousand men from all the parts under\nhis dominion, whom he ordered toward the country of Orleans, under\nthe command of sir Thomas Rampstone, the bastard de Thian and others,\npromising very soon to join them with the large reinforcements which he\nwas daily expecting from England.\nCHAP. LXII.\n THE MAID JOAN, WITH THE CONSTABLE OF FRANCE, THE DUKE D'ALEN\u00c7ON, AND\n THEIR MEN, CONQUER THE TOWN OF GERGEAU.--THE BATTLE OF PATAYE, WHEN\n THE FRENCH DEFEAT THE ENGLISH.\nThe constable of France, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, Joan the Maid, and other\ncaptains, having, as I said, taken the field, advanced with their army\nto Gergeau, wherein was the earl of Suffolk, and from three to four\nhundred of his men, who, with the inhabitants, made all diligence\nto put themselves in a posture of defence. The place was very soon\nsurrounded by the enemy, who commenced an instant assault on the walls.\nThis lasted a considerable space, and was very bloody; but the French\npushed on so boldly that the town was stormed in spite of the courage\nof the besieged, and about three hundred of the English slain, among\nwhom was a brother to the earl of Suffolk. The earl and another of his\nbrothers, the lord de la Pole, were made prisoners, with sixty or more\nof their men.\nThus was the town and castle of Gergeau won by the French, who, after\ntheir victory refreshed themselves at their ease. On departing thence,\nthey went to Mehun, which soon surrendered; and the English who were in\nla Fert\u00e9-Imbaut fled in a body to Beaugency, whither they were pursued\nby the French, always having the Maid with her standard in front, and\nthey quartered themselves near to Beaugency. The whole report of the\ncountry now resounded with praises of the Maid, and no other warrior\nwas noticed.\nThe principal english captains in Beaugency, observing that the fame of\nthis Maid had turned their good fortune, that many of their towns and\ncastles were now under the subjection of the enemy, some through force\nof arms, others by composition,--and that their men were panic-struck\nby their misfortunes, were very desirous of retiring into Normandy.\nThey were, however, uncertain how to act, or whether they should soon\nreceive succour; and thus situated, they treated with the French for\nthe delivery of the town, on condition that they might depart in safety\nwith their property.\nOn the conclusion of this treaty, the English marched away through\nBeauce toward Paris; and the French joyfully entered Beaugency, whence\nthey resolved, by the advice of the Maid, to advance to meet a party of\nthe English, who, they heard, were marching to offer them combat. They\nagain took the field and were daily reinforced by new comers.\nThe constable ordered the marshal de Boussac, La Hire, Poton, and some\nother captains, to form the vanguard; and the main body, under the\ncommand of the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the bastard of Orleans, and the marshal\nde Raix, amounting to eight or nine thousand combatants to follow it\nclose.\nThe Maid was asked by some of the princes, what she would advise to\nbe done, or if she had any orders to give. She said, 'that she knew\nfull well their ancient enemies the English were on their march to\nfight with them,--but in God's name, advance boldly against them, and\nassuredly they shall be conquered.' Some present having asked, 'where\nthey should meet them?' she replied, 'Ride boldly forward, and you will\nbe conducted to them.'\nThe army was then drawn up in battle-array, and advanced slowly, for\nthey had dispatched sixty or eighty of their most expert men at arms,\nmounted on the fleetest horses, to reconnoitre the country and gain\nintelligence of the enemy. They thus marched for some time, until they\ncame within half a league of a large village called Pataye. The men at\narms who had been sent to reconnoitre put up a stag, which ran straight\nfor the army of the English, who were assembling their men together,\nnamely those who had come from Paris, as has been mentioned, and those\nwho had marched from Beaugency,--and the English, seeing the stag dash\nthrough them, set up a loud shout, not knowing the enemy was so near:\nbut this shout satisfied the scouts where the English were, and a\nmoment afterward they saw them quite plain.\nThey sent back some of their companions with intelligence of what they\nhad seen, and they desired that the army might advance in order of\nbattle, for the hour of business was at hand. They immediately made\nevery preparation with great courage, and were soon in sight of the\nenemy.\nThe English, observing the French advance, made also their preparations\nwith diligence for the combat. Some of the captains proposed that they\nshould dismount where they then were, and take advantage of the hedge\nrows to prevent being surprised on their rear; but others were of a\ncontrary opinion, and said they should be better off on the plain.\nIn consequence they retreated about half a quarter of a league from\ntheir former position, which was full of hedges and bushes. The French\nwere very eager to come up with them; and the greater part dismounted,\nturning their horses loose.\nThe vanguard of the French were impatient for the attack, having\nlately found the English very slack in their defence, and made so\nsudden and violent a charge that they were unable to form themselves\nin proper order. Sir John Fastolfe and the bastard de Thian had not\ndismounted, and, to save their lives they, with many other knights, set\noff full gallop.\nIn the mean time those who had dismounted were surrounded by the French\nbefore they had time to fortify themselves, as usual, with sharp\npointed stakes in their front; and, without doing any great mischief to\nthe French, they were soon completely defeated.\nAbout eighteen hundred English were left dead on the field, and from\none hundred to six score made prisoners, the principal of whom were\nthe lords Scales, Talbot, Hungerford, sir Thomas Rampstone and several\nmore. Some of the great lords were killed, and the rest were people\nof low degree, of the same sort as those whom they were accustomed to\nbring from their own country to die in France.\nWhen the business was over, which was about two o'clock in the\nafternoon, all the french captains assembled together, and devoutly\nand humbly returned thanks to their Creator for the victory. They were\nvery gay on their good fortune and lodged that night in the village of\nPataye, which is two leagues distant from Anville in Beauce; and this\nbattle will bear the name of that town for ever.\nOn the morrow, the French returned to Orleans, and the adjacent parts,\nwith their prisoners. They were every where received with the utmost\njoy; but the Maid especially seemed to have acquired so great renown,\nit was believed that the king's enemies could not resist her, and that\nby her means he would soon be acknowledged throughout his kingdom. She\naccompanied the other captains to the king, who was much rejoiced at\ntheir success, and gave them a gracious reception.\nSeveral councils were held in the presence of the king; and it was\nresolved to collect as many men at arms as possible from all parts\nunder his dominion to pursue his enemies.\nOn the day of the battle of Pataye before the English knew that their\nenemies were so near, sir John Fastolfe one of the chief captains,\nand who fled without striking a blow, assembled a council when he\nremonstrated on the losses they had suffered before Orleans, at\nGergeau and other places, which had greatly lowered the courage of\ntheir men, and on the contrary, raised that of the French, and which\nmade him now advise that they should retire to some of their strong\ntowns in the neighbourhood, and not think of combating the enemy until\ntheir men were more reconciled to their late defeats, and until the\nreinforcements should be sent them which the regent was expecting from\nEngland.\nThis language was not very agreeable to some of the captains, more\nespecially to lord Talbot, who declared, that if the enemy came, he\nwould fight them.\nSir John Fastolfe was bitterly reproached by the duke of Bedford for\nhaving thus fled from the battle,--and he was deprived of the order\nof the Garter: however, in time, the remonstrances he had made in\ncouncil, previously to the battle, were considered as reasonable; and\nthis, with other circumstances and excuses he made, regained him the\norder of the Garter. Nevertheless, great quarrels arose between him and\nlord Talbot on this business, when the latter was returned from his\ncaptivity.\nPrior to the battle of Pataye, Jacques de Milly, Gilles de St Simon,\nLouis de Marconnay, Jean de la Haye and other valiant men, were made\nknights by the French.\nCHAP. LXIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AT THE REQUEST OF THE DUKE OF BEDFORD, COMES TO\n PARIS, WHEN THEY RENEW THEIR ALLIANCES.\nWhen news of this unfortunate defeat was known to the duke of Bedford\nand the council at Paris, he was very much disturbed,--and several,\non hearing of it, wept in the council. They were also informed, that\nking Charles was assembling his forces to march and conquer all the\ncountry before him. In consequence of this, the duke of Bedford and the\nParisians appointed a solemn embassy to duke Philip of Burgundy, to\nmake him acquainted with the strange events that had happened, and to\nrequest that he would hasten to Paris, to advise with the regent and\nhis ministers how to act in these extraordinary circumstances.\nThe ambassadors on this occasion, where the bishop of Noyon, two\ncelebrated doctors in theology from the university, and some of the\nprincipal burghers of Paris. They found the duke at H\u00eadin, related to\nhim the cause of their coming and earnestly required of him, on the\npart of his brother-in-law the regent and the Parisians, that he would\nbe pleased to come to Paris with all diligence, to concert measures\nwith them for the more effectually opposing their adversaries.\nThe duke complied with their request, and promised to be at Paris\nwithin a few days. He instantly assembled from seven to eight hundred\ncombatants from his territories in Artois, by whom he was escorted to\nParis. His arrival gave great joy to all ranks, and for many days he\nand the regent held constant councils on the present state of affairs,\nat the end of which they entered into the following mutual engagement,\nnamely, that each would exert his whole powers to resist their\nadversary, Charles de Valois, and then solemnly renewed the alliances\nthat existed between them.\nWhen these things were done, the duke of Burgundy returned to Artois,\nand carried his sister the duchess of Bedford with him, whom he\nestablished with her household at Lens in Artois. The duke of Bedford\ndispatched messengers to England, with orders to send him, without\ndelay, as large a body of the most expert men at arms as could be\nraised. In like manner he called to him the different garrisons in\nNormandy, and from other parts under his government, with all nobles\nand others accustomed to bear arms.\nSome little time before, about four thousand combatants had been\nsent from England to the regent, under the command of the cardinal of\nWinchester, who crossed the sea with them to Calais, and thence marched\nto Amiens. The cardinal went from Amiens to Corbie, to meet the duke\nof Burgundy and his sister-in-law the duchess of Bedford, who were on\ntheir return from Paris.\nAfter they had conferred together some time, the cardinal went back to\nAmiens, and conducted his men to the regent, who was much rejoiced at\ntheir arrival. In these days, John, bastard of St Pol, was sent to the\nduke of Bedford with a certain number of men from Picardy, by orders of\nthe duke of Burgundy. The regent appointed him governor of the town and\ncastle of Meaux in Brie, and gave him the sovereign command of all the\nadjacent country, to defend it against the power of king Charles, who\nwas daily expected in these parts.\nCHAP. LXIV.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE TAKES THE FIELD WITH A NUMEROUS BODY OF\n CHIVALRY AND MEN AT ARMS.--MANY TOWNS AND CASTLES SUBMIT TO HIM ON HIS\n MARCH.\nWhile these things were passing, Charles king of France assembled at\nBourges in Berry a very great force of men at arms and archers, among\nwhom were the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, Charles de Bourbon count of Clermont,\nArthur count of Richemont constable of France, Charles of Anjou,\nbrother-in-law to the king, and son to R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily, the bastard\nof Orleans, the cadet of Armagnac, Charles lord d'Albreth, and many\nother nobles and powerful barons from the countries of Acquitaine,\nGascony, Poitou, Berry and different parts, whom he marched to Gien on\nthe Loire. He was alway accompanied by the Maid and a preaching friar\nof the order of St Augustin, called Richard, who had lately been driven\nout of Paris, and from other places under subjection to the English,\nfor having in his sermons shown himself too favourable to the french\nparty.\nFrom Gien the king marched toward Auxerre; but the constable went with\na large detachment to Normandy and Evreux, to prevent the garrisons in\nthat country joining the duke of Bedford. On the other hand, the cadet\nd'Armagnac was dispatched into the Bourdelois to guard Acquitaine and\nthose parts.\nThe king on his march reduced two towns to his obedience, Gergeau and\nSt Florentin, the inhabitants of which promised henceforward to be\nfaithful to him, and to conduct themselves as loyal subjects should do\nto their lord: and they obtained the king's promise that he would rule\nthem justly, and according to their ancient customs.\nHe thence marched to Auxerre, and sent to summon the inhabitants to\nsurrender to their natural and legal lord. At first, the townsmen were\nnot inclined to listen to any terms, but commissioners being appointed\non each side, a treaty was concluded, in which they engaged to render\nsimilar obedience to what the towns of Troyes, Ch\u00e2lons and Rheims,\nshould assent to. They supplied the king's army with provision for\nmoney, and remained peaceable, for the king held them excused this time.\nThe king marched next to Troyes, and encamped his men around it. He was\nthree days there before the inhabitants would admit him as their lord:\nhowever, in consideration of certain promises made them, they opened\nthe gates and permitted him and his army to enter their town, where he\nheard mass. When the usual oaths had been received and given on each\nside, the king returned to his camp, and caused it to be proclaimed\nseveral times throughout the camp and town, that no one, under pain of\ndeath should molest the inhabitants of Troyes, or those of the other\ntowns which had submitted to his obedience.\nOn this expedition, the two marshals, namely, Boussac and the lord de\nRaix, commanded the van division, and with them were la Hire, Poton de\nSaintrailles and other captains. Very many great towns and castles\nsubmitted to king Charles on his march, the particulars of which I\nshall pass over for the sake of brevity.\nCHAP. LXV.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE WITH A NOBLE CHIVALRY AND A NUMEROUS BODY OF\n MEN AT ARMS, ARRIVES AT RHEIMS, WHERE HE IS CROWNED BY THE ARCHBISHOP\n OF RHEIMS.\nDuring the time king Charles remained at Troyes in Champagne, deputies\narrived from Ch\u00e2lons, who brought him the keys of their town, with\npromises of perfect obedience to his will. The king, upon this, went\nto Ch\u00e2lons, where he was kindly, and with great humility received. In\nlike manner, the keys of the city of Rheims were presented to him, with\npromises to admit him as their king, and to pay him due obedience.\nThe lord de Saveuses had been lately made governor of Rheims, having a\ncertain number of men at arms under him, to keep the town steady to the\ndukes of Bedford and Burgundy. On the arrival of the lord de Saveuses,\nthe townsmen promised him that they would obey king Henry and the duke\nof Burgundy until death. Nevertheless, from fear of the Maid, of whose\nprowess they were told wonders, they resolved to surrender themselves\nto king Charles, although the lord de Chastillon and the lord de\nSaveuses wanted to persuade them to the contrary. These lords, noticing\ntheir obstinacy, quitted the town of Rheims; for in answer to their\nentreaties not to change sides, they had used very rough and strange\nexpressions. The two lords then went to Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry.\nThe men of Rheims carried their resolution of submitting to king\nCharles into effect, as you have heard, through the instigation of the\narchbishop, who was chancellor to king Charles, and some others.\nThe king made his public entry into Rheims on Friday the 6th day of\nJuly, attended by a noble chivalry; and on the following Sunday, he was\ncrowned by the archbishop in the cathedral of Rheims, in presence of\nall his princes, barons and knights, then with him. In the number were,\nthe duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the count de Clermont, the lord de la Trimouille,\nhis principal minister, the lord de Beaumanoir, a Breton, the lord de\nMailly, in Touraine, who were dressed in coronation-robes, to represent\nthe noble peers of France absent at this ceremony. They had been,\nhowever, called over at the great altar by France king at arms, in the\nusual manner.\nWhen the coronation was over, the king went to the archiepiscopal\npalace to dinner, attended by his princes and nobles. The archbishop\nwas seated at the king's table, and the king was served by the duke\nd'Alen\u00e7on, the count de Clermont, and other great lords. The king, on\nhis coronation, created, while in the church, three knights, of whom\nthe youth of Commercis was one. On his leaving Rheims, he appointed\nsir Anthony de Hollande, nephew to the archbishop, governor; and on\nthe morrow of his departure, he went on a pilgrimage to Corbeni, to\npay adoration to St Marcou. Thither came deputies from Laon, to submit\nthemselves to his obedience in the manner other towns had done.\nFrom Corbeni, the king went to Provins and Soissons, which places,\nwithout hesitation, opened their gates to him. He made La Hire bailiff\nof the Vermandois, in the room of sir Colart de Mailly, who had been\nappointed to that office by king Henry.\nThe king and his army next came before Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry, in which were\nthe lord de Ch\u00e2tillon, John de Croy, John de Brimeu and other great\nlords of the burgundian party, with about four hundred combatants.\nThese gentlemen, perceiving the townsmen inclined to submit to the\nking, and not expecting any speedy succour, and being withal poorly\nprovided for defence, yielded up the town and castle to king Charles,\nand marched away with their effects and baggage undisturbed. They went\nto the duke of Bedford at Paris, who was then collecting a sufficient\nbody of men at arms to combat the French.\nCHAP. LXVI.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY TO COMBAT KING CHARLES.--HE\n SENDS A LETTER TO THE KING.\nAt this period, the regent duke of Bedford, having collected about ten\nthousand combatants from England, Normandy and other parts, marched\nthem from Rouen toward Paris, with the intent to meet king Charles\nand offer him battle. He advanced, through the country of Brie, to\nMontereau-faut-Yonne, whence he sent ambassadors to the said king, with\na sealed letter of the following tenour.\n'We John of Lancaster, regent of France, and duke of Bedford, make\nknown to you Charles de Valois, who were wont to style yourself\nDauphin of Vienne, but at present without cause call yourself king,\nfor wrongfully do you make attempts against the crown and dominion\nof the very high, most excellent and renowned prince Henry, by the\ngrace of God, true and natural lord of the kingdoms of France and\nEngland,--deceiving the simple people by your telling them you come to\ngive peace and security, which is not the fact, nor can it be done by\nthe means you have pursued, and are now following to seduce and abuse\nignorant people, with the aid of superstitious and damnable persons,\nsuch as a woman of a disorderly and infamous life, and dissolute\nmanners, dressed in the clothes of a man, together with an apostate and\nseditious mendicant friar, as we have been informed, both of whom are,\naccording to holy scripture, abominable in the sight of God.\n'You have also gained possession, by force of arms, of the country of\nChampagne, and of several towns and castles appertaining to my said\nlord the king, the inhabitants of which you have induced to perjure\nthemselves by breaking the peace which had been most solemnly sworn\nto by the then king's of France and England, the great barons, peers,\nprelates and three estates of the realm.\n'We, to defend and guard the right of our said lord the king, and to\nrepulse you from his territories, by the aid of the All-Powerful, have\ntaken the field in person, and with the means God has given us, as you\nmay have heard, shall pursue you from place to place in the hope of\nmeeting you, which we have never yet done.\n'As we most earnestly and heartily desire a final end to the war, we\nsummon and require of you, if you be a prince desirous of gaining\nhonour, to take compassion on the poor people, who have, on your\naccount, been so long and so grievously harrassed, that an end may be\nput to their afflictions, by terminating this war. Choose, therefore,\nin this country of Brie, where we both are, and not very distant from\neach other, any competent place for us to meet, and having fixed on a\nday, appear there with the abandoned woman, the apostate monk, and all\nyour perjured allies, and such force as you may please to bring, when\nwe will, with God's pleasure, personally meet you in the name and as\nthe representative of my lord the king.\n'Should it then please you to make any proposals respecting peace, we\nwill do every thing that may be expected from a catholic prince, for\nwe are always inclined to conclude a solid peace, not such a false\nand treacherous one as that of Montereau-faut-Yonne, when, through\nyour connivance, that most horrid and disgraceful murder was committed\ncontrary to every law of chivalry and honour, on the person of our late\nvery dear and well-beloved father duke John of Burgundy, whose soul may\nGod receive!\n'By means of this peace so wickedly violated by you, upwards of one\nhundred nobles have deserted your realm, as may be clearly shewn by the\nletters patent under your hand and seal, by which you have absolutely\nand unreservedly acquitted them of every oath of loyalty, fealty and\nsubjection.\n'However, if from the iniquity and malice of mankind peace cannot be\nobtained, we may each of us then with our swords defend the cause of\nour quarrel before God, as our judge, and to whom and none other will\nmy said lord refer it. We therefore most humbly supplicate the Almighty\nas knowing the right of my lord in this matter, that he would dispose\nthe hearts of this people so that they may remain in peace without\nfurther oppressions; and such ought to be the object of all Christian\nkings and princes in regard to their subjects.\n'We, therefore, without using more arguments or longer delay, make\nknown our proposals to you, which should you refuse, and should\nfurther murders and mischiefs be, through your fault, committed by a\ncontinuation of the war, we call God to witness, and protest before him\nand the world, that we are no way the cause, and that we have done and\ndo our duty. We therefore profess our willingness to consent to a solid\nand reasonable peace, and, should that be rejected, then to resort to\nopen combat becoming princes, when no other means can accommodate their\ndifferences. In testimony whereof, we have had these presents sealed\nwith our seal.\n'Given at Montereau-faut-Yonne the 7th day of August, in the year of\nGrace 1429.' Signed by my lord the regent of France and duke of Bedford.\nCHAP. LXVII.\n THE ARMIES OF CHARLES KING OF FRANCE AND OF THE REGENT DUKE OF BEDFORD\n MEET NEAR TO MONT EPILOY.\nThe duke of Bedford, finding that he could not meet the army of king\nCharles to his advantage, and that many towns were surrendering to the\nking without making any resistance, withdrew his forces toward the isle\nof France, to prevent the principal towns in that district following\ntheir examples.\nKing Charles, in the mean while, advanced to Crespy, where he had been\nreceived as king, and, passing through Brie, was making for Senlis,\nwhen the two armies of the king and the duke came within sight of each\nother at Mont Epiloy near to the town of Baron.\nBoth were diligent in seizing the most advantageous positions for the\ncombat. The duke of Bedford chose a strong post, well strengthened,\non the rear and wings, with thick hedge-rows. In the front, he drew\nup his archers in good array on foot, having each a sharp-pointed\nstake planted before them. The regent himself was with his lords in\none battalion close to the archers, where, among the banners of the\ndifferent lords, were displayed two having the arms of France and of\nEngland: the banner of St George was likewise there, and borne that day\nby Jean de Villiers, knight, lord of Isle Adam.\nThe regent had with him from six to eight hundred combatants from\nthe duke of Burgundy, the chief leaders of whom were the lord de\nl'Isle-Adam, Jean de Croy, Jean de Crequi, Anthony de Bethune, Jean\nde Fosseux, the lord de Saveuses, sir Hugh de Launoy, Jean de Brimeu,\nJean de Launoy, sir Simon de Lalain, Jean bastard de St Pol, and other\nwarriors, some of whom were then knighted. The bastard de St Pol\nreceived that honour from the hand of the duke of Bedford, and Jean de\nCrequi, Jean de Croy, Anthony de Bethune, Jean de Fosseux, le Liegeois\nde Humieres, by the hands of other knights.\nWhen these matters were ordered, the English were drawn up together\non the left wing, and the Picards, with those of the French in king\nHenry's interest, opposite to them. They thus remained in battle-array\nfor a considerable time, and were so advantageously posted that the\nenemy could not attack them without very great risk to themselves; add\nto which, they were plentifully supplied with provision from the good\ntown of Senlis, near to which they were.\nKing Charles had drawn up his men with his most expert captains in\nthe van division, the others remained with him in the main battalion,\nexcepting a few posted, by way of rear-guard, toward Paris. The king\nhad a force of men at arms with him much superior in numbers to\nthe English. The Maid was also there, but perpetually changing her\nresolutions: sometimes she was eager for the combat, at other times\nnot. The two parties, however, remained in this state, ever prepared\nto engage, for the space of two days and two nights, during which\nwere many skirmishes and attacks. To detail them all would take too\nmuch time; but there was one very long and bloody, that took place on\nthe wing where the Picards were posted, and which lasted for an hour\nand a half. The royal army fought with the utmost courage, and their\narchers did much mischief with their arrows, insomuch that many persons\nthought, seeing the numbers engaged, that it would not cease until one\nor other of the parties were vanquished. They, however, separated, but\nnot without many killed and wounded on each side.\nThe duke of Bedford was very well pleased with the Picards for the\ngallantry and courage they had displayed; and when they had retreated,\nhe rode down their ranks, addressing them kindly, and saying, 'My\nfriends, you are excellent people, and have valiantly sustained for us\na severe shock, for which we humbly thank you; and we entreat, that\nshould any more attacks be made on your post, you will persevere in the\nsame valour and courage.'\nBoth parties were violently enraged against each other, so that no man,\nwhatever his rank, was that day ransomed, but every one put to death\nwithout mercy. I was told, that about three hundred men were killed in\nthese different skirmishes; but I know not which side lost the most. At\nthe end of two days, the armies separated without coming to a general\nengagement.\nCHAP. LXVIII.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE SENDS AMBASSADORS TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AT\n ARRAS.\nAbout this time, ambassadors were sent to the duke of Burgundy, at\nArras, by king Charles of France, to treat of a peace between them.\nThe principal persons of this embassy were, the archbishop of Rheims,\nChristopher de Harcourt, the lords de Dammartin, de Gaucourt and de\nFontaines, knights, with some counsellors of state. Having demanded an\naudience, some few days after their arrival, they remonstrated through\nthe mouth of the archbishop with the duke of Burgundy, most discreetly\nand wisely on the cause of their coming, and, among other topics,\nenlarged on the perfect affection the king bore him, and on his earnest\ndesire to be at peace with him,--for which purpose, he was willing to\nmake condescensions and reparations even more than were becoming royal\nmajesty.\nThey excused him of the murder committed on the person of the late duke\nof Burgundy, on the score of his youth, alledging that he was then\ngoverned by persons regardless of the welfare of the kingdom, but whose\nmeasures at that time he dared not oppose.\nThese and other remonstrances from the archbishop were kindly listened\nto by the duke and his council; and when he had finished speaking, one\nof the duke's ministers replied, 'My lord and his council have heard\nwith attention what you have said: he will consider on it, and you\nshall have his answer within a few days.'\nThe archbishop and his companions now returned to their h\u00f4tel, much\nrespected by all ranks, for the majority of the states were very\ndesirous of a peace between the king and the duke of Burgundy. Even\nthose of the middle ranks, although there was neither truce nor peace,\ncame to the chancellor of France at Arras, to solicit letters of grace\nand remission, as if the king had been in the full possession of his\npower,--which grants, however, they obtained from the archbishop as\nchancellor.\nThe duke of Burgundy held many consultations with those of his privy\ncouncil, which much hastened the conclusion of this business.\nCHAP. LXIX.\n THE LORD DE LONGUEVAL CONQUERS THE CASTLE OF AUMALE FROM THE ENGLISH.\nThe lord de Longueval, having been deprived of his estates, had turned\nto king Charles, and, by the means of a priest resident in Aumale,\nhad gained the castle of the town, the chief place of that country,\nand held by the English. Four or five Englishmen were found within\nit, who were put to death; but the inhabitants were spared, on their\nmaking oath to behave in future like good Frenchmen, and paying a heavy\nransom for the deliverance. This castle was shortly after repaired,\nrevictualled, and reinforced with men at arms, who carried on a\ncontinual warfare against the English and their allies in these parts.\nThe duke of Bedford was much vexed at this; but he could not, by reason\nof more important matters, at the time go thither, nor provide any\nremedy.\nAt this time also, the castle of Estrepagny was taken by storm from\nthe lord de Rambures and his men; but on the other hand, the fortress\nof Ch\u00e2teau-Gaillard was reduced to the obedience of king Charles, which\nis excellently situated and is very strong. In this castle had been\nconfined for a long time that valiant knight the lord de Barbasan, who\nhad been made prisoner, as has been said, by king Henry's army at Melun.\nBy means of this lord de Barbasan was Ch\u00e2teau-Gaillard won, and himself\nfreed from prison. He gave the command of it to some of his people, and\nsoon after joined king Charles, by whom he was most joyfully received\nand honoured.\nThe castle of Torcy was also put into the hands of the French by\nsome of the country people, who had connexions with the English, and\nwho betrayed it to the enemy. Thus in a short time were four of the\nstrongest castles of the enemy recovered; and in consequence of their\ncapture, those parts were very much harassed; both by the French and\nEnglish.\nCHAP. LXX.\n THE TOWN OF COMPI\u00c8GNE SURRENDERS TO THE FRENCH.--THE RETURN OF THE\n FRENCH EMBASSY WHICH HAD BEEN SENT TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nWhen king Charles was marching from near Senlis, where he and the duke\nof Bedford had been within sight of each other, he was detained at\nCrespy in Valois, and there he received intelligence that the town of\nCompi\u00e8gne was willing to submit to his obedience. He lost no time in\ngoing thither, and was received by the inhabitants with great joy, and\nlodged in the royal palace. His chancellor and the other ambassadors to\nthe duke of Burgundy, there met him, and informed him, that although\nthey had held many conferences with the ministers of the duke of\nBurgundy, nothing had been finally concluded, except that the duke had\nagreed to send ambassadors to king Charles to confer further on the\nsubject.\nThey had learnt that the majority of the duke's council were very\ndesirous that peace should be established between the king and him, but\nthat master John de Tourcy, bishop of Tournay and sir Hugh de Launoy\nhad been charged by the duke of Bedford to remind the duke of Burgundy\nof his oaths to king Henry, and were against a peace with the king\nof France. This had delayed the matter,--and further time had been\nrequired by the duke to send his ambassadors. He had however, nominated\nsir John de Luxembourg, the bishop of Arras, sir David de Brimeu, with\nother discreet and noble persons for the purpose.\nAbout this time, sir Lyonnel de Bournouville, who had lost his town and\ncastle of Creil, requested some men at arms from the duke of Bedford to\nreconquer one of his castles called Breteictre, which the French had\nwon. His request was granted, and he took the fort by storm, putting to\ndeath all within it,--but he was so severely wounded himself that he\ndied soon after.\nCHAP. LXXI.\n THE KING OF FRANCE MAKES AN ATTACK ON THE CITY OF PARIS.\nDuring king Charles's stay at Compi\u00e8gne, news was brought him that the\nregent-duke of Bedford had marched with his whole army to Normandy,\nto combat the constable near to Evreux, where he was despoiling the\ncountry. The king did not leave Compi\u00e8gne for ten or twelve days, when\nhe marched for Senlis appointing sir William de Flavy the governor.\nSenlis surrendered on capitulation to the king, who fixed his quarters\nin the town, and distributed his army in the country about it.\nMany towns and villages now submitted to the king's obedience, namely,\nCreil, Beauvais, Choisy, le Pont de St Maixence, Gournay sur l'Aronde,\nRemy la Neuville en Hez, Moignay, Chantilly, Saintry and others.\nThe lords de Montmorency and de Moy took the oaths of allegiance to\nhim; and in truth, had he marched his army to St Quentin, Corbie,\nAmiens, Abbeville, and to other strong towns and castles the majority\nof the inhabitants were ready to acknowledge him for their lord, and\ndesired nothing more earnestly than to do him homage, and open their\ngates.\nHe was, however, advised not to advance so far on the territories of\nthe duke of Burgundy, as well from there being a considerable force\nof men at arms as because he was in the expectation that an amicable\ntreaty would be concluded between them.\nAfter king Charles had halted some days in Senlis, he dislodged and\nmarched to St Denis, which he found almost abandoned, for the richer\ninhabitants had gone to Paris. He quartered his men at Aubervilliers,\nMontmartre, and in the villages round Paris. The Maid Joan was with\nhim, and in high reputation, and daily pressed the king and princes to\nmake an attack on Paris.\nIt was at length determined that on Monday, the 12th day of the month,\nthe city should be stormed, and, in consequence, every preparation was\nmade for it.\nOn that day, the king drew up his army in battle-array between\nMontmartre and Paris: his princes, lords and the Maid were with him:\nthe van division was very strong; and thus, with displayed banner, he\nmarched to the gate of St Honor\u00e9, carrying thither scaling ladders,\nfascines, and all things necessary for the assault.\nHe ordered his infantry to descend into the ditches: and the attack\ncommenced at ten o'clock, which was very severe and murderous, and\nlasted four or five hours. The Parisians had with them Louis de\nLuxembourg, the bishop of Therouenne king Henry's chancellor and\nother notable knights, whom the duke of Burgundy had sent thither,\nsuch as the lord de Crequi, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, sir Simon de\nLalain, Valeran de Bournouville, and other able men, with four hundred\ncombatants. They made a vigorous defence, having posted a sufficient\nforce at the weakest parts before the attack began. Many of the French\nwere driven back into the ditches, and numbers were killed and wounded\nby the cannon and culverines from the ramparts. Among the last was the\nMaid, who was very dangerously hurt; she remained the whole of the day\nbehind a small hillock until vespers, when Guichard de Thiembronne came\nto seek her.\nA great many of the besieged suffered also. At length the french\ncaptains, seeing the danger of their men, and that it was impossible\nto gain the town by force against so obstinate a defence, and that the\ninhabitants seemed determined to continue it, without any disagreement\namong themselves, sounded the retreat. They carried off the dead and\nwounded, and returned to their former quarters. On the morrow, king\nCharles, very melancholy at the loss of his men, went to Senlis, to\nhave the wounded attended to and cured.\nThe Parisians were more unanimous than ever, and mutually promised each\nother to oppose, until death, king Charles, who wanted to destroy them\nall. Perhaps, knowing how much they had misbehaved by forcing him to\nquit Paris, and by putting to death some of his most faithful servants\nthey were afraid of meeting with their deserts.\nCHAP. LXXII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS AMBASSADORS TO AMIENS, TO KEEP UP HIS\n INTEREST WITH THE INHABITANTS.\nIn these days, the duke sent, as ambassadors, to Amiens, the bishops of\nNoyon, of Arras, the vidame of Amiens and others to remind the mayor\nand townsmen of the good affection which he and his predecessors had\never shewn them; and to say, that if there was any thing he or his\nfriends could do for them, they were at their commands; requesting\nthem, in return, to persevere in their attachment to his interests,\nlike good friends and neighbours.\nThe townsmen of Amiens, seeing themselves thus honoured and courted by\nsuch ambassadors from so mighty a prince were in the highest spirits,\nand said among themselves, that it would be well to put their town\nunder his protection, on his abolishing all taxes. They replied to the\nambassadors, that they would shortly send commissioners, to the duke to\ndeclare their intentions. They did send commissioners, in conjunction\nwith deputies from Abbeville, Montrieul, St Riquier, Dourlens and\nothers, who were instructed to demand an abolition of taxes. This\nwas not granted by the duke; but he promised them his support and\nassistance to obtain their demand from king Henry.\nAt this time, the duke of Burgundy summoned, from Picardy and the\nadjacent parts, all those who had been accustomed to bear arms, to be\nready prepared to join and march with him where he might please to\nlead them. They were soon assembled in great bodies, and passed muster\nat Beauqu\u00eane, where they took the oaths before sir James de Brimeu,\nconstituted marshal for this purpose. They advanced toward Abbeville\nand St Riquier, where they remained a considerable time waiting for\nthe duke of Burgundy, which was a heavy oppression to those parts.\nCHAP. LXXIII.\n CHARLES KING OF FRANCE RETURNS TO TOURAINE AND BERRY.\nKing Charles, finding the city of Paris unwilling to submit to his\nobedience, resolved with those of his council to appoint governors to\nall the towns and castles which had surrendered to him, and to return\nhimself to Touraine and Berry. Having determined on this, he made\nCharles de Bourbon count of Clermont governor in chief of the Isle\nde France and of Beauvoisis: his chancellor had the command in the\ntown of Beauvais, the count de Vend\u00f4me at Senlis, William de Flavy at\nCompi\u00e8gne, sir James de Chabannes at Creil.\nThe king attended by the other great lords who had come with him, went\nfrom Senlis to Crespy, and thence, by Sens and Burgundy, to Touraine;\nfor the truce between the Burgundians and French did not expire until\nEaster. The passage of the Pont de St Maixence, of which the French\nnow had possession, was again intrusted to the hands of Regnault de\nLongueval,--so that all that part of France was at this time sorely\ndistressed by the french and english garrisons making daily inroads on\neach other; in consequence of which, the villages were deserted, by the\ninhabitants retiring to the strong towns.\nCHAP. LXXIV.\n DUKE PHILIP OF BURGUNDY CONDUCTS HIS SISTER BACK TO PARIS, IN GREAT\n POMP TO HER LORD THE DUKE OF BEDFORD.\nOn the 20th of September in this year, the duke of Burgundy left H\u00eadin,\nwith his sister the duchess of Bedford, grandly accompanied, and lay\nthat night at Dourlens. They proceeded the next day to Corbie, where\nthey remained some days to wait the arrival of men at arms who were\ncoming to them from all quarters.\nFrom Corbie they went to Mondidier, and thence to Chastenay, quartering\nthe men at arms, who amounted to from three to four thousand, in the\ncountry round. They crossed the river Oise at Pont St Maixence, and,\npassing by Senlis, were lodged at Louvres-en-Parisis.\nThe duke marched his men in handsome order, sir John de Luxembourg\ncommanding the van, and the duke the main body. Near to him was his\nsister, mounted on a good trotting horse, attended by eight or ten\nladies on hackneys. The lord de Saveuses and other knights, with a\ncertain number of men at arms, followed by way of rear-guard.\nThe duke was much looked at by the French, who had come out of Senlis\nin great numbers on foot and on horseback, armed or not as they pleased\non account of the existing truce. He was completely armed except the\nhead, and mounted on a beautiful horse, and handsomely dressed and\nequipped, followed by seven or eight pages on excellent coursers.\nThe archbishop of Rheims, chancellor of France came first to meet and\ndo him reverence in the plains without Senlis, and shortly after came\nthe count de Clermont, with about sixty knights. When they had drawn\nnear to the duke they both pulled off their hoods, bowed their heads,\nand addressed each other in obliging terms, but did not embrace through\nlove and joy, as those nearly allied by blood are accustomed to do.\nAfter these first salutations, the count de Clermont went to embrace\nhis sister-in-law the duchess of Bedford, who was on the right hand\nof his brother-in-law the duke of Burgundy,--and having made a short\nacquaintance with her he returned to the duke; but observing that he\ndid not seem willing to enter into any conversation, or have much to\nsay to him, they took leave of each other and separated on the spot\nwhere they had met. Charles de Bourbon and the chancellor went back\nto Senlis, and the duke pursued his march to Louvres, where as I have\nsaid, he intended to pass the night.\nOn the morrow, he directed his march toward Paris, whither the duke of\nBedford was returned from Normandy. On their meeting, joyous was the\nreception on both sides, and great and numerous were the embracings.\nThe men at arms of the duke of Burgundy were drawn up in array near to\nParis, where they waited a considerable time before the harbingers had\nsettled their quarters within the town. This done the princes and the\nduchess made their public entry with their men at arms. The Parisians\nwere highly delighted at the arrival of the duke of Burgundy, and sung\ncarols in all the streets through which he passed. They conducted the\nregent and his duchess to the palace of the Tournelles, and then the\nduke to his h\u00f4tel of Artois.\nGreat councils were held on the following day respecting the present\nstate of public affairs; and, among other things the duke of Burgundy\nwas required by the Parisians to be pleased to take on him the command\nof Paris, whose inhabitants had so strong an affection for him, and\nwere ready and willing to support his and his late father's quarrels.\nThey added, that it was absolutely necessary that he should comply with\ntheir wishes, considering the very many weighty matters the regent had\non his hands in Normandy and elsewhere.\nThe duke of Burgundy granted their request until the ensuing Easter,\nbut it was very much against his inclinations. The two dukes then\ndetermined to bring forward all their forces about Easter, in the\nspring of the year, to reconquer those towns in the Isle of France\nand on the Oise which had turned against them. Having arranged these\nmatters, the duke of Bedford, with his duchess and the English,\ndeparted from Paris.\nThe duke of Burgundy appointed the lord de l'Isle-Adam governor of\nParis, with a small number of men at arms at St Denis, the Bois de\nVincennes, at the bridge of Charenton, and at other necessary posts.\nHaving settled this business, and tarried in Paris the space of three\nweeks, he took leave of the queen of France, mother to king Charles,\nand returned, by the same route by which he had come, to Artois, and\nthence to Flanders. With him departed several of the burghers of Paris\nand some merchants.\nCHAP. LXXV.\n THE FRENCH AND BURGUNDIANS ATTACK EACH OTHER, NOTWITHSTANDING THE\n TRUCE.\nAlthough a truce had been concluded between king Charles and the duke\nof Burgundy, it was very little respected on either side, for they\nfrequently attacked each other. To cover their proceedings, some of the\nBurgundians joined the English, with whom no truce had been made, and\nthus carried on open war against the French.\nThe French acted in the same way, by making war on the Burgundians,\nunder pretence of mistaking them for English, so that the truce\nafforded no manner of security. Among others, a gallant act was done\nby a valiant man at arms from England, called Foulkes, with whom some\nof the Burgundians had united themselves; and they were quartered in a\nhandsome castle at Neuville le Roi, which they had repaired.\nThey formed a plan to surprise the town of Creil and plunder it, and\nplaced an ambuscade near that place, that if the enemy should pursue\nthem, they might fall into it. What they had supposed did happen; for\nsir James de Chambannes, the governor, hearing a disturbance, instantly\narmed, and, mounting his horse, galloped into the plain, to attack the\nEnglish. At the first onset, Georges de Croix was made prisoner, and\nseveral unhorsed.\nA grand skirmish ensued; but, in the end, by the valour and\nperseverance of the said Foulkes, sir James and two other knights were\nmade prisoners, together with some of their ablest men. In this action,\nhowever, Foulkes was struck on the uncovered part of his neck with the\nsharp point of a spear, so that he instantly died, though the wound was\nvery small.\nAll those of his party who knew him greatly lamented his death, and\nwere sorry at heart, for they looked on him as one of the most valiant\nand expert men at arms in England.\nThe remaining English now collected together, under their leaders,\nBohart de Boyentin and Robinet Eguetin, and returned with the prisoners\nto their castle. Within a few days they concluded a treaty with sir\nJames de Chabannes, giving him his liberty on his paying a certain sum\nof money, and delivering up Georges de Croix.\nThe duke of Bedford perceiving that Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, from its\nsituation and strength, greatly annoyed the adjacent countries in\nNormandy, resolved to have it besieged before the enemy could revictual\nit, or reinforce it. The siege lasted from six to seven months, and it\nwas then surrendered from want of provisions,--and the garrison were\nallowed to march away with their baggage and effects.\nCHAP. LXXVI.\n THE LORD DE SAVEUSES AND THE BASTARD DE ST POL ARE MADE PRISONERS BY\n THE FRENCH, NEAR TO PARIS.--A PARTY OF FRENCH GAIN THE TOWN OF ST\n DENIS BY SCALADO.\nAbout this time, the duke of Burgundy sent the lord de Saveuses and\nJohn de Brimeu, with five hundred combatants, to assist the Parisians\nagainst the French, who were daily making excursions on all sides of\nthe town, to the great loss of the inhabitants.\nThey quartered themselves in St Denis, and gained several advantages\nover the enemy in their many skirmishes; but one day, the French,\nhaving formed a junction with some of the garrisons on the side of\nMontlehery, advanced to Paris, leaving a detachment in ambuscade at a\nsmall village. At that time the lord de Saveuses and the bastard de\nSt Pol were in Paris, and, hearing the disturbance, hastily mounted\ntheir horses, and set out instantly in pursuit of the enemy with few\nattendants, and without waiting for their men at arms. The French, in\ntheir flight, made for the ambuscade, where these two knights, finding\nresistance vain, were taken prisoners by them, and carried away, with a\nfew of their attendants, to one of their castles.\nThe bastard de St Pol was badly wounded in the neck by a lance before\nhe was taken, and was some time in danger of his life. The two knights,\nhowever, on paying a heavy ransom, soon returned to Paris, to the great\njoy of the inhabitants.\nOn the other hand, the French, under the command of Allain Geron,\nGaucher de Bruissart, and other captains, advanced, at the break of\nday, to St Denis; in which town, John de Brimeu was lately arrived with\nsome men at arms, whom he had brought from Artois, and he had also\nsome of the men of the lord de Saveuses. A party of the French gained\nadmittance by means of ladders, and, opening one of the gates, their\nwhole body rushed in, shouting, 'Town won!' and, battering down the\ndoors and windows of all the houses wherein they thought there were any\nBurgundians, who, on hearing the noise, were much alarmed.\nSome retreated to the strong parts of the town, and John de Brimeu\nwith many to the abbey; the bastard de Saveuses to the gate leading to\nParis, and others saved themselves under different gates; while great\npart, sallying out of their quarters to join their captains, were made\nprisoners or slain. Among the prisoners were Anthony de Wistre, Thierry\nde Manlingehem, and from twelve to sixteen others, mostly gentlemen.\nThevenin de Thenequestes, Jean de Hautecloque, and a few more were\nkilled.\nWhile the affray was going on, John de Brimeu and his companions\nrecovered their courage, and began to assemble in different parts\nwhere they heard their war-cries; and having introduced a valiant man\nat arms, called Guillaume de Beauval, he collected a body of men and\nattacked the enemy, who were more intent on pillaging than on keeping\ngood order, and drove them out of the town, with the loss of eight or\nten of their men.\nThe lord de Saveuses, then in Paris hearing of this attack, assembled\nin haste as many men as he could, and galloped off to succour his\nfriends at St Denis; but before his arrival, the French were gone, and\nhad retreated toward Senlis, and others of their garrisons, carrying\nwith them many horses from those in St Denis.\nAt this same time, the English besieged the lord de Rambays\nin his castle of Estrepaigny, the inheritance of the count de\nTancarville,--and remained so long battering it with their engines that\nthe lord de Rambays, hopeless of succour, treated with the English for\nits surrender, on condition that he and his men should depart in safety\nwith their baggage.\nCHAP. LXXVII.\n THE ENGLISH MAKE MANY CONQUESTS.\nIn this year the duke of Bedford had the castle of Torcy besieged,\nwhich was the best built and strongest in all that part of the\ncountry. The command of the besieging army was given to the bastard\nof Clarence, who by his cannon and other engines, which he kept\ncontinually playing against it, greatly damaged the walls. At the end\nof six months, the besieged seeing no hope of relief, and finding\nthat their provision began to fail, entered into a treaty with the\nbastard of Clarence for their surrender, on condition that some of the\nprincipal inhabitants might depart whither they pleased with their\neffects; and that from ten to twelve others, who had formerly been of\nthe english party, but who had even aided the French to win the castle,\nshould remain at their pleasure. These were very cruelly put to death,\nand the castle was then demolished and razed to the ground.\nIn the month of January of this year, sir Thomas Kiriel, an Englishman,\nwith four hundred combatants, most part of whom were his countrymen,\nmarched from Gournay in Normandy, where they had been in garrison,\npassing by Beauvais toward Beauvoisis and the county of Clermont. He\ncommitted much mischief in those parts, seized many cattle, especially\nhorses, and made several prisoners. He advanced even to the suburbs of\nClermont, and then set out on his return to his garrison.\nThe count de Clermont was then at Beauvais, and hearing of this\nenterprise of sir Thomas, quickly collected from all the neighbouring\ngarrisons attached to king Charles eight hundred or more combatants. To\nthese were added a multitude of peasants, as well from Beauvais as from\nthe adjacent parts,--and all of them hastened to meet and fight the\nEnglish.\nSir Thomas had heard from his scouts of their coming, and had drawn\nup his men in battle-array, about a league off Beauvais, to wait for\nthem. They were on foot, having a wood on their rear, and sharp stakes\nin front to prevent the horse from charging without great danger to\nthemselves. The French, nevertheless, began the attack, and very\nsevere it was on both sides, but, as they were on horseback, were soon\nrepulsed by the arrows of the archers, and thrown into confusion: the\nEnglish then, seizing their opportunity, rushed on them with such\ncourage that the enemy were defeated, very many being slain, and upward\nof a hundred of these peasants made prisoners. They gained the field\nof battle,--for the horsemen had retreated, very melancholy at their\nloss, to Beauvais. Sir Thomas, rejoiced at his victory, carried his\nprisoners and plunder safe to his garrison of Gournay.\nThe earl of Suffolk, about this time laid siege to the castle of\nAumale, of which the lord de Rambures was governor, having under him\nsix score combatants. The castle was surrounded on all sides; and\nat the end of twenty-four days it was constrained to surrender, on\ncondition that the lord de Rambures and his men should have their lives\nspared, with the exception of about thirty who were hanged, because\nthey had formerly taken oaths of fidelity to the English and had been\nof their party. Soon afterward, the lord de Rambures was carried to\nEngland, where he remained prisoner five or six years before he could\nobtain his liberty. The castle was revictualled and regarrisoned. Thus\ndid the English regain, this year, many strong places which the French\nhad won, with scarcely any loss of men.\nCHAP. LXXVIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MARRIES, FOR THE THIRD TIME, THE LADY ISABELLA,\n DAUGHTER TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL.\nOn the 9th day of January, in this year was solemnised in the city of\nBruges, in a house that had been expressly prepared for that purpose,\nthe marriage of Philip duke of Burgundy with the lady Isabella,\ndaughter to the king of Portugal. The feast was very grand and\nmagnificent: all the principal streets of the town were hung with rich\ncloths and the finest tapestry; and there were present at it his two\nsisters, the duchess of Bedford and duchess of Cleves, the countess of\nNamur, the countess of Lielse, the countess of Conversan, sir John de\nLuxembourg, the lady of Beaurevoir, the bishop of Li\u00e9ge, and many other\ngreat lords and ladies.\nThese personages displayed the richest dresses, themselves, their\nattendants and horses being each day clothed in different liveries,\nmore especially the bishop of Li\u00e9ge, John bastard de St Pol, sir John\nd'Hornes and others. When the duchess landed (for she had been brought\nby sea by one of her brothers, together with the ambassadors from the\nduke of Burgundy, the principal of whom were the lord de Roubais and\nmaster Gilles d'Escornay provost of Harlebecque,) near to Bruges, the\nburghers in great pomp went out to meet her. They had with them one\nhundred and sixty-four trumpets which sounded very melodiously.\nWith regard to the various entertainments, which were continued for\nabout eight days, it would take too much time to detail them. Suffice\nit to say, that there was the greatest profusion of meats and wines,\nand representations of unicorns and other beasts, from which flowed\nrose-water, wines, and different liquors, for the entertainment of\nthe guests at this feast. The duke had never made such a display of\nmagnificence at any of his former marriages,--and this was the third.\nThere were tiltings, and various amusements, for many days, between\nknights and esquires of name and renown; and this feast must have cost\nthe duke immense sums of money.\nCHAP. LXXIX.\n ESTIENNE DE VIGNOLLES, SURNAMED LA HIRE, SURPRISES AND TAKES THE TOWN\n OF LOUVIERS, IN NORMANDY.\nIn these days, Estienne de Vignolles, surnamed La Hire, took the town\nof Louviers, in Normandy, by surprise, having entered it with scaling\nladders. He had with him from five to six hundred men, who found\ntherein such plenty that they were greatly enriched. On their entrance,\nabout thirty townsmen, English and others, were killed. After the\ncapture, the majority of the inhabitants took the oaths of allegiance,\nto whom La Hire restored their houses and the greater part of their\neffects: the rest saved themselves as well as they could, leaving their\nwealth behind them.\nLa Hire and his companions soon made a severe warfare on the districts\naround, and at times even advanced as far as Rouen. The poor people\nwere much harrassed by them, to the great vexation of the English, for\nat the time they could not assist them by reason of the more weighty\nmatters they had on hand.\nCHAP. LXXX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY INSTITUTES, THIS YEAR, THE ORDER OF THE GOLDEN\n FLEECE.\nIn this year, the duke of Burgundy established, in honour of God and\nSt Andrew, whose cross he bore in his arms, an order or fraternity\nof twenty-four knights without reproach, and gentlemen from four\ngenerations, to each of whom he gave a collar of gold handsomely\nwrought with his device, namely, 'Du Fusil,'--to each of which, collars\nwere suspended in front, like as great ladies wear crosses, clasps or\ndiamonds,--and in the centre thereof was a golden fleece, similar to\nwhat Jason conquered in old times as is written in the history of Troy,\nand which no Christian prince had ever before made use of. The duke,\ntherefore, called this order, The Order of the Golden Fleece.\nHe, in conjunction with his council selected twenty-four knights to\nbe of this order: the names of some of them follow First, the duke,\nthe founder, then William de Vienne lord de St George, sir Regnier Pot\nlord de la Roche, the lord de Roubaise, the lord de Montagu, sir Roland\nde Huquerque, sir Anthony du Vergy count de Dammartin, sir David de\nBrimeu lord de Ligny, sir Hugh de Launoy lord de Santes, sir John lord\nde Commines, sir Anthony de Toulongeon marshal of Burgundy, sir Petro\nde Luxembourg count de Conversan, sir John de la Trimouille lord de\nJonvelles, sir John de Luxembourg lord de Beaurevoir, sir Gillebert de\nLaunoy lord de Villerval, sir John de Villiers lord de l'Isle-Adam,\nsir Anthony lord de Croy and de Renty, sir Florimont de Brimeu lord\nde Massincourt, sir Robert lord de Mamines, sir James de Brimeu lord\nde Grigny, sir Baudouin de Launoy lord de Moulembais, sir Peter de\nBauffremont lord de Chargny, sir Philip lord de Ternant, sir John de\nCrequi, sir John de Croy lord de Tours sur Marne.\nThese knights and their successors were, on receiving the order,\nto enter into and sign solemn statutes and engagements for its\npreservation, and the maintaining it in due splendour, which shall be\nhereafter more fully detailed when the order shall have had its full\nnumber of knights,--for after the first institution of it, many others\nwere added to those above named. The heirs of any knight were bounden,\non his decease, to deliver up the collar of the order to the duke of\nBurgundy, for him to give it to another knight.\nCHAP. LXXXI.\n THE LORD DE CREVECOEUR AND SIR ROBERT DE SAVEUSES ARE ATTACKED BY THE\n FRENCH ON THEIR MARCH TO CLERMONT IN THE BEAUVOISIS.\nIn the month of February of this year, the lord de Crevecoeur,\ngovernor of Clermont in Beauvoisis, set out from Amiens to go thither,\naccompanied by sir Robert de Saveuses and about eight score combatants,\nas an escort to carts and cars laden with provision for Lent, and other\nmatters.\nHaving passed St Just, near to St Remy en l'Aire, they were watched\nby the French, who knew of their coming and instantly attacked. The\nleaders of the French were sir Theolde Valperghue, sir Regnault de\nFontaines, sir Louis de Vaucourt and others, having a much superior\nforce to the enemy. Notwithstanding this, the lords de Crevecoeur and\nSaveuses dismounted with their men, the greater part of whom were\narchers, and defended themselves valiantly for the space of four hours\nor more, during which many men and horses were killed and severely\nwounded on both sides. At length, the French seeing their loss, and\nthat they could not conquer the enemy, returned to their garrisons, and\nthe lord de Crevecoeur and sir Robert de Saveuses continued their march\nto Clermont, where they remained until the ensuing year waiting for the\ncoming of the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. LXXXII.\n FIVE FRENCHMEN COMBAT FIVE BURGUNDIANS AT ARRAS,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nOn the 20th of February, in this same year, a combat took place in the\ngreat market-place at Arras, in the presence of the duke of Burgundy as\njudge of the field, between five Frenchmen of the party of king Charles\nand five Burgundians, who had challenged each other to break a certain\nnumber of lances. The french knights were sir Theolde de Valperghue,\nPoton de Saintrailles, sir Philibert d'Abrecy, sir William de Bes,\nand l'Estandart de Nully: the Burgundians were sir Simon de Lalain,\nthe lord de Chargny, sir John de Vaulde, sir Nicolle de Menton and\nPhilibert de Menton.\nThis Tournament lasted five days; and a large spot was inclosed for\nthe purpose covered with sand, and the lists constructed with wood,\nwith a division so that the horses of the two knights could not run\nagainst each other. The first day, sir Simon de Lalain and sir Theolde\nde Valperghue performed gallantly against each other; but toward the\nend sir Theolde and his horse were struck to the ground. In like manner\nwere the ensuing days employed, and very many lances were broken. The\nlord de Chargny, however at the thirteenth course against sir Philibert\nd'Abrecy, struck off the vizor of his helmet, and drove the lance into\nhis lace, so that he was instantly carried to his lodgings in the\nutmost danger.\nOn the last day, sir l'Estandart de Nully was hit exactly in the\nsame manner, by the same Philibert de Menton, and, like the other\nwas conducted to his lodgings in such great pain that he could with\ndifficulty sit his horse: he had behaved with much gallantry, and had\nbroken several lances against his adversary.\nThe French were served with lances by an expert and active man at arms\ncalled Alardin de Mousay, and most of the Burgundians by sir John de\nLuxembourg. Each day the duke came to the seat prepared for him grandly\nattended by his chivalry, and nobly dressed.\nWhen this tournament was over, and the French had been well\nentertained, and presented with handsome gifts by the duke, they\ndeparted from the town of Arras for Compi\u00e8gne, very disconsolate that\nthey had been so unsuccessful. They left the two wounded knights\nbehind, to be attended by the duke's surgeons, who in the end cured\nthem.\nIn these days, the French on the borders of Beauvoisis, on the river\nOise, made daily excursions against those of the Burgundy-party, who\nreturned the compliment, although a truce had been sworn to last until\nthe ensuing Easter; and these continual excursions caused the villages\nand country to be nearly deserted.\nDuke Philip of Burgundy summoned a large body of men at arms to meet\nhim at Peronne, where he and his duchess solemnised the feast of\nEaster. This done, he marched them to Mondidier, where he remained some\ndays.\nDuring these tribulations, the town and castle of Melun surrendered to\nking Charles. It had been given in charge to the lord de Humieres, who\nhad appointed some of his brothers to defend it with a certain number\nof men at arms, but the inhabitants rose against them and drove them\nout of the town. King Charles and his party were much rejoiced at this\nevent, because they could, by means of its bridge, cross the Seine when\nthey pleased, and it was beside the strongest place in all that part of\nthe country.\nCHAP. LXXXIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY QUARTERS HIS ARMY AT GOURNAY SUR ARONDE.\nAt the commencement of this year, the duke of Burgundy marched his army\nfrom Mondidier, and fixed his quarters at Gournay sur Aronde, in front\nof the castle, which belonged to Charles de Bourbon count de Clermont,\nhis brother-in-law. He summoned Tristan de Maguillers, the governor, to\nsurrender, or he would storm it. Tristan, seeing he could no way hold\nout against the duke's forces, concluded a treaty, by which he engaged\nto yield it up on the first day of next August, if he was not before\nrelieved by king Charles or his party: he also promised, that neither\nhe himself nor his garrison would, during that time, make war on any of\nthe duke's partisans,--and by this means Tristan remained in peace.\nThis compromise had been hastily concluded, because the duke and sir\nJohn de Luxembourg had received intelligence to be depended upon,\nthat the damoiseau de Commercy, Yvon du Puys and other captains, with\na very large force, had besieged the castle of Montagu. Commercy, to\nwhom this castle belonged, had marched thither secretly a great number\nof combatants, with bombards, veuglaires and other warlike engines,\nintending, by an unexpected and sharp assault, to recover the place;\nbut it was well defended by those whom sir John de Luxembourg had\nplaced therein. The principal leaders of the garrison were two notable\nmen at arms, one of whom was an englishman, and the other Georges de la\nCroix.\nThey were frequently summoned to surrender, but would not listen to the\nsummons, for they had not a doubt but that they should be very shortly\nsuccoured. At length, the besiegers having learnt that the duke of\nBurgundy was marching against them, and that they must stand the chance\nof a battle, were panic-struck, and so great was their fear that they\nmarched away about midnight for their own garrisons, leaving their\ncannon, bombards, and all their stores behind. Information of this was\ninstantly dispatched to the duke and sir John de Luxembourg, who made\nall diligence to attack them, and the duke marched his whole army to\nNoyon.\nIn these days sir John de Luxembourg advanced against Beauvais, and on\nthe countries of the enemy, particularly against sir Louis de Vaucourt\nand his men, who had remained there for a considerable time during the\nwinter, and set fire to a castle which they had repaired. The enemy\nretired within the town of Beauvais; and sir John encamped before the\ncastle of Prouveulieu, which some Englishmen had refortified, and,\nby their excursions from thence, frequently oppressed the town of\nMondidier, and the territories of the duke of Burgundy. They were soon\nforced to submit to sir John, who had the greater part executed and the\nrest sent to different prisons: having done this, he returned to the\nduke of Burgundy at Noyon.\nCHAP. LXXXIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY LAYS SIEGE TO THE CASTLE OF CHOISY, WHICH HE\n CONQUERS IN A FEW DAYS.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had remained for about eight days in Noyon,\nhe departed, to lay siege to the castle of Choisy sur Oise, in which\nwas Louis de Flavy, holding it for sir William de Flavy. The duke's\nengines did so much mischief to the walls of the castle that the\ngarrison capitulated, on being allowed to march away with their baggage\nin safety. So soon as they had quitted the castle, it was demolished\nand razed to the ground.\nThe duke built a bridge over the Oise, to enable himself and his army\nto cross toward Compi\u00e8gne on the side of Mondidier. During this time,\nthe lord de Saveuses and John de Brimeu had been appointed to guard the\nsuburbs of Noyon, with their men, and those of the lord Montgomery and\nof other English captains quartered at Pont l'Ev\u00eaque, to prevent the\ngarrison of Compi\u00e8gne from cutting of the supplies from the duke's army.\nIt happened on a certain day, that those in Compi\u00e8gne, namely, Joan\nthe Maid, sir James de Chabannes, sir Theolde de Valperghue, sir\nRegnault de Fontaines, Poton de Saintrailles, and others of the French\ncaptains, accompanied by about two thousand combatants, came to Pont\nl'Ev\u00eaque between day-break and sun-rise, and attacked the quarters\nof the English with great courage. A sharp conflict took place; and\nthe lord de Saveuses with John de Brimeu, with their men, hastened to\ntheir support, which renewed the vigour of the English; they together\nrepulsed the French, who had made good progress in their quarters.\nAbout thirty were killed on each side,--and the French retreated to\nCompi\u00e8gne, whence they had come. The English from that day strengthened\ntheir position on all sides, to avoid a similar attack.\nShortly afterward, John de Brimeu going to the duke of Burgundy\nwith about one hundred combatants, was suddenly attacked by a party\nof French in the forest of Crespy in the Valois, who had come from\nAttichy for this purpose, and to seek adventures, and without much\ndefence made prisoner. The reason of his being thus taken was because\nhis men followed in a file, and were unable to form into battle-array\nuntil the attack had commenced. He was put into the hands of Poton de\nSaintrailles, who, in the end, gave him his liberty on paying a heavy\nransom.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had demolished the castle of Choisy, he\nquartered himself in the fortress of Coudun, within a league of\nCompi\u00e8gne, and sir John de Luxembourg was lodged in Claroi. Sir Baudo\nde Noielle was ordered to post himself with a certain number of men at\narms on the causeway of Marigny, and the lord Montgomery and his men\nwere quartered along the meadows of La Venette. The duke was joined by\nsome reinforcements from his different countries, having the intention\nto besiege the town of Compi\u00e8gne, and reduce it to the obedience of\nking Henry of England.\nCHAP. LXXXV.\n JOAN THE MAID OVERTHROWS FRANQUET D'ARRAS, AND HAS HIS HEAD CUT OFF.\nAt the beginning of the month of May, a valiant man at arms named\nFranquet of Arras, attached to the duke of Burgundy, was overthrown and\ntaken. He had made an excursion with about three hundred combatants\ntoward Lagny sur Marne, but, on his return, was met by Joan the Maid\nand four hundred French. Franquet and his men attacked them valiantly\nseveral times; and, by means of his archers whom he had dismounted,\nmade so vigorous a resistance that the Maid, finding they gained\nnothing, sent hastily for succours from the garrisons of Lagny and\nother castles under the dominion of king Charles. They came in great\nnumbers with culverines, cross-bows and other warlike instruments, so\nthat in the end the Burgundians, after doing great mischief to the\nenemy's cavalry, were conquered, and the better part of them put to\nthe sword. The Maid even caused Franquet to be beheaded, whose death\nwas exceedingly lamented by his party,--for he was a man of most\nvaliant conduct.\nCHAP. LXXXVI.\n R\u00c9N\u00c9 DUKE OF BAR LAYS SIEGE TO CHAPPES, NEAR TO TROYES IN CHAMPAGNE.\nAbout this period, the duke of Bar, called R\u00e9n\u00e9 of Sicily, collected\nfrom his duchies of Lorraine and Bar, and the borders of Germany,\na considerable force of men at arms, commanded by that prudent and\nvaliant knight the lord de Barbasan, who, as has been said, was\ndetained by the English for a long time prisoner. The duke's troops\nmight amount to three or four thousand combatants; and he led them\nto besiege the town of Chappes, three leagues from Troyes in which\nwere the lord d'Aumont, his brother and many warriors, who diligently\napplied themselves to its defence.\nThey also sent to the lords of Burgundy, to entreat that they would\ncome to their aid in this time of need. In consequence, sir Anthony de\nToulongeon marshal of Burgundy, the count de Joigny, sir Anthony and\nsir John du Vergy, the lord de Jonvelle, the lord de Chastellux, le\nveau de Bar, and in general the greater part of the burgundian nobles,\nto the number of four thousand combatants, assembled, and advanced\ntoward the quarters of the duke of Bar, to offer him battle.\nThe duke, knowing of their coming, was drawn up ready to receive them,\nwhen the Burgundians were soon thrown into disorder, and returned to\ntheir own country. About sixty were killed or taken: of the latter\nnumber were the lord de Plansi and Charles de Rochefort. The lord\nd'Aumore was also made prisoner, with several of his men, when sallying\nout of the town to support his friends. His brother was likewise taken,\nand he was forced to deliver up the castle to the duke of Bar, who\ncompletely destroyed it.\nCHAP. LXXXVII.\n THE MAID IS TAKEN PRISONER BY THE BURGUNDIANS BEFORE COMPI\u00c8GNE.\nDuring the time that the duke of Burgundy was quartered at Coudun,\nand his men at arms in the villages between Coudon and Compi\u00e8gne, it\nhappened, that about five o'clock in the afternoon, on Ascension-eve,\nthe Maid, Poton and other valiant french captains, having with them\nfrom five to six hundred combatants horse and foot, sallied out of\nCompi\u00e8gne by the gate of the bridge leading to Mondidier, with the\nintent to attack the post of sir Baudo de Noielle, at the end of the\ncauseway of Marigny.\nAt this time, sir John de Luxembourg, the lord de Crequi, and eight or\nten gentlemen, but with very few attendants were with sir Baudo. They\nhad rode thither to consult with him on the best mode of directing\ntheir attacks on Compi\u00e8gne.\nThe French were very near to Marigny, before the greater part of the\nmen who were unarmed could prepare themselves; but they soon collected\ntogether, and a severe conflict commenced,--during which the cries of\n'To arms!' were echoed through all the english and burgundian quarters.\nThe english, who were encamped on the meads of Venette, formed\nthemselves into battle-array against the French, and were near five\nhundred men.\nOn the other hand, sir John de Luxembourg's men quartered at Claroi,\nhastened to the relief of their lord and captain, who was engaged in\nthe heat of the skirmish, and under whom the most part rallied. In this\nencounter the lord de Crequi was dangerously wounded in the face.\nAfter some time, the French, perceiving their enemies multiply so fast\non them, retreated toward Compi\u00e8gne, leaving the Maid, who had remained\nto cover the rear, anxious to bring back the men with little loss. But\nthe Burgundians, knowing that reinforcements were coming to them from\nall quarters, pursued them with redoubled vigour, and charged them on\nthe plain. In the conclusion, as I was told, the Maid was dragged from\nher horse by an archer, near to whom was the bastard de Vend\u00f4me, and to\nhim she surrendered and pledged her faith. He lost no time in carrying\nher to Marigny, and put her under a secure guard. With her was taken\nPoton the Burgundian, and some others, but in no great number.\nThe French re-entered Compi\u00e8gne doleful and vexed at their losses, more\nespecially for the capture of Joan: while, on the contrary, the English\nwere rejoiced, and more pleased than if they had taken five hundred\nother combatants, for they dreaded no other leader or captain so much\nas they had hitherto feared the Maid.\nThe duke of Burgundy came soon after from Coudun to the meadows before\nCompi\u00e8gne, where he drew up his army, together with the English and the\ntroops from their different quarters, making a handsome appearance,\nand with shoutings and huzzas expressed their joy at the capture of\nthe Maid. After this, the duke went to the lodgings where she was\nconfined, and spoke some words to her; but what they were I do not now\nrecollect although I was present.\nThe duke and the army returned to their quarters, leaving the Maid\nunder the guard of sir John de Luxembourg, who shortly after sent her,\nunder a strong escort, to the castle of Beaulieu, and thence to that\nof Beaurevoir, where she remained, as you shall hear, a prisoner for a\nlong time.\nCHAP. LXXXVIII.\n YOUNG KING HENRY OF ENGLAND DISEMBARKS AT CALAIS AND COMES TO FRANCE.\nIn this year, king Henry of England, then about eight years of age,\ndisembarked about ten o'clock in the morning of St George's day, from\nhis vessel at Calais. Having mounted his horse, he went to hear mass\nat the church of St Nicholas attended by the cardinal of Winchester,\nthe duke of York, the earls of Huntingdon, Warwick, Stafford, Arundel\nand Suffolk, the counts de Bonneterre, de Hemme, the lords de Roye, de\nBeaumont, d'Escaillon, de Grez, and many more.\nHe was likewise accompanied by master Pierre de Cauchon, bishop of\nBeauvais, who had been sent to meet him. His attendants then followed;\nand he was escorted from Calais to Rouen by his army, where he remained\na long time.\nCHAP. LXXXIX.\n AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE MAID, THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ENCAMPS HIS ARMY\n BEFORE COMPI\u00c8GNE.\nOn the morrow of the feast of the Ascension, the duke of Burgundy\nchanged his quarters from Coudun to La Venette, where he was lodged\nin the abbey, and his men in the town and near to it. Sir John de\nLuxembourg was quartered at Marigny. They had soon erected an earthen\nbulwark within a bow-shot from the outworks of Compi\u00e8gne, and huts of\nwood and earth were built still nearer to the ramparts, in which men at\narms kept guard day and night. They had a deep ditch of communication\nsunk from the bulwark to these huts, so that the guard could safely\npass and repass, without fear of the guns from the walls, which were\ncontinually firing.\nThe duke had some large engines pointed against the gates of the town,\nwhich, by the huge stones they cast, did great damage to the gates,\nbridges and mills: some of the last were rendered quite useless, to the\ngreat distress of the inhabitants. Among other mischiefs done by these\nmachines, a young gentleman of twenty-two years old, called Louis de\nFlavy, son to sir William de Flavy governor of Compi\u00e8gne, was struck\ndead. All present were much grieved at this accident on account of sir\nWilliam, who, although he was much affected, concealed his feelings, to\navoid discouraging his men, and soon after, by way of heartening them,\ncaused his minstrels to sound before him as usual; and ordered the\nramparts to be more diligently defended notwithstanding they had been\ngreatly damaged by these engines.\nThere had been constructed within the ditch small wooden huts, in which\nthe guard were sheltered from danger. Some mines were also begun on\nby orders of sir John de Luxembourg, which, though very deep and well\nconcealed, were of little service, but had cost much.\nWhile these different measures were pursuing, many skirmishes took\nplace, in which the besiegers had numbers killed and wounded. The\nprincipal persons among the dead were sir John de Belles, knight,\nAlain d'Escaussines, Thibault de Caitigines, and many others, as well\nBurgundians as English.\nCHAP. XC.\n THE LIEGEOIS RAISE A LARGE ARMY, AND INVADE THE COUNTRY OF NAMUR.\nAt this time, the Liegeois were instigated by some arrogant men\nattached to the party of king Charles, such as John de Beaurain, John\nde Saumain, Everard de la Marche, with others, and, by the hatred and\nmalice they had long borne the duke of Burgundy on account of former\nquarrels, which have been already detailed in the preceding part of\nthis work, to rise in arms, and invade the territories of the duke,\nmore especially the county of Namur, and despoil it. John de Heneberg,\ntheir bishop, remonstrated with them strongly on this subject; but\nhis attempts to dissuade them from executing their plans were vain,\nalthough he plainly shewed that very great misfortunes might befall\nLi\u00e9ge in consequence. The Liegeois were much displeased with these\nremonstrances, and being determined to pursue hostile measures against\nthe duke of Burgundy, the bishop considered, that should he not take\npart and support them, he might be deprived of his bishoprick. He\ntherefore, having advised with his council, resolved to save his own\nhonour, by sending letters of defiance to the duke before he made war\nupon him. The tenour of these letters was as follows.\n'Most high, most noble, and most puissant prince Philip, duke of\nBurgundy, count of Artois, Flanders and Burgundy, palatine of Namur, &c.\n'Notwithstanding that I, John de Heneberg, bishop of Li\u00e9ge and count\nde Loz, in virtue of certain statements that have passed between us,\nhave made frequent applications to you for reparation according to\nthe claims declared in these aforesaid statements, which have been\nbut little attended to, and that divers great and abominable outrages\nhave been committed by your captains and servants on my country and\nsubjects, which, if it may please you to remember, have been fully\ndetailed in the complaints that were made to you thereon.\n'Nevertheless, most high, noble and puissant prince, although your\nanswers have been very gracious, and although you declare your\nintentions of preserving a good understanding between us, your promises\nhave hitherto been without effect; and these matters are now so much\nentangled with others, no wise concerning them, that it is very\ngrievous to us, and most highly displeasing.\n'Most high, noble and puissant prince, you must, in your wisdom, know,\nthat by reason of my oath to remain faithful to my church and country,\nit behoves me to support and defend their rights against all who may\nattempt to infringe them, with the whole force I shall be possessed of.\n'For this reason, most high, noble and puissant prince, after my humble\nsalutations and excuses, I must again inform you of these things, and,\nshould they be continued, opposition will be made thereto, so that my\nhonour may be preserved.\n'Given under my seal, appended to these presents, the 10th day of July,\nin the year 1430.' Then signed, by command of my lord, 'J. Berrard.'\nIn like manner were challenges sent to the duke from different lords,\nallies and friends of the bishop, namely, the count de Beaurienne,\nPicard de la Grace lord de Quinquempoix, Rasse de Rabel, Gerard\nd'Edevant, John de Valle, Henry de Gayel, John de Boilleur, John de la\nBarre, John de Gemblais, Corbeau de Belle-Goule, Thierry Ponthey, and\nseveral others.\nCHAP. XCI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS THE LORD DE CROY TO THE COUNTY OF NAMUR\n AGAINST THE LIEGEOIS.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy learnt that the bishop of Li\u00e9ge and the\nLiegeois were preparing to invade his county of Namur, he determined\nwith his council to send thither the lord de Croy to guard and defend\nthe town and castle of Namur, and the whole of that country. The lord\nde Croy, in consequence, departed from before Compi\u00e8gne, having\nabout eight hundred men under his command, and entered Namur, where\nthe Liegeois had already commenced the war, by taking of Beaufort and\nsetting fire to it.\nThe lord de Croy remained inactive in Namur, for about ten days: after\nthis, he began his operations, by the storming of the town of Fosse,\nwhich he burnt, with the exception of the monastery. On the ensuing\nday, from forty to eighty Liegeois were put to death at Florennes, and\nforty made prisoners.\nWith the lord de Croy were his brother sir John de Croy, the lords de\nMainsn\u00e8e, de Rambures, de Fauquemberg and de d'Juselle, le Galois de\nRoly, the lord de Framesant, Robert de Neufville and other nobles. The\nlord de Rambures was ordered to Polvache, where in a sally, he was\nmortally wounded and made prisoner. The lord de Senlis was then sent\nthither, who surrendered the place to the Liegeois, and they set fire\nto and burnt it.\nThe Liegeois were led by their bishop, and amounted to fifty thousand\nmen. When they had gained Polvache, they laid siege to Bouvines, and\ntook and burnt Golesme. While they were thus engaged, the lord de Croy\nmade frequent attacks on them, and in these different skirmishes slew\nand took from seven to eight hundred.\nCHAP. XCII.\n THE EARL OF HUNTINGDON COMES TO THE AID OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY BEFORE\n COMPI\u00c8GNE.\nAbout this time, the earl of Huntingdon, de Robersac, and others, with\na thousand archers from England, came to the assistance of the duke\nof Burgundy before Compi\u00e8gne. They were quartered in the town of la\nVenette, where the duke had lodged before he had moved to the fort\nbetween Compi\u00e8gne and Marigny: the duke's men were posted at Marigny,\nwhence the governor, sir John de Luxembourg, and his people had\ndislodged and gone to Soissons, which, through some connexions he had\nin the town had surrendered to him, with other places in those parts.\nOn the arrival of the earl of Huntingdon, the lord Montgomery marched\nhis English back to Normandy. The duke of Burgundy laboured diligently\nday and night, to destroy a rampart in front of the town-bridge, which\nmuch annoyed his men, and which had held out for upwards of two months.\nAt length by an unexpected attack made at night it was won, and from\neight to ten men taken in it, who made no great defence although well\nsupplied with stores.\nAfter its capture, the ditches were filled, and its batteries turned\nagainst the town, and manned by a strong force of men at arms. During\nthe assault, some were drowned in the Oise from being in too great a\nhurry to escape.\nThe duke had a bridge thrown over the Oise near to la Venette, and\nwell guarded, which the English and Burgundians frequently crossed in\ntheir excursions to skirmish with the French near to Pierrefons. The\nearl of Huntingdon one day passed this bridge with all the English,\nand advanced to Crespy in the Valois, and thence to Sainctrines, which\nsubmitted to his obedience. He then marched to quarter himself for\nthe night at Verberie, and made a sharp attack on the church whither\nthe peasants had retreated, who in the end were constrained to yield\nthemselves to his mercy. He hanged one of them, called Jean de d'Ours,\nwho was their leader, because he had refused to obey his first summons.\nThe rest of the peasants escaped by paying ransoms, and losing all\ntheir effects. The earl then returned with what he had gained to his\nquarters before Compi\u00e8gne.\nDuring all this time, the lord de Crevecoeur and Robert de Saveuses\nremained with their men at Clermont in the Beauvoisis, to guard that\nfrontier against the French in Creil and Beauvais, and to prevent the\nescorts with wine and other necessaries going to the duke's army, from\nbeing cut off.\nThe duchess of Burgundy had fixed her residence with her household\nat Noyon, whence she from time to time visited her lord the duke.\nThe period for the surrender of Gournay now approached, and the duke\nmarched his army thither to keep the appointment: he was accompanied by\nthe duke of Norfolk and the earl of Huntingdon, with about a thousand\ncombatants, to support him, should there be occasion; but when the day\ncame, no one from the french king appeared: the governor, therefore,\nseeing no hope of succour, yielded the place into the hands of the duke\nof Burgundy, who made the lord de Crevecoeur governor of it.\nThe duke then returned to his siege of Compi\u00e8gne with the earl of\nHuntingdon, having left a sufficiency of men at arms to keep the\ngarrison in check, and to guard his camp. The duke of Norfolk went to\nParis.\nCHAP. XCIII.\n AN ADVENTURER NAMED TOUMELAIRE, WITH SOME OF THE TOWNSMEN OF RHEIMS,\n LAYS SIEGE TO THE CASTLE OF CHAMPIGNEUX\nIn these days, an adventurer called Toumelaire, whom king Charles had\nappointed provost of Laon, having collected five or six hundred men\nfrom the town of Rheims and that neighbourhood, led them to besiege the\ncastle of Champigneux, in which were some English and Burgundians that\nmuch harrassed the country of Champagne.\nHe instantly laid close siege to it on all sides, expecting to gain\npossession thereof; but that did not happen, for within a few days,\nWilliam Corain, an Englishman, and Georges de la Croix, then at\nMontagu, assembled as many men as they could, and, without delay, gave\nbattle to these peasants, who unable to make any good defence, were\nsoon conquered, and the greater part killed or taken.\nToumelaire, however, and some others escaped; but there remained from\nsix to seven score dead on the field, and a party of them were burnt\nin a house whither they had retreated. They left behind many cannons,\ncross-bows, and other warlike stores, which they had brought with them.\nWilliam Corain and Georges de la Croix, having repaired the castle,\nreturned to Montagu much rejoiced at their victory.\nCHAP. XCIV.\n THE DEATH OF PHILIP DUKE OF BRABANT. THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY TAKES\n POSSESSION OF HIS DUCHY.\nAt this time, duke Philip of Brabant, who had for a long time before\nbeen in a languishing state, died in the town of Louvain. Some of his\ndomestics were suspected of having caused his death, and several of\nthem were severely tortured, in divers manners, to force them to a\nconfession; but the matter was not the more cleared up. Physicians\ndeclared, that he died of a natural death, occasioned by excesses in\nhis younger years in tilting and other things. He was buried by the\nside of his ancestors.\nHis death was soon notified to the duke of Burgundy at the siege of\nCompi\u00e8gne, because the nobles of the duchy of Brabant and the greater\npart of the commonalty considered him as the lawful successor to the\nlate duke Philip, for he had never been married; while others said,\nthat the countess-dowager of Hainault, aunt to these two dukes, was the\nnearest of kin, and of course that the succession was hers.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on hearing of this event, appointed some of his\nmost confidential captains to carry on the siege of Compi\u00e8gne, namely,\nsir James de Brimeu marshal of the army, sir Hugh de Launoy, the lord\nde Saveuses and some others, who were to co-operate with the earl of\nHuntingdon and his Englishmen. He likewise sent messengers with letters\nto recal sir John de Luxembourg from the Soissonois, and to entreat\nthat he would, without delay, return to Compi\u00e8gne to take the chief\ncommand of the army, relating to him, at the same time, the event that\nhad happened, and the necessity there was for him to set out instantly\nfor Brabant.\nWhen these matters were done, the duke of Burgundy having provided\nevery thing for the continuance of the siege, and well garrisoned the\ngreat fort opposite to the gate of the town, of which he made sir Baudo\nde Noyelle captain, he first took leave of the earl of Huntingdon and\nset out for Noyon. He thence, after some days, went to Lille, and\nhaving held a council of his most confidential advisers, resolved to\ntake possession of the duchy of Brabant and its dependancies.\nThe duchess of Burgundy, when the duke left her, returned to the\ncountry of Artois. The duke was received in all the towns of Brabant\nas their lord, although the countess-dowager of Hainault, as I have\nsaid before, laid claim to the succession of duke Philip; but when\nshe considered the great power of the duke of Burgundy, and that the\nnobility and principal towns had acknowledged him for their lord, she\ndesisted from further pursuing it.\nAt the same time, the lady of Luxembourg, sister to count Waleran,\nnow advanced in years, and who was at the castle of Beaurevoir,\nunder the wardship of sir John de Luxembourg, her nephew, seized and\ntook possession, in his name, of all the lordships that had formerly\nbelonged to the said count Waleran, her brother, and which were now\nagain escheated to her, as the heiress, by her father's side, to her\nfair nephew the duke of Brabant, lately deceased. All the oaths of\nthe officers were renewed to her,--and from that time she was called\nthe countess of Ligny, and of St Pol. From her great affection to her\nnephew, sir John de Luxembourg, she bequeathed to him the greater part\nof these estates after her decease, which was very displeasing to the\ncount de Conversan lord d'Enghien, elder brother to sir John, and they\nhad many quarrels concerning it,--however, in the end, they made up\ntheir differences, and were good friends.\nCHAP. XCV.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG TAKES THE COMMAND OF THE SIEGE OF\n COMPI\u00c8GNE.--THE ORDERS HE GIVES,--AND OTHER EVENTS.\nSoon after the departure of the duke of Burgundy from the siege of\nCompi\u00e8gne. Sir John de Luxembourg and his men arrived, and he took the\nchief command of the siege, according to the commands of the duke. He\nlost no time in strengthening the fort in front of the bridge, and\nerected two smaller ones on the river toward Noyon: the command of one\nhe gave to Guy de Roye and Aubert de Folleville,--and that of the other\nto a common man from the Boulonois, named Branart, who had under him\nsome genoese and portuguese cross-bows, and other foreigners.\nHaving done this, sir John crossed the river by the bridge at la\nVenette, and went to lodge at the abbey of Royaulieu. He was followed\nby sir James de Brimeu marshal of the army, sir Hugh de Launoy, the\nlord de Crequi, the lords de Saveuses, de Humieres, sir Daviod de Poix,\nFerry de Mailly, sir Florimont de Brimeu and several other noble men,\nwho were lodged as well in the abbey as in the village, which was much\ndeserted, and among the vineyards and gardens in that neighbourhood.\nThe earl of Huntingdon remained in his quarters at la Venette. During\nthis time the besieged made many sallies on foot and on horseback, when\nsome were killed and wounded on both sides, but in no great number.\nThis caused the besiegers to erect another great fort a bow-shot and a\nhalf distant from the town, near to the gate of Pierrefons, the guard\nof which was given to the marshal, the lord de Crequi, sir Florimont\nde Brimeu, having under them three hundred combatants: they lodged\nthemselves within it before it was quite finished, and remained there a\nlong time.\nThe besieged now suffered severely from famine, and no provisions were\nto be had in the town for money, since, for the space of four months,\nnone had been publicly sold in the markets. Several messengers were in\nconsequence sent to the marshal de Bousac, to the count de Vend\u00f4me, and\nto other captains of king Charles, to inform them of their distress,\nand to require instant aid if they wished to save the town and its\ninhabitants.\nWhile this misery was suffered, the marshal de Bousac, Poton de\nSaintrailes, Theolde de Valperghue, and other french leaders, laid\nsiege to Proissy sur Oise, in which was the bastard de Chevereuse, with\nabout forty combatants. They were soon forced to submit, and the most\npart were put to death by the guisarmes of the marshal, and the castle\ntotally demolished. In like manner were subjected the strong monastery\nof Cathu le Chastel, and some other places, and those found within them\nwere generally put to death. The marshal and his companions, however,\ndid not make any attempt on the besieging army of Compi\u00e8gne, as is\nusual in similar cases, until the last, when the siege was raised, as\nshall be hereafter told.\nAt this period, the duke of Norfolk, commanded a powerful army in the\ncountries bordering on Paris, and subjected many towns to the obedience\nof king Henry, such as Dammartin and others. On the other hand, the\nearl of Stafford took by storm the town of Bray-comte-Robert: the\ncastle, which was exceedingly strong, immediately surrendered. The earl\nthen crossed the Seine, and foraged the whole country so far as Sens in\nBurgundy, and returned with a great booty to the place whence he had\nset out, without meeting with the least opposition, or even seeing the\nenemy. He took, soon after, Le Quene en Brie, Grand Puys and Rappelton:\nhe had four score handed of those whom he found in Le Quene.\nHe also took the strong tower of Bus, which, with the other places,\nwere dismantled. Sir James de Milly and sir John de la Have were in\nBray-comte-Robert, when it was taken, and made prisoners, but afterward\nobtained their liberty by paying a large ransom.\nCHAP. XCVI.\n THE PRINCE OF ORANGE IS CONQUERED BY THE FRENCH.\nOn Trinity-day in this year, the prince of Orange, having assembled\nabout twelve hundred fighting men marched them into Languedoc, where he\ngained many castles from the partisans of king Charles. He did the same\nin Dauphiny, which displeased the king and his council so much that\nthey resolved to oppose him, and that the lord de Gaucour, governor of\nDauphiny, sir Ymbert de Grol\u00e9e, seneschal of Lyons, and Roderick de\nVillandres, should collect their forces, and with the loyal nobles and\ngentlemen defend the country against these Burgundians. On mustering\ntheir forces, they amounted to about sixteen hundred combatants, whom\nthey marched to lay siege to a castle called Colomier, which in a short\ntime submitted to them.\nIn the mean time, the prince of Orange had retreated, knowing that\nhis enemies, with a superior force, had taken the field and moreover\nhad won a castle garrisoned by his men. He lost no time in sending\nmessengers with letters to the nobles and gentry in Burgundy, and to\nhis friends and allies, to request aid. He was so diligent that, within\nfew days, he collected very many of the nobles, whom he led to those\nparts where he knew the enemy was, in hopes of regaining the castle of\nColomier.\nThe French having been apprised by their spies of the coming of the\nBurgundians, had made preparations for receiving them, and in handsome\narray advanced to meet them, which they did between Colomier and\nAutane. The Burgundians, having a wood to pass through, could not\nimmediately form in battle-array, nor instantly resist the vigorous\ncharge of the French. The combat was however, severe, and the victory\nlong disputed. Among those who were dismounted on the part of the\nBurgundians was a valiant knight called sir Louis de la Chapelle: he\nwas soon slain, and the French remained masters of the field by the\ndefeat of the enemy.\nTwo or three hundred were left dead of the Burgundians and six score,\nor more made prisoners. The principal among the last were the lord de\nBussy, son to the lord de St Georges, the lord de Varembon, whose nose\nwas cut off by a stroke of a sword, sir John Louis son to the lord\nde Conches, the lord de la Frete, Thibault de Rougemont, the lord de\nRuppes, the lord d'Escabonne, sir John de Vienne, the lord de Raix,\nJohn de Baud\u00e8, sir Duc de Sicon, Gerard de Beauvoir and others, to the\nnumber before stated.\nOn the day of battle, many of the Burgundians, to the amount of sixteen\nor eighteen hundred combatants, fled in great disorder, the principal\nwere the prince of Orange, (who was pursued as far as Autane, wherein\nwith difficulty he saved himself) the count de Fribourg, the lord de\nMontagu, by name sir John de Neuf-Chastel, who bore the order of the\nGolden Fleece, but of which he was afterward deprived, the lord de\nPesmes, and many more notable gentlemen, who fled different ways.\nThis engagement, in which Roderick de Villandras, who commanded the van\nof the French behaved most gallantly, took place about eight o'clock in\nthe morning. When the business was over, the French assembled together\nin great joy, and returned thanks and praises to the Creator for the\nhappy issue of the day. In consequence of this victory, they won many\ntowns and castles from the Burgundians: one was Aubrune, belonging to\nthe prince of Orange, which after its capture was demolished.\nCHAP. XCVII.\n THE FRENCH MARCH TO COMPI\u00c8GNE AND RAISE THE SIEGE.\nThe earl of Huntingdon and John de Luxembourg laboured long at the\nsiege Compi\u00e8gne, and, by cutting off all provision from entering the\ntown, and by their continued attacks from the forts, were in daily\nhopes of forcing the garrison to submit to their will. But on the\nTuesday before All-Saints' day the French, to the number of four\nthousand fighting men, under the command of the marshal de Bousac,\nthe count de Vend\u00f4me, sir James de Chabannes, Poton de Saintrailles,\nsir Regnault de Fontaines, the lord de Longueval, sir Louis de\nVaucourt, Alain Giron and other captains, who had frequently been most\nearnestly pressed by William de Flavy, the governor, and inhabitants of\nCompi\u00e8gne, to come to their assistance, at length quartered themselves\nat La Verberie, attended by a multitude of peasants with spades,\nmattocks, saws, and other implements, to repair the roads which the\nBurgundians had destroyed, by felling down trees, digging deep ditches,\nand various other hindrances to the march of an army.\nThe besiegers were soon made acquainted with their arrival, and a\ncouncil was holden of the chiefs, to consider whether it would be\nmore advantageous to advance and offer them battle or wait for them\nin their entrenchments. Many were for fighting them before they\nproceeded further; but others offered solid reasons why it would be\nbetter to strengthen their camp and wait their arrival,--adding, that\nshould they quit the siege, to march to the French, and leave their\nforts unprotected, the besieged who were impatient to get out of their\ndistressed situation, would demolish them, or at least they would\nmake their escape from the town to a place of safety. This had such\nweight that the majority of the council agreed to it; and they resolved\nunanimously to wait the event, and exert themselves to the utmost to\nresist their enemies.\nThe following orders were issued. The earl of Huntingdon was to cross\nthe river very early on the morrow, Wednesday, with his Englishmen,\nat the new bridge, and march to Royaulieu, where he was to draw up in\norder of battle, with sir John de Luxembourg, leaving in the abbey of\nLa Venette, which was strong, all useless hands, with the horses and\nbaggage, with a few of his men to guard them and defend the passage of\nthe bridge.\nItem, all carts, cars, merchandise and stores were to be secured in\nthe abbey of Royaulieu, and the guard of it was given to sir Philip de\nFosseux and the lord de Cohen.\nItem, sir James de Brimeu with three hundred combatants were to remain\nin their fort, on promise from the lords, that should they be attacked,\nthey would hasten to their support, having agreed on the signal they\nwere to make, should they require aid.\nItem, it was ordered, that the grand fort near the bridge of Marigny\nshould be on a similar footing, as well as the two smaller ones on the\nriver side toward Cleroi.\nWhen these orders had been issued, the captains retired to their tents,\nand exhorted their men to be ready prepared on the morrow to meet the\nenemy. A strong guard was also ordered, of horse as well as foot, for\nthe night, at all the avenues likely to be attacked.\nOn the morrow, in conformity to these regulations, the earl of\nHuntingdon marched six hundred English to join sir John de Luxembourg\nin order of battle between Royaulieu and the adjoining forest, near\nwhich they expected the enemy would advance. The remainder of the army\nposted themselves at the different quarters ready to defend them should\nthey be attempted.\nThe French in Verberie took the field at break of day; and, by orders\nfrom the marshal de Bousac and other captains, a detachment of about\none hundred men were sent toward Choisy, with provision to throw into\nthe town, and exhort the garrison to make a strong sally against the\nenemy's fort.\nOn the other hand, Poton de Saintrailles, with two or three hundred\ncombatants, advanced by the high road toward Pierrefons, to attack that\nfort, while the marshal, the count de Vend\u00f4me, and the other leaders,\nmarched across the Oise, when, having passed the forest, they drew up\nin array about a bow-shot and a half distant from the Burgundians: they\nwere all on horseback, with the reserve of some guisarmes and inferior\npeople.\nThe English and Burgundians were on foot, excepting a few that had been\nordered to remain on horseback. Sir John de Luxembourg then created\nsome new knights, such as Andrew lord de Humieres, Ferry de Mailly,\nL'Aigle de Sains, Gilles de Saucourt and others. With sir John de\nLuxembourg were Hugh de Launoy lord de Xaintes, the lord de Saveuses,\nsir Daviod de Poix, sir John de Fosseux and many nobles impatient for\nthe combat,--which could not well take place, for the French were on\nhorseback and themselves on foot, and besides it was necessary that\nthey should be in readiness to succour their forts if attacked.\nThere were nevertheless many skirmishes in the course of the day; in\none of them, the count de Vend\u00f4me was repulsed, but no great damage\nwas done on either side. However a valiant man at arms attached to the\nmarshal de Bousac, having charged the picard archers, thinking that he\nwas followed by his men, was instantly pulled off his horse by these\narchers, and cruelly put to death.\nIn the mean time the detachment that had been sent to Choisy announced\nthe arrival and plans of their friends to the besieged, who, rejoiced\nat the news, and with a fervour of courage arising therefrom, as well\nas from hatred to those who had caused them such distress, made a\nnumerous sally from the town, with scaling ladders and other warlike\ninstruments, to attack the grand fort, in which were the marshal,\nsir James de Brimeu, and the lord de Crequi. They made a gallant\ndefence and repulsed them into the town, but, fresh men rushing out,\nrecommenced the assault, which lasted a long time,--but, as in the\nformer one, they were again driven out of the ditches which were not\ndeep nor wide, for, as I have said, the works had not been completed.\nAt this moment, Poton de Saintrailles advanced with his men from the\nforest and, near the high road leading to Pierrefons, joined those from\nthe town and, thus united, made a fresh attack on this fort. William\nde Flavy was very active himself, and encouraged his men to do their\nduty; and even the women assisted greatly, no way sparing themselves to\nannoy their adversaries.\nNotwithstanding the courage of the Burgundians, the fort was stormed in\nspite of their defence, and upward of eight score warriors were slain,\nthe principal of whom were the lord de Ligniers, knight, Archambault de\nBrimeu, Guillaume de Poilly, Druot de Sonis, Lyonnel de Touleville and\nmany other gentlemen. Those made prisoners were instantly carried into\nCompi\u00e8gne, namely, sir James de Brimeu marshal of the duke's household,\nthe lord de Crequi, sir Florimon de Brimeu, sir Valerian de Beauval,\nArnoul de Crequi, Colart de Bertanecourt, lord de Rolepot, Regnauit\nde Saincts, Thierry de Mazingien de Reteslay, the bastard de Remy and\nother noblemen, who, after some time obtained their liberties by paying\ngreat ransoms.\nSir John de Luxembourg having promised his friends succour if they\nwere attacked, hearing what was passing, was desirous of fulfilling\nhis engagement, and going thither with his whole power, but he was\nadvised to remain where he was lest the enemy should take advantage of\nhis absence, and worse happen. This induced him to remain, and the day\npassed away.\nThe marshal de Bousac, the count de Vend\u00f4me and the other captains, now\nentered the town of Compi\u00e8gne with their men, where they were joyously\nreceived,--but from the great scarcity of provision suffered much that\nnight from want of food. They, however, consoled themselves with their\ngood success, and heartily congratulated each other thereon, expecting\non the morrow to drive away the enemy from before the town.\nThey constructed in haste a bridge of boats, by which they crossed\nthe river to attack a fort on its banks, guarded by forty or fifty\ncombatants, Genoese, Portuguese and other foreigners, which was\nquickly won, and all within put to death, except a common man from the\nBoulonois, very expert in arms, named Branart, who was carried prisoner\ninto the town of Compi\u00e8gne.\nAubert de Folleville, who commanded in another fort hard by, observing\nwhat was passing, and fearing to be stormed, set fire to his works,\nand retreated to the quarters of the English. The French made a grand\nattack on the fourth fort, at the end of the bridge, which was of some\ncontinuance. Sir Baudo de Noyelle guarded it so well, and had such\na force of men at arms and artillery that the enemy was obliged to\nwithdraw into the town, seeing they could not then succeed in taking it.\nIt was late in the evening, when the French retreated into Compi\u00e8gne,\nvespers having sounded some time. The earl of Huntingdon and sir John\nde Luxembourg, knowing they should not be attacked that evening, called\na council of the principal captains to consult on their situation and\ndetermine how they were to act. It was resolved that, on returning to\ntheir quarters, they should that night sleep in their armour, and, on\nthe morrow, draw up in battle-array before the town, to see if their\nadversaries were inclined to combat them, expecting from the great\ndearth of provision they could not remain in such numbers therein\nwithout making some sallies.\nWhen this had been settled, the earl of Huntingdon with his English\nreturned to their quarters at la Venette: he promised to have the\nbridge well guarded, so that none of their men should go away without\nleave. Sir John de Luxembourg retreated with his force to Royaulieu,\nand established a strong guard round his quarters, but, notwithstanding\nthis, a great part of his men collected together, and took upon them to\ndepart without sound of trumpet, and go whither they pleased. The most\nof them crossed this bridge, which, although promised, had not been\nsufficiently guarded. With them went also some of the earl's men.\nWhen the captains heard of this, they changed the plan they had\ndetermined on the preceding evening, namely, to appear in battle-array\nbefore the town; and sir John de Luxembourg, and the others, made\npreparations to pass the Oise with the earl of Huntingdon. This was\ndone on the Thursday morning early,--on which day the French sallied\nout of Compi\u00e8gne in great force, sending forward scouts to learn what\nwas become of the enemy, who soon found they had marched off; and when\nthis was made known to those who had sent them, they and their men were\ngreatly rejoiced.\nThey hastily made for the abbey of Royaulieu, wherein they found plenty\nof provision and wines, which they devoured till they were satisfied,\nand made excellent cheer, for it had cost them nothing. Finding the\nEnglish and Burgundians were decamped, the better-armed part of the\nFrench went to the bridge near la Venette, which they destroyed without\nany great opposition, and threw it into the river in sight of the\nenemy, abusing them with many villanous expressions; for the French\nwere now no longer afraid of the Burgundians hurting them, since the\nbridge was demolished.\nThey also this day made a serious attack, with all the large cannon\nfrom the town, on the fort commanded by Baudo de Noyelle, which damaged\nit much. But the earl of Huntingdon and sir John de Luxembourg, having\nagain advised with their captains, concluded, that as it was impossible\nat that moment to withstand their enemies with hopes of success, or to\nkeep their men together, it was advisable to withdraw to Noyon, and\nthence to dismiss their men to their homes. In consequence, they sent\norders to sir Baudo to set fire to his fort, and march away, which he\npunctually obeyed.\nThe Burgundians decamped about vespers, in a very disorderly manner,\nfor Pont l'Ev\u00eaque, shamefully leaving behind in their quarters, and in\nthe large fort, a great number of huge bombards, cannon, culverines,\nveuglaires, with other artillery and very many stores, belonging to the\nduke of Burgundy,--all of which fell into the hands of their enemies.\nSir John de Luxembourg was vexed at heart at this retreat but he could\nnot avoid it. On the Saturday, they left Pont l'Ev\u00eaque, and went to\nRoye, and thence, without making any stay, each departed to his own\ncountry, or to different garrisons.\nThe garrison of Compi\u00e8gne, on their departure, repaired the bridge\nover the Oise, and issued in large bodies, with displayed banners,\nover those parts that had been possessed by the enemy, bringing back\nall stragglers, whom they put to death. They burnt many buildings and\nvillages, committing great cruelties in a short time, so that they were\ndreaded by the country round, and scarcely any person would, from fear\nof them, venture out of the fortified towns or castles.\nIn short, they created such terror that the following places\nsurrendered to them, without waiting for an attack or striking a blow,\nnamely, Ressons sur Mas, Gournay sur Aronde, le Pont de Remy, le Pont\nde St Maixence, Longueil Sainte Marie, the town and strong castle\nof Bertheuil, the castle of Leigny les Chastigniers, the tower of\nVermeil, and others, in which they found abundance of wealth. Having\nregarrisoned them, they sorely harrassed the adjoining countries, more\nespecially those parts that were of the english or burgundian party.\nCHAP. XCVIII.\n THE MARSHAL DE BOUSAC LAYS SIEGE TO THE CASTLE OF CLERMONT IN THE\n BEAUVOISIS.\nWhile these things were passing, the marshal de Bousac collected a\ngreat part of the French who had raised the siege of Compi\u00e8gne, and\nmarched away, with cannon and other artillery, to lay siege to the\ncastle of Clermont in the Beauvoisis, at the instigation of some of the\ntownsmen of Beauvais, wherein he and his men were lodged.\nThe lord de Crevecoeur, his brother Jean de Barentin, the bastard\nLamon, with about fifty combatants, were in the castle, and vigorously\ndefended it against the French, who made many assaults, but in vain.\nSeveral of their men were killed and wounded: nevertheless, they\ncontinued the siege for about twelve days; at which time, Boort de\nBuyentin, with ten combatants and a trumpet, secretly entered the\ncastle during the night, by a postern that opened to a vineyard, to\nassure the lord de Crevecoeur that he would very shortly be relieved.\nThis was true; for the earl of Huntingdon, who had lately retreated\nto Gournay in Normandy, again took the field, having with him sir\nJohn bastard of St Pol, and a thousand fighting men, with the intent\nto raise the siege. The French hearing of this, marched off one\nmorning very early, leaving behind them the cannon they had brought\nfrom Compi\u00e8gne. They returned to their garrisons, and with them many\nBurgundians from Clermont who had joined their party. The lord de\nCrevecoeur was well pleased at their departure.\nCHAP. XCIX.\n A LARGE BODY OF ENGLISH AND BURGUNDIANS, ON THEIR MARCH TO BESIEGE\n GUERBIGNY, ARE ATTACKED AND CONQUERED BY THE FRENCH.\nDuke Philip of Burgundy was in Brabant when he heard that the French\nhad forced his men to raise the siege of Compi\u00e8gne. He was much\ntroubled thereat, as well for the loss of his troops in killed and\nwounded as for the great sums of money he had expended on this siege.\nHe, however, made preparations to return to Artois with all the men at\narms he had with him, and summoned his nobles to assemble as large a\nforce as they possibly could.\nThe duke advanced to Peronne, and sent forward sir Thomas Kiriel, an\nEnglishman, James de Helly, sir Daviod de Poix, Anthony de Vienne,\nand other captains, with five or six hundred combatants, by way of\nvanguard, to post themselves at Lihons in Santerre. The duke, in the\nmean time, was preparing to follow them, having intentions to lodge at\nGuerbigny, to wait for the arrival of the main body of his men; for\nthe French had possession of the castle, whence they much annoyed the\ncountry.\nIt happened that these captains whom the duke had sent in advance,\ndislodged one morning from their quarters at Lihons, and took the road\ntoward Guerbigny, in separate bodies, without keeping any order on\ntheir march, or sending scouts forward, as experienced men at arms\nalways do, more especially when near their adversaries.\nGerard bastard de Brimeu, the governor of Roye, now joined them\nwith about forty combatants, and they advanced together to a town\ncalled Bouchoire. On their march, they put up many hares, which they\npursued with much hooting and hallowing, for their captains were very\ninattentive in not preserving better order,--and many of them had not\neven put on their armour, for which neglect they suffered severely, as\nyou shall hear.\nThis same day, Poton de Saintrailles had arrived very early at\nGuerbigny, and taking the garrison with him, advanced into the open\ncountry. He had altogether full twelve hundred fighting men, the\ngreater part well experienced in war, whom he led toward Lihons\nin Santerre, and prudently sent his scouts before him. These, on\napproaching Bouchoire, heard the shoutings, and saw the state of the\nenemy, and returned with all haste to give an account of what they had\nseen and heard.\nPoton, on learning this, ordered his men instantly to prepare\nthemselves, and led them straight to the enemy, admonishing them to do\ntheir duty well against adversaries no way in a state for the combat.\nPoton and his men advancing thus suddenly, and with a great noise,\ncharged the enemy, and soon threw them into confusion: most part of\nthem were unhorsed by the lances of the French. The leaders, however,\nand some others, rallied under the banner of sir Thomas Kiriel, and\nmade a gallant defence; but it was in vain, for their men were so\nscattered and confused that most of them saved themselves by flight as\nwell as they could.\nThose who had stood their ground were either killed or taken: in the\nnumber of the first were James de Helly and Anthony de Vienne, with\nfifty or sixty Burgundians and English. From four score to a hundred\nwere made prisoners, the chief of whom were sir Thomas Kiriel and two\nof his kinsmen, valiant men at arms, Robert and William Courouan, sir\nDaviod de Poix, l'Aigle de Saincts, knight, l'Hermite de Beauval and\nothers, to the numbers aforesaid.\nSir Gerard de Brimeu attempted to escape, after the defeat, to Roye,\nwhence he had come; but, the trappings of his horse being very\nbrilliant with silversmith's work, he was closely pursued, and carried\naway prisoner with the others.\nWhen the business was over, Poton, having collected his men, led his\nprisoners to Guerbigny, but not before they had stripped the dead,\namong whom were not more than four or five of the French. He and his\nmen refreshed themselves that day and night at Guerbigny, and on the\nmorrow he departed with his whole force, leaving the castle in charge\nwith the townsmen. In like manner, he dislodged the garrison of La\nBoissiere, and set it on fire. He went to Ressons sur Mas, and thence\nto Compi\u00e8gne, with his prisoners, where he was joyfully received, on\naccount of the victory he had gained over the enemy. James de Helly was\ninterred in the church, with a few others of the dead: the rest were\nburied in the church-yard near to the place where they had been slain.\nCHAP. C.\n THE FRENCH OFFER BATTLE TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND HIS ARMY, WHICH\n THE DUKE, BY ADVICE OF HIS COUNCIL, REFUSES.\nThe duke of Burgundy received the news of this unfortunate defeat at\nPeronne on the very day when it happened. He was greatly affected\nby it, more especially for the loss of James de Helly and Anthony\nde Vienne, and instantly called together the captains then with\nhim, namely, sir John de Luxembourg, the vidame of Amiens, the lord\nd'Antoing, the lord de Saveuses, and others of his household, with\nwhom he determined to fix his quarters at Lihons in Santerre,--and he\nmarched thither that day.\nOn the morrow, he advanced to Roye in the Vermandois, where he remained\neight days waiting for the earl of Stafford, the earl of Arundel and\nother Englishmen to whom he had sent orders to join him.\nDuring this time, many of the captains of king Charles collected a\nbody of about sixteen hundred combatants; and under the command of\nthe marshal de Bousac, the count de Vend\u00f4me, sir James de Chabannes,\nWilliam de Flavy, Poton de Saintrailles, the lord de Longueval, sir\nRegnault de Fontaines, sir Louis de Vaucourt, Alain Guyon, Boussart\nBlanchefort, marched in good array near to Mondidier, and thence went\nto quarter themselves at two villages two leagues distant from Roye.\nVery early on the ensuing day, they held a council, and unanimously\ndetermined to offer combat to the duke of Burgundy and his army, if he\nwould meet them in the open country; and that their intentions might be\npublicly known, they sent a herald to the duke with their challenge.\nThe duke, on receiving it, agreed to meet them in battle. The matter,\nhowever, was delayed by his council, who remonstrated with him on the\nimpropriety of risking his person and honour against such people, as\nthey had not with them any prince of equal rank with himself for him to\ncontend with. They also stated, that he was weak in numbers, and that\nhis troops were dispirited from the defeat they had lately suffered,\nand the loss of James de Helly, as well as by their retreat from before\nCompi\u00e8gne.\nThe duke, much grieved that he could not follow his own inclinations,\nassented to the advice of his council. They sent, therefore, an answer\nto the French, that if they would wait until the morrow, they should be\nunmolested in their quarters; that even provision should be sent them,\nand that then sir John de Luxembourg would engage them in battle, for\nwhich he was willing to give sufficient securities.\nThe French, on receiving this answer, said, they would not consent\nto it; but that if the duke of Burgundy was willing to advance into\nthe plain, they were ready to combat him. While these messages were\npassing, the duke drew his men up in battle-array without the town of\nRoye: the French were also in order of battle, fronting him; but it\nwas difficult to pass from one army to the other, by reason of the\ndeep marshes that were between them. Some skirmishing, nevertheless,\ntook place until night-fall, which forced the French to retire toward\nCompi\u00e8gne, very indignant at the duke's conduct, and making great\nmockeries of him and his men, saying they were afraid to fight them.\nThus the two armies separated, and the duke re-entered the town of\nRoye,--when shortly after arrived the earl of Stafford, with about six\nhundred combatants. The duke now left Roye, and went to quarter himself\nat Leigny-les-Chastiniers, where was a small castle, in which was the\nabbot de St Pharon de Meaux, brother to the lord de Gamaches, with\nabout forty of the French.\nThe duke summoned them to surrender, which they refused,--and he\ninstantly made an attack which gained him the lower court. Finding they\ncould not hold out longer, they submitted themselves to the duke, who\ngave them up to sir John de Luxembourg, for him to do his will with\nthem, and the castle was burnt and razed.\nThe inhabitants of Noyon sent to request of the duke, that he would\ndeliver them from the garrison of the castle of Irle; but as it was\nnow winter, and the duke had not those with him whom he looked for,\nhe returned to Montdidier, wherein he placed a garrison, and thence\nby Corbie to Arras, and to Flanders. The earl of Stafford marched his\nEnglishmen back to Normandy.\nIn this year, the town of Coulomiers en Brie, was taken by scalado, at\nday-break, by part of king Henry's garrison from Meaux. The governor\nof Coulomiers for king Charles was Denis de Chally, who, hearing the\ndisturbance, escaped with many others over the walls, abandoning their\neffects. The town was full of all sorts of wealth, for it had not\nbeen taken during the whole of the war by either party: it was now\ncompletely pillaged, and the inhabitants who had remained were heavily\nransomed.\nIn this year, Pierre de Luxembourg count de Conversan and Brayne,\nand successor to the inheritances of the count de St Pol, made some\nagreement with his two brothers, namely, Louis bishop of Therouenne and\nsir John de Luxembourg respecting this succession. In consequence of\nwhich the bishop was to have the castle of Hucties, in the Boulonois,\nand the castlewick of Tingry with its dependancies: sir John de\nLuxembourg was to have for himself and his heirs the county of Ligny in\nBarrois, the lands in Cambresis, formerly belonging to Waleran count de\nSt Pol, namely, Bohain, Serin, Helincourt, Marcoin Cautaig and other\ngreat lordships. From this time, sir John de Luxembourg bore the titles\nof count de Ligny Lord de Beaurevoir and de Bohain.\nThe whole of the remaining estates and lordships were enjoyed by sir\nPierre de Luxembourg, who, henceforward, took the titles of Count de St\nPol, de Conversan, de Brayne, and lord of Enghien.\nOn the 30th day of September, in this year, the duchess of Burgundy was\nbrought to bed, in the town of Brussels, of a son, who was christened\nAnthony; which event, caused the greatest rejoicings in that town and\ncountry. At this time, the count de Nuche, nephew to the emperor of\nGermany, was in Brussels, where he kept a noble estate; and he and some\nof his attendants, when they went abroad wore green chaplets on their\nheads to signify that they were bachelors, although the weather was\nvery severe.\nThe count de Nuchy stood godfather for the new born son of the duke of\nBurgundy, who was christened by the bishop of Cambray. The godmothers\nwere the duchess of Cleves and the countess of Namur. There were three\nhundred torches, as well from the palace of the duke as from those of\nthe town.\nThe child died in the following year; and when news of it was carried\nto the duke, he was much vexed, and said, 'I wish to God I had died\nwhen so young, for I should then have been much happier.'\nIn this same year, sir Anthony de Bethune lord of Maruel was captured\nin his castle of Auchel, together with about thirty fighting men. It\nhad been besieged by the count de Vend\u00f4me, Toumelaire provost of Laon,\nwhom I have before noticed, with great numbers of the commonalty. Sir\nAnthony, seeing that resistance would be vain, agreed to surrender the\nplace, on condition that he and his men might march away in safety.\nNotwithstanding this engagement, when he was about to depart, he\nwas seized and put to death by these common people, together with a\ngentleman called Franquet de Beguynes. The count de Vend\u00f4me was much\ngrieved at the event, but he could not prevent it.\nThe castle was burnt and razed, to the great indignation of sir John\nde Luxembourg, when he heard what had passed because sir Anthony was\ncousin-german to the lady Jane de Bethune, his wife, daughter to the\nviscount de Meaux; and he conceived a great hatred against those of\nLaon for so doing.\nEND OF VOL. VI.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nTranscribers Note:\nOriginal spelling, including any inconsistencies, has been retained.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 06 [of 13]\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "DE MONSTRELET, VOL. 12 [OF 13] ***\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n_H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London._\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART finishes,\n and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by others to the\n Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES VOL. XII.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE TWELFTH VOLUME._\n CHAP. I.\n The king of France enters the city of Naples\n in triumph. The attack and capture\n of the Castel Nuovo and the Castel del\n Ovo. Of the events that passed in Naples 1\n CHAP. II.\n King Charles makes his public entry into\n Naples, as king of that country and monarch\n CHAP. III.\n King Charles makes dispositions to return\n to France, and takes leave of his subjects\n CHAP. IV.\n King Charles returns from Naples to France 19\n CHAP. V.\n The battle of Foronuovo, where the king\n of France gains a complete victory over\n the confederated princes of Italy 24\n CHAP. VI.\n The king decamps from Foronuovo, to return\n CHAP. VII.\n The king of France goes to St Denis. He\n returns to Amboise, and there suddenly\n CHAP. VIII.\n Of the funeral services performed for king\n Charles VIII, of France, at Amboise, Paris,\n CHAP. IX.\n CHAP. X.\n Duke Ludovico Sforza is made prisoner before\n Novara, and carried to France 47\n CHAP. XI.\n The cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke\n of Milan, is taken prisoner, and carried\n CHAP. XII.\n The inhabitants of Milan are bribed into\n CHAP. XIII.\n The king of France sends troops to reconquer\n Naples, which in a short time is won,\n and Frederick, styling himself king thereof,\n CHAP. XIV.\n The cardinal of Amboise makes his public\n entry into Lyon, as legate to France 76\n CHAP. XV.\n The French, after the capture of Naples,\n CHAP. XVI.\n The archduke makes his entry into Lyon.\n CHAP. XVII.\n The cardinal of St Pietro ad vincula elected\n CHAP. XVIII.\n The Sophi of Persia makes war on the Turk\n CHAP. XIX.\n A great mortality from the unwholesomeness\n of the season. Of the deaths of\n CHAP. XX.\n The deaths of the archduke and of the\n CHAP. XXI.\n The pope, by the assistance of the French,\n CHAP. XXII.\n CHAP. XXIII.\n Of the league of Cambray, formed by the\n cardinal of Amboise, between the pope,\n the emperor Maximilian, the king of\n France, and the king of Spain, against\n the Venetians. The king of France defeats\n CHAP. XXIV.\n A war between Pope Julius and the king of\n France, on account of the duke of Ferrara.\n A council of the church assembled\n at the instance of the emperor Maximilian\n and the king of France, to the dissatisfaction\n of the pope. Bologna taken by\n CHAP. XXV.\n The duke of Nemours marches his army\n against Brescia. On taking the town, a\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The duke of Nemours defeats the united\n armies of the pope, the Venetians, and\n the Spaniards, near to Ravenna, but is\n himself slain, after he had gained the\n victory, and totally repulsed the enemy 129\n CHAP. XXVII.\n On the departure of the French from Italy,\n the Swiss take the town of Milan and\n other places held by the king of France 138\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n Of the war in Guienne. The king of France\n sends succours to the king of Navarre.\n The king of England makes preparations\n to invade France. A sea fight between\n two large English and French ships 143\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The king of England disembarks with his\n whole army at Calais. The French are\n defeated by the Swiss, at Novara 147\n CHAP. XXX.\n A body of French on their return from\n victualling Therouenne, besieged by the\n English and Hainaulters, are attacked and\n CHAP. XXXI.\n The king of Scotland enters England with\n a powerful army. He is slain. Peace concluded\n between the king of France and\n CHAP. XXXII.\n The towns of Therouenne and Tournay surrender\n to the English on capitulation 156\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n Of the death and interment of the most\n Christian queen of France, Anne of Brittany 161\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n The king of France marries the princess\n Mary, sister to king Henry of England.\n Francis duke of Valois and count of Angoulesme\n marries the princess Claude,\n daughter to the king of France. The\n new queen makes her public entry into\n CHAP. XXXV.\n Of the tilts performed at Paris. The death\n and interment of Louis XI. king of\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n Francis I. king of France, is consecrated at\n Rheims. He makes his public entry into\n Paris. He leaves France to attack the\n Swiss, in the Milanese, who have taken\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The king of France pursues the Swiss with\n his whole army. The town and castle of\n Novara surrender to the king 179\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The king of France defeats the Swiss army\n at Marignano, on the feast day of the exaltation\n of the cross. Of the cruel battle\n and slaughter of the French and Swiss 182\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n Milan surrenders to the king of France.\n The castle, besieged by the French, surrenders\n CHAP. XL.\n Pope Leo X. and the king of France meet\n at Bologna, to confer on the state of affairs.\n CHAP. XLI.\n The emperor Maximilian assembles a large\n army, to attempt the conquest of the\n Milanese, and to drive the French out of\n Italy. The constable of Bourbon, lieutenant-general\n for the king in Italy, marches\n CHAP. XLII.\n The emperor Maximilian, finding that he\n could not succeed in his attempt on Milan,\n CHAP. XLIII.\n The king of France goes on a pilgrimage to\n the church of the Holy Handkerchief in\n Chambery. A treaty of peace concluded\n between him and the archduke king of\n HERE BEGINNETH\n THE TWELFTH VOLUME\n OF THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n _ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET._\nCHAP. I.\n THE KING OF FRANCE ENTERS THE CITY OF NAPLES IN TRIUMPH.--THE ATTACK\n AND CAPTURE OF THE CASTEL NUOVO AND THE CASTEL DEL OVO.--OF THE EVENTS\n THAT PASSED IN NAPLES.\nOn Sunday, the 22d day of February, in the year 1494, king Charles\ndressed himself in his royal robes, and triumphantly entered the city\nof Naples. Although he afterwards made another entry, as shall be more\nfully detailed, he, however, showed himself this day the true king and\npotent lord of Naples, and went thence to the castle of Capua.\nAs some of the partisans of king Alphonso still held the citadel of\nNaples, the Castel Nuovo, and the Castel del Ovo, king Charles ordered\nthem to be instantly attacked, although one side of the citadel was\nwashed by the sea. He had his battering artillery pointed against the\nCastel Nuovo; and the captains of the guard for the king were sir\nGabriel de Montfaucon, Jean de la Grange, and others of rank.\nNot to prolong matters, the citadel was gained after a very severe\nattack; and the Germans, Neapolitans, and Spaniards, of the party\nadverse to the king of France, burnt the outworks and hastily retreated\nto join their associates in the Castel Nuovo. In the citadel were found\nthe largest cannons that had ever been seen, with such quantities of\nother things of an extraordinary appearance that it was more than eight\ndays before the place could be cleared, by employing numbers of people\nand carts.\nWednesday, the 25th day of February, the king, after hearing mass\nin the church of the Annonciada went to dine with the lord de\nMontpensier, and thence, accompanied by his lords, repaired to the\ncitadel to examine how it had been battered, and to consult on the\nbest means of conquering the Castel Nuovo. The next day the garrison\ndemanded a parley, on which the artillery ceased firing,--and the lord\nAngilbert of Cleves, the lord of Ligny, the bailiff of Dijon, and the\ngreat chamberlain to the queen advanced to confer with them. The first\ndemand of the garrison was, that the king would grant them a truce for\ntwenty-four hours, which was cheerfully acceded to: the next, that\nthey might, on the morrow, march away with arms and baggage, which was\nrefused.\nOn the twenty-four hours being expired, the artillery played more\nfiercely than before,--and it was a pitiful sight to view the ruins of\nthis Castel Nuovo, which was exceedingly strong. The besieged fired\na piece of artillery against the church of the Franciscans of the\nobservantine order, which broke through the roof, but did not the least\nmischief to crowds of persons, of both sexes, then in the church. The\nincessant firing of the batteries lasted from Thursday to the Monday\nfollowing,--and there were so many breaches, for the king was there\nin person, that the garrison again demanded a cessation of arms for\nanother parley. The lord Angilbert of Cleves and the bailiff of Dijon,\nwho spoke German, met the deputies from the castle. They demanded\npermission to march away in safety with their baggage, to receive\nthree months pay to serve the king, if it should be agreeable to him;\notherwise, to receive passports for them to go whither-soever they\npleased.\nThe cessation of arms was renewed from day to day, as the parley was\nprolonged by the garrison until the 3d of March, in expectation of\nbeing relieved by king Alphonso. But when they found all hopes of\nrelief vain, and that the batteries were about to recommence with more\nviolence than ever, they were forced to abandon themselves to the mercy\nof the king, into whose hands they surrendered themselves. He allowed\nthem to keep their baggage; but all artillery, stores, and provisions,\nwere to remain in the castle, which he immediately re-garrisoned with\nhis troops, and with able captains, for its defence.\nDuring the king's stay at that pleasant place Poggio-R\u00e9al\u00e9, the\ndaughter of the duchess of Melfy[1], in company with her mother, came\nthither, mounted on a superb courser of La Puglia, and throwing the\nbridle on his neck, made him gallop four or five long courses; after\nwhich she made him curvet and bound, as well as the most excellent\nrider could have done, which pleased the king very much,--and he made\nher a handsome present.\nMonday, the 4th of March, the king had the Castel del Ovo besieged,\nand strongly battered on the land side; the others were surrounded by\nthe sea. This day, the king heard mass at the carthusian convent, and\ndined with the lord of Clerieux[2]: he afterwards visited the siege\nof the Castel del Ovo, of which the artillery had already destroyed\ngreat part,--for the canoniers had performed their duty wonderfully\nwell, insomuch that about five o'clock in the afternoon the garrison\ndemanded a parley. The king being there in person, consented to it, and\nsent thither the lords de Foix and de Miolan, who having heard their\nproposals, carried them to the king while at supper.\nThursday, the 5th of March, the king again returned to the siege,\nafter his dinner; and while he was in the trenches with his artillery,\nthe prince of Tarentum waited on him. The lord de Guise, the lord\nde Ligny, the master of the household Brillac, had advanced to meet\nthe prince, and remained as hostages for his safe return after the\nconference. The king and prince were both sumptuously dressed, and\nconversed by themselves for some time, in a garden adjoining to the\npark of artillery, to all appearance with great politeness. When the\nconversation was ended, the king called to him the lord de Montpensier,\nthe lord de Foix, the lord de la Trimouille, the lord de Miolan,\nthe mareschal de Gie, and several others, with whom he talked for a\nconsiderable time, surrounded by his guards. When it was over, the\nprince took leave of the king, and returned to his galley, which was\nanchored off the shore, attended by many of the french lords, according\nto the king's orders. On his arrival at the shore, he took leave of\nthese lords, commending himself to the good graces of their king; and\nwhen he had embarked in his galley they went back to relate to the king\nall that had passed, and his praises of the reception he had had. On\nthis day the artillery did not play on either side.\nFriday, the 6th of March, the king, having heard mass, went to dine\nwith the lord de Clerieux,--and this day many of the garrison (among\nwhom were several of the wounded) left the Castel del Ovo. The\nSpaniards went to the prince of Tarentum, and the Germans surrendered\nthemselves to the king, having passports for the purpose. The lord de\nCressol, sir Gabriel de Montfaucon, by the king's command, entered the\ncastle with a body of men under arms, and archers, to take charge of\nit, and the numberless stores within it.\nSaturday, the 7th of March, the king went to examine the Castel del\nOvo, and then departed to lay siege to the opposite castle. Towards\nevening, the prince of Tarentum paid another visit to the king, near\nto the park of artillery,--and the lords de Guise and de Ligny were\nhostages for his safe return. This conference was short, for it was\nlate; and when the prince returned to his galley the above lords\nrejoined the king. It is worthy of remark, that on this day the prince\nof Salernum, who had been, five years a fugitive from Naples, through\nfear of king Alphonso, returned thither, and recovered a young son who\nhad been, by Alphonso, confined in prison,--for the cardinal of San\nPietro ad vincula had paid a very large sum for his ransom.\nOn Sunday, the 8th of March, the king having heard mass, and dined,\nwent to amuse himself at the siege, and sent the governor of Paris,\nand the esquire Galiot, to summon the garrison to surrender, otherwise\nhe would shortly batter the walls about their ears. They refused to\ncomply; and, in consequence, the batteries were played with such effect\nthat, on the Thursday following, the 12th, they knew not where to\nshelter themselves,--and the governor was constrained to come from\nthe castle to speak with the king, then in the trenches. The governor,\nbareheaded and on his knees, besought the king, with uplifted hands, to\ngrant a truce until the morrow, and to receive the garrison mercifully,\nwhich was granted. The governor was a handsome, tall figure, with white\nhairs; and, on having this answer, he returned by sea to the castle,\naccompanied by the prince of Salernum and the mareschal de Gie, to\nparley with the garrison in the castle. Shortly after, the captains\nClaude de Rabaudanges and the lord de la Vernade were appointed\ngovernors of this castle,--and nothing was taken out of it.\nThe king, on the following sunday, after hearing mass, returned to the\ncastle of Capua, and remained some days, to receive the homages of the\nprinces and princesses of the realm, together with those of the nobles\nand inhabitants as well of Naples as of the Terra di Lavora, Calabria,\nLa Puglia, and of other parts subjected to the crown of Naples. He had\nthere established his chancery, and courts of justice and finance,\nwith presidents like as in France. The president Guennay was the\nchancellor, having the king's secretaries under him, with great and\nsmaller seals for all requisite acts. He ordered money to be coined of\ngold and silver, and other metal; such as crowns, ducats, and various\npieces, both double and single, having the arms of France impressed on\none side, and on the reverse the arms of Sicily, quartered with the\nsmall crosses of Jerusalem.\nThe king now appointed many new officers for the city of Naples, and\nin other towns,--namely, judges, masters of the mint, and of various\ndescriptions. During this interval, he visited the different churches\nin Naples, and every thing worth seeing there and in its neighbourhood.\nWhile thus employed, he had many very fine entertainments given him by\nthe nobility in Naples, and others,--but it would be tiresome to detail\nthem all.\nNews arrived on the Wednesday, that Gaieta was taken by the french\ntroops: in consequence of which, the king sent the seneschal of\nBeaucaire on the morrow to take the government of it. During the\nmonth of April, the king inspected his artillery, and that which had\nbeen found in the castles of Naples: the greater part of the last was\ntransported to France. The lord d'Aubigny left Naples this month for\nCalabria, accompanied by his men at arms and a large body of Germans.\nThe 15th of April, the king, after hearing mass in the church of the\nAnnonciada, was confessed, and then touched and cured great numbers\nthat were afflicted with the evil,--a disorder that abounded much all\nover Italy,--when the spectators were greatly edified at the powers of\nsuch an extraordinary gift. This day the lord Virgilio Orsini and the\ncount of Petilano waited on the king for the first time since they had\nbeen made prisoners.\nThe next day, which was Maunday-Thursday, the 16th of April, the king\nheard divine service in the church of St John, a handsome building,\nand attended (as if in France) on thirteen poor persons, who were\nwashed and waited on at dinner, and presented with thirteen crowns.\nThe sermon was preached on that and the two following days by master\nPinelli, a doctor of divinity in the university of Paris.\nOn Easter-day, the 19th of April, the king was confessed in the church\nof St Peter, adjoining to his lodgings, and then touched for the evil a\nsecond time; after which he heard mass in the church of St John, and in\nthe evening a sermon by doctor Pinelli.--Wednesday, the 22d, the king\nwent to see the tiltings, the lists for which had been erected near\nto a church founded by the Anjou-race of kings of Sicily, where were\nmany of the nobility and ladies of Italy. These justings lasted from\nWednesday until the first of May: the holders of them were Ch\u00e2tillon\nand Bourdillon, and the assailants were very numerous,--and excellent\ndeeds of arms were done on each side.\nOn Sunday, being the feast of St Januarius, the king heard mass in the\ncathedral or church of St Januarius, where many cardinals, bishops,\nand prelates attended. The head of St Januarius was publicly displayed\nto the king, and some of his blood in a glass bottle: it was congealed\nlike a stone, as the king proved by touching it with a small rod of\nsilver; but no sooner was it placed near to the head than it began\ninstantly to melt and become liquid, to the astonishment of many who\nviewed this miracle.\nThe prelates of the church said, that by means of this miraculous head\nand blood of St Januarius, they were made acquainted with the success\nof their petitions to God; for when their prayers had been propitious,\nthe blood became liquid,--but when otherwise, it remained hard. They\nwere likewise by this means informed as to the dispositions of their\nprince, and whether he was to reign over them or not, which seemed very\nextraordinary.\nOn Monday, the 4th of May, the king sent Jean du Bois, Fontaines, and\nthe master of the household de Bresse, to make an inventory of all the\nstores, and other effects, in the Castel del Ovo,--for there appeared\nto be such quantities of provision, and of other things, that the\nvalue seemed inestimable. During this time, the king visited several\nplaces in the neighbourhood of Naples; such as the grotto which Virgil\nhad pierced with such subtile art through a high mountain on the\nseashore of Naples, which is a wonderful thing, as there is no other\nroad but through this subterraneous passage, as all who have seen it\ncan testify. A little further on is the Solfaterra, where sulphur is\nmade,--and there are natural fires beneath the surface that are always\nburning: the king saw them make sulphur. There are, likewise near,\nmany springs of hot water as well as of cold; and in a valley of this\nmountain is a hole through which comes such an impetuous wind that it\nsupports in the air stones, and pieces of wood, that are thrown into\nit,--and it is said that the heat is very great within this hole. The\nking visited another remarkable spot where alum is made, and saw the\nwhole process. Near to this last place is a cavern having a deadly\nquality; for whatever is thrown in perishes instantly, as was proved\nbefore the king on an ass and cat, which, on being thrown in, were\nsuddenly killed[3]. The king, having seen all that was most curious,\nreturned to Naples for the night.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: Melfy. Q. Amelfi?]\n[Footnote 2: Clerieux. William of Poitiers, lord of Clerieux, governor\nof Paris.]\n[Footnote 3: This must be the Grotto del Cane, not far from the\nSolfaterra. Although small animals perish, yet I doubt whether an ass\ncould be thrown in, or would be so suddenly killed.]\nCHAP. II.\n KING CHARLES MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO NAPLES, AS KING OF THAT\n COUNTRY AND MONARCH OF ALL ITALY.\nTuesday, the 12th of May, the king, having heard mass in the church of\nthe Annonciada, left Naples after dinner for Poggio-R\u00e9al\u00e9,--where all\nthe princes and nobles of France and Italy were assembled, to accompany\nhim in his public entry into Naples, as king of France, Sicily, and\nJerusalem. He was dressed in royal robes, and made a most splendid and\ntriumphant entry, and thenceforward was called Charles C\u00e6sar Augustus.\nIn his right hand was the globe, and his sceptre in the left,--and his\nmantle was of fine scarlet trimmed with ermine, having a deep fall-down\ncollar, ornamented with ermines' tails also, with a brilliant crown on\nhis head. The horse he rode was as grandly caparisoned as possible,\nto suit his state: and over his head was borne a splendid canopy by\nthe highest nobility of Naples, who were surrounded by the king's\nvalets richly dressed in cloth of gold: the provost of the household\nwith his archers on foot attended on him on each side. The seneschal\nof Beaucaire represented the constable of Naples,--and the lord de\nMontpensier preceded him, handsomely mounted, and dressed as viceroy\nand lieutenant-general of Naples.\nThe prince of Salernum was present, together with the great lords of\nFrance, of the blood royal, and knights-companions of the king's order;\nsuch as, the lord de Bresse, the lord de Foix, the lord de Luxembourg,\nthe lord de Vend\u00f4me, and others without number, all dressed in mantles\nlike to what the king wore. In short, the entry was most magnificent;\nand the nobility of Naples, with their ladies, presented to the king\ntheir children of ten, twelve, and fifteen years of age, requesting of\nhim to make them knights, which he did with his own hand,--and it was a\nsplendid spectacle.\nThe prelates and clergy came out to meet him in the richest copes,\nbearing relics, and conducted him to the cathedral, where on the high\naltar were displayed, as before, the head and blood of St Januarius. In\nfront of the altar, the king swore to protect his new subjects, and to\npreserve them in their liberties and privileges, which gave universal\nsatisfaction,--and great rejoicings were made on this occasion, and\nalso for his happy arrival, and the great good he had promised them.\nThe king was, after this, conducted to his palace, where, during\nseveral days, he received embassies from different parts of his\nkingdom; such as Calabria, La Puglia, L'Abruzzo, to do homage, and to\ninquire respecting the manner in which they were to be governed by\na viceroy when the king should be absent, as was natural for them.\nOn Monday, the 18th of May, the king ordered a grand supper to be\nprepared at the Castel Nuovo, where he gave a sumptuous banquet, to\nhis princes and nobles, seated at two tables, in the great hall of\nthe castle, to which was an ascent by several stone steps. The grand\nseneschal of Naples served the whole of the supper, superbly mounted,\nand clothed in white, with abundance of trumpets and clarions sounding.\nAfter supper, the king received the homage of all the lords, and then\nreturned to sleep at his palace.\nCHAP. III.\n KING CHARLES MAKES DISPOSITIONS TO RETURN TO FRANCE,--AND TAKES LEAVE\n OF HIS SUBJECTS IN NAPLES.\nWednesday, the 20th of May, the king, having heard mass with great\nsolemnity at the church of the Annonciada, dined at the palace; after\nwhich, the nobility of Naples waited on him to take leave. They were\nassembled in the great hall, where the king received them graciously,\nand kindly bade them adieu! at the same time, he presented to them the\nlord de Montpensier, as their viceroy and governor during his absence.\nWhen this was done, the king departed from Naples, attended by a\ngallant company of lords and gentlemen, men at arms, Swiss and Germans,\nand slept that night at Aversa, on his return to France.\nCHAP. IV.\n KING CHARLES RETURNS, FROM NAPLES TO FRANCE.\nThe king, as I have said, left Naples on the 20th of May, and halted\nat Aversa. On the 21st, he marched from Aversa to Capua. On the\nmorrow, he dined and slept at the bishop's palace in Sezza[4]; and\non the Saturday, as he was about to enter Gaieta to refresh himself,\nthe castle fell down and obstructed the road, so that he returned to\nSezza,--but on the Sunday, when the damages had been repaired, he\nproceeded and lay at Monte Cassino. Thence he passed to Ponte-corvo,\nto Cyprienne, and to Fiorentino, a small city, then under an interdict\nfrom pope Alexander, because the inhabitants had murdered and cut off\nthe arms of their bishop, who was a Spaniard, for having been obstinate\nin supporting king Alphonso against the king of France. This latter\nwould not have been able to have heard mass that day, if he had not\nbefore had full powers given him to order the celebration of the mass\nin all places, according to his good pleasure.\nOn Friday, the 29th, the king advanced for the night to Valmontone,\nwherein were many who hated the French, because they had destroyed and\nburnt Monte-Fortino: nevertheless, he proceeded to Marina the next day,\nand halted there till Sunday.\nOn Monday the first of June, the king re-entered Rome, on his return\nto France, and was lodged in the palace of the cardinal de St Clement,\nnear to St Peter's. He was grandly accompanied by his nobles, gentlemen\npensioners, men at arms, cross-bowmen, Swiss and Germans; and because\npope Alexander was absent[5], he posted his men in different parts of\nthe town, to check any insolence of the Romans. Having done this, he\nwent to St Peter's, to return his thanksgivings to God. On Wednesday,\nhe left Rome, dined at Isola, and lay at Campanolle. Friday he\nadvanced to Ronciglione, and the same day entered Viterbo with his\nwhole army, where he was as well received as before. He remained in\nViterbo until Whitsunday was passed, to perform his devotions, and\nvisit the body of St Rosa.\nOn the 8th of June, the king supped and lay in the town of Monte\nFiascone, celebrated for its muscadine wines,--and thence, continuing\nhis march through La Paille and other places, arrived at Sienna, the\ninhabitants of which came out to welcome him, magnificently dressed,\nand with the same ceremonies as at the first of his coming thither.\nThe king marched from Sienna on the 17th of June for Poggiobondi,\nwhere he lay, and staid the following morning, on account of its\nbeing the feast of the holy sacrament, and attended the procession to\nhigh mass with great devotion. After dinner he advanced to Ch\u00e2teau\nFlorentin,--and on the morrow he dined at Campane, near to Florence;\nbut he did not enter Florence on his return, for, under pretence of\nbeing in the french interest, the town of Pont-Velle had been taken.\nSaturday, the 20th of June, the king entered Pisa, where he was\nreceived with every honour and submission. He staid there two days,\nand on the Tuesday following dined at Pommart, and slept at Lucca,\nwhere, in return for his handsome reception, he took the town under\nhis protection. He marched through Pietra Santa, and arrived, on the\nSaturday, at Sarsaigne[6], where he had intelligence of the junction\nof the duke of Milan with the Venetians. For this reason, he would not\nsleep at Villa Franca, but encamped his army on the other side of the\nriver, where he supped, and waited for the arrival of his artillery,\nand the rear of his army.\nThe king left his camp, at Villa Franca, on the 30th of June, to hear\nmass at a large monastery near to Pontremoli; for the Germans had burnt\nthat town, in revenge for the murders of some of their countrymen by\nthe inhabitants, on their march to Naples. After dinner, the king\nencamped at the foot of the Appenines, and there remained until his\nartillery had passed the mountains. The lord de la Trimouille and Jean\nde la Grange were charged with this business,--and although there\nwere plenty of hands they had great difficulties, on account of the\nrocks. On the 3d of July, and the following day, the king crossed the\nAppenines, and passed through Verceil and Cassano, and encamped his\narmy near to Borgo de Taro, where he lay, under the security of strong\nguards. Sunday, the 5th of July, the king heard mass in his camp,\nand dined at Foronuovo[7], where he formed his plan for the order of\nbattle, with a main body, a van and reserve, and having the usual\nguards established.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 4: Sezza,--29 miles NNW. of Naples.]\n[Footnote 5: The pope had fled to Orvieto, conscious of having deceived\nthe king, and fearful of consequences.]\n[Footnote 6: Sarsaigne. Q. Sarsana?]\n[Footnote 7: Foronuovo,--eight miles from Parma.]\nCHAP. V.\n THE BATTLE OF FORONUOVO, WHERE THE KING OF FRANCE GAINS A COMPLETE\n VICTORY OVER THE CONFEDERATED PRINCES OF ITALY.\nOn Monday the 6th of July, in the year 1495, the french army was\nencamped adjoining to the valley of Taro, about two miles from\nForonuovo, and four from Parma. Thence marched that gallant prince,\nCharles VIII. of the name, king of France, accompanied by those valiant\ncaptains before mentioned, and about eight or nine thousand courageous\nmen at arms, to meet from fifty to sixty thousand Lombards, Venetians,\nEstradiots[8], and others, his enemies. The marquis of Mantua was\ncommander of the Venetians: count Galeas Sforza was the representative\nof his brother, Ludovico duke of Milan, and the lord of Ferrara\ncommanded the rest of the traitors, in company with other captains.\nThe king was armed from head to foot in a manner becoming so great\na prince. Over his armour he wore a jacket, with short sleeves, of\na white and violet colour, besprinkled with crosses of Jerusalem.\nHis helmet was magnificently ornamented with feathers,--and he was\naccoutred like a good man at arms, with sword, dagger, spear and\nbattle-axe. He was mounted on a powerful black horse, called Savoy,\nwhose caparison was of the same colours with the king's jacket, and\nbesprinkled with similar small crosses. The king was surrounded by very\nable and trusty advisers to direct him, having under them about two\nthousand men, who afterwards gave good proofs of their valour.\nWhen the french army had been properly arranged, and the artillery\nwas ready, they began to advance toward the enemy in such wise as the\nground served them. The Italians not knowing in what division of the\narmy the king had posted himself, sent a herald, under pretence of\nasking something from him,--and the herald, on his return, told them\nthe manner in which the king was accoutred. They now began to move,\nand taking advantage of a favourable situation, discharged a heavy\npiece of artillery at the van of the french, which wounded and killed\nseveral, although it did not break their ranks, nor cause any great\nconfusion. A sharp cannonading followed; but the king's artillery\ndid great mischief to the enemy, and killed one of their principal\ncannoniers, as was known from a trumpeter that was soon after made\nprisoner. The king's artillery was so well served that the Italians\nwere forced to retreat, having noticed the excellent order in which the\nFrench were formed.\nIt was wonderful to observe the cool and determined valour of the\ngallant king, both in actions, and in speeches to those about his\nperson: 'How say you, my lords and friends? Are you not resolved to\nserve me well to-day? and will you not live and die with me?' Then\nhaving heard their answers, he continued, 'Be of good courage, and\nnot afraid; for although they be ten times our number,--which is the\ncase, as I know for certain,--yet we have justice on our side, for\nwhich I put my confidence in God, that he will be pleased to give us\nthe victory over our enemies. I have also hopes that he will fight\nthis day on our side, and that, through his gracious favour, we shall\nagain triumph, as we have done throughout the whole of this expedition,\nand return to France with honour to ourselves, through his merciful\nkindness.' Such, or nearly similar, were the words with which this\nvalorous king consoled and encouraged all around him.\nThe enemy were much surprised at the good order of the French; and\nto endeavour to break it, they sent a detachment of Estradiots, and\nsome Albanians, across a hill, to fall on the baggage. Those who had\nthe guard of it had been very negligent in not keeping themselves\nin readiness to resist an attack, by reason of some dispute among\nthemselves, for which they suffered; but it was not much, as shall be\ntold hereafter,--and the army remained unbroken.\nThe Italians, seeing this, sent a herald to the king to demand a truce.\nThe king replied,--'If they wish for a truce, let them meet me between\nthe two armies.' But he afterward sent to them, to say, that if they\nwould, through friendship, allow him and his army a free passage to\nFrance, it was all he wanted, otherwise he would force his passage in\nspite of them.\nThe Lombards and Venetians, hearing this message from the king's\nherald, detained him, and resolved instantly to charge the French,\nlike madmen. They were particularly desirous to attack the division\nwhere the king was, to put him to death,--but God was that day his\nProtector. The advanced guard, perceiving the enemy thus hastily\nmarching, informed the king of their gaining the woods and bushes;\non which he crossed the bed of the Taro, and each army was in sight\nof the other. In fact, the Italians were handsomely equipped and\nmounted, and advanced with the appearance of a determined courage, as\nthey were far superior in numbers to the French. Their best men were\nplaced in front,--and the first onset was very severe on both sides.\nAs they had been informed by their herald how the king was dressed,\ntheir chief attack was made on his division, and with such success\nthat they advanced to his person; but he displayed great valour, and\nwas so heartily seconded by those near him that the enemies were\ncompletely repulsed, with immense slaughter; even the boldest among\nthem attributed their highest honour to him who could fly the fastest;\nfor when they saw the day was lost, the best piece of all their armour\nwas the point of their spurs.\nOnly one man of rank was made prisoner on the side of the French,\nnamely, Matthew bastard of Bourbon, who had most valiantly defended\nthe king, and he was taken when pursuing the enemy up to their lines.\nNot more than nine or ten french gentlemen were killed, although\ntheir enemies were ten to one against them, the greater part of whom\nsaved themselves by flight. This proves, beyond a doubt, that Divine\nProvidence assisted the French, and gave them the victory over their\ndisloyal enemies, who were conquered in so very short a space of time.\nThe king remained the whole of the day armed and on horseback, and\nuntil the whole of his army had retired within their camp. Thither\ncame ambassadors to him from the Italians, to demand the prisoners; but\nthey were answered, that they should not be restored,--which astonished\nthem greatly, as they feared that some of their first nobility had been\neither killed or made prisoners.\nThe king and his nobles, in sign of triumph and victory, supped and\nlay on the field of battle,--where they ate and drank what they could\nfind, and as it pleased God, to whom they gave their most humble\nthanksgivings and praises for their success, as indeed they were\nbounden to do.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: Estradiots,--a sort of light horse, or a militia.]\nCHAP. VI.\n THE KING DECAMPS FROM FORONUOVO, TO RETURN TO FRANCE.\nOn the morrow of the battle of Foronuovo, the 7th of July, the king,\nafter hearing early mass, decamped from before Foronuovo, and posted\nhis army on an elevated situation called Magdelan, about half a\nfrench league from his late camp, where he remained the whole day.\nThe commanders of the artillery made such diligence in bringing up\nthe cannon that they were placed round the king, as was usual in such\ncases. The king marched away, on the Wednesday, with his army and\nartillery, and repassed several towns wherein he had halted on his\nadvance to Naples, notwithstanding the attempts of the enemy to prevent\nit. He came at length to Novara, and delivered the duke of Orleans, who\nhad been shut up in that town, with a party of his men, by the traitor\nLudovico of Milan. Thence the king proceeded to Asti and to Vercelli,\nwhere the duke of Orleans came to meet him. The king received him with\nmuch friendship, and they supped together.\nOn Friday, the 2d of October in this year, the lord de Vend\u00f4me died\nin the town of Vercelli. His death was much lamented by the king\nand his nobles, for he was a notable prince. The following Tuesday,\nthe king had a funeral service performed with much solemnity in\nthe cathedral-church dedicated to St Eusebius, where great grief\nwas manifested by all the assistants; and afterward his body was\ntransported to France, to be interred among his ancestors.\nOn Wednesday, the 7th of October, the bishop of Sion arrived at\nVercelli, with a body of Swiss, horse and foot, and others from the\ngerman allies of the king, for his better security. The king thanked\nthe bishop for his friendship, and grandly feasted him and the troops\nhe had brought.\nThe next day, ambassadors came to the king from Ludovico of Milan and\nthe Venetians, and earnestly demanded a treaty, having witnessed the\nstrength of the king, and the enterprising courage of his troops,--when\na treaty was agreed to, on much better terms than they deserved.\nOn Saturday, the 10th of October, the king heard mass in the church\nof the Cordeliers in Vercelli, adjoining his lodgings; and after his\ndinner, he proceeded to Trino, where he halted until the 15th of\nOctober, when he went to Crescentino, and from this place, by many\ndays march, arrived at Grenoble, passing through the following towns;\nSillans, Sessia[9], Turin, Quiers, Rivoli, Suza, Brian\u00e7on, N\u00f4tre\nDame d'Embrun, Savines, Saint Eusebe, La Meure[10], and Tault near to\nGrenoble. He arrived at Grenoble about vespers, on the 27th of October;\nand all ranks of people went out in procession, and made another public\nentry for him on his return from the campaign of Italy.\nThe king, being unwell, remained in Grenoble until the 3d of\nNovember, when he set out for Lyon, passing through the towns of St\nRambert, where he staid some days, Sillans, La C\u00f4te St Andr\u00e9, and\nChatonay,--from which last place he advanced nearer to Lyon, where he\nslept.\nOn Saturday, the 7th of November, having dined at Venisseu, he\nproceeded to Lyon, whence all the churchmen came out in grand\nprocession, dressed in their robes, and bearing relics, to meet and\nwelcome him on his return from Italy. He made a public entry into Lyon,\nas king of Jerusalem, Naples, and Sicily, attended by all the municipal\nofficers, and persons of rank in that town, handsomely dressed. He\nwas conducted triumphantly through the streets, accompanied by the\nnobles and captains, who were looked at with pleasure in consequence\nof the noble victory they had gained over such superior numbers. The\nstreets and squares were hung with tapestries: bonfires and mysteries\nwere exhibited in all the open spaces through which the king passed,\nin his way to the archbishop's palace, that had been prepared for his\nlodgings. Here the queen and the duchess of Bourbon his sister were\nwaiting, with many noble ladies and damsels, impatient to receive him;\nand indeed he was deserving of such eagerness.\nThe king held most sumptuous justs at three different places in Lyon:\nat La Grenette in front of the convent of Cordeliers, in the Juerie,\nand before the palace: at all of them, he was foremost to offer\nhimself, and performed many gallant feats with lance and sword, on\nhorseback and on foot, as did several others of the french lords. In\nmemory of these justs, three stone columns were erected,--and to this\nday there exist the latin verses that were inscribed on them, for king\nCharles was the principal tenant of the lists.\nPrior to the expedition to Naples, the king had the body of the\nseraphic doctor, St Bonaventure, raised with great pomp from his tomb\nin the church of the Cordeliers,--and the duke and duchess of Bourbon\nhad his shrine afterward covered with plates of silver. The king, at\nthe same time, founded the convent of the Cordeliers of the Observance\nin the city of Lyon, which is become a place of much devotion.\nWhen the king had staid some days in Lyon, he resolved to pursue his\njourney, to pay his devotions at the abbey of St Denis, and return\nthence to Amboise,--which he did, as shall be hereafter related.\nIn the year 1496, the son of the king of Spain died,--and the same year\ndied the duke of Savoy, who was said, by those lately returned from\nItaly, to have poisoned the whole country of Piedmont.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 9: Sessia. Q. Borgo de Sessia?]\n[Footnote 10: La Meure. Q. La Meyrie? in the election of Grenoble.]\nCHAP. VII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE GOES TO ST DENIS.--HE RETURNS TO AMBOISE, AND THERE\n SUDDENLY DIES, OF A FIT OF APOPLEXY.\nWhen king Charles had made some stay in Lyon, and had witnessed the\ntilts and tournaments that had been performed at Moulins, in the\nBourbonnois, he proceeded to the abbey of St Denis, to accomplish the\nvow of pilgrimage he had made, and to offer up his thanksgivings to God\nfor the brilliant victories he had obtained over his enemies, and for\nthe successful issue of his expedition to Naples. He went likewise to\nSt Denis, to replace the blessed bodies of the holy martyrs, who repose\nthere, that had been taken down from their niches when the king set out\non his italian expedition.\nIt is an ancient and praiseworthy custom, that when the most Christian\nkings of France undertake any foreign expedition in person, they\nsupplicate the aid and intercession of the glorious martyr St Denis,\nand his companions Saint Rusticus and Saint Eleutherus. The shrines of\nthese saints are, in consequence, taken down from their niches on the\nking's quitting his kingdom, and deposited in a private part of the\nchurch. These holy bodies, thus deposited, cannot be replaced in their\nformer situations until the king shall return to St Denis from his\nforeign expedition, whether it had been for conquest or pleasure.\nKing Charles, therefore, having been victorious throughout Italy,\nfollowed the pious custom of his ancestors the kings of France. He\nmade a devout pilgrimage, to St Denis,--and the shrines of the martyrs\nwere, by him, replaced in their several niches, in the presence of\nthe great barons of France. The king would neither pass nor repass\nthrough Paris on this pilgrimage, for reasons that moved him so to do,\nbut which I omit, to avoid prolixity. For this cause, when he left St\nDenis, he took his road through St Antoine des Champs, thence over Le\nPont-de-Chalenton[11], and through Beauce, strait to the castle of\nAmboise, where he found the queen and many lords and ladies of his\nnoble blood. He was received there by the inhabitants with the utmost\njoy and honour.\nHe had not been long at Amboise before he heard of the treachery of the\nNeapolitans, and the death of the noble Gilbert lord of Montpensier.\nThe remaining captains, unable to support themselves in Naples after\nhis loss, returned home as well as they could; for those traitors of\nLombardy and Naples had suddenly risen in rebellion,--and they could\nnot possibly receive succours in time from France, had they attempted\nto hold out against them, from the great distance.\nKing Charles made preparations to avenge himself on them for their\ntreachery and infidelity,--but he had over-exerted himself in his late\nexpedition. His constitution, which was naturally feeble, became daily\nworse: whence it happened, that as he was walking one day in a gallery\nof the castle of Amboise with the queen, and amusing himself by looking\nat some tennis-players, he was suddenly seized with a fit, and died\nshortly after, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, and in the month\nof April in the year 1497. May God have mercy on his soul!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Pont de Chalenton. Q. Charenton?]\nCHAP. VIII.\n OF THE FUNERAL SERVICES PERFORMED FOR KING CHARLES VIII. OF FRANCE, AT\n AMBOISE, PARIS, AND ST DENIS.\nAfter the decease of king Charles VIII. whose soul may God pardon! a\nvery solemn funeral service was performed at Amboise, in the church of\nSt Florent, by the reverend cardinal the lord John Peraule, assisted\nby many prelates, great lords, and other persons. There were immense\nnumbers of tapers and torches, and great alms were distributed. When\nthis service was over, the king's heart was carried for interment to\nthe church of N\u00f4tre Dame de Clery, near to that of his late father.\nThe body, with the representation of his figure over it, was borne\nin sorrowful pomp to the church of our Lady in the fields, in the\nsuburbs of Paris, where it was watched all night by some of his most\nconfidential friends.\nOn the morrow morning, a grand procession came out of Paris, consisting\nof all the clergy with their crosses, the four orders of mendicant\nfriars, the members of the court of parliament and of the other\ncourts of justice, the provosts, sheriffs, and inhabitants dressed\nin mourning, to the church of our Lady in the Fields,--where were\nwaiting the great lords, officers, pages of honour, and others, to the\nnumber of more than seven thousand persons, clad in mourning, with\nhoods,--and, according to the usual ceremony, conducted the body to\nthe cathedral-church of our Lady in Paris. There were four hundred\ntorches, ornamented with escutcheons of three flowers de luce, carried\nby four hundred poor men, dressed in black cloaks and hoods. A solemn\nfuneral service was performed in the church of N\u00f4tre Dame; after which,\nthe body was carried with the same ceremonies through Paris to the\nabbey of St Denis, where another service was solemnly performed for the\ndeceased, and presents of money given to all the assistants in making\nthe offerings at the mass, and great alms distributed to the poor.\nWhen the accustomed ceremonies had been finished, the body of king\nCharles was interred in the sepulchre that had been prepared for him;\nafter which there was a grand dinner given to all the assistants in\nhonour of the late king, to whose soul may God graciously grant his\npardon! Amen.\nCHAP. IX.\n OF KING LOUIS THE TWELFTH.\nOn the 23d of May, in the year 1498, Louis duke of Orleans, son to the\nlate duke Charles, was consecrated king of France, in the same manner\nas his predecessors had been, in the cathedral of Rheims. He was the\ntwelfth who had borne the name of Louis, and the fifty-fifth king of\nFrance.\nAt this ceremony at Rheims were the twelve peers of France, or their\nsubstitutes. For the duke of Burgundy appeared the duke of Alen\u00e7on; for\nthe duke of Normandy, the duke of Lorraine; for the duke of Guienne,\nthe duke of Bourbon; for the earl of Flanders, the lord de Ravenstein;\nfor the earl of Champagne, the lord Angillebert of Cleves; for the earl\nof Toulouse, the lord of Foix. Almost the whole of the french nobility\nwere present at the ceremony, which was solemnized in the usual mode to\nthat of former kings, by the cardinal of St Malo, archbishop of Rheims.\nImmediately after, the king made knights of his order of St Michael\nthe lord de Taillebourg, the lord des Pierres, lord de la Gruture, the\nlord de Clerieux. He created also knights to the amount of four score;\namong whom were the lord de Myolans, sir Claude de Mont-l'Or lord of\nCh\u00e2teau-neuf, de Salazuit, and others, too numerous to name. When these\nthings were done, the king ordered preparations for his entry into\nParis.\nOn the 1st of July, the king was crowned in the church of St Denis,\nafter the manner of his predecessors, kings of France. On the morrow\nhe made a triumphant entry into Paris, and supped at the palace. When\nall these solemnities were ended, each person withdrew to different\nplaces, as ordered by the king. The first who made any opposition to\nhim was the lord de Vergy,--but the war was soon ended in Burgundy.\nThe duke de Valentinois, said to be the son of pope Alexander VII.[12]\narrived at Lyon on the 18th of October, and made his public entry into\nthat city. The king had given him the county of Valentinois[13],--and\nhe was now come to France to conclude his marriage with the daughter of\nthe lord d'Albret. This duke was also a cardinal; but he had left that\ndignity behind him, and appeared in secular clothes with the utmost\npomp and grandeur.\nThe 2d and 3d of December, the wind was so high at Lyon that the\ngreatest alarm was caused by it; and the custodium, in which the hosts\nwere kept, on the high altar, in the church of the Cordeliers, was\nburst open, owing to a broken pane in the window, and the sacred wafers\nblown all about the church, to the great scandal of devout persons. It\nhappened somewhat before eight o'clock in the morning.\nThis year, the king gave the princess Jane of France the duchy\nof Berry; and, for the benefit of the realm, he espoused, by a\ndispensation from pope Alexander VII. the widowed queen of France, Anne\nof Brittany,[14] which was of the greatest public utility.\nIn the course of this year 1499, the head of St Bonaventure was\ndeposited, in a very rich shrine of silver, in the church of the\nCordeliers at Lyon,--and a most solemn procession was made on the\noccasion by the friars of the convent. On the 10th of June, in this\nyear, the king made his public entry into Lyon, which was very\nmagnificent. The streets were hung with tapestries,--and many fine\nmysteries were represented in the squares. He was very anxious to\nrecover possession of the Milanese, and had sent thither a large\narmy, which, within fifteen days, reconquered Milan, on the 4th of\nSeptember. Duke Ludovico was in the town, and narrowly escaped being\ntaken, by quitting the place in disguise. The town of Alexandria della\nPaglia[15], having shown much hatred to the French, was plundered, and\nthe greater part of it destroyed.\nWhen the king heard of the capture of Milan, he left Lyon, giving\norders to the lord de Bersac to destroy all the benches and awnings\nbefore the doors in that city. He made his public entry into Milan, and\nregulated its government.\nOn the Friday before All-souls-day, in this year, the bridge of N\u00f4tre\nDame, at Paris, fell down, which was a heavy loss; and the king sent\nthither John de Doyac to superintend the immediate construction of\nanother.\nThe year 1500 was a grand year of jubilee at Rome, celebrated by pope\nAlexander VII. and attended by great numbers. There would have been\nmore, if, on the 3d of January, duke Ludovico Sforza had not, in\nperson, regained Milan, by the aid of a considerable body of Germans.\nHe won the town through the treason of the inhabitants, who surrendered\nthemselves to him; but the French fought valiantly, and kept possession\nof the castle, whence they battered the town.\nSeveral Frenchmen, going to the jubilee at Rome, were murdered at the\ninns on the road,--which being discovered, justice was done on the\nperpetrators by burning their houses, with their inhabitants, to serve\nfor examples to all others. The duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, gave a\nducat to every one who brought him the head of a Frenchman. The count\nGayache and his wife now came to France; he was brother to the late\nGaleas Visconti.\nOn the 19th of March in this year, the queen of France made a second\npublic entry into Lyon, the streets being hung with tapestry, and\nseveral beautiful mysteries represented. About eight days after, a\nnumber of prisoners of war were brought before the king, at Lyon, for\nhaving broken their oaths, at which the public greatly murmured.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 12: This was the notorious C\u00e6sar Borgia,--a worthy son of so\nworthy a father!]\n[Footnote 13: Valentinois,--a county on the Rh\u00f4ne: Valence is the\ncapital.]\n[Footnote 14: Her fate seems to have destined her to marry those who,\nto obtain her, were forced to be divorced. Charles VIII. was betrothed\nto Margaret of Flanders, and Louis XII. was married to the daughter of\nLouis XI.]\n[Footnote 15: Alexandria della Paglia--is about 38 miles from Milan.]\nCHAP. X.\n DUKE LUDOVICO SFORZA IS MADE PRISONER BEFORE NOVARA, AND CARRIED TO\n FRANCE.\nOn Thursday before Palm-Sunday, the French in Italy acted with such\nvigour that duke Ludovico fled from Novara with one hundred horse,\nabandoning his army and artillery in that town. When the french\ncaptains approached, a burgundian leader, called the captain of the\nYotiers, came out of Novara and surrendered himself and men to them.\nThe bailiff of Dijon went into Novara to practise with the Swiss in the\npay of the duke of Milan (about four thousand in all), who only asked\nfor payment of what was due to them. In regard to the Lansquenets, they\nknew not how to act; for the Swiss in the king's service would not show\nthem any mercy, although their captains did all they could that matters\nmight be settled without effusion of blood.\nThere were in Novara twenty thousand combatants; eight thousand\nLansquenets, four thousand Swiss, eight hundred Burgundians, and the\nrest Lombards. In addition to these, a reinforcement of fifteen hundred\nmen were on their march to join them, and within a mile of Vercelli,\nnot including those in Vigeue.[16]\nShortly after, Ludovico returned and marched his army out of Novara,\nand encamped them near to the French; but God, knowing the usurpation\nand wickedness of Ludovico, inspired the French with courage to defend\nthemselves, when attacked by him. Notwithstanding the duke of Milan\nthought himself certain of destroying the French, the matter ended\nwithout blood being spilt, and without a battle. It was said, that the\nLansquenets, refused to fight against their countrymen; and likewise,\nthat the duke had not paid his men their arrears, which made them\nunwilling to serve him. On the other hand, the French were determined\non battle; but when they marched to charge the milanese army, it\nsurrendered to them without striking a blow.\nThe duke of Milan, observing this, disguised himself in the frock of\na cordelier monk, and, by mixing with his men, thought to escape;\nbut the lord de Ligny and the lord de la Trimouille made such good\narrangements with their army, it was impossible; for they ordered\nthe whole of the milanese force to pass under the pikes, so that the\nduke was discovered, made prisoner, and put under the guard of the\nFrench in Novara, which place had thrown open its gates. The lord\nJean Jacques[17] was present at this conquest, for he had always\nbeen faithful to the king. The duke had in his pay an astrologer or\nnecromancer, in whom he put great confidence; but his astrology was of\nno avail to prevent him being made prisoner.\nAccording to agreements entered into with the milanese army, they were\nallowed to depart in safety with their arms and baggage,--but the\nduke and his artillery remained with the French. The lord-cardinal of\nAmboise was then at Vercelli, and vowed the king under the protection\nof our Lady des bonnes nouvelles.\nIntelligence of this success came to the king at Lyon, the vigil of\nPalm-Sunday, which rejoiced him exceedingly; and bonfires were made in\nthe streets, for joy that the French had been victorious. Immediately\nafter, news was brought that the duke of Milan was a prisoner, which\ncaused the rejoicings to be repeated by all ranks of persons in Lyon.\nThe children of the duke were sent into Germany.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: Vigeue. Q. Vigevano.]\n[Footnote 17: The lord Jean Jacques. Trivulce, a Milanese, marquis of\nVigevano, governor of Milan, captain of one hundred lombardy men at\narms and of two hundred archers, king's lieutenant of the french armies\nin Italy. He was present at the battles of Foronuovo and Aignadello,\nand held great and honourable employments under Charles VIII., Louis\nXII., and Fran\u00e7ois I. He was made marshal of France in 1500, died in\n1518. He was uncle to Theodore Trivulce, governor also of Milan, and\nmarshal of France.\nSee Brantome, vol. ii. des Vies des Hommes illustres \u00e9trangers.]\nCHAP. XI.\n THE CARDINAL ASCANIUS, BROTHER TO THE DUKE OF MILAN, IS TAKEN\n PRISONER, AND CARRIED TO FRANCE.\nThe cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke of Milan, was in that city\nwhen he heard of the duke being a prisoner: he instantly departed\nthence, with six hundred horse and some artillery, accompanied by the\nhigher nobility of Milan. He had also with him a considerable body of\nEstradiots; and the commander of the whole was count John, brother to\nthe marquis of Mantua, who intended to march for the Bolognese,--but\nit was said, that he was met by a venetian captain, of the name of\nSoucin Bienson[18], with a body of troops, who attacked the cardinal.\nAt this unexpected onset, the cardinal cried out, 'Qui vive?' and was\nanswered, 'St Mark and France!' The battle lasted four hours,--and the\nvenetian captain was severely wounded, with many of his men,--but when\nthe cardinal, who was in armour, saw the fortune of the day was against\nhim, he fled to a castle called Rivoli, which was immediately besieged\nby the Venetian.\nTo make short of this matter,--the cardinal lost many of his men, and\nthe brother to the marquis of Mantua was ransomed. With this venetian\ncaptain was another called Charles des Ursins. A milanese captain, of\nthe name of Badin, was made prisoner, with the abbot of Senselles,\nand four viscounts,--and upwards of a hundred thousand ducats were\ntaken, without including the baggage. The cardinal, astonished to find\nhimself besieged in this castle without provision or money, entreated\nthe captain to ransom him, which he refused,--so that he surrendered\nhimself on the sole conditions of having his life spared, and of being\ngiven up to the king of France.\nThe captain would have carried him a prisoner to Venice,--but the\nseneschal of Beaucaire, the lord de Montoison, and the chief justice\nof Provence, who had gone thither to receive the cardinal, prevented\nit. The Venetians also, knowing that the cardinal was an enemy to the\nking, that he had been taken on the king's territories near Piacenza,\nand wishing likewise to be on good terms with France, had the cardinal\ndelivered into the hands of the before-named persons.\nThe inhabitants of Milan, on their duke and his brother the cardinal\nbeing made prisoners, opened a negotiation, for the surrender of their\ntown, with the cardinal of Amboise, lieutenant for the king.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 18: Soucin Bienson. Q.]\nCHAP. XII.\n THE INHABITANTS OF MILAN ARE BRIBED INTO SUBJECTION.\nOn the 17th of April, which was Good Friday, in this same year,\nthe inhabitants of Milan, acknowledging the great crimes they had\ncommitted against the king of France, their duke, most humbly besought\nthe reverend father in God the lord George d'Amboise, cardinal-priest\nof the apostolical see, lieutenant-general for the said king, that\nhe would be pleased (after having granted some small sums for their\nrelief, to assist them in paying their fine, and also to save them\nfrom the pillage and destruction which the army was ready to inflict\non them) to come to the duke's palace in the city of Milan to receive\ntheir submissions, which they were determined to make publicly in\nacknowledgment of their misconduct, and to entreat the clemency of the\nking, on payment of such a fine as their means would admit of.\nThis reverend cardinal acceded to their request, and came to the palace\ncalled La Court-vieille, whither arrived in procession all the nobles,\nburghers, tradesmen and inhabitants, preceded by little children\ndressed in white linen, and bareheaded, having a large crucifix, and\nthe great banner of our Lady, borne before them.\nThe lord-cardinal being seated on the throne prepared for him in the\ngreat court of this palace, and surrounded by many of the king's\ncounsellors and captains, master Michael Touse, doctor of laws, and\ntown-advocate, ascended a rostrum that had been there erected, and made\nthe following harangue:\n'Unworthy as I am to ascend this rostrum, my most reverend and most\nillustrious lord-cardinal, I am very anxious to have it remembered,\nand thus publicly to express the complete submission and devotion\nmy countrymen, the people of Milan, as well as myself, feel toward\nour sovereign lord and duke, the most Christian king of France;\nand although I know my own incapacity to express their wishes,\nnotwithstanding my earnest desire so to do, yet, as a good citizen, I\ncould not refuse their requests to undertake it,--and I will accomplish\nit to the best of my abilities.\n'Among all the cities and towns of Italy, Milan, without doubt, must\nbe considered as the principal, when governed with justice by an\nupright lord, as all good and loyal citizens have desired. Since God\nthe Creator, has been pleased to place them in the hands of the most\nChristian king, their legitimate lord, they cannot wish for a better\nnor a more powerful prince: their duty is to persevere in the fidelity\nand loyalty which they have sworn to him when he received them with\nsuch benignity and humanity. It may be said, that he had reintegrated\nthe citizens to their country, and their country to the founder; for\nthe French had founded and built the city of Milan,--and the country,\nto this day, retains the name of Gallia Cisalpina. But, alas! we\nhave sadly displayed the instability of our tempers, and committed\nthe crimes of treason and rebellion without any reason for so doing;\nfor neither the king our lord nor the deputies he sent to govern us,\nhave done any things that ought to have displeased us, or make us\ndiscontented. In regard to our lord himself, we have always found him\nfull of humanity, affection, and clemency; and in regard to the lord de\nLuson, who had been appointed our chief justice, we cannot accuse him\nof any improper acts,--for he ever received us kindly, and heard our\ncomplaints attentively, doing justice to all parties, like as a good\nfather would to his children.\n'In like manner, the lord Jean Jacques, who has ruled us without\ndistinction of persons, or the smallest partiality, punishing rather\nhis own people than ours, just as those excellent Romans, Brutus and\nTorquatus, put to death their children for the good of their country.\nHe also has afforded us all necessary support. The lord-bishop of Como\nand others of the family of Trivulce have acted in a similar kind\nmanner to us. We feel the more beholden to the lord Jean Jacques,\nbecause knowing, as he did, the wicked intentions of many of the chief\nexciters to the late rebellion, he attempted to gain them over from\ntheir intentions by gratuities and honours, rather than dip his hands\nin the blood of his countrymen. He preferred also retiring into the\ncastle to destroying the town by fire and sword, as perhaps strict duty\nwould have forced him to,--and from thence he departed, to return with\nso much the greater glory. The preservation of the town from ruin is\nsolely owing to his prudent conduct: a superior victory to any achieved\nby arms, seeing that Ludovico Sforza and almost all the king's enemies\nare become prisoners. The cardinal Ascanius and others attached to his\nparty were, by God's merciful providence, induced to leave the town,\nwhen they might otherwise have injured it by obstinately holding out\nagainst the troops of our legitimate lord. The inhabitants, therefore,\nare greatly indebted to God and the king, who has kindly overlooked\ntheir faults, and not punished them according to their deserts.\n'To check the fury of his victorious army, the king has been pleased to\nsend you, my lord cardinal, hither, with full powers to act according\nto your discretion; and this you have done with such prudence that you\nhave saved the town to the king,--for which we, our children, and our\nsuccessors, shall be ever beholden to you.\n'We also thank my aforesaid lord the bishop of Como for his good\nrecommendations of us to you, and for the means he has taken for the\npreservation of his country.\n'Since, most reverend father in God, you have been pleased, out of your\nbounty and clemency, following the kind will of our lord the king, to\ngrant to us, the inhabitants of Milan, this public audience, they have\ncommissioned me to make, in their name, the following requests.\n'In the first place, that it may be your good pleasure, when you\nshall return to the king, to recommend us most humbly to his good\ngraces,--and to assure his majesty that the people of Milan will never\nagain rise in rebellion to his power and authority. They somewhat\nresemble St Peter, who, having denied God the Redeemer, had afterwards\nsuch grief for his sin that he was more ardent and determined in his\nservice than ever, continually supplicating mercy for his crime. In\nlike manner, most reverend father in God, and in the name of the king\nour lord, do I, on my bended knees, for myself, the nobles, burghers,\nand the inhabitants of Milan, beseech you to pardon the rebellion\nperpetrated by us, which was contrary to the usual custom of the\nMilanese, celebrated for their fidelity and loyalty.\n'Secondly, most reverend father, in respect to the expenses the king\nour lord has been put to in countermanding the troops sent hither to\npunish us for our ill conduct, we have promised to pay the sum of\nthree hundred thousand crowns: fifty thousand on the 12th of this\nmonth, fifty thousand on the 1st day of May, and the remaining two\nhundred thousand at his pleasure. We beseech you to intercede for us\nto his majesty, that he would be graciously inclined to remit payment\nof the balance of the two hundred thousand crowns,--for it will be\nimpossible to raise so large a sum without totally ruining the town.\nIts whole wealth consists in merchandize, and in cloths of silk and\nwoollen,--and should so large a sum be withdrawn from trade, all these\nworks must stop, to the utter ruin of the city and duchy of Milan,\nwhich depends so much upon it. The duty of a king is to enrich and not\nimpoverish his subjects.\n'Thirdly, we most humbly supplicate, that you would dismiss all the men\nat arms from the duchy as speedily as possible, that the fruits of the\ncoming harvest may be preserved for the use of our lord's subjects.\n'Fourthly, we beseech you, that all persons may be restored to the\noffices they before enjoyed.\n'And, lastly, that since, out of your great mercy and wisdom, you\nhave been pleased to separate the principal instigators of the late\nrebellion from the more peaceable inhabitants of the town,--and that,\nthrough the mercy of God, the cardinal Ascanius and the chiefs of that\nparty are now, for the welfare of the country, detained prisoners,--we\nbeseech you to use your interest with the king our lord, that such\nprovisions be made to prevent them henceforth from troubling the city\nand duchy, as they have lately done, and put us again in danger of\nlosing our lives and fortunes, whence we have been relieved by the\nmerciful bounty of the king our lord.\n'We assure you, most reverend father in God, and most noble lord, that\nwe are determined to remain faithful to our sovereign prince in body\nand soul; and, by granting us our requests, you will never again hear\nof any disturbances or factions in this town,--for the inhabitants\nwill, henceforward, be united in his service, as experience shall\nprove. We have full confidence that your benignant goodness will do\nevery thing, in regard to us, becoming the race whence you descend,\nwhich will be agreeable to God, and worthy to be engraved on marble,\nas a perpetual memorial of your wisdom, and to the glory of your name:\nall of which I and the people of Milan now assembled here, again on our\nbended knees, beseech you to grant.'\nMaster Michael having finished his harangue, the lord-cardinal of\nAmboise consulted the marshal of Trivulce, the bishop of Luson[19],\nchancellor of Milan, the lord de Neufchatel, and others of the king's\ncounsellors, and ordered master Michael Ris, doctor of civil and canon\nlaw, and counsellor to the king in his court of parliament of Burgundy,\nand in the senate of Milan, to make a reply, which he did in manner\nfollowing.\n'Misertus est Dominus super Ninevem civitatem; eo quod p\u00e6nitentiam egit\nin cinere et cilicio.' My lords and gentlemen of the Milanese, the\nvery reverend father in God and most noble cardinal here present, as\nlieutenant general for the king in this duchy, has more attentively\nlistened to your humble propositions and requests than your demerits\ndeserved. That his bounty and mercy may be more manifest, he has\nordered me to lay before you your great and inexcusable rebellion,\nwhich his excellency would willingly have done himself could he have\naddressed you in your own language. I am, therefore, employed to do it\nby his command. I must, therefore, remind you, that on the day when\nyou swore fidelity to the most Christian king, I then addressed you by\nhis orders, and exhorted you to remain firm in your loyalty to him,\nwhence you would derive great honour, and by acting contrary inevitable\nevils and disgrace would follow. I am now commanded by the most noble\nlord-cardinal, here present, to explain your great disloyalty and\ninfidelity, that the exceeding clemency and pity of the king, our lord,\nmay be the more apparent.\n'Your crimes and your demerits are so enormous, O Milanese! that no\npunishments can be adequate to them,--and they are deserving of a\nsimilar punishment from the king as the Romans inflicted upon the\nSamiens, as related to us by historians: 'Ita ruinas urbis diruerunt ut\nhodie Samus in ipsa Samo requiratur.' Or one equal to what Archila[20]\nking of the Goths inflicted on the Romans, whose marks are now visible\non the walls and buildings of Rome. Or what Alexander did to the\nThebans. It may be seen in numerous histories, that for much smaller\ncrimes, Charles the great, king of France, and the emperor Frederick I.\npunished most severely this city of Milan.\n'To make your ingratitude more public, you have allowed that the most\nChristian king is your true and legitimate lord, to whom you owe love\nand obedience, according to the laws of God and man; for the wise\nregulation of the Spartans says, 'Populum in obsequia principum,\nprincipes ad justitiam imperatorum infirmabit.' In addition to the most\nChristian king being your natural and lawful lord, he has conferred\nupon you numberless benefits: he came in person to deliver you from\nslavery,--not out of a disorderly ambition to gain kingdoms, but\nfrom the pity he felt for you as subjects of duke John Galeazzo, your\nfirst duke, whose most excellent daughter, the princess Valentina, was\nhis grandmother. He recalled Justice to your country, which had been\nbanished thence. He secured to you your lives and properties, which\nbefore no one could call his own. He allowed you the liberty to marry\nyour children as you should please, which before this could not be\ndone; for a father could not marry a daughter, nor a mother a sister,\nbut according to the will and appetite of the lord. Offices which were\ntemporary he made perpetual. He abolished all pillories, concussions,\nand exactions.\n'Besides these and numberless other benefits that he showered upon you,\nyou were bounden by your oaths of allegiance to be faithful unto him:\nnevertheless, many of you, even when taking these oaths, were plotting\nto deceive him. All of you, ye Milanese! forgetful of the salvation\nof your souls and honour, and regardless of the danger into which you\nthrew your wives, your children, and your town, have conspired against\nyour true lord in favour of a tyrant, quitting the first of kings in\nChristendom for a mean fellow of low birth,--a most potent prince for\none as poor in courage as in wealth and friends. Had I the powers of\nlanguage to display the extent of such a crime, I should be incapable\nto do it under two days; but your own consciences will make you more\nsensible of it than I can,--and you may apply to yourselves what is\nwritten, 'Populus dure cervicis,' when you committed that base act of\nrecalling your Ludovico in opposition to your true lord.\n'What was the consequence? Did he not instantly seize all the effects\nof private persons, and not only their wealth but even the crosses,\nchalices, and jewels from the churches? What was said of Cambyses, king\nof Persia, may be said of him, 'Difficile enim erat ut parceret suis,\nqui contempta religione grassatus etiam in Deos fuerat.' Although from\nso great a crime many may attempt to exculpate themselves, yet I do\nnot see how they can well do so, for it would have been easy at first\nto have resisted such treason: nor can one in Milan excuse himself\nfor the joyous reception given to Ludovico, as if he had been a god\ndescended from heaven on earth. The people of Milan assisted the lord\nLudovico with money and men. Feasts and entertainments were every where\ndisplayed to welcome his arrival, and for his short-lived victories\nwhen he gained Novara.\n'Observe now, O Milanese! how strongly the justice of God, the Creator,\nhas been made manifest, and the great power that it has pleased Him to\ninvest the king our lord with: for when you thought that you had done\nevery thing by gaining Novara, at that moment you lost the whole, and\nyour idol, the lord Ludovico, carried away a prisoner,--so that what\nwas said of the Persians may be applied to him, 'Servit alteri cui\nnuper mediolanum serviebat.'\n'O Milanese! notwithstanding your enormous offences, the great fountain\nof mercy of our good king has not been dried up by your ingratitude\nto him: and the uncommon benignity of his lieutenant general, my lord\ncardinal, has been fully shown to you, from his respect and reverence\nto this day, on which it pleased our Lord to suffer an ignominious\ndeath on the cross for our salvation. He, in the king's name, pardons\nyour lives, your honours, and your property, exhorting you, at the same\ntime, to be more careful, henceforward, not only to avoid committing\nsimilar offences but to avoid even the being suspected of them: for\nshould you ever relapse again into rebellion, you will be punished\nwith such severity the remembrance thereof shall endure to the latest\nages of the world. By acting as loyal subjects towards your lord, your\ntown and country will be daily improved, and you will live happy and\ncontented; for it must be a great satisfaction to live under a true and\nlegitimate prince.\n'With regard to the requests you have made to my lord cardinal, you\nwill deliver them to him in writing, and he will return you such\nanswers as shall content you. It must, however, be understood, that\nfrom this pardon all the principal actors and instigators of the late\nrebellion are excepted.'\nWhen this harangue was ended, all the children passed the cardinal in\nprocession, crying out 'France, France! France and mercy!'\nOn St George's day, the queen of France set out from Lyon, to go to St\nClaude, with a very handsome company. Before she returned, she stood\ngodmother with the prince of Orange,--for the princess had, at that\ntime, been brought to bed of a son.\nOn the 2d of May, the lord Ludovico was brought to Lyon. He wore a robe\nof black camlet, after the fashion of Lombardy, and was mounted on a\nsmall mule. The provost of the royal household, and the seneschal of\nLyon, went out to meet him, made him a prisoner in the king's name, and\nconfined him in the castle of Pierre-en-Cise. Great numbers of people\nwere collected in the streets to see him pass. The king was then in\nLyon.\nThe 12th of May, the marriage of the lord de la Roche, a baron of\nBrittany, was announced in Lyon, with the princess of Tarente, daughter\nto don Frederic of Naples. On this occasion were many justs, and\nother entertainments, at which were present the queen, her ladies and\ndamsels,--and the wife of count Galeazzo was with the queen; but the\nmarriage did not take place until the 18th of May, at the church of St\nCroix, near to that of St John. Tournaments again were exhibited on the\nGrenette, and gave great satisfaction[21].\nThe lord Ludovico was, by orders from the king and council transferred\nfrom the castle of Pierre-en-Cise, on the 14th of May, to the castle of\nLoches, near Bourges. On the 24th of the same month, the lord de Ligny\nreturned from Lombardy to Lyon, when the king sent out a large party to\nmeet and welcome him.\nThe cardinal Ascanius Sforza was on the 17th of June, the vigil of\nCorpus-Christi-day, brought prisoner to Lyon, and confined, where his\nbrother had before been, in the castle of Pierre-en-Cise; but he\nafterwards found such favour with the king that he had all France for\nhis prison.\nThe lord-cardinal of Amboise and the lord de la Trimouille arrived at\nLyon, the 21st of June, from Lombardy, and brought with them the lord\nJean Jacques de Trivulce and his lady to France.\nAbout the end of July, pope Alexander VII. was struck by lightning, at\nRome, and much hurt; but, recommending himself to God and our lady,\nhe was cured, and ordered a solemn procession, which he attended\nin person, and granted a full absolution to all who assisted. This\nhappened, as said, on the vigil, or on the day preceding it, of the\nfeast of St Peter. The same day the king and queen of France left Lyon\nfor Troyes in Champagne, to meet an embassy from Germany that was\nexpected there.\nOn St Anne's day, the 26th of July, the king of Yvetot[22] died at\nLyon: he was buried in the church of Sainte Croix, near to that of St\nJohn.\nThe 28th, on a Sunday Morning, the last arch but one of the bridge over\nthe Rh\u00f4ne, at Lyon, near to Bechevelain, fell down: the wall and the\nother arch remained,--but it could not be crossed without great danger,\nand by going along the top of the wall.\nThis year, the Swiss made war on the king's territories,--on which\naccount his Swiss-guards returned home, but the war was soon put an end\nto.--About St Simon and St Jude's day, M. de Bordeaux, archbishop of\nLyon, died, and was succeeded by Fran\u00e7ois de Rohan, son to the marshal\nde Gi\u00e9.\nThe king of France, about this period, sent a doctor of divinity\nfrom Paris to La Vaupute[23], to convert the inhabitants from some\nfantastical opinions they had imbibed,--but he failed of success.\nNear Christmas, the river Saone was frozen as high as M\u00e2con, which\nprevented any corn and other victual coming to Lyon, and raised the\nprice of bread very high. On St Thomas's day, the Rh\u00f4ne suddenly rose\nin the afternoon, and higher than was ever known in so short a time.\nIn the year 1501, the bishop of Amiens, a native of Burgundy, died at a\nplace called Arbois[24], and was succeeded by the bishop of Nevers.\nA jubilee took place, this year, in France, for the support of a war\nagainst the Turks,--and a tenth was raised, from all benefices, for the\nsame purpose.--The archduke Philip and his consort came, in the course\nof the year, to Paris, and declared themselves friends to the king.\nThey went thence into Spain, where the archduchess was brought to bed\nof a son.\nA large body of infantry, with great stores of salted provision, were\nordered to Naples; and the king and queen went to Lyon, to see these\ntroops march through that city. The wife of duke R\u00e9n\u00e9 of Lorraine\ncame to Sainte Claude, with her son, and thence proceeded to wait on\nthe king and queen at Lyon. Her son remained at the court, and had a\npension; and on the mother's returning to Lorraine, the king presented\nher with a white palfrey, most richly caparisoned in crimson velvet,\nwith knotted cord-work in embroidery.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 19: Luson. Q. Lausanne?]\n[Footnote 20: Archila. Q. Attila?]\n[Footnote 21: As I do not understand the expressions in the original, I\nshall transcribe them.\n'Derechief on feit jouste en la Grenette. Les gentils-hommes qui\njoustoient _\u00e0 cheval de bois et lisses de cordes couvertes de drap de\nsoie qui estoit une chose si mignonnement faicte que merveilles_ et\ntres joyeuse \u00e0 voir.']\n[Footnote 22: King of Yvetot. Yvetot is a small burgh in the country of\nCaux, six leagues from Rouen. Clotaire I. king of France, having killed\nGautier lord of Yvetot, as a compensation erected it into a kingdom.\n--See La Martiniere's or Baudrand's Geographical Dictionaries.]\n[Footnote 23: La Vaupute. Q. Vault-de-Puis-de-Sacs? a village in\nBurgundy.]\n[Footnote 24: Arbois,--in Franche Comt\u00e9, celebrated for its vineyards,\n38 leagues from Lyon.]\nCHAP. XIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS TROOPS TO RECONQUER NAPLES, WHICH IN A SHORT\n TIME IS WON,--AND FREDERICK, STYLING HIMSELF KING THEREOF, COMES TO\n FRANCE.\nThe king was very anxious to recover his dominions in Naples, and, for\nthis purpose sent thither a considerable force by sea and land. The\nking's lieutenant-general, the lord d'Aubigny, was so diligent, on\nhis arrival, that he soon won the town of Naples. Frederick, calling\nhimself king of Naples, was then in the town; for, after the decease\nof the duke of Calabria, he claimed it as his inheritance. Seeing all\nresistance vain, he consented to meet the king of France, to make\narrangements respecting his claim; for he was unwilling to remain the\nking's enemy, seeing that it was impossible for him to resist. Some of\nhis children, however, were carried away secretly to the king of Spain.\nThe king of France received the news of the capture of Naples, and of\nFrederick, the 8th of August, when at Lyon, where great rejoicings,\nwith bonfires, and solemn processions, were made on the occasion, to\nrender thanks to the God of all victories.\nOn the feast of our Lady, in September of this year, the convent\nof the Celestins at Lyon took fire, and nearly the whole of it was\ndestroyed. The fire began in the chimney; but the convent was soon\nafterwards rebuilt, handsomer than before. The same day, friar John\nTisserant, an Observantine, of whom mention has been before made, died.\nOn All-souls-day, don Frederic arrived at Lyon, from Naples, and was\nconducted further into France.\nCHAP. XIV.\n THE CARDINAL OF AMBOISE MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO LYON, AS LEGATE TO\n FRANCE.\nSunday, the 7th of October, the lord-cardinal of Amboise made his\npublic entry into Lyon, having been appointed legate from the holy see\nto France. His entry was very sumptuous and handsome: the streets hung\nwith rich tapestries, and several allegorical mysteries represented in\nthose streets he passed through. The populace were greatly rejoiced at\nhis arrival, as he had established a peace among the Christian princes,\nwhich was proclaimed at Lyon on Saturday preceding Christmas, when\nbonfires were made in all the squares.\nAbout this time, the lady Margaret[25] was married to the duke of\nSavoy, and made her public entry into Geneva in the course of the month\nof December.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 25: The lady Margaret--of Austria, daughter to the emperor\nMaximilian, and widow to John son to Ferdinand the catholic king of\nSpain.]\nCHAP. XV.\nTHE FRENCH, AFTER THE CAPTURE OF NAPLES, MAKE WAR ON THE TURKS.\nThe year 1502 was the jubilee for a croisade against the Turks. It\nwas, as said, celebrated throughout Christendom to excite every prince\nto take up arms on the occasion. But there were divisions among them;\nand all failed in their engagements excepting the king of France, who\nshowed himself deserving of his title of most Christian king.\nAfter the conquest of Naples, he ordered his troops to make war on\nthe Turks by sea and land,--for they, having declared war against the\nVenetians, had landed troops near to Venice. The french army were eager\nto advance to the conquest of Constantinople, under the command of\nthe lord Philip of Ravenstein; and they had undertaken the siege of\nthe town of Metelino, under a promise of pay, and of being victualled,\nmade by the Venetians to the king of France. They failed in the last\narticle, for the french army was five days without provision; and what\nwas worse, the Venetians allowed the Turks to march through part of\ntheir territories, who fell on the French, killed numbers, and made\nthirty-two prisoners,--for whose release the pope issued his pardons to\nobtain the necessary sums, as is specified in the bull. By these means,\nthe french army was ruined; but had the promises made to the French\nbeen kept, they would soon have conquered the greater part of Turkey.\nGood-Friday, this year, falling on the feast of our Lady in March,\npardons were fully granted at the church of our Lady at Puys, in\nAuvergne, where such multitudes attended that a melancholy accident\nhappened, by the falling down of a wall from the crowd pressing against\nit, which killed numbers, and wounded more. Several also perished from\nthe great pressure.\nThis year, a marriage was concluded between the king of Hungary and\nAnne of Candale, daughter to the lord of Candale of the house of Foix.\nShe soon after made her public entry into Lyon, where several splendid\nmysteries were represented, and thence continued her route to Hungary,\nwhere the marriage was consummated, and they had a fine family of\nchildren.\nAbout a fortnight before St George's day, the prince of Orange died,\nand was succeeded by his infant son.\nNot long after this, the king of France went to Lombardy, and made his\npublic entry into Genoa, the inhabitants having placed themselves under\nhis dominion. The town made him many rich gifts,--and having staid\nthere some time, he returned to France in September. About this period,\nR\u00e9n\u00e9 bastard of Savoy was driven out of that country, and took refuge\nwith the king of France, to the great displeasure of the duke and\nduchess of Savoy; for R\u00e9n\u00e9 had revealed divers machinations that were\ngoing forward to the prejudice of the crown of France. Shortly, a suit\nwas instituted against the duchess, to recover some places which the\nduke had given her, that belonged to R\u00e9n\u00e9 by purchase.\nWhile the king was in Dauphiny, the duke and duchess of Savoy visited\nthe queen at Lyon, but made no public entry: they staid only four or\nsix days, and went back to Savoy a little before the king's return.\nShortly afterward, the general of the order of cordelier friars came to\nFrance, to establish a reform, and to make them follow the regulations\nof the Observantines,--for the king would have it so, as he knew them\nto be too worldly inclined, and that it was better to have ten good\nmonks than two thousand vicious ones.\nOn the vigil of St Martin's clay, the wife of don Frederic arrived in\nFrance, with some of her children and attendants.\nIn the year 1503, the picture of our Lady of the Cloister, which had\nbeen in the cloister of the cordeliers at Lyon was removed into the\nchurch, and placed in the chapel of St Francis. This painting was so\nlarge that the wall was broken down to admit it into the chapel, where\nit now is most richly decorated.\nAbout the beginning of Lent, the king's palace at Dijon was burnt down,\nby the firing a culverin up the chimney to clean it; the king soon\nafterwards rebuilt it with greater magnificence.\nThe 21st of April, when the king was at Lyon, he made a general\nabolition of a variety of tolls and imposts that had existed for\na hundred years, without any legal sanction,--with orders not to\nre-establish them, under severe penalties. This was contained in\nletters patent he granted to the merchants who trafficked on the Rh\u00f4ne\nand Saone, and other navigable rivers falling into them, from the\ntown of Pontarlier, above Auxonne, to the sea,--and also to those who\ntrafficked by land through France, the M\u00e2connois, Lyonnois, Languedoc,\nand Dauphiny. By these letters, all obstructions to the navigation,\nsuch as wears, milldams, and the like, were ordered to be instantly\nremoved, excepting such as may have been particularly erected by the\nking.\nThe french army at Naples gained ground daily, and had nearly\nconquered Sicily, so that all trembled before them.\nCHAP. XVI.\n THE ARCHDUKE MAKES HIS ENTRY INTO LYON.--ANOTHER HERETIC.\nThe archduke Philip made his public entry into Lyon the 23d of March,\nand it was very handsome. He came from Spain; but before he entered the\nking's territories, he demanded that five or six of the princes of the\nblood should be sent to his country, as hostages for his safety during\nhis stay in France. This was done, for the king had no evil intentions;\nbut the archduke had made the above demand imagining that he might be\nsomewhat inclined to be suspicious of him.\nThe populace were rejoiced at his coming, because he was charged to\nmake peace between the kings of France and Spain, which he did; and it\nwas proclaimed while the king, queen, and their court were at Lyon, on\nthe 4th of April. The peace included, beside the kings of France and\nSpain, the archduke, the king of the Romans and their allies.\nThe archduke on leaving Lyon, went to Bourg en Bresse in Savoy, where\nhe met the duke, and his sister the duchess of Savoy.\nAbout the 13th of April, the lord John de Horne, bishop of Liege,\nwaited on the king at Lyon, on account of a quarrel that had taken\nplace between him and the lord de la Marche, which they had mutually\nreferred for the king's decision, and he made peace between them.\nThe archduke had not been long at Bourg en Bresse before it was known\nthat the king of Spain had landed a large army at Naples, and had\ninstantly attacked the French unexpectedly,--for they understood that\nthey were at peace with Spain. Notwithstanding this, a severe conflict\ntook place,--and the duke of Nemours was killed treacherously. The\nSpaniards conquered the town of Naples, in contradiction to the oath\ntheir king had so lately made to observe the peace. It was said that\npope Alexander VII. had supplied the Spaniards with provision. The\nlord d'Aubigny retired into Calabria with a few of his men; but had\nthe French been supported, they would have prevented the Spaniards\nsucceeding in their enterprise. It was likewise reported, that some of\nthe French had joined the Spaniards, having an understanding with the\nking of Spain,--but this perhaps was discovered afterwards. The lord de\nla Trimouille was, in consequence, sent to Naples as lieutenant-general\nfor the king; but he was seized with so grievous a malady on his road,\nhe was forced to return to France.\nIn this year, an extraordinary event happened at Paris. A young\nscholar, twenty-two years old, a native of Abbeville, whose parents\nwere of worth, and much respected, went on the feast of St Louis,\nto the holy chapel in the palace, while mass was celebrating at an\naltar on the right hand. When the priest was about to consecrate\nthe host, this scholar snatched it out of his hands, and ran away\nwith it into the court fronting the exchequer-chamber. Perceiving\nthat he was pursued, he tore the wafer into pieces, and flung them\non the pavement. When, taken, he was confined in the prison of the\nConciergerie,--but no exhortations could make him repent. Upon this\nhis parents were sent for, who were much grieved at his conduct, more\nespecially for his obstinacy and malice,--and the mother died in Paris\nof grief.\nThe father renounced his son for a heretic, and wanted to put him to\ndeath with his own hands. When brought before the court of parliament,\nhe was asked of what religion he was; and replied, Of the religion\nof nature. It was said that he had frequented the company of some\nscholars from Spain, who had fled. A general procession was made to\nthe holy chapel, to offer up prayers to God that the scholar might\nbe converted,--and a sermon was preached, while he was present, by\nan eminent doctor. The court of parliament finding him obstinate,\ncondemned him to be dragged from prison to the place where he had\nthrown down the host; then to be put into a tumbril, and have his\nwrist cut off, and carried to the pig-market to be burnt. He was\naccompanied all the time by three doctors, who earnestly exhorted him\nto repent,--namely, master John Standun, a Cordelier, and a Jacobin:\nthe first never left him until dead, notwithstanding he continued in\nhis obstinacy to the last.\nFrom the time this impiety had been committed, a canopy of cloth of\ngold was supported over the spot where the host had fallen, with two\nburning tapers beside it. The pavement was taken up, and carried to\nthe holy chapel, with such parts of the wafer as could be found, to be\npreserved as relics, and the place repaved.\nToward the end of August, in this year, pope Alexander VII. died.\nThe king was then at M\u00e2con, and immediately ordered the cardinal of\nAmboise, the cardinal Ascanius Sforza, then a prisoner in France, the\ncardinal of St George, with other cardinals, to repair to Rome, for the\nelection of a pope.\nAbout nine or ten o'clock of the Monday, before Michaelmas-day, the\nwhole arch of the bridge over the Rh\u00f4ne at Lyon fell down.\nThe cardinal of Sienna, nephew to pope Pius II. was elected pope, and\ntook the name of Pius III., but did not live more than eight or ten\ndays after his exaltation. During that short space, he had already\nshown how very much he was indisposed against the French. He was the\nhundred and sixth pope.\nOn Wednesday preceding St Luke's day, the lord Peter of Bourbon died,\nwhile the king was at M\u00e2con: he was much bewailed, for he had ever been\ntrue and loyal to the crown of France, and was an able counsellor.\nThe 19th of October, died pope Pius III. at Rome, who, as I have said,\ndid not outlive his election more than eight or ten days,--and the\ncardinals made another election.\nThe French at Naples slew very many Spaniards,--and had they been\nproperly supported, they would have driven them thence, for the lord\nd'Aubigny evinced much valour and prudence.\nCHAP. XVII.\n THE CARDINAL OF ST PIETRO AD VINCULA ELECTED POPE.\nThe cardinal of St Pietro ad vincula, legate of Avignon, and by name\nFrancis de Savona[26], was elected the hundred and seventh pope of\nRome, and took the name of Julius II. He was nephew to the late pope,\nSixtus IV. and had accompanied king Charles of France at the conquest\nof Naples. After his election, he made his nephew cardinal of St Pietro\nad vincula, and legate of Avignon.\nThe french army before Saulse[27], in the county of Roussillon, was\nbadly conducted by some in whom the king had great confidence; for it\nwas so well equipped, wonders were expected from it. The commanders\nmight have taken the castle and the garrison, on allowing their\ncaptains to march away in safety; but although many were for it,\nthe majority were against them. The castle was mined to its very\nfoundations, and the army was so strongly encamped it could not\nbe hurt; but the king of Spain, by dint of money, as it was known\nafterwards, blinded the eyes of the commanders, to the astonishment and\nvexation of all loyal Frenchmen when it was discovered.\nThe commander in chief, the marshal de Rieux, a Breton, marched away\nto Narbonne, to the great discontent of the French, as the camp was\nleft without a leader. Every one behaved with the utmost courage, and\nraised the siege, carrying off the artillery and baggage without loss\nin their retreat. However, had all behaved as they ought to have done,\nconformable to their engagements with the king, in a short time they\nwould have made great advances into the enemy's country, considering\nthe fine army of the French.\nThe lord de la Roche-pot was killed, when before Saulse, by a cannon\nshot: it was a great loss, for he was a good and valiant knight, and\nthe king and whole court were much grieved at it.--The french army in\nNaples not only kept its ground, but even made some conquests.\nOn Christmas-eve, in this year, the lord Louis of Luxembourg, lord of\nLigny, died, about twelve o'clock at night at Lyon, and was very much\nregretted by the king and all who knew him, for he was universally\nbeloved.\nThe 3d day of July, in this year, died Pierre cardinal of Aubusson[28],\ngrand master of Rhodes, which he had governed for twenty-seven years:\nduring the early part of which, Rhodes was attacked by the Turks with\nan immense army: but he and his knights made so gallant a defence, he\nwas victorious, and the Turks left upwards of forty thousand dead: the\nrest saved themselves by flight, to the great vexation of all Turkey,\nin spite of their cries, 'Mahoun, avenge us!'\nThe sultan, finding this army defeated, uttered a horrid cry, to the\nalarm of his attendants, and swore to march another to Rhodes, and have\nample revenge; but while he was employed in making preparations, he\ndied. The grand master of Rhodes detained the next heir to the sultan\na prisoner for thirteen years, contrary to the will of many, and then\ndelivered him up to the pope, who, in return, sent him a cardinal's\nhat. He had those fortifications repaired that had been damaged by\nthe Turks, and then converted the Jews in the island to Christianity.\nHe formed alliances with all the princes in Christendom, and did an\ninfinite deal of good. He was succeeded by Emeri d'Amboise, brother to\nthe cardinal of Amboise, legate to France, who instantly left France\nfor Rhodes, to oppose the Turks, who were continually carrying on a\nwarfare against the Christians.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 26: Francis de Savona. This must be a mistake: his name was\nJulius della Rovere. He was born at Albizale, a village near to Savona.]\n[Footnote 27: Saulse. Q. Sault? a small territory adjoining Roussillon.]\n[Footnote 28: Aubusson. He was grand prior of Auvergne, and descended\nfrom the ancient viscounts of la Marche. Pope Innocent sent him the\ncardinal's hat, for having delivered up to his guard Zimim brother to\nBajazet.]\nCHAP. XVIII.\n THE SOPHI OF PERSIA MAKES WAR ON THE TURK USSON CASSAN[29].\nThe grand master of Rhodes received on the 7th of December, in the\nyear 1502, intelligence from Armenia and Persia, that one called Sophi\nChristian, or Red Bonnet of Armenia, had assembled an army of forty\nthousand men, to enable him to revenge the death of his father by\nUsson Cassan, a Turk, and to recover all the Sophines who had been\nsent prisoners to Turkey. Having considered the iniquity of the grand\nTurk, and his infamous conduct to these Sophines, he set out from his\ncountry, called Adanil, twelve days journey from Tauris, accompanied by\nonly one hundred warriors, and arrived near to Arzian[30], a town of\nUsson Cassan, whose friendship and alliance he besought on account of\nhis mother, sister to Usson Cassan, pretending that he was waiting the\narrival of his attendants. But he disguised his feelings of injury from\nthe grand Turk, who detained his Sophines in abject vassalage: however,\nwithin a fortnight, he was joined by about sixteen thousand men, with\nwhom he entered Arzian by force, and put to death all the inhabitants,\nboth great and small.\nAmong other acts worthy of remembrance, in all the mosques, or temples,\nof the Turks, he had the horses and camels tied up as in a stable,\nto show his contempt for them, and had them afterwards razed to the\nground. There had been a temple of the Christians which the Turks\nhad destroyed; but Sophi had it immediately rebuilt, and handsomely\nrestored. The army of Sophi continually increasing, he advanced into\nthe province of Firnam, which belonged also to Usson Cassan. Usson\nCassan perceiving that Sophi was subjugating his country, and the whole\nof the Turks in this province, amounting to more than fifty thousand,\nassembled his army, and offered battle to Sophi, who defeated him\ncompletely, and made him prisoner. He entered victoriously the town of\nSarda, where he staid three months, and thence advanced to Tharabe, a\ntown of Usson Cassan, which instantly surrendered.\nAs he approached the country of Sultania, he was met by the children\nof Usson Cassan, with an army of twenty-five thousand men. Sophi gave\nthem battle, and defeated them. One of the children was killed in the\ncombat: the others were taken prisoners, and put to a disgraceful death\nby cutting them in pieces. Not one of their army was permitted to live.\nThe city of Tauris, seeing the great power of Sophi, and that he had\ndestroyed their prince and his children, surrendered to him without any\ndefence,--and he remained there with his army some time. The citizens\nof Tauris, observing the great prudence and wisdom of Sophi, put him\nin possession of all the treasures of Usson Cassan. He thence departed\nto a large town called Lingia, three days journey from Tauris, and to\nanother called Passy, the last town of Usson Cassan.\nSophi, finding that he had now conquered and submitted to his obedience\nthe whole of the dominions of Usson Cassan, and established order\nevery where, returned to Tauris, the capital of the country. He was\ncontinually followed by his mother, with a numerous attendance of\nslaves, for he was much beloved by her; and after a short stay at\nTauris, she sent ambassadors to the grand Turk, to remonstrate with\nhim on his shameful conduct to the Sophines,--ordering him to set them\nat liberty, and also to put on the red bonnet, after the manner of the\nSophines, otherwise she would make him feel the power of her son.\nThe grand Turk detained the ambassadors in Constantinople, for he\nsuspected that Sophi would invade his country of Natolia; and in\nconsequence, he assembled a large army near to the town of Angora[31],\nand commanded all in Pera[32] to hold themselves in readiness to\nbear arms against Sophi Christian or Red Bonnet. They were, however,\nrefractory, and refused to obey, showing more willingness to surrender\nthemselves to Sophi. The Armenians say, that Sophi does not esteem the\ngrand Turk a button,--for he has an army of ninety thousand men, well\narmed, without including his own countrymen from Armenia, who daily\nfollow him. All this information was brought to the king of France,\nwhen he was at Morestel[33] in Dauphiny, in the year 1503.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 29: I cannot make out this chapter to my satisfaction. In\nthe 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' I find, that in the year 1501, which\nnearly answers to the date in the chapter, Schah Ismael Sophi I., &c.\nthe restorer of the sect of Ali, in Persia, when only 14 years old,\nassembles a large army of Alides, conquers Tauris from Alvand IV.\nsuccessor of Uzun Cassan, and obliges him to fly to Diarbeker, where\nhe dies in 1502. Schah Ismael gains Bagdad in 1510, putting to flight\nMorad Beg, son to Alvand, and in the following year conquers Khoristan,\n&c. In the year 1514, Selim I. emperor of the Turks gives him battle\nand defeats him on the plains of Chald\u00e9ron, and takes the town of\nTauris. Sophi dies aged 38, &c.]\n[Footnote 30: Arzian. Q. Erzerum, or Erivan?]\n[Footnote 31: Angora,--a town in Natolia: Bajazet was defeated near to\nit.]\n[Footnote 32: Pera,--partly a suburb to Constantinople. I believe it\nwas then possessed by the Genoese.]\n[Footnote 33: Morestel,--election of Vienne.]\nCHAP. XIX.\n A GREAT MORTALITY FROM THE UNWHOLESOMENESS OF THE SEASON.--OF THE\n DEATHS OF MANY PERSONS OF NOTE.\nIn the course of the year 1504, a truce was concluded between the kings\nof France and Spain, touching the county of Roussillon: nevertheless,\nthe Spaniards that had been garrisoned in Saulse embarked secretly for\nNaples. It was said, that the king of Spain had bribed some of the\nFrench (of which they were afterwards accused), and by this means he\nhad conquered Naples.\nThe lord of Aubigny and the lord of Alegre, the principal leaders of\nthe french army, were made prisoners; and great numbers of their men\nperished, more from want of food than in battle, for there was no great\neffusion of blood. The lieutenant of the lord of Ligny maintained his\npost in the territories of that lord's deceased wife,--and the French,\nnotwithstanding the spanish force, made several good prisoners, who\nwere exchanged for the lords of Aubigny and of Alegre.\nThis summer was exceedingly hot and dry, which prevented the corn from\nfilling; and the harvest was very poor in the Lyonnois, Dauphiny,\nAuvergne, Burgundy, Savoy, and other countries. From the month of\nMarch, the farmers and peasants, foreseeing the season would be\nunproductive, were in great distress, and made processions to different\nchurches in all the villages around: general processions were even made\nby the peasants to the churches in Lyon, where the inhabitants and\nmonks gave them bread and wine in abundance.\nIn these processions, the young women were dressed in white linen, with\nbare feet, a kerchief on their heads, and a taper in their hands: the\nboys were clothed also in white, bare headed and bare footed: then came\nthe priests, followed by persons of both sexes, the women singing from\nthe Litany, 'Sancta Maria! ora pro nobis,' and then the whole cried\naloud for 'Mercy!'\nThe parishes of Lyon made similar processions to the church of our Lady\nof the island, a french league distant from that city. On the last\nday but one of May, the body of St Just was brought from the suburbs\ninto the city of Lyon, which no man living had before seen done; and\nhis shrine was carried in procession, with chaunting and singing, from\nchurch to church. On the following day, the jaw bone of St John the\nbaptist, which had never before been taken out of the church of St\nJohn, was carried in procession to the church of the Augustins.\nEight days afterwards, it rained; but the drought was soon as great as\never. The monks of N\u00f4tre Dame de l'Isle, attended by the inhabitants of\nmany villages, brought her image, and that of St Loup, in procession to\nLyon, which had not been done in the memory of man. This was on the 7th\nof June; and at the same time was brought thither the shrine of Saint\nHereny, prince of the nineteen thousand martyrs.\nProcessions came to Lyon four and five leagues distant; and the\ninhabitants of several villages were from five to six days wandering\nabout the fields, from one place to another, without returning home.\nIn short, every body appeared so miserable, the hardest hearts must\nhave wept on beholding this great desolation of the people, and have\nquitted all amusements to assist them.\nIn the month of September, there appeared in the river Saone, above\nLyon, a prodigious quantity of small eels, of the size of a man's\nlittle finger, but no one dared to eat of them. Great sickness now\nprevailed; and on the 19th of September Philibert duke of Savoy died at\nPont d'Ain, not without suspicions of poison. He was succeeded by his\nnext brother: the other was bishop of Geneva.\nIn the year 1505 died the lady Jane duchess of Berry, and was interred\nin a chapel, within the castle of Bourges she had founded and endowed.\nFrom St John's day of last year until that feast in this, the season\nwas most sickly, and every thing very dear. Wheat sold at Lyon from\ntwenty-six to twenty-seven sols the bichet[34]; and from the scarcity\nin the country vast numbers came from the villages to Lyon to seek\ncharity. Some left their houses empty, others their wives and children,\nand the women their husbands and children. Great part of them died,\nalthough every person who had wherewithal gave them food; for alms were\nas abundantly bestowed in Lyon as in any city of its size.\nA pestilential disorder now raged, which carried off immense numbers in\nthe hospital, both rich and poor; and this pestilence seemed to be felt\nevery where, for, in the mountains of Savoy, several died of it, and of\nhunger, so that many farms were this year uncultivated.\nDuring Lent, the king of France had the bones of his late father,\nCharles duke of Orleans, removed from Blois to Paris, and interred in\nthe chapel of the Celestins at Paris, which the dukes of Orleans had\nfounded. Every kind of honour was paid to them during their removal,\nand at their re-interment,--and it was a magnificent spectacle.\nAbout this time, the king was taken with so serious an illness it was\nthought he must die. His nobles and courtiers were much grieved:\nmany of them made divers vows and pilgrimages; and processions were\nordered throughout the realm, to offer up prayers to Jesus Christ for\nthe king's recovery, which was granted. While he lay speechless, he\nhad a vision, which he related; and it was so marvellous that I firmly\nbelieve it to be more a miracle than any thing else. A short time\nafter his recovery, the king solicited the pope to grant a jubilee for\nhis kingdom of France, and other parts under his dominion, without\nany expenses. On the 26th of June, the feast of St Peter and St Paul,\na great procession took place, in which the host was carried as on\nCorpus-Christi-day, when the king, knowing how earnestly his people\nhad prayed for the restoration of his health, would not show himself\nungrateful, but, to reward them, solicited of the pope for this free\njubilee.\nIn this year, don Frederick of Naples died, to whom the king had\nbehaved with the utmost liberality touching his claims on Naples.\nIn the year 1506, died, Isabella queen of Spain, who, during the wars\nof Granada, had shown great valour and prudence. The king of Spain\nwas afterwards married to the sister of the lord of Foix, through the\ninterference of the king of France, who, in consideration of the match,\nmade some agreements with the king of Spain respecting Roussillon and\nNaples.\nA war now took place between the duke of Savoy and the Valoisiens, but\nit was soon made an end of.--In the month of July, a general chapter\nof the Cordeliers was held at Rome, which had not been done since the\ndeath of their founder St Francis. It was caused, as said, by the\nreformation of the Cordeliers in France, which dissatisfied several of\nthe fraternity,--and it was in this chapter determined by the pope,\nthat there should be only two modes of living among them; that such as\nhad been reformed should remain so: consequently, all the convents of\nCordeliers in France follow the rules of the Observantines.\nAt this time also, a general chapter of the knights of Rhodes was\nholden at Rome, and many knights were drowned in coming thither, from\ntempests at sea.\nOn the 18th of July, the feast-day of St Pantal\u00e9one, a general pardon\nwas granted to all repentant and confessed sinners, who should bequeath\nmoney or lands to the churches founded by the knights of Rhodes. This\nwas done on account of a great victory the new grand master, brother\nto the cardinal of Amboise, had gained over the Turks. He had defeated\ntheir whole army, which was worthy of remembrance.\nOn Ascension-day, in this year, the count of Angoul\u00eame[35], the second\nperson in France, was betrothed, at Tours, to the princess Claude of\nFrance, only daughter to Louis XII. by Anne of Brittany, which caused\ngreat feasts and rejoicings throughout the kingdom.--The reverend\nfather in God the lord Francis of Rohan, son to the marshal of Gi\u00e9, and\narchbishop of Lyon, made his public entry into that city on the 14th of\nAugust. Many mysteries were exhibited in the streets through which he\npassed, and they were all hung with tapestries. On the following day,\nthe least of the Assumption of our Lady, he chaunted the high mass at\nthe cathedral of St John in his archiepiscopal robes.\nThis year, the duke of Gueldres made war on that part of Guelderland\ndependant on the archduke.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 34: Bichet,--a measure of uncertain quantity,--from 70 to 54\npounds weight of corn,--of 36 pounds of chesnuts.]\n[Footnote 35: Count of Angoul\u00eame,--afterwards Francis I. king of\nFrance.]\nCHAP. XX.\n THE DEATHS OF THE ARCHDUKE AND OF THE QUEEN OF HUNGARY.\nThe archduke Philip, during his residence at Burgos in Spain, died,\non the 25th of September, in this year 1506.--The queen of Hungary\ndied also on the feast-day of our Lady, in August, having been brought\nto bed a fortnight before of a son, named Louis. The marquis of\nBrandenbourg was proxy for the king of France, at his christening. She\nleft a daughter likewise, three years of age,--and both children lived.\nIn Lombardy, there was a nun of the order of Jacobins, who, like to St\nCatherine of Sienna, had, every Friday, marks on her hands and feet\nsimilar to the wounds of our Saviour, that ran blood, which appeared to\nall who saw it very marvellous.\nCHAP. XXI.\n THE POPE, BY THE ASSISTANCE OF THE FRENCH, GAINS BOLOGNA.\nPope Julius II. weighing in his mind that the whole of the territories\nof Bologna were the patrimony of the church, made preparations to\nreduce them to his obedience. This city and territory had been usurped,\nand held by force for some time, by sir John de Bentivoglio. The pope,\nconsidering that there was no prince in all Christendom so well able\nto afford him support in this project as the king of France (that firm\npillar of the church, who had been every where victorious), made him\nacquainted with his claims and intentions of recovering the bolognese\nterritories.\nThe king, eager to serve the holy church, ordered a large detachment\nof men at arms to join the pope's forces from the Milanese, for him\nto use at his pleasure. The pope's army was besieging Bologna on the\nside toward Rome,--but when joined by the French, it was besieged\non all sides. This took place in the month of October. The French,\nstationed on the side toward Modena, behaved very gallantly, and won\nCastel-franco, which was plundered because the garrison would not\nsurrender. The pope's army gained another castle,--and both armies\nshowed so much courage, the Bolognese were astonished and frightened:\nthey found themselves closely besieged, and that it would be impossible\nfor them to resist the pope and the king of France. Finding their\nsituation desperate, they surrendered themselves to the pope, having\ndriven sir John de Bentivoglio out of Bologna, who, as I have before\nsaid, held the town by force, although it lawfully belonged to the pope.\nThe pope offered up thanksgivings to God the Creator for his success,\nand chaunted high mass most devoutly, on All-souls-day, in the church\nof St Petronilla in Bologna.\nCHAP. XXII.\n OF THE DAMSEL TRIVULCE.\nAbout this time, there resided a young lady in the Milanese, who had\nbeen taught the rudiments of grammar at seven years of age, and was so\nearnest in her studies that, at fourteen, she was eloquent to a degree\nthat astonished all who heard her.\nShe was descended from the noble family of the Trivulces. Her father,\ncalled John, was an able knight and good scholar, as were all of his\nfamily. Her mother's name was Angela, a noble lady of the race of the\nMartinengois. In praise of this young lady, the verse of Prosper may\nbe well applied,--'Natur\u00e6 sequitur semina quisque su\u00e6.' Her mother was\nnot a learned lady, although full of virtue; but the daughter was so\ndevout and eloquent, in her prayers, that she seemed more angelic than\nhuman; and if she continues to abound in such virtues, and to live thus\nsanctified and devout, she will deservedly be worthy of her reputation\nof a saint.\nAt twelve years of age, she became a great disputant, and was\ninvited into the companies of the most learned, as well secular as\necclesiastic,--among whom were the bishop of Lausanne, an eminent\nscholar, her uncles the bishop of Cumense[36] and Francis Trivulce,\nof the order of franciscan friars, when several disputations took\nplace,--and great praises were given to this damsel. She understood\nphilosophy, history, and different sciences, was mistress of Seneca,\nAristotle, and Pietro of Ravenna. Whatever she saw or heard at any of\nthe places she visited, she related the whole to her father, on her\nreturn home, as exactly as if it had been written down.\nShe was skilful in poetry, and one day composed so long a poem her\nmaster was surprised at her talent. She became soon expert in the\ngreek tongue, and wrote many letters, in that and in other languages,\nthat were greatly admired by all the learned to whom they had been\naddressed. She was most patient in adversity, making a joke of it: in\nshort, every thing she did or said was miraculous, and unlike to a\nhuman being. When marriage was spoken of to her, she replied, that she\nwould never marry a man whom she did not know to be as pure in virtue\nas herself.\nThe Genoese, acting according to their accustomed treachery, forgetful\nof the crimes they had committed, and been pardoned for by the king,\nnow rebelled against him, and chose for their doge one called Paul\nNoyus[37], who had been a silk dyer. The king, hearing of this,\nresolved to march in person against them, and reduce them to his\nobedience, notwithstanding the great preparations the Genoese had made\nfor resistance. They had, among other things, erected a bulwark they\nthought impregnable; but some bold french adventurers having secretly\nmounted this bulwark, the hearts of the Genoese failed them, and they\nfled into the town. They now offered to surrender themselves to the\nking's mercy, who, from his uncommon benignity, and wish to avoid the\neffusion of human blood, pardoned them, and entered the town with his\nwhole army, where he had a magnificent reception. Their lately-elected\ndoge, Paul di Nove, was taken at sea by a french bark, when making his\nescape, brought back to Genoa, and beheaded. From this time forward,\nit was publicly proclaimed, that the populace should not shout 'Adorne\nFregose[38]!' which they had been accustomed to do before this last\nreduction of the town.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 36: Cumense. Q. Como?]\n[Footnote 37: Paul Noyus. Paul di Nove.]\n[Footnote 38: Fregose. Q. Fiesco?]\nCHAP. XXIII.\n OF THE LEAGUE OF CAMBRAY, FORMED BY THE CARDINAL OF AMBOISE, BETWEEN\n THE POPE, THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN, THE KING OF FRANCE, AND THE KING\n OF SPAIN, AGAINST THE VENETIANS.--THE KING OF FRANCE DEFEATS THE\n VENETIANS AT AGNADELLO.\nThe king of France, about this time, through the means of the cardinal\nof Amboise, concluded a treaty at Cambray between the pope, the\nemperor, the king of Spain, and the lady Margaret, governess of the\nlow countries. This treaty, although of no long duration, was the\ncause of the deaths of two hundred thousand men, as you will hereafter\nsee, through the treachery of the confederates, in various battles and\nengagements that took place; and what is worse, we of the present time,\nunless God shall be pleased to apply a remedy, are still suffering from\nthe effects of this unfortunate treaty.\nThe king thought to obtain by it a lasting peace and alliance with the\nadjoining princes; but he was deceived, as was apparent at the time\nof the affair of Peschiera, against the Venetians; for he alone, of\nall the confederates, took the field, crossed the Alps, and advanced\nto Milan. He thence marched his army, and what is worthy of remark,\nhad all the bridges broken down he passed over, to show that flight\nwould be needless. His first conquest was the castle of Trevi. He then\nmarched his army to Peschiera, near to which was Agnadello, where\nthe battle was fought. Five days after the camp had been formed at\nPeschiera, the Venetian army was attacked, and completely routed,\nchiefly by the great exertions of the lord of Bourbon, who fought\nmanfully: there was great slaughter. The confederates never thought\nthat this could have been accomplished by the french army alone. Indeed\nthe Venetians would not believe it until the count de Pitigliano, who\nhad fled with the reserve, convinced them of its truth. This battle\ntook place on the 14th of May, just six days after the king arrived in\nthe camp, and it was certainly very fortunate. Thus the war lasted but\nfive days; for after such a victory, there was nothing to prevent the\nking obtaining all his demands.\nI repeat, that this success was very fortunate, considering how\nadvantageously the enemy were posted, the number of strong places\nin their possession, and the strength of their armies; for they had\nenow to oppose the confederates in the field and to guard their\nstrong holds. In their camp were more than seventeen hundred men at\narms, light cavalry to the amount of nine thousand five hundred,\nand twenty-two thousand infantry well armed, with twenty pieces of\nlarge artillery, much superior to what the king had, and also the\nbest captains in all Italy to command this army, particularly sir\nBartholomew d'Alviano, the chief, taken prisoner as he was rallying a\nbody of infantry.\nNumbers of the most renowned of the venetian captains were made\nprisoners this day, and sent to different strong castles in\nFrance,--their banners to the church of St Denis. Not more than two\nhundred were slain of the king's army, while full fifteen thousand\nfell on the side of the enemy. After the battle, the king ordered the\ndead to be buried, and a chapel to be erected on the spot, endowed\nsufficiently for the celebration of daily masses for the souls of those\nwho had died in a state of grace. It was not long afterward before\nthose towns which the Venetians had usurped surrendered to the king's\nobedience,--such as Bergamo, Brescia, Crema, Cremona, that had formed\npart of the duchy of Milan.\nThe pope, in like manner, recovered those places that had been taken\nfrom the church, namely, Ravenna, Imola, Faienza, and Forli. The\nemperor Maximilian regained from the Venetians his towns of Verona,\nVicenza, and Padua,--but this last he did not keep long. Whether\nthrough negligence or fear, he had never dared to come to the king's\ncamp, notwithstanding his repeated promises: the king, however, gave\nhim a large body of men, under the command of the lord de la Palisse,\nto regain the city of Padua,--and it was long besieged, but nothing\neffectual was done at last.\nThe king of Spain also regained the towns of Brundusium, Tarentum, and\nothers, of which the Venetians had possessed themselves.\nWhen all this had been done through the fortunate victory of the king\nof France, who had supported the pope like a true son of the church,\nand had so essentially served him in the restoration of Bologna by the\nexpulsion of Bentivoglio, and in various other ways,--notwithstanding\nall these proofs of his friendship, pope Julius, at the instigation of\nthe Venetians and others, formed an alliance against him, and, having\njoined his arms with those of Venice, took Udina and Mirandola; which\nlast he restored to John Franciscus Picus, who styled himself the true\nlord of it.\nTo return to the king of France: after his victory over the Venetians,\nhe went to Milan, where a magnificent triumphal entry was prepared\nfor him, after the manner of the ancient Romans. Brilliant cars, full\nof the handsomest and best dressed ladies in Milan, went out to meet\nhim,--and the people greeted him with acclamations, comparing him to\nC\u00e6sar, for having conquered and reduced to his subjection those who\nhad been feared and dreaded by all the world before.\nThe king, having had so handsome a reception in Milan, went thence\nto Savona, where he was met by Ferdinand, who had come thither with\na numerous fleet of galleys for the purpose. The king of France\nreceived him and his queen with much kindness, and they made good cheer\ntogether. They confirmed their peace by dividing the eucharist between\nthem at the holy sacrament; but it lasted not long, notwithstanding\nthis ceremony, as you will hereafter see. There are many who make a\ngood sale of their consciences and promises; and one of them, instead\nof the host, ought to have swallowed a burning coal,--for numberless\ncreatures have paid dear for perjuries of which they were innocent, and\nhad no concern with.\nCHAP. XXIV.\n A WAR BETWEEN POPE JULIUS AND THE KING OF FRANCE, ON ACCOUNT OF THE\n DUKE OF FERRARA.--A COUNCIL OF THE CHURCH ASSEMBLED AT THE INSTANCE OF\n THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN AND THE KING OF FRANCE, TO THE DISSATISFACTION\n OF THE POPE.--BOLOGNA TAKEN BY THE FRENCH.\nAbout this time, the town of Mirandola was valiantly reconquered by\nthe French, and the town of Udina delivered up to the king of the\nRomans. The marquis of Mantua was taken prisoner by the Venetians,\nand carried to Venice, whence, some time after, he easily obtained\nhis liberty. A fresh war now commenced between the pope and the duke\nof Ferrara, an ally of France,--for which reason, the king left the\ncount Gaston de Foix, whom he had lately created duke of Nemours, his\nlieutenant-general in the Milanese, who did marvellous feats of arms\nduring his command in Italy.\nThe lord-cardinal of Amboise, on his last return from Italy, fell\nsick at Lyon, and died there. His loss was great, as was afterwards\nknown, although at the time some thought the contrary; but they were\nunacquainted with his many virtues, and the good use he made of his\ntalents,--for during the whole of his administration, he advised his\nmaster with such wisdom that the people were never over-taxed. Whatever\nwars king Louis may have carried on in Italy, the taxes were never\nraised above their usual rates; but when the enemy attempted to bring\nthe war on the french territory, it became absolutely necessary to\nincrease them.\nThe king was, not without foundation, called 'the father of his\npeople,' notwithstanding that title may have been given him during his\nlife through flattery, and the worth of other kings debased, the more\nto exalt his own. It is impossible to say too much of a virtuous man\nin his absence; but when present, to praise him smells strongly of the\nlove of lucre.\nThe cardinal-legate having lain in state for a short time, the body\nwas embalmed, put into a leaden coffin, and carried to Rouen for\ninterment. The king came thence to Blois, accompanied by the queen,\nthen far gone with child of a daughter, as it turned out afterward,\nwhom the king had vowed to the holy St R\u00e9n\u00e9, a bishop of Angers,\nwhither he made a pilgrimage with the queen when she recovered. The\nyoung princess was christened Ren\u00e9e,--and the lord Jean Jacques de\nTrivulce stood godfather with the king.\nAbout this time, the Portuguese made some discoveries on the island of\nOran[39], on the coast of Africa, where they met savages of a blackish\ncolour, with countenances as if branded with hot irons, thick lips,\nblack and coarse hair, resembling in thickness that of a horse. They\nhad no beard, nor appearance of any, or of hair on any parts of the\nbody but on the head and eye-brows. Their boats are made of the bark\nof trees, and so light, a man can with ease carry one of them. Their\nbows are bent with the sinews of wild beasts: their arrows of cane,\nheaded with a sharp stone or piece of fish-bone. They know not the use\nof bread or wine, nor the value of money, and crawl on the earth like\nbeasts, feeding on raw flesh, and covered with skins for clothing. They\nlive part of their time in the sea. Two of these natives were brought\nby some Normans to Rouen, and presented to the king; but they did not\nlive long, nor did the others that had been brought to Europe.\nBut to return to my former subject: a general council was demanded\nby the emperor, and king of France, to the great discontent of the\npope. He had broken his faith, by instigating the king of Arragon, the\nrepublic of Venice, and others, to commence a new war, quitting the\nchair of Saint Peter for the car of Mars, the god of war, displaying\nin the field of battle his triple crown, and sleeping in watchtowers.\nGod knows what a sight of crosses, mitres, and sacred banners, were\nfluttering in the plains; and the devil took good care not to come\nnear,--for benedictions were given most abundantly, and at the cheapest\nrates.\nThe war commenced against the duke of Ferrara, ally to the king,\nwhen many engagements took place, sieges were made and raised, for it\nwas continued without interruption of winter and summer. Bologna was\nbesieged by the duke of Nemours, who acted as viceroy in Italy, and\nthe Bolognese fled before him, so that he soon reconquered that town,\nas you shall hear. About this time, pope Julius excited the Swiss to\ninvade the duchy of Milan, which they did, and advanced to the walls\nof that city, committing every sort of mischief, particularly to a\nmonastery of nuns, whom they ravished, and plundered the convent of all\nwithin it.\nThe lord de Conti, like a valorous knight, hastened to their relief,\nand did wonders; but he was surrounded, and fell, which was a great\npity.--Soon after, the duke of Nemours made an agreement with them to\nreturn home, on receiving a sum of money,--which they accepted and\nretreated, to return again to seek more money.\nThe inhabitants of Brescia were now (unfortunately for them) advised\nto quit the french interest, and put themselves under the dominion\nof Venice, for which they severely suffered. In like manner, those of\nBergamo revolted to the Venetians,--but the castles of both places\nremained in the hands of the French, under the command of able\ncaptains, who gallantly served the king, especially in his italian\nwars, for which some of them were but badly recompensed.\nThe council[40] before mentioned was first held at Tours, then at\nLyon, and then referred to a general council at Pisa, where were many\ncardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, and other prelates\nof the church. There were likewise some very learned theologians, and\ncanonists, to whom this affair would afford matter of discussion.\nSeveral essential points were determined on in the different sessions\nof this council; but, for weighty reasons, the council was transferred\nto Milan, and thence to Lyon, where it remained.\nThe french army suffered much at the siege of Bologna, from the rigour\nof the weather: but, notwithstanding this, they were victorious,\ndrove out of the town the pope and his archbishops, and entered it as\nconquerors.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 39: Oran,--a town of Algiers. I should imagine this to be a\nmistake for some place on the southern coast of Africa.]\n[Footnote 40: The council--was held in 1510 at Tours, and attended\nby all the prelates and doctors of France. Louis XII. proposed eight\nquestions, touching his declaring war against pope Julius II. in favour\nof Alphonso duke of Ferrara, whom the pope had determined to deprive\nof his dominions. The answers of the council confirmed the king in his\nresolution for war.\nI do not see any thing of these removals of the council in the Art de\nVerifier les Dates, from whence the above is taken.]\nCHAP. XXV.\n THE DUKE OF NEMOURS MARCHES HIS ARMY AGAINST BRESCIA.--ON TAKING THE\n TOWN, A GREAT SLAUGHTER ENSUES.\nWhen the duke of Nemours heard of the revolt of Brescia, and that\nthe Venetians had entered the town, he instantly made preparations\nto attack them, and with great diligence, marched day and night to\nBrescia; for I can promise you, that the king had, at that time, an\nexcellent army,--and the liberal promises of the duke of Nemours urged\nthem on, so that they were almost immediately before it.\nThose in the castle, on the first appearance of their countrymen,\nopened the gate, and part of them forced their way thence in the\ntown. Alas! what a deluge! what cries! what lamentations of the poor\ncitizens! It is a great pity, and wonderful how many suffer in the\nsupport of the quarrels of princes and great lords: however, in this\ninstance, they had deserved punishment, for having wantonly broken\ntheir oaths of allegiance.\nThe duke of Nemours had no sooner gained the castle and palace than,\nlike a great warrior as he was, he entered the town, one arm bare, and\nhis sword on his wrist, shouting out 'France!' in which he was echoed\nby all Frenchmen. The Venetians, thunderstruck, took to flight through\none of the gates, but numbers were slain[41] and made prisoners, of\nwhom were many of high rank in Venice, who were sent to France.\nThe inhabitants having attempted to defend themselves, the town was\ngiven up to plunder; and you might have seen several french adventurers\ntearing to pieces, out of spite, large bales of cloths of gold and of\nsilk; such merchandise might then have been bought for almost nothing.\nThe ladies and children made piteous moans on seeing their husbands and\nfathers murdered and cast out of the windows, and all their effects\npillaged. To make short of the matter: they thought that God's whole\nindignation and wrath had been poured on them; for the French treated\nthem with every cruelty, in revenge for the resistance that had been\nmade by throwing stones and beams from the tops of the houses, by which\nsome great french lords suffered severely. The place was completely\nconquered, in spite of all that the Brescians and Venetians could do to\nprevent it,--and the streets were filled with dead bodies, besides the\nnumbers that were slain in the open country: in the whole, there must\nhave been many thousands killed. Among the prisoners were sir Andrew\nGritti, sir John Paulle[42], Caufre and his son, the count Ludovico\nAdanago[43], who had been the chief adviser of the town to revolt, for\nwhich it had been treated as you have heard.\nAfter this victory, the towns and castles in the territories of Brescia\nwere re-garrisoned, and provided with abundance of provision and\nstores of all kinds,--and the lord d'Aubigny was appointed governor of\nBrescia. The town of Bergamo also surrendered, as well as several other\nplaces, which had revolted, and in consequence suffered great miseries.\nNews was brought to the duke of Nemours, that the Spaniards had left\nall their heavy artillery and baggage at Imola, and were advancing,\nby forced marches, into the plain, boasting that they would form a\njunction with the Venetians and relieve Brescia; but I believe that,\nwhen they learned what had passed there, they changed their intentions.\nAbout this time, there lived in the town of Augsbourg a virgin, named\nAnne, who had arrived at the age of forty years, without eating,\ndrinking, sleeping, or having any natural evacuations!!! by which it\nmay be known, that she was under the especial grace of our Lord Jesus\nChrist,--and she had given herself up to devout contemplations.\nAnother great wonder was seen in the city of Ravenna, where a monster\nwas born with a horn on its head, wings of a bat, one foot like a\nbird of prey, the other like a human foot! It had an eye on its knee,\nand was of both sexes! It had a mark of a Y on its breast, and an\nappearance of a cross, with a crescent beneath,--which signs, according\nto my lords the philosophers and prognosticators, signify many things!!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 41: Numbers were slain. Guicciardini says, about eight\nthousand of the inhabitants and venetian soldiers.]\n[Footnote 42: Sir John Paulle. Q. Giampaolo Manfrone and his son?\nGuicciardini mentions also as prisoners Antonio Justiniano, the\nVenetian governor of the town; il cavaliere della Golpe, Baldassare\ndi Scipione, un figliuolo d'Antonio de Pii, Domenico Busecco, captain\nof the light cavalry. Count Luigi Avogaro was beheaded in the\nmarket-place.--See Guicciardini.]\n[Footnote 43: Ludovico Adanago. Q. Luigi Avogaro and his son?]\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE DUKE OF NEMOURS DEFEATS THE UNITED ARMIES OF THE POPE, THE\n VENETIANS, AND THE SPANIARDS, NEAR TO RAVENNA,--BUT IS HIMSELF SLAIN,\n AFTER HE HAD GAINED THE VICTORY AND TOTALLY REPULSED THE ENEMY.\nWe must now return to the wars in Italy, and elsewhere. During the\nLent of the year 1512, the duke of Nemours marched his army before\nRavenna, wherein that of the pope, the Venetians, and Spaniards were\nseeking opportunities to retaliate on the French,--and they had made\ngreat preparations for this purpose. The duke of Nemours, having had\ninformation of this, advanced thither, accompanied by many nobles and\nvaliant captains, such as the lord de la Palisse, the lord d'Alegre\nand his son, the lord Jean Jacques of Trivulce, the lord de Ch\u00e2tillon\ngovernor of Paris, the lord de Molarc, Maugeron, La Crotte, and other\nofficers of renown. When he had approached Ravenna, the French\nremained some time encamped from a scarcity of provision, and many\nsuffered by it. Perceiving that their supplies had failed, like hardy\nwarriors, stirred on by the eager desire of the duke of Nemours for the\ncombat, they resolved, on the eve of Easter-day, to offer the enemy\nbattle on the morrow, which was the feast of the Resurrection of our\nLord.\nThe French advanced boldly to the combat, having their artillery in\nfront, which played four hours incessantly, and did great damage to the\nSpaniards, principally to their men at arms. Some Spaniards sallied out\nof their camp, and the French rushed in,--when both parties met, and\ntwo superb and bold nations might then be seen contending with courage\nand earnestness for the victory. Never was heard such clattering of\nswords and lances: the gallant duke of Nemours hastened forward,\nfighting most wonderfully, to encourage his men; and it was for some\ntime uncertain which side would have the advantage,--for the Spaniards\nshouted at times 'Victory! Julius, Julius!' at others, the French cried\nout 'Victory, Nemours!' At length, the French made their enemies fly.\nDuring the battle, the lord de Molarc was killed by a cannon-shot,--a\ngreat loss to the king, for he was a valiant, and enterprising captain.\nHe led that day the french infantry, a most courageous and steady band.\nLa Crotte and captain Jacobs, who commanded the Lansquenets, were among\nthe first of the slain; and their loss was a heavy blow: however, both\nFrench and Lansquenets advanced with greater courage to revenge the\ndeaths of their captains, and pushed on until they came to where the\nbaggage was, and some famished adventurers had already begun to knock\nin the heads of the casks of different wines,--when, having drank\ntheir fill, they ran away as fast as they could: not so the Spaniards,\nwho still held on fighting,--for I can assure you, that these spanish\ntroops were no way fainthearted, and there had not been so severe a\nbattle fought as this for a long time. May God pardon those who were\nkilled!\nThe remnant of the Spaniards and Italians that escaped wandered here\nand there. Upwards of twenty of the great lords of Italy lay dead on\nthe field. There were many prisoners made: in the number were Pedro\nde Navarre, don John de Cardona, the marquis of Pescara, Pomare,\nEpinose, Castinago, John Antony Vosino, the count de Montelon, the\nmarquis de Betonde, the marquis de l'Estelle, the son to the count\nof Consege, and others of renown. No one knew what became of the\nduke du Traict,[44] who was of their company. The viceroy of Naples\nsaved himself by flight, until he gained the seashore, and embarked\nfor Naples. The marquis de la Padulla and the count del Popolo made\ngood a retreat before the end of the conflict, with eleven or twelve\nhundred horse, as well men at arms as light cavalry, and from sixteen\nto seventeen-hundred infantry, the remains of their army, and saved\nthemselves as well as they could.\nNumbers of Frenchmen were doubtless slain, for the Spaniards fought\nwith the utmost bravery; and when the french men at arms returning from\nthe pursuit, passed over the field of battle, the wounded laid hands\non any swords near them, and, in the miserable state they were in on\nthe ground, cut the legs of the horses the French were mounted on.\nPope Julius was at Rome when news of this event was brought him. God\nknows how he bore it, for he had been a very great sufferer in that\nbattle. The instant he heard it, he would have set off without delay,\nfearing that the French would follow up their victory, and come to seek\nhim even in Rome.\nAfter this defeat, the illustrious and gallant duke of Nemours, having\nperceived a small body of the enemy that had not dispersed, like a\nmagnanimous prince, but too unmindful of the signal victory God had\njust given him, required of the nobles and captains around him, that\nthey would be pleased to march with him and drive them away. Some of\nthem who, from long experience, knew the uncertainty of the chances of\nwar, remonstrated with him on being too adventurous, and that he should\nremain satisfied with the success he had gained. Notwithstanding the\ntruth of these remonstrances, he persisted in his resolution, and said\naloud, 'Let all who love me, follow me.' Upon this, the lord d'Alegre,\nhis son, Maugeron, the bastard of Cliete, seeing him thus determined\nand already advancing followed him.\nThe duke of Nemours was the first to attack this body of the enemy,\nwho were greatly superior in number; and the gallant prince performed\nsuch feats of arms as astonished them, and cleared all around his horse\nwith such rapid and mortal blows that none dared approach him. It was\na grand sight to view so young a man displaying such extraordinary\ncourage. The enemy, observing how few the French were, and that no\nreinforcements were coming to them, recovered their courage and\nsurrounded the young hero. They first killed his horse, and then fell\nupon him with battle-axes, pikes, and every sort of weapon, that he,\nand all his companions, died a glorious death.\nThis was a most heavy loss to France, for he was a magnanimous prince,\nworthy to be placed on a triumphant throne in a temple of brave men.\nHis liberality and frankness had gained him the love of the army, who\nwould have followed him any where, even without pay,--and within four\nmonths he had gained three decisive battles.\nWhen this melancholy event was known, the lord de la Palisse and other\ncaptains hastened to revenge his loss, and put to death the whole body\nof the enemy that had slain the duke, the lord d'Alegre and the others,\nwithout suffering one to escape. They thence marched to besiege the\ncity of Ravenna, which they took by storm, killed the greater part of\nthe inhabitants, and plundered the town: there was much confusion,\nfor it was almost entirely destroyed. When this was done, the french\nreturned to the field of the late battle, to raise the bodies of\nthe duke of Nemours and the other lords, to give them an honourable\ninterment in sacred ground. The body of that most noble prince and\nviceroy of Italy, was carried in mournful triumph to Milan, from the\nground where he had fallen, to be magnificently interred becoming so\ngreat a prince.\nThe body of the duke of Nemours arrived at Milan the 26th of April,\nin the year 1412, preceded by all the prisoners taken at the battle\nof Ravenna. The banners, guidons, and standards the French had so\nvaliantly conquered, as well from the Italians as from the Venetians\nand Spaniards, and of the different lords who had fallen in this\nbattle, were borne before him, which added joy intermixed with\ngrief at this mournful interment. Great order was observed in the\nprocession,--and it was a triumphantly melancholy spectacle. The nobles\nand captains were in deep mourning,--and there was no heart so hard\nnot to weep on seeing his body thus carried untimely to the grave. His\npages and attendants led his horses of parade and for war: his helmet\nand victorious sword, as lieutenant general for the king, were borne\nbefore the body. In short, those of his army who attended the funeral\nwere loud in their lamentations; for they had always found him liberal\nand courteous, and never sparing of his own personal efforts in war.\nThe principal inhabitants and churchmen of Milan came out to meet the\nbody, dressed in mourning cloaks and hoods, with a blaze of lighted\ntorches, on which were the arms of the deceased emblazoned. The body,\nsurrounded by two hundred of the choicest lances in the army and a\nnumerous escort of infantry, was conducted, with great pomp of grief,\nto the cathedral, where a most solemn service was performed for the\nrepose of his soul.\nThink how great must have been the sorrow of the king and queen, when\nthey heard of this sad event at Blois, for they loved him as if he had\nbeen their own child; and I can assert for truth, that those who had\nnever seen him bewailed his loss, on the reports they had heard of his\nuncommon virtues and gallantry. May God receive his soul!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 44: Duke du Traict. Q. Utrecht?]\nCHAP. XXVII.\n ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE FRENCH FROM ITALY, THE SWISS TAKE THE TOWN OF\n MILAN AND OTHER PLACES HELD BY THE KING OF FRANCE.\nAfter this battle of Ravenna, where, as well as in the preceding ones,\ngreat quantities of human blood were shed, principally of the Italians\nand their allies,--but also of the French, and of some of the noblest\nfamilies, by which many ladies and damsels in France became widows and\norphans. The generals, or at least those who had the management of\nthe finances for the army, imagined that, by the happy event of this\nbattle, all Italy was subdued, as far as Rome, if not farther, and\ndisbanded great bodies of infantry at the very time when they should\nhave sought reinforcements, to garrison the towns and castles that had\nbeen lately conquered.\nWhen this conduct was noticed by certain bloodsuckers and turbulent\nspirits, they collected troops in divers parts, to endeavour to regain\nhonour by attacking the French; for, seeing them dispersed in their\ngarrisons, they were aware that courage, when disunited, is not so\nmuch to be dreaded as when in a collective body. The holy father the\npope, smarting from the losses he had suffered from the French, three\ntimes excited the Swiss-cantons to rise in arms against them, for they\nhad of late been neglected by the king of France. They chiefly depend,\nfor their maintenance, on pensions from kings and princes,--and the\npope having made the bishop of Sion a cardinal, he was an active and\nable tool, by his public preachings and intrigues, to prevail on them\nto comply with the wishes of his holiness. Maximilian also, having\nturned his coat, was to allow them an entrance to Italy through his\nterritories of the Veronese and elsewhere. The Spaniards likewise\nassembled from various parts of Italy; and they all advanced toward\nMilan, whence the government had been withdrawn to France, so that the\npoor Milanese were in despair, and knew not how to act. However, the\nFrench having left them, they, as usual, fell in with the strongest,\nand the enemy was admitted into the town. The castle was held by the\nFrench, under the command of the lord de Louvain; and other castles\nwere also in their possession: that of Brescia was held by the lord\nd'Aubigny.\nWhen the French were returning from Italy, a sharp skirmish took place\nat a bridge near to Pavia, between a small body of french adventurers\nand the enemy, and they were inhumanly treated by the townsmen. Among\nothers of their villanous acts, I shall mention one. A Frenchman,\nunable to keep up with the rest, was met by an inhabitant of Pavia,\nwho said to him, 'My friend, I love the french nation: come, I beg of\nyou, to my house, and I will save you from being killed.' The poor\nadventurer, confiding in his fair words, followed him; but he was no\nsooner within his doors than he treated him most brutally, cut off his\nprivate parts, and thrust him into the street in his shirt, bawling\naloud, 'Here is another Frenchman!' on which numbers rushed out of\ntheir doors, and hacked him to pieces with their swords.\nThere was another inhabitant of Pavia who had even devoured the heart\nof a Frenchman, by way of revenge.\nI am persuaded that all the evils that have befallen Italy have been\ncaused by their wickedness, and infamous practices similar to those of\nSodom and Gomorrah. The air would be infected, were I to recite them.\nMay God amend them, and all others! On the other hand, the French have\na shameful custom (which was increased when in Italy) of blaspheming\nour LORD JESUS CHRIST, and our Lady, with divers indecent oaths, in\nwhich they seem to take pleasure. God may, perhaps, have been angered\nby such detestable blasphemies, and by that great vanity with which\nthe French are always filled, and suffered them to experience the late\nunfortunate reverses, to show that from Him alone come victories and\ngood fortune.\nThe French, on leaving Italy, were in a great alarm,--and they were so\nrejoiced when returned to France, they attributed it to the favour of\nHeaven. Such are the chances of this world.\nIn this year of 1512, pope Julius, returning evil for good, was\nviolently animated against the French; and having partly accomplished\nhis wish of being the chief cause of their expulsion from Italy, died\nat Rome in the ninth year of his pontificate. May God pardon him!\nAbout this time, a truce was concluded between the kings of France and\nof Arragon, for a certain space of time. Leo X. was now the reigning\npope: he was consecrated at Rome the successor of pope Julius II.\nLeo was a native of Florence, of very wealthy, and renowned parents.\nHis father was Lorenzo de Medici, to whose family Louis XI., king of\nFrance, had granted permission to add the three flowers de luce to\ntheir armorial bearings[45].\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 45: I must refer the reader, for further particulars of the\nfrench wars in Italy, to Guicciardini and other italian historians, and\nto Mr. Roscoe's lives of Lorenzo de Medici and of Leo X. The grant of\nLouis XI. to the Medici, to bear the arms of France, is in the appendix\nto Comines.]\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n OF THE WAR IN GUIENNE.--THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS SUCCOURS TO THE\n KING OF NAVARRE.--THE KING OF ENGLAND MAKES PREPARATIONS TO INVADE\n FRANCE.--A SEA-FIGHT BETWEEN TWO LARGE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SHIPS.\nIt was not long before a war broke out in Guienne, or rather in\nNavarre; which kingdom the king of Arragon had entered, and taken the\ntown of Pampeluna, with others belonging to the king of Navarre, under\npretence of being heir to that crown in right of his wife, sister to\nthe late duke of Nemours count of Foix, slain after the battle of\nRavenna.\nThe good king of Navarre[46], in consequence, demanded succour from\nthe king of France, to recover the places he had lost. Louis XII.,\nconsidering how faithful an ally he had always been, ordered a large\nbody of men at arms and infantry to his assistance, under the command\nof the duke of Longueville and Dunois. This war was very expensive\nto the king of France, for the army remained long without striking a\nblow. In addition to this, the English, excited by the king of Arragon,\nas well as by a desire to regain Guienne, which they claimed as an\ninheritance, made a landing near to Roncevaux and St John Pied du\nPort,--but not being able to effect a junction with the Spaniards, they\nreturned[47].\nIn the year 1513, Henry king of England, son to king Henry VII. who,\nby the aid of Charles VIII. king of France, succeeded peaceably to the\ncrown of England after the death of Richard of York, instead of being\ngrateful, for such services, to the king of France, although his late\nfather had charged him, on his deathbed, to do nothing against that\nking, if he wished to prosper, instantly on the death of his father\nacted directly contrary. King Henry, equally eager with his subjects\nto invade France, sent an embassy to the lady Margaret, governess\nof Flanders, to obtain armour, stores, and artillery, particularly\nthirteen large cannons, which he had ordered to be cast in Flanders.\nThese articles were immediately delivered, in return for a large sum\nof angels that remained behind,--for it had been long since they had\ncirculated in any other country than their own.\nA secret treaty was, at the same time, concluded between Henry and\nthe archduke,--which having secured him the aid of the Flemings,\nhe continued to make his preparations for the invasion of France\nwithout interruption. He sent his fleet, under the command of the lord\nadmiral[48] to cruize on the coasts of Brittany, who was himself on\nboard a vessel of prodigious size.\nThe french saw this armament with sorrow, for they had not a fleet able\nto cope with it; but a valiant sea-captain, named Primaugay, embarked\non board a large ship called La Cordeliere, which the queen of France\nhad lately built at an immense expense. He put to sea, and boldly\nattacked the english admiral in the great ship called The Regent, when\na bloody combat took place. After some time, the Cordeliere set the\nRegent on fire, which having gained the powder-magazine, she blew up,\nwith all within her.\nPrimaugay, seeing it impossible to save his ship, as they were grappled\ntogether, leapt into the sea, armed as he was, and perished: it was a\npity, for he was a bold and enterprising man[49].\nThese two large ships were burnt; but the rest of the fleet returned in\nsafety to England, to report the unfortunate news to the king, who was\nmuch vexed thereat, and not without reason.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 46: The good king of Navarre--was of so indolent a character\nthat his queen, a woman of high spirit, told him, 'Had _you_ been\nmademoiselle Catherine, and _I_ don John, we had never lost our realm.'\nHenault.]\n[Footnote 47: Henry VIII. was the dupe of Ferdinand of Arragon. The\nenglish forces landed at Guipi-coa, under the command of the marquis of\nDorset, but were never joined by the Spaniards to unite in the siege\nof Bayonne. The English returned, having gained nothing but disgrace,\nwhile Ferdinand possessed himself of the kingdom of Navarre.]\n[Footnote 48: The lord admiral,--sir Edward Howard. Sir Edward Knivet\ncommanded the Regent.]\n[Footnote 49: In Henry's Hist. of England, it is said that both ships\ntook fire, and perished, with all on board, to the number of seventeen\nhundred men; that the rest of the fleets, consisting of twenty-five\nsail English, and thirty-nine French, separated in consternation, as if\nby mutual consent, without further fighting.]\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE KING OF ENGLAND DISEMBARKS WITH HIS WHOLE ARMY AT CALAIS.--THE\n FRENCH ARE DEFEATED BY THE SWISS, AT NOVARA.\nWhen the king of England had completed his preparations, he put to\nsea with his army, disembarked at Calais, and thence, with part of\nit, marched strait for Flanders. Had he then been attacked, the\nperplexities that ensued afterwards would have been avoided.\nAt the same time, the king of France had collected an army for the\nrecovery of the Milanese, under the command of the lord de la\nTrimouille, Jean Jacques de Trivulce, sir Robert de la Marche, the lord\nof Albany and others,--but the lord de la Trimouille was commander in\nchief.\nThis army crossed the Alps, and entered Piedmont, where it halted for\nthe arrival of the rear and baggage, and then pushed forward toward\nNovara, in which place was a body of Swiss. The French, supposing them\nnot very numerous, determined to attack them, which they did; but the\nevening before, a very large reinforcement of Swiss had joined their\ncountrymen in Novara, which the French were ignorant of. A battle,\nhowever, ensued, when the French defeated the van of the enemy; but\nsuch numbers of Swiss now poured in on all sides, the French were\nthunderstruck, and hastily retreated to Turin: some, however, of their\ninfantry, stood their ground, and died valiantly,--and the son of the\nlord de la Marche shone pre-eminent for his valour.\nThe Swiss gained a considerable park of artillery, which the lord de la\nMarche had brought thither, and great part of the baggage. The king\nof France, on hearing of this event, ordered the remainder of the army\nhome, and sent part of it into Guienne, where the illustrious lord of\nBourbon had the command of an army, with many nobles and able captains\nunder him, to carry on the war in Navarre. He had there a fine camp,\nand a variety of skirmishes took place on both sides.\nThe king afterwards sent the next heir to the crown, the duke of\nValois and count of Angoul\u00eame, accompanied by numbers of gentlemen,\nto take the command of this army and camp, where they remained a long\ntime,--but nothing of importance was done, and they returned to France.\nThe king then sent them into Picardy to oppose the English, who were\nadvancing toward Therouenne. The lord de Longueville died immediately\non his return from Guienne.\nIn this year, there was an appearance in the heavens, visible in\nPiedmont, of three suns, three moons, with various figures of circles\nand bows, of different colours, and a white cross in the center. These\nwere terrible presages,--and I believe that it was a year of wonders.\nAbout this time, the king sent the lord de la Trimouille into\nSwisserland; but the cantons would not agree to any conference until\nthey should receive a certain sum of money, which was paid them. The\nconferences now took place; and the lord de la Trimouille staid long\namong them, giving great gifts, in hopes to gain them over to the\ninterests of France; but after they had received large sums of money,\nthey dismissed him. He returned through Burgundy, to have some of the\ntowns of that province put into a good state of defence, to resist the\nSwiss, who had determined to attack them.\nThe Swiss, in consequence of the resolutions they had formed, entered\nBurgundy, and committed great destruction wherever they passed. By\nrapid marches, they came before Dijon, into which the lord de la\nTrimouille had thrown himself; but with the few men at arms and\ninfantry with him, it was impossible to resist such a deluge of Swiss.\nHowever, he ordered as many things as could be carried away or drove\noff, to be brought into Dijon.\nThe Swiss, on coming before Dijon, saluted the town with a large train\nof artillery, that battered and damaged the walls and houses; but the\nlord de la Trimouille, being well advised, held a parley with some of\nthe Swiss leaders, and agreed to pay them down one hundred thousand\ngolden crowns, on their marching back into Swisserland, without doing\nmore damages to the country, which was executed.\nCHAP. XXX.\n A BODY OF FRENCH ON THEIR RETURN FROM VICTUALLING THEROUENNE, BESIEGED\n BY THE ENGLISH AND HAINAULTERS, ARE ATTACKED AND PUT TO FLIGHT.\nThe king of France marched in person to Picardy, and advanced as far as\nAmiens, where he was magnificently received by those of the town and\ncountry. Thence he sent the duke of Valois, as his lieutenant-general,\nto command the camp against the English, and to order whatever\nmeasures he should think advisable for the victualling of Therouenne.\nThis town was then besieged by the king of the Romans, the king of\nEngland, and a number of flemish lords, and particularly by a body of\nHainaulters, who had posted themselves in a fort near the town, and\nthence battered it with heavy artillery. The garrison and townsmen\ndefended the place valiantly, but they were in the utmost distress\nfrom want of provision, and a convoy was ordered to supply their\nnecessities, under the command of the lord de Longueville.\nHe executed this order punctually by throwing in all his supplies; but\non his retreat, he fell unexpectedly into an ambuscade,--for his men,\nnot suspecting any such stratagem, were marching very disorderly, and\namusing themselves by playing in the fields. On the enemy sallying\nfrom their ambush, the French were panicstruck, and began to fly,\nnotwithstanding all attempts of their officers to prevent them. In\nconsequence, the lord de Longueville, the captain Bayard, the lord de\nBussy, and many more captains of renown were made prisoners, some of\nwhom were carried to England, and their liberty set at a very high\nransom[50].\nDuring this time, the king of France sent orders to the governor\nof Paris to have all the companies of tradesmen, and of other\ndescriptions, mustered. This was done, and several companies were\nrichly accoutred, well armed, and in uniforms. The numbers were found\nto be very great, according to the report made by the commissaries who\nhad been sent thither for this purpose.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 50: This was called The Battle of Spurs from the French\nmaking more use of them than of their swords.]\nCHAP. XXXI.\n THE KING OF SCOTLAND ENTERS ENGLAND WITH A POWERFUL ARMY.--HE IS\n SLAIN.--PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE KING OF FRANCE AND THE VENETIANS.\nWhile king Henry of England was engaged in his war abroad, the noble\nand gallant king of Scotland invaded England with a large army, on\npretence of a claim to that crown in right of his queen, and also\nfrom his alliance with the king of France, to make a diversion in his\nfavour, now he was attacked, and force his enemies to quit France to\navoid greater inconveniences.\nThe king of Scotland, on entering England, did great mischiefs.\nA battle took place, in which very many English fell, as well as\nScots,--but the greatest loss to France was the death of the king of\nScotland, who was killed valiantly fighting. It is rare to find such\nfriends as will put their lives and fortunes to the chance of war in\nthe support of a friend, especially when absent[51].\nThe Scots gained the field, although numbers of them were slain,--for\nas both nations had been long desirous of coming to blows, it may be\nsupposed that hard ones were exchanged on each side. May God pardon\nthose who fell![52]\nOn Friday, the 3d of June, in the year 1513, peace was published on the\nmarble table in the palace, between the most Christian king Louis XII.\nand the republic of Venice, and between them and their successors for\never. By this treaty, the gallant knights sir Bartholomew d'Alviano and\nsir Andrew Gritti, with others, obtained their liberty; and the king\nmade them many rich gifts on their departure.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 51: James professed himself the knight of Anne of Bretagne,\nqueen of France, who wrote him an heroic letter to claim his\nassistance, sending him, at the same time, a ring off her finger and\n14,000 francs.\nAndrews.]\n[Footnote 52: The celebrated battle of Flodden,--of late well known\nfrom Mr. W. Scott's beautiful poem of Marmion.]\nCHAP. XXXII.\n THE TOWNS OF THEROUENNE AND TOURNAY SURRENDER TO THE ENGLISH ON\n CAPITULATION.\nTo return to the wars of the English in Picardy:--they were long\nencamped before Therouenne, and made several attacks on it; but those\nwithin the town showed good courage, and defended it valiantly: at\nlength provision again failed them, and they were forced to capitulate\nfor its surrender. The enemy entered Therouenne, but did not keep the\npromises they had made; for they had no sooner gained admission than\nthey began to ill-treat and plunder the poor inhabitants, insomuch that\nthey were obliged to seek out another place for a habitation, which was\ngreat pity; but this did not satisfy the enemy, for they burnt part of\nthe town, and threw down the walls to the ground.\nWe must not be astonished that the English so boldly invaded France,\nparticularly Picardy, considering the evident good understanding that\nsubsisted between them and the Flemings, who at this day raise their\nhands and tell those of Tournay that they have never changed sides,\nnotwithstanding they had settled the chapter _de Venditionibus_,\nbefore the English would embark. This was not handsomely done in\nthem, considering they had a resident lord,--and they have derogated\nshamefully from their former engagements: should they, therefore, find\nthemselves the worse for it, they have only themselves to thank.\nShortly after the English had gained Therouenne by capitulation, they\nadvanced before Tournay, which was surrendered to them by the principal\ninhabitants, according to an agreement among themselves, without\nstriking a blow[53].\nThe king of England and the king of the Romans, after these conquests,\nreturned to their own countries, leaving a garrison in Tournay. The\nking of France likewise quitted Picardy, with his queen, and went to\nBlois.\nWhile the war was carrying on in Picardy, and a little before the\nsiege of Therouenne, an engagement at sea took place between Pregent,\na french captain, and the lord Howard, lord-admiral of England, on\nthe 22nd and 25th days of April. Pregent, thinking to join the french\nfleet in Brest harbour, was met at sea, on the vigil of St George's\nday, by a fleet of forty or fifty sail, and was instantly attacked\nby two galeasses and four or five other vessels. The combat lasted\ntwo hours, with great slaughter on both sides; but at length the\nEnglish were forced to retire, with the loss of two vessels sunk. On\nthe Monday following, which was the feast of St Mark, Pregent and his\nfleet fell in again with that of the English, amounting to twenty or\nthirty vessels, and about thirty large boats. The galley of Pregent was\nattacked by two galeasses and three ships, but he fought well,--and\nall on board the first galeass were killed by pikes, or drove into the\nsea, excepting two prisoners, one of whom was thrown overboard.\nIn this combat, sir Edward Howard was killed, whose body was embalmed\nto carry to England for interment[54]. The captains of the other ships,\nseeing that these five vessels had not made any impression on the\ngalley of Pregent, whom they had courageously attacked, held a council,\nand afterwards made sail, leaving the sea open to Pregent. A large\nfleet had been collected at Honnefleur, to attack the king of England\nas he crossed the channel, and cut off his return; but when they were\nat sea, a violent storm arose that separated this fleet, and some of\nthe vessels were sunk.\nThe winter of this year was very long and severe, so that the Seine and\nother rivers were frozen hard enough for carriages to pass over them\nwith safety; and when the thaw came, numbers of houses and mills were\ndestroyed by the floods.\nAbout this time, news was brought that the Swiss had intentions\nof again entering Burgundy, when the king ordered thither the\nlord of Bourbon with a large force of men at arms, infantry,\nand artillery,--but the Swiss did not come. This same year, the\ngarrisons that had guarded different places in Italy returned to\nFrance, in consequence of the treaty concluded with the Swiss before\nDijon,--namely, those from the castle of Milan; the lord of Aubigny,\nhis lance on his thigh, with his garrison, from the castle of Brescia.\nWhen these garrisons marched away, the Spaniards took possession of the\ncastles, which the Venetians thought had been done for them; but when\nthe Spaniards had established themselves securely, they chaunted to the\nVenetians the Evangile des Vierges. Such are the chances of war.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: I believe this town was gained by a ruse de guerre. Henry\ndrew up before the walls a large train of what appeared battering\ncannon, (but were only of wood painted, and are now shown in the Tower)\nwhich frightened the inhabitants into an instant surrender. This is the\npopular story.]\n[Footnote 54: Sir Edward Howard boarded Pregent's ship, although it\nwas sheltered by the rocks of Conquet lined with cannon, accompanied\nonly by Carroz, a spanish knight, and seventeen Englishmen. Overpowered\nby numbers, Howard was forced overboard by pikes, and perished in the\nwaves.\nAndrews.]\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n OF THE DEATH AND INTERMENT OF THE MOST CHRISTIAN QUEEN OF FRANCE, ANNE\n OF BRITTANY.\nAt the time of the arrival of the above unfortunate intelligence,\nthe most noble queen of France, Anne duchess of Brittany, &c. lay\ndangerously ill at the castle of Blois. This was on the 2d day of\nJanuary,--and her illness so much increased that the good lady, on\nMonday the 9th instant, departed this life, most devoutly, in the faith\nof JESUS CHRIST, our sovereign Lord, to whom she most humbly resigned\nher soul. Great lamentations and grief were shown for this loss. When\nthe body had been embalmed, it was put into a rich coffin, and carried,\nwith an immense number of lighted torches, from Blois to the abbey\nof St Denis, where it was interred with the usual honours due to her\nrank, and followed with the tears of all her officers and attendants.\nThe funeral service was solemn and magnificent, becoming such a lady,\nwhose soul may God pardon!\nIn the month of April of this year 1513, and just before Easter, a\ntruce was proclaimed in Paris between the kings of France and of\nArragon.\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n THE KING OF FRANCE MARRIES THE PRINCESS MARY, SISTER TO KING HENRY OF\n ENGLAND.--FRANCIS DUKE OF VALOIS AND COUNT OF ANGOULESME MARRIES THE\n PRINCESS CLAUDE, DAUGHTER TO THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE NEW QUEEN MAKES\n HER PUBLIC ENTRY INTO FRANCE.\nAfter the funeral of the late queen of France, the king came to Paris,\nand was lodged at the h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles, and would not that any\none should appear in his presence but in mourning. He sent for his\ntwo daughters, the princesses Claude and Ren\u00e9e, who were conducted to\nhim from Blois by madame d'Angoul\u00eame, and shortly after summoned the\nprinces and great barons of his realm to a council on the present state\nof affairs, and respecting a peace with England. In consequence of what\nhad been resolved on in this council, the king sent, as his ambassadors\nto king Henry, the governor of Normandy, the president of Rouen, and\nthe lord Longueville, then a prisoner of war in England, was added to\nthem, to treat of a peace.\nWhile this was passing, the king was taken very ill at the castle\nof Vincennes, and had ordered, for his recovery, that 'O Salutaris\nHostia,' should be chaunted daily in all the churches of France, at the\nelevation of the holy sacrament, which had been of the utmost benefit\nto him. On his recovery, the king went thence to St Germain en Laye, to\nrecreate himself, and to temper the melancholy of his mourning; for it\nwas a pleasant country, interspersed with woods and dales, and full of\ngame.\nMuch public business was transacted during the king's stay at Saint\nGermain; and a marriage was concluded between the duke of Valois, count\nof Angoul\u00eame, and the princess Claude. They were married in their\nmourning, in the chapel of the castle, in the presence of the king, the\nprinces of the blood, and many others of high rank, on the 18th of May,\nin the year 1513.\nAbout this period, and before the king had quitted St Germain en Laye,\nhis ambassadors sent him intelligence of their having concluded a peace\nwith England, on condition of his marrying the princess Mary. King\nHenry sent ambassadors to Paris, to confirm the marriage between king\nLouis and his sister, and to ratify the treaty of peace that had been\nagreed on between the two kingdoms, which was now publicly proclaimed\nin both realms.\nOn Monday the 16th of August, in this year, a grand procession was\nmade from the great hall of the palace, with trumpets and clarions,\nwhen the herald, called Mont-joye, proclaimed a magnificent tournament\nto be holden at Paris, by the duke of Valois, Brittany, and count of\nAngoul\u00eame, to which he invited all princes, lords, and gentlemen to\nassist. It was about this time that the princess Mary was escorted to\nFrance by many of the great nobles of England, in company with the\nlords of France who had gone thither to attend on her. The king left\nParis, with his court, and went as far as Abbeville to meet the new\nqueen, where she arrived on the 8th of October, and made her public\nentry very triumphantly, attended by the duke of Valois and numbers of\nnobles, as well English as French, all most richly dressed, with large\ngolden chains, especially the English. The queen was most handsomely\nattired, and seated in a brilliant car: in short, the whole was a\nbeautiful sight. She was preceded by a body of two hundred english\narchers, gallantly accoutred, with their bows in hand, and quivers full\nof arrows.\nThe king, hearing of her coming, mounted his horse, and, attended\nby his nobles, rode out into the plain, under pretence of hawking,\nbut it was to meet her; and on his approaching her, he kissed her on\nhorseback, paying her many fair compliments, as he knew well how to do.\nHer reception in Abbeville was most honourable,--and the inhabitants\nexerted themselves who should surpass the other in testifying their\njoy at her arrival.\nOn the morrow, the feast of St Denis, the king of France was married\nto the princess Mary of England. She was most magnificently dressed,\nwith an immense quantity of diamonds and precious stones. A singular\nbanquet succeeded, with a great variety of all sorts of amusements.\nHaving staid a few days in Abbeville to solace themselves, they set out\nfor Paris; and through the towns of Picardy they passed, the greatest\nhonours were paid them. In every town, the queen gave liberty to the\nprisoners, by the king's command. On their arrival at St Denis, the\nceremony of the queen's coronation took place, which was very splendid,\nand numerously attended by archbishops, bishops, and nobility.\nMonday, the 6th of November, the queen made her triumphant entry into\nthe city of Paris--the clergy, courts of parliament, of exchequer, &c.\nand all the municipal officers, with crowds of people, having gone out\nin procession to meet her. She was seated on a rich litter, adorned\nwith precious stones, and escorted by the duke of Valois, the lord of\nAlen\u00e7on, the lord of Bourbon, the lord of Vend\u00f4me, his brother the lord\nFrancis, Louis de Nevers, with other great lords, as well of England\nas of France, prelates and churchmen. Her litter was followed by those\nof the princess Claude, duchess of Valois, madame d'Angoul\u00eame, madame\nde Vend\u00f4me, madame de Nevers, and other princesses of both kingdoms.\nThus was she conducted to the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, and took the usual\noaths: she thence proceeded to the royal palace, where a most splendid\nbanquet was provided. The king and queen lay that night at the royal\npalace, which served to shorten his days.\nCHAP. XXXV.\n OF THE TILTS PERFORMED AT PARIS.--THE DEATH AND INTERMENT OF LOUIS\n XII. KING OF FRANCE.\nThe next day, the king and queen went to the Tournelles, to see the\ntournaments, that had been before proclaimed. At the entrance of the\nlists was a triumphal arch surmounted with the shields of arms of the\nking and queen: below them were the emblazoned shields of the lords and\nprinces, the tenants and defendants of the lists. The duke of Valois\nwas the chief tenant, with his assistants,--and many gallant courses\nwere ran with lances, to the advantage of some, and to the loss of\nothers. In short, it was a handsome spectacle, and all in compliment\nto, and for the love of, queen Mary; but her popularity would not have\nlasted long, for although the poor people were already heavily taxed,\nyet the king intended, had he lived longer, to have greatly increased\nthe taxes.\nAfter these justs and tourneys, the king carried the queen to St\nGermain en Laye, where they spent some time, leading as joyous a life\nas he was able. He thence returned to his palace of the Tournelles\nat Paris, and was taken so dangerously ill that he made preparations\nbecoming a good Christian, and rendered his soul to God on the 1st\nday of January, in the year 1514. His body was aromatically embalmed,\nand lay in state some days at the Tournelles, where every body went\nto see it who pleased. The usual ceremonies on such occasions were\nthen performed, but it would be tiresome to detail them. Some days\nafter, the body was carried to the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, and placed in\na chapel that had been purposely erected in the choir,--and a solemn\nservice was performed by the bishop of Paris. The next day it was borne\nto a cross near to St Denis, where the abbot and his monks of St Denis\nmet it, and was, by them, interred with great pomp, amidst the tears\nof his officers and domestics. He was buried beside his queen, Anne of\nBrittany. May God receive their souls! The principal mourners were the\nlord of Alen\u00e7on, the lord of Bourbon, the lord of Vend\u00f4me, and other\nprinces and great lords.\nIt is of some moment when a king or great prince dies, who may,\nperhaps, have caused the deaths of numbers of human creatures like\nthemselves; for I believe that in the other world they will have enough\nto do, more especially respecting this circumstance, that a poor\nman, with six or seven small children, not worth twenty sols in the\nworld, shall be taxed from ten to twenty sols, and when the collector\nshall come to receive the tax, finding the man worth nothing, and\nwithout means of raising the money, he commits him to prison, where he\nlanguishes out his days. Now I would like to have shown any written law\nfor this injustice; but no one will attempt so to do, because every one\nis eager to push himself forward in this world. May God assist the poor\npeople!\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n FRANCIS I. KING OF FRANCE, IS CONSECRATED AT RHEIMS.--HE MAKES HIS\n PUBLIC ENTRY INTO PARIS.--HE LEAVES FRANCE TO ATTACK THE SWISS, IN THE\n MILANESE, WHO HAVE TAKEN POSSESSION OF THAT DUCHY.\nAfter the death of Louis XII. Francis, the first of the name, succeeded\nhim on the throne as the fifty-seventh king of France. He set out from\nParis, to be consecrated king in the cathedral of Rheims, according to\nthe custom of his ancestors kings of France, and was there anointed\nwith the holy oil on the 25th day of January, in the year 1514. The\ntwelve peers of France, or their substitutes, were present exercising\ntheir functions in the usual manner on such occasions.\nMadame d'Angoul\u00eame, the king's mother, was present at the ceremony,\naccompanied by madame de Bourbon, madame de Vend\u00f4me, and other ladies\nand damsels. The king went from Rheims to be crowned at St Denis,\nand, on his return, made triumphal public entries into Laon, Noyon,\nCompi\u00e8gne, Senlis, and other towns. He continued his way toward Paris,\nvery grandly attended, and made the most brilliant public entry into\nthat city that had ever been seen. The accoutrements and trappings\nof the horses were of wrought silver, with frized cloth of gold;\nand, to sum up the whole in few words, the lords and gentlemen, with\ntheir horses, were covered with cloth of gold: some had their dresses\ninterwrought with solid silver.\nThe king entered in triumph, dressed magnificently: the trappings of\nhis horse were of worked silver, and his attendants equipped in cloth\nof silver brocade. He went, as usual, to the royal palace, where a\nsumptuous banquet had been prepared, with a numerous band of trumpets\nand clarions; after which, a grand tournament was held in the rue St\nAntoine, when the king acquitted himself most gallantly.\nA treaty was concluded between the king of France and the archduke,\nand a marriage agreed on between the archduke and the princess Ren\u00e9e,\ndaughter to the late king, Louis XII. by the count of Nassau, and\nother ambassadors dispatched for this purpose. The count of Nassau\nwas also betrothed to the daughter of the prince of Orange, whom\nhe afterwards married. At this time, the duke of Bourbon was made\nconstable of France,--and while the king remained at Paris, the duke of\nSuffolk espoused the queen-dowager of France, sister to Henry king of\nEngland. That king had sent the duke of Suffolk to France,--and when he\ncarried his queen to England, he was grandly accompanied by the highest\nof the nobility. Thus was confirmed the peace between the two kingdoms.\nAt this time also, the king of France sent to seek Pedro de Navarre, a\nprisoner of war, whom he set at liberty, gave him many rich gifts, and\nthe command of a large body of men.\nWhen all these marriages, and other matters, had been concluded, the\nking celebrated the feast of Easter in Paris, and then, with his queen\nand court, went by water as far as Montereau-faut-Yonne. He thence\nwent, on the 1st of May, to a small castle called Egreville, where\nwere some justings, and proceeded to Montargis and Briare, where he\nembarked on the Loire for Amboise. He made a public entry into all the\ntowns he passed,--namely, Mehun, Montereau, Montargis, Blois, Amboise,\nand other small towns, where every honour was paid him.\nWhile he was hunting at Amboise, a thorn pierced his leg, through\nboot and hose, and gave him such pain that he was for a time very\nill.--During his residence at Amboise, the lord de Lorraine was married\nto mademoiselle de Bourbon, sister to the constable of France. Great\nfeasts were displayed on the occasion, and the court of the donjon of\nthe castle was covered with an awning of cloth, to keep off the rays of\nthe sun. In the evening of that day were great maskings and mummeries,\nwith morris-dancers richly dressed, and divers pastimes.\nThese feastings being over, the king departed, very early one morning,\nfor Romorantin[55], where he was also grandly entertained by the lady,\nhis mother. While with her, he received intelligence that the Swiss\nhad entered Dauphiny, near to Brian\u00e7on, and burnt a village close to\nCh\u00e2teau Dauphin; on which, he took a hasty leave of his mother, and\nset off suddenly for Bourges, where he made a public entry. The king\ndeparted, on the morrow, in haste, for Moulins, where the duchess\nof Bourbon handsomely received him,--and his entry was splendid for\nso small a town; for there were triumphant cars, filled with the\nhandsomest ladies of the country, representations of ships and wild\nbeasts, mounted by the beauties of the town, who preceded the king on\nhis entry. The king left Moulins for Lyon, where a most magnificent\nentry was prepared for him. He gave there his final orders respecting\nthe provision and stores, which were in a state of forwardness to\nbe transported over the Alps, for the prosecution of the war in the\nMilanese. During his absence in Italy, he nominated his mother, the\nduchess of Anjou and Maine, countess of Angoul\u00eame, &c. regent of the\nkingdom.\nShortly after, the king departed from Lyon, and went to Grenoble, where\nhe made a handsome entry, and staid there until his preparations should\nbe completed. About this period, the young son of Frederic late king\nof Naples died: he had already commenced a warlike career; and had he\nlived I believe he would have made a figure as a warrior, for he was\nvery courageous and virtuous.\nWhen the king set out from Grenoble, he passed through Embrun, although\nhis army, or the greater part, had taken the road through the small\ntown of Duissant, for there had been formed stores of provision on all\nthat line of march. The king halted at Guillestre[56], and afterward at\nSaint Paul[57], and then traversed a road so bad that it was thought\nno man had ever before attempted it. Great difficulties attended this\nmarch, and the poor infantry suffered much; for as the artillery was to\npass this road, the cannon were dismounted, and dragged by men over the\nrocks.\nDuring this time, the pope had sent fifteen hundred horse, well\nappointed, under the command of Prospero Colonna, to join the forces\nof Maximilian, in the hope of surprising the king before he could pass\nthe mountains; but Prospero, ignorant how near he was to the French,\nor that they had succeeded in passing the Alps, had halted at a town\nin Piedmont called Villa-franca[58]. Of this circumstance, a peasant\nof that country had informed one of the king's gentlemen, named the\nlord de la Morette, and that, as Prospero was quite unsuspicious of\nthe French being so near, it would be easy to surprise him. The lord\nde la Morette lost no time to carry this news to the marshal de la\nPalisse, the lord d'Aubigny, the lord d'Imbercourt, Bayard and others,\nwho all instantly agreed to follow the lord d'Imbercourt in the\nattempt to surprise Colonna. He had sent forward one of his archers\nto reconnoitre, who reported, that as Colonna and his men were just\nsitting down to dinner, and entirely off their guard, an immediate\nattack would be necessary: d'Imbercourt sent, therefore, to hasten the\nmarch of La Palisse and the others.\nNotwithstanding this, d'Imbercourt boldly advanced to enter Villa\nFranca,--when as his trumpet was within the gates, and had sounded his\ncharge, his horse's neck was inclosed within them; but the men at arms\ncame to his relief, by crossing their lances over the horse, and put to\ndeath all who had opposed them at the gate.\nThey galloped up the streets, shouting out 'France, France!' and\nadvanced to where Colonna was at dinner: a sharp conflict now took\nplace,--but the lord de la Palisse and the others arrived, who soon\nended it, by making Colonna prisoner, and slaying great numbers of his\nmen. All his baggage was pillaged, and very many fine horses gained\nthat were in the stables of the town. Prospero Colonna was carried,\nwith the other prisoners, to the king of France, and thence sent into\nconfinement at the castle of Montagu, belonging to the lord de la\nPalisse.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 55: Romorantin,--15 leagues from Amboise, 11 from Blois.]\n[Footnote 56: Guillestre,--near Mont-Dauphin, in Dauphiny.]\n[Footnote 57: St Paul,--a village in Dauphiny.]\n[Footnote 58: Villa-franca,--16 miles SSW. of Turin.]\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE PURSUES THE SWISS WITH HIS WHOLE ARMY.--THE TOWN\n AND CASTLE OF NOVARA SURRENDER TO THE KING.\nThe pope, when he heard of the defeat of Prospero Colonna and his army,\nand that he was sent prisoner to France, was very much surprised, and\nnot without reason; for he never had imagined that the king of France\nwould attempt to cross the Alps where he had, and for some time would\nnot believe it.\nThe Swiss cantoned at Susa, Villaine, Rivoli and other parts, hearing\nof what had passed at Villa-franca, retreated toward Milan followed by\nthe French as far as Turin, whence the duke of Savoy came out to meet\nthe king, and gave him a handsome reception. The king, having received\nfrom the duke of Savoy five large pieces of artillery, continued\nhis pursuit of the Swiss who had passed the Po in an extraordinary\nhurry,--for they had no boats, nor any means but cords to drag their\nartillery and baggage over, with which they marched day and night.\nThey burnt the castle of Chivazzo, and part of that small town,\nbelonging to the duke of Savoy, which lay on their line of march,\nkilling many of the inhabitants and plundering the town, because they\nwould not afford them provision, nor allow them a passage through\nChivazzo. Some of the Swiss were slain, that had remained behind to\npillage.\nIn this interval, the lord de Prie, with a body of Genoese, arrived at\nAlexandria and other towns, which he sacked, although their inhabitants\nhad fled,--but they were deserving of punishment for the many tricks\nthey had before played the French.\nThe french army kept pursuing the Swiss, who seemed inclined to march\nto Jurea[59], but, turning short, entered Novara. The king arrived with\nhis army at Vercelli[60], where it was rumoured that an agreement\nwould take place between the king and Swiss. The lord bastard of\nSavoy and the lord de Lautrec, with others, were charged with this\ncommission; but notwithstanding this, the king continued his march\nafter the Swiss, who had quitted Novara, and taken the road to Milan.\nHe was now joined by a considerable reinforcement of Lansquenets,\ncalled The Black Band[61], very well equipped. The king advanced to\nNovara, which was instantly assaulted by Pedro de Navarre and others,\nand surrendered to the king's obedience.\nIn the absence of the king, his queen was brought to bed, at Amboise,\nof a fair daughter, who was christened Louisa,--and soon afterwards,\nher portrait was sent to him, while engaged in his Italian campaign.\nThe surrender of the town and castle of Novara saved them from pillage,\nby the king's commands,--who pursuing his march toward Milan, went\nto Bufalora. Here the agreement between the king and Swiss was made\npublic, which had been accomplished by means of a large sum of money\npaid down, according to a promise made them by the king. The Swiss, in\nconsequence, swore fidelity to him, and signed the treaty,--but which\nthey did not keep, notwithstanding their oaths and engagements, but\nfalsified both.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 59: Jurea,--on the great Dora in Piedmont.]\n[Footnote 60: Vercelli,--30 miles SW. of Milan, 38 NE. of Turin.]\n[Footnote 61: Black band,--under the command of Ruberta della Marchia,\nfrom lower Germany.\nGuicciardini.\nI must refer the reader to Guicciardini, &c. for further details of\nthese wars in Italy.]\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE DEFEATS THE SWISS ARMY AT MARIGNANO[62], ON THE\n FEAST-DAY OF THE EXALTATION OF THE CROSS.--OF THE CRUEL BATTLE AND\n SLAUGHTER OF THE FRENCH AND SWISS.\nThe king of France, thinking that he had secured the Swiss by the\npayment of the sum agreed on between them and the lord de Lautrec,\nmarched his army to Marignano, beyond Milan; but it was not long\nbefore he found that he had miscalculated on their keeping the promises\nthey had made him. In the interval between the signing of the late\ntreaty and the payment of the money, the Swiss had resolved to surprise\nthe king's army,--induced thereto by the remonstrances and preachments\nof the cardinal of Sion, who had corrupted them at the instigation of\nthe emperor Maximilian, and of the inhabitants of the Milanese, who\nhad given them corslets and other armour, together with the fairest\npromises. The Swiss believing that they would be joined by every\nItalian, and that, if successful, they might acquire territories of a\ngreat extent in a fertile country, and be feared and redoubted by all\nthe world, caused them to act in the treacherous manner they did.\nThe king learning that the Swiss were turned against him, was much\nmortified; for he concluded, that at that moment they were receiving\nthe money agreed on. However, like a hardy knight, he was not cast\ndown, but gave his orders for the forming of his army, to receive the\nenemy with the most advantage. While thus employed, news was brought\nhim that a large body of infantry, well armed had marched out of Milan,\nto join the Swiss in the meditated attack against him. In fact, about\nthree or four o'clock in that afternoon, the Swiss advanced on the\nking's army, but were received with such valour that many were more\ninclined to seek for a retreat than to persevere in the combat.\nThe king, who commanded the main body, on seeing the Swiss advance,\ncharged them in person, attended by his gentlemen, and defeated one\nband. The french volunteers now placed themselves in the position of\nthe Lansquenets, who had in part turned their backs; but they must not\nbe blamed for this, for they had before heard of the agreement made\nwith the Swiss, and, without any explanation, had been led on to an\nunexpected battle, which made them believe that they were betrayed by\nthe king, who wanted to have them destroyed. But when they saw the\nvolunteers thus step boldly into their ranks, they recovered courage,\nand fought with the utmost bravery.\nThe french volunteers did wonders; and although they were not numerous,\namounting to no more than two thousand, they defeated a band of Swiss\nconsisting of double their number. Great feats of arms were done at\nthis battle, with battle-axes, lances, and two-handed-swords, so that\nfor a long time it was doubtful on which side victory would remain.\nThe Swiss behaved with the utmost courage, and charged the main body\nand reserve of the French with an impetuosity that astonished them,\nin the hopes of succeeding as they had before done at Novara. The\nartillery of the French was not asleep, and the Swiss made an attempt\nto seize it, but were repulsed with much loss,--for not a cannon was\nfired without killing numbers of them.\nThis battle lasted until the going down of the sun,--and both sides\nfought as long as the dust and light allowed them to see each other.\nSome, thinking to retire to their own camp, found themselves in that\nof the enemy; but what caused great confusion was the Swiss shouting\nout 'France, France!' and then attacking the French. The night was not\nlong. The king was constantly with his men, giving them every sort of\nencouragement, by words and example. He was particularly anxious about\nhis artillery, which was well guarded by a party of Lansquenets. Having\nvisited the different divisions of his army, he reposed himself in his\narmour, on the carriage of a cannon; and I may with truth assert, that\nif the king had not been present at this engagement the French would\nhave had more than enough to do.\nOn the morrow, the 14th of September, in the year 1515, and the feast\nof the Exaltation of the Cross, the Swiss, enraged against the French,\nadvanced on them by day-break (notwithstanding their loss on the\npreceding night had been more than they supposed) with an eagerness\nas if they had been going to a dance, and made their charge with\nvalour and steadiness. The conflict was long and doubtful; but the\nking's artillery, where he was in person, did the greatest service,\nparticularly on a strong body that kept firmly united until their\nlosses were so considerable, the remainder turned their backs, and\nfled for Milan. The other divisions of the Swiss made now little\nresistance; and to make short of the matter, all that remained were put\nto death, or taken prisoners; and had not the dust been great, fewer\nwould have escaped,--for it was so thick they could not see many yards\nbefore them[63].\nThe heat that day was very oppressive; and the king and his lords\nsuffered greatly from thirst, for there was no water near that was\npure,--for all the springs and streams were discoloured with blood, of\nwhich, nevertheless, they were forced to drink; at length, some clear\nwater was brought them.\nThe king was as much rejoiced that the Swiss had renewed the battle, on\nthe following day, as a huntsman when he lays blinkes in the chace of a\nstag. The Swiss left full sixteen thousand dead on the field, who did\nnot lose their lives like children, but as men of true courage; and all\nthe roads toward Milan and Como were full of those who in their flight\nhad died of the wounds they had received in battle.\nThis was the first victory of king Francis I. and was very marvellous\nit proved so great, considering how much he had been deceived in the\nSwiss by their treaty some days prior to the combat. It is worthy of\nremembrance,--for since the days of Julius C\u00e6sar, this nation, so\nvalorous in war, never lost in battle so many as sixteen thousand men.\nLouis XI. had defeated, when dauphin, a body of three or four thousand:\na duke of Milan had also conquered a body of two thousand, which\ninclines me so much to exalt this victory of the king over enemies so\ndetermined and numerous, for thirty-six thousand men had marched out of\nMilan.\nToward the end of the combat, a reinforcement of Venetians arrived,\nwhich the constable of Bourbon had gone to seek. The troops made all\ndiligence, were well accoutred and ready for battle; but they found the\nSwiss defeated, and flying in all directions, for Como and Milan.\nThe Venetians pursued the enemy, and showed themselves men of courage,\nparticularly their commander, sir Bartholomew d'Alviano and the son\nof the count de Petigliano, who did wonders; but as he was attempting\nto leap a wide ditch, his horse fell upon him,--and he was surrounded\nand slain by the Swiss, for none were near enough to prevent them. The\nlord d'Imbercourt was also killed fighting valiantly; he had rushed\namong the ranks of the Swiss, like to an enraged wild boar, and was\nof a most warlike nature, with the intrepidity of a lion, as many can\ntestify, who have seen him engaged on former occasions. Francis lord of\nBourbon was inclosed by the Swiss and put to death, his men not being\nnigh to rescue him. The prince of Tallemont, the count de Sancerre, the\nlord de Bussi, the captain Mouy, with a very great number of lords and\ngentlemen of renown, whose courage had many times been displayed in\nwar, were killed at this battle.\nDuring the engagement, neither baggage nor artillery were in danger\nof being taken, for they were excellently well defended by those who\nran as much risk as others engaged in the main battle. Many were well\nmounted, so that, if fortune had been adverse, the poor adventurers\nmight have been able to support their friends, and have renewed the\nfight.\nThe king made, this day, several new knights. During the conflict,\nthe cardinal of Sion fled, on seeing the quantities of dead,\nunder pretence, as he told Maximilian Sforza, of bringing back\nreinforcements, but returned when too late.\nIn the course of this great butchery, a body of Swiss retreated toward\na cassino of the van-guard, where was posted the duke of Bourbon,\nconstable of France: he instantly pursued them, had the cassino set\non fire, and unless they could have flown through the flames, not one\ncould have escaped. May God have mercy on their souls, and of all those\nwho fell on this day! It is a great pity that it should be in the power\nof two or three persons to cause the deaths of so many human creatures,\nwhom they seem to estimate no more than as so many sheep. Alas! they\nare not beasts, and have sense and reason, or at least ought to have,\nalthough sometimes their strength fails through wicked intentions.\nSome of the wounded Swiss fled to Milan, others to Como: those who\nentered Milan told the citizens that they had gained the battle, on\nwhich they were led to the great hospital to be cured,--but when the\nLansquenets afterwards entered that city, they finished to cure them in\na strange and terrible manner.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 62: Marignano,--eleven miles SE. from Milan.]\n[Footnote 63: The marshal de Trivulce said that he had been at eighteen\npitched battles, but that they were children's play compared with this.]\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n MILAN SURRENDERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE CASTLE, BESIEGED BY THE\n FRENCH, SURRENDERS ON CAPITULATION.\nNot long after this victory, the townsmen of Milan waited on the king,\nto beg his mercy and pardon for what they had done, and to present\nhim with the keys of their gates. The king mercifully received them,\nand forgave them, but not without making them pay a heavy fine. The\nfrench army now marched to lay siege to the castle of Milan, into which\nMaximilian Sforza with a body of Swiss, and others whom he collected,\nhad thrown themselves. The artillery made, within a few days, several\nbreaches in the outworks; and Pedro de Navarre had worked his mines\nunder the walls of the castle with such success great part of them fell\ndown.\nMaximilian, perceiving himself in danger, made offers to capitulate,\nwhen the king sent his chancellor with other gentlemen to treat with\nhim. They were all handsomely dressed: the chancellor had on a flowing\nrobe of raised cloth of gold. Having entered the castle, they instantly\nbegan a negotiation with Maximilian for peace, and proceeded in it so\nfar that he accompanied them to the king's camp, where the treaty was\nconcluded, on condition that the Swiss in the castle should be allowed\nto march away with their baggage in safety, and be paid the whole of\nthe money that had been promised them by the king of France.\nMaximilian, by this treaty, resigned all pretensions to the duchy of\nMilan[64] to the king, who received him with kindness, and had him\nescorted to France, where he was henceforth to reside. The king made a\nbrilliant entry into Milan, and staid there some time, during which he\nwas magnificently feasted by the nobles and gentlemen of the town and\nduchy.\nIn regard to the inhabitants of Pavia, they escaped being pillaged from\ntheir poverty, for all of the richer sort had retired into Milan so\nsoon as they heard of the king's successes,--and a treaty was concluded\nwith them by means of a sum of money.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 64: This was brought about by the constable of Bourbon, who\nbargained that Maximilian should enjoy a yearly pension of 30,000\nducats, &c.\nSee the french and italian historians, and particularly Mr. Roscoe's\nLorenzo de Medici and Leo X.]\nCHAP. XL.\n POPE LEO X. AND THE KING OF FRANCE MEET AT BOLOGNA, TO CONFER ON THE\n STATE OF AFFAIRS.--THE KING RETURNS TO FRANCE.\nAbout this period died the commander of the venetian forces, the\nlord Bartholomew d'Alviano. His death was caused by a fever, from\noverheating himself. He was much regretted for his valour and his\nattachment to the french interest. The Lansquenets received from the\nking, at two different times, double pay. And during his residence at\nMilan, a treaty was concluded by him with the Swiss-cantons, by means\nof a large sum of money paid them, notwithstanding they had been so\nlately conquered by the French.\nWhen this treaty was signed, ambassadors were sent from the pope to\nthe king, to invite him to Bologna, that they might hold a conference\non the state of the affairs of Italy, and for the mutual strengthening\nof their friendship and alliance. The king, in consequence, left\nMilan with a numerous attendance, especially of men at arms, and\narrived at Bologna, where he had a welcome reception from the pope,\nwho entertained him handsomely,--and they had frequent and long\nconversations together.\nOne day, the pope performed a solemn service in the cathedral, at which\nthe king assisted. It lasted some time; after which, an alliance was\nconcluded between them. The pope gave up to the king several towns\nthat belonged to him in right of the duchy of Milan. He gave also a\ncardinal's hat to the bishop of Constance, brother to the grand master\nof France.\nWhen every thing had been concluded between the pope and the king, he\nreturned to Milan, and thence took the road to France, leaving the\nduke of Bourbon, constable of France, his lieutenant-general of the\nMilanese[65]. He made all diligence in crossing the Alps, and arrived\nat La Ba\u00fbme, where the queen and his lady-mother were waiting for\nhim. He was joyfully received there, as well as in many other towns in\nProvence. On leaving La Ba\u00fbme, they all came together to Avignon, and\nhad a handsome entry. Thence they proceeded to Lyon, where the queen\nmade her public entry, and was received with all demonstrations of joy.\nAt this time died Ferdinand king of Arragon, who, during his reign,\nhad made many conquests, more especially over the Moors, whom he had\nsubjected to his obedience. At this period, also, died the magnificent\nLorenzo de Medici, brother to pope Leo X., who had lately married\na sister to the duke of Savoy, and sister also to the countess of\nAngoul\u00eame, mother to Francis I. king of France. He had been appointed\ngeneralissimo of the army of the church.\nNearly at this period, a furious battle was fought between the Sophi,\ncalled Ishmael, and the grand Turk, and won by the latter, when more\nthan one hundred and sixty thousand men were slain[66]. The Sophi,\nhowever, undismayed, collected fresh troops, and marched a considerable\narmy against the Turk, whom he, in his turn, defeated, and drove him\nbeyond the walls of Constantinople into Greece. The Sophi remained\nin possession of all the conquered country, while the Turk was like\na captive within the territories of Christendom, and the war was\ncontinued on both sides.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 65: Is not this a mistake? was not Lautrec governor of the\nMilanese? and who offended the inhabitants by his severity.]\n[Footnote 66: In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' I find that Selim I.\nemperor of the Ottomans, marches in the year 1514 against Ishmael king\nof Persia, defeats him in the plain of Chald\u00e9ron, and gains Tauris. War\nwas continued between them until the year 1516, when Selim turned his\narms against Kansou sultan of Egypt.]\nCHAP. XLI.\n THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY, TO ATTEMPT THE CONQUEST\n OF THE MILANESE, AND TO DRIVE THE FRENCH OUT OF ITALY.--THE CONSTABLE\n OF BOURBON, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FOR THE KING IN ITALY, MARCHES AGAINST\n HIM.\nWhile the king of France was at Lyon, and toward the end of Lent,\nin the year 1516, another war broke out in Italy, through the usual\nman\u0153uvres of the emperor Maximilian: he, at this time, was excited by\nthe angels of king Henry of England, which had not for a long time\nflown in his country,--and by their means he subsidised the cantons of\nSwisserland and the Grisons. He also urged the citizens of Milan to\nrevolt, principally through Galeas Visconti; and thinking every thing\nin a good train, he marched toward Milan with a body of troops that he\nhad collected, under the brother of Maximilian Sforza, now resident in\nFrance according to the treaty that had been concluded with him after\nthe battle of Marignano.\nThe emperor having, as I have said, assembled an army, marched it from\nthe plains of Verona to Lodi; but the constable, whom the king had\nleft, as his lieutenant, in the Milanese, hearing of this, collected\nas many men together as the shortness of the time would allow, and\nadvanced to meet the enemy. His numbers were not great, on account\nof this expedition of the emperor being unexpected, although he had\nreceived hints of his intention, some seven weeks before, but he was\nnot certain of the truth.\nThe constable marched his army to the river Adda, and found the enemy\nposted on the opposite bank. A short time prior to this, the king of\nFrance had summoned some of the nobles of Milan to come to him, who\nproceeded as far as Suza, to the number of thirty-seven, when they\nheld a consultation; and on the morrow, thirty-three of them fled to\njoin the emperor,--but the other four remained loyal to the French,\ncontinued the road to Lyon, and related to the king the shameful\nconduct of the others.\nTo return to our subject; the duke of Bourbon, when on the Adda,\ndispatched messengers to the Swiss-cantons, to hasten the troops the\nking had agreed for,--and in consequence, about nine or ten thousand\ninfantry for the preservation of Milan, marched to Jurea. The duke\nof Bourbon was preparing to attack the imperialists, when he heard\nthat Milan was on the point of a revolt; and as he had not sufficient\nforce to meet the army of the emperor with advantage, he was advised\nto retreat to Milan, although he was himself most desirous to try the\nevent of a combat, and wait the coming of the Swiss, who remained very\nlong at Jurea.\nThe duke retreated with his army back to Milan with all diligence,\nto the great surprise of the inhabitants: he immediately had strict\ninquiries made after the authors of the intended revolt: several were\nconfined in prison, and many were beheaded. The other citizens, seeing\nthat the French were completely masters of their town, and that they\nwere not the strongest, determined to suffer all extremities should\nthe French continue their ill treatment.\nThe emperor, when he heard of this sudden retreat of the French,\nthought he had already conquered them, and, crossing the Adda, marched\nhis army toward Milan, and fixed his quarters near to Marignano.\nYou may easily imagine how much the burghers of Milan were now\nalarmed,--for the constable had one of the suburbs burnt, to prevent\nthe enemy from fortifying it.\nA few days after, the duke of Bourbon sent presents of cloths of gold,\nand of silk, to the principal leaders of the Swiss, to hasten their\nmarch, which had the desired effect,--and they soon appeared before the\ncastle, wherein they were joyfully received by the constable. He had\nimmediately Milan strengthened with ditches and outworks, so that it\nwas much stronger than ever. The emperor advanced with his army, now\nvery numerous, before the walls, and saluted them with a large train\nof artillery, which was as boldly returned from the ramparts by the\ngarrison.\nCHAP. XLII.\n THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN, FINDING THAT HE COULD NOT SUCCEED IN HIS\n ATTEMPT ON MILAN, MARCHES AWAY.\nThe emperor was much surprised that his army should be in the utmost\ndistress for provision, as he expected that Milan would have opened\nits gates on his appearing before them, according to the promises he\nhad received from Galeas Visconti: but just the contrary happened;\nand as he had heard of the reinforcements the French had obtained,\nand felt how much his own army suffered from want of provision, and\nalso that he had now no great quantity of english angels, he retreated\ntoward Bergamo, and summoned that town to surrender. The inhabitants,\nperceiving that no succours could be expected from Milan, raised a\nsum of money among themselves, and offered it to the emperor, on his\nmarching away. He thence retreated toward Lodi, plundered and burnt\ngreat part of the town, and put to death many of the inhabitants,\nwhich was a great pity.\nThe duke of Bourbon followed close on the rear of the emperor's army,\nwhen skirmishes frequently happened, to the loss of the imperialists\nin killed and wounded. Maximilian, finding his situation become\ndisagreeable, went away under pretence that the death of the king of\nHungary was the cause of his sudden departure, leaving his army in a\nvery doubtful state, which then was broken up, and the men retreated to\ntheir homes.\nThe emperor, however, pocketed fifty thousand angels the king of\nEngland had sent to his aid, thinking that he was in the quiet\npossession of the Milanese,--but he was far enough from it.\nAbout this time, the king of France sent some of the gentlemen of his\nbedchamber to assist the duke of Bourbon in managing the affairs of the\nMilanese.\nCHAP. XLIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE GOES ON A PILGRIMAGE TO THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY\n HANDKERCHIEF IN CHAMBERY.--A TREATY OF PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN HIM AND\n THE ARCHDUKE KING OF SPAIN.\nAbout Whitsuntide, in this year of 1516, the king of France departed\nfrom Lyon, accompanied by many gentlemen, to fulfil a vow he had made\nof a pilgrimage to the church of the Holy Handkerchief in Chambery. As\nhe had vowed to perform it on foot, he set out accordingly, with his\ntrain of attendants. They formed a handsome spectacle; for they were\nall splendidly dressed in fancy habiliments, decorated with plenty of\nfeathers. Thus they followed the king on foot as far as Chambery, where\nhe met the duke of Bourbon on his return from Italy. This meeting gave\nmuch joy to both,--and the king was entertained at Chambery, during his\nstay there, by the duke of Savoy.\nAt this time, a treaty was concluded between the Spaniards and the\ngarrison in the castle of Brescia, who marched away with their arms\nand baggage. The Venetians, to whom the place belonged, immediately\ntook possession of the town and castle, conformably to an agreement\nmade with the late king of France, Louis XII. Somewhat prior to\nthis, several counts in Germany collected bodies of men, and entered\nLorraine, where they committed much mischief. The cause of this warfare\nwas a claim the Lansquenets made on certain mines in that country, on\nthe borders of Germany, which they attempted to gain; but the duke of\nLorraine repulsed them, and nothing more was done. These counts waited\nafterwards on the king of France, at Tours, and were presented to him\nby the lord de Florenge, son to the captain de la Marche.\nOn the king's return from Savoy, he went into Touraine. About this\ntime, the king of Navarre died: he was son to the lord d'Albret, and\nhad been driven out of his kingdom by Ferdinand the Catholic, as has\nbeen before mentioned. A treaty of peace was now concluded between the\nking of France and the archduke king of Spain, which was proclaimed at\nParis and throughout the realm. One of the conditions was, that the\nking of Spain should marry the princess Louisa, only daughter to the\nking of France.\nA conference on the subject of peace was holden at Noyon. The\ncommissioners from the king of France were, the grand master, the\nbishop of Paris, the president Olivier, and others,--and the great\nlords of Flanders and of Spain, on the part of the king of Spain. The\nlord de Ravenstein was afterwards sent by him, as his ambassador to the\nking of France, grandly accompanied by the barons of Picardy.\nOn Saturday, the 6th day of October, in the before-mentioned year, the\nking arrived in his good city of Paris, where he was received with the\nusual demonstrations of joy. On the morrow, he departed for the abbey\nof St Denis, in order to replace the saints in their shrines, which,\nat his request, had been taken down for the general welfare of his\nrealm, and to return them his humble thanks for the great victory he\nhad obtained through their means and intercessions. This was the usual\ncustom for the kings of France to perform, in person, on their return\nfrom foreign wars.\nTHE END.\nNOTES AND EMENDATIONS.\nPage 6. line 12. _Lord de Guise._] Claude, second son of Ren\u00e9 the\nsecond, duke of Lorraine, was ancestor of the dukes of Guise. He died\nin 1550 and therefore must have been very young at this period.\nPage 6. line 5. from the bottom. _Melfy. Q. Amelfi?_] Mary, natural\ndaughter of king Ferdinand, married to Anthony, duke of Amelfi, of the\nhouse of Piccolomini.\nPage 16. line 15. _Lord de Luxembourg._] See note p. 108.\nPage 24. line 7 from the bottom. _Marquis of Mantua._] Francis III.\nfourth marquis of Mantua, of the house of Gonzaga.\nPage 24. line 3 from the bottom. _Lord of Ferrara._] Hercules d'Este,\nfirst duke of Modena.\nPage 29. line 13. _Bastard of Bourbon._] Matthew lord of Roche, eldest\nof the bastards of John II. duke of Bourbon.\nPage 31. line 4 from the bottom. _Prince._] His surviving children\nwere 1. Charles first duke of Vend\u00f4me, the father (by Frances de\nLongueville duchess of Beaumont) of Anthony king of Navarre. 2. Louis,\ncardinal of Vend\u00f4me. 3. Anthonia, wife of Claude duke of Guise. 4.\nLouisa abbess of Fontevraud. 5. Francis, lord of St Pol, a title which\nhe inherited from his mother the eldest daughter of Peter, son of the\nconstable. See vol. xi. page 213. note.\nPage 35. line 4 from the bottom. _Died._] Prince John, to whom the\nunfortunate Margaret of Austria was betrothed after her rejection by\nCharles the eighth.\nPage 35. line 3 from the bottom. _Duke of Savoy._] Charles John\nAmadeus, commonly called Charles the second, duke of Savoy, died this\nyear at the tender age of eight years. The suspicion of poisoning the\nwaters, which is no where that I can find alluded to by Guicciardini,\nprobably refers to his successor Philip count of Bresse who died the\nyear following just at the time that he had intended to leave the party\nof the king of France and embrace that of the confederates. Philip had\nthree sons; Philibert II. who succeeded him and died in 1504 without\nissue by Margaret of Austria his wife; Charles III; and Philip duke\nof Nemours. Louisa, who married Charles count of Angoul\u00eame, and is so\ncelebrated in history as the mother of Francis the first, was one of\nhis daughters.\nPage 38. line 10. _Lord of Montpensier._] This prince, by his wife\nClara Gonzaga, left issue, 1. Louis count of Montpensier who died in\n1501, 2. Charles, who married Susanna daughter and heiress of Peter II.\nduke of Bourbon, was made constable of France in 1515, was afterwards\ncondemned for treason, and was killed in the imperial service at the\nsiege of Rome in 1527, 3. Francis duke of Chatelherault, died 1515;\n4. Louisa, lady of Chavigny, 5. Reparata, married to Anthony duke of\nLorraine. Neither of the sons left any issue surviving.\nPage 39. line 7. _Soul._] See Philip de Comines, whose most valuable\nmemoirs conclude with this event.\nPage 39. line 8. from the bottom. _Lord John Peraule._] Raymond\nPerault, bishop of Saintes, Cardinal in 1493, died in 1505.\nPage 46. line 4 from the bottom. _Count Gayache._] Qu. Count of\nCajazzo? He was of the family of the San Severini, and connected by\nmarriage with the house of Sforza, but not, that I can find, with that\nof Visconti.\nPage 87. line 9. _Lord Peter of Bourbon._] Peter II. duke of\nBourbon, the last of the eldest line of Robert de Clermont son of\nSt. Louis. His only daughter and heir, Susanna, married Charles de\nBourbon-Montpensier, afterwards constable of France and duke of Bourbon.\nPage 97. line 3. from the bottom. _Wife._] Eleanor, countess of Ligny\nprincess of Altamura, duchess of Venosa, &c. &c.\nPage 100. line 15. _Brother._] Charles III. surnamed the good. Their\nyounger brother was Philip, who married Charlotte, daughter of Louis,\nduke of Longueville, and was created duke of Nemours.\nPage 100. line 17. _Duchess of Berry._] Jane daughter of Louis XI. the\nrepudiated wife of Louis XII. who after her divorce was called duchess\nof Berry.\nPage 103. line 4. _Lord of Foix._] Germaine de Foix, daughter of John\nviscount de Narbonne. See note to vol. x. p. 187.\nPage 105. line 12. 1506.] Leaving issue, by Joanna daughter of\nFerdinand and Isabella, 1. Charles, afterwards emperor, and king of\nSpain, 2. Eleanor, the wife, first, of Emanuel king of Portugal, 2ndly\nof Francis the first, 3. Isabella, the wife of Christian the second\nking of Denmark; 4. Ferdinand, King of Hungary, and emperor of Germany\nafter the death of his brother; 5. Mary, the wife of Lewis the second\nking of Hungary; 6. Catherine, the wife of John the third king of\nPortugal.\nPage 105. line 14. _August._] Anne the wife of Uladislaus king of\nBohemia, who succeeded to the crown of Hungary on the death of\nMatthias Corvinus in 1490. By this marriage she had Lewis, afterwards\nking of Hungary, and Anne the wife of Ferdinand of Austria, in whose\nright he became king of Hungary on the death of Lewis in 1526 without\nissue.\nPage 106. line 13. _John de Bentivoglio._] John the second of the\nname, son of Hannibal, and grandson of John, who made himself master\nof Bologna in 1400. See the historians of Bologna, especially the\n\"historie memorabili\" of Gasparo Bombaci who is by far the most\ninteresting of these writers.\nPage 108. line 13. _Trivulces._]\n ----\"_La nudrita Damigella Trivulzia\n al sacro speco_\".\nShe was the daughter of Giovanni Trivulzio and Angela di Martinengo,\nand is celebrated equally by the historians and poets of the age.\nPage 120. line 11 from the bottom. _King._] She was married to Hercules\nthe second, duke of Ferrara, and died in 1575.\nPage 132. line 4. _Pedro de Navarre._] Pedro Navarro, a great commander\nin the Spanish army.\nPage 132. line 5. _Marquis of Pescara._] Ferdinand d'Avalos, Marquis of\nPescara.\nPage 132. line 8. _Betonde._] Betonde--Bitonto.\nPage 132. line 12. _Viceroy of Naples._] Don Raymond de Cardona.\nPage 132. line 15. _Marquis de la Padulla._] Della Palude. See\nGuicciardini Lib. 10. for an account of this great battle.\nPage 132. last line. _Utrecht._] More probably Trajetto, Vespasian the\nson of Prospero Colonna was called duke of Trajetto, and though I do\nnot find his name among those present at the battle of Ravenna, it is\nnot unlikely that he was there under his relation Fabricio Colonna,\nduke of Palliano who commanded the Italian forces.\nPage 151. line 3 from the bottom. _Duke of Valois._] Francis count\nd'Angoulesme the presumptive heir to the crown of France, had lately\nbeen honoured with this title.\nPage 164. line 5 from the bottom. _Brittany._] Francis was duke of\nBrittany in right of the princess Claude who succeeded to that duchy\non the death of her mother queen Anne. For, although the two crowns,\nthe royal and ducal, had been united in the person of Louis XII, yet\nthe duchy remained distinct from the kingdom, and would have passed\naway from it again had the princess Claude not married the heir of the\ncrown of France. The countries were not incorporated till the reign of\nFrancis I. who procured an act of union and settlement to be passed.\nPage 167. line 2. _Lord of Alen\u00e7on._] Charles the second duke of\nAlen\u00e7on, son of Ren\u00e9 and grandson of John II. who was beheaded. He\nmarried Margaret the sister of Francis the first, afterwards wife of\nHenry d'Albret king of Navarre.\nPage 167. line 3. _Lord of Bourbon._] Charles duke of Bourbon mentioned\nbefore.\nPage 167. line 3. _Lord of Vend\u00f4me._] Charles duke of Vend\u00f4me and\nFrancis lord of St Pol, both mentioned before.\nPage 167. line 4. _Louis de Nevers._] Count of Auxerre, 2d son of\nEngilbert of Cleves count of Nevers who died in 1506.\nPage 167. line 10. _Madame de Nevers._] Mary d'Albret, the wife of\nCharles Count of Nevers eldest son of Engilbert of Cleves.\n Abbeville, a woman of, is burnt for killing and salting her\n children, viii. 111\n Abbey of St Vincent, near Leon, is demolished, vii. 159\n Absalon rebels through covetousness, i. 248\n Acquitaine, Louis, duke of, marries Margaret, eldest daughter to the\n duke of Burgundy, i. 121\n his marriage opposed by the duke of Orleans, i. 123\n Acquitaine, Louis, the young duke of, committed to the guardianship of\n the duke of Burgundy, ii. 150\n marches to conquer Estampes and Dourdan, ii. 349\n his secretary, and other traitors beheaded near Bourges, iii. 60\n forbids the cannoneering against Bourges, iii. 67\n the keys of Bourges delivered to him by the duke of Berry, iii. 75\n is displeased with his chancellor, iii. 133\n resolves to take upon himself the sole management of the\n kingdom, iii. 134\n threatens John, duke of Burgundy, iii. 147\n Acquitaine, duke of, is compelled to reside with the king, iii. 148\n is much troubled at the demands of the Parisians, iii. 157\n orders the prisoners to be liberated, iii. 212\n being offended with the queen, sends letters to invite the duke of\n Burgundy to march an army to Paris, iii. 285\n is pacified with the king's ministers, and writes letters to prevent\n the armament of the Burgundians, iii. 291\n his letters to the duke, iii. 300\n assembles a large force in Paris to oppose the duke of\n Burgundy, iii. 304\n denies having sent for the duke, iii. 305\n leaves Paris to join the king at Senlis, iv. 21\n is appointed to the sole management of the finances, iv. 81\n goes to Mehun-sur-Yevre, iv. 91\n goes to Paris and forbids the princes of the blood to come to that city\n until ordered by himself or the king, iv. 123\n suddenly enters the houses of the queen's confidants to search for\n money, _ib._\n takes upon himself the sole government of the kingdom, iv. 124\n is waited upon by the Parisians respecting the public safety, iv. 205\n dies of a fever at the h\u00f4tel de Bourbon, iv. 207\n Acre, the village of, is burnt by the duke of Burgundy, ix. 222\n Adolphus of Cleves, sir, tilts with several persons, ix. 291\n Agnadello, defeat of the Venetians at, xii. 113\n Agnes, the fair, is taken ill at the abbey of Jamieges, ix. 98\n her will, _ib._\n dies in great agony, ix. 99\n Aides, taxes so called, iii. 107\n Albany, the duke of, driven from Scotland by his brother, arrives\n at Paris, xi. 313\n Albastre, king of, is made prisoner by the king of Portugal, vi. 234\n Albert, duke, count of Hainault, dies, i. 120\n some account of his issue, _ib._\n Albreth, Charles d', besieges the castle of Carlefin, i. 119\n taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Alen\u00e7on, lord of, his tents set on fire, iv. 60\n his gallant conduct at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 193\n slain immediately after having struck down the duke of York, _ib._\n Alen\u00e7on, duke of, marries the daughter of the duke of Orleans, v. 266\n attempted to swerve from his loyalty to Charles VII. vi. 15\n makes the chancellor of Brittany prisoner, vii. 57\n conquers his town of Alen\u00e7on, ix. 42\n Fresnoy surrenders to him, ix. 49\n takes Bell\u00eame castle, ix. 90\n arrested at Paris, and imprisoned, ix. 376\n the king's sentence on him, x. 3\n convicted and condemned to death for favouring the English, x. 15\n sentence commuted to perpetual imprisonment, x. 36\n Alen\u00e7on, duke of, pardoned on the accession of Louis XI. xi. 51\n made prisoner by sir Tristan l'Hermite, xi. 146\n brought to Paris and detained prisoner in the Louvre, xi, 151\n tried, and condemned to be beheaded, xi. 171\n is delivered from the Louvre, xi. 222\n Alen\u00e7on, the town of, surrenders to the king by the count du\n Perche, xi. 60\n Alexander V. elected pope, i. 90, 111\n unusual rejoicings at Pisa and Paris on his election, i. 90, 91\n his first bull after his election, i. 111\n is poisoned at Bologna, i. 160\n Alexander VI. Pope, succeeds Innocent VIII. xi. 381\n incites Charles VIII. to recover the kingdom of Naples, xi. 383\n his attention to the king on his entry into Rome, xi. 419\n Alexandria, the patriarch of, preaches before the council of\n Pisa, ii. 100\n Alibaudieres, fortress of, attacked by sir John of\n Luxembourg, v. 172, 175\n Alliance, letter of, between the duke of Orleans and the duke of\n Lancaster, i. 62\n Almeric, d'Orgemont, sir, seized as a conspirator, and condemned to\n perpetual imprisonment on bread and water, iv. 221\n Alphonso, king of Arragon, is defeated by the great captains\n of Italy, vi. 42\n Alphonso, king of Naples, on the approach of Charles VIII. embarks for\n Sicily, xii. 2\n his bastard son Fernando succeeds to the crown of Naples, ix. 424\n Alveano, Bartholomus d', a brave Venetian commander, xii. 189\n Amadeus, count of Savoy, created a duke, iv. 262\n Ambassadors sent by the king of France to negotiate a peace between\n the princes of the blood, iii. 178\n harangue of one concerning peace, iii. 183\n arrive from England to treat of a marriage between their king, and\n Catherine, daughter of the king of France, iii. 230\n Amboise, sir Charles d', regains many towns for the king in the duchy of\n Burgundy, ix. 297\n Amboise, the cardinal of, receives the submissions of the\n Milanese, xii. 54\n makes his public entry into Lyon as legate to France, xii. 76\n forms the league of Cambray, xii. 112\n falls sick at Lyon and dies, xii. 119\n Am\u00e9 de Viry, his war with the duke of Bourbon, ii. 80\n Am\u00e9 de Savoye, the count, ii. 195\n _Amende honorable_, what, _note_, ix. 342\n Amiennois, the, great disorders are committed by the French in, vii. 92\n Amiens, the inhabitants of, refuse to attach themselves to the\n Orleans' faction, ii. 186\n the king's proclamation to, ii. 315\n the people of, rise against the levying of some taxes which were\n intended to be laid on them, vii. 294\n Amont, the lord de, offers his services to the duke of Bedford, vii. 81\n Ampula, the holy, brought to Louis XI. when sick at Plessis\n le parc, xi. 352\n Angers, bishop of, extraordinary event at a trial between him and\n a burgher of Paris, x. 165\n Anglare, the castle of, besieged by the lord de Barbasan, vii. 13\n Angora, battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajazet, i. 107\n Angoul\u00eame, the count of, pledged to the English, iii. 93\n Angoul\u00eame, Madame d', mother of Francis I. is present at his\n coronation, xii. 175\n Anjou is invaded by the earl of Somerset, viii. 348\n Anne, duchess of Bedford, dies at Paris, vii. 100\n Anne, duchess of Brittany, married to Charles VIII. xi. 371\n is crowned and makes her public entry into Paris, xi. 378\n Anthony, duke of Limbourg, takes possession of that duchy and\n Maestricht, i. 180\n Anthony of Brabant marries Elizabeth, daughter of John duke of\n Luxembourg, ii. 116\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Anthony de Bethune, sir, is captured in his castle of Auchel, vi. 399\n Anthony de Vienne, is killed at Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 391\n Anthony bastard of Burgundy, his expedition against the infidels, x. 161\n returns, x. 192\n goes to England to tilt with the lord Scales, x. 343\n Apostolical letter from Benedict XIII. to Charles king of France, i. 304\n Ardres, town of, attacked by the English from Calais, i. 131\n Argentan, is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 26\n Argueil, the lord d', son to the prince of Orange quits the duke of\n Burgundy's service and joins the king, xi. 104\n Arkembarc, a Burgundy gentleman, takes the town of Peronne, x. 281\n Armagnac, the count, refuses to sign the treaty of peace between\n the princes of the blood, v. 3\n is taken prisoner at Paris, v. 12\n is murdered and mangled by the mob at Paris, v. 23\n Armagnac, the count, loses his territories for rebellion, ix. 357\n joins the duke of Guienne against Louis XI. xi. 118\n regains his city of Lectoure, xi. 144\n killed, xi. 147\n Armagnacs. See Orleans-faction.\n Arragon, a doctor of, preaches vehemently at the council of Pisa,\n against the rival popes, ii. 101\n the king of, is made prisoner by the duke of Milan, vii. 237\n flies from Perpignan, xi. 148\n sends an embassy to Louis XI., x. 164\n Arras, the inhabitants of, fortify it, and destroy several edifices\n which were around it, iv. 46\n is completely surrounded by the king's army, iv. 50\n account of various skirmishes during the siege of, iv. 51\n a treaty of peace is concluded before, iv. 58\n the peace of, is sworn to in sundry places, iv. 116, 119\n meeting of the commonalty and clergy of Amiens to swear to\n the peace of, iv. 119\n Arras, convention at, vii. 211\n peace of, between Charles VII. and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 240\n the cardinals, &c. leave, who had attended the convention, vii. 286\n punishment of many persons at, for sorcery, x. 45\n Arras, the men of, suffer another considerable defeat from\n the king's army, xi. 192\n submit to the king, xi. 256\n Arthur, count de Richemont, being delivered from imprisonment,\n assists at the siege of Meaux, v. 319\n joins the dauphin, vi. 67\n makes war on the heir of Commercy, vii. 330\n succeeds to the dukedom of Brittany, ix. 416\n dies, and is succeeded by the count d'Estampes, x. 10\n Artisans of Ghent excite the people to take up arms, viii. 67\n Artois, all sorts of crimes committed there with impunity, x. 99\n heavy taxes are imposed upon it to support the war, vii, 169\n is overrun by some French captains, vii. 101\n Asti, the county of, is yielded up to the duke of Orleans, viii. 418\n honourable reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 394\n Athalia, queen of Jerusalem, fell through covetousness, i. 255\n Athol, the earl of, murders James I. in his bedchamber, viii. 3\n is put to death in a very cruel manner, viii. 4, 5\n Athol, the earl of, supposed reason for his putting the king to\n death, viii. 4\n Aubert de Canny, sir, suspected of being the murderer of the\n duke of Orleans, i. 198\n Aubert, sir, lord of Canny, is sent by the king of France, ambassador\n to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 300\n copy of the instructions given to him, iv. 303\n on his return from his embassy, is accused by the royal\n council, iv. 322\n Aubigny, the lord d', wins the town of Naples for Louis XII., xii. 74\n taken prisoner in Roussillon, xii. 97\n Aubusson, the cardinal of, grand master of Rhodes, dies, xii. 90\n Audeboeuf, Pierre, is quartered and hung, vii. 63\n Auffremont, the lord of, has the castle of Clermont delivered\n up to him, vii. 67\n Augsbourg, a virgin at, lives forty years without eating, drinking,\n or sleeping, xii. 128\n Augustins, the general of the order of, preaches before the council\n of Pisa, ii. 100\n Auvergne, Marcial d', a notary, leaps from a window in a fit\n of frenzy, xi. 22\n Aumale, destruction of the town of, iv. 288\n Aumale castle is conquered from the English by the lord de\n Longueval, vi. 299\n retaken by the English, vi. 324\n Auxarre, treaty of peace at, iii. 80\n Auxerre, the inhabitants of, take part with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 111\n make a sally and are defeated, xi. 130\n Aviemie, count de, i. 97\n Azincourt, battle of, iv. 172\n English lords at the battle, iv. 177\n Azincourt, king Henry's complete victory at, iv. 183\n names of the princes and other lords who perished or were made\n prisoners at this unfortunate battle, iv. 185-192\n many Frenchmen seek their relatives on the field of battle, iv. 196\n Azincourt, the lord d', slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 187\n Babylon, the treaty of peace between the king of, and the king of\n Cyprus is broken, vi. 75\n the sultan of, writes letters to the princes in Christendom, vi. 214\n Bacqueville, the lord de, iv. 146\n Baguey, battle of, v. 263\n Balim castle taken by sir John de Luxembourg, vii. 56\n Bajazet, his kingdom invaded by Tamerlane, i. 106\n is taken prisoner, i. 108\n Balthazar, cardinal of Bologna, elected pope, ii. 163. See John XXIII.\n Baluc, Nicholas, his marriage with the daughter of sir John\n Bureau, xi. 40\n Baluc, John, cardinal of Angers, employed in various commissions by\n Louis XI. xi. 47\n his treason and imprisonment, xi. 89\n set at liberty by the king, xi. 323\n Bauclinghen, the fortress of, taken by the English, iii. 41\n Bapaume surrendered to the king and the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 44\n Bar, the duchess, funeral of, i. 109\n Bar and Lorraine, the war is renewed between the dukes of, i. 161\n Bar, master John de, burnt as a sorcerer, i. 402\n Bar, the cardinal de, attends the council of Pisa, ii. 86\n Bar, Henry, duke of, dies, ii. 232\n Bar, the cardinal duke of, besieges the town and castle of\n Ligny en Barrois, v. 207\n the duke of, enters Vaudemont to conquer it by force, vii. 22\n is combated and defeated by the count de Vaudemont, vii. 35, 42\n is made prisoner, vii. 42\n his soldiers leave Vaudemont, vii. 51\n a peace is concluded between him and the count de Vaudemont, vii. 105\n peace between him and the counts de St Pol and de Loigny, vii. 107\n Bar, war recommences between the duchy of, and the county\n of Vaudemont, viii. 89\n Bar, the lady of, wife to the count of St Pol, dies, x. 98\n Barbasan, the lord de, lays siege to the castle of Anglure,\n held by the Burgundians, vii. 13\n Barrois and Lorrainers overrun the county of Vaudemont, viii. 220\n Basil, general council at, vii. 22\n a council is held at, to procure peace between France and\n England, vii. 150\n council of, a quarrel arises between the council and the pope, viii. 99\n Bassuel, Aussiel, master, beheaded, iv. 33\n Battaile, Nicolle, dies of grief for the infidelity of his wife, xi. 334\n Battailler, sir William, and sir John Carmien, combat between, ii. 83\n Batiller, Guillaume, killed at the siege of Bourges, iii. 60\n Battle between the Saracen and Spanish fleets, i. 323\n between the dukes of Burgundy and Hainault and the Liegeois, ii. 28\n of Azincourt, iv. 172\n of Herrings, vi. 253\n of Pataye, vi. 271\n of Gaveren, ix. 270\n of Rupelmonde, ix. 218\n of Hexham, x. 162\n of Montlehery, x. 245, 252\n of the duke of Burgundy and the duke of Lorraine before\n of Guinegate, xi. 315\n of St Aubin, xi. 369\n of Foroneuvo, xii. 24-30\n of Ravenna, xii. 135\n of Spurs, xii. 153\n of Flodden, xii. 159\n of Marignono, xii. 182\n Bavaria, Louis of, is presented with the castle of Marcoussi\n and appurtenances, ii. 137\n espouses the daughter of the king of Navarre, ii. 140\n is driven out of Paris, and his people robbed, iii. 24\n surrenders himself to the Parisians, iii. 53\n marries the widow of the lord de Navarre, iii. 24\n Bavaria, John of, declares war against his niece, daughter to\n the late duke William, iv. 263\n resigns his bishoprick of Liege, and marries the duchess\n of Luxembourg, iv. 264\n makes war on his niece in Holland, iv. 378\n Bayard, the captain, taken prisoner and carried to England, xii. 158\n Bayeux, siege of, by Charles VII. ix. 118\n Bayonne, siege of, by the counts de Foix and de Dunois, ix. 180\n surrenders, ix. 186\n Beaujeu, the lord of, betrayed to the count d'Armagnac, xi. 144\n marries the eldest daughter of Louis XI. xi. 156\n makes prisoner the duke of Nemours in the king's name, xi. 227\n arrives at Paris to receive the dauphiness from the hands\n of the Flemings, xi. 348\n Beaumont, the lord, dies of the bowel complaint, iv. 145\n Beaumont, the castle of, taken by the Burgundians, iv. 234\n Beaumont, in Argonne, siege of, vi. 224\n Beauvois, the duke of Burgundy is admitted into, iv. 330\n besieged and attacked by the duke of Burgundy, xi. 132\n Beaurain, John de, is put to flight by William de Coroam, vii. 139\n Bedford, the duke of, made regent of France, v. 381\n is married to Anne, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, vi. 33\n marches a large army to keep his appointment before Ivry, vi. 86\n combats the French, and gains a complete victory before\n Verneuil, vi. 89, 95\n he and the duke of Burgundy endeavour to make up the quarrel between\n the dukes of Gloucester and Brabant, vi. 109\n Bedford, the duke of, and the duke of Burgundy meet in the town\n of Dourlens, vi. 156\n prevents the combat between the dukes of Burgundy and\n Gloucester, vi. 168\n after a residence of eight months in England returns to Calais, vi. 178\n lays siege to Montargis, vi. 199\n his forces in France are reinforced by the earl of Salisbury, vi. 228\n wants to lay hands on the revenues of the church, vi. 232\n he and the duke of Burgundy renew their alliances, vi. 276\n assembles a large army to combat king Charles, vi. 287\n sends a letter to the king, _ib._\n his army meets that of the king's, vi. 292\n marches a large force to support the English and Burgundians\n at Lagny-sur-Marne, vii. 83\n marries the daughter of the count de St Pol, vii. 113\n goes to St Omer to meet the duke of Burgundy, vii. 116\n Bedford, duchess of, re-marries an English knight called\n sir Richard Woodville, vii. 397\n Belle-mocte, the castle of, remains firm to the Burgundians, iv. 52\n Bell\u00eame, siege of, iii. 306\n Bell\u00eame castle is taken by the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, ix. 90.\n Belleville, siege of, by the Burgundians, vii. 172\n Benedict XIII. imposes a tax on his clergy, i. 124\n disclaimed throughout France, i. 166\n his reply to the French king's embassy, i. 304\n Benedict XIII. excommunicates the king and his adherents, i. 304\n the university of Paris declares against him, i. 315\n a renowned doctor in theology preaches against him at Paris, i. 316\n is condemned at the council of Pisa, ii. 90, 109\n causes a schism, vi. 86\n Bergerac, siege of, ix. 149\n Berry, the duke of, for himself and the rest of the princes of the\n blood, promises to relinquish his taxes, ii. 146\n retires from the court, ii. 151\n is remanded to Paris, ii. 156\n again quits Paris, ii. 173\n unites with the duke of Orleans and his party, ii. 174\n he, and the rest of the dukes in the Orleans faction,\n send letters to the king, ii. 180\n their letter to the town of Amiens, ii. 181\n appointed guardian of the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 203\n is refused his request to reside in the h\u00f4tel de Neelle, ii. 284\n is banished the realm, ii. 319\n he and the duke of Orleans send an embassy to the king of\n England, iii. 13\n is closely besieged in Bourges, iii. 54\n negotiates for peace, iii. 63\n his interview with the duke of Burgundy, iii. 69\n delivers up the keys of the city of Bourges, iii. 75\n Berry, the duke of, is taken dangerously ill, but recovers, iii. 95\n is waited upon by the Parisians relative to the treaty of\n peace at Arras, iv. 72\n offended at the appointment of the duke of Acquitaine to the\n sole management of the finances, he harangues the Parisians, iv. 81\n dies, and his duchy and county revert to the crown, iv. 225\n Berry, Mesnil, carver to the duke of Acquitaine, beheaded, iii. 175\n Bretagne, Gilles de, dies of a dysentery, iii. 77\n Bertrand de Chaumont beheaded, v. 230\n Bertrand, Jean de, is put to death, v. 27\n Birengueville, sir Robert de, killed at the siege of Mercq castle, i. 147\n Blanc, the chevalier, supposed to be the great Huniades, dies, ix. 365.\n See Noyelle, the lord de.\n Blaumount, the count de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186\n Blaye, siege of, ix. 160\n Blond, sir John le, iv. 160\n Blondell, sir John, takes the castle of Malmaison, vi. 205\n surrenders the castle, vi. 210\n Bocquiaux, the lord de, retakes the town of Compi\u00e8gne, v. 34\n Bordeaux submits to the French, ix. 171\n is retaken by the earl of Shrewsbury, ix. 201\n the men of, are defeated by the lord d'Orval, ix. 154\n Bosqueaut, the lord de, is beheaded, vi. 10\n Boucicaut, the marshal, ii. 88\n the town of Genoa rebels against him, ii. 123\n Boucicaut, the marshal, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Boufill\u00e9, sir, a knight, challenged by an Arragonian knight, who fails\n to keep his engagement, appeals to the count de Dammartin, xi. 221\n Boulogne-sur-mer, castle of, sold by the governor to the English, x. 277\n the plot betrayed and frustrated, x. 278\n Boulonois, the constable of France marches into the, iii. 49\n continuation of the war in the, iii. 91\n are overrun by the French, vii. 208\n Bourbon, sir James de, is sent from France to the succour of the\n Welch against the English, i. 87\n takes the English fleet and destroys Plymouth harbour, i. 88\n Bourbon, duke of, annuls the confederation with the duke of Burgundy,\n and attaches himself to the duke of Orleans, ii. 272\n his war with Am\u00e9 de Viry, a Savoyard, ii. 80\n strengthens his town of Clermont, ii. 279\n is personally banished the realm, ii. 319\n fiercely attacked near Villefranche, iii. 2\n his children liberated, iii. 11\n made prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n is attacked at Villefranche, vii. 172\n terms of peace between him and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 185\n and others form a design against the government of\n Charles VII. viii. 190\n he is reprimanded and pardoned by the king, viii. 194\n Bourbon, duke of, correspondence between him and Louis XI. x. 210\n joins the count de Charolois, x. 259\n takes the town of Rouen, x. 279\n Bourbon, duke Peter of, is appointed regent of France during the\n absence of Charles VIII. in Italy, xi. 386\n dies, xii. 87\n Bourbon, duke of, declares war against the king, and seizes all his\n finances in the Bourbonnois, x. 375\n his great successes against the Burgundians and Lombards, xi. 190\n the king issues a commission against him, xi. 319\n Bourbon, the bastard of, takes the town of la Mothe in\n Lorraine, viii. 177\n is drowned by order of the king of France, viii. 255\n Bourbon, the widow duchess of, comes to reside with her brother\n the duke of Burgundy, x. 118\n Bourbon, the lady Agnes of, dies, xi. 246\n Bourbon, Louis de, bishop of Liege, killed by sir William\n de la Mark, xi. 338\n Bourbon, the constable of, lieutenant-general for Francis I. in Italy,\n marches against the emperor Maximilian, xii. 198\n Bourdon, sir Louis, is arrested and executed, iv. 278\n his castle besieged by the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 350\n is taken prisoner, _ib._\n Bourges, siege of, iii. 54\n the wells of, poisoned by the Armagnacs, iii. 57\n the besieged break the truce, but are defeated, iii. 59\n Bourges, the besiegers decamp and lay siege to it on the opposite\n side, iii. 65\n the princes and lords within the city wait on the king and the\n duke of Acquitaine, iii. 73\n the keys of, presented to the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 75\n the archbishop of, harangues relative to the object of an\n embassy to the English, iv. 129\n Bournecte, M. fights a combat with Solsier Bunoige, i. 125\n Bournonville, Robinet de, iv. 180\n Boursier, Alexander, iii. 117\n Boussac, the marshal de, lays siege to the castle of Clermont, vi. 387\n Bouteiller, sir Guy de, deserts to the English, v. 73\n Boys, the lord du, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 90\n Brabant, duke of, his quarrel with duke William, ii. 69\n assembles a large force at Paris, ii. 188\n his army quarrel with the army of the count Waleran de St Pol, _ib._\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Brabant, John, espouses his cousin german Jacquelina, countess\n of Bavaria, who was his godmother, v. 35\n quarrels with his duchess, who leaves him and goes to England, v. 247\n his wife is married to the duke of Gloucester, vi. 25\n his allies take the town of Braine, vi. 136\n receives the bull of pope Martin, vi. 144\n Brabant, John, dies, vi. 203\n Braine, the town of, taken by the allies of the duke of Brabant, vi. 136\n Brescia, the inhabitants of, put themselves under the dominion\n of Venice, xii. 122\n taken by the duke of Nemours with great slaughter, xii. 124\n Bretons, the, issue in arms from their country, and spread over\n Normandy, xi. 58\n take Merville, xi. 69\n Bresse, the countess of, lady Margaret of Bourbon, dies, xi. 349\n Brez\u00e9, sir Pierre de, sails from Honfleur, and lands at Sandwich, ix. 396\n takes it by storm, ix. 398-401\n Bridoul, Raoul, the king's secretary, struck with a battle-axe,\n and killed, iii. 147\n Brittany, the admiral of, attacks the English fleet near Brest\n harbour, i. 90\n undertakes an expedition against England, and is slain, i. 102\n Brittany, the duke of, comes to Paris, iii. 229\n his quarrel with the duke of Orleans, iii. 242\n quarrels also with the count d'Alen\u00e7on, _ib._\n the duke of, carries on a sharp war against the old countess\n of Penthievre, ii. 121\n the duke of, arrives at Paris to treat with the king concerning the\n duke of Burgundy, iv. 209\n is made prisoner by the count de Penthievre, v. 249\n after an imprisonment of some months he is liberated, v. 254\n Brittany, is invaded by the English, vi. 216\n Brittany, Francis, duke of, puts his brother the lord Giles\n to death, viii. 407\n Brittany, Francis, duke of, makes complaint against the English\n on the loss of his town and castle of Fougares, viii. 427\n Francis, duke of, takes Avranches and many other places, ix. 117\n succeeded by his brother Arthur, count de Richemont, _ib._\n Brittany, Arthur, duke of, decision of the three estates\n respecting him, xi. 62\n is reconciled to the king, xi. 71\n refuses to wear the king's order, xi. 93\n makes peace with the king, xi. 101\n armour which he had ordered from Milan seized by the king's\n officers, xi. 328\n Broye castle is taken by the English, vii. 387\n Bruges, sends deputies to the captain-general of Ghent, viii. 76\n peace between the town and the duke of Burgundy, viii. 84\n the town of, rebels, viii. 13\n the populace attack the duke of Burgundy, viii. 19\n the men of, lay the Low Countries under contribution, viii. 31\n begin to subside in their rebellion, viii. 47\n the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans visit it, viii. 239\n jousts are held at, viii. 242\n a tournament performed at, before the duke of Burgundy, xi. 67\n Brussels, a grand tournament at, vi. 244\n Bruyeres, the town of, is won from the French by sir John\n de Luxembourg, vii. 131\n Buchan, earl of, defeated and killed by the duke of Bedford\n at Verneuil, vi. 93\n Bucy, Oudart de, attorney-general of Arras is beheaded, xi. 259\n Bude, William, iii. 104\n Bull of the pope della Luna, by which he excommunicates the\n king of France and others, i. 309\n Bull of pope Alexander V. on his election, ii. 111\n Burdet, sir Nicholas, is killed at St Denis, viii. 301\n Burdon de Salligny, sir, arrested by orders of the duke\n of Burgundy, iii. 94\n Burgundians, the king's party and they, after the death of duke John,\n form acquaintances with the English, v. 160\n and the Dauphinois draw up in battle array against each other\n at Mons in Vimeu, v. 290\n the lords assemble in arms to conduct thither their lord\n from Picardy, v. 310\n march to meet the Dauphinois at d'Airaines, v. 329\n enter into a strict alliance with the English, before the battle\n of Crevant, vi. 43\n are defeated by the French under Charles VII. in Dauphiny, vi. 372\n decamp in disgrace from before Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 385\n are conquered by the French during their march to Guerbigny, vi. 389\n are assisted at Lagny sur Marne by the duke of Bedford, vii. 83\n under pretence of being English, gain the castle of La Bone, vii. 96\n conquer many castles, vii. 161\n appear before Villefranche, vii. 87\n a truce is agreed upon with La Hire and his men, vii. 208\n Burgundians, the French and they are on amicable terms in Arras, vii. 230\n are ill used by the Londoners after the peace of Arras, vii. 291, 292\n they are suspected by the English, vii. 306\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, goes to take possession of Brittany, i. 42\n makes preparations for the marriage of his second son with the daughter\n of the count de Waleran, i. 88\n makes a journey to Bar-le-duc and to Brussels, i. 109\n dies at Halle, in Hainault, i. 111\n his body is carried to the Carthusian convent at Dijon\n in Burgundy, i. 112\n his death universally lamented, i. 113\n Burgundy, John, duke of, goes to Paris, and causes the dauphin\n and queen to return thither, i. 337\n his petition to the king of France, i. 141\n reconciled to the duke of Orleans, i. 155\n obtains the government of Picardy, i. 157\n holds a council at Douay concerning the king's order for\n disbanding his army, i. 173\n departs from Paris on account of the affairs of Liege, i. 320\n reply to his charges against the duke of Orleans, i. 333\n compared to Cain, i. 346\n his great pride and obstinacy, i. 359\n covetousness the cause of his murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 363\n Burgundy, John, duke of, a cutting apostrophe to, on his murder\n of the duke of Orleans, i. 379\n his dissimulation exposed, i. 383\n his contradictory confessions, i. 385\n reply to his libel against the duke, i. 389\n the duchess of Orleans' proposed punishment of, ii. 7\n assembles men at arms to defend John of Bavaria, ii. 19\n is informed of the duchess of Orleans' demands respecting his\n punishment, ii. 20\n his great courage at the battle near Tongres with the Liegeois, ii. 35\n gives no quarter to the prisoners, ii. 36\n sends a message to the king to inform him of his victory over\n the Liegeois, ii. 37\n returns to Flanders, ii. 42\n names of the lords who attended him on his expedition, _ib._\n a council is held at Paris to consider on the manner of proceeding\n against him, ii. 59\n the king's letters of pardon to, annulled, ii. 60\n measures against him stopped in consequence of his victory over\n the Liegeois, ii. 61\n surnamed \"Jean sans peur,\" ii. 62\n resolves to oppose all his enemies, _ib._\n marches an army towards Paris, ii. 64\n public rejoicings on his arrival, ii. 65\n negotiations respecting his peace with the king, ii. 66\n terms of his reconciliation, ii. 68\n ceremonials of his reconciliation, ii. 72\n Burgundy, John, duke of, intreats a reconciliation with the children\n of Orleans, ii. 73\n holds a council at Lille, ii. 120\n makes magnificent presents at Paris, ii. 149\n undertakes the education of the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 150\n is suspicious of the conduct of the Orleans-party, ii. 176\n assembles a large army, ii. 177\n prepares for defence against Charles duke of Orleans, ii. 217\n ambassadors are sent against him from the duke of Orleans, ii. 223\n is accused at great length in a letter to the king, ii. 236\n greatly alarmed at the hostility of the duke of Orleans, ii. 263\n receives a challenge from the duke, ii. 265\n his answer to the duke of Orleans' challenge, ii. 269\n is discontented with sir Mansart du Bos, _ib._\n his letter to the duke of Bourbon reminding the duke of his\n treaties of alliance, ii. 270\n writes to the bailiff of Amiens, ii. 273\n invades the county of Clermont, ii. 280\n assembles an immense army and besieges the town of Ham, ii. 288\n is deserted by the Flemings, ii. 302\n assembles another army to march to Paris, ii. 307\n much intercourse takes place between him and Henry, king of\n England, _ib._\n Burgundy, John, duke of, is in danger of being assassinated at\n Pontoise, ii. 315\n marches a large army to Paris, ii. 320\n his reception in that city, ii. 321\n leads a great army to St Cloud, ii. 326\n marches to conquer Estampes and Dourdan, ii. 348\n pleads with the duke of Acquitaine respecting peace with the\n Armagnacs, iii. 67\n has an interview with the duke of Berry before Bourges during\n the siege, iii. 69, 71\n rides on the same horse with the duke of Orleans, iii. 83\n has the rule of the nation, iii. 96\n is threatened by the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 147\n endeavours to appease the Parisian mob, iii. 155\n quits Paris in fear, iii. 215\n holds a council at Lille, iii. 230\n is in great fear that his enemies would turn the king\n against him, iii. 235\n is waited upon by the earl of Warwick, and others, _ib._\n is advised to march towards Paris with an army, iii. 242\n gives a grand entertainment at Lille, iii. 246\n is commanded by ambassadors from the king to make no treaty with\n the English, and to surrender his castles, _ib._\n his daughter is sent back from the king of Sicily, iii. 264\n writes letters to the king of France, containing\n remonstrances, iii. 265\n goes to Antwerp, where he holds a council, iii. 283\n Burgundy, John, duke of, writes letters to all the principal towns\n in Picardy, iii. 286\n marches a large force towards Paris, iii. 299\n arrives at St Denis, iii. 306\n sends his king at arms to the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 307\n is positively refused admittance into Paris, iii. 308\n retires from before Paris, and writes letters to the principal\n towns of France, iii. 310\n sends his king at arms to the king and his ministers, iii. 314\n retreats to Compi\u00e8gne, iii. 315\n goes to Arras and holds a council, iii. 317\n writes, from Arras, letters to the principal towns, iii. 318\n is deprived of all the favours formerly done to him by the king\n of France, iii. 334\n holds a grand council at Arras, and is promised support, iv. 15\n forms alliances and goes into Flanders, iv. 40\n garrisons different towns and castles, _ib._\n peace between him and the king, iv. 60\n marches a force into Burgundy, iv. 83\n besieges the castle of Tonnerre, iv. 85\n besieges Ch\u00e2teau-Belin, and gives the castle to his son the\n count de Charolois, iv. 86\n peace between him and the king again concluded, iv. 98\n sends ambassadors to the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 133\n takes the oath to observe peace with the king of France, iv. 135\n Burgundy, John, duke of, makes war on Cambray, iv. 147\n the lords of Picardy are prevented by him from obeying the summons\n of the king, to arm against the English, iv. 153\n is grieved at the result of the battle of Azincourt, yet prepares to\n march a large army to Paris, iv. 200\n vows revenge against the king of Sicily, iv. 204\n is refused admittance, with an armed force, into Paris, _ib._\n again quits the vicinity of Paris and marches into Lille, iv. 210\n is called by the Parisians Jean de Lagny, _ib._\n several persons of his faction are banished at Amiens, on suspicion of\n being concerned in the late conspiracy, iv. 225. See also Conspiracy.\n a truce is concluded between him and England, iv. 227\n open war is declared between him and the Orleans-faction and\n the king, iv. 244\n increases his men at arms, iv. 245\n meets the emperor of Germany and the king of England at Calais, iv. 247\n goes to Valenciennes, in obedience to a summons which he\n receives from the dauphin, iv. 250\n swears mutual friendship towards duke William, count of\n Hainault, iv. 250\n sends letters to many of the principal towns of France,\n on the state of the nation, iv. 265\n the foreign companies attached to his party commit great\n mischiefs, iv. 286\n Burgundy, John, duke of, sends ambassadors to many of the king's\n principal towns, to form alliances with them, iv. 292\n threatens the lord de Canny, and returns answers to the charges\n of the king against him, iv. 300, 302\n orders are issued against him, iv. 328\n continues his march towards Paris, iv. 329\n several towns and forts surrender to him, in which he places\n captains and governors, _ib._\n crosses the river Oise, at l'Isle-Adam, iv. 334\n besieges and conquers Beaumont and Pontoise, iv. 335, 336\n fixes his standard near Paris, and calls the place \"the camp\n of the withered tree,\" iv. 343\n sends his herald to the king in Paris, iv. 344\n being forbidden an interview with the king, leaves Mont Chastillon,\n and makes several conquests, iv. 346\n sends letters to the principal towns in France, iv. 348\n raises the siege of Corbeil, and attends a request of the queen\n of France at Tours, iv. 355\n marches his whole army to Paris, iv. 372\n being repulsed, marches with the queen to Troyes, iv. 375\n visits the emperor Sigismund at Montmeliart, iv. 388\n is visited by the cardinals d'Orsini and di San Marco, v. 1\n Burgundy, John, duke of, peace is again attempted to be made between\n him and the rest of the princes of the blood, v. 4\n his troops take the city of Paris, and are joined by the\n Parisians, v. 9\n his badge, a St Andrew's cross, is worn by the Parisians, v. 16\n many towns and castles submit to him, v. 18\n carries the queen to Paris, v. 24\n is made governor of Paris, v. 26\n orders the government of Paris according to his pleasure, v. 53\n has an interview with the dauphin, v. 93\n is summoned by the dauphin to meet him at Montereau, v. 113\n is cautioned respecting his interview with the dauphin, v. 116\n resolves to meet the dauphin, v. 117\n his last interview with the dauphin, v. 120\n is struck with a battle-axe by sir Tanneguy, v. 121\n is barbarously murdered, _ib._\n names of the principal actors in the conspiracy against him, v. 123\n is interred in the church of our Lady at Montereau, v. 127\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, the count de Charolois, holds a council\n on the state of his affairs, and concludes a truce with the\n English, v. 142\n orders a funeral service to be performed in the church of St Vaast,\n at Arras, for his late father, v. 146\n lays siege to Crespy, v. 164\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, enters Troyes, v. 168\n the greater part of his army disbanded, v. 178\n makes a formal complaint to the king respecting the murder\n of his father, v. 234\n marches to Pont de St Remy and conquers it, v. 280\n lays siege to the town of St Riquier, v. 284\n breaks up the siege to combat the Dauphinois, v. 286\n obtains a great victory over the Dauphinois at Mons, v. 293\n departs from Hesdin, v. 302\n enters into a treaty with his prisoners for the surrender of\n St Riquier, v. 307\n he and the count de St Pol depart from Arras, and wait on the kings\n of France and England, v. 315\n returns to the duchy of Burgundy, v. 317\n death of his duchess, v. 319\n he, and the dukes or Bedford and of Brittany form a triple\n alliance, vi. 29\n he and the duke of Bedford endeavour to make up the quarrel between\n the dukes of Gloucester and of Brabant, vi. 109\n marries the widow of his uncle, the count de Nevers, vi. 111\n makes preparations to aid his cousin, the duke of Brabant, vi. 115\n his answer to the duke of Gloucester's letter, vi. 122\n returns to Flanders, and answers the duke of Gloucester's\n second letter, vi. 132\n meets the duke of Bedford in the town of Dourlens, vi. 156\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, makes preparations to combat the\n duke of Gloucester, vi. 162\n the combat is prevented, vi. 168\n defeats the lord Fitzwalter in Holland, vi. 172\n returns to Holland and besieges the town of Zenenberche, which\n surrenders to him, vi. 178\n attacks the town of Hermontfort, vi. 211\n treaty between him and the duchess Jacqueline, vi. 226\n resolves to finish the war in Holland, vi. 226\n escorts the duchess Jacqueline into Hainault, vi. 228\n attends a grand tournament at Brussels, vi. 244\n is made heir to the count de Namur, vi. 246\n comes to Paris, vi. 276\n sends ambassadors to Amiens, vi. 307\n conducts his sister back to Paris in great pomp to her lord\n the duke of Bedford, vi. 310\n marries, for the third time, the lady Isabella of Portugal, vi. 325\n institutes the order of the Golden Fleece, vi. 329\n quarters his army at Gournay sur Aronde, vi. 336\n besieges the castle of Choisy, vi. 339\n encamps his army before Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 349\n sends the lord de Croy to the county of Namur, against the\n Liegeois, vi. 355\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, takes possession of the duchy of\n the duke of Brabant, vi. 362\n refuses to give battle to the French, vi. 393\n his new-born child is christened, and dies, vi. 399\n visits Burgundy with a thousand armed men, vii. 63\n he and his duchess go into Holland, vii. 97\n assumes the title of count of Hainault, Holland, and Zealand,\n and lord of Frizeland, vii. 98\n his duchess is brought to bed of a son at Ghent, vii. 106\n renews the coin at Ghent, _ib._\n loses several of his castles, vii. 110\n a treaty of peace is concluded between him and the Liegeois, vii. 112\n goes to St Omer, to meet the duke of Bedford, vii. 116\n differs with the duke, vii. 117\n determines to augment his army in defence of his county of\n Burgundy, vii. 123\n reconquers many of his places, vii. 128\n keeps his appointment before Passy, vii. 132\n besieges the town and castle of Avalon, _ib._\n his duchess is delivered of a son, who is knighted at the\n holds the feast of the Golden Fleece at Dijon, vii. 148\n attends the marriage of the daughter of the king of Cyprus, _ib._\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, returns from Burgundy to Flanders, vii. 154\n agrees on terms for a peace with the duke of Bourbon, vii. 181\n returns, with his duchess, from Burgundy, vii. 193\n is displeased with the inhabitants of Antwerp, vii. 203\n attends the convention of Arras, vii. 217\n his duchess arrives at the convention of Arras, vii. 220\n peace is concluded between him and Charles VII. at Arras, vii. 242\n appoints different officers to the towns and fortresses that had been\n conceded to him by the peace, vii. 286\n in consequence of the peace of Arras sends some of his council\n and heralds to the king of England to remonstrate and explain the\n causes of the peace, vii. 288\n determines to make war on the English, vii. 313\n resolves to make an attack on Calais, vii. 318\n his standard is raised at all the gates of Paris, vii. 329\n marches with a great force to the siege of Calais, vii. 355\n receives a challenge of the duke of Gloucester, vii. 367\n holds many councils respecting the best means of opposing\n the English, viii. 8\n enters Bruges to quell the rebellion there, viii. 15\n makes his escape from Bruges, viii. 20\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, resolves to punish the rebels at\n Bruges, viii. 22\n resolves to avoid a general action with the English, viii. 54\n peace is concluded between him and the town of Bruges, viii. 84\n sends an embassy to the pope, viii. 100\n sends the lord de Crevec\u0153ur to the French court to negociate\n a marriage between his only son and the king's second\n daughter, viii. 101\n procures the ransom of the duke of Orleans, a prisoner in\n England, viii. 226\n holds the feast of the Golden Fleece, viii. 310\n destroys the fortress of Montaign, viii. 276\n some knights and gentlemen of his house hold a tournament\n near to Dijon, viii. 351\n sends an army into the duchy of Luxembourg, viii. 359\n reduces the duchy to his obedience, viii. 365\n attempts to lay a tax on salt in Flanders, ix. 157\n raises an army to quell the insurrection in Flanders, ix. 193\n sends an army against the Ghent men at Oudenarde, ix. 202\n establishes garrisons round Ghent, ix. 210\n invades the county of Waes, ix. 211\n defeats the Ghent men at the battle of Rupelmonde, ix. 220\n burns the village of Acre, ix. 222\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, refuses to make peace in Flanders at the\n king's request, ix. 223\n articles of peace proposed to him from France on behalf of the\n Ghent men, ix. 230\n raises a large army to combat the Ghent men, ix. 238\n sends an army against some Germans in Luxembourg, ix. 259\n enters Flanders with a large force to make war on Ghent, _ib._\n takes the castle of Poulcreas, ix. 262\n sends to know if the Ghent men would submit to his will, ix. 279\n treaty of peace between him and the Ghent men, ix. 280\n vows to undertake an expedition to Turkey, ix. 289\n makes a great feast, ix. 292\n goes into Germany, ix. 295\n raises men and money to make war against the Turks, ix. 353\n tries to procure the bishopric of Utrecht for his bastard son\n sends a body of troops, and the chapter accept him, ix. 372\n besieges Deventer, ix. 373\n affords refuge to the dauphin, and sends an embassy to the\n quarrels with his son, but is reconciled by the dauphin, ix. 389\n carries the dauphin to Bruges, ix. 402\n his coolness with the count de St Pol, ix. 406\n his answer to the king respecting the youth of Rodemac, ix. 418\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, makes his entry into the town of\n Ghent, ix. 420\n rejects a proposal from England, of alliance by marriage, ix. 426\n his reply to the king's summons to attend the trial of the duke\n of Alen\u00e7on, ix. 438\n forbidden by the king to attend, sends proxies, x. 2\n sends an embassy to the pope, and fortifies his towns against\n the English, x. 11\n reconciled to the count of St Pol, receives an embassy from\n Greece, x. 12\n holds the feast of the Golden Fleece at St Omer, x. 63\n attends the coronation of Louis XI. x. 72\n does homage for his duchy, and swears allegiance, x. 75\n his magnificent welcome of the king to Paris, x. 77-84\n takes leave of the king, and departs to Cambray, x. 87\n taken dangerously ill, but recovers, x. 96\n causes a number of rogues and vagabonds in his country of Artois\n to be executed, x. 114\n his sister the duchess of Bourbon comes to reside with him, x. 118\n sends an embassy to the pope respecting his vow against the\n grand Turk, x. 124\n meets the king of France at H\u00eadin, x. 113\n prepares to join the pope against the Turks, x. 138\n Burgundy, Philip, duke of, a coolness between him and his son the count\n de Charolois, x. 141\n peace restored between them, x. 153\n goes to Lille to wait on the king, x. 157\n what passed between him and the king at H\u00eadin, x. 167\n answers the remonstrances of the king's chancellor at Lille, x. 177\n sends an embassy to the king of France, x. 185\n taken dangerously ill, x. 193\n recovers, and vents his anger against his son for dismissing the\n lord de Quievrain, x. 194\n letters from the duke of Berry, x. 211, 215\n pardons his son, x. 224\n orders men to be raised to aid the duke of Berry against his\n brother Louis XI. x. 225\n sends a sum of money to his son after the battle of Montlehery, x. 273\n prepares an army against Liege, x. 320\n takes and demolishes Dinant, x. 328, 335\n dies. Grand obsequies for him in the church of St Donnast\n in Bruges, x. 348\n Burgundy, the duke Charles of, suspected by the king of being\n friendly to the English, xi. 95\n orders a fleet to cruise and intercept the earl of Warwick\n on his return to England, xi. 101\n takes the field with his army during a truce, xi. 126\n razes and sets on fire the town of Nesle, xi. 127\n Burgundy, the duke Charles of, lays siege to Beauvois, xi. 129\n makes a disgraceful retreat from before it, xi. 138\n shameful conduct of his army in Normandy, xi. 141\n sends to Venice to negociate a loan, xi. 155\n reported to have formed a conspiracy for poisoning the king, xi. 162\n concludes a truce with the king, xi. 169\n lays siege to Nuys, and takes several towns, notwithstanding\n the truce, xi. 173\n his losses before Nuys, and conquests gained over him in Picardy\n and Burgundy, xi. 179\n his disgraceful decampment and flight from before Nuys, xi. 193\n concludes a truce with the king, xi. 201\n delivers the constable, Louis de Luxembourg, to the king's\n officers, xi. 205\n is defeated by the Swiss at Granson, xi. 224\n borrows money to raise forces to retaliate on the Swiss, xi. 231\n defeated in Swisserland by the duke of Lorraine, xi. 235\n his death, and total destruction of his army by the duke of\n Burgundy, the duchess of, daughter of the king of Portugal, waits\n upon the king of France at Laon, viii. 269\n the duchess returns to Quesnoy, viii. 373\n Burnel, the lord, iv. 145\n Bust, Oudin du, executed for instigating the murder of\n Petit John, xi. 271\n Caen, siege of, by Charles VII. ix. 123\n description of the castle of, ix. 128\n surrenders by capitulation, _ib._\n Cain, and John duke of Burgundy compared, i. 346\n Calabria, the duke of, goes to treat of a marriage with the\n duke of Burgundy's daughter, xi. 125\n dies of the plague, xi. 153\n Calais, siege of, by the Burgundians, vii. 350\n a fruitless attempt is made to choak up the harbour, vii. 368\n a meeting is held at this town to consult about peace, viii. 218\n Calixtus III. pope, his regulations respecting a croisade, ix. 360\n Cambray, quarrel between the inhabitants of, and the canons of the\n chapter of St Gery, iv. 147\n the league of, between the emperor Maximilian, the king of France\n and the king of Spain against the Venetians, xii. 112\n Cambridge, the earl of, proceeds from Rouen to raise the siege of\n Meaux, viii. 158\n Cambyses, king, his rigorous love of justice, i. 342\n Campo Basso, the count de, leaves the duke of Burgundy, and claims\n relationship with the duke of Brittany, who receives him well, xi. 228\n joins the duke of Lorraine, xi. 248\n Canons of the chapter of St Gery in Cambray quarrel with the\n inhabitants, iv. 147\n they are restored to their church, iv. 151\n Capistrain, sir John, his success against the infidels in\n Hungary, ix. 362\n rallies the Christians at the siege of Belgrade, ix. 379\n Cappleuche, the hangman of Paris, heads a mob against the\n Armagnacs, v. 49\n beheaded, v. 50\n Carlefin castle besieged by Charles d'Albreth, constable of\n France, i. 119\n Carmen, Jean, i. 96\n Carny, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Carquelevant, a Breton, his treason in the town of Arras, xi. 373\n Carrier, James. See Xancoins.\n Castellan, Otho, accused of diabolical arts against the king of\n France, ix. 370\n Castille, the king of, forms an alliance with Louis XI. xi. 303\n Catherine, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, is sent back by the\n king of Sicily, iii. 264\n Catherine, youngest daughter of Charles VI. marries Henry V.\n of England, v. 183\n crowned queen at London, v. 245\n is brought to bed of a son and heir, v. 319\n returns to France in grand state, v. 343\n Catherine, the daughter of Charles VII. is sent to the duke of Burgundy\n at St Omer, conformably to the treaty of marriage between her and the\n count de Charolois, viii. 174\n Caudie, duke de, i. 97\n Celestins, the convent of the, at Lyons, nearly destroyed by\n fire, xii. 75\n Chalais, siege of, ix. 151\n Champigneux castle, siege of, by Toumelaire, vi. 361\n Chancery of France, iii. 119\n Chantoceau, siege of, v. 254\n Chappes, siege of, vi. 343\n Chargny, the lord de, combats sir John de Mello, at Arras, vii. 223\n Charlemagne, St. king of France, the festival of, xi. 178\n Charles, the duke of Berry, only brother to Louis XI. withdraws\n from the court of France and takes refuge with the duke of\n Brittany, x. 208\n his letters to the duke of Burgundy, x. 211, 215\n joins the count de Charolois after the battle of Montlehery, x. 259\n does homage to the king for the duchy of Normandy, x. 299\n his entry into Rouen, x. 303, xi. 6\n dispossessed of his duchy by the king, leaves Normandy, xi. 14\n decision of the three estates respecting his appanage, xi. 60\n declares his willingness to accept the appanage and be reconciled to\n the king, xi. 71\n created duke of Guienne,--is completely reconciled to his\n accompanies the king to Paris and Orleans, xi. 116\n discontented with the court, forms an alliance with the count\n d'Armagnac, xi. 118\n dies, xi. 126. See Berry, duke of.\n Charles, dauphin of Vienne, continues the war against the\n Burgundians, v. 32\n the dauphiness is sent to him, v. 52\n Charles, dauphin of Vienne, continues a vigorous war against the\n Burgundians, v. 83\n treaty of peace between him and the duke, v. 94\n the treaty between him and the duke is proclaimed through\n summons the duke of Burgundy to Montereau, v. 113\n most treacherously murders the duke of Burgundy, v. 121\n his conduct after the murder of the duke, v. 126\n writes letters in defence of the murder of the duke of\n Burgundy, v. 133\n departs from Montereau, v. 140\n makes preparations against any attack after the alliance between\n England and France, v. 173\n subdues the greater part of the towns and castles in Languedoc, v. 206\n sentence is denounced against him, v. 236, 237\n is summoned by the parliament to appear at the table of marble, v. 260\n besieges Chartres, v. 271\n retreats to Tours, v. 275\n receives intelligence of the death of his father, vi. 8\n is crowned king, by the nobles of his party at Poitiers, vi. 382\n his lady is brought to bed of a son, called Louis, dauphin of Vienne,\n vi. 65. See Charles VII.\n Charles VI. surnamed the well-beloved, i. 7\n prudent commencement of his reign, i. 8\n Charles VI. is seized with a fit of insanity on his march\n against Brittany, i. 9\n evil consequences of his disorder, i. 10\n his family, i. 10, 11\n makes regulations relative to the succession, i. 210\n sends an embassy to the pope, i. 302\n is strongly urged to do justice in the case of the duke of\n Orleans, i. 341\n holds a conference to consider on the manner of proceeding against\n the duke of Burgundy, ii. 59\n is carried to Tours, ii. 63\n pardons the duke of Burgundy, ii. 72\n has a return of his disorder, ii. 73\n recovers, and witnesses two combats, ii. 83\n summons a council of many lords, i. 138\n names of the lords who attended, ii. 142\n holds many councils on the state of the nation, ii. 144\n resolves to wage war against Henry of England, ii. 146\n disbands his troops, ii. 150\n has a relapse of his disorder, ib.\n marches out of Paris to regain the castle of Creil, ii. 175\n gives orders for all persons to arm, ii. 189\n resolves to give battle to the Orleans faction, ii. 193\n holds a council on the state of the government, ii. 194\n is again seized with his usual malady, ii. 204\n Charles VI. recovers, ii. 221\n forbids hostilities between the dukes of Orleans and of\n Burgundy, ii. 222\n sends an embassy to the duke of Burgundy, ii. 233\n relapses again into his former disorder, ii. 277\n is removed by the Parisians to the Louvre, ii. 280\n commands, by the regent, all persons to aid him against\n the Orleans faction, ii. 286\n issues a proclamation to the bailiff of Amiens, ii. 315\n sends the count de St Pol against the Armagnacs, ii. 337\n sends different captains to harass the Armagnacs, iii. 1\n sends ambassadors to England to treat of a marriage between the duke\n of Burgundy's daughter and the prince of Wales, iii. 8\n holds a council on the intercepted letters of the Armagnacs\n to England, iii. 10\n marches with a large force from Paris to Bourges, iii. 29\n resolves not to return to Paris till he has reduced the\n Armagnacs to obedience, iii. 41\n receives information of his enemies' alliance with England, iii. 49\n lays siege to Fontenoy and to Bourges, iii. 52\n decamps, and lays siege to Bourges on the opposite side, iii. 65\n a peace negociated on his part with the Armagnacs, iii. 70\n great sickness in his army, iii. 72\n decamps from before the town of Bourges, iii. 76\n Charles VI. arrives at Auxerre, iii. 77\n recovers his health, and ratifies the treaty of Auxerre, iii. 84\n his edict respecting the peace between the Burgundians\n and the Armagnacs, iii. 85\n returns to Paris after the peace, iii. 92\n various underhand attempts are made by the factions to obtain\n his favour, iii. 97\n holds a grand assembly on the abuses of government, iii. 98\n his ministers are greatly alarmed at the arrest of sir Peter des\n Essars and other delinquents, iii. 144\n publishes an edict forbidding any armaments in the kingdom, iii. 149\n publishes an edict of indemnity to the Parisians, iii. 160\n publishes sundry edicts,--one against sir Clugnet de\n publishes a proclamation respecting the charges against the\n Orleans party, iii. 217\n publishes another royal edict respecting peace, iii. 236\n another edict to forbid any persons from bearing arms, iii. 244\n fearful that the peace would be broken, publishes other\n issues an edict relative to the coin, iii. 252\n his edict, forbidding knights or esquires to obey the summons of\n any lord, iii. 260\n issues a summons to oppose the duke of Burgundy, iii. 294\n gives orders to raise forces against the duke of Burgundy, iii. 324\n Charles VI. issues an edict, depriving the duke of Burgundy of all\n his favours, iii. 333\n issues various edicts against the duke, charging him with attempting\n to seduce his subjects, iv. 2\n sends letters patent to the nobles of Artois, forbidding them to\n aid the duke, iv. 13\n a grand council is held at Paris in his name, iv. 17\n marches out of Paris with a large army against the duke, iv. 21\n marches from Soissons to St Quintin, iv. 35\n peace proclaimed between him and the duke, iv. 60\n returns to Paris, iv. 83\n has solemn obsequies performed for him, iv. 93\n sends forces to attack the Burgundians, iv. 95\n peace again concluded, iv. 98\n holds a grand festival, iv. 99\n his royal letters relative to the peace, iv. 100\n collects a great army to oppose the English, iv. 152\n issues a summons for the army against the English, iv. 153\n holds a council at Rouen, and resolves fighting the English, iv. 164\n is much grieved on hearing the melancholy event of the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 200\n fills up the vacant places in the government occasioned by the\n misfortune at Azincourt, iv. 208\n Charles VI. a negociation is opened for a truce between him and the\n king of England, iv. 227\n publishes an edict, complaining of the depredations of the\n Burgundians, iv. 235\n open war is declared between him and the Burgundians, iv. 244\n his garrison in Peronne carries on a severe war against the\n countries attached to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 290\n attacks Senlis, iv. 383\n sends ambassadors to treat of a peace with the queen and the duke\n of Burgundy, iv. 384\n raises the siege of Senlis, and returns to Paris, iv. 397\n peace is again attempted to be made between him and the\n Burgundians, v. 4\n is compelled to ride through the streets of Paris with the\n Burgundians, v. 10\n is conveyed to the Louvre, v. 14\n he and the duke of Burgundy send captains for the defence\n of Rouen, v. 37\n is governed in all things by the duke of Burgundy, v. 53\n sends an embassy to the English at Pont de l'Arche, v. 56\n engages to espouse his youngest daughter Catherine to the\n king of England, v. 170\n is wholly under the management of Henry V. v. 212\n issues edicts, declaring Henry V. heir, and regent of\n the realm, v. 214\n is very much degraded and humbled, v. 345\n goes with Henry V. from Paris to Senlis, v. 346\n dies at his h\u00f4tel of St Pol, vi. 1\n Charles VI. is buried at St Denis, vi. 5\n news of his death is carried to the dauphin, vi. 8\n Charles VII. is crowned king by the nobles of his party\n at Poitiers, vi. 11\n many French lords turn to his party, vi. 83\n a maiden, named Joan, waits on him at Chinon, whom he\n retains in his service, vi. 254\n sends ambassadors to Paris to negociate a peace with the\n regent, vi. 257\n sends a large reinforcement to Orleans, vi. 265\n takes the field with a numerous body of chivalry and men\n at arms, vi. 280\n many towns and castles submit to him on his march, _ib._\n arrives at Rheims, vi. 283\n is crowned by the archbishop, vi. 285\n his armies meet those of the duke of Bedford at Mont\n Epiloy, vi. 292\n sends ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy at Arras, vi. 296\n attacks Paris, vi. 303\n returns to Touraine and Berry, vi. 309\n some of his captains make an attempt on Corbie, vii. 12\n his party conquer the city of Chartres, vii. 70\n peace is concluded between him and the Burgundians, vii. 242\n his queen is brought to bed of a son, who is named Philip,\n after the duke of Burgundy, vii. 323\n Charles VII. the city of Paris is reduced to obedience to him, vii. 328\n orders his captains to reconquer some towns and castles from\n the English, viii. 25\n marches in person against Montereau, viii. 26\n makes his first entry into Paris, after its reduction, viii. 39\n account of the preparations for his entry into Paris, viii. 40\n his dress and equipage, viii. 43\n compels Roderigo de Villandras to make war on England, viii. 114\n the dauphin and many great lords quit his court in disgust, viii. 188\n refuses, or delays, to see the duke of Orleans on his release\n from England, viii. 248\n goes to Troyes in Champagne, viii. 254\n several towns and forts submit to his obedience, _ib._\n lays siege to Creil, viii. 278\n marches to the siege of Pontoise, viii. 280\n reconquers Pontoise, viii. 303\n remonstrances are sent to him by the nobles assembled at\n Nevers, viii. 305\n his answer, viii. 306\n marches an army to Tartas, viii. 333\n having gained Tartas, conquers St Severe, and others in\n Gascony, viii. 337\n assembles an army to march into Normandy, viii. 348\n a truce is concluded between him and the king of England, viii. 379\n Charles VII. the truce between him and the king of England is\n renewed for eight months, viii. 390\n sends an embassy to England, viii. 403\n ditty found on his bed after his return from mass, viii. 405\n sends ambassadors to pope Nicholas V. viii. 420\n sends to England to complain of a breach of the truce by\n sir Francis de Surienne, in Normandy, viii. 429\n being satisfied that the English had broken the truce, makes\n war against them, viii. 445\n summons Mantes to surrender, ix. 17\n makes his entry into Verneuil, ix. 20\n enters Evreux, ix. 27\n marches against Rouen, ix. 53\n enters Rouen, ix. 75, 84\n leaves Rouen, ix. 92\n falls in love with Agnes Sorel, ix. 97\n various places in Normandy are taken by him, ix. 116\n besieges Caen, ix. 123\n makes his entry into that city, ix. 131\n the whole duchy of Normandy is reduced to obedience\n account of the establishment of his army, ix. 143\n resolves to invade Guienne, ix. 148\n appoints the count de Dunois his lieutenant-general in\n Guienne, ix. 159\n the whole duchy of Guienne, with the exception of Bayonne,\n submits to him, ix. 177\n Bayonne surrenders, ix. 186\n Charles VII. declares war against the duke of Savoy, ix, 198\n sends ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy respecting peace\n in Flanders, ix. 222\n again conquers Bordeaux, ix. 287\n goes to his castle of Lusignan, ix. 297\n joins his army before Bordeaux, ix. 308\n Bordeaux submits to him, ix. 311\n king of France sends an embassy to the king of Spain, ix. 347\n builds two castles at Bordeaux, to keep the inhabitants\n in subjection, _ib._\n seizes the territories of count d'Armagnac, ix. 357\n displeased with his son, takes possession of Dauphiny, ix. 360\n receives an embassy from the king of Hungary at Tours, ix. 392\n recovers from a dangerous illness, takes under his wardship the\n lands of the youth of Rodemac, ix. 418\n summons the duke of Burgundy to attend the trial of the\n duke of Alen\u00e7on, ix. 438\n forbids the duke to attend, and orders him to send proxies, x. 1\n his sentence on the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, x. 6.\n summons the twelve peers of his realm to hear the sentence\n passed--transfers the court of justice from Montargis to Vend\u00f4me, x. 7\n being informed that it was intended to poison him, falls sick\n and dies, x. 60\n troubles and difficulties at the commencement of his reign--his\n glorious and great feats of arms, x, 67, 69\n Charles VII. solemn funeral services performed for him, x. 99\n his courtesy to the English adherents of Henry VI. x. 367\n Charles, son of Louis XI. born, xi. 100\n married to the countess Margaret of Flanders, xi. 344\n Charles VIII. crowned at Rheims, xi. 359\n his entry into Paris, xi. 361, 363\n his successful war in Brittany, xi. 367\n marries the duchess Anne of Brittany, xi. 371\n generously restores Roussillon to king Ferdinand of Arragon, xi. 372\n concludes a peace with Henry VII. of England, xi. 375\n makes peace with the archduke of Austria, xi. 377\n coronation of his queen, xi. 378\n visits his province of Picardy, xi. 379\n undertakes an expedition to recover the kingdom of Naples, xi. 381\n appoints a regency to govern during his absence, xi. 386\n takes leave of the queen at Grenoble, xi. 392\n crosses the Alps on his march to Naples, _ib._\n makes his public entry into Turin, xi. 394\n goes to Arti, where he is visited by Ludovico Sforza and\n makes his entry into the town of Casal, xi. 402\n his reception at Pavia, xi. 405\n his progress from Piacenza to Lucca, xi. 407\n Charles VIII. his reception at Lucca, xi. 410\n visits Pisa, and enters Florence with his whole army, xi. 411\n makes his entry into Sienna, Viterbo, and other towns, xi. 412\n enters Rome as a conqueror with his army, xi. 417\n cures the king's evil by the touch, xi. 420\n what passed on his march from Rome to Naples, xi. 422\n enters Naples in triumph, xii. 1\n attacks and takes the Castel Nuovo and the Castel del Ovo, xii. 3, 7\n makes another entry into Naples as king of that country\n and monarch of all Italy, xii. 15\n begins his return to France, xii, 18\n defeats the confederated princes of Italy at Foronuovo, xii. 24\n decamps from Foronuovo to return to France, xii. 30\n goes to St Denis--dies suddenly at Amboise, xii. 36, 39\n funeral services performed for him, xii. 40\n Charles III. king of Navarre, obtains the duchy of Nemours, i. 108\n surrenders the castle of Cherbourg to the king of France, _ib._\n Charleton, captain, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 93\n Charolois, the count de, is sent by his father against Cambray, iv. 149\n is not permitted to combat the English, iv. 166\n Charolois, buries the dead left on the plains of Azincourt, iv. 196\n takes the oath of allegiance to the queen and his father, iv. 388\n succeeds to the title and possessions of his father, John\n duke of Burgundy, v. 143.\n See Philip duke of Burgundy.\n Charolois, the duke Philip of Burgundy's only son, is promised the\n princess Catherine in marriage, viii. 101\n his marriage with lady Isabella de Bourbon, ix. 351\n his quarrel and reconciliation with his father the duke\n of Burgundy, ix. 388\n the countess brought to bed of a daughter, ix. 390\n attends the coronation of Louis XI. at Rheims, x. 73\n waits on king Louis XI. at Tours, and is magnificently\n entertained, x. 90\n made lieutenant general of Normandy, x. 93\n attends his father, the duke of Burgundy, during his illness, x. 97\n imprisons three men and an apothecary at Brussels, x. 121\n refuses his father's summons to pay his respects to the king, x. 133\n makes heavy complaints against the lord de Croy to the deputies\n of the three estates assembled by his father, x. 141\n answer of the deputies--peace restored between him and his\n comes to Lille to wait on his father, x. 163\n the bastard de Reubempr\u00e9 attempts to take him in Holland, x, 169\n Charolois, arrives at Lille and waits on his father, x. 176\n displeasure of the king on his imprisoning the bastard\n de Reubempr\u00e9, x. 178\n answers the ambassadors from France, x. 183\n sends sir James St Pol, with a company of knights and gentlemen,\n to England to the marriage of king Edward, x. 190\n a copy of his letters explaining why he had dismissed the\n lord de Croy and his friends from his father's service, x. 197, 208\n seizes the castle of Launoy and gives it to James de St Pol, x. 210\n takes leave of the duke of Burgundy and marches his army\n toward France, x. 231\n besieges Beaulieu and crosses the Oise, x. 235\n advances to St Denis, and draws up his army before Paris, x. 237\n defeats the king at Montlehery, x. 252\n his conduct after the victory, x. 253\n joined by the dukes of Berry and Brittany and others of the\n confederation, x. 259\n death of the countess, x. 281\n his treaty with the king at Conflans, x. 290\n takes leave of the king and marches against the Liegeois, x. 298\n enters the country of Liege, grants a truce, x. 308\n returns to his father at Brussels, x. 314\n puts himself on his guard against the king, who makes\n warlike preparations, x. 316\n humbles the Liegeois, and grants them peace, x. 339\n Charolois, orders his troops to meet him at St Quentin, xi. 58\n Charlotte of France, a natural daughter of Charles VII. murdered\n by her husband for adultery with his huntsman, xi. 233, 234\n Charretier, William, bishop of Paris, exhorts the king to choose\n wise counsellors, x. 392\n Chartier, John, bishop of Paris, dies, x. 124\n Chartres, siege of, by the dauphin, v. 272\n the city of, is conquered by Charles the VIIth's party, vii. 70\n Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, siege of, v. 112\n is won by the king's men, vi. 300\n Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry, town of, yields to king Charles, vi. 284\n Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain, submits to the duke of Burgundy, vii. 168\n Chastel, the lord de, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 90\n undertakes an unsuccessful expedition against England,\n and is slain, i. 102\n Ch\u00e2telet, certain Serjeants of the, punished for ill-treating\n a priest of St Paul's church, xi. 30\n Ch\u00e2tillon, sir James de, negociates a truce with the English\n ambassadors, ii. 283\n Ch\u00e2tillon, the lord de, conquers Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry, v. 258\n Ch\u00e2tillon, the French besiege, ix. 298\n Chaunoy-sur-Oise castle is destroyed by the inhabitants, vii. 68\n Chavensy, siege of, vii. 331\n Cherbourg, the town and castle of, surrendered to the English, iv. 386\n siege of, by the count de Richemont, ix. 139\n Chimay, the lord de, his bold reply to king Louis XI. respecting\n the duke of Burgundy, x. 116\n Choisy, the castle of, vi. 339\n Cholet, Cassin, flogged for falsely alarming the citizens\n of Paris, x. 399\n Christians, the, war between them and the infidels in Lithuania, ii. 170\n Church, plan for the union of the, i. 175\n a meeting of the university and clergy is held on the\n state of the, ii. 206\n a general council of, held under the emperor Maximilian and\n Louis XII. to the great discontent of the pope, xii. 121\n Cisteaux, order of, v. 29\n Clarence, the duke of, makes a descent on the French at\n la Hogue de St Vos, iii. 78\n Clarence, the duke of, embarks a large army for Harfleur, iv. 246\n besieges Gisors and takes it, v. 108\n is killed at the battle of Baguey in Anjou, v. 263\n banished by king Edward, comes to France with the earl\n of Warwick, xi. 97\n confined in the tower and drowned in a butt of malmsey, xi. 281\n Clark, Thomas, a scotsman, hanged for robbing a fisherman\n of Paris, xi. 181\n Classendach, captain, is killed at the siege of Orleans, vi. 262\n Clement, duke of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, i. 45\n is conducted, with a numerous retinue, to Frankfort, i. 46\n Clerc, John du, abbot of St Vaast, in Arras, dies, x. 114\n Clermont, the count de, i. 117\n Clermont, the count de, is sent to carry on a war against\n the English in Gascony, i. 118\n succeeds the duke of Bourbon, ii. 179\n Clermont, the count de, defeats sir Thomas Kiriel in Caen, ix. 112\n is made governor of Bordeaux, ix. 179\n Clermont castle is besieged by the marshal de Boussac, vi. 387\n sir Thomas Kiriel is appointed governor, vii. 66\n it is delivered up to the lord d'Auffremont, vii. 67\n Clery, near Orleans, the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, burnt to the\n ground, xi. 126\n Cleves, the count de, marries Marie, daughter of the duke\n of Burgundy, i. 165\n the princess of, is married to the eldest son of the king\n of Navarre, viii. 97\n duke of, attends the meeting of princes at Mantua, as proxy for\n his uncle the duke of Burgundy, x. 42\n goes to the duke at Brussels, x. 272\n the duchess of, pleads to the duke of Burgundy, for her\n father the count de Nevers, _ib._\n Clifford, lord de, ii. 324\n Clisson, Margaret de, ii. 121\n Clovis, king, ii. 4\n Clugnet, sir, de Brabant, the king's edict against him, iii. 167\n and others, raise an army and despoil the country of the\n Gatinois, iii. 200\n assaults the town of Rethel, ii. 282\n he overruns the country of Burgundy, ii. 283\n treacherously obtains possession of Vervins, iii. 45\n Cofferer's office, iii. 109\n Coeur, Jacques, judgment given against him, ix. 341, 343\n Cohen, the lord de, v. 278\n Coignac, taken by the French, viii. 443\n Coimbra, John of, king of Cyprus, dies, ix. 416\n Coin, debasement of, iii. 121\n the king's edict respecting, iii. 252\n Collet, sir John, killed in battle, ii. 35\n Colombel, sir William, the divorce of, from his wife, xi. 19\n Colonna, the cardinal de, elected pope, iv. 87, 299\n Colonna, Prospero, sent by Leo X. with a force to join the\n emperor Maximilian, xii. 177\n taken prisoner and carried to France, xii. 178\n Combat, terms of, in an Arragonian esquire's challenge, i. 13\n between the seneschal of Hainault and three others, i. 96, 99\n between Bournecte of Hainault, and Solsier of Bunaige,\n of Flanders, i. 125\n between sir W. Batailler and sir John Carmien, ii. 83\n between the seneschal of Hainault and sir John Cornwall, ii. 84\n between three Portuguese and three French, iv. 114\n between Leagnon, bastard d'Arly, and sir John de Blanc, v. 43\n between Poton de Saintrailles and Lionnel de Wardonne, vi. 35\n between Maillotin de Bours and sir Hector de Flavy, at Arras, vii. 6\n between sir John de Mello and the lord de Chargny at Arras, vii. 223\n Comet, a marvellous one in the year 1477, xi. 277\n Commerci, siege of, by R\u00e9n\u00e9, duke of Bar, vii. 187\n Commercy, the heir of, takes the town of Ligny in the Barrois, vii. 94\n Compi\u00e8gne, the townsmen of, admit the duke of Burgundy, iii. 300\n their reasons for this measure, _ib._\n is besieged by the king's army, iv. 19, 22\n the reduction of, to Henry V. v. 346\n is delivered up to the English, vi. 69\n surrenders to the French, vi. 301\n siege of, by the duke of Burgundy, after the capture of\n Joan d'Arc, vi. 349\n the siege of, raised by the French, vi. 373\n Conches, taken by the French, viii. 442\n Cond\u00e9, is won by Charles VII. ix. 59\n C\u00f4ne-sur-Loire, siege of, v. 364\n Conecte, friar Thomas, preaches and inveighs against the\n extravagant dresses of the women, vi. 240\n goes to Rome and is burnt, vii. 98\n Confederates, the Burgundians and Bretons, under the\n count de Charolois, besiege Paris, x. 401\n provisions brought from Paris, on payment being made for them, x. 431\n Conflans, treaty of, between Louis XI. and the confederated\n princes, x. 285\n a royal edict respecting what the king conceded to the count\n de Charolois, x. 290, 297\n Conspiracy, a dreadful one in Paris against the king, iv. 219\n the conspirators seized and beheaded, iv. 221, 222\n Constance, some account of the city of, iv. 75\n Constance, a council is held at, respecting the schism\n in the church, iv. 86\n the earl of Warwick, and others from England, attend\n the council of, iv. 91\n by authority of the council, the sentence against master\n Jean Petit is revoked, iv. 212\n another council is held at, where pope Martin is elected\n head of the church, iv. 299\n Constance, cardinal de, pleads for the king against the\n duke d'Alen\u00e7on, x. 4\n Constantinople, besieged and captured by Mahomet II ix. 314, 323\n Conti, the lord de, slain at Milan, xii. 122.\n Conversan, Pierre de Luxembourg, count de, captured, v. 212\n is liberated, v. 326\n Convention of Arras is attended by the cardinals of Santa\n Croce and Cyprus, vii. 211\n ambassadors arrive from England to, vii. 215\n ambassadors from France arrive at, vii. 217\n the cardinal of Winchester attends, vii. 232\n Coppin de Mesinacre, is beheaded, viii. 78\n Corbie, the town of, attacked by the French, vii. 12\n Corbeil, siege of, iv. 355\n Courtois, Simon, beheaded for treachery, xi. 305\n Coustain, John, master of the wardrobe to duke Philip of\n Burgundy, his disgraceful death, x. 111, 112\n Courtray, besieged by the Ghent men, ix. 250\n Covetousness, on, i. 209\n Cramailles, Anthony de, is beheaded, vii. 155\n Craon, sir John de, lord of Dommart, taken prisoner at\n the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Craon, sir James de, is taken prisoner at the castle of Dommart, vii. 65\n Craon, the lord de, his victory over the prince of Orange, x. 265\n Crasset, Perrinet, a famous adventurer, vi. 67\n Creil, siege of, vii. 162, 339. viii. 278\n Cordes, the lord des, his successes in Picardy, xi. 373\n falls ill at Lyon and dies, xi. 385\n Corlart de Forges, killed, vii. 155\n Coroam, William de, puts to flight John de Beauvain, vii. 139\n Coucy, the damsel of, her marriage with the count de Nevers, ii. 79\n is taken by prisoners confined therein, and the governor killed, v. 78\n Coulogne-les-Vigneuses, siege of, vii. 167\n Coulomiers en Brie, the town of, taken by scalado, vi. 397\n Coulon, and other adventurers, capture fourscore Flemish vessels\n on the coast of Normandy, xi. 317\n Courtjambe, sir James de, ii. 32\n Crespy, siege of, v. 165\n town of, surrenders to Philip duke of Burgundy, v. 166\n won by the French, by scalado, vii. 130\n Crevant, siege of, vi. 45\n the English and the Burgundians triumph, vi. 50\n Crevecoeur, the lord de, attacks the French, vi. 331\n is sent to the French court to negociate a marriage between\n the count de Charolois and the king's second daughter, viii. 100\n Crichton, sir William, has the guardianship of the young king\n of Scotland after the murder of James I. viii. 5\n Croisade against Bohemia, v. 206\n against the Turks by pope Nicholas V. ix. 289\n Cross, a miraculous white one, appears in the heavens, to turn\n the English to the French, ix. 185\n Crotoy, siege of, vi. 42\n treaty of, vi. 55\n the town and castle of, are surrendered to the duke of Bedford, vi. 71\n is conquered by sir Florimont de Brimeu, viii. 382\n is besieged by the lord d'Auxy and sir Florimont de Brimeu, viii. 49\n Croy, the lord de, made prisoner, ii. 215\n obtains his liberty, iii. 10\n nominated governor of Boulogne, iii. 11\n sends aid secretly to the duke of Burgundy, iii. 313\n is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Croy, the lord de, opposes the Germans in Luxembourg, ix. 286\n receives a grant from the king of the county and lordship\n of Guisnes, x. 127\n labours to make peace with the count de Charolois, x. 277\n Croy, sir John de, is arrested by orders of the queen of France, iii. 285\n escapes, iii. 314\n attacks the English, and is discomfited, vii. 349, 352\n besieges Guines, vii. 365\n Croy, sir John de, breaks up the siege to aid the duke\n before Calais, vii. 378\n attacks certain pillagers in the town of Haussy, viii. 272\n Cyprus, brother to the king of, comes to Paris, iv. 225\n the king of, is made prisoner by the Saracens, vi. 187\n the king is taken to Cairo, vi. 192\n the king is liberated, vi. 195\n the king of, dies, vii. 82\n the cardinals of, attend the convention at Arras, vii. 211\n D'ailly, Peter, bishop of Cambray, iii. 327\n D'airaines, siege of, v. 328\n Dammartin, the lord de, condemned for high treason, but banished\n escapes from the bastile into Brittany, x. 210\n makes an exchange with king Louis XI. of his castle of\n Blancattort for certain rights, xi. 15\n appointed grand master of the royal household, xi. 31\n Dampierre, lord de, i. 130\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Daniel, a servant to Olivier le Daim, horrid accusations\n hanged on the gibbet at Paris, xi. 429\n Darius, king, i. 348\n D'Armagnac, the count, his body is taken up and decently\n interred, viii. 46\n D'Auffremont, the lord de, is made prisoner by La Hire, vii. 177\n Daulphin, sir Guichart, appointed grand master of the king's\n household, ii. 135\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n and others, sent out of Paris, iii. 243\n D'Auxy, the lord, and sir Florimont de Brimeu, march to lay\n siege to Crotoy, viii. 49\n Dauphinois, the, continue the war against the Burgundians, v. 33\n take the town of Laigny-sur-Marne, v. 45\n take the city of Soissons, v. 51\n the dauphiness is sent to the dauphin, v. 52\n the dauphin carries on a vigorous war against the Burgundians, v. 83\n retake Villeneuve-le-Roi, v. 258\n defeat the duke of Clarence near Baugy, v. 262\n advance to Alen\u00e7on, v. 265\n take Avranches, v. 319\n assemble to raise the siege of D'Airaines, v. 329\n the dauphin's lady, called the queen, is brought to bed of a son,\n who is christened Louis, dauphin of Vienne, vi. 65.\n See Charles the dauphin, and Charles VII.\n Dauphiny, the Burgundians are defeated in, vi. 370\n Davencourt, the town and castle of, taken by the foreign companies\n in the service of the duke of Burgundy, iv. 287\n David de Combrebant is put to death, with his brother the young\n earl of Douglas, viii. 6\n Dax, the city of, is regained from the French, viii. 342\n is besieged by the count d'Albreth, ix. 164\n submits to the king, ix. 169\n Denis, sir, de Sainct-Fleur, is beheaded, vii. 111\n Denisot de Chaumont, a butcher of Paris, his quarrel with the\n bastard of Bourbon, iii. 94\n DESREY, PIERRE, beginning of his chronicles of Charles VIII. xi. 356\n D'Estampes, the count, reconquers the town of St Valery, vii. 164\n recovers the castle of Roullet from the men of the lord\n de Moy, viii. 109\n marches an army into the duchy of Luxembourg, viii. 359\n succeeds to the duchy of Brittany, x. 12\n makes prisoner the viscount d'Amiens, x. 42\n quits the house of Burgundy and attaches himself to the king\n of France, x. 129\n Devils, on what conditions they will assist wicked men, i. 280\n an assemblage of, to destroy the king of France, i. 289\n Devices of the Orleans men and the Burgundians, i. 153\n Deymer, Jean, condemned and quartered for treason against\n the lord of Beaujeu, xi. 145\n Dieppe, the town of, escaladed by the French, vii. 301\n Digne, the bishop of, preaches before the council of Pisa, ii. 98\n Dijon, the king's palace at, burnt down, xii. 80\n Dinant, the inhabitants of the town of, insult the count\n de Charolois, x. 274\n Dinant besieged and battered with cannon, x. 322\n forced to surrender, plundered and demolished, x. 399\n D'Ollehaing, the lord de, is reinstated in his office of\n chancellor, iii. 153\n Domfront, siege of, iii. 29\n Dommart, fortress of, taken by the French, by scalado, vi. 24\n Dommart castle taken by the French, vii. 64\n Dommart, the lord de, is made prisoner by the French, _ib._\n D'Orris, Michel, challenges the knights of England to combat, i. 13\n his challenge answered by sir J. Prendergast, i. 15\n his answers to sir J. Prendergast's letters, apologizing for not\n fulfilling his engagement, i. 22\n conclusion of his second letter, i. 25\n his second general challenge, i. 31\n fourth letter, addressed to the knights of England, i. 32\n Douay, heretics of, v. 237\n Douglas, the earl of, defeats the lord Percy, and sir Thomas\n de Hauton, ix. 12\n is killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 94\n Dours, attacked by the English, viii. 257\n Doyac, John, intercepts the duke of Brittany's armour from\n Milan, xi. 388\n has his ears cut off, and his tongue bored with a hot iron, xi. 360\n Dorset, the earl of, governor of Harfleur, invades the country\n of the Caux, iv. 260\n Dreaux, siege of, v. 303\n Dress, changes of, in France, A.D. 1467, x. 340\n Dudley, captain, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 93\n Dun-le-Roi, siege of, iii. 53\n Dunois, the count de, takes the city of Leiseux, ix. 16\n takes possession of Mantes, ix. 17\n replies to the speech of master Guillaume, ix. 24\n gains the castle of Harcourt, ix. 35\n takes Argentan, ix. 47\n is ordered by the king to join him against Rouen, ix. 52\n enters Rouen, ix. 66\n is appointed lieutenant-general in Guienne, ix. 159\n besieges Monte Guyon, _ib._\n enters Bordeaux, ix. 171\n besieges Bayonne, ix. 179\n Dunot is charged with an attempt to poison the duke of Orleans,\n and drowned, viii. 271\n Earthquake, dreadful, at Naples and in Calabria, ix. 366, 367\n Eckeloo, the town of, is burnt by the marshal of Burgundy, ix. 243\n Edelin, master Guillaume, reprimanded and imprisoned for having\n bound himself in servitude to Satan, ix. 345, 346\n Edward, duke of Bar, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Edward, earl of Marche, eldest son to the duke of York, defeats\n queen Margaret of England, x. 53, 55\n crowned king of England, x. 57\n Edward, earl of Marche, gains the battle of Hexham, x. 163\n marries the daughter of lord Rivers, x. 189\n banishes the earl of Warwick and the duke of Clarence, xi. 97\n defeated by the earl of Warwick, flies to Burgundy, xi. 105\n returns with a great army and regains the kingdom, xi. 112\n summons the king of France to restore the duchies of Guienne\n and Normandy, xi. 174\n meets the king of France at Pecquigny--their conference, xi. 195\n causes his brother the duke of Clarence to be drowned in a\n butt of malmsey, xi. 281\n Egypt, the sultan of, determines to conquer the whole kingdom\n of Cyprus, vi. 159\n Eichtfeld, battle of, between the duke of Burgundy, the duke\n of Holland, and the Liegeois, ii. 28\n Elephants, war, i. 107\n Encre, church and town of, almost entirely destroyed by fire, x. 89\n Engennes, sir John de, beheaded by order of the king of England, iv. 380\n England, custom in, of placing a crown beside the bed of their\n dying monarchs, iii.\n a truce between France and, iii. 20\n ambassadors arrive at Paris from, iv. 99\n assembles an army to invade France, iv. 126\n England, a meeting is held between Calais and Gravelines to\n negotiate respecting a peace with, viii. 112, 179\n troubles in, between the dukes of York and Somerset, ix. 190\n civil war in, ix. 348, 359\n ambassadors from, denied access to the king of France, x. 41\n slight mention of the rebellion and discord in, x. 48\n battle of Towton, queen Margaret defeated by Edward\n earl of Marche, x. 53, 55\n the earl of Warwick drives the French from the places\n they had won, x. 120\n an embassy sent to king Louis XI. x. 133\n battle of Hexham, x. 162\n a truce concluded with France for twenty-two months, xi. 22\n Henry VI. delivered from the tower by the earl of Warwick, xi. 105\n return of Edward IV. from Burgundy, who regains the kingdom, xi. 114\n conference between king Edward and king Louis XI. at Pecquigny, xi. 195\n the duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of malmsey, xi. 281\n a peace concluded with Scotland, xi. 342\n succession of Henry VII. noticed, xi. 368\n Henry VIII. prepares to invade France, xii. 145\n battle of Spurs, xii. 153\n English, the, marching to reinforce the siege of Orleans, are met\n and attacked by the French, vi. 249\n English, the, make many conquests, vi. 321\n conquer the bulwark of Lagny sur-Maine, vii. 78\n defeat La Hire at Le Bois, vii. 307\n make excursions towards Boulogne and Gravelines, vii. 342\n make an excursion into the country of Santois, viii. 181\n make an inroad on the Boulonois from Calais, x. 10\n Englemonstier, burnt by the Ghent men, ix. 253\n Enguerrand de Bournouville, attacks the Armagnacs near Paris, ii. 322\n attacks them near Bourges, iii. 66\n is beheaded, iv. 32\n Erpingham, sir Thomas, i. 188\n his gallant conduct at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 171\n Esparre, lord de l', arrested for treason, and pardoned, ix. 5\n again offends, and is executed, _ib._\n Espineuse, sir Binet d', executed, ii. 310\n his body is taken from the gibbet and interred, iii. 96\n Essars, Anthony des, complaints against him, iii. 108\n enters the bastile with his brother, iii. 145\n Essars, sir Peter des, provost of Paris, arrests the ministers\n of finance, ii. 129\n is deprived of all his offices, ii. 203\n is reinstated in his office of provost, ii. 297\n flies for refuge, iii. 131\n is arrested and imprisoned, iii. 145\n is beheaded, iii. 178\n Esternay, lord d', general of Normandy, flies from Rouen\n in disguise, xi. 9\n taken and drowned, xi. 11\n Estienette de Besan\u00e7on, the wife of a rich merchant,\n seduced by the count de Foix, xi. 81\n Estouteville, sir Robert d', restored to the provostship of Paris, xi. 3\n his gallant defence of Beauvais, xi. 133\n Estrepagny, the castle of, is taken by storm, vi. 300, 301\n Eu, the count d', arms in defence of the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 176\n is taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n is liberated and returns to France, viii. 103\n king Louis XI.'s lieutenant, negociates with the\n rebellious princes, xi. 402\n Eu, reconquered by the French from the count de Roussi, xi. 141\n Eugenius IV. pope, is solicited by the emperor of Germany to continue\n the general council at Basil, vii. 22\n sends the cardinal of Santa Croce to France to promote peace, vii. 76\n the Romans quarrel with him, vii. 158\n escapes to Florence, _ib._\n a quarrel arises between him and the council of Basil, viii. 99\n sends bulls to divers parts of Europe against heresy and the\n council of Basil, viii. 117\n dies, viii. 414\n Eustache, friar, harangues the king, iii. 154\n Eustache, sir de Leactre, succeeds sir Reginald de Corbie as\n chancellor of France, iii. 175\n Everard de la Marche, destroys the town and castle of\n Orchimont, vii. 340\n Evereaux submits to the king, ix. 27\n Exeter, duke of, iv. 160\n Falaise, siege of, ix. 133\n Famechon, sir Peter de, beheaded, ii. 352\n Famine, a great one in France, viii. 65\n rages in many places, viii. 94\n another great one, throughout France, in 1481, xi. 331\n Fascot, sir John, is appointed to the command of the convoy\n of reinforcements to the siege of Orleans, vi. 249\n Fassincault, capt. comes to Genoa to assist Boucicaut, ii. 125\n Fastolfe, sir John, commands the armament to reinforce the\n siege of Orleans, vi. 249\n is deprived of the order of the garter, vi. 275\n Fauquenberghe, the count de, slain at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 186\n Feast of the Golden Fleece, viii. 255\n F\u00e9camp, city of, is taken by the marshal de Rieux, vii. 304\n is recovered by the English, viii. 33\n Felix V. pope, relinquishes all claims to the papacy, ix. 425\n Ferdinand, king of Arragon, dies, xii. 196\n Ferry de Hengest, bailiff of Amiens, ii. 276\n Ferry de Mailly, taken prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 211\n Ferry de Mailly obtains his liberty, iv. 212\n invades the towns of Quesnel and Hangest, iv. 229\n Finances of France, public report respecting, iii. 100\n Flanders, the three estates of, are anxious for peace, ix. 258\n Flanders, the countess of, dies, xi. 333\n Flavy, William de, murdered while shaving, by his wife, x. 164\n Flemings, the, their unruly behaviour in the Burgundian\n demand permission to return home, ii. 299\n forcibly retreat, and commit many excesses, ii. 302\n receive letters from Henry of England, iii. 42\n resolve not to break their truce with the Burgundians, iii. 44\n march to the siege of Calais, vii. 352\n their great presumption, vii. 358\n resolve to leave the duke before Calais, vii. 375\n retreat in disgrace, vii. 381\n again take up arms after their retreat from Calais, vii. 388\n send money to Douay, which is seized by the king's troops, xi. 396\n are admitted into Cambray, xi. 310\n make peace with the king, xi. 342\n Flisque, de, cardinal, offer of pardon to, ii. 114\n Flocquet, one of the king's commanders, dies, x. 95\n Florence, conspiracy of the Pazzi at, xi. 272\n entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 412\n Florentines, pay their duty to pope John XXIII. ii. 168\n Florimont, sir, de Brimeu, conquers Crotoy, vii. 382\n Foix, the count of, gains the town and castle of Maul\u00e9on, ix. 42\n besieges Guischen castle, ix. 101\n falls in love with the wife of a rich merchant of Paris\n and seduces her, xi. 81\n Folleville castle is taken by the English, viii. 181\n Fontaines-Lavagam, siege of, v. 160\n Fontenoy, the castle of, besieged, iii. 53\n Forbier, Louis, lieutenant-governor of Pontoise, admits the\n Burgundians into the town, x. 422\n Foronuovo, the battle of, xii. 24\n Fosse, the town of, is burnt by the lord de Croy, vi. 356\n Fougares is taken by sir Francis de Surienne, viii. 427\n surrenders to the duke of Brittany, ix. 88\n Fradin, Anthony, a cordelier friar, preaches at Paris,\n and is afterwards banished, xi. 291\n France, the marshal of, goes to England to the assistance\n of the prince of Wales, i. 103\n the duke of Burgundy's petition relative to the internal\n state of, i. 141\n the clergy of, summoned to meet the king on the subject of\n church union, i. 176\n the prelates and clergy of, summoned to Paris, i. 325\n a reformation in the finances of, resolved on, ii. 146\n a tax is laid on the clergy of, by pope John, ii. 234\n a civil war breaks out in several parts of, ii. 278\n France, report respecting the abuses in the government of, iii. 98\n the ringleaders of the rioters are banished from, iii. 242\n propositions for restoring peace to the kingdom, iii. 196\n a heavy tax is laid on the kingdom, with the consequences\n the queen of, is banished, iv. 279\n the queen of, escapes from Tours, and follows the duke\n of Burgundy, iv. 360\n the queen writes several letters on behalf of the duke\n of Burgundy, iv. 362\n depreciation of the coin of, v. 259, 306\n a rigorous tax is imposed for a new coinage, v. 313\n poetical complainings of the commonalty and labourers of, v. 352\n a great pestilence and depravity in, vii. 139\n the poor people of, are very much distressed, vii. 392\n a great famine in, viii. 65\n Francis, count of Angoul\u00eame, betrothed to the princess Claude\n of France, xii. 104\n sent to command against the Swiss, xii. 149\n succeeds Louis XI. on the throne of France, xii. 171\n concludes a treaty with the archduke, xii. 172\n makes his public entry into various cities, xii. 175\n marches into Italy, xii. 176\n pursues the Swiss with his whole army, xii. 179\n Francis, defeats their army at Marignano, xii. 181\n subdues Milan and reduces the castle, xii. 191\n holds a conference with Leo X. at Bologna, and returns to\n France, xii. 195\n concludes a treaty of peace with the archduke king of Spain, xii. 205\n received at Paris with demonstrations of joy, xii. 206\n Frederick, duke of Austria, is crowned emperor, and married at\n Rome to the daughter of the king of Portugal, ix. 190\n Frederic, styling himself king of Naples, comes to France, xii. 15\n French, offer battle to the Burgundians, after their defeat at\n Compi\u00e8gne, which is refused, vi. 393\n are nearly taking the castle of Rouen, vii. 59\n commit great disorders in the Amiennois, &c. vii. 92\n some captains cross the Somme, and overrun Artois, vii. 101\n won the town of St Valery, vii. 114\n overrun and pillage the country of the duke of Burgundy after\n the peace or Arras, vii. 300\n Fresnoy surrenders to the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, ix. 49\n Fronsac, siege of, by the count de Dunois, ix. 166\n Frost, a very long and severe one, at Paris, i. 204\n Galilee, the prince of, vi. 185\n Gaieta, siege of, vii. 237\n taken by the French troops under Charles VIII. xii. 10\n Gaillon castle submits to Charles VII. ix. 88\n Gamaches, the lord de, appointed bailiff of Rouen, iv. 285\n Gargrave, sir Thomas, is killed at the siege of Orleans, vi. 236\n Garnier, Laurence, the body of, taken from the gibbet and buried, xi. 306\n Gascony, campaign in, i. 118\n Gastellin, sir, seizes the castle of Oisy, iv. 232\n Gouy, Daviod de, v. 83\n Gaveren, siege of, ix. 265\n battle of, ix. 270\n Generals, officers of finance so called, iii. 110\n Geneva, the count of, marries the daughter of the king\n of Cyprus, vii. 148\n Genevieve, St. the steeple of the church of, burnt by lightning, xi. 351\n Genoa, the sovereignty of, is offered to Charles VII. viii. 408\n a marvellous event at, xi. 400\n Gerberoy, the town of, is taken by the French, viii. 442\n Geoffroy, sir, de Villars, made prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 347\n Gergeau, siege of, vi. 234\n the town and castle are won by the French, vi. 266\n Germans, are opposed in Luxembourg by the lord de Croy, ix. 286\n Gersies, the castle of, won by sir Simon de Clermont, iii. 48\n Gery, St., the canons of the chapter of, quarrel with the inhabitants\n of the town of Cambray, iv. 147\n Ghent-men rise against their, magistrates, vii. 89\n again rebel, vii. 131\n Ghent-men, and other Flemings, make great preparations for\n the siege of Calais, vii. 344\n resolve to leave the duke's army before Calais, vii. 273\n rise in arms and commit great depredations, viii. 9\n excited by the artisans, they again take up arms, viii. 66\n murmur respecting the tax on salt, ix. 193\n supplicate pardon from the duke of Burgundy, ix. 194\n they besiege Oudenarde, ix. 202\n they are defeated by the count d'Estampes, ix. 205\n they fortify Nieneve, ix. 215\n they are defeated there, ix. 216\n the duke defeats them at the battle of Rupelmonde, ix. 218\n they choose for their leader a lusty cutler, ix. 224\n they are defeated at Hulet and Moerbeke, _ib._\n refuse the articles of peace from France, ix. 230\n recommence war, ix. 234\n are defeated before Alost, ix. 244\n various encounters between them and the Picards, ix. 247\n attempt to burn various parts of Hainault, _ib._\n send a deputation to the count d'Estampes respecting peace, ix. 249\n are defeated before Alost by sir Francis, the Arragonian, ix. 244\n Alost is nearly taken by them, ix. 256\n they besiege Courtray, ix. 250\n Ghent-men, they are near taking the duchess of Burgundy prisoner, ix. 251\n send a deputation to beg the mercy of the duke of Burgundy, ix. 275\n treaty of peace between them and the duke of Burgundy, ix. 280\n humble themselves before the duke, ix. 284\n Ghent, order of the duke of Burgundy's entrance into, ix. 429\n magnificent entertainments at, ix. 428, 436\n Giac, the lady of, v. 118\n Gilbert du Fretun, makes war against king Henry, i. 90\n Giles, the lord, of Brittany, is put to death by his brother,\n the duke, viii. 408\n Gilles de Plessis, beheaded, iv. 33\n Gilles de Postelles, is accused of treason to the duke of Burgundy,\n and beheaded, vii. 129\n Girard, sir, lord of Herancourt, i. 47\n Gisors, the siege of, v. 108\n Glocester, the duke of, is sent to St Omer as hostage for\n the duke of Burgundy, iv. 247\n Glocester, Humphrey, duke of, and his duchess, leave Calais for\n Hainault to receive the allegiance of that country, vi. 113\n the duke of, sends a letter to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 117\n copy of his second letter to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 128\n is blamed by the court of London for his expedition into\n Hainault, vi. 159\n quarrels with the cardinal of Winchester, vi. 170\n resolves to succour the duchess in Holland, vi. 180\n Glocester, Humphrey, duke of, his marriage with the duchess\n Jacqueline declared null and void by the pope, vi. 197\n marries Eleanor Cobham, _ib._\n Glocester, the bishop of, is murdered by the populace in\n London, viii. 431\n Godfrey, cardinal of Arras, waits on king Louis XI. x. 139\n Golden Fleece, order of, vi. 329\n Gouge, Martin, bishop of Chartres, arrested, ii. 129\n Gournay, surrendered to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 360\n Grand master of the Teutonic order, marches an army into\n Lithuania, ii. 170\n Grand-pr\u00e8, the count de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186\n murdered by Parisians, v. 21\n Granson, the duke of Burgundy defeated by the Swiss at, xi. 277\n Graussy, siege of, vii. 110\n Gregory XIII. pope, attempts an union in the church, i. 117\n sends ambassadors and bulls to the university of Paris, i. 183\n is condemned at the council of Pisa, ii. 90, 109, 118\n Grey, sir Thomas, iv. 141\n Gueldres, the duke of, mortally wounded before Tournay, xi. 265\n Gueroult, Pierre de, a youth, beheaded for disloyalty, x. 397\n Guetron castle, siege of, vii. 53\n the soldiers who garrisoned it are nearly all hanged, vii. 54\n Guerbigny, the Burgundians and the English are defeated near, vi. 390\n Guienne is invaded by the French, ix. 159\n the greater part of the towns and castles in the duchy surrender to\n the French, ix. 166\n the war in, xii. 143\n Guiffert, Andrieu, and other public treasurers, complaints\n concerning, iii. 106\n is arrested, iii. 131\n Guillemins, order of hermits, i. 176\n Guischen castle, siege of, ix. 101\n Guise, siege of, vi. 79\n the garrison capitulate to sir John de Luxembourg and sir Thomas\n Rampstoun, vi. 98\n Guye de Roye appeals from the constitutions drawn up by the university\n of Paris respecting the schisms, ii. 16\n his commissary committed to close confinement, ii. 17\n is murdered during a riot at Voltri, ii. 87\n Hainault, duke William, count of, negociates a reconciliation between\n the duke of Burgundy and the king of France, ii. 65\n the seneschal of, and sir John Cornwall combat before\n Charles IV. ii. 84\n the seneschal of, performs a deed of arms, with three others,\n in the presence of Martin, king of Arragon, i. 95\n the countess of, endeavours to make peace between the king, the\n duke of Acquitaine, and the duke of Burgundy, iv. 36\n renews her negociations for peace, iv. 39\n Hainault, the countess of, negociates a peace, iv. 58\n a second time negociates a peace, iv. 98\n Hallam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, attends the council of\n Pisa, ii. 98\n Ham, siege of, ii. 291\n evacuated, ii. 293\n Hambre, the lord de, unsuccessfully attempts the rescue of the\n count de la Marche, iii. 6\n Hamela in Westphalia, strange miracles of a rat-catcher at, xi. 122\n Hamme-sur-Somme, is taken by scalado, vi. 64\n Hamme, town of, is won by the French, vii. 166\n Hangest, John de, lord de Huqueville, goes to England to the assistance\n of the prince of Wales, i. 102\n Hangest, the lord de, is made prisoner, ii. 247\n Hangestez, the lord de, taken prisoner at Mercq castle, i. 130\n Hannequin Lyon, a noted pirate, vii. 347\n Hanton, sir Thomas de, invades Scotland, ix. 12\n Haphincourt castle, reconquered by sir John de Luxembourg, vii. 140\n Harcourt, sir James de, taken prisoner at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 194\n espouses the heiress of the count de Tancarville, iv. 381\n captures his cousin the count de Harcourt, v. 5\n makes a successful excursion near Rouen, v. 64\n continues the war against France, v. 240\n begins a war on the vassals and countries of the duke of\n Burgundy, v. 268\n Harcourt, sir James de, meets a party of English and is defeated, v. 313\n visits the lord de Partenay, and requires him to give up his\n castle, vi. 61\n attempting to seize that lord is put to death, vi. 62\n Harcourt, sir John, has the bishopric of Narbonne given to him by\n the pope, vii. 119\n Harcourt castle is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 35\n Hardy, John, undertakes to poison Louis XI., ix. 157\n is betrayed and apprehended, xi. 158.\n condemned and executed, xi. 159, 160\n Harfleur, siege of, by the English, iv. 142\n the king of England enters, iv. 158\n sir John le Blond made governor, iv. 160\n the French navy at, is destroyed, iv. 248\n surrenders to the king of France, vii. 301\n is besieged by the earl of Somerset, viii. 200\n surrenders to the king, ix. 94\n Harlebeck, the village of, is burnt by the Ghent men, ix. 238\n Harlem is blockaded by the duchess Jacqueline, vi. 175\n Haussy. See Pillagers.\n Hautbourdin, the lord de, bastard of St Pol, dies, x. 321\n Haverford, town and castle of, burnt by the French, i. 103\n Hector, sir, bastard of Bourbon, iv. 23\n is killed, iv. 32\n Hector de Flavy, sir, combats Maillotin, at Arras, vii. 6\n H\u00eadin, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, xi. 258\n Henry, king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, marries the daughter\n of Henry, king of England, ii. 78\n Henry IV. of Lancaster, king of England, combats the Percies\n and Welshmen, i. 47\n his courageous conduct, i. 48\n is challenged by the duke of Orleans, i. 55\n his answer to the duke of Orleans' challenge, i. 58\n king of England, thinks it beneath his dignity to fight with\n one of inferior rank, i. 59, 60\n is reproached for his conduct to the queen of England, the niece\n of the duke of Orleans, i. 71\n answers the charge, i. 78\n his reply to the duke of Orleans' second letter, i. 73\n reinforces his army in France, i. 133\n prohibits his subjects from interfering in the factions of\n France, iii. 27\n agrees to aid the Armagnacs, iii. 39\n sends letters into Ghent and other towns, iii. 42\n confesses he had no right to the crown, iii. 139\n dies, _ib._\n of the alliance between him and the princes of France, iii. 141\n Henry V. king of England, assembles a large army to invade\n France, iv. 126\n ambassadors sent to him, iv. 128\n Henry V. makes great preparations to invade France, iv. 136\n he sends letters to the king of France, at Paris, iv. 137\n discovers, while at Southampton, a conspiracy of his nobles\n against him, iv. 140\n lays siege to Harfleur, iv. 142\n enters Harfleur, iv. 152\n resolves to march to Calais, iv. 159\n his victory at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 183\n embarks at Calais for England after the battle of Azincourt, iv. 199\n a truce is concluded between him and the duke of Burgundy, iv. 228\n returns to France with a large army, and takes many towns and\n fortresses, iv. 297\n his conquests in Normandy, iv. 378, v. 5\n conquers Pont de l'Arche, v. 29\n besieges Rouen, v. 40\n makes his public entry into Rouen, v. 71\n sends an embassy to the king of France and the duke of Burgundy\n at Provins, v. 80\n is dissatisfied with the peace between the dauphin and the duke\n of Burgundy, v. 239\n captures the town of Pontoise, v. 106\n orders the fortresses of Ch\u00e2teau-Gaillard and of La Roche-Guyon\n to be besieged, v. 112\n arrives, with his whole army, at Troyes in Champagne, to celebrate\n his marriage, and to conclude a peace with the king of France, v. 183\n Henry V. treaty of peace between him and Charles VI. after the\n marriage of his daughter Catherine, v. 185\n leaves Troyes with Charles VI. v. 198\n inhumanly hangs the prisoners at the siege of Montereau, v. 203\n several castles and forts are delivered up to him, in which he\n places his own captains, v. 214\n is declared heir and regent of the realm of France, v. 216\n goes to Paris with his queen, and Charles VI. and his queen, in\n great pomp after the surrender of Melun, v. 232\n keeps open court at Paris in a very magnificent manner, v. 242\n returns to England with his queen, v. 244\n returns to France with a powerful army to combat the dauphin, v. 269\n marches from Calais to Beauvais and Montes, where he is met by\n the duke of Burgundy, v. 272\n conquers Dreux, and pursues the dauphin, v. 303\n besieges Meaux, v. 306, 333\n many other towns and forts surrender to him, v. 340\n goes from Paris to Senlis, v. 346\n goes from Senlis to Compi\u00e8gne, v. 350\n is taken sick during his march to the aid of the duke of Burgundy,\n to the relief of C\u00f4ne-sur-Loire, v. 367\n addresses the duke of Bedford, &c. whilst on his death bed, v. 368\n Henry V. his body is conveyed in great pomp to England, v. 375\n a noble knight of Picardy uses a joking expression relative to\n his boots, which was often repeated, v. 378\n Henry VI. comes from Pontoise to St Denis to be crowned king\n of France, vii. 44\n is crowned at Paris by the cardinal of Winchester, vii. 49\n goes to Rouen, vii. 51\n is much hurt at the manner in which the duke of Burgundy\n addressed him after the peace of Arras, vii. 291\n sends an embassy to the emperor of Germany, and the ambassadors\n are arrested at Brabant, vii. 308\n sends letters to the Hollanders, vii. 310\n sends letters to France explaining and excusing his quarrel with\n the duke of Burgundy, vii. 316\n is betrothed to the daughter of R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily, viii. 394\n taken prisoner by king Edward IV. and sent to the tower, x. 278\n delivered by the earl of Warwick, xi. 105\n Henry VII. of England sends a large force to the assistance of\n the Bretons, xi. 368\n lands a force at Calais and besieges Boulogne, xi. 373\n concludes a peace, xi. 374\n Henry VIII. of England prepares to invade France, xii. 144\n disembarks with his whole army at Calais, xii. 147\n besieges Therouenne, xii. 151\n Henry VIII. returns to England, after taking Therouenne and\n Tournay, xii. 157\n his sister the princess Mary married to Louis XII. xii. 163\n Heretic, an extraordinary, at Paris, xii. 84\n Heresy, may be punished on the dead body of the heretics, i. 235\n Hericourt, siege of, v. 325\n Hermit, a devout one in Swisserland, subsists for fifteen years on\n the holy wafer, xi. 276\n Hemon, sir, de Bouberch, a vessel of his is taken by sir James\n de Harcourt, v. 267\n Hermontfort, the town of, is attacked by the duke of Burgundy, vi. 211\n Herrings, battle of, vi. 253\n Heuse, the brogne de la, is dismissed from the provostship, iii. 243\n Hoguemans, ix. 193, 209\n Holland, William, duke of. See Liegeois, and John duke of Burgundy.\n Holland, inundation in, caused by the breaking of the dykes, xi. 84\n Holy Land, ambassadors from, to the court of France, x. 65\n from thence to the court of Burgundy, x. 66\n Homicide, i. 266\n Honfleur, siege of, ix. 103\n Honor\u00e9 Cokin, heads an insurrection at Amiens, vii. 295\n is beheaded, vii. 299\n Howard, the lord, and other ambassadors from England wait on the\n king of France, xi. 318\n Howard, sir Edward, killed in a sea-engagement, xii. 159\n Howel, John, surrenders the castle of La Roche-Guyon to its lord,\n and turns to the French, ix. 32\n Hulst, the men of Ghent are defeated at, ix. 225\n Humieres, the lord de, is taken by the French, vii. 91\n Humieres, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Humieres, the bastard de, defeats the French near Rethel, vii. 214\n Humphry, duke of Glocester, sends a challenge and a threat to the duke\n of Burgundy before Calais, vii. 367\n arrives at Calais with a large armament, vii. 385\n enters Flanders, vii. 386\n Hungary, the king of, writes for advice relative to the schism,\n to the university of Paris, i. 324\n his embassy to the king of France, ix. 392\n marries Anne of Candale of the house of Foix, xii. 79\n death of the queen, xii. 105\n Huntingdon, the earl of, aids the duke of Burgundy before\n Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 357\n Hure, John de la, and others taken prisoners by a band of\n horsemen, x. 381\n Huy, many of the inhabitants of, beheaded and drowned, ii. 41\n Innocent VIII. pope, succeeds Sixtus IV. x. 366\n Isabella, queen of England, returns to France, i. 40\n is married to Charles d'Orleans, i. 162\n Isabella, queen of England, dies in childbed, ii. 22\n Isabella, queen of France, and wife of Charles VI. is banished, iv. 279\n escapes from Tours with the duke of Burgundy, iv 259\n writes letters on the duke's behalf, iv. 362\n is carried to Paris, v. 24\n joins the duke of Burgundy, v. 87\n dies in the city of Paris, vii. 285\n Isabella of Savoy, queen of France, comes to the king at Senlis, x. 129\n Isabella, queen of Spain, dies, xii. 102\n Ishmael, the Sophi, his furious battle with the Turks, xii. 196\n Ivry castle besieged, vi. 63, 86\n surrenders to the English, vi. 86\n Jacob van Ardoyen, a blacksmith, is hung for lending hammers to\n the duke of Burgundy during the insurrection at Bruges, viii. 21\n Jacobins, the, renounce their claims to tythes, &c. ii. 152\n Jacotin de Bethune is sent to prison, but soon afterwards\n released, viii. 173\n Jacquelina of Bavaria married to John duke of Touraine, i. 162\n Jacqueline, the duchess, writes to the duke of Glocester respecting\n her being put under the wardship of the duke of Burgundy, vi. 148, 154\n escapes in disguise from Ghent and goes to Holland, vi. 166\n Jacqueline, the duchess, is divorced from the duke by the pope, vi. 196\n treaty between her and the duke of Burgundy, which ends the\n war in Holland, vi. 227\n Jacques Coeur is arrested and made the king's prisoner, ix. 196\n Jacqueville, sir Elion de, heads a party of the Parisians to arrest\n sir Peter des Essars, iii. 145\n kills sir James de la Rivierre in prison, iii. 174, 214\n is dragged out of the church of our Lady at Chartres by Hector de\n Saveuses and put to death, iv. 369\n Jagellon, king of Poland, is baptized, ii, 154\n James de la Marche, king of Naples, the Neapolitans make war\n on him, iv. 257\n James I. king of Scotland, is murdered in his bedchamber, viii. 2\n James de Helly is killed at Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 391\n Jane of France, duchess of Bourbon, dies, xi. 322\n Januarius, St, of Naples, the miraculous head and blood of, xii. 13\n Jean de Chevrot has the bishopric of Tournay conferred upon\n him, vii. 120\n Jeanne de Bethune, countess of Ligny, does homage for her lands\n to Charles VII. viii. 270\n Jeanbon, a native of Wales, is beheaded for a conspiracy to poison\n the dauphin, xi. 243\n Jeannet de Poix, and others, by command of the duke of Burgundy,\n march secretly to St Dennis, and make inroads on different parts\n of France, iv. 228\n Jeusne, master Robert le, is sent by the count de St Pol to harangue\n the king of France, iii. 231\n is arrested for the want of vouchers, iii. 232\n Jeune, Robert le, governor of Arras, death and character of, x. 122\n Jews, insulted at the coronation of pope John XXIII. ii. 164\n crucify a child at Trent, in ridicule of the mysteries of\n the passion, xi. 274\n Joab, why king David ordered him to be slain, i. 253\n Joan, the maid of Orleans, waits on king Charles at Chinon, vi. 256\n she is retained in the king's service, _ib._\n goes to Orleans, having command of a large force, _ib._\n she reinforces and revictuals Orleans, vi. 260\n requests the king to send a large reinforcement to pursue\n his enemies, vi. 265\n conquers the town of Gergeau, vi. 268\n overthrows Franquet d'Arras, and has his head cut off, vi. 342\n is taken prisoner by the Burgundians, before Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 343\n is condemned to be put to death, and burnt at Rouen, vii. 15\n Joan, duchess of Luxembourg, i. 109, 110\n John XXIII. elected pope, ii. 162\n ceremonials of his coronation, ii. 163\n his request of tenths rejected by the French church, ii. 210\n requests aid of the French king against the king Ladislaus, ii. 214\n flies from Rome, and fixes his court at Bologna, iii. 173\n is dethroned, iv. 87\n is released from prison, made a cardinal by pope Martin,\n and dies, iv. 386\n John, king of Arragon, a deed of arms is performed before him, i. 95\n John, brother to the duke of Bar, slain at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 185\n John of Bavaria, bishop, makes his entry into Liege after the\n battle of Eichtfeld, ii. 39\n surnamed John the Pitiless, ii. 41\n dies, vi. 112. See Liege\n John of Montfort, duke of Brittany, dies, i. 39\n John de Moreul, knight to the duke of Burgundy, appointed\n ambassador, iii. 178\n John de Nevers is ordered to lay siege to Moreiul, vii. 156\n John, sir, bastard de St Pol, is taken prisoner by the French, vii. 91\n John de Toisy, bishop of Tournay, death of, vii. 118\n Josquin, Philip, acquires great riches in the service of the\n duke of Burgundy, v. 132\n Josse, son of the duke of Burgundy, born at Ghent, vii. 106\n Joinville, the lord de, refuses, but upon conditions, to deliver\n up the castle of Montereau to the dauphin, v. 128\n Jubilee in France, for the support of a war against the Turks, xii. 73\n Juchy, near Cambray, twelve houses burnt at, x. 62\n Julian the apostate, fell through covetousness, i. 236\n Julius II. pope, by the assistance of the French, gains Bologna, xii. 106\n regains several places from the Venetians, xii. 117\n goes to war with the king of France, xii. 121\n Julius II. pope, his army united with the Venetians and Spaniards\n is defeated by the French near Ravenna, xii. 131\n dies at Rome in the ninth year of his pontificate, xii. 142\n Justice and royalty, i. 340\n Juy, John de, the accuser of John Coustain, beheaded, x. 112\n Kent, the earl of, killed at the battle of Baugey, v. 263\n Kerennier, le, attaches himself to the king's army to drive\n out the English from Normandy, vii. 303\n Kiriel, sir Thomas, defeats the count de Clermont, vi. 322\n is taken prisoner by the French, vi. 391\n is appointed governor of Clermont castle, vii. 66\n takes Valognes, ix. 106\n is defeated by the count de Clermont, ix. 112\n Lagny-sur-Marne, the bulwark at, is conquered by the English, vii. 76\n the duke of Bedford marches to the aid of, vii. 83\n La Hire made prisoner, v. 259\n La Hire, Estienne de Vignolles, takes Louviers, vi. 327\n La Hire, and others overrun Artois and Cambresis, vii. 145\n treacherously makes the lord d'Auffemont a prisoner, vii. 177\n gains the castle of Breteuil, in the Beauvoisis, by storm, vii. 182\n takes the old fort of Amiens, vii. 192\n he and several others defeat the earl of Arundel, vii. 197\n a truce is agreed on between him and the Burgundians, vii. 208\n overruns and forages the country of the duke of Burgundy during\n the convention at Arras, vii. 234\n conquers Gisors, and loses it soon afterwards, vii. 342\n is wounded at the siege of Calais, vii. 362\n conquers the town and castle of Soissons, vii. 395\n is nearly taking Rouen, but is defeated, viii. 11\n commits great waste in several counties, viii. 33\n is taken prisoner, viii. 35\n is liberated and goes to the king, viii. 37\n makes excursions into Germany, viii. 107\n dies, viii. 342\n Lalain, sir James de, makes an inroad to the walls of Ghent, ix. 240\n is slain before Poulcres, ix. 262\n Lallier, Michel, his wife reveals the conspiracy at Paris, iv. 220\n La Mothe, the town of, is taken by storm by the bastard\n of Bourbon, viii. 177\n Lancelot, or Ladislaus, king of Naples, invades Florence, ii. 103\n Lancelot de Lisle, sir, is slain at the siege of Orleans, vi. 239\n Laon, the French are defeated at, vii. 143\n La R\u00e9ole, siege of, by Charles VII. viii. 340\n La Roche-Guyon, siege of, v. 112\n Laws have double meaning, i. 268\n Lau, the lord du, arrested and imprisoned because in disguise, xi. 19\n falls into disgrace with the king and is confined in the castle\n of Usson, xi. 52\n escapes, xi. 69\n Launoy, the lord de, receives many favours from king Louis XI. x. 135\n Laurens du Puy, ordered to be arrested by the queen of France,\n and is drowned in attempting to escape, iv. 259\n Lectoure regained from the count d'Armagnac, xi. 147\n burnt and razed to the ground, _ib._\n Le Bourg castle, siege of, ix. 163\n Leger, John, put to death at Rouen, iv. 281\n Leigny les-Chastiniers castle destroyed by the duke of Burgundy, vi. 396\n Lens, sir Charles de, arrested, iii. 213\n Leo X. pope, succeeds Julius II. xii. 142\n sends Prospero Colonna with a force to join the emperor\n Maximilian, xii. 177\n holds a conference with Francis I. at Bologna, xii. 195\n Lore, the lady Ambrose de, widow of sir Robert d'Estouteville,\n dies, xi. 64\n Libourne taken by the French, ix. 305\n Liege, the bishop of, ejected for refusing to be consecrated\n as a churchman, i. 176\n Liege, the bishop of, takes arms against the Liegeois, i. 178\n many of the inhabitants of, beheaded and drowned, ii. 40\n meeting for settling the affairs of, ii. 44\n the town of, destroyed, xi. 78\n Liegeois, the, arm against the Hainaulters, i. 177\n resolve to combat the duke of Burgundy and John of Bavaria, ii. 25, 26\n surrender themselves to the dukes of Burgundy and Holland, ii 38\n raise a large army, and invade Namur, vi. 352\n peace between them and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 112\n enter into an alliance with Louis XI. against the duke of\n Burgundy and the count de Charolois, x. 268\n lay siege to the town of Luxembourg, _ib._\n discomfited at Montenac, x. 285\n obtain a truce with the count de Charolois, x. 308\n recommence the war against the duke of Burgundy, x. 301\n besiege the town of Huys, proceedings of the duke against them, xi. 46\n Lievin Nevelin, doctor, ambassador from the college of cardinals\n to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 352\n Lignac, sir Philip de, endeavours to make peace between the\n duke of Berry and the king, iii. 63\n Ligne, the lord de, in Hainault, taken prisoner at the battle\n of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Ligny en Barrois, siege of the town and castle of, v. 207\n Ligny, the count de, and others, keep the appointed day at\n Villiers le Carbonnel, vii. 141\n Lihons, invaded and pillaged, iv. 231\n the English commit great depredations at, viii. 183\n Lindsay, sir Walter, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 94\n Lion, a tame one, kept by a gentleman of Auvergne, escapes\n and does much mischief, x. 303\n L'Isle-Adam, the lord, submits to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 332\n he and the lord de Croy lead an expedition toward the\n Auxerrois, v. 178\n is sent to garrison Joigny, v. 224\n is reproved by Henry V. for looking that monarch in\n the face, v. 224\n is arrested, by orders of the duke of Exeter, v. 261\n is liberated, vi. 9\n turns against the English, vii. 309\n enters Paris, which submits to the king, vii. 327\n is slain at Bruges, viii. 18\n Lisieux, the city of, is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 17\n Lithuania, the king of, invades Prussia, ii. 154\n Limbourg, duchy of, i. 113.\n Loigny castle, taken by the seneschal of Poitou, ix. 20\n Lombards and Gascons, teach their military horses certain\n strange movements, ii. 205\n London, the populace of, rise against the king's officers, viii. 431\n Longueval, the lord de, conquers the castle of Aumale, vi. 299\n turns to the king's party, vi. 85\n Longueval, sir Arthur, enters St Quentin in the name of Louis XI. xi. 108\n Longueval, John de, seizes the towns of Arleux and Crevecoeur for\n the bastard of Burgundy, x. 226\n Lorraine, the duke of, with the lords de Ront and de Heilly,\n attack and defeat a party from Bourges, iii. 62\n Lorraine, the duke of, opposes the duke of Burgundy at Morat in\n Swisserland, and in the county of Romont, xi. 235\n recovers the town of Nancy, xi. 238\n destroys the Burgundian army, the duke of Burgundy slain, xi. 247, 252\n reduces the duchy and county of Burgundy to the king, xi. 255\n Louis, the dauphin, is persuaded to join in a conspiracy against the\n government of Charles VII. viii. 190\n returns to the court to seek pardon, viii. 193\n some of his men invade Burgundy, viii. 377\n Louis de Valois, dauphin of France, takes refuge with duke Philip\n of Burgundy, ix. 383\n accompanies the duke to Bruges, and is honourably received, ix. 402\n Louis XI. crowned at Rheims, x. 73\n makes his public entry into Paris, x. 77, 83\n takes leave of the duke of Burgundy and leaves Paris for Amboise, x. 85\n abolishes the pragmatic sanction, x. 94\n grants succours to queen Margaret of England, x. 119\n makes a progress through his kingdom to examine the state of it, x. 127\n Louis XI. repurchases the towns on the Somme from the duke\n of Burgundy, x. 132\n summons the count de Saint Pol, and the lord de Genly to appear\n before him, x. 136\n comes to Arras and Tournay, x. 153\n comes to H\u00eadin, entertained by the duke of Burgundy, x. 166\n summons deputies from the towns on the Somme, to Rouen, x. 174\n appoints the count de Nevers governor of Picardy, and sends an\n embassy to the duke of Burgundy at Lille, x. 175\n orders Crevecoeur near Cambray to be taken possession of, x. 185\n his correspondence with the duke of Bourbon, respecting the\n flight of the duke of Berry, x. 216\n publishes other letters throughout his realm, x. 219.\n advance of the army of the count de Charolois, x. 236, 241\n resolves to combat him, defeated at Montlehery, x. 244, 251\n sends the bishop of Paris to negotiate, x. 257\n leaves Paris for Rouen to recruit his army, x. 261\n returns to Paris and procures a truce, x. 263\n forms an alliance with the Liegeois against the duke of Burgundy\n and the count de Charolois, x. 268\n meets the count de Charolois at Conflans, x. 276\n establishes a treaty of peace, x. 286\n royal edict respecting what he had conceded to the count, x. 290\n Louis XI. is present at a review of the count de Charolois'\n goes into, and retakes possession of the duchy of Normandy, x. 304\n orders some of the lords of that country to be arrested and\n drowned, x. 306\n advances toward Angers to learn the intentions of his brother's\n partisans, x. 377\n enters the Bourbonnois and takes many towns and castles, x. 380\n lays siege to Riom in Auvergne, x. 386\n comes to Paris after the battle of Montlehery, x. 390\n grants several favours to the inhabitants, x. 396\n nobles arrive from Normandy to serve him against the\n confederates, x. 417\n confirms the privileges of the Parisians and offers them\n new ones, xi. 2\n goes to Orleans, xi. 5\n proceeds to Normandy, meets the duke of Brittany at Caen, xi. 8\n recovers the duchy of Normandy from his brother, xi. 11\n sends ambassadors to England, xi. 17, 18\n issues an edict against the English, xi. 20\n sends commissioners to make reforms at Paris, xi. 24\n appoints certain lords for the guard and defence of his realm, xi. 28\n goes to Rouen to meet the earl of Warwick, xi. 32\n orders the Parisians to have banners for the respective trades and\n professions, _ib._\n Louis XI. musters the banners without the walls of Paris, xi. 42\n goes on a pilgrimage on foot to St Denis, xi. 44\n gives letters to abolish the pragmatic sanction, xi. 47\n concludes a truce with the count de Charolois, in which the Liegeois\n are not included, xi. 54\n sends commissioners to muster the banners, his army marches to oppose\n the Bretons between Mans and Alen\u00e7on, xi. 56\n consents to the assembly of the three estates at Tours, xi. 60\n goes to Meaux, xi. 67\n substance of what passed between him and the dukes of Berry and\n Brittany, xi. 71\n concludes a peace with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 72\n goes on a pilgrimage to Notre Dame of Halle, xi. 76\n sends all the live game round Paris as a token of friendship to\n the count de Foix, xi. 80\n receives the king and queen of Sicily, is reconciled to his brother,\n now duke of Guienne, xi. 90\n summons the van and rear van to oppose Edward king of England, xi. 94\n signs a peace with the duke of Brittany, xi. 101\n orders a thanksgiving for the delivery of Henry VI. king of\n England, xi. 106\n his victories in Burgundy, Charolois and Picardy, xi. 112\n goes to Paris and Orleans with the duke of Guienne and others, xi. 116\n Louis XI. obtains indulgences for those who shall say Ave Maria\n three times, xi. 124\n sends commissioners to settle differences with the duke of\n Burgundy, xi. 153\n marries his eldest daughter to the lord de Beaujeu, xi. 156\n discovers a plot for poisoning him, xi. 158\n his edicts respecting the gens d'armes and coin, xi. 160, 161\n an embassy arrives from the king of Arragon, xi. 164\n reviews the Parisians, accompanied by the Arragonian ambassadors,\n agrees to a truce with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 169\n sends a large army to conquer Arragon, xi. 170\n receives a summons from king Edward to restore to him the duchies\n of Guienne and Normandy, xi. 174\n good news from the army of Arragon, xi. 176\n orders troops into the territories of the duke of Burgundy to\n retaliate the damages done in contempt of the truce, xi. 179\n concludes an alliance with the emperor of Germany, ambassadors\n from Florence and the emperor, xi. 183\n his prudent acts, takes Tronquoy, Mondidier and other places from\n the Burgundians, xi. 184, 185\n gives notice of the arrival of the English at Calais, and orders\n his vassals to be in readiness, xi. 193\n goes to Pecquigny, to hold a conference with the king of\n England, xi. 195\n Louis XI. agrees to a truce, pays king Edward seventy-five\n thousand crowns, and promises an annual pension of fifty\n thousand, xi. 197, 198\n concludes a truce with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 201\n his conversation with the count de Roussy, xi. 207\n orders a council, and establishes certain taxes, xi. 223\n meets the king of Sicily at Lyon, ransoms queen Margaret\n of England, xi. 232\n makes several pilgrimages, xi. 237\n informed of the death of the duke of Burgundy, he makes a\n pilgrimage of devotion, xi. 255\n reduces Arras, H\u00eadin, and other towns and countries which the\n duke had usurped in France, xi. 256\n summons his parliament from Paris to Noyon to try the duke of\n Nemours, xi. 262\n on his return from Picardy sets at liberty the prisoner's\n confined in the Ch\u00e2telet, xi. 278\n has twelve great bombards made, xi. 280\n his troops gain the town of Cond\u00e9 from the Burgundians, xi. 291\n amused and deceived by the duke of Austria, xi. 297\n holds a council at Orleans for recovering the pragmatic\n sanction, xi. 301\n forms an alliance with the king of Castille, xi. 303\n his preparations for war with Austria, xi. 309\n Louis XI. several towns in Burgundy reduced to his obedience,\n ambassadors arrive at Paris from Spain, xi. 312\n defeats the duke of Austria near Therouenne, xi. 314\n his troops are again successful and gain seventeen towns, xi. 317\n an embassy from England, he issues a commission against the\n duke of Bourbon, xi. 409\n concludes a truce with the duke of Austria, xi. 320\n sets cardinal Ballue at liberty, xi. 323\n subsidizes a body of Swiss in lieu of the franc-archers, _ib._\n forms a camp between Pont de l'Arche and Pont St Pierre, xi. 326\n recovers from a severe illness and performs certain pilgrimages,\n during which he visits the dauphin, xi. 330\n receives an embassy from Flanders at Clery, xi. 335\n again taken ill, visits his son at Amboise and recommends to him\n Olivier le Daim, xi. 340\n makes peace with the Flemings, xi. 342\n sends for the holy ampulla from the church of St Remy at\n Rheims, xi. 352\n his devout death and burial in the church of our Lady at\n Louis XII. duke of Orleans, consecrated king of France at Rheims, xii. 41\n sends an army to recover the Milanese, xii. 45\n Louis XII. sends troops to reconquer Naples which in a short\n time is won, xii. 73\n makes war against the Turks by sea and land, xii. 77\n goes to Lombardy and makes his public entry into Genoa, xii. 79\n taken with a serious illness, xii. 101\n orders a large force to join the pope, xii. 107\n defeats the Venetians at Agnadello, xii. 113\n makes a triumphant entry into Milan, xii. 116\n goes to war with the pope on account of the duke of Ferrara, xii. 121\n victory of the duke of Nemours near to Ravenna, xii. 129\n sends succours to the king of Navarre, xii. 144\n his army defeated by the Swiss at Novara, xii. 148\n a body of his troops attacked and put to flight by the English\n and Hainaulters, xii. 151\n makes peace with the Venetians, xii. 155\n marries Mary, sister to Henry VIII. of England, xii. 164\n his death and interment, xii. 169\n Louvroy, siege of, v. 325\n Louvain, Pierre, murdered by sir Raoul de Flavy, x. 163\n Lovecte, Thomas, a monk of the temple at Paris, murdered by one\n of his brethren, xi. 36\n Louviers, the town of, surrenders to the duke of Bourbon for\n Louis XI. xi. 11\n Louviers, Charles de, cup-bearer to Louis XI. wins the prize,\n at a tournament at Paris, xi. 67\n Lucca, reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 410\n Lucifer, account of his rebellion in heaven, i. 246\n Lupus, a Hussite-heretic, is slain in Bohemia, vii. 151\n Lusignan, John de, succeeds to the kingdom of Cyprus, vii. 82\n Luxembourg, sir John de, made governor of Arras, iv. 41\n attacks the town of Hamme, _ib._\n marries Joan of Bethune, v. 59\n sends six hundred combatants to meet his brother in the county\n of Brienne, v. 85\n assembles a large body of men at Arras, and leads them\n before Roye, v. 152\n makes an excursion with his whole force toward Alibaudieres,\n is blinded in one eye during the siege, and puts an end to\n the attack, v. 176\n witnesses a deed of arms against six champions of the\n Dauphinois, v. 281\n disbands his forces, and retires to his castle of\n Beaurevoir, v. 312\n waits on Henry V. to solicit the liberty of his brother the\n count de Conversan, v. 318\n conquers the fortresses of Quesnoy, Louvroy, and Hericourt, v. 323\n takes Oysi in Tierrache, vi. 74\n besieges the church of Broissi, _ib._\n besieges the castle of Wiege, vi. 76\n he lays in ambush, in which Poton de Saintrailles is made\n prisoner, vi. 77\n besieges the town of Guise, vi. 79\n Luxembourg, sir John de, besieges Beaumont in Argonne, vi. 224\n takes command of the siege of Compi\u00e8gne, vi. 366\n some captains attached to him surprise the castle of\n St Martin, vii. 1\n marches into Champagne against the French, vii. 57\n he is joined by the earl of Warwick's son and others, vii. 56\n reconquers the castle of Haphincourt, vii. 139\n refuses to join the duke of Burgundy against the English,\n till he is discharged of his oath to the English, viii. 53\n sends letters to the knights of the Golden Fleece, viii. 139\n sends letters to exculpate himself to the great council of\n the duke of Burgundy, viii. 161\n Luxembourg, Louis de, marries Joan of Bar, vii. 213\n count de St Pol, his men rob the king's servants as they were\n conducting warlike stores to Tournay, viii. 260\n makes reparation for the injury done to the king, viii. 264\n he and the count of Eu, take the new castle of Nicrops, ix. 34\n Luxembourg, Louis, the constable, his treachery, xi. 188\n is delivered by the duke of Burgundy to the king's officers,\n and carried prisoner to the bastile, xi. 205\n his trial and execution, xi. 211, 212\n a short epitaph on him, xi. 219\n Luxembourg, the duchy of, is reduced to obedience to the duke\n of Burgundy, xi. 364, 375\n Lyon, various processions at; occasioned by the mortality of\n the season, xii. 198\n Lyonnet de Bournouville, v. 83\n Lyons, the inhabitants of, rebel, viii. 9\n council of, viii. 415\n Maestricht, the town of, surrenders to John of Bavaria, i. 181\n siege of, ii. 24\n Mahomet II. See Morbesan.\n Maillotin de Bours combats sir Hector de Flavy at Arras, vii. 5\n Mailly castle is besieged by the king's army, viii. 345\n Mailly, sir Robinet de, is suffocated in a bog while attending the duke\n of Burgundy, v. 169\n Malatesta, the lord, makes a proposition for the removal of the\n council of Pisa, ii. 95\n Malefactors, three, two men and a woman, are hung for various\n enormous crimes in Paris, viii. 434\n Malcolm Fleming. See David de Combrebant.\n Malmaison castle taken by sir John Blondel, vi. 205\n it is surrendered by sir John Blondel, vi. 209\n Manniel, Gauvain, lieutenant-general of the bailiff of Rouen,\n beheaded, xi. 16\n Mansart du Bos, sir, ii. 269\n beheaded, ii. 351\n his head and body restored and interred, iii. 136\n Mans, St Julian, siege of, vi. 165\n Mans, siege of, viii. 419\n Mantes, summoned to surrender to the king of France, ix. 18\n Marchant, Andrieu, appointed provost of Paris, iii. 243\n Marche, de la, count, defeated at Yeure-la-Ville, iii. 5\n goes into Italy, and marries Johanna queen of Naples, iv. 199\n Mar\u00eats, Charles des, is appointed governor of Dieppe, vii. 303\n Margaret, the duchess, heiress of Flanders, i. 112\n Margaret, queen of England, defeated by Edward earl of Marche,\n seeks aid from the Scots, x. 57\n goes to France, to require aid of her cousin german the king, x. 98\n her hard fortune, and singular adventure with a robber, x. 125\n holds a conference with the duke of Burgundy, x. 126\n visits Louis XI. with her son the prince of Wales, xi. 99\n her honourable reception at Paris, xi. 107\n the victory of king Edward and death of her son, xi. 115\n is ransomed by the king of France, xi. 233\n Marignano, the battle of, between the Swiss and Francis I. xii. 183, 186\n Mark, sir William de la, levies a war against the bishop of Liege\n and kills him, xi. 337\n Marle, Henry de, fearful of arrest, promises to pay a large sum\n to the king, iii. 131\n Marle, the count, is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Marle, siege of, viii. 263\n Marmonde, the town of, admits Charles VII. viii. 340\n Martelet, sir du Mesnil, taken prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 211\n is tortured and hung, iv. 212\n Martin, king of Arragon, i. 95\n Martin, pope, iv. 87\n is elected head of the church by the council of Constance, iv. 299\n adjourns the council of Constance, v. 28\n sends a croisade against Bohemia, v. 206\n sends his bull to John duke of Brabant, vi. 144\n declares the marriage between the duke of Glocester and Jacquiline\n duchess of Bavaria, void, vi. 197\n Mary of Anjou, dowager queen of France, dies, x. 136\n Mary, dowager countess of Blois, i. 160\n Mary, the princess, sister to Henry VIII. of England is married\n to Louis XII. xii. 164\n makes her public entry into Paris, xii. 165\n Massa, a burgh and castle, visited by Charles VIII. in his march\n through Italy, xi. 409\n Mathagon, captain, lays siege to St Severin, vii. 174\n Matthew, count de Foix, i. 118\n Matthew, bastard of Bourbon, made prisoner at Foronuovo, xii. 29\n Maucour, the lord de, beheaded by orders of Henry VI. vi. 96\n Maufroy, sir, de St Leger, and the bastard de St Pol lead an army\n into Barrois, vi. 107\n Maugu\u00e9, John, killed at Paris by the bursting of a bombard, xi. 305\n Maul\u00e9on castle taken by the count de Foix, ix. 43\n Mauroy, sir, de St Leger, takes the castle of Chaulnes, iv. 230\n in conjunction with Jean d'Aubigny, invades and pillages Lihon, iv. 231\n Maximilian, duke of Austria, sends ambassadors to Louis XI. xi. 296\n defeated near Therouenne, xi. 314\n concludes a truce, xi. 320\n seizes the town of Arras, xi. 375\n concludes a peace with Charles VIII. xi. 377\n Maximilian, the emperor, joins the league of Cambray, xii. 112\n assembles a large army to attempt the conquest of the Milanese, and\n drive the French from Italy, xii. 198\n marches away from Milan, xii. 202\n Meaux, siege of, v. 305\n is stormed, v. 320\n surrenders, v. 344\n Medici, Guiliano de, assassinated by the Pazzi at Florence, xi. 272\n Lorenzo de, wounded, xi. 273\n Pietro de, places himself under the protection of\n Charles VIII. xi. 408\n Mello, sir John de, a Spanish knight, combats the lord de\n Chargny, vii. 223\n his dress during the combat, vii. 226\n fought with his vizor up, vii. 228\n Melun, siege of, v. 208\n Melun, surrender of the town and castle of, v. 227\n Menau, sir Pierre de, beheaded, iv. 33\n Mercq castle besieged, i. 126\n the French totally defeated at, i. 129\n Merville, the lord de, taken prisoner and hanged by the Burgundians\n and Bretons, xi. 69\n Metz, siege of, viii. 392\n treaty of, viii. 396\n Meulan, the bridge of, is besieged by the English, vii. 301\n Meur de Ch\u00e2tel, an assembly held at, respecting the murder of\n the duke of Orleans, ii. 157\n Mezieres, sir Philip de, i. 404\n Milan, duke of, makes the kings of Arragon and Navarre\n prisoners, vii. 227\n yields up to his nephew, the duke of Orleans, the county\n of Asti, viii. 418\n assassinated, xi. 244\n Milan, taken by the French, xii. 45\n retaken by the duke Ludovico Sforza, xii. 46\n the inhabitants are bribed into subjection, xii. 53\n taken possession of by the Swiss on the departure of the French\n from Italy, xii. 138\n Melun, Charles de, beheaded for suffering the escape of the lord\n Mirandola restored to John Franciscus Picus, xii. 116\n Miramount, the lord de, ii. 27\n Miraumont, village of, iv. 42\n Moerbeke, the Ghent men are defeated at, ix. 224\n Mohammedism, origin of, i. 241\n Monchas castle in Normandy is taken by the French, vii. 88\n siege of, vii. 84\n Monk of St Denis's account of the murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 201\n Monster, a girl born at Verona, with one head, two feet and\n four arms, xi. 275\n Mons, in Vimeu, rencountre at, v. 290\n names of the principal lords who had accompanied and remained with\n the duke of Burgundy, and of the principal Dauphinois, v. 298\n Montagu, Charles de, marries Catherine d'Albert, ii. 118\n Montagu, Gerard de, consecrated bishop of Paris, ii. 116\n Montagu, grand master of the king's household, sent to confer with the\n duke of Burgundy, ii. 66\n is arrested, ii. 129\n beheaded, ii. 131\n his hotel and furniture given to the count of Hainault, ii. 132\n his body is taken from the gibbet and joined to the head to be\n decently interred, iii. 90\n Montagu, the lord de, narrowly escapes with his life during the murder\n of the duke of Burgundy, v. 122\n refuses to deliver up the castle of Montereau to the dauphin, v. 128\n writes letters to several of the principal towns of France\n respecting the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 137\n Montagu, the lord de, a Burgundian, concludes a treaty with\n La Hire, vi. 107\n Montaigu, the fortress of, is destroyed by orders of the duke\n of Burgundy, viii. 276\n Mont-Aquilon, siege of, vi. 39\n Montargis and Chevreuse, the towns and castles of, submit to\n Charles VII. viii. 98\n Montargis, siege of, vi. 109\n Montauban, the lord de, admiral of France, dies, xi. 21\n Montereau-faut-Yonne, is besieged by Charles VII. and\n reconquered, viii. 27, 28\n Montenay, sir James, seizes sir James de Monstrade, with a\n design to stab him, i. 100\n Mont-Epiloy, a party of English defeated near, v. 239\n Montferrat, the marchioness of and her son place themselves\n under the protection of Charles VIII. xi. 402\n Montgardin, sir Baldwin de, taken prisoner by the duke of\n Burgundy, ii. 35\n Mont-Guyon, is besieged by the count de Dunois, ix. 159\n Montlehery, siege of, iv. 344. v. 50\n various accounts of reported in various places, x. 264\n recapitulation and further description of the battle, x. 359\n other particulars not mentioned by Monstrelet, x. 406\n Morbesan, Mahomet II. besieges and captures Constantinople, ix. 314\n plan for resisting him, ix. 331\n sends letters to the pope, ix. 335\n Morbesan, emperor of the Turks, besieges Belgrade, ix. 377\n Moreau, Pierre, attaches himself to the Ghent men, ix. 254\n makes an attack on Dendermonde, _ib._\n Moreuil, siege of, vii. 156\n Mortaigne, damsel of, judgment given against, ix. 343\n Mortain, count de, dies of a dysentery, iii. 77\n Mortain, siege of, ix. 16\n Mory, Laurence de, hanged for high treason, for having favoured\n the Burgundians, x. 392\n Moses, justified in slaying the tyrannical Egyptian, i. 271\n Maulevrier, the count of, seneschal of Normandy, murders his wife\n and his huntsman for adultery, xi. 233\n Monk, the Little, attempts to gain the castle of St Angelo at\n Rome, vii. 102\n is detected and executed, vii. 104\n Moy, the lord de, the men of, lose the castle of Roullet, viii. 109\n Moyennes, the castle of, besieged, ii. 343\n Murder, forbidden by every law, i. 265\n Murray, earl of, killed at Verneuil, vi. 93\n Mussi-l'Ev\u00eaque, siege of, vii. 127\n Namur, the count de, dies, and makes the duke of Burgundy\n his heir, vi. 246\n is invaded by the Liegeois, vi. 352\n Naples, triumphant entry of Charles VIII. into, xii. 1\n attack and capture of the Castel Nuovo and the Castel\n del Ovo, xii. 2, 4\n Navarre, Louis, king of, and other princes of the blood, resolve\n to reform the management of the royal finances, ii. 127\n makes propositions to the king relative to his majesty's\n ministers, ii. 194\n Navarre, Louis, king of, is made prisoner by the duke of\n Milan, vii. 237\n demands succour of the king of France against the king of\n Arragon, xii. 143\n Neapolitans, the, rebel against their king, and take the\n queen prisoner, iv. 257\n Neelle, the inhabitants of, resign the keys to the duke of\n Burgundy, and swear affiance to the king, ii. 295\n storming of the castle of, iv. 234\n the lands of, are overrun by the French, viii. 198\n Negotiations relative to the resignations of popes Gregory\n and Benedict, i. 182, 187\n Nemours, the duke of, is made prisoner at Carlat, in the\n king's name, xi. 266\n found guilty of high treason and beheaded, xi. 267\n Nemours, Gaston de Foix, created duke of, xii. 118\n besieges Bologna, xii. 122\n takes Brescia with great slaughter, xii. 125\n defeats the united armies of the pope, the Venetians,\n and the Spaniards, but is himself killed, xii. 129\n Nevers, John, count of, i. 113\n Nevers, Philip, count de, his marriage with the damsel of Coucy, ii. 79\n brother to the duke of Burgundy, slain at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 185\n appointed governor of Picardy, x. 175\n issues proclamations for the king, throughout the provinces\n of his lieutenancy, x. 221\n Nevers, count de, endeavours at a reconciliation with the\n count de Charolois, x. 228\n made prisoner in the castle of Peronne, x. 282\n Nicholas V. elected pope, ix. 411\n marries the emperor of Germany to the daughter of the king\n of Portugal ix. 190\n sends a legate to France respecting peace, ix. 191\n notifies to the duke of Burgundy a croisade against the\n Nicosia, is plundered by the Saracens, vi. 189\n Nicrops castle, siege of, ix. 33\n Nieneve, is fortified by the Ghent men, ix. 215\n No\u00eblle, besieged by the English, vi. 41\n Nogent, surrenders to the count de St Pol, ix. 7\n Nouaille, the lord de, murdered, v. 174\n Normandy, the whole duchy of, is reduced to obedience to\n Charles VII. ix. 141\n extent of, _ib._\n the common people of, rise against the English garrison, vii. 178\n they assemble in large bodies before Caen, vii. 191\n Northumberland, earl of, his unsuccessful application to the king\n of France against the king of England, i. 164\n N\u00f4tre Dame, church of, solemnities at, x. 282\n Norwich, bishop of, iv. 145\n Nove, Paul di, doge of Genoa, beheaded, xii. 110\n Novara, the town and castle of, surrender to Francis I. xii. 181\n Noyelle, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Noyon, the parliament summoned to, to try the duke of Nemours, xi. 262\n Nuys, a town near Cologne, besieged by the duke of Burgundy, xi. 172\n relieved by the Germans from Cologne, xi. 178\n Octavian, the emperor, anecdote of i. 351\n Odart de Remy, is killed at the siege of Lagny, vii. 87\n Offemont, the lord de, enters St Riquier, v. 276\n is made prisoner by the English, v. 321\n Oliver de Blois, count of Penthievre, marries Isabella, daughter\n of the duke of Burgundy, i. 165\n Olivier le Daim, his infamous character from Comines, xi. 282 note.\n hanged at Paris, xi. 360\n Ollehaing, lord de, advocate of the duke of Burgundy, ii. 72\n disputes with the chancellor of France, iii. 133\n is thrust out of the council chamber, iii. 134\n Opiterge, a youth martyred there by the Jews, xi. 274\n Oran, the island of, discoveries of the Portuguese on, xii. 120\n Orange, the prince of, is conquered by the French, vi. 370\n restored to liberty by Louis XI. without ransom, xi. 192\n Orange, the prince of, his troops defeated in Burgundy by the\n lord de Craon, xi. 265\n his devastations in Burgundy, xi. 279\n Orchimont, the town and castle of, are destroyed by Everard\n de la Marche, vii. 340\n Orfevre, John l', president of Luxembourg, pleads before the\n king for the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, x. 3\n Orgemont, lord de, John, bishop of Paris, death of, ii. 115\n Oriole, a Gascon captain and his lieutenant, beheaded at Tours, xi. 307\n Orleans, Louis, duke of, takes possession of the duchy of\n Luxembourg, i. 43\n sends a challenge to Henry, king of England, i. 55\n his second letter to the king of England, in reply, i. 67\n is commissioned to remonstrate with the pope on the necessity\n of union in the church, i. 116\n defeated in his attempt to carry off the dauphin of France, i. 138\n sends an immense force into Paris, i. 149\n publishes circular letters throughout France, concerning the\n defamations of the duke of Burgundy, i. 151\n reconciled to the duke of Burgundy, i. 155\n besieges Blaye and Le Bourg, i. 168\n is presented with the duchy of Acquitaine, i. 188\n is assassinated at Paris, i. 192, 193\n mourning, and order of the procession at his funeral, i. 196, 197\n exertions made to discover his murderers, i. 196\n Orleans, Louis, duke of, charged with covetousness, i. 286\n charged with having committed high treason against the king, i. 287\n devised the death of the king by sorcery, i. 288\n contracted illegal alliances, i. 290\n offended the king in the person of the queen, i. 293\n devised the death of the dauphin by poison, i. 296\n guilty of high treason by false representations to the pope, i. 297\n treasonably offended against the public welfare, i. 298\n reply to the charges against, i. 333\n his character as delineated by the duchess dowager, i. 348\n cleared from the charge of tyranny, i. 367\n cleared from the charge of witchcraft, i. 390\n did much service to the church, i. 393\n gave no aid to the schism, i. 394\n the king of France has solemn obsequies performed for him, iv. 92\n Orleans, Charles, duke of, son of the murdered duke, sends letters\n to the king against the duke of Burgundy and his party, ii. 225\n several of his captains assemble an army, ii. 235\n writes again to the king, ii. 236\n is taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n is brought to Calais during a meeting respecting peace, viii. 218\n is conveyed back to England, viii. 219\n Orleans, Charles, duke of, obtains his liberty by means of the duke\n of Burgundy, viii. 226\n marries the lady of Cleves, viii. 231\n leaves Bruges with his duchess, viii. 243\n is not permitted to see the king on his release, viii. 349\n returns to the duke of Burgundy from France, viii. 403\n receives from the hands of the duke of Milan, the county\n of Asti, viii. 418\n Orleans faction assemble in large numbers near Paris, ii. 190\n application is made to them by the king and the university of\n Paris to disband their army, ii. 190, 191\n plunder the country round Paris, ii. 197\n condemned to death by the king, ii. 198\n peace between them and the king, ii. 200\n the natives of Paris take up arms against, ii. 278\n enter the town of Roye by fraud, ii. 279\n overrun the country of Burgundy, ii. 283\n return toward Paris, ii. 305\n proclamations issued against, ii. 309\n are declared rebels and traitors, ii. 316\n are sentenced to banishment and excommunication, ii. 319\n assemble their whole army at St Denis, and forage, ii. 323\n Orleans faction retire to their respective countries to reinforce\n their armies, ii 332\n many of their adherents executed, ii. 334\n reduced to great distress, ii. 346\n many of them perish in prison, ii. 351\n are harrassed by the king of France on the frontiers, iii. 1\n send an embassy to England, iii. 13\n their ambassadors attacked and defeated, iii. 14\n their intercepted letters to England, ib.\n insult and abuse the Burgundians before Bourges, iii. 57\n behave treacherously, and attempt the life of the duke of Burgundy\n near Bourges, iii. 58\n harrass the king's foragers, iii. 61\n their meeting for peace near Bourges, iii. 70, 71\n treaty of peace between them and the king, iii. 73\n are in favour at Paris, iii. 216, 233\n effectually govern the king and the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 97\n are routed and dispersed at Paris, v. 13\n several are cruelly put to death by the Parisians, v. 21\n Orleans, duchess of, complains to the king of the murder of her\n husband, i. 207\n details the manner in which the duke was murdered, i. 208\n again complains of the murder of the duke, i. 331\n conclusion of her defence of the character of the duke, ii. 1\n reply to, by the chancellor, ii. 15\n Orleans, duchess of, dies broken-hearted, ii. 67\n Orleans, town of, is besieged by the earl of Salisbury, vi. 234\n the siege is raised by the maid Joan, vi. 264\n inhabitants of, send supplies to Beauvais, xi. 323\n the duke of, his gallant conduct at Genoa, xi. 397, 398\n Ormond, John, governor of Vernon, insults the king of France by sending\n him old keys, ix. 22\n Orsay castle, siege of, vi. 40\n Orval, the lord of, defeats the men of Bordeaux, ix. 154\n Oudenarde, is besieged by the Ghent men, ix. 202\n Ourse, wife to Coppin de la Viefville, suspected of having hastened\n the death of the duchess of Burgundy, v. 380\n Ovidianus, (probably Huniades) defends Belgrade against the\n Turks, ix. 378\n Owen Glendower, prince of Wales, assisted by the French against\n the English, i. 104\n Oye, the town of, is taken by the Burgundians, vii. 357\n Pageants, given by the count de Foix to the court, at Tours, ix. 412\n Paleologus, Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, departs from Paris\n for England, i. 39\n account of his reason for coming to England, i. 40\n Palis, one of the duke of Burgundy's heralds, sent to the king during\n the duke's encampment at Mont-Chastillon, iv. 344\n Paoul, master Peter, ii. 17\n Pardons, great, granted at Rome, i. 38\n Paris, the university of, quarrels with sir Charles de Savoisy, i. 91\n the inhabitants of, arm themselves against the duke of Orleans, i. 154\n the inhabitants of, allowed to wear arms, i. 160\n the bishop of, retires to Savoy, ii. 136\n great distress in, for want of provisions, ii. 193\n the inhabitants of, arm against the Orleans factions, ii. 197\n the butchers of, enjoy greater power and privileges than any\n other trade, ii. 277\n the natives take up arms against the Armagnacs, ii. 278\n the inhabitants send an embassy to the young king Henry VI.\n of England, and to his ministers, vi. 13\n regains its former privileges, iii. 8\n the inhabitants request the king not to make any treaty of peace\n without their being personally named, iii. 40\n the university of, make a report on the abuses in government, iii. 98\n university of, advises the king relative to the abuses in his\n government, iii. 122\n the inhabitants of, demand the persons of certain traitors, iii. 146\n the bishop of, assembles a body of theologians, concerning the\n speech of master John Petit, iii. 279\n Paris, the chains are taken away from the streets, iv. 1\n the inhabitants are kept in great subjection, iv. 2\n the bishop of, sends to know whether the duke of Burgundy would\n avow the sentiments uttered in the speech of master John Petit, iv. 14\n the inhabitants and members of the university wait on the duke of\n Acquitaine to propose measures of public safety, iv. 205\n strongly defended by the count d'Armagnac, iv. 207\n a conspiracy at, iv. 348\n is taken by the duke of Burgundy, v. 7\n the commonalty of, put to death their prisoners, v. 20, 41\n an epidemical disorder rages at, v. 46\n six thousand of the commonalty sent to the siege of Montlehery, v. 50\n the inhabitants renew their oaths, and vow revenge against the\n murderers of the duke of Burgundy, v. 138\n is attacked by Charles VII. vi. 305\n is reduced to the obedience of Charles VII. vii. 324\n various regulations in, x. 385, 388\n beset by the Burgundians and Bretons, x. 401, 423, 426, 433\n several officers of the city displaced, xi. 220\n a man punished for forging the king's signet, xi. 363\n several persons hanged for having assassinated the son of the\n public executioner, xi. 270\n Paris, the statues of St Louis and St Charlemagne removed, xi. 279, 280\n great entertainments are given, on the king's return from\n Picardy, xi. 289\n a great bombard on trial bursts and kills many people, xi. 305\n a severe frost, xi. 323, 324\n many persons die of incurable disorders, xi. 333\n the steeple of St Genevieve burnt by lightning, xi. 351\n festival on the accession of Charles VIII. xi. 362\n order of Magdalens established, xi. 372\n the bridge of Notre Dame falls down, with a heavy loss, xii. 45\n an extraordinary heretic punished at, xii. 85\n a great mortality at, from the unwholesomeness of the season, xii. 100\n tilts performed in celebration of the marriage of Louis XII. with\n the princess Mary of England, xii. 168\n many persons of both sexes lose their senses at the bean season, xi. 22\n violent quarrel of the pages and clerks of the palace, xi. 25\n the queen most honourably received, xi. 39\n tournaments, xi. 67\n alliance of France and Spain proclaimed, xi. 91\n different edicts published, succours sent to Beauvais, xi. 132\n the Parisians mustered and reviewed, xi. 137\n Paris, the king's physicians open a man alive and recover him, xi. 178\n execution of the constable, xi. 313\n Parisians, the, their uniform during a mob, iii. 151\n they propose whatever measures they please in the presence of\n the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 152\n cause the king to publish an edict of indemnity, iii. 160\n Pataye, battle of, vi. 274\n Paul II. succeeds pope Pius II. x. 169\n shortens the intervals of the jubilees, xi. 119\n dies and is succeeded by Sixtus IV. xi. 120\n Pavia, entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 405\n inhuman murder of a Frenchman at, xii. 140\n Pazzi, the conspiracy of the, at Florence, xi. 372\n Pecquigny, near Amiens, meeting of king Louis XI. and Edward king\n of England at, xi. 195\n Pembroke, earl of, slain at the attack on the castle of Sluys, i. 134\n Hollinshed's account of, _ib._\n Penhors, lord de, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 9\n Pensart, Jean, a fisherman of Paris, robbed of a great sum\n of money, xi. 180\n Penthievre, the count de, treacherously takes the duke of Brittany\n prisoner, v. 252\n is arrested, _ib._\n marries the daughter of the lord de Quievrain, v. 258\n Penthievre, the count de, is sent into Guienne against Bordeaux, ix. 150\n Penthievre, the count de, receives an embassy to Louis XI. from\n the king of Arragon, xi. 164\n Pentoise, peace negotiated at, iii. 196\n Perche, the count du, son to the duke of Alen\u00e7on, reduces the town\n of Alen\u00e7on for the king, xi. 60\n Percy, Thomas, conducts queen Isabella to France, i. 40\n Percy, lord, his unsuccessful application to France for aid against\n Henry of England, i. 164\n invades Scotland, viii. 12\n Perpignan, siege of, by the king of Arragon, xi. 150\n surrenders to the king of France, xi. 182\n Perrin de Loharent's answer to the fourth letter of Michel d'Orris\n to sir John Prendergast, i. 36\n Perrinet le Clerc, admits the Burgundians into the town of Paris, v. 9\n is in great repute at Paris, but becomes as poor and as wicked\n Perrinet Chalons is hanged at Amiens, vii. 298\n Persia, soldan of, commander of the Turks in Hungary, discomfited\n and driven into Greece, ix. 363\n the sophi of, makes war on the Turk Usson Cassan, xii. 92\n Pestilence, in many places, viii. 94\n Peter de Brabant, arms against the English, i. 159\n marries the dowager countess of Blois, i. 160\n his army dismissed, i. 64\n besieges Neuf Chastel, i. 164\n engages the English at sea, i. 168\n Peter of Candia elected pope. See Alexander V. pope.\n Petit, master John, defends the murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 215\n his speech in defence of the duke of Burgundy, i. 221\n why he is bound to defend the duke, i. 226\n conclusion of his speech, i. 309\n dies, and is buried at Hesdin, ii. 234\n schedule containing propositions, &c. relative to his heresy, iii. 279\n his arguments condemned, iv. 14\n the sentence against him revoked, iv. 212\n Petit, John, the son of the public executioner at Paris,\n murdered, xi. 268\n Philibert de Vaudray, offers his services to the duke of Bedford, vii. 81\n Philip, the archduke, makes his public entry into Lyon, xii. 82\n dies at Burgos in Spain, xii. 105\n Philip, duke of Brabant, dies at Louvain, vi. 362\n Philip, count de Charolois, marries Michelle daughter to the king\n of France, i. 121\n his marriage opposed by the duke of Orleans, i. 123\n Philip, count de Nevers, espouses the sister of the count d'Eu, iii. 176\n is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Philip count de St Pol goes to Brussels, and arrests the ministers\n of the duke of Brabant, v. 220\n Philip of Savoy, detained prisoner by king Louis XI. notwithstanding\n his safe conduct, x. 161\n Phineas, commended for his conduct towards duke Zambray, i. 244\n Picard, the Petit, the king's commander at Nesle, hanged by the duke\n of Burgundy, xi. 127\n Picardy, the lords of, are prevented by the duke of Burgundy from\n obeying the king's summons to arm against the English, iv. 153\n Picards and Ghent men, encounter each other, ix. 248\n Picalomini, \u00c6neas Silvius, (pope Pius II.) dies, x. 378\n Piedmont, the princess of, meets Charles VIII. on his entry into\n Turin, xi. 390\n the prince of, sent by Louis XI. to open certain prisons\n at Paris, xi. 68\n dies at Orleans, xi. 116\n Pier-yves, lord de, ii. 23\n his speech to the Liegeois, ii. 29\n is killed in battle, ii. 35\n his head exposed on the point of a lance, ii. 38\n Pieruels, lord de, made governor of Liege, i. 176\n Pierrefons, the castle of, burnt, iii. 94\n Pierre de Regnault, forages the country round Abbeville, viii. 213\n is forced to dislodge from the castle of Mailly, viii. 343\n Pierre Floure, friar, preaches before Philip duke of Burgundy, v. 147\n Pietro della Luna, called Benedict XIII. i. 316\n Pillagers from the household of the king of France, commit depredations\n in the town of Haussy, viii. 272\n they are attacked by sir John de Croy, _ib._\n Pisa, council of, ii. 78, 89\n Pisa, council of, condemn the two rival popes Benedict and\n Gregory, ii. 90\n decisions of, ii. 96\n bishops, dukes, and ambassadors at, ii. 102\n some account of the city, ii. 103\n the ambassadors from Paris university to the council, write\n letters of what passed, ii. 105\n entrance of Charles VIII. into, xi. 410\n Pius II. succeeds pope Calixtus, ix. 425\n Pius III. pope, dies after reigning ten days, xii. 87\n Poitiers, ambassadors arrive at, from the duke of Brittany\n to Louis XI. x. 374\n Poitou, the county of, is given to John of Touraine, second\n son of the king, iii. 335\n the seneschal of, undertakes an expedition against the castle\n of Loigny, ix. 21\n Poland, a discussion arises between the king of, and the grand\n master of the Teutonic order in Prussia, ii. 153\n the king of, is skinned alive by the Saracens, viii. 399\n Pont-Audemer, captured by the French, ix. 9\n Pont de l'Arche, is taken from the English by the duke of\n Brittany, viii. 437\n Pont du St Esprit, siege of, by the dauphin, v. 205\n Pontorson, siege of, v. 208, 221\n Pontoise, is retaken by the English, vii. 400\n is besieged by Charles VII. viii. 280\n the duke of York marches an army to force the king to raise\n the siege, viii. 287\n the town is taken after an obstinate defence, viii. 300\n Pontoise, the town of, taken by the Bretons, x. 279\n Por\u00e9e, Martin, bishop of Arras, causes the sentence against\n master Jean Petit to be revoked, iv. 212\n Portugal, the king of, raises an army against the infidels, vi. 233\n the queen of, dies, viii. 402\n the king of, comes to solicit the aid of Louis XI. to recover\n the crown of Spain, xi. 239\n honours paid him at Paris, xi. 240\n Poton de Saintrailles, defeats the Burgundians near Guerbigny, vi. 390\n is made prisoner by the English, vii. 4\n Poulaine, the king of, his son killed in battle near Therouenne, xi. 314\n Poulcres castle, siege of, ix. 262\n Poussay, siege of, vii. 57\n Pragmatic sanction, abolished by king Louis XI. x. 94\n Prague, heretics of, v. 326, vi. 26\n Pr\u00e9aux, son of the lord de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186\n Precigny, the lord de, the commissioner of Louis XI. to settle\n differences with the confederate princes, x. 414\n Pregent, a French captain, defeats Howard the English admiral, xii. 158\n Prendergast, sir John, accepts the challenge of Michel d'Orris to\n single combat, i. 15\n his second letter to Michel d'Orris appointing the earl of Somerset\n judge of the combat, i. 18\n his third letter to the Arragonian esquire, complaining of not\n having received an answer, i. 20\n Prenestin, cardinal, commonly called the cardinal of Poitiers, preaches\n before the council of Pisa, ii. 99\n Prie, the lord de, with a body of Genoese, sacks Alexandria\n and other towns, xii. 180\n Prologue to the chronicles of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII. x. 355\n Protection-money, or black mail, viii. 257\n Protestus du Tabouret, a Hussite heretic, is slain, vii. 151\n Provins en Brie, the town and castle of, are won by the English\n and Burgundians, vii. 152\n Prussia, invaded by the infidels, ii. 172\n Quarrel between the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans, i. 44\n between the dukes of Brabant and Holland, ii. 66\n Quesnes, sir Peter de, attacks Mondidier, ii. 305\n Quesnoy, a mortal combat fought at, i. 124\n siege of the castle of, by sir John de Luxembourg, v. 323\n Quex, John de, is killed by a fall from his horse, v. 279\n Quieret, sir Boors, lord of Henchin, taken prisoner at the battle\n of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Quieret, sir Peter, lord of Hamecourt, taken prisoner at the\n battle of Azincourt, _ib._\n Quieret, sir Gauvain, a renowned knight in arms, dies, x. 98\n Quiers, handsome entertainment of Charles VIII. at, xi. 396\n Raguier, John, his exploits at a tournament at Paris, xi. 65\n Ragnier, Raymond, complaint against, iii. 102\n Ragonnet de Picul is sawn in twain for his steadfastness in the\n Christian faith, vi. 165\n Rambouillet castle, siege of, vi. 162\n Rambures, lord de, taken prisoner, i. 130\n Rambures, the lord de, master of the cross bows, slain at the\n battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Rambures castle won by the French, vii. 3\n Rampstone, sir Thomas, waits on the duke of Bedford at Paris, vi. 107\n Raoul, sir, de Gaucourt, is put to death by the commonalty\n of Rouen, iv. 281\n Raoul, sir, de Neele, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 187\n Rasse Rouven, made commander of the Ghent men, viii. 71\n his commission is signed by the duke of Burgundy, viii. 74\n Raullin, Nicholas, death and character of, x. 95\n Ravenna, an extraordinary monster born at, xii. 128\n Ravenstein, the lady of, niece to the duchess of Burgundy, dies, x. 98\n Raymonnet, sir, de la Guerre, overthrown by the foreign companies in\n the service of the duke of Burgundy, iv. 287\n Recourt, Pierre de, quartered and hung at Paris, vi. 96\n Regent, the, an English ship set on fire by the Cordeliere, xii. 146\n Reginald, sir, de Corbie, is dismissed from his office of chancellor\n of France, iii. 175\n R\u00e9n\u00e9 d'Anjou, marriage of, v. 239\n Retz, the lord de, is accused and convicted of sorcery, viii. 298\n Reubempr\u00e9, the bastard de, sent to Holland to take the count de\n Charolois, x. 169\n is arrested himself, x. 172\n particulars of the capture, x. 373\n Ribemont, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, viii. 262\n Richemont, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 194\n Richmond, heir of, sacks many towns in the Ardennes, vii. 186\n Richemont, the count de, gains the town of Meaux in Brie, from the\n English, viii 156\n Rieux, the marshal de, is defeated by the Burgundians at Paris, v. 14\n takes many towns and castles from the English in Normandy, vii. 301\n Riots, in various parts on account of the debasement of the new\n coinage for the siege of Calais, viii. 70\n Ris, doctor Michael, his reply to the harangue of Michael Toure\n at Milan, xii. 62\n Riviere, sir James de la, death of, iii. 174\n Robert, sir, de Bar, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Roche, the lord de la, married to the princess of Tarente, xii. 69\n Rodemac, the youth of, ix. 418\n Roderigo de Villandras is compelled to make war on the English, viii. 114\n Rolin, Nicholas, harangues the two kings Charles VI. and Henry V.\n respecting the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 235\n Rollet d'Auctonville, principal of the assassins of the duke of\n Orleans, i. 195\n escapes with his accomplices from Paris, i. 203\n Rome, entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 417\n a jubilee celebrated at, by pope Alexander VII. xii. 44\n Roos, the lord, is killed at the battle of Baugey, v. 263\n Rouen, an insurrection at, iv. 280\n the dauphin of France arrives at, iv. 283\n submits to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 386\n is besieged by the English, v. 40\n demands succour against the English, v. 54\n a large army is collected to raise the siege, v. 60\n distressed for provisions, the inhabitants send another\n embassy to the king for succour, v. 61\n surrendered to the English, v. 69\n the castle is nearly taken by the French, vii. 59\n attacked by Charles VII. ix. 55, 56\n surrenders, ix. 66\n is entered by the king, ix. 75\n Roullet castle is taken from the men of the lord de Moy, viii. 110\n Roussy, the count de, is made prisoner, ii. 347\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186\n Roussy, the count de, and several other great lords, taken prisoners\n by the duke of Bourbon, xi. 190\n conducted prisoner from Bourges to Montils les Tours, xi. 207\n Roux, Robert le, ii. 26\n Roye, the inhabitants of, swear never again to admit the Orleans\n party, ii. 296\n Roye, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Roye, siege of, v. 154\n Rully, de Maurice, iii. 109\n Rue, the town of, is gained from the English, vii. 195\n taken possession of by the English, vi. 42\n Rupelmonde, battle of, between the duke of Burgundy and\n the Ghent men, ix. 218\n Rutland, earl of, hung in effigy by the count de St Pol, i. 86\n Rutland, duke of, iii. 220\n Sainct-Cler, sir Brunelet de, nominated provost of Paris, ii. 203\n Saint Maxence, the abbot of, his letter to the bishop of Poitiers\n on the election of Peter of Candia pope, ii. 91\n Saint Martin le Gaillart, siege of, v. 109\n Saint Remy du Plain, battle of, iii. 30\n Saint Severe, the town and castle of, are conquered by\n Charles VII. viii. 337\n Salerno, the prince of, makes war on the pope, vii. 104\n Salernum, the prince of, attends the triumphal entry of\n Charles VIII. into Naples, xii. 16\n Salisbury, the earl of, arrives in France with reinforcements for\n the duke of Bedford, vi 228\n conquers Gergeau, and other places near Orleans, vi. 232\n Salisbury, the earl of, besieges the town of Orleans, vi. 234\n he is slain, vi. 237\n Salmes, the heir of, killed in battle, ii. 35\n Sausien, master, and the messenger from Pietro della Luna, pilloried\n at Paris, i. 327\n Santa Croce, the cardinal of, is sent by the pope to France to\n negotiate a peace between the contending parties, vii. 76\n the cardinals of, attend the convention at Arras, vii. 211\n Santoise, the country of, is invaded by the English, viii. 181\n Santrailles, Poton de, seneschal of the Bordelois, dies, x. 89\n Saracen fleet combated by the king of Spain, i. 323\n Saracens, the, return to Cyprus, and conquer the king, vi. 182\n defeat the king of Poland near the black sea, viii. 399\n Saramie, John de, beheaded, ii. 40\n Sardonne, count de, i. 97\n Sancerre, the town and castle of, taken, iii. 61\n Saveuses, Hector de, attacks and plunders the town of Cambray, iv. 149\n murders sir Elyon de Jacqueville, iv. 369\n is defeated at the castle of Brelle, iv. 382\n is again defeated by the Dauphinois, vi. 86\n Saveuses, the lord de, is made prisoner by the French, vi. 318\n is defeated by the English near the town of Dours, viii. 258\n Saveuses, the lord de, his proceedings after the battle of\n Montlehery, x. 264\n escorts a sum of money from the duke of Burgundy to the count\n de Charolois, x. 273\n Savoisy, sir Charles de, and the provost of Paris, their quarrel\n with the university of Paris, i. 91\n is severely punished for his servant's attack on the university, i. 93\n his brave conduct during his exile and return to France, _ib._\n Savonarola, friar Jerome, foretels the invasion of Italy by\n Charles VIII. xi. 384\n Savoy, the duke of, war is declared against him by Charles VII. ix. 198\n Savoy, lady Charlotte of, her marriage with the dauphin\n consummated, ix. 408\n delivered of a son, who is baptized by the name of Joachim, x. 43\n Scales, lord, marches to the aid of the lord de l'Isle-Adam,\n at Paris, vii. 207\n Scales, an English herald, made prisoner, and many letters\n found on him, xi. 189\n Scas de Courteheuze conspires against the duke of Orleans, i. 192\n Scotland, the prince of Wales's expedition to, i. 189\n the queen of, dies, viii. 402\n two of the king's daughters arrive in France, viii. 505\n is twice invaded by the English, ix. 10\n king of, mortally wounded by the bursting of a cannon, x. 43\n the king of, enters England and is slain in battle, xii. 154\n Scotsman, the Little, is hung by order of the duke of Burgundy, viii. 375\n Scrope, lord, beheaded, iv. 141\n Segnot, William, knighted by the emperor of Germany, iv. 217\n Senamy, Marc, his exploits at a tournament at Paris, xi. 66\n Senlis, siege of, iv. 182, 393, 395\n Sens, the archbishop of, arrested, ii. 134\n escapes by a stratagem, _ib._\n banished the realm, ii. 136\n joins the Armagnacs, ii 311\n Sens, siege of, v. 198\n Sergius, the monk, apostatized through covetousness, i. 241\n Servolles, sir Philip de, besieges the castle of Moyennes, ii. 343\n Sforza, cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke of Milan, is made\n prisoner and carried to France, xii. 51\n Sforza, Ludovico, incites Charles VIII. to recover the kingdom\n of Naples, xi. 383\n visits the king at Asti, xi. 399\n regains Milan from Louis XII. xii. 46\n made prisoner before Novara and carried to France, xii. 47\n brought to Lyon and confined, xii. 69\n Sforza, Maximilian, besieged in Milan, surrenders to Francis I. xii. 193\n Shepherd, Rev. W. his translation of the verses on the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 198\n his translation of the complainings of the poor commonalty and\n labourers of France, v. 352\n Shrewsbury, the earl of, retakes Bordeaux from the French, ix. 200\n besieges Fronsac, ix. 297\n assembles a large force to raise the siege of Ch\u00e2tillon, ix. 299\n Shrewsbury, the earl of, is slain, ix. 302, 303\n Sicily, Louis, king of, enters Paris, ii. 149\n his eldest son marries the daughter of the duke of Burgundy, ii 157\n meets his rival king Ladislaus, ii. 159\n meets pope John, ii, 167\n attaches himself to the king against the Armagnacs, iii. 7\n leaves Paris, iii. 28\n comes to assist the king of France at the siege of Bourges, iii. 75\n sends back the daughter of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 264\n on the death of Ladislaus, sends the marshal of France\n to Naples, iv. 79\n is threatened by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 203\n Sicily, the king of, negotiates with the duke of Burgundy for his\n liberty, vii. 398\n comes to Ch\u00e2lons to treat for his ransom, viii. 401\n waits on the king of France at Louviers, ix. 49\n with his queen, visits Louis XI. at Tours and Amboise, xi. 90\n waits on the king at Lyon and procures the ransom of queen\n Margaret of England, xi. 232, 233\n Sigismond, king of Hungary, marries the sister of the queen\n of Poland, ii. 155\n Sigismund of Bohemia is elected emperor of Germany, iv. 73\n Sigismund of Bohemia, names of the dukes, prelates, counts, barons,\n &c. present at his coronation, iv. 75\n arrives at Paris, iv. 215\n embarks for England, iv. 216\n arrives in London, iv. 224\n he, and the king of England come to Calais, iv. 247\n raises an army against the heretics of Prague, v. 326\n Sixtus IV. succeeds pope Paul II. xi. 120\n excommunicates the city of Florence in revenge for the execution\n of the Pazzi conspirators, xi. 273\n sends a legate to the king of France and to the duke of\n Austria, xi. 293\n Skinners, certain French marauders, so nicknamed, viii. 60, 109\n Sohier Bunaige, fights a combat with M. Bournecte, i. 125\n is slain, i. 126\n Soissons, rebellion at, iii. 136\n Soissons, the town of, besieged and taken by storm by the\n king's army, iv. 27\n it is pillaged and destroyed, iv. 29\n the king gives orders for its rebuilding, iv. 34\n is conquered by La Hire, vii. 395\n curious conspiracy of a rector and a sorceress at, x. 50\n Somerset, the earl of, besieges Harfleur, viii. 200\n commits great waste in Anjou, viii. 349\n returns to Rouen, viii. 350\n Somerset, the duke of, has an interview with Charles VII.\n at Rouen, ix. 68\n Somerset, the duke of, he is besieged in the government palace\n at Rouen, ix. 70\n surrenders, ix. 74\n slain in battle against the duke of York, ix. 359\n Somerset, duke of, banished by king Edward, takes refuge in France, x. 92\n Sorel, Agnes. See Agnes the fair.\n Sores, the lord de, with three hundred men at arms, secretly attempts\n to seize the king of Sicily, iv. 231\n Spain, the queen of, dies during the sitting of the council\n of Pisa, ii. 77\n the queen of, dies, viii. 402\n alliance of with France proclaimed at Paris, xi. 91\n an embassy arrives from, at Paris, xi. 312\n Spurs, the battle of, xii. 153\n Stafford, earl of, dies, iv. 145\n St Amand, fire at the town of, vi. 74\n St Basil, anecdote of, Julian, i. 237\n his vision concerning the death of Julian, i. 238\n St Cloud, given up to Charles, duke of Orleans, ii. 313\n fierce engagement at, ii. 330\n St Dennis, the abbot of, set at liberty from the Louvre, ii. 18\n St Denis, town of, is taken from the English by\n sir John Foulcault, vii. 205\n is retaken by the English, vii. 283\n St Dizier, capture of, v. 350\n St Emilion, taken by the French, ix. 305\n St Germain d'Auxerre, the dean of, arrested by the university\n of Paris, i. 319\n St George, the cardinal of, confined at Florence for conspiring\n with the Pazzi, xi. 273\n St Jacques de Beuvron, siege of, ix. 16\n St James de Beuvron, the town of, besieged, vi. 217\n Stine, a young girl of Hame in Westphalia pretends to have the\n wounds of our Lord in her hands, feet, and side, xi. 121\n St Lo, siege of, ix. 39\n St Maigrin, taken by the French, viii. 444\n St Martin, castle of, surprized by some captains belonging to\n sir John of Luxembourg, vii. 1\n St Omer, the town of, taken by the lord des Cordes, xi. 373\n St Pietro ad vincula, the cardinal de, legate from the pope,\n arrives at Paris, xi. 320\n elected Pope, by the name of Julius II. xii. 88\n St Pol, count de, dies suddenly, and is succeeded by Louis\n de Luxembourg, vii. 134\n his misunderstanding with the duke of Burgundy, ix. 406\n summoned before king Louis XI. pacifies him, x. 159\n commands the van of the army of count Charolois, x. 236, 240\n St Riquier, siege of, v. 284\n St Severin, siege of, vii. 174\n St Tron, treaty of, between the Liegeois and the count de\n Charolois, x. 309\n inhabitants of, attempt to murder the count's men but are\n overpowered, x. 313\n Stuart, sir Robert, is hung for aiding in the murder of James I. viii. 3\n St Valery, siege of, v. 346\n is reconquered by the count d'Estampes, vii. 164\n St Valery, the town of, is won by the French, vii. 115, 153\n Suffolk, the earl of, succeeds the earl of Salisbury in the\n command at the siege of Orleans, vi. 237\n is taken prisoner at Gergeau, vi. 504\n Suffolk, the marquis of, is imprisoned in the tower by the populace\n of London, viii. 431\n is liberated by the king, and afterwards beheaded, viii. 432, 433\n Suffolk, the duke of, is killed by the partisans of the duke of\n Somerset, ix. 116\n Surienne, sir Francis de, called the Arragonian, takes the town and\n castle of Fougares, viii. 427\n Swiss, the, defeat the duke of Burgundy at Granson, xi. 228\n take possession of Milan, xii. 138\n defeat the French army at Novara, xii. 148\n are pursued by Francis I. with his whole army, xii. 179\n Symon, St, and another crucified by the Jews, xi. 274\n Tabary, a noted robber, v. 38\n Talbot, the lord, arrives in France and conquers many castles, vii. 161\n sir Thomas Kiriel and other captains conquer Longueville and\n many other castles from the French, viii. 94\n Tamerlane invades the dominions of Bajazet, i. 106\n Tancarville, the count de, harangues the French council on the\n state of the nation, ii. 144\n Tanneguy, sir, is sent from Montereau-faut-Yonne to summon the\n duke of Burgundy to attend the dauphin, v. 114\n murders the duke, v. 121\n Tartas, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, viii. 337\n Thomelaire, the adventurer, takes the castle of Passavaul, vii. 104\n Thomas de Sarzana. See Nicholas V.\n Thomelin de Brie, beheaded, iii. 175\n Therouenne, besieged by the English and Hainaulters, xii. 151\n capitulates to the English, xii. 157\n Three estates, assembly of, at Tours, under Louis XI. question\n agitated there, xi. 62\n Thurey, cardinal de, arrives at Paris as ambassador from pope\n Alexander V. ii. 149\n object of his embassy, ii. 151\n Titet, master John, beheaded, iv. 33\n Tignouville, the lord de, arrested, ii. 134\n Tigouville, sir William de, causes two clerks of the Paris university\n to be gibbeted, i. 94\n is compelled to kiss the dead bodies, _ib._\n Tollemache de Sainte Coulonne, i. 96\n is very severely struck by the seneschal of Hainault, i. 100\n Tonnellier, Chariot le, a thief, while going to the torture, cuts\n out his tongue, xi. 84\n Torcy castle, is taken by the French, vi. 300\n Toumelaire, an adventurer so called, besieges the castle of\n Champigneux, vi. 361\n Tournament at Brussels, vi. 244\n near Dijon, by some knights and gentlemen of the duke of\n Burgundy's household, viii. 351\n Tournament at Brussels, the challenges for it, viii. 352\n articles for the deeds of arms on foot, viii. 355\n Touraine, John, duke of, marries Jacqueline de Baviere, i. 162\n the county of Poitou is given to him, iii. 135\n has the county of Poitou and the duchy of Berry conferred on\n him by the king, iv. 226\n See Charolois, the count de.\n Tournay, two masters of arts are sent to, to persuade the inhabitants\n to be loyal towards the dauphin, vi. 82\n the inhabitants of, rebel against their magistrates, vi. 97\n the townsmen of, again rebel, vi. 231\n dissentions respecting the promotion to the bishoprick vacant by\n the death of John de Toisy, vii. 118\n capitulates to the English, xii. 157\n Tours en Porcien, castle taken by sir John of Luxembourg, vii. 55\n Tours, embassy at, from Hungary to the king of France, ix. 409\n Touse, Michael, town advocate of Milan, his harangue, xii. 55\n Touteville, the cardinal de, is sent from the pope to France\n respecting peace, ix. 191\n Traitors may be put to death without law, i. 260\n ought to be slain by those nearest of kin to the king, i. 273\n it is lawful to kill them clandestinely, i. 276\n Treason, the greatest of crimes, i. 234, 257\n various kinds of, i. 281\n Treasury of Savings office, iii. 108\n Treaty for settling the affairs of the bishoprick of Liege, ii. 45, 59\n Tries, sir Patroullars de, slain, i. 105\n Trimouille, the lord de, marries the widow of the duke of Berry, iv. 246\n Trimouille, sir John de la, marries the damsel of Rochebaron, vi. 111\n Trimouille, the lord de, is arrested in the king's palace, vii. 137\n Trimouille, the lord de la, sent to negociate with the Swiss, xii. 150\n Trivulce, the damsel, xii. 109\n Tronquoy in Picardy, taken by the king's troops and razed to\n the ground, xi. 186\n Troullart de Moncaurel, is attacked by a party of Armagnacs, ii. 325\n Truce concluded between England and France, i. 188\n Turin, magnificent reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 395\n Turks, the, besiege Rhodes, and being repulsed invade\n Tythes of the French church, ii. 210\n Ursin Talvande, master, harangues against Pietro della Luna, i. 328, 330\n Usson Cassan, conquered by the sophi of Persia, xii. 94\n Utrecht, bishop of, dies, ix. 355\n the duke of Burgundy's bastard son David succeeds him, ix. 372\n Vailly, John de, is appointed chancellor to the duke of\n Acquitaine, iii. 134\n is forcibly seized by the Parisians, iii. 147\n Valentinois, the duke of, (C\u00e6sar Borgia) makes his public entry\n into Lyon, xii. 43\n Valognes, surrenders to sir Thomas Kiriel, ix. 106\n Valoux, Regnault de, executed for forming conspiracies\n against the king, xi. 202\n Vaucourt, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of\n Azincourt, iv. 194\n Vaucourt, sir Louis de, is made prisoner by the English, vii. 4\n Vaudemont, the country of, invaded by the duke of Bar, vii. 29\n Vaudemont, the count de, ii. 270\n slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185\n Vaudemont, the count de, combats and defeats the duke of Bar, vii. 40\n is taken prisoner at the instigation of the duke of Burgundy, xi. 153\n Vaudoisie, a nocturnal meeting of sorcerers, x. 44\n Vauperte, a master of the, condemned to be hanged, xi. 393\n Vaudome, the count de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194\n Venetians defeated by the French at Agnadello, xii. 113\n make peace with Louis VII. xii. 155\n Verchin, John de, sends a challenge into divers countries,\n proposing a deed of arms, i. 49\n resolves on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James at\n Compostella, i. 52\n Verchin, John de, performs deeds of arms in seven places during\n his pilgrimage, i. 54\n Verde, Sente, companions of the, ix. 246, 249\n Verdun, the bishop of, harangues at the council of Pisa, in favour\n of pope Gregory, ii. 94\n his arguments replied to, ii. 99\n Vergy, lord de, ii. 23\n Vergy, sir John du, and sir Anthony, quarrel with the lord de\n Ch\u00e2teau-Vilains, vii. 109\n Verneuil, battle of, vi. 189\n is taken by a miller whom an Englishman had beaten, ix. 4\n the king enters, ix. 20\n Vernon, submits to Charles VII. ix. 24\n Verses found on the king's bed after his return from mass in the\n Vertus, the count de, and several of the nobility leave Paris, iii. 165\n Vervins, the town of, is treacherously taken by sir Cluget\n de Brabant, iii. 45\n is besieged and retaken, iii. 47\n Viefville, the lord de, arrested and imprisoned, iii. 213\n Villain, John, his courageous behaviour at the battle of Mons, v. 300\n Villars, the viscount of, dies, xi. 96\n Villefranche, the town of, is attacked by the Burgundians, vii. 171\n Villeneuve-le-Roi, taken by scalado, v. 205\n is retaken by the Dauphinois, v. 258\n is again surrendered to the English, v. 305, 316\n Vire, the English are defeated at, ix. 91\n Vitout, John, governor of Metz, viii. 397\n Voltri, dreadful riot at, ii. 86\n Waes, county of, is invaded by the duke of Burgundy, ix. 210\n Waleran, the count de St Pol lands a large force in the\n Isle of Wight, i. 115\n is deceived by a priest of the island, _ib._\n marches an army before the castle of Mercq, where he is beaten\n by the English, i. 126\n sends an especial summons throughout Picardy for an assembly of\n men at arms, i. 132\n is deprived of his command, _ib._\n made grand butler of France, ii. 192\n is sent against the Armagnacs, ii. 337\n assembles a large armed force at Vernon sur Seine, iii. 12\n marches into the Boulonois, iii. 49\n meets in council at Lille with the duke of Burgundy, iii. 231\n receives letters, ordering him up to Paris to resign his\n constable's sword, _ib._\n refuses to obey, _ib._\n another embassy is sent to him, iii. 236\n still refuses to obey, iii. 244\n has a severe fall from his horse, which he uses as a pretext\n not to fight, iv. 25\n is abused by a skirmishing party during the siege of Arras, iv. 52\n marches about 600 combatants into the duchy of Luxembourg, iv. 88\n dies at Yvoix, iv. 121\n Wales, the prince of, said to wage war against the Scots, i. 189\n succeeds to the throne of England on the death of Henry\n of Lancaster, iii. 139\n Warwick, the earl of, attends the council of Constance, iv. 91\n drives the French from several places they had won, x. 120\n visits Louis XI. at Rouen, xi. 32\n banished from England by king Edward, comes to France, xi. 97\n returns to England and heads an army against king Edward, xi. 103\n reinstates Henry VI. xi. 105\n slain in battle against Edward IV. xi. 115\n Watelin Tieulier, makes war on the count de Vaudemont, viii. 92\n Widows and orphans merit peculiar protection, ii. 2\n Wiege castle, siege of, vi. 76\n Wight, Isle of, invaded by the French, i. 115\n freed by the cunning of a priest, _ib._\n William, duke, count of Hainault, mortal combat before, i. 125\n swears friendship towards the duke of Burgundy, iv. 251\n carries his son in law the dauphin of France to Compi\u00e8gne,\n where he dies, iv. 254, 255\n William le Begue murdered, v. 36\n William VI. earl of Douglas is barbarously murdered, viii. 7\n Willoughby, the lord, death of, iv. 145\n lays siege to the town of St Severin, vii. 174\n Winchester, bishop of, sent ambassador to France, i. 158\n Winchester, the peace of, ii. 200\n the palace of, destroyed, ii. 318\n Winchester, the cardinal of, attends the convention at Arras, vii. 232\n leaves Arras, vii. 340\n Witchcraft, the crime of high treason, i. 279\n Woodville, sir Richard, marries the duchess of Bedford without\n a licence, and is fined 1000 to the king, vii. 397\n Wool, great distress for the want of in Flanders, viii. 70\n Worcester, battle between the Welsh and English, near, i. 104\n Worthies, nine, who, vii. 43\n Xancoins, master John de, is convicted of peculation,\n and punished, ix. 153\n York, the duke of, is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 182\n York, the duke of, marches an army to force the king of France\n to raise the siege of Pontoise, viii. 287\n follows the king of France to Mauisson, viii. 294\n advances in battle array before Poissy, viii. 296\n seizes the government of England, ix. 349\n defeats the king and the duke of Somerset, ix. 359\n made prisoner by queen Margaret and beheaded, ix. 49\n Ysambert D'Azincourt, iv. 181\n Yvain Graindos, a corruption of Owen Glendower, iii. 145\n Yvetot, the king of, dies at Lyon, xii. 71\n Zambray, Simeon of, one of the twelve tribes of Israel,\n cause of his apostacy, i. 242\n Zealand, inundation in, caused by the breaking of the dykes, xi. 84\n Zeneuberche, siege of, vi. 178\nTHE END.\nH. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London.\nTranscriber's Note:\nOriginal spelling, including any inconsistencies, has been retained.\nonly 9 are available on Project Gutenberg.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 12 [of 13]\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n_H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriers, London._\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC, _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART\n finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII, _and continued by\n others to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES VOL. VIII.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER\n ROW; AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE EIGHTH VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n James I. king of Scotland is murdered in\n his bed-chamber during the night by\n his uncle the earl of Athol.--Other matters 1\n CHAP. II.\n La Hire, Poton, with many other french\n captains, are near taking Rouen. They\n are attacked and defeated by the English,\n who surprise them in their quarters 11\n CHAP. III.\n The town of Bruges rebels against its lord\n and his officers.--A great conflict and\n CHAP. IV.\n The bastard de la Hire makes an excursion\n through the countries of Peronne,\n Roye, and Mondidier, where he commits\n CHAP. V.\n King Charles of France orders his captains to\n reconquer some towns and castles from\n the English.--He marches in person against\n Montereau-faut-Yonne, and recaptures\n CHAP. VI.\n The men of Bruges make frequent excursions\n from their town, and lay the low\n countries under contributions 31\n CHAP. VII.\n The English recover the town of F\u00eacamp in\n CHAP. VIII.\n The lord d'Offemont makes La Hire his prisoner\n while he was playing at ball at Beauvais 35\n CHAP. IX.\n Charles king of France makes his first entry\n into Paris after its reduction,--the preparations\n CHAP. X.\n The commonalty of Bruges become more\n moderate in their proceedings, and send\n ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy to\n CHAP. XI.\n The lord d'Auxy and sir Florimont de Brimeu,\n seneschal of Ponthieu and of Abbeville,\n CHAP. XII.\n A large body of men at arms, under the command\n of several French captains, harrass\n the country of Hainault.--They are nicknamed\n CHAP. XIII.\n CHAP. XIV.\n The populace of Ghent again take up arms,\n excited thereto by the artisans 66\n CHAP. XV.\n Peace concluded between the duke of Burgundy\n CHAP XVI.\n War recommences between the duchy of Bar\n CHAP. XVII.\n Famine, war, and pestilence, rage in many\n CHAP. XVIII.\n Lord Talbot, sir Thomas Kiriel, and other\n English captains, conquer Longueville, and\n many more castles, from the French 95\n CHAP. XIX.\n A treaty of marriage is concluded between\n the eldest son to the king of Navarre and\n the princess of Cleves, niece to the duke\n CHAP. XX.\n The towns and castles of Montargis and\n Chevreuse submit to the obedience of king\n CHAP. XXI.\n A quarrel arises between Pope Eugenius and\n the council of Basil.--Other matters 99\n CHAP. XXII.\n The count d'Eu, who had been prisoner in\n England since the battle of Azincourt,\n obtains his liberty, and returns to France.--He\n CHAP. XXIII.\n La Hire, Blanchefort, and others of king\n Charles's captains make excursions into\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The count d'Estampes recovers the castle\n of Roullet from the men of the lord de\n CHAP. XXV.\n A meeting is held between Calais and Gravelines\n between the Cardinal of England\n and the duchess of Burgundy, to deliberate\n on the means of establishing a lasting\n peace between France and England 112\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The king of France compels Roderigo de\n Villandras, who was committing great\n waste on his territories, to march away\n CHAP. XXVII.\n Pope Eugenius sends bulls to divers parts of\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n Sir John de Luxembourg, in consequence of\n being in the ill graces of the duke of Burgundy,\n sends letters to the knights of the\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The count de Richemont, constable of\n France, gains the town of Meaux in Brie\n CHAP. XXX.\n Sir John de Luxembourg sends letters to exculpate\n himself, to the great council of the\n duke of Burgundy.--Their contents 161\n CHAP. XXXI.\n King Charles of France sends the princess\n Catherine, his daughter, to the duke of\n Burgundy, conformably to the treaty of\n marriage agreed on with the count de\n CHAP. XXXII.\n The bastard of Bourbon takes the town of\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n Many noble ambassadors from the kings of\n France and England meet between Gravelines\n and Calais, to hold a conference on\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n The English make an excursion into the\n country of Santois, where they gain the\n castle of Folleville, and commit many ravages\n CHAP. XXXV.\n The Dauphin, the duke of Bourbon, and\n many of the great lords quit in disgust\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n The French overrun the lands of Neel, belonging\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The earl of Somerset besieges Harfleur with\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n A very great lord in Brittany, called the\n lord of Retz, is accused and convicted of\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n Pierre de Regnault, bastard-brother to La\n Hire, goes on a foraging party to the\n CHAP. XL.\n Ambassadors from France, England, and\n Burgundy, meet at Calais. To treat of a\n CHAP. XLI.\n The Barrois and Lorrainers overrun the\n county of Vaudemont, where they commit\n CHAP. XLII.\n The duke of Orleans obtains his liberty by\n means of the duke of Burgundy, and marries\n the lady of Cleves, niece to the said\n CHAP. XLIII.\n The king of France goes to Troyes in\n Champagne. Several towns and forts submit\n CHAP. XLIV.\n The English in the castle of Folleville do\n much damage to the country round Amiens.\n They defeat some Picard lords and\n CHAP. XLV.\n Some of the garrisons of the count de St Pol\n rob the king of France's servants as they\n were conducting warlike stores from the\n city of Tournay. The reparation the\n count de St Pol makes for this conduct 260\n CHAP. XLVI.\n The duchess of Burgundy waits on the king\n of France at Laon, to make some requests\n CHAP. XLVII.\n The duchess of Burgundy leaves king\n Charles at Laon, and returns to the duke\n CHAP. XLVIII.\n The fortress of Montaigu, belonging to the\n lord of Commercy, is destroyed, and\n razed to the ground, by orders from the\n CHAP. XLIX.\n The king of France lays siege to, and conquers,\n CHAP. L.\n The king of France marches to besiege the\n CHAP. LI.\n The duke of York, governor of Normandy\n for the king of England, marches an army\n to Pontoise, to force the king of France to\n CHAP. LII.\n The duke of Orleans returns to the duke\n CHAP. LIII.\n Remonstrances are sent to king Charles of\n France by the nobles assembled at Nevers 305\n CHAP. LIV.\n The answers of the king of France and of\n his great council to the remonstrances of\n the nobles of France assembled at Nevers 306\n CHAP. LV.\n King Charles assembles a large body of men\n at arms, and marches them to Tartas,\n where, however, the English do not appear 333\n CHAP. LVI.\n The king of France, after gaining Tartas,\n comes before Saint Severe, and conquers\n that town and castle, with some others in\n CHAP. LVII.\n Pierre de Regnault is forced to dislodge from\n CHAP. LVIII.\n The king of France assembles a large army\n to march into Normandy.--The earl of\n Somerset makes some conquests from the\n CHAP. LIX.\n Some knights and gentlemen of the duke of\n Burgundy's court hold a tournament near\n CHAP. LX.\n The challenges for this tournament and\n CHAP. LXI.\n Here follow the articles for the deeds of\n CHAP. LXII.\n The duke of Burgundy sends the count d'Estampes,\n with a large body of men at\n arms, into the duchy of Luxembourg 359\n CHAP. LXIII.\n The duke of Burgundy reduces the duchy\n CHAP. LXIV.\n Some of the Dauphin's men, having advanced\n into Burgundy, are attacked and\n defeated by the marshal of Burgundy 377\n CHAP. LXV.\n A truce is concluded between the kings of\n England and France, and with all the allies\n CHAP. LXVI.\n The English prolong the truce for eight\n months.--The king of England is betrothed\n to the daughter of R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of\n Sicily.--The king of Sicily demands succours\n CHAP. LXVII.\n The king of Sicily meets the king of France\n at Ch\u00e2lons, to treat with the duke of\n Burgundy respecting his ransom.--The\n duchess of Burgundy comes thither.--After\n the deaths of the queens of Spain and\n Portugal, the king of France sends an embassy\n CHAP. LXVIII.\n In the year MCCCCXLVI. When the king of\n France returned from hearing mass, he\n found on his bed the following ditty 405\n CHAP. LXIX.\n The duke of Brittany puts his brother, the\n lord Giles, to death.--The Genoese send\n an embassy to the king of France, to offer\n him their sovereignty.--The event 407\n CHAP. LXX.\n The king of France, on the death of pope\n Eugenius, has a grand council held at Lyons,\n whither came many ambassadors from\n Germany, England and other parts, to restore\n union in the church and put an end\n CHAP. LXXI.\n The duke of Orleans receives from the hands\n of the duke of Milan his uncle, the county\n of Asti in Piedmont.--The king of\n France besieges the city of Mans, which\n CHAP. LXXII.\n The king of France sends ambassadors to\n Pope Nicholas V.--The town of Final is besieged\n by the Genoese.--It is revictualled\n by sea.--The duke of Orleans makes preparations\n CHAP. LXIII.\n Sir Francis de Surienne, called the Arragonian,\n takes the town and castle of Fougeres,\n belonging to the duke of Brittany, notwithstanding\n the truce between the kings\n of France and of England.--The great\n CHAP. LXXIV.\n The populace of London rise against the\n king's officers.--They inhumanly murder\n the bishop of Glocester, and imprison the\n marquis of Suffolk,--but the king sets\n CHAP. LXXV.\n Three malefactors, two men and one woman,\n are condemned to death by the\n CHAP. LXXVI.\n In consequence of the capture of Fougeres,\n the allies of the duke of Brittany gain\n the town and castle of Pont de l'Arche\n from the English.--Gerberoy is afterwards\nHERE BEGINNETH\nTHE EIGHTH VOLUME\nOF THE\nCHRONICLES\nOF\n_ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\n JAMES I. KING OF SCOTLAND IS MURDERED IN HIS BED-CHAMBER DURING THE\n NIGHT BY HIS UNCLE THE EARL OF ATHOL.--OTHER MATTERS.\nAbout this time, a very cruel and surprising event took place in\nScotland, while the king resided at Perth in the middle of his realm,\nand held his court at an abbey of Jacobins, situated on the river Tay,\na conspiracy was formed against his life by some who hated him. The\nleader was his own uncle the earl of Athol[1].\nThe earl came to Perth the second Wednesday in Lent, which was one of\nthe ember weeks, accompanied by about thirty men, and, an hour after\nmidnight made for the king's bed-chamber, who was unsuspicious of what\nwas intended. They instantly broke open the door, and having gained\nan entrance, most barbarously assassinated him with upward of thirty\nwounds, some of which went through his heart. During this transaction,\nhis queen, sister to the earl of Somerset, endeavoured to save him, but\nwas villainously wounded in two places by some of the murderers. When\nthe deed was done, they hurried away, to save themselves by flight.\nThe cries of the queen, and of her attendants, soon made the matter\npublicly known throughout the palace and town, when crowds hastened\nto the king's bed-chamber, where they found him mangled and dead, and\nthe queen wounded. Great sorrow and lamentations were shown on the\noccasion,--and on the morrow the king was interred at the Carthusians.\nShortly after, the nobles and great lords of Scotland were summoned,\nand agreed with the queen, that the murderers should be immediately\npursued, which was instantly executed,--and the assassins were\narrested, and put to death in various ways, and with divers torments.\nThe earl of Athol, as principal, although uncle to the king, had\nhis belly cut open, his bowels taken out and burnt before his face:\nhis body was then quartered, and the four parts sent to four of the\ngreatest towns of the realm. Sir Robert Stuart, having been very\nactive in the business, was hung on a gibbet and then quartered. Sir\nRobert Graham was put into a cart, having a gallows erected within\nit, to which was fastened one of his hands, namely, that with which\nhe had assassinated the king, and thus led through the streets. He\nwas surrounded by three executioners, who kept pinching his thighs,\nand other parts of his body, with red hot pincers, and was afterwards\nquartered. All the rest were horribly tormented before they were\nexecuted; and this act of justice was done within forty days of the\nking's murder.\nThe reason of the earl of Athol's committing this atrocious deed\nwas, that on the king's return from his imprisonment in England,\nwhere he had been for a long time detained, as mentioned in my first\nbook of this history, he had put to death many great lords, (as well\nthose related to him by blood as others) who had been members of the\nregency during his absence, for not having exerted themselves more\nexpeditiously for his ransom. In this number were some very near\nrelatives to the earl of Athol, who, though before this act he kept up\nthe appearance of loyalty, had for a considerable time been plotting\nthis assassination, which he put in practice as you have seen.\nKing James left a son about twelve years old, who was crowned king\nof Scotland, with the unanimous assent and approbation of the three\nestates of the realm. He was placed under the governance of a knight\nof great renown, called sir William Crichton[2], who had been his\ntutor during the life of the king his father. This young monarch had a\nvermilion mark down one cheek, and a white one down the other.\nWithin a short time, the queen carried away suddenly, from the knight\nabove named, the king her son, out of the castle of Edinburgh, and put\nhim under other governors, namely, the great lords of the country. This\nregency put to death the earl of Douglas[3] and his brother, called\nDavid de Combrebant[4], for having as they said, formed a conspiracy\nagainst the young king, to depose him from his throne. King James had\nsix sisters, the eldest of whom was married to the dauphin of France,\nson to king Charles; the duke of Brittany had another; the third\nmarried the duke of Savoy's son; the fourth married the lord de Vere\nin in Holland. The queen also married a young scots knight called sir\nJames Stuart and had by him several children[5].\nIt has happened, that since I had written the foregoing account, I\nhave received more authentic information respecting the execution\nof the earl of Athol. It was as follows. He was stript quite naked,\nall but his drawers in the streets of Edinburgh, and hoisted several\ntimes up and down a high gibbet by means of a pulley, and then let\nfall to within two feet of the ground. He was then placed on a pillar\nand crowned with a coronet of hot iron to signify that he was king\nof the traitors. On the morrow, he was seated on a hurdle, naked as\nbefore, and dragged through the streets; after which, he was put on\na table, his belly cut open, and his entrails drawn out, and thrown\ninto a fire before his face and while he was alive. His heart was\nthen cast into the fire, his body quartered, and the quarters sent\nto the four principal towns in the kingdom as has been mentioned\nbefore. The rest of his accomplices were grievously tortured prior to\ntheir execution,--and several of their near relations and intimates,\nthough perfectly innocent, were executed with them; and such severe\npunishments were not remembered to have been ever before inflicted in a\nChristian country.\nThe duke of Burgundy, at this time held many councils with the three\nestates of his dominions, to consider on the best means of opposing\nthe English, whom he expected daily to invade them. It was determined\nto garrison every town as well those inland as on the sea-shores; and\nall the nobles, and others who had been accustomed to bear arms, were\nordered to hold themselves in readiness to march with their captains in\ndefence of their country, under the orders of John of Burgundy, count\nd'Estampes commander in chief.\nMany of the inhabitants of the city of Lyons now rebelled against the\nofficers of the king of France, because they were overloaded with taxes\nand gabelles; but several of them suffered death for it, and others\nwere imprisoned by the royal officers.\nThe Parisians were also accused of intending to betray that city to the\nEnglish, when master James Joussel and master Mille des Faulx advocates\nin the parliament together with a pursuivant, were beheaded, and their\neffects confiscated to the king.\nIn this year also the ghent men rose in arms in considerable numbers\nand slew one Gilbert Pactetent, head deacon of the trades, for having,\nas they said, prevented Calais from being stormed; and they moreover\naccused him of treason, because their cannon and other engines had\nfired but little during that siege.\nThey also insisted, among other extravagant demands, that an order\nshould be proclaimed, forbidding any beer to be brewed within three\nleagues of Ghent; but as the sheriffs and other municipal officers\nhad intermixed among them, with the banner of France displayed, in\nthe Friday market-place, and had addressed them in moderate and\ngood-humoured terms, telling them, that they would consider on their\ndemands, and provide for them in such wise that they should be\ncontented, the mob dispersed quietly to their homes, and laid down\ntheir arms.\nMany councils were held by the sheriffs and magistrates on these\nrequisitions, which were declared useless, and impossible to be carried\ninto effect. They likewise resolved to leave things in the state in\nwhich they had prospered so long, without making any unreasonable\nreformation.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: 'Walter earl of Athol had innumerable favours and honours\nconferred upon him by the king and royal family, yet he was the chief\nactor in that horrid murder of his nephew king James I. for which he\nwas most justly condemned and executed, and all his estates and honours\nwere forfeited to the crown. The title of Athol was suspended till king\nJames II. bestowed it upon his uterine brother, sir John Stewart of\nBalveny,' &c.--_Douglas's Peerage of Scotland._]\n[Footnote 2: Lord chancellor of Scotland.]\n[Footnote 3: 'William VI. earl of Douglas, third duke of Touraine, &c.\na youth of a fine genius and noble spirit, and of great expectation.\nSoon after his father's death, he came to a meeting of the parliament\nat Edinburgh with a splendid and numerous retinue, and behaved with\nall due obedience and submission. He was in great favour with the\nyoung king, and gave all the marks of a sincere, generous and loyal\ndisposition. However, it seems his grandeur made him be looked upon\nwith a jealous eye by the faction at the time, though he was then only\nabout sixteen years of age. He and his young brother were invited to an\nentertainment in the castle of Edinburgh by chancellor Crichton. They\nwent without the least suspicion or distrust, and were both barbarously\nassassinated, with their trusty friend sir Malcolm Fleming of\nCumbernauld, in the king's presence, who had the tragical event in the\nutmost abhorrence, and wept bitterly, but had not the power to prevent\nit. This happened on the 24th November 1440.'--_Douglas's Peerage of\nScotland._]\n[Footnote 4: Combrebant. This must be meant for sir Malcolm Fleming of\nCumbernauld.]\n[Footnote 5: Mr Pinkerton says, that Margaret was married to the\ndauphin,--Isabel to Francis duke of Brittany,--Eleanor to Sigismund\narchduke of Austria, Mary to the count de Boucquan, son to the lord of\nCampvere,--Jean to the earl of Angus, and afterwards to the earl of\nMorton.\nSee note p. 142. Hist. of Scotland.]\nCHAP. II.\n LA HIRE, POTON, WITH MANY OTHER FRENCH CAPTAINS, ARE NEAR TAKING\n ROUEN. THEY ARE ATTACKED AND DEFEATED BY THE ENGLISH, WHO SURPRISE\n THEM IN THEIR QUARTERS.\nIn this year, several french commanders assembled a body of men on the\nfrontiers of Normandy, to the amount of eight hundred or a thousand,\nnamely, La Hire, Poton de Santrailles, the lord de Fontaines, Lavagan,\nPhilip de la Tour, and others. They marched toward Rouen with the\nexpectation of entering it by means of some of the inhabitants,\nwho had promised them admittance,--but failed, from a considerable\nreinforcement of English having lately arrived in the town.\nThe french captains, finding their enterprise could not be accomplished\nalthough they were close to Rouen, retreated with their men to refresh\nand quarter themselves at a large village called Ris, only four leagues\ndistant from it. While they were there, the lord Scales, lord Talbot,\nsir Thomas Kiriel and other english captains, having had information\nwhere they were, collected about a thousand combatants and instantly\npursued them,--and, before they were aware, attacked them on different\nsides, having surprised their quarters.\nThe French unable to collect together were very soon defeated. La Hire,\nhowever, having mounted a horse belonging to one of his men at arms,\nattempted to rally them, but in vain, and then fled. He was briskly\npursued, and severely wounded in several places, but escaped by the aid\nof some of his men. The lord de Fontaines, Alain Geron, Louis de Basle,\nAlardin de Mousay, John de Lon, were made prisoners; and the other\nnobles, with the rest of the army, saved themselves chiefly in the\nwoods, but they lost all their baggage and the greater part of their\nhorses. With regard to the killed, they did not amount to more than\neight or ten.\nCHAP. III.\n THE TOWN OF BRUGES REBELS AGAINST ITS LORD AND HIS OFFICERS.--A GREAT\n CONFLICT AND SLAUGHTER IS THE CONSEQUENCE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the populace of Bruges revolted against\nthe officers of their lord the duke of Burgundy, and suddenly put to\ndeath Maurice de Versenaire, and his brother, James de Versenaire,\nsheriffs and magistrates of the town, because they had gone to wait on\nthe duke at Arras. They were sought for in the houses in which they had\nhidden themselves, on hearing that the mob intended to murder them; and\nthis event greatly alarmed the principal inhabitants.\nThe duke of Burgundy was much vexed on hearing what had passed\nat Bruges, and held many councils to consider how he could most\neffectually punish this outrage against his authority. He was advised\nto send secretly some trusty persons to Bruges, to learn from those\nsupposed to be attached to his party how he could punish the offenders.\nThose of the highest rank wrote letters, in consequence to the duke,\nto excuse themselves from having been any way concerned in the late\nbusiness, and to offer their services to assist him in punishing those\nwho had done these murders.\nThe duke now made known his intention of going to Holland on his\nprivate affairs, and that he would pass through Bruges in his way,\nwhen he should see how he could best accomplish his object. He\ntherefore assembled a large body of men at arms, with their captains,\nfrom Picardy, to the amount of fourteen hundred combatants, and,\nattended by many noble lords, departed from Lille, and lay at the\ntown of Rousselaire. On the morrow, he sent his harbingers to Bruges\nto prepare his lodgings, escorted, as usual, by a detachment from the\nabove-mentioned men at arms. They entered the town, and took up their\nquarters as they could. The duke immediately followed them with the\nmain army, receiving hourly intelligence from his friends in the town.\nIn truth, the principal inhabitants would have been rejoiced to see\nthose who had committed the before-mentioned atrocious acts properly\npunished,--for they were men of low degree, who wished to throw things\ninto confusion that, they might master the richer ranks.\nThe commonalty were alarmed when they heard of the duke's coming, being\nfearful that this armament was brought, as was the truth, against\nthem. In consequence, they assembled by companies in divers parts of\nthe town, and gave out that the duke and his Picards were only coming\nthither to plunder and destroy it. The chief inhabitants, hearing this,\nwere more uneasy than before: the whole town was now in arms.\nA large party of the commonalty collected under arms, in the market\nplace, and sent off a detachment to the gate leading to Rousselaire,\nthrough which the duke was to enter. It was on Whitsun-Wednesday; and\nwhen the duke came to the gate, thinking to enter, he was surprised\nto find both that and the barriers closed, and the townsmen armed\nand accoutred for war. They refused to admit the duke but with few\nattendants, which he would not agree to saying that he and his army\nwould enter together. A long conference now took place between the two\nparties in the town.\nThe duke had with him sir Roland de Hautekirk and sir Colart de\nComines, whom the men of Bruges disliked exceedingly, with many nobles\nof renown in war such as the count d'Estampes, the lord de l'Isle-Adam,\nthe lord de Therouenne, the lord de Humieres, the lord de Haubourdin,\nthe lord de Saveuses, the lord de Crevec\u0153ur, James Kiriel, the lord de\nLenternelle, Pierre de Roubaix and others, who were astonished at the\nconduct of the bruges men toward their prince.\nSome advised him to arrest those who had come through the barriers\nto the conference, and to behead all who had been concerned in these\ndisturbances; but this was negatived, for fear those within the town\nwould retaliate on the harbingers and their escort. However, after\na space of two or three hours, it was concluded that the duke might\nenter; but before he made his entrance, he posted at the gate Charles\nde Rochefort, sir John bastard of Dampierre, Melides Breton, with\nothers of his gentlemen, and a party of archers.\nThe duke entered the town in handsome array, attended by many nobles\nand warriors; but when he was about to dismount at his h\u00f4tel, and\nwhen four or five hundred of his men at arms had passed the gate, the\ntownsmen (who, as I have said, were there under arms, and in great\nnumbers,) closed the barriers and gate, shutting out the remainder\nof the duke's army. The duke was very angry when he heard of this,\nand caused the magistrates to be informed, that since they would not\npermit his people to enter with him, he would return to them,--but the\nmagistrates excused themselves as well as they were able.\nIn the mean time, the duke drew up those who had been allowed to follow\nhim, in good array, in the old market-place, when a quarrel took place\nbetween them and the townsmen, and battles ensued in different parts of\nthe town. The duke was advised to retire with part of his men towards\nthe gate by which he had entered, to attempt gaining it, in order that\nhe might have the support of the rest of his army, or make his retreat\nshould it be thought necessary.\nThis was done, and he detached a body to the ramparts, to attack\nthose at the gate on the flank, while he marched in person down the\ngreat street. The enemy set up a grand shout, and made a desperate\nattack,--but suddenly they fled from the gate, were pursued, and many\nslain. The lord de l'Isle-Adam had dismounted, and was advanced beyond\nsome of the archers, who did not behave to please him in pursuing the\ntownsmen, concluding, at the same time that he should be followed by\nothers, which was not the case, or at least by a very few,--so that,\nseeing him thus alone, a party of the townsmen surrounded him, and,\nbefore any succour could arrive, put him to death, and tore from him\nthe order of the Golden Fleece which he had on.\nThe duke of Burgundy and in general all who had accompanied were much\ngrieved at his death, but now there was no remedy for it. At this\nmoment there was not one but was in danger of suffering the like,--for\nthe commonalty were in multitudes under arms ready to surround them on\nall sides, who were but a handful of men in comparison to them.\nThe duke, nevertheless, was in good spirits, and only regretted that\nhe had not the rest of his troops to give combat to these bruges men,\nnow in absolute rebellion. Those with him were very uneasy, and those\nwithout much vexed at their situation: the last heard from some of\ntheir companions the disagreeable state their lord was in, and also saw\neight or ten of their fellow-soldiers, pursued by the townsmen, leap\nfrom the ramparts to save themselves in the ditches wherein they were\ndrowned.\nThis confusion and affray, in the town of Bruges, lasted a full hour\nand half when the duke was informed that the mob were preparing to fall\non him in immense numbers, and with artillery, so that resistance\nwould be vain. He was advised to make a desperate attempt to gain\npossession of the gate, cost what it would, before this mob should\narrive. He advanced, therefore, to the gate, with all the men he now\nhad; and the enemy, as before, retreated from it. Large hammers were\ngot from a smith's house hard by, with which the bolts and bars were\nbroken,--and on opening the gate the army rushed out with a hearty good\nwill; but the duke, mounted on a handsome courser, had remained steady\nin the midst of the tumult, though nearly approached by the enemy, and,\nlike a good shepherd, saw all his men out of the gate before him, and\nthen took the road to Rousselaire, whence he had marched that morning,\nmuch hurt that affairs had turned out so ill, and sincerely grieved at\nthe loss of the lord de l'Isle-Adam and others of his people.\nThe greater part of the army were so panicstruck with what had happened\nthat it was with difficulty they could be marched in any order. Neither\nsir Roland de Hautekirk nor sir Colart de Comines had entered the town\nwith the duke, who lost that day in killed upward of a hundred of\nhis men. They were all interred together in a grave in the hospital\nchurch-yard, except the lord de l'Isle-Adam, who was buried apart,--and\nhis body was afterward removed, with great solemnity, into the church\nof St Don\u00e2t at Bruges.\nTwo hundred prisoners were made by the townsmen, and on the Friday\nfollowing thirty two of them were beheaded; the rest had their lives\nsaved by the intercessions of the churchmen and foreign merchants, who\nearnestly exerted themselves in the business. At the end of eight days,\nthey set at liberty all the attendants of the duke, with their baggage;\nbut they hung and quartered the blacksmith, for having given hammers to\nbreak down the gates: his name was Jacob van Ardoyen.\nOn the side of the townsmen, there were not more than twelve killed;\nand among the Picards, none of name but the lord de l'Isle-Adam and\nan usher of the apartments to the duke, named Herman. The bruges men\nremained night and day under arms and in very great bodies, not only\nwithin the town but through all parts of their jurisdiction. They\nshortly after pulled down the house of a citizen called Gerard Reubs.\nWith regard to the duke of Burgundy, he went to Rousselaire, and\nthence to Lille, where many councils were held to consider how he\ncould reduce the town of Bruges to his obedience. It was proposed, in\norder to accomplish this the sooner, to have it proclaimed through\nall the adjoining towns and villages, that no persons should carry\nany provisions to Bruges under pain of being reputed an enemy to the\nprince. This was done; and the men of Bruges, though surprised and\nfearful of the consequences, did not relax in continuing the business\nthey had begun.\nCHAP. IV.\n THE BASTARD DE LA HIRE MAKES AN EXCURSION THROUGH THE COUNTRIES OF\n PERONNE, ROYE, AND MONDIDIER, WHERE HE COMMITS GREAT WASTE.\nAt this season, the bastard de la Hire was posted in the castle\nof Clermont in the Beauvoisis, with about sixty or four score\ncombatants, with whom he sorely harrassed the adjoining countries, more\nparticularly the castlewicks of Peronne, Roye, and Mondidier, belonging\nto the duke of Burgundy. Thither they made frequent excursions,\ncarrying away each time to their garrison great plunder in cattle and\nother effects, notwithstanding the peace concluded at Arras between the\nking of France and the duke.\nOne day, they came before the town of Roye, and drove off cattle, and\nwhatever else they could lay hands on, to the castle of Clermont.\nThey were usually accompanied by several garrisons as well from\nMortemer[6], belonging to William de Flavy, as from others. The\ngovernor of Roye for the duke of Burgundy, was a valiant noble\nman, called Aubert de Folleville, who, hearing of their enterprise\nassembled with all speed as many men at arms as he could collect, and\ninstantly pursued them, in the hope of recovering the plunder they\nwere carrying away. He overtook them at a village called Boulogne, and\nimmediately charged them; but they had seen him coming, and had placed\nan ambuscade, who sallied out against sir Aubert, and, from their\nsuperior numbers, defeated him and put him to death. Many gentlemen\nwere likewise killed, such as the souldan de la Bretonnerie, his nephew\nHugh de Bazincourt, the bastard d'Esne, Colart de Picellen, Jacques de\nBruyiere, Jean Basin, Simon le Maire, and several more: the rest saved\nthemselves by the fleetness of their horses.\nThe duke of Burgundy was greatly vexed at this defeat, and at similar\ninroads being made on his territories,--and to oppose these pillagers,\nthe count d'Estampes reinforced the garrisons of Peronne, Roye, and\nMondidier with men at arms.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 6: Mortimer,--a village in the election of Mondidier.]\nCHAP. V.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE ORDERS HIS CAPTAINS TO RECONQUER SOME\n TOWNS AND CASTLES FROM THE ENGLISH.--HE MARCHES IN PERSON AGAINST\n MONTEREAU-FAUT-YONNE, AND RECAPTURES IT.\nIn these days, king Charles sent orders to his nobles and captains,\nscattered throughout the realm, to meet him, on an appointed day, at\nGien sur Loire, as he was resolved to regain some of the towns and\ncastles the English held near to Montargis and in the G\u00e2tinois.\nThe king was met at Gien by the constable of France, sir Jacques\nd'Anjou, the count de Perdiac, the count de Vend\u00f4me, the bastard of\nOrleans and others. It was there determined in council, that the\nconstable and the count de Perdiac should advance to Ch\u00e2teau Landon[7]\nwith their men, and besiege it. This was instantly executed, and the\nplace surrounded on all sides, to the great alarm of the English\ngarrison. They were so far inland that they had little hopes of being\nrelieved, and were beside badly provided with provision and stores:\nnotwithstanding, they made show as if they meant to defend themselves\nto the last.\nWhen the constable summoned them to surrender on having their lives\nspared, they made answer, that they were not so advised, and that it\nwould cost him dear before such an event happened. However, on the\nthird day, they were so courageously attacked that the place was taken\nby storm, when the greater part of those within were hanged, especially\nsuch as were natives of France: the rest had their liberties, on paying\nransoms.\nWhen this business was finished, the two lords marched their army\nto besiege Nemours; which held out for about twelve days, when it\nsurrendered, on the inhabitants and garrison having their lives and\neffects spared, and being allowed to march off to Montereau.\nWhile these things were passing, sir Gascon de Logus, bailiff of\nBourges, in Berry, in company with other captains, laid siege to the\ntown and castle of Terny, held by the English, which, after a few days,\nsurrendered, on the garrison having their lives and fortunes spared.\nWhen they marched away, sir Gascon, mounted on a spirited courser,\nescorted them part of the road; but, on spurring him, the horse turned\nshort round, and the knight fell with such force that he was killed\non the spot,--and Poton de Saintrailles was, by the king, appointed\nbailiff of Bourges in his stead.\nShortly after, the king, with his company, went from Gien to Sens in\nBurgundy, and thence to Braye-sur-Seine. From this place, he sent the\nlord de Gaucourt, sir Denis de Sailly, Poton de Saintrailles, Boussac,\nthe bastard de Beaumanoir, with other captains, and about sixteen\nhundred fighting men, to Montereau-faut-Yonne. They posted themselves\non an eminence opposite the castle, on the side toward Brie, and raised\nthere a large blockhouse, which they fortified as strongly as they\ncould, placing therein a numerous garrison.\nThe constable, the count de Perdiac, the bastard of Orleans, sir James\nde Chabannes, with their men, advanced on the side toward the G\u00e2tinois,\nand took up their quarters near to the town. After them came the lord\nde Valogne, sir Anselm de la Tour bailiff of Vitry, Regnault Guillaume\nbailiff of Montargis, who posted themselves on the island, between the\ntwo rivers, so that the place was surrounded on all sides by the army\nof the king of France; and they pointed so many cannons against the\nwalls that they were soon greatly damaged.\nThe commander in chief, within the town and castle, for the king of\nEngland, was sir Thomas Gerard, having under him Mondo de Montferrant,\nMondo de Lausay, and other valiant captains, together with three or\nfour hundred combatants, who made as vigorous a resistance against\ntheir enemies as their circumstances would permit. They had great hopes\nof succour from the english commanders in Normandy, according to their\npromises.\nThe king of France now arrived at Montereau from Bray-sur-Seine,\ngrandly accompanied, and was lodged in the blockhouse before\nmentioned. He had with him six or seven thousand, well tried and well\nequipped, fighting men. On his arrival, the greatest exertions were\nmade to approach the town,--and the cannons, and other engines, were\ncontinually in action; the king even did not spare himself in the\nlabours of this siege.\nAt the end of six weeks, or thereabouts, from the commencement of the\nsiege, the town was won by storm, with little loss to the assailants.\nWith regard to the besieged, from twenty to thirty were killed, and as\nmany made prisoners, the greater part of whom were hanged. The king,\non making his entry, strictly forbade any mischief being done to the\npersons of the inhabitants, men, women or children, who had retired\nwithin churches or monasteries; but as for their effects they were\nplundered, as is usual when any place is taken by storm.\nMany new knights were made at the storming, namely, the young count de\nTancarville, son to sir James de Harcourt, Robert de Bethune lord de\nMoreul, and others.\nThe king and most of the princes were lodged in the town; and, about\nfifteen days afterward, those in the castle surrendered to the king, on\nhaving their lives and fortunes spared. The bastard of Orleans was then\nappointed governor, who regarrisoned it with his own men.\nWhen this business was settled, the king and dauphin, with great part\nof the princes, went to Melun. The men at arms separated, in companies,\nto divers places, but most of them went to Paris.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 7: Ch\u00e2teau Landon,--in the G\u00e2tinois, three leagues from\nNemours.]\nCHAP. VI.\n THE MEN OF BRUGES MAKE FREQUENT EXCURSIONS FROM THEIR TOWN, AND LAY\n THE LOW COUNTRIES UNDER CONTRIBUTIONS.\nWe must now return to what was going forward at Bruges, the inhabitants\nof which continued their mad and foolish rebellion against their prince.\nThey made frequent sallies in large bodies to forage the low country,\nand to destroy the houses of all whom they suspected as enemies. Among\nothers, they took the castle of Koecklare, held by the bastard of\nBailleul, and did great damage to it.\nOn the other hand, when they remained within the town, they committed\nmany acts of injustice on such as they knew were of a contrary way\nof thinking to themselves. In the number of their wicked deeds, they\ncaused the deacon of the handicraft trades to be beheaded, on a charge\nwhich they made against him of intending to deliver up the town to the\nghent men. But all the principal and most wealthy citizens had left\nBruges, and gone to other places for fear of them.\nThe commonalty next collected a body of three or four thousand, and\nmarched against Sluys, with every implement of war to lay siege to it,\nfor they had an implacable hatred against it. The duke of Burgundy\nand sir Simon de Lalain were in that place, with a certain number of\ncombatants: notwithstanding this, the men of Bruges remained before\nit three and twenty days, and made many attacks on the barriers and\ngates,--in which numbers were killed and wounded on each side, but more\nespecially on that of Bruges.\nThe duke of Burgundy, during this time, was assembling a large force\nof the nobles and men at arms in Picardy, and in his lordships near\nto St Omer, with intent to give them battle. But in the interim, the\nbruges men, fearful of the consequences, prevailed on those of Ghent to\nmediate between them and the duke, and returned quietly to Bruges.\nCHAP. VII.\n THE ENGLISH RECOVER THE TOWN OF F\u00caCAMP IN NORMANDY.\nAt this period, the English laid siege to the town of F\u00eacamp in\nNormandy. They remained before it about three months, when it\ncapitulated, on the garrison and townsmen having their lives and\nfortunes spared. It was, however, within a few days after, reconquered\nby the French. A severe warfare was now carrying on throughout\nNormandy, and frequent skirmishes took place between the parties, one\nof which deserves notice[8].\nLa Hire, Poton de Saintrailles, the lord de Fontaines, L'Avagan, and\nother captains, had one day collected about six hundred fighting\nmen, and advanced toward Rouen, in the expectation of gaining some\nadvantage over their adversaries the English. Having failed, they\nreturned toward Beauvais; but as they and their horses were much\nfatigued, they halted at a village called Ris, to refresh and repose\nthemselves.\nDuring this time, sir Thomas Kiriel, with a body of English, surprised\nthe village, and defeated them completely, with little loss, before\nthey could arm and collect together. The lord de Fontaines, Alardin\nde Moussay, with numbers of others, were made prisoners, La Hire,\nwith difficulty, escaped by the goodness of his horse,--but he was\nseverely wounded in many places. Poton de Saintrailles, and others,\nescaped also,--but they lost the greater part of their horses and arms.\nThe English, after this victory, returned to Rouen: joyful at their\nsuccess, however, they soon after lost the town of F\u00eacamp, as has been\nrelated.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: This expedition and failure have been before related in\nchap. ii. with very little variation: in the first, it was to gain\nRouen by surprise and treachery.]\nCHAP. VIII.\n THE LORD D'OFFEMONT MAKES LA HIRE HIS PRISONER WHILE HE WAS PLAYING AT\n BALL AT BEAUVAIS.\nWhile these matters were passing, the lord d'Offemont, who had not\nforgotten the ill treatment he had suffered from La Hire, when he\nwas made prisoner and ransomed at Clermont in the Beauvoisis, as has\nbeen mentioned, assembled a body of about six score combatants, under\nhis brother-in-law the lord de Moy the bastard de Chauny, and other\ncaptains.\nBy means of the lord de Moy he led them to the city of Beauvais, of\nwhich La Hire was governor, and was at this moment playing at ball in\nthe court of an inn having the sign of St Martin. The lord d'Offemont\nhastened thither with his men, for he had learnt where La Hire was,\nfrom his spies; but La Hire hearing of his approach, had hidden\nhimself in a stable under the manger, where he was found and taken,\nafter some search, by the lord d'Offemont's men, together with one\ncalled Perret de Salle-noire.\nThey were instantly mounted behind two men at arms, and told, that\nif they made the slightest noise, or cry to be rescued, they would\nthat moment be put to death. Without further delay, they were carried\nthrough the gates of the town; but several of his men, and the common\npeople, assembled to pursue them and attempt their deliverance, when\nsome skirmishing took place with arrows. They were first carried to\nthe castle of Moy, and thence to Meulan, where they were detained\na considerable time. They were afterwards removed to the castle of\nAncre[9], belonging to the lord d'Offemont, and kept prisoners.\nThe king of France and many of his officers were very angry at this\ncapture, for it had taken place on the territories of France; but the\nnobles who had accompanied the lord d'Offemont excused themselves by\nsaying, that they had done this service to the lord d'Offemont from\ntheir near relationship in blood to him. The king wrote very pressing\nletters to the duke of Burgundy in favour of la Hire, that he might be\nset at liberty, and that no personal harm might be done to him.\nIn short, the matter was so strongly urged that the duke of Burgundy\nfound means, partly by threats, that the whole of their quarrel should\nbe submitted to his decision, after it had been discussed before his\ncouncil. The discussion lasted for several days, in the presence of\nthe duke at Douay, when, as well perhaps to please the king (who had\nvery strongly written to him,) as because he did not think the mode\nof making La Hire prisoner fair or honourable, but just the contrary,\nthe duke made up the quarrel, and the lord d'Offemont had his castle\nof Clermont restored to him, and a sum of money paid, but not so much\nas he had been forced to give for his ransom. Perret de Salle-noire\nwas ordered to pay one thousand crowns for his liberty. Thus were all\ndifferences settled between them, and they were made friends.\nAt the same time, peace was made between La Hire and sir John de\nLuxembourg, who had hated him mortally, as well for his having taken\nSoissons as for other damages he had done to different parts of his\nterritories; and they remained to all appearance good friends ever\nafter.\nLa Hire soon returned to the king of France, and related all the\nkindness and favour the duke of Burgundy had shown him, from his regard\nto his majesty. This was very agreeable to the king, who entertained La\nHire very splendidly, and gave him, at the same time, wherewithal to\ndischarge the greater part of his ransom, and the other expences he had\nincurred.\nWhen La Hire's men heard that they were to quit the castle of Clermont,\nthey set about repairing an old fortress called Thoys, belonging to the\nlord de Crevec\u0153ur, wherein they placed themselves, and again began to\nharrass all the country near to Amiens and Pecquigny, more especially\nthe lordships of those who had been assisting in the capture of la\nHire, their captain. The principal leader, both in the reparation of\nthe castle and in their oppressions of the country, was one who called\nhimself Philip de la Tour.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 9: Ancre,--or Albert, a small town in Picardy, diocese of\nAmiens, four leagues from Peronne.]\nCHAP. IX.\n CHARLES KING OF FRANCE MAKES HIS FIRST ENTRY INTO PARIS AFTER ITS\n REDUCTION,--THE PREPARATIONS FOR IT.\nOn Tuesday the 12th of November, in this year, king Charles of France\nwas lodged in the town of St Denis. He was accompanied by his son the\ndauphin of Vienne, the constable of France, the lord Charles d'Anjou,\nthe counts de Perdiac, de Vend\u00f4me, and the young count de Tancarville,\nsir Christopher de Harcourt, the bastard of Orleans, and a very great\nnumber of nobles, great lords, knights and esquires. La Hire was also\nthere in very grand state.\nThe provost of merchants and the sheriffs of Paris came out as far as\nLa Chapelle to meet him, attended by the citizens, cross-bows, and\narchers of the town, dressed in robes similar to those of the peers.\nWhen they met the king, the provost presented him with the keys of\nParis, which the king delivered to the care of the constable. The\nprovost and sheriffs, then expanded a blue canopy, studded with flowers\nde luce of gold, over the king's head, and thus supported it as he\nproceeded.\nHe was next met by the governor of Paris, attended by his common\nsergeants, having each of them a hood half green and half crimson.\nAfter the sergeants came the notaries, attornies, advocates and\ncommissaries of the Chastelet. Then came persons representing the\nseven virtues and the seven deadly sins, dressed in character, and on\nhorseback: they were followed by the judges of the parliament, of the\ncourt of requests, the presidents and by crowds of people.\nThus nobly accompanied did the king make his entry into the city of\nParis by the gate of St Denis. Three angels supported a shield bearing\nthe arms of France over the gate above which were placed angels singing\nand underneath was written in large characters,\n 'Most excellent and noble king,\n The burghers of this loyal town\n To you their grateful offering bring,\n And bow before your royal crown.'\nAt the little bridge was a fountain, over which was a pot having a\nflower de luce, whence spouted good hippocras, wine and water: two\ndolphins were playing in the fountain,--and above the whole was a\nterrace, vaulted with flowers de luce, which exhibited a representation\nof St John Baptist pointing to the Agnus Dei, surrounded with angels\nsinging melodiously.\nIn front of Trinity-church was a pageant of the passion of our Lord,\nand how Judas hanged himself. Those who exhibited this did not speak,\nbut acted as in a pantomime. The acting was good, and very affecting.\nAt the second gate were the figures of St Thomas, St Denis, St Maurice,\nSt Louis of France, and Ste Genevieve in the middle. There was likewise\na representation of the holy sepulchre, of the resurrection of JESUS\nCHRIST, and of his meeting Mary Magdalen.\nItem, at St Catherine's, in the street of St Denis, was a\nrepresentation of the descent of the holy Ghost on the Apostles. Before\nthe Ch\u00e2telet was the annunciation of the angel to the shepherds,\nsinging, 'Glory be to God on high,' &c. Suspended below the gate\nwere represented the attributes of justice with divine law, the law\nof nature, and the law of man. On the opposite side, against the\nslaughter-houses, were exhibited the last judgement, paradise, and\nhell: in the centre was St Michael weighing souls in a balance.\nItem, at the foot of the great bridge, behind the Ch\u00e2telet, was\nrepresented the baptism of our Lord, and St Margaret issuing out of the\nmouth of a dragon.\nWhen the king came to the front of the church of N\u00f4tre Dame, he\ndismounted, and was shortly harangued by the members of the\nuniversity. The following prelates were waiting for his arrival before\nthe great door: the archbishop of Toulouse and of Sens, the bishops\nof Paris, of Clermont, of St Mangon, near Montpellier, the abbots and\nsuperior clergy of St Denis, of St Maur, of St Germain near Paris, of\nSainte Magloire and of Sainte Genevieve.\nThe king made the usual oaths in the hands of the bishop of Paris, and\nthen entered the church,--where had been erected three arches, like to\nthose at Amiens the last day of the year, covered with tapers and wax\nlights.\nWhen the king had offered up his prayers, he went to the palace, where\nhe lay that night. He was escorted on his entrance by about eight\nhundred archers, well equipped and in handsome array, under the command\nof the count of Angoul\u00eame.\nThe king and the dauphin were dressed in plain armour, all but\ntheir heads: on that of the king was a tourmole[10] covered with\nsilversmith's work. His horse's housing was of dark blue velvet,\nrichly embroidered with large flowers de luce in gold, which reached to\nthe ground. The head-piece was of polished steel, bearing a handsome\nplume of feathers. He was preceded a few paces by Poton de Saintraille,\ncarrying the royal helmet on a staff supported by his thigh, having a\nrich crown on the top, and in the centre was a double flower de luce.\nHis horse was led by a gentleman on foot, named Jean d'Olon,--and the\ncanopy was all the while borne over his head. The king was followed by\nhis pages, very richly dressed, and ornamented with silversmith's work,\nas well as their horses.\nA little before Poton rode the constable of France, the counts de\nVend\u00f4me and de Tancarville, and others of the high nobility, handsomely\nmounted and richly dressed. At a short distance behind the king was the\ndauphin, his armour covered over with silversmith's work, as well as\nhis horse, and his pages and their horses also. He was accompanied by\nhis uncle the lord Charles d'Anjou, the counts de Perdiac and de la\nMarche, and followed by the bastard of Orleans in plain armour,--but\nhis horse's accoutrements were highly ornamented. He had on a rich\nscarf of gold, which fell down on the back of his horse. He commanded\nthe king's battalion consisting of about a thousand lances, the flower\nof the men at arms, most handsomely dressed out, themselves and horses.\nWith regard to the other knights, esquires, and gentlemen present at\nthis ceremony, they were very numerous, and richly equipped at all\npoints, and their horses loaded with silversmith's work. Among these,\nbut after the princes, sir James de Chabannes and the lord de Restelant\nhad the reputation of being most handsomely dressed, themselves their\nattendants and horses.\nThe crowd of common people was so great that it was difficult to walk\nthe streets; and they sang carols in all the squares, and other places,\nas loud as they could, for the welcome return of their natural lord and\nking, with his son the dauphin. Many even wept for joy at this happy\nevent.\nThe king and the dauphin, as I have said, when the ceremonies were\nover, went to the palace, where they were lodged,--and the lords,\nknights, and others in different houses in Paris as well as they could.\nIt was proclaimed in the king's name, by sound of trumpet, that no one,\nwhatever his rank, should ill treat the Parisians in body or effects,\non pain of instant death.\nOn the morrow, the king displayed to the populace, in the holy chapel,\nthe relics of the true-cross of our Saviour, and the lance which had\npierced his side while on the cross: after which, he mounted his horse,\nand went to lodge at the new hotel, near the bastille,--and the dauphin\ndid the same at the Tournelles.\nThey remained for a considerable time in Paris,--during which, many\nnew regulations were made for the better government of the realm: and\nseveral new offices were created at Paris, as well as in the court of\nparliament as elsewhere.\nSome days after the king's entry into Paris, the counts de la Marche\nand de Perdiac (sons to Bernard count d'Armagnac, formerly constable\nof France, who had been basely murdered by the Parisians) went to\nthe spot where their father had been buried, attended by many lords,\nas well spiritual as temporal, and had the body taken up, put into a\nleaden coffin, and carried to the church of St Martin des Champs, where\na solemn service, attended by the members of the greater part of the\ncolleges and university of Paris, was performed for his soul. On the\nmorrow, the coffin was placed on a car covered with black, and conveyed\nout of the town with much solemnity, and thence conducted by his two\nsaid sons, and a numerous company of friends and attendants, to the\ncounty of Armagnac.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 10: Tourmole. Q. Not in any of my dictionaries.]\nCHAP. X.\n THE COMMONALTY OF BRUGES BECOME MORE MODERATE IN THEIR PROCEEDINGS,\n AND SEND AMBASSADORS TO THE DUKE OR BURGUNDY TO SUE FOR PEACE.\nThe men of Bruges now began to feel that they had greatly offended\ntheir prince the duke of Burgundy, and were much alarmed; for, as none\nof the great towns in Flanders would afford them support or assistance,\nthey could not long withstand the duke.\nThey knew also, that they were not in great favour with the ghent men;\nand each day brought them intelligence of the mighty preparations\ntheir lord was making to subjugate them, in which he would have the\naid of Ghent. For these and other reasons, they found means to send\nambassadors to the duke at Arras, to endeavour to conclude a peace.\nThe business was discussed at length, and occupied much time,--during\nwhich, those of Bruges relaxed in their excursions, and ceased\nharrassing the country as they had hitherto done.\nCHAP. XI.\n THE LORD D'AUXY AND SIR FLORIMONT DE BRIMEU, SENESCHAL OF PONTHIEU AND\n OF ABBEVILLE, MARCH TO LAY SIEGE TO CROTOY.\nAbout the middle of October, in this year, the lord d'Auxy, commander\nin chief, on the frontiers of Ponthieu and Abbeville, together with sir\nFlorimont de Brimeu, seneschal of the same, and a bold and hardy knight\nof Rhodes, called sir John de Foix, assembled a certain number of\ncombatants. These they marched before the castle of Crotoy, held by the\nEnglish, with the hope of conquering and putting it under the obedience\nof the duke of Burgundy within a short time, from the intelligence\nof a peasant,--who had lately, as he said, been in the castle, and\nthe garrison had so wasted their corn and flour that he gave them to\nunderstand they would not be able to hold out, from famine, more than\none month.\nOn this report, which was afterward found to be untrue, they fixed\ntheir quarters in front of the castle, within the old inclosure of the\ntown. They demanded assistance from different lords, who sent them some\nmen at arms. They were also much aided with provisions and money from\nAbbeville, the inhabitants of which were very desirous that Crotoy\nshould be conquered, for the garrison had frequently done them great\nmischief. They sent intelligence of what they were about to the duke\nof Burgundy, and required his support. The duke dispatched some of\nhis household to examine into the matter, and they reported to him,\nthat unless the place were blockaded by sea, it would be impossible to\nreduce it by famine. Upon this, the duke wrote letters to the governors\nof Dieppe, St Valery, and of the adjoining sea-ports, to hire as many\nvessels as they could to blockade the entrance of the river Somme; and\nwent himself to the castle of H\u00eadin, whither he sent for sir John de\nCroy, bailiff of Hainault, who had been formerly governor of Crotoy, to\nask his opinion as to the probability of its being conquered.\nThe duke ordered sir John to join the lord d'Auxy and his companions,\nwith a body of men at arms, and to take the chief command of the siege.\nHe went thither also himself, with few attendants, to examine into the\nstate of the business, but made no long stay. That his men might be\nundisturbed by the English in their quarters, either by sea or land,\nfrom Crotoy, he ordered a large blockhouse to be erected, wherein they\nmight be more securely lodged. It was very substantially built, and\nsurrounded with ditches, under the directions of a knight called sir\nBaudo de Noyelle. When this was done, other works were erected, and the\nwhole provided with a sufficiency of all sorts of stores and provision.\nIn the interim, several skirmishes passed,--and in one of them the\nlieutenant governor of Crotoy was taken prisoner by the lord d'Auxy.\nIntelligence of these preparations of the duke of Burgundy was carried\nto king Henry of England and his council, who were not well pleased\nthereat; for they were sensible of the great advantage of Crotoy to\nfacilitate their landing a force in Picardy. It was therefore resolved\nto provide a speedy remedy against them; and letters were instantly\ndispatched to the governor of Rouen, ordering him to collect as large a\nbody of men at arms as he could in Normandy, and to march to the relief\nof Crotoy. This order was immediately published, and four thousand\ncombatants, as well horse as infantry, speedily assembled, under the\ncommand of lord Talbot, lord Faulconbridge, sir Thomas Kiriel and\nothers. They advanced to the abbey of St Valery, where they quartered\nthemselves, having brought provision with them.\nWhile this army was collecting, the duke of Burgundy, having had\ninformation of the intentions of the English, had previously summoned\nfrom Picardy and his other dominions the greater part of his nobility\nand men at arms, who might amount to eight hundred or a thousand\nfighting men. They marched from H\u00eadin, and had arrived at Abbeville the\nday before the English came to the abbey of St Valery.\nThe duke of Burgundy was attended on this expedition by the count\nd'Estampes, his nephew of Cleves, the count de St Pol, and other\nnobles. Sir John de Luxembourg had also, in obedience to his summons,\njoined him at H\u00eadin,--but he excused himself to the duke for not\nbearing arms, because he had not then sent back his oath of alliance\nwith the English, and could not therefore with honour then take\npart against them: but this excuse, as I was informed, was not well\nreceived by the duke of Burgundy, who remonstrated with him on the\noccasion,--how he was bound by his oath to serve him, as his vassal;\nthat he wore his order, and had always been attached to his party; for\nall these reasons, therefore, he could not honourably refuse to serve\nhim, more especially as it was to repulse his enemies, who had invaded\nseveral parts of his dominions. Notwithstanding the duke's arguments,\nsir John de Luxembourg returned home with his permission, and obtained\nfrom the duke letters of remission to this effect. When the duke, on\nhis arrival at Abbeville, was assured of the coming of the English, he\nreinforced that town with all sorts of stores and provision, and there\nmight be with him from eight hundred to a thousand expert and well\ntried men at arms. When the duke asked them if they thought they could\nhold out the place against the enemy, they replied, that they had no\ndoubt of so doing.\nThe duke determined not to make any engagement of fighting the English\non an appointed day, and to avoid a general action; to guard all the\ndefiles and fords, and to attack them in their quarters, or wherever\nthey should meet them to their disadvantage, and to endeavour to\ncut off their supplies. These plans were not, however, carried into\nexecution.\nThe English, having fixed their quarters in the abbey of Saint Valery,\nimmediately crossed the river at a ford above Crotoy, to the number of\nthree or four hundred, and foraged the whole of the country round the\nblockhouse, and even as far as the town of Rue. They made prisoners of\nsome men at arms, with their horses and baggage, without meeting with\nany to oppose them.\nThe whole army marched on the morrow very early, and crossed the river\nin good order: about two thousand of the infantry had the water above\ntheir middle and drew up in battle-array on an eminence above the\ntown, and in sight of those within the blockhouse, who were expecting\nan attack every moment, and in consequence made preparation for their\ndefence. On this occasion, the following were created knights in the\nblockhouse: James de Craon lord of Dommart in Ponthieu, Aymon de Moucy\nlord of Massy, Eustache d'Inchy, the tall bastard of Renty, Anthony\nd'Ardentin lord of Bouchanes, Harpin de Richammes, Gilles de Fay, and\nsome others.\nThe English, who had been unmolested on their march, advanced to\nForest-monstier[11], two leagues distant, and there quartered\nthemselves.--Two days after they took the field, and halted at a large\nvillage called La Broye[12], on the river Authie, which was full of all\nkinds of provision: they remained at this village four or five days,\nwhence parties of a hundred or six score went daily foraging all the\nvillages within half a league of their quarters. While they remained\nat la Broye, a party went to set fire to a considerable village called\nAngien, close to H\u00eadin, although the duke had detached a large body of\nmen at arms to H\u00eadin for the defence of that place and the surrounding\ncountry; but, to say the truth, the English did little mischief. On\ntheir departure from la Broye, they burnt it down, and advanced to\nAuxi, where they staid three days, making thence excursions in small\nparties to forage all the country round, and without the smallest\nhinderance on the part of their adversaries of whom it is necessary now\nto speak.\nThe duke of Burgundy remained in Abbeville, but had detached the\ngreater part of his men to garrison and defend the principal towns\nand castles in that part of his territories. He one day sent the\nlord de Croy and Jean de Brimeu, bailiff of Amiens, to inspect the\nblockhouse at Crotoy, and to learn if those within were firmly resolved\nto defend it.--On their arrival, they soon discovered that the greater\nnumber would gladly be out of it, could they do it with honour. It was\ntherefore concluded by the duke and his ministers, on hearing this\nreport, that to avoid worse happening, all the artillery and stores\nshould be packed up, and the men at arms retreat with them to the town\nof Rue, after they should have set fire to the blockhouse.\nThe garrison, however, did not make so honourable a retreat,--for\nwithout any reasonable cause, nor seeing the enemy near them, great\npart mutinied, and sallied out of the blockhouse in the utmost\nconfusion and disorder, leaving behind the artillery, the most part of\ntheir armour, and much other baggage, and thus they marched to Rue.\nSome of their captains took great pains to rally and bring them back,\nbut in vain. Fire had been secretly set to the outworks, which soon\ncommunicated with the blockhouse and consumed it. The English made a\nsally from the castle, shouting after them as they would have done to a\nribald mob.\nShortly after, the captains, who were (as may be supposed) the most\nvaliant and renowned belonging to the duke of Burgundy, left the place,\nashamed of the conduct of their men, and went to Rue, and thence to\nother places under their obedience. The principal among them were,\nsir John de Croy, bailiff of Hainault, sir Florimont de Brimeu, sir\nJacques de Brimeu, sir Baudo de Noyelle--all four bearing the order of\nthe Golden Fleece; sir Waleran de Moreul, the lord d'Auxi, sir Galois\nde Renty, the lord de Fremesen, sir Robert de Saveuses, sir Jacques de\nCraon, sir Jean d'Arly, with a great number of knights and esquires\nfrom Picardy who were much blamed for this dishonourable retreat.--They\nexcused themselves by throwing the fault on the archers, whom they said\nthey could not restrain.\nThe English heard of this event the day it happened, and were greatly\nrejoiced. In consequence, they resolved to recross the Somme and return\nto the places they had come from, and burnt down the town of Auxi,\nwhich was a fair and considerable place.\nThey took the road to Crotoy, and lodged at Nonnion[13]: on the morrow,\nthey recrossed the Somme at the place where they had crossed it before,\nand quartered themselves at the abbey of St Valery, and thence returned\nto Rouen and other parts under their command, carrying with them many\nprisoners, horses, cattle, and all the plunder they had made. They had\ndone great damage to the country by burning seven or eight towns and\nvillages, without meeting with any opposition from their adversaries,\nwho had hanged only thirty or forty foragers that had straggled at too\ngreat a distance from the main body.\nWhen the English were departed, the duke of Burgundy retired to H\u00eadin,\nwhere he dismissed all his men at arms excepting those appointed to\nguard the frontiers.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Forest-monstier,--election of Dourlens, near Abbeville.]\n[Footnote 12: Broye,--bailiwick of H\u00eadin.]\n[Footnote 13: Nonnion. Q.]\nCHAP. XII.\n A LARGE BODY OF MEN AT ARMS, UNDER THE COMMAND OF SEVERAL FRENCH\n CAPTAINS, HARRASS THE COUNTRY OF HAINAULT.--THEY ARE NICKNAMED\n SKINNERS.\nWhen king Charles had resided some time in Paris, he departed for Tours\nin Touraine. After he was gone, several of his captains set out for\nthe frontiers of Normandy, as they found great difficulty to maintain\nthemselves,--namely, Anthony de Chabannes, Blanchefort, Gaultin de\nBron, Floquet, Pierre, Regnault Chapelle, Mathelin d'Escouvet, and\nothers. On assembling together, they mustered about two thousand horse,\nand took the road through the country of Vimeu, to cross the Somme\nat Blanchetaque, and quarter themselves in the country of Ponthieu.\nThence they advanced toward Dourlens, and stationed themselves at\nOrville, and in the villages round, belonging to the count de St Pol.\nThey went next toward Braye, and recrossed the Somme at Cappy, to lodge\nat Lihons in Santerre, committing great mischiefs wherever they passed.\nThey were not satisfied with seizing on provision but ransomed all they\ncould lay hands on, peasants and cattle. They even attacked the castle\nof Lihons; but it was well defended by sir Waleran de Moreul and his\nmen within it.\nAfter remaining there some time, and committing the greatest disorders\nand waste, they advanced toward the lands of sir John de Luxembourg\ncount de Ligny, in the Cambresis, who had not yet taken the oaths of\nallegiance to king Charles. Nevertheless, they did him no mischief,\nbecause he was always well provided with men at arms,--and they\nmutually exchanged sealed agreements not to molest each other. The\nFrench, however, committed much waste in other parts of the Cambresis,\nand thence went to fix their quarters at Solesmes[14], in Hainault.\nSir John de Croy, at that time bailiff of Hainault, assembled the\nnobles of Hainault, and sent to the principal towns for reinforcements\nto defend the country against these French, who, in the vulgar tongue,\nwere called Skinners. The reason why this name had been given them was,\nthat whoever was met by them, whether French, Burgundian or English,\nhe was indiscriminately stripped of all his clothes to his shirt; and\nwhen he, thus naked, returned to his home, he was told that he had been\nin the hands of the Skinners, and much laughed at for his misfortune.\nThis name was in vogue a long time,--and thus the name of Armagnac was\nforgotten which had lasted so long.\nWhile these Skinners were quartered at Solesmes, and in the adjoining\nvillages a party of them advanced farther into Hainault, beyond\nQu\u00eanoy, to seek for pillage. In the course of this expedition they\naccidentally met the bailiff of Lessines named Colart de Sennieres,\nwith three or four hundred men whom he had assembled in his village,\nand was marching them toward Qu\u00eanoy le Comte, in obedience to the\nsummons of the countess-dowager and of the before mentioned bailiff of\nHainault, who was there collecting all his forces together.\nIt was very early in the morning when the French fell in with these\nmen, and instantly charged them most courageously. The Hainaulters were\nmuch surprised at the suddenness of the attack, and although some of\nthem made a resistance and prepared for the combat, they were very soon\ndefeated, and the greater part made prisoners or cruelly put to death.\nColart was killed on the field, with about eight score of his men. The\nprisoners were ransomed as if they had been enemies to France: the rest\nescaped by the nimbleness of their heels.\nThe nobles of Hainault were greatly alarmed at this defeat, in so much\nthat the bailiff sent information of what had happened to the duke\nof Burgundy requiring from him aid, when the duke sent him a strong\nreinforcement of men at arms. The bailiff again assembled a greater\nforce than before in Qu\u00eanoy, as well from Valenciennes, as from the\nother great towns, to pursue and combat these Skinners; but they,\nhearing of it, quitted the country and made for Guise, and thence\nproceeded toward Champagne, committing waste wherever they passed.\nBefore they left Hainault, they gave up several prisoners without\nransoms, in consequence of the duke of Burgundy's writing to request\nit. He had also sent to them a gentleman of his household, called\nMeliades, who was a Breton, and much beloved by these french captains.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 14: Solesmes,--a village of Hainault under the government of\nQuesnoy.]\nCHAP. XIII.\n A GREAT FAMINE IN FRANCE.\nIn this year of 1437, wheat and all sorts of corn were so extravagantly\ndear throughout all France and several other countries in Christendom,\nthat what had usually been sold for four sols french money was now\nsold for upwards of forty. This dearth created a famine, so that very\nmany poor died of want,--and it was a pitiful sight to witness the\nmultitudes in the large towns dying in heaps on dunghills.\nSome towns drove the poor out of them, while others received all, and\nadministered to their wants as long as they were able. The foremost in\nthis act of mercy was the city of Cambray. This dearth lasted until\nthe year 1439, and was the cause of many strict regulations respecting\ncorn, which by many lords and towns was forbidden to be carried out of\ntheir jurisdictions under the most severe penalties.\nA proclamation was made in Ghent ordering a stop to be put to the\nbrewing of beer, and other liquors, from corn, and all the dogs of poor\npeople to be killed, and that no one should keep a bitch-dog unless\nsplayed. Such and other like ordinances were issued in several parts,\nthat the poor, and beggars, might be supplied with a sufficiency to\nsupport nature.\nCHAP. XIV.\n THE POPULACE OF GHENT AGAIN TAKE UP ARMS, EXCITED THERETO BY THE\n ARTISANS.\nAt this time, the ghent men, in great numbers rose in arms, through\nthe instigation of the artisans. The reason they gave for this was,\nthat the garrison of Sluys had plundered the flat country round,--the\ninhabitants of which had made their complaints to them, at the same\ntime requesting them to punish the pillagers.\nThey had also taken up arms against Bruges, to know whether they would\npeaceably separate from those of the Franc[15], and allow them to\nbecome one of the four departments of Ghent. They wanted likewise to\nmarch against Sluys, and carry away the posts that had been placed in\nthe bed of the river Lieve, to prevent merchandise from passing up or\ndown. They had further designs of visiting all Flanders, to see who\nwere their friends and willing to support them in the maintenance of\npeace in the country, that the poor might have work in all the towns.\nShould the sheriffs and inhabitants of Ghent refuse to co-operate with\nthem, they had resolved to undertake the matter themselves, with the\naid of their allies. They declared, they would not lay down their arms\nuntil they should have accomplished their undertaking. The deacon of\nthese artisans, at this time, was one Pierre Hemubloc. The sheriffs\nexplained the whole of this business to the townsmen, to the deacon\nof the weavers, and to those of the other trades, at the usual place,\nbefore the town-house, that they might fully consider it, each with\ntheir brother-tradesmen, and lay the whole of their deliberations, on\nthe morrow, before the magistracy. Each trade, in consequence, had\na meeting at their different halls; and the deacons waited on the\nmagistrates on the 9th day of October.\nAfter many debates, the demands of the artisans were acceded to, owing\nto their own importunities, and those of their supporters, but not\nwithout great murmurings on the part of the principal inhabitants,\nbecause Bruges was at that time treating for peace with the duke of\nBurgundy at Lille, whither Ghent had sent ambassadors, and because they\nthought that this was only a pretext to seize the properties of the\nrich.\nThe artisans, having carried their point, immediately hastened to the\ncorn-market, with displayed banners, and were instantly joined by the\ntailors, old clothes-sellers, and all the inferior tradesmen. They were\nfollowed by the twenty-seven banners of weavers, the bailiff with the\nmagistracy, preceded by the banner of Flanders, and crowds of common\npeople, so that, in the whole there were eighty-two banners.\nThe magistrates soon departed, and the other banners after them in\nthe usual procession; but the artisans and their friends withdrew to\nthe friday market-place, in front of the hall of appeals where they\nremained all night, in the resolution of taking the field on the morrow.\nThe better part of the weavers, however, and the more substantial\ninhabitants were of a contrary opinion, and left the artisans, being\naverse to go to war. Upon this, a quarrel arose between them, which\nnearly caused a battle, the artisans retired to one side of the\nmarket-place from the others, telling those to follow them who were of\nthe same opinion.\nSeveral joined them,--and they then all marched away in handsome array\nfor Marienkirk, on the road to Bruges, were they encamped under tents\nand pavilions. At this time also, there were great riots in several\nplaces, on account of the debasements of the new coinage of 1433 as\nwell as the old coinage, and for the heavy taxes which had been imposed\nfor the expedition to Calais.\nNo english wool was now exported to Flanders, which threw very many\nout of work and bread: more especially the town of Ypres suffered\nfrom this, as their principal manufacture was working up these wools\ninto cloth. On the other hand, corn and every necessary of life were\nextravagantly dear; and provision became more scarce in Flanders from\nthe war carrying on by those of Bruges: moreover, the townsmen of Sluys\nhad fixed stakes in the bed of the Lieve, so that a stop was put to the\ntransport of merchandise on that river.\nThe rich took every care of their money, for they perceived that the\npoorer sort, now having arms, would probably live by plunder, and that\nfew of them would return to their trades or cultivate the fields. They\nalso made as little show of wealth from expecting daily that a general\nwar would take place in one quarter or another.\nThe men of Ghent next issued a summons to all the inhabitants of\ntowns and villages throughout their jurisdictions, to appear there\nimmediately in arms, and the same number as when ordered to march\nto Calais. The sheriffs laid this summons before the commonalty and\ninhabitants, for them to advise thereon. As this was not willingly\nattended to, some went to the sheriffs to obtain a delay, or that they\nmight send fewer in number,--but the sheriffs told them they must\nimmediately obey.\nDuring this time, the ghent men chosen a commander named Rasse Rouven,\na citizen of Ghent, of about thirty years old; to assist whom they\nappointed a council of twelve persons, who had never been in the\nmagistracy of that town. Four of these councellors were selected from\nthe citizens at large, four from the weaver's company, and four from\nthe artisans; but the person whom they had chosen for commander\nrefused to take the office.\nItem, on the 9th day of October, it had been proclaimed in the\nsheriff's court, that all foreign merchants must appear within three\ndays in the town of Ghent sufficiently well armed, under pain of\ncorporal punishment and confiscation of effects. Several did appear\nwithin the time prescribed; but others sent excuses that urgent and\nlawful business prevented them, and entered into a treaty to pay a sum\nof money to be excused.\nThose who had, in obedience to the summons, gone to Ghent, after\nremaining there three days without being any way employed, returned to\ntheir homes. On the 27th day of this same month of October, they were\nagain summoned to appear under pain of losing their citizenship, and\npaying the forfeiture. On this same day, eight soldiers from Sluys were\ntaken prisoners, who, under pretence of making war on the bruges men,\nhad pillaged the country.\nThe men of St Laurence-au-bloc had taken them, under the proclamation\nthat had been made, that all pillagers should be arrested and\nbrought to justice, and that when they could not be taken alive they\nshould be put to death. These they disarmed, and, retaining their\narmour and clothes, led them to the ghent army at Marienkirk in their\npourpoints,--and, the ensuing day, they were beheaded, according to\nthe sentence of the sheriffs. Their bodies, at the request of the head\ndeacon, were given to the Austin-friars, who buried them. Four men were\nexpelled the army of Ghent for having robbed some villages.\nThe before-mentioned Rasse, who had been elected commander in chief,\nwent to the duke of Burgundy at Arras for his commission, provided\nhis appointment were agreeable to the duke. He left behind him in\nGhent three lieutenants: one chosen from the burghers, called Jean\nl'Estauble,--one from the trades, called Jean Cacialle,--and the third\nfrom the company of weavers, called Jean de Sterque.\nOn Monday, the 4th day of November, Rasse returned with his commission,\nas captain-general of the ghent men, signed by the duke of Burgundy.\nHe had taken the oaths of allegiance before the lords of the council\nat Lille, and took similar oaths in the presence of the army in the\nhands of the bailiff and sheriffs of Ghent, to be true and loyal to\nthe prince, to preserve his rights as well as those of the town,--to\nobserve law and justice, and to keep the people in peace and union. The\ntwelve councellors took the same oaths.\nOn the 5th of November, the captain-general Rasse, with two deputies\nfrom each banner and from the municipality, went from Marienkirk to\nGhent, at the request of those who had taken up arms, and arrested\nseveral persons who had principally governed that town,--namely, Louis\nde Holle, who had been first sheriff, Lievin de Jagre, who had often\nserved that office and been treasurer, Gilles le Clerc, advocate, Jean\nl'Apothicaire, who had been treasurer and sheriff of Ghent and Jacques\nla Jaschere, formerly deacon of the trades.\nThese they confined together, as prisoners, in the palace of the\nprince, calling them traitors, and would have done the same to others,\nbut they had fled.\nThe commander in chief ordered proclamation to be made for all who had\nserved any offices in Ghent for the last ten years to join, without\ndelay, the army at Marienkirk. It was now greatly augmented, for those\nwithin their jurisdictions came handsomely equipped and attended, with\nthe exception of those from Courtray,--and their tents and pavilions\nhad, at a distance, the appearance of a large town.\nThe army appeared under arms on the 6th instant, and wanted to go\nto Ghent, and bring back with them the prisoners; but their captain\nrestrained them, saying, that it had been ordered that they should\nremain in prison until the army were returned home, when ample justice\nwould be done on them according to the evidence that a general\ninvestigation of their deeds through Flanders should produce.\nTheir commander would have been glad that his army had been\ndiminished, saying, that he would establish peace and justice every\nwhere, with but a fourth part of the present numbers. The troops,\nhowever, would not be separated, but declared they would remain\ntogether in brotherly love.\nThey wanted to march and post themselves between Bruges and Sluys,\nand take possession of the Franc according to the judgement of their\nprince, and, subject the inhabitants, for their outrages and misdeeds,\nto the obedience of the duke and the other three members of the states\nof Flanders, saving their lives and privileges.\nThe burghers of Bruges, they said, must submit themselves and\nsupplicate their prince to receive them in mercy, and likewise put\nan end to all disputes between them and Sluys, so that passengers\nand merchants, might travel the country unmolested. Should those\nof Bruges refuse compliance, they would exert themselves to force\nthem to obedience. This was told to the forty-two deputies sent by\nBruges, from the different trades, to treat with the ghent army at\nMarienkirk. After some debating, these deputies agreed to the terms\nproposed, and on the 12th day of November drew up, and presented to the\ncaptain-general, the following articles of agreement.\n'We, the burgomasters, sheriffs, principal burghers, deacons,\ncorporators and commonalty of the town of Bruges, make known to all to\nwhom these presents shall come, that we, from respect to our redoubted\nlord and prince, the duke of Burgundy, earl of Flanders, &c. and at\nthe entreaty of the three departments of the town of Ghent, and of all\nthe free towns within its jurisdictions, have consented, and by these\npresents do consent, for ourselves and successors, to keep firm and\nstable the judgment given by our said lord and his council, in his town\nof Ghent, the 11th day of February in the year 1436, constituting those\nof the Franc a fourth department of Ghent, without fraud, and according\nto the literal meaning of the said judgement. In testimony whereof, we\nhave sealed these presents with the obligatory seal of our said town of\nBruges.'\nWhen the deputies was returned to Bruges with this treaty, the\nmagistrates assembled the commonalty before the sheriff's court, and\ndemanded if they were willing to ratify this treaty. There were present\nupwards of twenty thousand persons, who, after a moment's silence,\nunanimously replied, 'Yes.' Then stepped forth one called Coppin de\nMesinacre, who had been lately banished Ghent for his misdeeds, and\nsaid, 'All goes wrong: how are ye such cowards as to fear the ghent\nmen? You certainly ought to suffer for your folly and want of firmness.'\nIn consequence of this speech the deacon of the artisans, a tailor,\nand some others, began to murmur, and to oppose the confirmation of\nthe treaty, more especially to putting their assent on paper; and at\nlast, by their tumultuous behaviour, the treaty was destroyed. Some\ntime afterward by a legal sentence, the said Coppin, the deacon of the\nartisans, the tailor, and one other, were beheaded for this conduct:\nseventeen of their accomplices were also banished.\nThe negotiations for peace between Bruges and Ghent were put an end to,\nalthough seventeen hostages had been left with the army by the deputies\nfrom Bruges. The ghent men afterward set them at liberty without\nransom, because they had assured them that they had done all in their\npower to get it ratified.\nIn this treaty it had been agreed, that the inhabitants of the Franc\nmight take up their rights of burghership at Ghent or Bruges at their\npleasure. The towns of Ghent and Ypres were to send ambassadors to\nthe duke of Burgundy, to request that he would withdraw all foreign\nsoldiers from Sluys, and order the stakes to be removed from the bed\nof the river Lieve, that vessels might freely pass and repass with\nmerchandise, or permit them to take away these obstructions.\nThe army of Ghent now marched to fix its quarters at Ardembourg; and\nbecause Bruges persisted in refusing to ratify the treaty to which\ntheir deputies had agreed, and would not yield up their claims on the\nFranc, the duke's ordinance of last year, forbidding all kinds of\nprovision to be carried to Bruges, was again proclaimed in Ghent, and\nthroughout its jurisdictions; and also, that all debts and effects\nbelonging to those of Bruges should be delivered up to the magistrates.\nIt was afterward proclaimed that, should the men of Bruges attempt to\nmake any inroads on the territories of Ghent, all the church and other\nalarm bells should be instantly rung to collect a force sufficient to\noppose them. After this, Clarus Boye, a native of the town of Axel,\nWilliam le Boquelaire, a patten maker, and from the country of Waast,\nand a man of Courtray, were beheaded, for having gone to Courtray at\nthe instigation of the artisans and petty traders of Ghent,--and for\nhaving said that the ghent men were very desirous that those of Bruges\nwould join them in arms for the common good and union of the country of\nFlanders, and to punish the inhabitants of Sluys.\nThe 16th day of November, the army resolved to send deputies to Ghent\nand to the towns within its jurisdictions, to know how they would wish\nthem to proceed,--and to inform them, that if they advised marching\nagainst Bruges, it would be necessary to send them reinforcements equal\nto the present state of the army.\nThe council at Ghent thought, that as provisions were now so dear, and\nwinter at hand, it would be of more advantage not then to send any\nsupplies, but disband the army; for the greater number were of the same\nopinion, and sought to diminish it.\nThe army, therefore, marched from Ardembourg to Ekeloo. While there,\none of the private men of that castlewick having on his shoulders some\nstakes which he had taken from a hedge to dress his victuals, some\nghent men would take them from him by force, when he defended himself\nand shouted out for aid to his countrymen,--and the ghent men shouted,\n'Ghent!' both parties assembled with arms, and a grand battle would\nhave taken place, had not Pierre Simon, sheriff of Ghent, by gentle\nwords and with much courage, put an end to the affray. He suffered\na good deal by thus interfering, but was not seriously hurt from the\ngoodness of his armour. Many were much wounded, which caused loud\nmurmurings among the ghent men,--for one of them, a strong active\nboatman of Ghent, died of his wounds. Two, who had first struck the\nsheriff, were banished Ghent.\nOn the eve of St Andrew's day, the ghent army returned home: they\nhad taken up arms inconsiderately, and were come back with little\nsatisfaction. Those within their jurisdictions, who had marched against\ntheir inclinations, returned cheerfully home. Shortly after, their\ncaptain-general, Rasse Rouven, was deposed, and the six persons set at\nliberty, on promise made to the magistracy that they would answer any\ninterrogations, and obey any sentences that might be passed on them,\nwithin three days after they should be summoned to appear.\nIn the month of December, proclamations were made throughout Flanders,\nby order of the prince, forbidding all persons to obey Rasse Rouven,\nfor that he had recalled his commission of captain-general.\nOn the eve of Christmas-day, it was ordered, by the magistracy of\nGhent in full assembly, that sir Roland de Hautekerque, sir Colart de\nComines, Jean de la Damme, Gilles de la Voustine, Girard de Mal-digen,\nJean de Papegen, Pierre Gougebur, Pierre Bris, Josse de Beys, Martin de\nSinimes and Jean de Crique, who had been banished Ghent and Flanders,\nmight return thither.\nIt was also agreed, that one Coppin Coppon, who had for five years\npast absented himself from Ghent, and had robbed so many passengers on\nthe high roads in Flanders that travellers were afraid of him, might\nreturn,--Coppin, thinking that every thing was pardoned, did come back;\nbut he was arrested and condemned to be beheaded, with two others who\nhad committed robberies on two persons near to the town of Dendermonde.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 15: Franc,--a part of the Low Countries, comprehending the\ncastlewicks of Bergues, Bourbourg, and Furnes. It was thus called from\nbeing exempted from the jurisdiction of Bruges, on which it formerly\ndepended.]\nCHAP. XV.\n PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND THE TOWN OF BRUGES.\nWhile these things were going on, the men of Bruges, perceiving that\na longer resistance to their lord would be the ruin of themselves and\ntheir town, sought every means of concluding a treaty with him. At\nlength they succeeded, and submitted themselves to the duke and his\ncouncil, on terms concluded at Arras the 4th day of March, in the\npresence of their lord and his council, and numbers of other people,\nthe principal articles of which were as follows.\nIt was, in the first place, ordered, that when the duke of Burgundy\nshould first visit Bruges, twenty of the chief burghers and magistracy\nshould come out of the town one league to meet him, bare-headed,\nbare-legged, and bare-footed. On their approach to him, they were to\nfall on their knees and beg his pardon, and entreat that he would be\npleased to enter their town.\nItem, that the gate of the Bouverie[16] should be converted into a\nchapel, wherein the seven masses should be daily celebrated.\nItem, that henceforward, whenever the said lord and his successors,\nearls and countesses of Flanders, should come to Bruges, the burghers\nshould meet them without the gates with the keys of the town, in\nperpetual remembrance of their obedience.\nItem, every year, on the day of their misconduct toward their prince,\nthere shall be celebrated a solemn mass in the church of St Donast\nby the dean and sub-dean, attended by twenty-four of the principal\nburghers, each holding in his hand a burning wax taper of the weight of\none pound, and of the value of four groats.\nItem, all property of bastards shall no longer be free, but confiscated\nto the duke on their deaths.\nItem, a handsome cross shall be erected to commemorate their rebellion.\nItem, the burghers shall buy up and discharge all fee-farm rents from\ntheir said lord, due from the said demesnes.\nItem, the burghers of Bruges shall have no further communication with\nthose of Sluys; that is to say, those of Bruges, shall not make Sluys\ntheir principal quarters, nor join them in their disputes, nor in arms,\nnor have any connexions with Sluys but in respect to their commerce.\nItem, in regard to the trades carried on at Sluys, which has been a\nmatter of long quarrel between the towns of Ghent and Sluys, Bruges\nmust no longer interfere.\nItem the inhabitants of Bruges shall not be permitted to raise an army,\non pain of forfeiting their lives and fortunes.\nItem, whoever shall stop the workmen from continuing their trades, when\na riot may happen, shall incur similar penalties as in the foregoing\narticle.\nItem, the persons of some of the burghers are to be reserved for the\nwill of the duke of Burgundy, as well as those who may have become\nburghers during these dissentions.\nItem, the town of Bruges shall pay to their said lord two hundred\nthousand golden riddes[17].\nItem, the magistracy of Bruges, and others hereafter to be named,\nshall, within eight days, go out of the town to meet some deputies sent\nthither by the said duke of Burgundy, and shall receive them with due\nobedience.\nItem, no foreigner shall be admitted henceforth a burgher of Bruges,\nunless he shall have remained therein the space of one hundred and\ntwenty days.\nItem, it was ordered, that the son of the lord de l'Isle-Adam should\nreceive for the death of his father ten thousand crowns, with other\nhonourable recompenses. In like manner shall the wife and children of\nthe blacksmith, who had given the hammers to open the gate, receive a\nfine for his death, he having been put to death for so doing.\nThere were many other fines and reparations contained in this treaty,\nbut, for the sake of brevity, I pass them over.\nThis treaty was read at the h\u00f4tel of their prince at Arras, in the\npresence of the four-and-twenty deputies from Bruges, on their knees,\nwho suffered much from the length of it, so that the duke, taking pity\non them, caused them to be seated to be more at their ease. When all\nhad been completed, the deputies returned to their town carrying a copy\nof the treaty, which they read to the inhabitants assembled; and, from\ntheir anxiety to have peace with their lord, the terms were agreeable\nto the greater part of them.\nSome persons of low estate, who had ruled the town during these\ndissensions, were displeased and would willingly, by seditious\nspeeches, and other means have made the commonalty rise against those\nof the upper ranks,--but their attempts were vain. They were afraid,\nshould peace be effected, that they would be punished for their\ndemerits, and their fears were realized; for, within a few days after,\nten or twelve of the principal ringleaders of the rebellion were\narrested and beheaded: several were banished, and some fled of their\nown accord.\nThese acts of justice were done on the arrival of the heir of Cleves,\nnephew to the duke of Burgundy, who had been sent thither by the duke,\naccompanied by some of his council, to receive the fines, and see that\nall the articles of the treaty at Arras were fulfilled. A little before\nthis, the town of Bruges had sent back to the duke at Arras sixty-three\nof his men, who had been made prisoners when he was driven out of that\ntown, each of them clothed in a green robe at the expense of the town\nof Bruges.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: Bouverie,--ox stables. It was here, probably, where the\nprincipal engagement took place between the duke's men and the burghers\nof Bruges.]\n[Footnote 17: Ridde,--a flemish coin, worth about five shillings\nsterling.]\nCHAP. XVI.\n WAR RECOMMENCES BETWEEN THE DUCHY OF BAR AND THE COUNTY OF VAUDEMONT.\nIn this year a violent war again took place between the duchy of\nBar and the county of Vaudemont, principally caused by sir John de\nHossonville hereditary seneschal of Lorraine, attempting to take the\ntown of Vaudemont[18], for some complaints he pretended to have against\nit; and failing in his attempt, he had since made open war on that\ncountry, and had set several villages on fire.\nThis intelligence coming to the count de Vaudemont, who was at\nGenouill\u00e9, he hastily mounted his horse, accompanied by Forte-Espice\nand about a hundred combatants, and pursued his enemies with such speed\nthat he overtook them on the borders of his county. He attacked them so\ncourageously that, although they were full three hundred, he put them\nto the route. Forty were slain, and as many made prisoners: the rest\nsaved themselves by flight. Their standard was won, and carried to the\nchurch of Veselize[19].\nOpen war was now carried on by both parties, and the men at arms of the\ncount made inroads on the lands of the enemy. In one of them, they were\nmet by sir Gerard du Chastellier, and defeated and carried prisoners\nto Mirecour, a good town belonging to the duke of Lorraine. The count\nde Vaudemont, some little time after, gained this town of Mirecour by\nthe aid of Floquet and Forte-Espice, when he recovered his men that had\nbeen made prisoners, and appointed Floquet governor of it: but he soon\nafter restored it to the Lorrainers, and also turned against the count\nde Vaudemont at the solicitations of La Hire.\nOn the other hand, Blanchefort, Anthony de Chabannes, Chappelle,\nGautier le Breton, Mathelin, and other captains, with their men, made\nwar on the Lorrainers and Barrois, for the count de Vaudemont, who\nhad given up to them Veselize and others of his places. When they had\ncompletely spoiled the country they changed sides, under pretence of\nan order they had received to depart thence and serve the enemies of\nthe count; which order they showed to sir Hector de Flavy, governor\nof the county of Vaudemont. They soon after yielded up Veselize to\nthe Lorrainers, who totally destroyed it; and after committing every\nwaste in the countries of each party, these French, commonly called\nSkinners, marched away toward Germany, but not before they had received\ngreat sums of money from the duchies of Bar and Lorraine. They also\ncarried with them hostages for the due payment of the balances left\nbehind,--and the son of sir Gerard du Chastillier was among these\nhostages.\nAt this time, the king of Sicily sent his son, the marquis du Pont,\nnine years old, to reside in the duchy of Bar: and the bishop of Toul\nand sir Gerard du Chastellier governed the country in his name.\nA little before this, one called Watelin Tieulier made war on the\ncount de Vaudemont, and had fixed his retreat in a strong castle of\nhis father-in-law, the lord de Hartuel, who supported him. He had done\nmuch mischief by fire and sword to the vassals of the count, who in\nrevenge, accompanied by his nephew the count de Blamont, the lord de\nCommerci, Forte-Espice, and about four hundred combatants, marched\nagainst this castle, took it by storm, and the knight within it. The\nLorrainers were seen instantly after advancing with a strong army,\nto assist the knight; but finding that the place was taken, and the\nenemies on the ramparts, they retreated, and increased their army, in\norder to lay siege to Monstier sur Saxe[20]; but sir Hector de Flavy\nhad burnt the town which they intended to take and lodge in: they were,\ntherefore, obliged to return whence they had come. Thus did these two\nparties mutually destroy each other.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 18: Vaudemont,--six leagues from Toul, seven from Nancy,\nthree from Mirecour.]\n[Footnote 19: Veselize,--five leagues S.E. from Toul, two N. from\nVaudemont.]\n[Footnote 20: Monstier sur Saxe,--six leagues from Bar-le-duc.]\nCHAP. LXXIX.\n FAMINE, WAR, AND PESTILENCE, RAGE IN MANY PLACES.\nAt the beginning of this year, the famine, which had long afflicted\nmany parts, was much increased; and it was pitiful to see the\nmultitudes of poor who died daily from want. There were also epidemic\ndistempers in various parts of France, and in Flanders,--but the\ntowns of Bruges and Paris suffered more from them than any other. War\nwas likewise carried on with great bitterness in many places. From\nthese three plagues many of the nobles, and common people were great\nsufferers, and in doleful perplexity. In the mean time, that body of\nFrench called Skinners remained in large parties on the borders of\nBurgundy, where they committed unnumbered mischiefs, by taking castles\nand prisoners, killing men, and ravishing women, noble or not, and\nacting as if they were in a country conquered from an enemy.\nThe duke of Burgundy was exceedingly angry when these things came to\nhis knowledge, as well from his love to his vassals as from the time\nthat they had chosen for these misdeeds, when his country was afflicted\nwith famine and mortality.\nCHAP. XVIII.\n LORD TALBOT, SIR THOMAS KIRIEL, AND OTHER ENGLISH CAPTAINS, CONQUER\n LONGUEVILLE, AND MANY MORE CASTLES, FROM THE FRENCH.\nIn the month of May of this year, the lord Talbot, sir Thomas Kiriel,\nwith other english captains, took the field with about eight hundred\ncombatants, and marched to the castle of Longueville, in the possession\nof a party of La Hire's men; for of this castle and domain he called\nhimself lord, in consequence of a gift made to him of it by king\nCharles, in the same manner, and on the same terms that Bertrand du\nGuesclin, that valiant warrior, formerly constable of France, had held\nit.\nThe besieged did not long hold out, on seeing the English before it,\nbut surrendered on having their lives and fortunes spared, and with\npermission to march away in safety. They went to Beauvais; and the\nEnglish, having well garrisoned it, marched to Charles-Mesnil, a\nvery handsome castle, situated very near to Dieppe, and belonging to\nthe lord de Torci, which also surrendered. In like manner, they won\nGuellemcourt and some other places which the French held in the country\nof Caux. The reason why these castles so soon surrendered was their\ngreat want of provision, military stores and artillery.\nCHAP. XIX.\n A TREATY OF MARRIAGE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE ELDEST SON TO THE KING\n OF NAVARRE AND THE PRINCESS OF CLEVES, NIECE TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nAbout this time there came to the town of Douay about four-and-twenty\nhorsemen as ambassadors from the king of Navarre, to treat with the\nduke of Burgundy of a marriage between the princess of Cleves, niece to\nthe duke, and the hereditary prince of Navarre.\nThe principal ambassadors were the prior of Roncesvalles, a noble\nknight, and other gentlemen, attended by the king at arms of Navarre.\nThis business lasted some time, but it was at last concluded,--and the\nduke gave his consent. The princess was then sent away, honourably\nescorted by her eldest brother to the kingdom of Navarre.\nCHAP. XX.\n THE TOWNS AND CASTLES OF MONTARGIS AND CHEVREUSE SUBMIT TO THE\n OBEDIENCE OF KING CHARLES OF FRANCE.\nWhile these things were passing, the towns and castles of Montargis and\nChevreuse, held by the English, submitted to king Charles. On the other\nhand, the garrisons of Meaux in Brie, of Creil, Pontois and Gisors,\ngreatly harrassed the country of France, more particularly parts of\nSantois, Vermandois, Amiennois, Beauvoisis, and other dependances. In\nlike manner, those garrisons which had been posted against the English\ndid great damages, so that the poor people were every way grievously\nvexed and worn down.\nIn regard to sir John de Luxembourg, he kept neuter, and joined neither\nparty,--but filled his towns and strong places with men, artillery and\nprovisions, to defend himself against such as should attempt to injure\nhis country.\nHe had been several times admonished and summoned to take the oaths\nto king Charles of France, but had never complied, and was waiting the\nissue of events, to see what might happen. He was in the possession\nof sealed engagements from the king of England, the duke of York, and\nseveral english lords, promising him, on their faith and honour, that\nshould the French attempt to make war upon him, they would come to his\nrelief with so powerful a force that he should be delivered from his\nenemies, notwithstanding any other business they should have in hand,\nthe which should be laid aside. Sir John de Luxembourg put great faith\nin these promises.\nCHAP. XXI.\n A QUARREL ARISES BETWEEN POPE EUGENIUS AND THE COUNCIL OF\n BASIL.--OTHER MATTERS.\nIn this year, ambassadors were sent to the king of France, the duke of\nBurgundy, and other princes of the blood royal, from our holy father\npope Eugenius and from the council at Basil, who were quarrelling\nwith each other. Each ambassador, when discoursing on the subjects in\ndispute before the king, most grossly abused his adverse party.\nThis dissention lasted a considerable time; but the king inclined more\nto the council of Basil, while the duke of Burgundy strongly supported\nthe cause of the pope, as did also the king of England.\nThe duke of Burgundy at this time sent a solemn embassy to the pope,\nconsisting of master Quentin Mayart, provost of St Omer, the prior of\nLihons in Santerre, sir Simon de Lalain, Guillaume le Jeune, brother to\nthe cardinal of Therouenne, with other noble personages. They were most\ngraciously received by the holy father, and obtained the greater part\nof the object of their mission.\nIn these days, the lord de Crevec\u0153ur, a wise and prudent person, was\nsent by the duke of Burgundy to the french court, to treat on divers\nmatters, and, among others, to negotiate a marriage between his only\nson, the count de Charolois, and the second daughter of the king of\nFrance. This lord was joyfully received as well by the king as by the\nqueen; and because the princess he was come to demand in marriage was\nlately dead, the duke sent him orders to ask for the eldest princess,\nCatherine, which he did,--and his request was granted. Before the\nreturn of the lord de Crevec\u0153ur to Flanders, the dispute between\nthe bishops of Tournay, namely, Jean de Harcourt, and master Jean\nde Chevrot, was settled by the king: so Chevrot remained bishop of\nTournay, and Harcourt was archbishop of Narbonne. When all matters had\nbeen concluded, the lord de Crevec\u0153ur returned to the duke of Burgundy,\nwho received him most graciously and honourably.\nAbout this time, a knight attached to the household of the duke of\nBurgundy, having had the duke's licence, set out on his return to his\nown country of Savoy, and took the road to Guise, to visit sir John de\nLuxembourg, in whose good graces he was, and who feasted him nobly at\nhis h\u00f4tel. On his departure, he was met on the road by some marauders,\npretending to belong to sir John de Luxembourg, (among whom was one\ncalled Garmonset), who arrested and led him to the English at Meaux\nin Brie, and thence to Rouen, where he was some time confined as a\nprisoner. He died there from illness contracted, as was said, from\nvexation and anger at the treatment he had suffered.\nThe duke of Burgundy was much dissatisfied at this capture, and wrote\nsharp letters on this and other subjects to sir John de Luxembourg; but\nsir John clearly and frankly exculpated himself from this charge,--and\nit may be supposed that he was no way implicated in this capture, for\nhe had executed several who had been concerned therein, and had also\nexerted himself as much as he could, through the means of his brother\nthe cardinal of Rouen, to obtain the liberty of this knight, called sir\nPhilibert de Savoye, from the hands of the English.\nCHAP. XXII.\n THE COUNT D'EU, WHO HAD BEEN PRISONER IN ENGLAND SINCE THE BATTLE OF\n AZINCOURT, OBTAINS HIS LIBERTY, AND RETURNS TO FRANCE.--HE RAISES\n LARGE ARMIES.\nIn this same year, the count d'Eu, who had been prisoner in England\nsince the year 1415, returned in liberty to France. He had been taken\nat the battle of Azincourt, and was exchanged for the earl of Somerset,\nwhom the duke of Bourbon brother to the count d'Eu, held prisoner,\nhaving bought him, or rather the duchess his mother having purchased\nhim, from those who had captured him at the battle of Blangy, where the\nduke of Clarence was slain, as has been before fully related.\nKing Charles of France, the duke of Bourbon, and all the nobility, were\ngreatly rejoiced at the return of the count d'Eu; and, shortly after\nhis arrival, he was appointed by the king governor of Normandy, from\nthe river Seine to Abbeville and as far as the river Somme.\nHe, in consequence, assembled a body of men at arms, and went to take\npossession of the town of Harfleur, where he was received by the\nlord de Rieux, marshal of France, and those of his party; but others\ndisputed his authority, and withdrew into the towers, and fortified one\nof the gates, to the great displeasure of the count d'Eu, who instantly\nattacked them with such vigour that those in the gate surrendered to\nhim. The others, who had taken possession of the towers, sent to Rouen\nfor assistance from the English; but, in a short time, they made secret\narrangements with the count,--so that when the English advanced to\ntheir support, conformably to their own request, they were deceived,\nand about thirty made prisoners: the rest, being aware of their\ntreachery, returned back to Rouen very much vexed.\nAfter the count d'Eu had subjected Harfleur, and other places in the\ncountry of Caux, to his will, and strongly garrisoned them, he departed\nfor Brussels, to visit his brother-in-law the duke of Burgundy,\nwho feasted him grandly, and presented him with very rich gifts. On\nleaving the duke, he went by short days journeys to Noyon, where he\nwas congratulated on his liberty by the inhabitants. They made heavy\ncomplaints to him of certain pillagers that held some castles in their\nneighbourhood, and who daily committed on them great damages, advancing\neven to their gates, seizing and carrying away all they could lay hands\non, calling themselves at one time partisans of the king of France; at\nothers, of sir John de Luxembourg.\nIn the number, was one named Jean de L'Isle, who, with his brother,\nhad under their command more than thirty companions, and had taken\npossession of an old castle called Bretigny, which they had repaired\nand fortified, with the intent of waging war against the whole country.\nPart of them wore the red cross, pretending to be English.\nThe count d'Eu, on hearing this, collected a number of men at arms to\nprovide a remedy for it, and ordered thither the count d'Estampes,\nhis nephew, with a party of his men. They marched to the castle of\nBretigny, the fortifications of which were incomplete; and it was\nlikewise badly provided with stores, artillery and provision; so that\nit was very soon forced to surrender to the will of the count d'Eu.\nHe sent Jean de l'Isle and his brother to Noyon, where they were soon\nafter beheaded, and about twenty of the others were hanged.\nFor these executions, sir John de Luxembourg conceived a great hatred\nto the count d'Eu, and to those who had been parties in the expedition.\nA few days afterward, in consequence thereof, while the count d'Eu was\nat Chargny-sur-Oise, sir John ordered an ambuscade to be formed on\nthe road leading thence to Noyon, to attack the count on his return\nthither; but he, having received information of the plan, took another\nroad, so that the ambuscade failed of the intended effect: a violent\nquarrel, however, ensued ever after between them.\nCHAP. XXIII.\n LA HIRE, BLANCHEFORT, AND OTHERS OF KING CHARLES'S CAPTAINS MAKE\n EXCURSIONS INTO GERMANY.\nAt this same period, several of king Charles's captains, such as La\nHire, Blanchefort, Boussac, Anthony de Chabannes, Chappelle, Pierre\nRegnault, and others, to the amount of six thousand horse, marched from\nthe frontiers of Bar and Lorraine toward Germany, and even advanced\nas far as the city of Basil, wherein the council was sitting. They\ngave it to be understood by some, that they were sent thither with the\nconsent of pope Eugenius, in defence of his rights, and to lay waste\nthe country with fire and sword.\nThey then directed their march to the country of Aussois[21], and\ntoward Franckfort, taking and ransoming many small castles and large\nmonasteries. While they were thus employed in wasting the country,\nthe Germans assembled in great bodies to oppose and repulse them.\nThey first ordered the farmers and peasants to retire into the strong\ncastles and great towns with their corn and provisions,--and then made\nwar on the French whenever they could do it advantageously, or when\nthey went out to forage in small parties. In this manner they destroyed\nnumbers, and always refused to accept a challenge for a general battle,\nalthough required by the French to name a day for a combat.\nThe French, therefore, seeing their numbers daily lessened, while\nthe enemy were increasing, retreated from Germany toward Burgundy,\ndoing great mischiefs, wherever they passed, and thence went into\nthe Nivernois. Continuing their wicked conduct in those parts, they\nretreated, after a short stay, into Auvergne.\nTheir army was now increased by evil-disposed persons, and vagabonds,\nto the amount of ten thousand men: and they spared no person noble or\nnot, nor any towns, although dependant on the king of France, or on\nthe princes of his blood and alliance,--all were equally despoiled.\nNo remedy could be applied to these evils, on account of their great\nnumbers,--and they were called in all countries through which they\npassed, 'Skinners,' as has been before mentioned. The whole kingdom\nsuffered intolerable hardships by this army, in addition to famine and\npestilence.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 21: The country of Aussois is comprehended in the duchy of\nBurgundy.--See Martiniere's Geographical Dictionary.]\nCHAP. XXIV.\n THE COUNT D'ESTAMPES RECOVERS THE CASTLE OF ROULLET FROM THE MEN OF\n THE LORD DE MOY.--OTHER MATTERS.\nPrior to this melancholy famine, the men of the lord de Moy, in the\nBeauvoisis, gained the castle of Roullet (two leagues distant from\nMondidier) from those of Guy de Roye, who had the guard of it, and made\nwar against Mondidier and the country around.\nAs this district was within the government of the count d'Estampes,\nand under his charge, he detached a body of men under the command\nof some of his captains--namely, Waleran de Moreul, Guy de Roye, and\nothers--against this castle of Roullet, who attacked it so sharply that\nit was surrendered unconditionally to the will of the count d'Estampes,\nwho hanged from twenty to thirty of the garrison, and again placed it\nunder the guard of Guy de Roye.\nThe lord de Moy, who was governor of Clermont, from vexation at this\nloss, carryed on a severer war than before on Mondidier, which made it\nnecessary to post garrisons of men at arms in all the towns and castles\nround to oppose it. Thus did the country suffer greater hardships from\nboth parties than before peace was concluded, as each destroyed it at\ntheir pleasure.\nIn another quarter, the English won the castles of St Germain en Laye\nand Gerberoy by storm, and strongly garrisoned them, to the great\nannoyance of the Parisians.\nAt this time, a shocking and unheard of crime was detected at a village\nnear Abbeville. A woman was arrested on the charge of having murdered\nseveral children, of cutting them in pieces, and of having kept them\nwhen salted in her house. She was accused of this crime by some\nrobbers, who, having entered her house by night, had discovered parts\nof the bodies of these children. She confessed herself guilty, and was\npublicly burnt at Abbeville, according to the sentence of the law.\nGreat quarrels and dissensions now arose between those of Brussels and\nthe towns of Lovain, Mechlin, and other places in Brabant, for having\nconstrained all the farmers within the district of Antwerp to carry to\nthem their corn, in prejudice to the inhabitants of Brussels; which\ncaused a war against Mechlin,--and this last town closed the passage\nof the river with chains, so that no boats could go to Brussels. They\nmet in arms, and very many were slain and wounded on each side; but the\nduke of Burgundy and his council found means to appease these discords.\nCHAP. XXV.\n A MEETING IS HELD BETWEEN CALAIS AND GRAVELINES BETWEEN THE CARDINAL\n OF ENGLAND AND THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY, TO DELIBERATE ON THE MEANS OF\n ESTABLISHING A LASTING PEACE BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND.\nAbout the month of January in this year, the cardinal of England and\nthe duchess of Burgundy met at a place agreed on between them, half way\nfrom Calais to Gravelines, to consider on the means of establishing a\nfirm peace between England and France. Tents had been pitched for their\nmeeting; and each party was grandly accompanied by nobles, as well\necclesiastical as secular.\nThe ambassadors from the king of France were a master of the household\nnamed sir Regnault Girard, knight and lord of Bazoches, and master\nRobert Mallien, councellor and master of accounts, to give their advice\nand aid toward the conclusion of a general peace, and also to treat\nof the ransom and deliverance of Charles duke of Orleans from his\nimprisonment in England.\nMany proposals were offered on different days, but no conclusion was\nmade, except to adjourn, to inform the respective kings of France and\nEngland of these proposals, and hold another meeting when they should\nhave been fully discussed.\nThe time and place for another meeting was to be communicated to the\nduchess of Burgundy, that she might make it known to each party; and it\nwas agreed that, at that time, the duke of Orleans should be conducted\neither to Calais or to Cherbourg, as the two parties should fix. When\nthese matters had been settled, they all separated, and returned to the\nplaces they had come from.\nIn this year, the duke of Burgundy assembled about sixteen hundred\ncombatants, whom he marched toward Calais, to cover and defend against\nthe English a very great number of pioneers, carpenters and labourers,\nwho had been sent thither to break down and destroy a sea-dyke, in\norder to drown the town of Calais and the surrounding country. The duke\nhad been made to believe that this was possible to be done, and the\ntown destroyed; but when the pioneers had worked a short space of time,\nthey found that it was a work not easily accomplished, the enterprise\nwas therefore abandoned; but they broke down the bridge of Nieulay, and\nsome small dykes, which did very little harm to the English.\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE KING OF FRANCE COMPELS RODERIGO DE VILLANDRAS, WHO WAS COMMITTING\n GREAT WASTE ON HIS TERRITORIES, TO MARCH AWAY AND MAKE WAR ON THE\n ENGLISH.\nKing Charles of France, in the course of this year, learnt that many of\nhis captains were grievously harrassing divers parts of his kingdom,\nand that they kept large bodies of armed men under their command to\noverrun the provinces. The principal among them was Roderigo de\nVillandras, who had upwards of six hundred horse under his orders.\nThe king sent him his commands to quit his territories immediately, and\nto make war on those of the English, but he refused obedience to them.\nOn this, the king, who was at Bourges in Berry, assembled an army to\nmarch against him in person, and force him to obey him; but Roderigo,\nhaving had information of the king's intentions, retreated toward\nToulouse, and thence advanced into Guienne, where in conjunction with\nsome of that country, he again collected a considerable force.\nHe carried on a severe warfare against the English, to their great\nloss, and won from them many towns and castles, which he garrisoned\nwith his own men. He entered Medoc, and advanced as far as Soulac[22],\ndestroying the country, which he found very rich in all sorts of\ncommodities. In like manner he conquered the territory of Blanchefort,\nand came to a fort called Ch\u00e2tel-neuf, belonging to the Captal de Buch,\nwhich he took by storm.\nHe was soon after joined by the lord d'Albreth with a strong power of\nmen at arms, when they advanced nearer Bourdeaux, and took the church\nof St Severin, which is but a bow-shot distant from that city. There\nthey quartered themselves, and in the course of the night placed a\nstrong ambuscade among the vineyards close to the town--for the vines\nthere are as high as an arbour--and on the morrow pretended to decamp.\nThe Bourdelois, seeing this, sallied out in great numbers, to the\namount of full two thousand, and were surprised by those in ambush,\nwhen a sharp conflict took place, which lasted a long time, for it was\ndesperately contested by each party; but the French were superior in\nnumbers,--and the English were forced to retire into Bourdeaux, after\nleaving about eight hundred dead on the field.\nLarge detachments of men at arms were now posted round Bourdeaux,\nwho destroyed, without opposition, that part of the country, which\nwas abundant in all things,--for until then, it had been a long time\nwithout suffering the miseries of war.\nIn consideration of these valuable services, and for his courageous\nactions, the king of France pardoned Roderigo de Villandras all the\noffences and evil deeds he had done against him. However, in the course\nof a year, the English reconquered the greater part of these places\nthat had been won from them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 22: Soulac,--a small town near Bourdeaux.]\nCHAP. XXVII.\n POPE EUGENIUS SENDS BULLS TO DIVERS PARTS OF EUROPE.--THEIR TENOUR.\nAt the commencement of this year, pope Eugenius published bulls against\nthe members of the council at Basil, the tenour of which was as follows.\n'Eugenius bishop, and servant of the servants of God. Every example\nfrom the Old and New Testaments admonishes us not to pass over in\nsilence, or to leave unpunished, crimes and misdemeanours,--more\nespecially such as may bring on slander against, or cause a division\namong, the people committed to our charge. Should we delay pursuing\nand avenging those faults which have given just offence to God, we\nshould most certainly provoke the divine Wisdom to anger; for the delay\nof pursuing crimes deserving punishment, according to the judgements\nof the holy fathers of the church, would be sinful. Those also who\ncontemn the divine commands, and are disobedient to paternal ordinances\naccording to our holy institutions, deserve the severest chastisements,\nto make others ashamed of similar conduct, that fraternal concord may\nrejoice, and all take warning from such examples.\n'Should we be remiss in our vigour or solicitude for the welfare of the\nchurch, its discipline would perish through our indolence, which would\nbe of the greatest injury to all good and true Christians. To cut off,\ntherefore, the unsound flesh from the sound,--to separate the scabby\nsheep from the rest, that the whole flock be not infected, is a duty\nimposed upon us; for as that glorious doctor St Jerome says, 'Arius,\nwhen at Alexandria, was but a spark of fire,--but, from not being\ninstantly extinguished, the flame was increased, and spread throughout\nChristendom.'\n'It was for this cause that our Saviour gave to the bishop of Rome\nthe keys, to bind and unbind such as wandered from the ways of truth,\nthat they may be constrained to return by the bonds of correction and\nobligation. We may say, therefore, of the apostolical authority, that\nwhen in the judgement of the church, it has consigned those over to\nSatan who have led others into error, it has exerted its power for the\nsalvation of their souls, and to teach others not to blaspheme.\n'The blessed pope Sixtus says, 'We keep in our remembrance that we\ngovern under the name of that church in which our greatest pleasure is\nto glorify our dear Saviour JESUS CHRIST, whose faith nourishes not\nheresy but totally destroys it. For this reason, we hold it unlawful\nto exert our powers, except when the interest of the whole church shall\ncall for it.\n'In truth, during the latter days, our very beloved sons master Hutin\nde la Plante, doctor of laws, master John de Plato, doctor of laws,\nand master Venture du Chastel, licentiate,--all of them presidents at\nthe congregation of the general council of the holy church, the second\nenjoying the office of proctor, and the last procurator of the said\ncouncil,--have exposed before us the account of the lamentable quarrels\nthat have taken place in the said council, in these words: 'Most holy\nand reverend father, although this sacred and \u0153cumenical general\ncouncil has been legally assembled for the preservation of the peace\nof the catholic and apostolical roman church, which the blessed Holy\nSpirit, under the person of our Lord, in the book of Canticles, plainly\npoints out, by saying, 'My dove, my undefiled, is but one: she is the\nonly one of her mother: she is the choice one of her that bare her.'\n'St Paul demonstrates the union of the church, and the sacredness of\nthis union, by calling it the body, soul, and hope, of our vocation:\none Lord, one faith, one baptism,--by baptism, one God; and as the\nblessed St Cyprian says, she is the head, a fruitful mother, and,\nas spouse to JESUS CHRIST, as pure and unadulterated, chaste and\nholy. The same Cyprian declares, in another place, that there is no\necclesiastical ordinance that does not maintain the unity of the\nChristian church. Pope Pelagius affirms the same from the words of the\nblessed St Austin a celebrated doctor in the church, and that it has an\napostolical throne, irradiated by a succession of bishops.\n'Nevertheless, from the commencement of this church, the wickedness\nand wanton conduct of mankind have ever sought to deny and destroy the\npeace thereof,--against which wickedness, according to the authority of\nthe holy fathers, divine vengeance has been excited. Whoever therefore\nshall dare sacrilegiously, and with diabolical intention, to deny this\nspotless unity, the sacred canon points him out as an enemy to the\nchurch, and declares that he cannot have God for his father, unless\nhe hold the unity of the universal church; for, since CHRIST died for\nthe church, the church is the body of CHRIST--there can therefore be\nno doubt but that he who divides the church is guilty of dividing and\ntearing asunder the body of JESUS CHRIST.\n'When Dathan and Abiran formed a schism against the honour of God,\nDivine vengeance caused the earth to open and swallow them,--and their\nadherents perished by fire from heaven. The more inseparable the holy\nsacrament is with the union of the church, the greater guilt do they\nincur who attempt to divide them,--and who, leaving the legal spouse of\nthe church choose to follow a false doctrine.\n'Examples of similar wickedness, and the punishments that ensued, are\ndisplayed in the book of Kings; for when the Jews made a distinction\nbetween the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, and the other ten tribes,\nand, laying aside their lawful king, elected another, the lord was\nindignant against the seed of Israel, and held them in derision: he\nalso turned away his face from them.\n'The anger of God is always excited against such as create schisms and\ndivision. When the prophet was sent to Jeroboam to reproach him for his\nsins, and to foretel to him the vengeance that God would take on him\nand on his race, God forbade him to taste meat or drink with Jeroboam.\nThe prophet however, disobeyed the commandment, and in consequence, on\nhis return was attacked by a lion, who slew him on the road. From these\ninstances, as St Jerome says, no one can doubt but that the crime of\nschism will be severely punished by God.\n'For some time past, and since the holy general council at Constance,\nthis pernicious schism has laboured to afflict the church of God, and\nthe Christian religion, not only in regard to individuals, but whole\ncities and provinces have suffered persecution for a length of time, to\nthe ruin of their souls; but at last, through the ineffable mercy of\nGod, and by the labours of many kings and princes, as well secular as\necclesiastic, and of many universities and other loyal Christians, this\nabominable schism was put an end to.\n'The church was then believed to enjoy that perfect peace which every\none desired, as well by the election of the late well beloved pope\nMartin as after his decease by the undoubtedly canonical and legal\nchoice of your holiness to the apostolical throne. But we are now\nconstrained to exclaim with the prophet Jeremiah, 'We have looked for\npeace, but behold tribulation!' and also with Isaiah, 'We have looked\nfor light, and behold darkness!' for several children of perdition, few\nin number, and of little authority in the council of Basil, have done\ntheir utmost, by force and deceit, to put end to these flattering hopes.\n'This council had been transferred from Basil to Florence[23], in the\nlaudable expectation, (so much wished for by every sect of Christians)\nof the union of the eastern and western churches and went on for some\ntime, through your authority, with vigour.\n'When those before mentioned, who had remained at Basil, had failed\nin their promises to the Greeks, and perceived from the leaders of\nthe oriental church, that the most noble prince and emperor, John\nPaleologus, together with Joseph, of happy memory, patriarch of\nConstantinople, and numbers of prelates and dignitaries of the eastern\nchurch were about to attend the \u0153cumenical council at the place\nappointed by your holiness, and that you, with a multitude of prelates\nand churchmen, were already gone thither at great expense,--in order to\nprevent the emperor from meeting you at this council, these aforesaid\npersons published a detestable monitory against your holiness and\nagainst our reverend lords the cardinals of Rome.\n'This not having the desired effect of putting an end to the intentions\nof the emperor to come to Florence, they published a suspension of\nyour holiness from the functions of the papacy. Notwithstanding these\niniquitous and sacrilegious proceedings, by your labour and care,\ntogether with the energy of the council, and by divers arguments and\ndisputations, every attempt was made to remove this schism between the\neastern and western churches, which had lasted five hundred years.\n'At the head of these disturbers of the union of the church was that\nmost disloyal and diabolical Amadeus, late duke of Savoy, who had\nlong before premeditated what he executed, through the instigation\nof several accursed men and women, who, laying aside all religion,\nhave been converted to Satan by the wicked delusions of devils, who,\nin common language, are called Sorceresses Frangules, Straganes, or\nVaudoyses, of whom there are numbers in this country.\n'By such means, he has for a long time been seduced from the right\nfaith; and in order that he might be elected as the monstrous and\ndeformed head of God's church, he put on the frock of a hermit, _aux\navichoix_[24], of a most false hypocrite, that under cover of sheep's\ncloathing, he might indulge his wolfish appetite, confident that,\nin process of time, his adherents in the council of Basil (many of\nwhom were his subjects and the idols of this new Beelzebub) would\nconstitute and elect him pope in opposition to your holiness, the\nundoubtedly-true vicar of God and legal successor to St Peter, to the\nprofanation and pollution of the Christian church.\n'An unbounded ambition has induced the execrable Amadeus to undertake\nthis diabolical project, which, according to the apostle, is the\nservitude of devils; and by the advice of a blasphemous synagogue of\nabandoned men, the stinking abomination of all Christendom, who have\ndeputed for electors certain men, or rather devils disguised under\nthe figures of men, who (like the idol of Nebuchadnezzar) elevated\nthemselves in the true church of God.\n'This Amadeus, in consequence of his profane election, which he gained\nby means suited to his vast ambition, felt no remorse, or horror, in\nclothing himself with a papal vesture, and in exercising the powers of\na roman pontiff, causing himself to be reverenced as such.\n'He has neither been ashamed nor afraid to send his bulls sealed,\nto divers parts of the world, in which he styles himself Pope Felix\nV. proclaiming himself thus the most wretched man on earth, and\nendeavouring to scatter abroad the poison of his pestilent mind.\n'Now most holy father, and most sacred council, what should we first\nseek or demand, or by what tears and groans may we deplore such an\nunfortunate event, and wipe away the horrid disgrace that must ensue\nfrom it to the church? for the greatness of the offence is more than\nlanguage can express. But we know, most holy and sacred father, that\nno delay must arise to provide a remedy against the complainings of\nour dear mother the church, your legal spouse, who, having enjoyed a\nshort peace is again constrained to cry out and lament the loss of it,\nto the reverend members of this council, saying,--'Have mercy on me,\neach of you, my friends: my bowels are filled with bitterness, for\nlions destroy the vineyard of the God of sabaoth,--and the church, the\nunsullied robe of JESUS CHRIST, is rent asunder by the wicked. Let God\nnow arise and destroy his enemies.' And thou, holy father, as these\nthings are manifest, and so notorious that they can no longer be\nconcealed, exert thyself in conjunction with this council: judge the\ncause of thy spouse,--and have in remembrance the reproach cast on thy\nchildren.\n'O, most powerful, gird the sword on thy thigh, and verify the words\nof the Psalmist: 'I will pursue mine enemies, to destroy them, and\nwill not return until I shall have laid them all under my footstool,\nthat they no more disturb my peace.' Such transgressions ought to be\npunished with the utmost severity to prevent any from imitating them in\nfuture.\n'The words of Moses, the friend and servant of God, should be\nrepeated to the people of Christendom: 'Depart, all of you, from the\ntabernacles and towns of the wicked.' Attend to the example of thy\nblessed predecessor, who according to a general council of the church\nat Ephesus, condemned Dioscorus and his followers to banishment in\nCalcedonia[25].\n'Follow the examples of the holy bishops who have preceded thee on the\nsacred throne, who have ever exterminated the enemies of God and of his\nchurch, from the communion of devout and loyal Christians, and punished\nthem likewise according to their deserts. Avenge, therefore, this new\nschism that has arisen to thy personal wrong and to that of the roman\nchurch, as well as to the slander of all Christendom, and call to thy\naid the powers of this holy \u0153cumenical council to excommunicate from\nthe pale of the church, by the authority of GOD, and of St Peter and\nof St Paul, all the wicked aforesaid, and more especially that grand\nheresiarch Amadeus, this new antichrist in the church of God, together\nwith all their abettors, and those who have so daringly and illegally\ntaken upon themselves the part of electors. Let them be cast out as the\nantichrist, and invaders and destroyers of all Christendom, and never\non any account, admit them to thy presence. Let them and their heirs be\ndeprived of all ecclesiastical and worldly dignities, and be condemned\nto a perpetual sentence of excommunication. Let them be confounded\nwith the wicked, and feel the indignation of the blessed apostles St\nPeter and St Paul, whose church they presume to disturb. May their\nhabitations become a desert and may no one inhabit their tabernacles!\nMay their children become orphans, and their wives widows, and their\nexistence become so heavy, through misery, that death may be looked\nto for relief from a life of torment! May all hands be raised against\nthem, and the elements oppose them, and public vengeance be poured\non them; and, like Coran, Dathan and Abiran, may the earth open and\nswallow them up alive! In short, should they not speedily turn from\ntheir wickedness, and sufficiently and satisfactorily expiate their\nsins against the holy and universal church, may they be condemned by\nthe just judgment of God to infernal darkness and perpetual torments!\n'We and all true Christians having in abomination such heresies, detest\nthis accursed heresiarch and such like antichrists; and thou vicar and\nlieutenant of JESUS CHRIST and of his holy church, (whom we confess,\nand with devout reverence obey) may the grace of God, all-powerful,\nprotect thee always, and, through his eternal mercy, lead thee to joys\neverlasting! \"Amen.\"\n'We, therefore, having had the fullest and most authentic accounts of\nthe great impiety which has been committed, are much grieved thereat,\nas may readily be supposed, from the enormity of the offence and more\nparticularly in regard to Amadeus the antipope, whom we have ever held\nin the most affectionate love and charity, attending to all his prayers\nand requests; but, at the same time, we are determined to exert our\npowers to resist such heresies, according to the duties of our pastoral\noffice.\n'Since therefore, we have been so publicly called upon in the face of\nthe church, we shall lose no time, with the help of God to crush these\nheresies in the bud, lest they may expand to greater lengths; and with\nthe aid of this holy council, we will propose remedies according to\nthe ordinances of the church. In consequence of what has been said and\nrequested by the proctor and procurator of the holy council, we will\nexamine whether it is consonant to divine and human laws, and agreeable\nto the decrees of our apostolical chamber; and although the truth of\nthe charges be sufficiently notorious, yet for greater caution, and\nwith the approbation of the holy council, we have commissioned divers\nintelligent persons to inquire into all these matters, and to report\nthe result of their inquiries, without favour or affection to either\nparty, to us and to the holy council.\n'These commissioners having made a diligent inquisition into what\nregarded the schism and the division between us and the council of\nBasil, reported the same most faithfully to the council assembled in\ncongregation synodal,--and the facts were by them made so clear and\npublic that we might without fearing the scandal of wicked tongues,\nhave condemned those sinful men according to the ordinances of the\nchurch; but the synod in imitation of the divine mercy which wishes\nnot for the death of a sinner, but would rather that he repent and\nlive, have determined to resort to the means of conciliation, that they\nmay have time to leave their wicked ways, and if they return to the\nbosom of the church, we shall receive them like to the prodigal son,\nand with paternal charity embrace them.\n'Let therefore, the antipope, Amadeus, and his adherents, renounce\ntheir errors, and we will receive them through the mercy of our\nGod, who has shed his blood for the redemption of sinners and the\nedification of his church, with our whole heart; and so soon as they\nshall desist from their wicked and scandalous excesses, they will be\naccepted of us and this sacred council with paternal affection, when\nthey shall appear, as they are bounden so to do, before it.\n'But should the love of justice and virtue be unable to withdraw them\nfrom their sins and wickedness, we admonish them on the reverence and\nobedience they owe to our holy church, to turn from their evil ways, on\npain of excommunication for their heresies, and of being condemned to\nother penalties; and we strictly command and enjoin, that Amadeus, this\nantipope, do, within fifty days from the date of these presents, lay\naside his title of pope of Rome, and all others appertaining thereto,\nand that henceforth he do not presume to exercise any of the functions\nattached to the papacy in any manner whatever.\n'The aforesaid electors and adherents to this antipope are strictly\nforbidden, under pain of being prosecuted by the apostolical chamber\nfor schism, henceforward to favour or support the said antipope in any\nway whatever; and we order them to acknowledge us as the true bishop\nof Rome, vicar of God, and the legal successor to the holy apostles St\nPeter and St Paul,--the which, we as their father and pastor of their\nsouls, expect them to obey, and appear before us at the time fixed on.\n'Should the aforesaid antipope, Amadeus, and his followers,\ncontumaciously refuse obedience, within the said fifty days, we will\nthat they suffer every penalty attached to their disobedience; but\nshould it be otherwise, we are desirous of their appearance personally\nbefore us and the holy council precisely within fifteen days after the\nsaid term. Should that day be a feast-day, then on the day following,\nto hear from each of them their reasons for having thus acted; and\nwe now summon them to appear before us on the day specified, on pain\nof being declared heretics, guilty of high treason, and sentenced to\npunishment for these crimes; and we shall then proceed to pass such\nsentences as their contumacy may require, according to the strict\nletter of the law, and as they may be found deserving.\n'That these our summons may be fully made known to them, we shall order\ncopies thereof to be attached to the doors of the new church of our\nLady in Florence, that ignorance of them may not be pleaded,--and we\nshall otherwise make them as public as possible.\n'We also will, and ordain, by our apostolical authority, that this our\nbull be personally served on each of the principal delinquents, and\nproclaimed in every large town. To prevent any of them from excusing\nthemselves from obeying these summons, under pretence that the court\nof Rome and the place where the council is held are not safe for them,\nand that they would run risks of their personal safety by going and\nreturning thence, we, by these presents most earnestly exhort all\npatriarchs, archbishops, bishops, and other prelates, whether attached\nto monasteries or to churches, all dukes, earls, princes, knights,\nand others, of whatever degree, together with their lieutenants, and\nall commonalties whether of towns, castles, or townships, to suffer\nthe aforesaid persons to travel to the court of Rome, and to return\nthence without molestation in person or effects. All who shall in the\nsmallest degree, infringe on these our orders will incur our highest\ndispleasure; and should any one attempt it, he will be in danger of the\nanger of God and of his holy apostles St Peter and St Paul.\n'Given at Florence, at our public synodal session, in the new church\nof our Lady at Florence, in which city we are now resident, the 10th\nday of April, in the year of the incarnation 1439, and in the 10th year\nof our pontificate.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 23: This council, the eighteenth general council was first\nheld at Basil, and, after many quarrels had arisen between it and the\npope, he transferred it first to Ferrara, and thence to Florence, for\nthe better accommodation of the Greeks. Many of the members of the\ncouncil, however, remained at Basil, deposed pope Eugenius, and elected\nAmadeus duke of Savoy pope, under the name of Felix V.\nSee Hist. des Conciles, L'Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. &c.]\n[Footnote 24: _Aux avichoix._ Denys Sauvage, in his annotations\nseems as much puzzled about this word as I have been. He says, that,\n'avichoix' may perhaps mean advice or counsel,--and adds that the whole\nof this bull is full of faults, from his not having a latin one to\ncorrect it by.\nI have endeavoured to find it in Dumont's Corps Universel Diplomatique.\nThere is in that collection a bull of pope Engenius, dated Florence,\nNovember 1439, condemning the acts of the council at Basil toward the\npope. It is indeed a decree of the council of Florence; but it has not\nany resemblance to this bull, for it was issued to annul the celebrated\ndecree of the council of Basil, declaring the powers of a general\ncouncil superior to those of the pope.]\n[Footnote 25: This was not a general council. It was held at Ephesus in\nthe year 449. The reigning pope was St L\u00e9on.--See L'Art de Verifier les\nDates.]\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG, IN CONSEQUENCE OF BEING IN THE ILL GRACES\n OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, SENDS LETTERS TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN\n FLEECE.\nFrom reports that had been made to the duke of Burgundy injurious to\nsir John de Luxembourg, count de Ligny he was greatly displeased with\nhim, and chiefly because he retained in his towns and castles large\nbodies of men at arms, who made frequent inroads on his subjects and\ncountry. Sir John, having been informed of this, sent letters to\nexculpate himself to the knights-companions of the Golden Fleece, the\ncontents of which were literally as follows.\n'Very dear brothers, and companions, I have lately learnt from some\ntrue friends, that my redoubted lord the duke of Burgundy is angered\nagainst me, by reason of some reports that had been made to him.\nIn consequence, I sent John Taillemonde and my secretary Huet with\nletters, to supplicate him that he would have the kindness not to be\nangered against me, nor hold me in his indignation, without first\nhearing me in my own justification and defence.\n'He sent me by them credential letters,--and told them verbally the\ngrounds of his discontent against me, from the reports that had been\nmade him. As the charges seemed to them very heavy, they required to\nhave them put in writing, but never could obtain it, which appears to\nme very surprising. However, they repeated them to me as well as they\nwere able, and thereupon I wrote to my said lord my justification.\n'I had hopes that some of you might have been present, to have heard\nit,--but as that was not the case, I now write to repeat it, that you\nmay have it fresh in your memories.\n'I shall begin with the charge against my loyalty, as what most touches\nmy honour and hurts my feelings. It has been declared, that my lord\nhas been informed by the English, that a short time after the peace of\nArras, they wrote to my brother the archbishop of Rouen, that if it\nwere agreeable to my lord the duke of Burgundy and his allies to keep\nthe peace in respect to them, they and their allies would do the same\nin regard to him, his subjects, allies and countries; and that my lord\nand brother had pressed me to touch on this matter with the duke, and\nendeavour to have it accomplished,--but that, although my lord the\narchbishop had thus written to me, I had concealed the matter, which\nhas been the cause of numberless and great evils, that would not have\nhappened if I had acted loyally.\n'In my excuse, I must say (saving the reverence due to my lord duke),\nthat these great evils have not been caused by my fault or neglect;\nnor has the war been commenced or advised by me. I know for a truth,\nthat if my said lord had but remembered my actions in respect to this\nbusiness, no such charge would have been made against me.\n'It is a fact, that on the morrow after I had this information from my\nbrother the archbishop of Rouen, dated Rouen, the 29th day of January,\nin the year 1435, and which I received on the 8th of February, I\ndispatched some of my people to Brussels, where they arrived on the\n10th, with credential letters from me, charging them to declare the\nintelligence I had just received from Rouen, and which they reported\nto me had been done. They received for answer, by the mouth of the\nbishop of Tournay, that for certain causes, which he then told them, my\nlord duke was not determined how to act in regard to the intelligence\ncontained in my brother the archbishop of Rouen's letter, which had\nbeen in substance laid before him.\n'It has been a matter of great wonder to me, that this bishop, who has\nsuch dignities and honours, in the church, who is reputed so wise and\nprudent, and who is the principal adviser of my lord duke, should\nsend a verbal answer by my people, and did not inform my lord of the\nnecessity of otherwise acquitting himself toward me,--for had this been\ndone, no such imputation could have been thrown on me.\n'Should what I have now said be insufficient for my acquittal, I can\nproduce letters signed by the hand of my lord to prove that I duly\ninformed him of the contents of my brother's letter,--and that he\ndeclares in these letters, that he was not fully resolved how to act\nrespecting the proposal from the English. You will, therefore, clearly\nperceive, that I have faithfully performed my duty; and henceforward\nI intend, if it be the good pleasure of God my Creator to exculpate\nmyself by every means in my power, so that all the world may know that\nI have been no way to blame.\n'With regard to another charge made against me, namely, that I have,\nsince the peace at Arras, sent a body of men to join the English in\nCalais, without the knowledge of my said lord, or of my most redoubted\nlady the duchess of Burgundy, or of the members of his council. It is\ntrue, that when I heard, my lady duchess was at Gravelines, I did send\nthither some of my people on business with my lord cardinal of England,\nthinking that he was there, as had been reported, I ordered them to\ntreat on this business with him, the which I had formerly mentioned to\nmy lord duke, who had consented that I might send to England on this\nsubject. I wished not that this matter should be transacted privately,\nor in secret, but openly before all the world and even in the presence\nof my lady duchess and her council, should it then happen to be brought\nforward.\n'Since my lord cardinal was not there, nor, as it was said, expected\nto arrive for some time, those whom I had sent thither, seeing many\npersons go to Calais, took on themselves to go thither also on their\nown affairs; but they first asked the permission of the lieutenant of\nGravelines, who granted it, and they set off, not imagining any harm\nin so doing, as they have informed me. I certify to you, that I never\ncharged them to signify any thing whatever to the English prejudicial\nto the realm or to my said lord, or any way tending to retard the\nnegotiations that were to commence at Gravelines,--and I should suppose\nthat I, of all persons, should be clear from the smallest suspicion\nof treasonable practises; for were I inclined that way, which God\nforbid! you may imagine I would have acted otherwise, and employed\nunknown emissaries, or merchants who daily repair thither; but never,\nplease God, shall I have the will or courage to do any contrary to the\nhonour or interest of my said lord, or unbecoming a knight of unsullied\nhonour.--Respecting the summonses I had issued for guards, which was\nascertained during a late meeting of the three estates at Arras, when\nit was discussed, that as my said lord was, through God's mercy, more\npowerful than ever any counts of Artois, his predecessors, had been,\nit seemed to this meeting that no other person but himself required\nguards; and, among other things, it is said, then and there determined\nupon, it was resolved that none but my said lord should have guards.\n'I have no remembrance whatever of being present at this meeting of the\nthree estates at Arras when such conclusions were made; but I perfectly\nrecollect, that at Lille, in the house of the lord de Roubaix, where\nmy lord duke held his court, it was determined, in the presence of\nmany of his council, that in future no one should have guards,--when I\njoined in opinion with the others, and said, that I would not summon\nany, if the rest would do the same. On this, I departed from Lille; but\nobserving some time after, that several had their guards, I did the\nlike, but did not suppose that my lord could be angered by my so doing,\nor that he wished to keep me in greater servitude than others. My lord\neven wrote me several letters with his own hand, and signed by him,\non this subject, as did my lady duchess, assenting to my having these\nguards. It should seem, therefore, that my lord was not then displeased\nwith my conduct.\n'In regard to Riflart de Neufville, who is said to have been killed on\naccount of this business, and the lord des Bosquets, who was driven out\nof his house and grossly injured,--although I had many reasons to be\ndispleased with both, yet when my lord shall be completely informed of\nthe whole truth of these matters, I shall expect that the tales he has\nheard will be found lying and falsely wicked.\n'As for the disobedience alleged against my officers and commissaries\nto the bailiff of Amiens, to the king's officers, and to those of the\nduke, whom they will not permit to execute any warrants saying and\nmaintaining that I have not taken any oaths of allegiance but to the\nking of England,--I have never before heard any mention made of this,\nnor do I know what private wrongs may have been done, nor to whom: of\ncourse, I am unable to make any reply to this charge. I should have\nexpected that the bailiff of Amiens, whom I consider as my particular\nfriend, would have informed me of any misconduct in my people, for had\nhe done so, I should have exerted myself in such wise that my lord\nshould have been satisfied. In regard to the provost of Peronne, who\nhas charged my officers with waylaying and chacing him into the town\nof Cambray, with the intention of ill-treating and perhaps of killing\nhim,--I have inquired of my officers, and they tell me, that when\nthey were amusing themselves twenty leagues from Cambray, they were\ninformed, that the said provost had vauntingly declared, that if he\ncould lay hands on them, he would hang them by the necks; on which they\nsuddenly pursued him, to know if what they had heard were true,--and\nlearning that he had not said any such things, they had quietly left\nhim.\n'As for the threats which my said officers have held out to the abbot\nof St Aubert of Cambray, they beg to be held excused.\n'With regard to the complaints of the receiver-general of Peronne,\nthat he cannot exercise his office, nor the toll-gatherers at Bapaume,\nfrom the hinderance of my officers,--my lord will cause further\ninformations to be made on this subject, and will then write to me\nfully thereon, according to his pleasure, when I shall make such\nanswers as ought to be satisfactory.\n'In respect to master Ador Caperel, who has told my lord that I have\ncaused him to be waylaid, to abuse and ill treat him, I assure you\nthat this is not true,--and I beg that further information may be had\nthereon. Should it clearly appear, after I have been heard, that I have\ncaused him to be waylaid, I am willing to receive such punishment as\njustice shall order; but should the contrary be proved, I entreat that\nyou will beg my said lord to lay hands on the said Caperel and others,\nwho have been guilty of such lying reports, that they may be severely\npunished, for an example to all others, to prevent them from doing the\nlike, and that it may be publicly known that my said lord, and the\nmembers of his council, will not suffer such scandalous reports to be\nmade against me, or others of his servants, with impunity.\n'As for you, my very dear brothers and companions, whose prudence,\nvalour, and wisdom, I am acquainted with, you would not that one of\nyour brethren should be unjustly accused,--and in this confidence I\nhave written thus fully, for your information, of the charges alledged\nagainst me, entreating you fraternally, at the same time, that you\nwould exert yourselves toward my said lord, to induce him to withdraw\nhis indignation from me, and be satisfied with the explanations and\nexcuses contained in this letter, and no longer give faith to any\nreports made against any one without that person being first heard in\nhis exculpation, that it may be proved on which side the fault shall be.\n'In truth, if I am not assisted by you, and if proceedings shall be\ncarried on against me without my being heard in my defence, I know not\nto whom to apply, nor have I any hope of being treated with justice,\nwhich must cause me to suffer the utmost grief. I refer you for all\nother particulars to the bearers of this letter, the before mentioned\nTaillemonde and Huet, either of whom can relate to you the details of\nevery charge.\n'Very dear brothers and companions, if there be any thing you would\nwish me to do, let me be made acquainted therewith, and I will perform\nit most willingly, as the Lord knows, to whose holy keeping I commend\nyou.\n'Written at my hotel at Bohain on Candlemas-day.'\nSuch were the contents of the letters sir John de Luxembourg sent to\nthe different knights-companions of the order of the Golden Fleece,\nthe greater part of whom were very desirous to mediate with the duke\nof Burgundy that sir John might remain in his good graces. They daily\nremonstrated with the duke on this subject, and that he ought not to be\nso much displeased; but new matters of quarrel arose between them, and\nvarious tales were continually carried to the duke against him.\nIt happened, at this time, that in the provostship of Peronne a heavy\ntax was ordered to be collected, and, among others, some villages\nwithin the lordships of Ham and Neel, then in the possession of sir\nJohn de Luxembourg, were taxed, who was very much discontented that\nsuch levies should be raised on his subjects; but, as the deed was\ndone, he made an appeal against the officers of the duke of Burgundy\nwho had laid the tax, and wanted to collect it.\nThe duke, dissatisfied on his part that this right should be\nquestioned, sent a body of archers to support his officers in\ncollecting the tax, who, on their arrival, carried the edict very\nrigorously into execution, by seizing all they could lay hands\non,--insomuch that the sufferers went to Ham to make complaint to\nJacotin de Bethune then in garrison.\nOn hearing what had passed, he instantly ordered his men to mount and\ngo and see what could be meant by it, while he followed soon after.\nThey advanced to where the duke's archers were, and, without further\nenquiry beat them soundly: a sergeant from Mondidier was wounded in\nmany places; but when Jacotin came up, and saw that they belonged to\nthe duke of Burgundy, he put an end to the affray, and made excuses\nfor what had happened, saying, that he had taken them for a party of\nthe Skinners attached to king Charles.\nThey were, however, very ill treated, and speedily returned to the\nduke their lord, to whom they made heavy complaints about what had\npassed.--The duke was so indignant with sir John de Luxembourg for this\nthat he resolved to force him to make amends for it, cost what it would.\nHe wrote shortly after to sir John to order him to send to him Jacotin\nde Bethune and the others who had committed this offence; but sir\nJohn refused, excusing himself, by saying, that he did not think that\nhis people should be meddled with. Thus was their quarrel mutually\nincreased.\nNot long after this, Jacotin overthrew with the garrisons under his\ncharge, a body of men belonging to the counts de Nevers and d'Estampes;\nwhen a gentleman, called La Perriere, was killed, together with\nothers, at which the above named lords were greatly vexed. Sir John\nde Luxembourg was, however, much feared, because he was possessed of\nsome very strong places, such as, Coussy[26], Beaulieu[27], Ham sur\nSomme[28], Neel[29], La Fert\u00e9[30], St Goubain[31], Marle[32], Arsy[33],\nMontaigu[34], Guise[35], Herison[36], Bouchain[37], Beaurevoir[38],\nHonnecourt[39], Oisy[40], and others, all of which had numerous\ngarrisons. He had not as yet broken off his connexions with the\nEnglish: on the contrary, he depended much on their support,--for which\nreason many who were inclined to injure him, were afraid to attack any\nparts of his territories, lest he should fill his towns and castles\nwith English, which would be the total ruin of the country. For fear\nof this, all who hated him dissembled their feelings; nevertheless,\nhe did not slacken in providing means of defence, but retained in his\ndifferent towns and castles men at arms, ready to oppose all who should\nwage war against him, as well French as Burgundians. These warriors,\nhowever, harrassed the country much, more especially the Cambresis.\nThe english garrisons of Creil[41] and of other places, under pretence\nof being his men, made frequent excursions, taking many prisoners, and\ncollecting all they could find, which they drove away to places under\ntheir obedience. Several of sir John's captains were connected with\nthe English; one in particular, called Perrinet Quatre-Yeux, who was\nfrom near Beauvais in the Cambresis, who had served them as a guide\nto make prisoners and ransom some rich men in those parts, but it\nhappened that, in the course of these wicked pursuits, he had come to\na farm near Oisy, called Gourgouche; which being told to Sir John de\nLuxembourg then in the castle of Oisy, he instantly sent thither his\narchers, who put him to death, and buried him in a ditch,--and sir John\ngained great praise from all the country for so doing.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 26: Coussy. Q. Courcelles? a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 27: Beaulieu,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 28: Ham sur Somme,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 29: Neel,--a village in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 30: La Fert\u00e9. Q. La Fert\u00e9-Milon? a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 31: St Goubain. Q. St Gobin? a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 32: Marle,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 33: Arsy. Q. A town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 34: Montagu,--Montaigu, a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 35: Guise,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 36: Herison,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 37: Bouchain. Q. Bohain, a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 38: Beaurevoir,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 39: Honnecourt,--a town in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 40: Oisy,--a village in Picardy.]\n[Footnote 41: Creil,--situated on the Oise, ten leagues from Paris.]\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE COUNT DE RICHEMONT, CONSTABLE OF FRANCE, GAINS THE TOWN OF MEAUX\n IN BRIE FROM THE ENGLISH.\nWhile these things were passing, Arthur of Brittany count de Richemont\nand constable of France, collected about four thousand combatants,\nunder the command of La Hire, Floquet, the lord de Torcy, sir Giles de\nSaint Simon, and other french captains, as well from Champagne as from\nother parts, whom he marched about the beginning of July before the\ntown of Meaux in Brie, then in the possession of the English.\nHe first fixed his quarters at Champ-commun[42], which is a very\nlarge village, and, shortly after, erected a blockhouse, fronting the\ngate of Saint Remy at Meaux, and lodged his men in the convent of the\nCordeliers at St Faron-les-Meaux, and in other places near. He erected\nanother blockhouse on the island opposite the town,--and one was placed\nby sir Denis de Chailly at the gate of Cormillon, leading toward Brie.\nFive others were afterwards erected on two islands near the court of\nSupletes, and opposite to the market-place, all of which were filled\nwith men at arms.\nSeveral large engines were also pointed against the gates and walls,\nwhich damaged them greatly. Having continued these attacks on the\nplace for about three weeks, the constable consulted his officers and\ndetermined to storm the town, for which the men were very eager,--and\nit was won with but little loss to the assailants. The bastard de Thian\nwas made prisoner in the town, who was instantly beheaded together\nwith another gentleman called Carbonnel de Haule, and some others.\nThe besieged lost about sixty men,--and from forty to fifty were made\nprisoners on their retreat to the market-place. The constable now\nquartered himself and the greater part of his army in the town of\nMeaux, leaving, however, very strong garrisons in the blockhouses.\nThe chief commanders for the English in the market-place of Meaux were\nsir William Chamberlain, sir John Ripley and others, with about five\nhundred combatants. Prior to the siege, they had sent information to\nthe government at Rouen of the intentions of the French to besiege\nthem, and required to be reinforced as speedily as possible.\nThe earl of Cambridge, at that time governor of the duchy of Normandy\nfor the king of England, accompanied by sir John Talbot, the lord\nFalconbridge, sir Richard Woodville, and other english captains, with\nabout four thousand fighting men, began their march from Rouen to\nraise this siege, and arrived before the town of Meaux. The constable,\nhearing of their intentions, had, however, withdrawn into the town\nbefore they came all his men and stores; and lucky it was, for had\nthey remained in the field great mischiefs must have happened on both\nsides,--for the English desired nothing more than to fight the French.\nThey made many proposals to the constable to this effect,--but he\nrefused to listen to them, or consent to a general action. Several\nskirmishes, however, took place, in one of which the English gained\nfrom the French twenty boats laden with provision; and in another\nquarter a blockhouse, under the command of the lord de Moy, was\nabandoned.\nThe English attacked and took one of the blockhouses, on the island\nopposite to the market-place, in which from a hundred to six score\nFrench were slain, and the rest made prisoners. After various\nattempts, finding the French unwilling to combat them, and that it\nwas impossible to hurt them in their present situation, they made\npreparations to return to Normandy the same way they had come, after\nhaving revictualled their countrymen in the castle of the market-place.\nWhen they were departed, the constable renewed his attacks on the\nmarket-place with greater vigour, and with so many engines that\nafter three weeks sir William Chamberlain capitulated to surrender\nthe place, on having the lives and fortunes of the garrison spared.\nWhen this treaty was concluded, the English marched to Rouen, under\npassports; but on their arrival, their commander was much reproached\nfor his surrender of Meaux which was so well provided with stores\nand provision, and was one of the strongest places of France: he was\ncommitted to prison in the castle of Rouen,--but, after some time, he\nfound means of excusing himself to the lords of his party, who set him\nat liberty.\nAt this period, a gentleman named Jean de la Fange attached to the\nconstable, was beheaded and quartered, on being convicted of holding\ncommunications with the English, to the prejudice of the king of France\nand his realm. A sergeant of the Ch\u00e2telet was also quartered with this\nJean de la Fange.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 42: Champ-commun--in the MS. corrections in M. du Cange's\ncopy of Monstrelet in the imperial library at Paris: it is Chant-conin\nfrom the life of the constable; but I cannot find either of these names\nin the Gazetteer nor in Cassini's large map of France.]\nCHAP. XXX.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG SENDS LETTERS TO EXCULPATE HIMSELF, TO THE\n GREAT COUNCIL OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY. THEIR CONTENTS.\nSir John de Luxembourg, count de Ligny and de Guise was duly informed\nhow much the duke of Burgundy was displeased with him, and chiefly for\nthe offence committed by Jacotin de Bethune against his archers, as has\nbeen before mentioned. In order, therefore, to exculpate himself as\nwell as the said Jacotin, he wrote letters to the grand council of the\nduke, of the following tenour.\n'Most reverend fathers in God, very dear and beloved cousins, and my\nmost especial friends,--I believe it is within your knowledge that a\nsudden quarrel has accidentally arisen between some archers of my most\nredoubted lord the duke of Burgundy and the men of Jacotin de Bethune,\nin my town of Ham.\n'This has raised the indignation of my most redoubted lord against\nme,--for which I am more grieved than I can express. I shall therefore\nexplain the matter fully to you, that you may be made acquainted with\nthe whole, and exculpate me from any blame.\n'Prior to this quarrel with the archers, the officers of my most\nredoubted lord imposed a tax on the land, without calling together a\ncompetent number of the three estates to authorize it,--and this tax\nthey wanted to raise on my possessions. Some of my officers made an\nappeal against this conduct, and matters remained in this state,--when\na body of those called Skinners, from the Valois, and other men at\narms, showed a disposition to make war on me.\n'These appearances obliged me to reinforce my strong places with men\nat arms,--and I sent Jacotin de Bethune to guard my town of Ham.\nSome time afterward, certain persons on horseback made an inroad on\nmy villages near to Ham, and carried away horses, cows, and whatever\nthey could lay hands on: in consequence, many women hastened to Ham and\ncomplained of these outrages,--upon which Jacotin concluded they must\nbe the Skinners, and instantly sent a party after them, when a scuffle\nensued. But as Jacotin followed his men, finding that they belonged to\nthe duke of Burgundy, he immediately put an end to the affray, and was\nexceedingly distressed that it had happened,--for he could never have\nsupposed that they had belonged to my most redoubted lord, considering\nthat an appeal was then lying in his courts against this tax being laid.\n'They had shown great mockery as they had passed by Ham, and had also\ndeclared, prior to this, that they had not been ordered to insult my\nterritories; from which it plainly appears, that the dispute was sudden\nand unpremeditated, although my most redoubted lord summons me on this\naccount to deliver up to him Jacotin de Bethune and his men. I have,\nconsequently, had the matter legally examined into, in the presence of\nthe king's notary-public, and have had the result laid before my most\nredoubted lord, by which it appears that the said Jacotin and his men\nhave not been so blameable as my lord duke has been told,--but that\nthe fault lies with these archers, and other officers of justice, for\nhaving acted illegally.\n'At the same time, I entreated him, in consideration of this body of\nevidence to withdraw his anger, and to suffer the affair to be treated\njudicially; adding that he might send whomsoever he pleased to take\nfresh examinations,--and that if I should be found guilty of having\ndone any thing wrong, after having been heard in my own defence, I\nwould make such amends as should be judged proper, or ask his pardon.\n'I have also, for greater humiliation, and to take away all suspicions\nhe may have conceived against me, (who have never done him wrong)\nfrankly made offer to ask his mercy, which offer he has not been\npleased to accept, but has seized on the lands I and my wife possess in\nFlanders and in Brabant. This I think extremely hard, considering that\nI am no way culpable in the above affair, and have, besides, proposed\nto refer the whole to a court of justice: should I be found guilty,\n(which cannot be the case) there can be no reasonable ground for the\nconfiscation of my lands, even according to the laws and usages of\nthose countries.\n'All these things I have fully declared to the lord de Santhois, who,\nof his courtesy, has come to visit me; and I have entreated of him\nto remonstrate with my lord duke, beseeching him that he would, out\nof his good grace, refer the whole matter to a court of justice, for\nthat I was ready to appear in my defence before my said lord the duke\nof Burgundy, my lords companions of his order, and in the presence of\nhis council,--or before the three estates of Flanders and Brabant,--or\nbefore the judges within whose jurisdictions my lands lie.\n'I supplicated at the same time my most redoubted lord, that he would\naccede to one of these proposals, and set my lands at liberty; for I\nam unwilling to fly from the justice of my said lord, or to seek other\nprinces and judges than those to whom I have already offered to submit\nmyself.\n'It seems to me that, under God, justice, and nobility, what I demand,\nought not to be refused me; for I do not think I can offer fairer\nterms, or show greater duty, than to submit myself to be judged by my\nsaid lord, who is a prince of such high renown, by my lords companions\nof his order, who are his brethren, relations or friends, or persons\nselected for their valour and wisdom, or by his council, and by the\nthree estates and judges of his countries of Flanders and Brabant, who\nare persons of consummate learning and prudence; offering, at the same\ntime, to present myself and beg pardon of my said renowned lord the\nduke, notwithstanding that I have never, in any one instance, done him\nwrong, as I have said before.\n'Nevertheless, I have heard from some, who have purposely come to me,\nthat the duke will not receive my offers until I shall have given up\nto his pleasures Jacotin de Bethune,--which is a thing impossible for\nme to do, as he is not within my power: and it is not to be supposed\nthat any person who knew that he had incurred the anger of so powerful\na prince as my most redoubted lord would suffer himself to be arrested,\nwhen certain martyrdom would be the consequence.\n'Now, very dear and especial friends, I have stated to you the whole\ntruth of the case, that you may be fully acquainted therewith, and\nconsequently exert yourselves to procure my justification,--for you\nmust now see how undeserving I am of blame,--and I entreat you most\nhumbly to remonstrate with my said lord that I may be restored to his\nfavour, and that he would take away his officers from my lands.\n'I must beg that you would obtain me the means of exculpating myself\nin a court of justice, considering that during my youth I loyally\nserved my late lord, duke John, whose soul may God pardon! and that I\nnever failed, as is known to every one, in my services to my present\nlord, in assisting him to guard and defend his countries,--for\nhe wrongfully detains my possessions without even attempting to\ndemonstrate the legality of such confiscation, which, in fact, is due\nto all who demand it by every lover of justice.\n'I pray you, therefore, to have in remembrance the duties I have\nperformed and the offers I have made, which I have more amply detailed\nin the former part of this letter. Reverend fathers in God, very dear\nand beloved cousins and most especial friends, if there be any thing\nyou would wish me to do, acquaint me therewith,--and, as the blessed\nSon of God knows, it shall be done with a hearty good will,--and to his\nholy keeping I now leave you. Written in my castle of Vendeuil[43],\nthis 13th day of April.'\nThe direction was, 'To my very dear and very beloved cousins and\nespecial friends, the members of the great council of my most redoubted\nlord, my lord the duke of Burgundy.'\nWhen these lords had received their letters, they met together to\nconsult on the best mode of proceeding relative thereto,--particularly\nthe knights of the order of the Golden Fleece, of which order sir John\nde Luxembourg was one. They were very anxious to reconcile him with\nhis lord; for they were afraid, should hostilities commence, very\ngreat inconveniences would arise to the territories of the duke. They\nalso knew that he was a man of determined courage and enterprise,\nwell provided with strong towns and castles, that would enable him\nto protract the war to a great length of time. He was likewise still\nconnected with the English, who had promised to supply him with men and\nstores as often and in what quantities he should require.\nThey considered the valuable services he had done the duke and his\ncountry for a very long period,--and, on the other hand, that the\nFrench were daily making encroachments on the territories of the duke,\nand according to their opinion, very ill observed the articles of the\ntreaty concluded at Arras. Weighing all these circumstances, they\nthought it would be much better that sir John should be received into\nfavour on making the satisfaction he had proposed than otherwise.\nAfter this matter had been debated several times, they determined to\nwait on the duke in a body, and endeavour to bring it to the conclusion\nthey had agreed on. They addressed him at length pointing out the\nnecessity for a reconciliation, more particularly sir Hugh de Launoy\nlord of Santois, who had the business much at heart, as well as some\nothers.\nNevertheless, at first they found the duke very shy and cold in his\nreplies, for he was indignant at sir John's conduct, more especially\nrespecting the attack on his archers, which seemed to have angered him\nmore than all the rest. The counts de Nevers and d'Estampes were also\nhighly displeased with Jacotin de Bethune for slaying their men, and\nnot indeed without cause.\nThese lords, however, by persevering, brought the matter to this issue,\nthat no objection would be made to hearing sir John and the others\nin their defence, in consideration of the proposals made by him. At\nlength, a day was fixed on for bringing the two parties together in the\ncity of Cambray.\nThither came, on the part of the duke of Burgundy, the bishop of\nTournay, master Nicholas Raoulin, lord of Authun[44] his chancellor,\nsir Hugh de Launoy, the lord de Saveuses, and other persons of rank.\nSir John de Luxembourg was there, accompanied by many noble persons, as\nwell knights as esquires and counsellors at law,--and even Jacotin de\nBethune was there also.\nWithin a few days after their arrival, the business was entered upon\nrelative to the insults which were said to have been offered to the\nduke of Burgundy by sir John de Luxembourg, and others of his party.\nOn the charges being declared, sir John made his reply, and exculpated\nhimself from the greater part of them, offering likewise, by himself\nand council, to make whatever advances should be deemed proper.\nAfter a long discussion, it was agreed to put down in writing such\narticles as should be thought reasonable to be complied with by each\nparty, for the conclusion of peace. They were shown to sir John de\nLuxembourg, who corrected some of the articles that displeased him,\nand were then laid before the chancellor, and the other members of the\ncouncil, who likewise made alterations. On their being brought back to\nsir John, he was so indignant thereat that, in his rage, he tore the\npaper into pieces, and said aloud, that the bishop of Tournay and the\nchancellor should not manage him at their pleasure. However, through\nthe interference of the other lords on each side, his heat was shortly\nafter calmed, and matters were brought to an amicable conclusion,\nprovided it met the approbation of the duke, to whom they were to carry\nthe treaty.\nAmong other articles, Jacotin de Bethune was to surrender himself,\nin one of the public prisons, to the duke's mercy,--but the lords at\nCambray, on the part of the duke, promised him to insist with their\nlord that he should be pardoned, and received into favour. When these\nmatters had been thus concluded, the members of the council were\ngrandly feasted, with the rest of the lords, at the h\u00f4tel of sir John\nde Luxembourg. All the adjoining countries were greatly rejoiced when\nthey heard of this peace being concluded.\nSoon afterwards, both parties left Cambray; and the commissioners from\nthe duke of Burgundy laid before him what they had done, with which he\nwas satisfied. Within a certain time, Jacotin de Bethune waited on\nthe duke, in his town of H\u00e8din, and surrendered himself to his mercy,\nrequesting that, if he bore any anger against him, he would be pleased\nto pardon him,--but the duke sent him away a prisoner. It was not long,\nhowever, before he obtained his liberty, on certain conditions, that\nwere granted him through the pressing intercessions of some lords of\nhigh rank, and of great weight in the duke's council.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 43: Vendeuil,--a village in Picardy, near to Mondidier.]\n[Footnote 44: Authun. He was lord d'Ainneries and a native of Authun,\nand thus he styled himself, _Du Cange._]\nCHAP. XXXI.\n KING CHARLES OF FRANCE SENDS THE PRINCESS CATHERINE, HIS DAUGHTER, TO\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, CONFORMABLY TO THE TREATY OF MARRIAGE AGREED ON\n WITH THE COUNT DE CHAROLOIS HIS SON.\nIn the month of June, of this year, king Charles of France sent from\nhis palace the lady Catherine, his daughter, to the duke of Burgundy,\nhaving consented to her marriage with his son the count de Charolois.\nShe was grandly and honourably accompanied by the archbishops of Rheims\nand of Narbonne, the counts de Vend\u00f4me, de Tonnerre, and de Dunois,\nthe young son of the duke of Bourbon, called the lord de Beaujeu, the\nlord de Dampierre, and other noble personages, knights and esquires,\ntogether with an escort of about three hundred horsemen. She was\nattended by the lady of Rochefort, and several noble dames and damsels.\nOn their arrival at Cambray, they tarried in that city three days, and\nwere grandly feasted by the clergy, the magistrates and inhabitants.\nThe counts de Nevers and d'Estampes, the chancellor of Burgundy\nand numbers of the nobility, were at Cambray ready to receive her,\ntogether with the countess of Namur, the lady of Crevec\u0153ur, the lady\nof Hautbourdin, and many other ladies of birth. Very great honours and\nattentions were shown by each of the parties respectively. The young\nprincess, who was but ten years old, was carried on a rich and highly\nornamented litter,--and in all the towns through which she passed, of\nFrance as well as Burgundy, the greatest honours were shown her. At the\ngates of the great towns, ten or twelve of the principal gentlemen were\ncommonly in waiting to receive her, and kept their hands on the litter\nuntil she descended from it at the h\u00f4tel prepared for her.\nOn leaving Cambray, she arrived, after some days travelling, at\nSaint Omer, where the duke of Burgundy was holding his court. On\nher approach, he advanced out of the town grandly attended by his\nknights, and paid her every respect when they met, as did all who had\naccompanied him. He then led her into the town of St Omer where the\nmarriage was fully confirmed.\nVery great feasts took place in consequence, with tournaments, balls,\nmusic, and every other amusement. The lord de Crequy was tenant of the\nlists, on the part of the duke of Burgundy, against all comers.\nThey remained a considerable time at St Omer, on account of a\nconference that was about to be holden by ambassadors from the kings\nof France and of England, between Gravelines and Calais, of which I\nshall shortly make mention.\nCHAP. XXXII.\n THE BASTARD OF BOURBON TAKES THE TOWN OF LA MOTHE IN LORRAINE.\nIn this year, the bastard of Bourbon left Jargeaux with about four\nhundred combatants, whom he marched by many days journeys to La\nMothe[45] in Lorraine, and took it by storm. Every thing portable\nwas seized on by his men,--and he remained there for a month, making\nexcursions and pillaging all the country round. He even attempted the\ntown of St Nicholas de Varengeville, which for a long time had not been\nattacked by any men at arms of either party.\nUpon this, the governors of Lorraine, foreseeing the total ruin of that\ncountry, treated with the bastard of Bourbon to surrender the town of\nLa Mothe and quit those parts, on receiving a large sum of money.\nWhen the money was paid, the bastard departed, and set out, with all\nhis men, to return to the place whence they had come; but as he was\nmarching near to Langres[46], he was pursued and overtaken by sir John\ndu Vergy, Anthony de Gelet, Philippot de Sainginis, who attacked and\nconquered him, and won from him all his plunder. Upwards of six score\nremained dead on the field; the rest, or the greater part of them, were\nmade prisoners.\nThus those who had been robbed were in some measure avenged on\ntheir marauders,--but they did not recover what had been taken from\nthem.--With regard to the said bastard, he was neither killed nor made\nprisoner.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 45: La Mothe,--four leagues NNW. from La Marche.]\n[Footnote 46: Langres,--a large city in Champegne, the capital of\nBassigny-fran\u00e7ois.]\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n MANY NOBLE AMBASSADORS FROM THE KINGS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND MEET\n BETWEEN GRAVELINES AND CALAIS, TO HOLD A CONFERENCE ON THE SUBJECT OF\n PEACE.\nIn this year, many noble ambassadors were assembled at the same place\nwhere, the preceding year, a conference had been holden on the parts of\nthe kings of France and England and the duke of Burgundy. Among others,\nthere came, on the part of the king of France, the archbishop of Rheims\nhigh chancellor, the archbishop of Narbonne, the bishop of Ch\u00e2lons, the\ncounts de Vend\u00f4me and de Dunois, the lord de Dampierre, sir Regnault\nGirard, governor of la Rochelle, master Robert Mailliere, and Andry le\nBoeuf.\nOn the part of the duke and duchess of Burgundy came the bishop of\nTournay, master Nicholas Raoulin his chancellor, the lord de Crevec\u0153ur,\nthe lord de Santois, master Pierre Bourdin, master Philip de Nanterre,\nand others.\nFrom the king of England came the cardinal of Winchester, the\narchbishop of York, the bishop of Norwich, the bishop of St David's,\nthe bishop of Lisieux, the dean of Salisbury, the duke of Norfolk, the\nearl of Stafford and his brother, the lord de Bressuire, the earl of\nOxford, sir Thomas Kiriel, with several others of the nobility.\nThey held several meetings to consider if they could not bring about\na general peace between the two kings and their allies, and also\nrespecting the deliverance of the duke of Orleans, who had remained a\nprisoner in England since the battle of Azincourt. But they could not\nagree on any conclusion worth speaking of; for the English refused to\ntreat with the king of France unless the duchy of Normandy, together\nwith all their other conquests, remained to them independant of the\ncrown of France.\nAnother meeting was appointed for the ensuing year, and the conference\nwas broken up, when they all separated without doing any thing\nfurther. The English had come thither in great pomp, and magnificently\ndressed; but the cardinal of Winchester outshone all in the splendour\nof his tents and pavilions, and the richness of his gold and silver\nplate, and in all other necessaries and luxuries. He nobly feasted the\nduchess of Burgundy, his fair niece, before they all separated, and\nreturned to the places they had come from, without transacting any\nother business.\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n THE ENGLISH MAKE AN EXCURSION INTO THE COUNTRY OF SANTOIS[47], WHERE\n THEY GAIN THE CASTLE OF FOLLEVILLE[48], AND COMMIT MANY RAVAGES AND\n CRUELTIES.\nAbout the beginning of Lent, in this year, the earl of Somerset,\nthe lord Talbot and other captains, collected about two thousand\ncombatants, as well horse as foot, in the country of Normandy, near\nto Rouen, whom they marched, with all their baggage, provision and\nstores, toward the country of Santois. Having crossed the Somme near\nthe town of Montrieul[49], they quartered themselves before the castle\nof Folleville, then under the government of Bon de Saveuses, in right\nof the lady-dowager, whom he had married.\nIn consequence of the garrison making a sally, and killing a particular\nfavourite of the earl of Somerset, whom he much loved, he swore a great\noath that he would not march away until he should have conquered the\ncastle, and reduced all within to his power.\nHe ordered an excellent small bombard, with other engines, to be\npointed against it,--and their first discharge killed the governor. He\ncontinued his attacks with such courage that the garrison were glad\nto surrender the place and every thing it contained, and to pay a\nlarge sum as ransom for their lives. The earl had the castle repaired,\nand regarrisoned it with his men, who did great mischiefs to all the\ncountry round.\nOn the morrow of the surrender of this castle, the earl of Somerset\ndeparted with the remainder of his forces, and followed the lord\nTalbot, who was already far advanced into the country of Santois.\nThey fixed their quarters at Lihons[50], wherein they found abundance\nof every thing, as well as in the surrounding country,--for the\ninhabitants, not suspecting their coming, had not driven away their\ncattle and flocks to places of security.\nAt Lihons, there was a small fort and large church wherein the\ninhabitants had retired, on perceiving the English near the town. The\nearl summoned those in the church to surrender, or he would order an\nassault. They refused to comply, and, in consequence, on the morrow,\na very severe attack commenced; but the English, finding from its\ncontinuance that they could not otherwise obtain their end, set the\nchurch on fire, which was wholly burnt with all it contained,--and\nupwards of three hundred persons, men, women and children, were thus\npitilessly destroyed, for very few escaped who had therein taken refuge.\nThose who had fled to the fort, witnessing the cruel manner in which\ntheir poor brethren had been treated, entered into capitulation with\nthe commissaries of the earl, and saved their lives and the town from\nbeing destroyed, by paying a larger sum of money. They gave many\nhostages, women as well as men, for the due payment of their ransom,\nwho were long prisoners at Rouen and elsewhere, from the delays in\nthe payment. One of these hostages was a gentleman called Noiseux de\nSailly, who died in prison.\nWhile the English remained at Lihons, they made frequent inroads on\nthe adjoining countries, whence they brought large booties to their\nquarters. They took also the castle of Harbonnieres[51], and the lord\nwithin it,--who, to ransom himself and his vassals, and to prevent\nthe castle from being destroyed as others had been, agreed to pay one\nthousand golden saluts[52].\nDuring this time, the English met with no opposition,--but the count\nd'Estampes had arrived at Peronne, and instantly sent summonses to the\nprincipal persons in Picardy, Hainault, and the adjacent countries,\nto hasten to him with as many men as they could collect. They joined\nhim in great numbers,--among whom were the lord de Croy, the lord de\nHumieres, the lord de Saveuses and his brothers, Waleran de Moreul,\nJean de Brimeu, at that time bailiff of Amiens, sir Jean de Croy,\nbailiff of Hainault, the lord de Hautbourdin, the lord de Barbenson,\nsir Simon de Lalain, and very many more from the countries aforesaid,\nwho, when they were assembled in Peronne and the towns round about,\namounted to full three thousand well-tried combatants.\nThese lords held a council, to consider how they should act. Many\nwanted to fight the English without more loss of time; but others were\nof a contrary opinion, and gave good reasons, why they ought not to\nfight them. At length, it was determined to take the field during the\nnight, and form an ambuscade near to Lihons in Santois, while some\nof the captains were to beat up the quarters of the English, and set\nfire to the outskirts of the town,--when they would consider, from the\nmovements of the enemy, how it would be most expedient for the main\nbody in ambush to act.\nAfter this determination, every one was ordered to be ready to mount\ninstantly after midnight,--and this order was obeyed. The count\nd'Estampes issued, immediately after, out of Peronne,--but they had\nscarcely advanced half a league from that town, when it became so very\ndark that they had difficulty to keep their road; they were, therefore,\nforced to move about until it was lighter, so that their enterprise\nfailed, and they returned back to Peronne. On this same day, about\ntwelve o'clock, the count d'Estampes received certain intelligence that\nthe English had dislodged from Lihons, and were on their march back to\nNormandy by the same road they had come.\nWhen the English had remained for about ten days in Lihons, ransoming\nand despoiling the country as I have said, they marched back to\nNormandy, without meeting with any opposition worth mentioning,\ncarrying with them much plunder, and hostages for payment of the\ncomposition-money. On repassing Folleville, they reinforced the\ngarrison with a strong body of men.\nDuring the stay of the English in Santois, and when they were quartered\nin Lihons, those attached to, and dependant on, sir John de Luxembourg\nwent backward and forward, and had much communication with them, to the\ngreat astonishment of the count d'Estampes, who as well as the other\nlords with him were not very well pleased,--but they could not prevent\nit at that time. On the departure of the English for Normandy, the men\nat arms who had obeyed the summons of the count d'Estampes began to\nretire, each to the place he had come from.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 47: Santois,--a small fruitful country of Picardy, to the\nsouth of the Somme and Peronne. Mondidier is the capital.--_Gazetteer._]\n[Footnote 48: Folleville,--a village in Picardy, election of\nMondidier.--_Gazetteer._]\n[Footnote 49: Montrieul. This must be a mistake, for Montrieul is not\non the Somme, and is quite out of their line of march.]\n[Footnote 50: Lihons,--a town in Picardy, near Peronne.--_Gazetteer._]\n[Footnote 51: Harbonnieres,--a town in Picardy, near\nCorbie.--_Gazetteer._]\n[Footnote 52: Saluts,--old french crowns, of the value of five\nshillings sterling.--_Cotgrave._]\nCHAP. XXXV.\n THE DAUPHIN, THE DUKE OF BOURBON, AND MANY OF THE GREAT LORDS QUIT IN\n DISGUST THE COURT OF KING CHARLES[53].\nAt the commencement of this year, the king of France assembled a\nlarge body of nobles and men at arms to march into the Bourbonnois,\nand conquer the duke of Bourbon and destroy his territories; because\nhe had, to his great vexation, seduced and carried off his son the\ndauphin, who had, until then, been lodged in the castle of Loches[54].\nThe count de la Marche was governor of the castle of Loches, and was in\nthe town at the time the dauphin went away, unsuspicious that he would\ndo so without first speaking to him. The bastard of Bourbon, however,\nwith Anthony de Chabannes and other captains, with a large body of men\nat arms, entered the castle, and, with the dauphin's consent, carried\nhim away to the town of Moulins[55] in the Bourbonnois.\nThither followed the duke of Bourbon, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the count de\nVend\u00f4me, the lords de la Trimouille, de Chaumont, de Prie, and other\nnobles and great lords, whose intentions were to invest the dauphin\nwith the sole government of France, and to put king Charles in wardship\nto be managed by them.\nIn order to have aid to accomplish their plans, they summoned barons\nand gentlemen from divers countries, to whom they disclosed their\nintentions, and required them to make oath that they would serve\nthe dauphin against all who should attempt to injure him. In this\nnumber came the great lords of Auvergne, who on hearing the proposal,\nmade answer by the mouth of the lord de Dampierre, that they would\ncheerfully serve him in every thing, excepting against the king his\nfather; adding, that should the king come with an army into their\ncountry, and require their support, and a free entrance into their\ntowns and castles, they would not dare to refuse him,--and this those\nwho made them the request must expect to see done, should the case\nhappen.\nThis answer was not agreeable to the dauphin, nor to the other lords,\nwho now began to suspect they should fail in their enterprise, and\nthat it would turn out badly for them. They had also received exact\nintelligence that the king was marching a great power against them, and\nhad already entered the Bourbonnois, carrying on a severe war against\nthe towns and castles of the duke of Bourbon and his adherents, and had\nreduced several to his obedience.\nIn the mean time, the dauphin and his advisers had sent messengers\nto the duke of Burgundy to know if he would receive them in his\nterritories, and afford them assistance to carry on their plans. The\nduke, after he had consulted with his ministers, replied, that his\nterritories and fortune were at the disposal of the dauphin whenever he\nmight please to come thither, but that upon no account would he afford\nhim any assistance to carry on a war against the king his father,--and\nwould be at all times ready to aid him in the recovery of his father's\naffections. He added, that he advised him to take this step without\nloss of time,--for the continuance of this warfare was disgraceful\nto those concerned in it, and would be the most effectual means of\ncompletely ruining the kingdom of France.\nTo put an end to this quarrel, the duke of Burgundy sent ambassadors\nto the king of France, who mediated between the parties; and a treaty\nof peace was concluded, on condition that the dauphin, the duke of\nBourbon, and their adherents should appear with all humility in the\npresence of the king, and beg pardon for their offences. However,\nbefore this could be accomplished, the greater part of the estates of\nthe duke of Bourbon and of his partisans were totally destroyed by the\nwarriors of the king, who had marched thither a large army.\nOn the 19th day of July, the king being at Cusset[56] the dauphin\nand duke of Bourbon, accompanied by the lords de la Trimouille, de\nChaumont, and de Prie were on the road to present themselves before\nhim,--but when they were half a league off, a messenger from the king\nmet them, and said, that the king would not promise them safety, and\nordered them not to approach nearer to him.\nThe dauphin on hearing this, turned round to the duke of Bourbon, and\nsaid, 'My good friend, you could not have guessed how things would\nhave turned out, or that my father would not have pardoned those of my\nhousehold.' He then swore a round oath, that he would not return to his\nfather. The duke of Bourbon replied, 'My lord, all will go well: do not\ndoubt it: but you cannot go back, for the van of the king's army, is\non the road.' He would, however, have attempted it, had not the count\nd'Eu, and other lords who had come from Cusset, to meet him, strongly\nremonstrated on the impropriety and danger of such proceedings.\nThe three lords aforesaid then went to Moulins; and the dauphin, with\nthe duke of Bourbon, entered Cusset, and dismounted at the h\u00f4tel of\nthe king. On entering the king's apartment, they kneeled three times\nas they approached; and at the third they begged of him with great\nhumility, to be pleased to lay aside his anger. The king then addressed\nhis son, and said, 'Louis, you are welcome; you have been long absent.\nGo and repose yourself for to-day at your lodgings: to-morrow we will\ntalk with you.'--After this, he conversed long and wisely with the duke\nof Bourbon, saying, 'Fair cousin, we are much displeased at the fault\nyou have committed against our majesty, and which has been repeated\nfive different times,' (mentioning when and where he had been guilty of\nit). 'Were it not for the honour and love we bear to some persons, whom\nI will not name, I would have made you feel severely my displeasure.\nTake care, therefore, that you be not guilty of the like again.'\nAfter this conversation, the dauphin and the duke of Bourbon retired\nto their lodgings, where they remained until the morrow, and when\nthe king's mass was ended, they again waited on him. In the presence\nof the members of the council, they again most humbly requested the\nking that he would have the goodness to pardon them and the lords\nde la Trimouille, de Chaumont, and de Prie. The king made answer,\nthat he would do no such thing, but was satisfied that they should\nreturn to their houses and estates. The dauphin replied, 'My lord, I\nmust then go back to them, for such has been my promise.' The king\ndispleased at this speech, instantly said, 'Louis, the gates are open\nto you,--and should they not be wide enough, I will have thrown down\nsixteen or twenty fathoms of wall that you may have sufficient room to\ngo whithersoever you please. You are my son, and cannot bind yourself\nunder promises to any one without my leave and consent: but should you\nwish to go away, go,--for, under God's pleasure, we will find some of\nour blood who will assist us in the maintenance of our honour and power\nwith more firmness than we have hitherto done.'\nThe king turned away from him on the conclusion of this speech,\nand went toward the duke of Bourbon, who instantly took the oath\nof allegiance to be true to him henceforward for ever. The king\ndischarged all the officers of the household of the dauphin, except his\nconfessor and cook.\nThe duke of Bourbon, in consequence of the terms of the treaty,\npromised to restore to the king, within a few days, the towns of\nCorbeil, Vincennes, Sancerre, and the castle of Loches, which were in\nhis possession; but the king would not permit his army to quit the\nBourbonnois and Auvergne until these places were fairly given up. The\nking also pardoned the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the count de Vend\u00f4me, and many\nother princes and nobles, who had taken part with the dauphin. When all\nthese things were accomplished, the dauphin was satisfied to remain\nwith the king his father, and peace was proclaimed in the following\nterms.\n'We make known to you, by the king's command, that my lord the dauphin\nand my lord the duke of Bourbon have appeared before his majesty in all\nhumility and obedience; that the king has affectionately received them\ninto his good graces, and pardoned every thing. By these presents, the\nking wills and ordains, that all quarrels and warfare cease, and that\nno prisoners nor captures of cattle, or of other effects, be made, or\ninjuries done to any one by taking castles or towns, or otherwise,--but\nthat all persons do now attend to their affairs, and go about their\nbusiness without any interruption whatever,---and he forbids any places\nbelonging to the duke of Bourbon or to others, being demolished.--Given\nat Cusset, the 24th of July, in the year 1440.'--It was subscribed\nat the bottom by order of the king and his great council, and signed\n'Jugon.'\nWithin a few days after, the king gave to the dauphin the government of\nDauphiny,--and ordered his army to march from the estates of the duke\nof Bourbon, toward Orleans and Paris.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: This quarrel was caused by reforms which the king\nwanted to make in his army, that devoured the country, and was very\ndispleasing to the nobles, who fattened on the misery of the people.\nThe commotion was called _La Praguerie_. The dukes of Alen\u00e7on, Bourbon,\nVend\u00f4me, and even the bastard of Orleans, the count de Dunois, entered\ninto it. They complained that the king intrusted the government of the\nrealm only to two or three private persons, and formed a league against\nthe ministers. The duke of Alen\u00e7on seduced the dauphin, then only\nsixteen years of age,--but whose turbulent disposition readily inclined\nhim to make part of the conspiracy, in order to get rid of the count de\nPerdriac, his tutor.--_Mezeray._]\n[Footnote 54: Loches,--a town in Touraine, on the Indre, ten leagues\nfrom Tours.]\n[Footnote 55: Moulins,--capital of the Bourbonnois, 43 leagues from\nLyons.]\n[Footnote 56: Cusset,--a town in the Bourbonnois, near St G\u00e9rond.]\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n THE FRENCH OVERRUN THE LANDS OF NEEL, BELONGING TO SIR JOHN DE\n LUXEMBOURG.\nIn the month of July, of this year, while sir John de Luxembourg count\nde Ligny was at Neel in the Vermandois, the garrisons of Crespy in\nValois[57], of Ver[58], and other places, to the amount of about one\nhundred combatants, advanced thither having crossed the Oise at the\nbridge of Saint Maixence, under the command of Gilbert de la Roche, a\ncompanion of arms to sir John de Luxembourg. They overran the country\nround Neel, belonging to the count de Ligny, and made great prizes of\npeasants, cattle, horses, and of all they could seize,--after which,\nthey set out with their plunder, on their return home.\nIntelligence of this was carried to sir John de Luxembourg, who was\nvery indignant thereat,--for it was not the first time such pillaging\nhad taken place. He instantly assembled, from his nearest towns and\ncastles, about a hundred fighting men, whom he sent in pursuit of them.\nThe principal captains were sir David de Poix governor of Guise, Guyot\nde Bethune, Antoine de la Baniere governor of Ham, Antoine du Belloy,\nand other gentlemen, who, riding full speed, overtook them below\nCompi\u00e9gne, opposite to Royaulieu[59], where they had sent across the\nriver, by means of a boat which they had found there, good part of the\ncattle and horses,--and about twenty were in the boat crossing, when\nthey saw their adversaries arrive, and vigourously attack those who\nhad remained behind. Wishing therefore, to assist their companions,\nthey turned the boat toward the shore they had come from, but it was\nuseless; for no sooner did it approach than such numbers, from fright\nand surprise, leaped into it that it overset, and many were drowned and\ntheir effects lost. The rest were defeated, and several slain: in this\nnumber was Gilbert de la Roche. Rassill\u00e9 saved himself by flight, with\nonly about eight or ten of his men.\nThe conquerors now crossed the river to seek for the plunder,--and,\nby another road, drove the cattle, &c. to Neel, where sir John de\nLuxembourg came out to meet them, much rejoiced at their good success.\nThey brought with them five prisoners, the majority of whom were hanged.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 57: Crespy in Valois--capital of the Valois, six leagues from\nSenlis.]\n[Footnote 58: Ver,--a village in Picardy, diocese of Senlis.]\n[Footnote 59: Royaulieu,--a convent in the diocese of Soissons, near\nCompi\u00e9gne.]\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE EARL OF SOMERSET BESIEGES HARFLEUR WITH A POWERFUL ARMY OF ENGLISH.\nAbout the end of April, in this year, six thousand english combatants\nwere assembled near to Rouen, under the command of the earls of\nSomerset, of Dorset[60], and of Falconbridge, they having with them\nthe lord Talbot, sir Francis the Arragonian, Matago, Jacquemin,\nVacquier, Thomas Heniton, the bailiff of Rouen, and some other\ncaptains, who marched thence, and besieged Harfleur by sea and land.\nThe governor for the king of France was John d'Estouteville, having\nwith him his brother Robert and others, to the amount of four\nhundred fighting men, who, with the townsmen and sailors, made\nevery preparation to receive their adversaries with courage. They\nstrengthened every weak part of the fortifications, and made some\nsallies, in which they took prisoners, or slew several of their\nadversaries.\nThe besiegers on their side, were not idle in securing their camp\nwith deep ditches all round, and with strong hedges, to prevent\nany surprise, leaving, at proper intervals, openings for their\nown convenience to sally forth. They pointed bombards, and other\ndestructive engines, against the gates of Harfleur, which harrassed\nthe town much, and for so long a time that the inhabitants suffered\ngreatly. They were also oppressed by a famine, caused from a want of\nall necessaries. They sent several messengers to king Charles to state\ntheir situation and solicit succour, which he promised to send: but,\nfrom the many weighty affairs on his hands, he was unable to do it so\nsoon as they required.\nHowever, at the end of about four months that this siege had lasted,\nand when the countess of Somerset and other ladies and damsels were\ncome thither to see the conclusion of it, the count d'Eu was ordered\nto march, with the promised succour, to the relief of the town. He\nhad with him the count de Dunois bastard of Orleans, the bastard de\nBourbon, the lord de Gaucourt, La Hire, sir Giles de St Simon, the lord\nde Penerach, Pierre de Broussac, and other experienced captains, with\nabout four thousand combatants.\nJohn d'Estouteville had in the town about four hundred fighting men,\nwhose captains were John de Bressay, sir James de Hincourt, Hector\nde Fol, Guillot de Las and John Gentil. The succours sent him were\nall picked men: they marched through the country near Paris, then\nsuddenly turned toward Amiens and Corbie, where they crossed the river\nSomme, and thence through Ponthieu, came to Abbeville, where they\nheld a council on their future proceedings. As they marched through\nPicardy, they were joined by all the vassals of the lords d'Auxi and\nde Humieres, John d'Ailly lord of Araines, Guillaume le Jeune lord of\nCousay[61], and many other gentlemen.\nWhen they had fully deliberated in a general council how they should\nact, they caused thirty carts to be laden with artillery, provision and\nwarlike stores, and then left Abbeville in handsome array, and marched\nto Eu[62]. The bastard of Bourbon and La Hire commanded the vanguard.\nFrom Eu they marched to quarter the greater part of their force at Le\nBourg-d'Un[63],--and the count was lodged at St Aubin en Caux[64]; but\nthis same day, about vespers, the lord de Gaucourt, having remained\nbehind, was made prisoner by about eighteen English, who had watched\nhis steps, and carried him off to the castle of Neufch\u00e2tel[65] de\nHincourt He afterwards regained his liberty, on paying a large sum of\nmoney for his ransom.\nThe count d'Eu had intelligence while at St Aubin, that the English had\ntaken master John de la Motte, whom he had sent to inform the garrison\nof Harfleur of the relief he was bringing them; and this very day, the\nEnglish sent pursuivants to say, that they would advance to combat the\nFrench before they proceeded further,--which, however, they did not\ndo. On this account, the French advanced their whole force to Fauville\nen Caux[66], two leagues nearer their adversaries. On the morrow, at\nday-break, they marched to Montivilliers[67], which was under their\nobedience, and there learnt for certain that the English had not broken\nup their siege.\nThis day the count d'Eu went to reconnoitre the enemy, escorted by\nabout one hundred chosen horsemen mounted on the flower of their\ncavalry, when some sharp skirmishing took place between them and a\nparty of English. On his return, he called a council of his ablest\ncaptains, to consider how they should act,--and they lamented the\nloss of the lord de Gaucourt, who, from his great experience in\nsuch matters, would have ably advised them. It was resolved in\nthis council, that the count should embark with a certain number of\ncombatants, and attack the enemy on the side of Caux; that the bastard\nof Orleans should do so, with another detachment, on the opposite side;\nand that the Picards should advance on foot, with pontoons to throw\nover the ditches which the english had made round their camp; and that\nall these operations should commence as nearly as possible at the same\ninstant of time. La Hire and the rest of the captains were to remain on\nhorseback with their men, ready to succour those that might stand in\nneed of support.\nWhen these orders had been given, every one made his preparations for\nexecuting them on the ensuing day. The attack first commenced on the\nquarters of the lord Talbot, and was very sharp, lasting for more than\nhalf an hour; but the assailants, though they fought valiantly, made\nlittle impression, from the superior resistance of the English, and\nbecause their pontoons were too short for them to cross the ditches.\nOn the other hand, the enemy was advantageously posted,--and their\narchers, who were very numerous, shot so well and briskly that they\nwounded and killed great numbers with their arrows. Among the slain\nwere two valiant knights, sir John de Chailly, lord of Chambois, and\nsir Harpin de Richames, governor of Rue[68], and a few more.\nAt this attack, some new french knights were made,--such as John\nd'Ailly, Guillaume le Jeune, and others. While this was going forward,\nthe English to the amount of five hundred, charged the infantry, but\nwere soon repulsed by the cavalry, with the loss of forty or fifty\nslain. The garrison now made a sally on the guard before the gate, and\nkilled about thirty.\nThe count d'Eu made a fruitless attempt with his men on the side near\nthe sea, for the English had so strongly fortified every point where he\ncould land that it was labour in vain; and after losing some of their\nvessels, which had grounded, they retreated to Montivilliers. The\ninfantry likewise retreated thither, finding that they could not gain\nany advantage.\nThe French remained eight days at Montivilliers, in great want of\nprovisions for themselves and their horses, waiting to see if they\ncould any way afford assistance to the besieged,--and during this time\nmany skirmishes took place. The count d'Eu sent proposals to the earl\nof Somerset, to decide the raising of the siege on a personal combat\nwith him, or of one hundred men against a hundred Englishmen; but\nneither was accepted, because the earl knew full well that the garrison\nand inhabitants were so much distressed by famine that they must,\nwithin a few days, surrender at discretion. The earl and the other\ncaptains considered also the very great expence their king had been\nat for this siege, and, when so near gaining their object, would not\nput the risk of losing it to the chance of a battle, at the request of\ntheir adversaries.\nThe French then, from their great want of victual, and from the\nsuperior numbers of the English, seeing the impossibility of relieving\nthe town, concluded unanimously to return whence they had come as\nspeedily as they could. They were forced to this from want of food\nfor themselves and their horses, which was not to be had for any\nconsideration; but, before their departure, they requested a passport\nfrom the enemy for the lord de Rambures, which was granted.\nThe lord de Rambures then went to the english camp to treat for the\nsurrender of Harfleur,--and the French and Picards, in the mean time,\nretreated to Abbeville. On their march, they were met by certain\nmessengers from the duke of Burgundy, to forbid them entering his\nterritories, by reason of the great damages they had done when passing\nthrough them before, threatening that if they should set foot in them\nhe would drive them back by force.\nThey promised not to touch the duke's lands,--but a few broke their\nword, and entered Ponthieu, drawing toward Amiens, and committed great\ndamages; but the counts d'Estampes and de St Pol, having collected a\nlarge force of men at arms, attacked and repulsed them.\nSome skirmishes took place on each side; but at length, for certain\nconsiderations, they promised to withdraw from the duke's territories\nand make for Santois, and for the lands of sir John de Luxembourg,\nthreatening to carry thither fire and sword. Sir John was, however, so\nwell provided with troops to resist them that they were happy to pass\nquietly through his possessions,--for the count de St Pol was hard on\ntheir rear, with a very numerous body of men, ready to succour his\nuncle should there be any need of it. They advanced into Champagne,\ndoing great waste to all the poor people whose countries they passed\nthrough, and who were unable to oppose them.\nThe lord de Rambures concluded a treaty with the earl of Somerset and\nthe other english captains for the surrender of Harfleur, that the\ninhabitants might depart in safety, each with a white staff in his\nhand. In like manner was Montivilliers reduced, for it was forced to\nsurrender from want of provisions.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 60: The following note, having been mislaid, was omitted at\np. 177, line 7. 'Mortaigne.'\nThe count de Mortain was going on an expedition to France, when he was\ncounter-ordered to Calais, on account of the duke of Burgundy besieging\nit. Sir John Radcliffe was lieutenant of the town of Calais, and baron\nDudley of the castle.\nThis count de Mortain is styled, in the treaty of Harcourt between the\nFrench and English, A.D. 1438, 'Edmond comte de Dorset, et de Mortain,\net de Harcourt, captaine general et governeur de par monseigneur\nle roi du pays d'Anjou, du Maine, &c.' Dumont, Corps Universel de\nDiplomatique.]\n[Footnote 61: Cousay. Contay.--_Du Cange._]\n[Footnote 62: Eu,--a considerable town in Normandy, eight leagues from\nAbbeville.]\n[Footnote 63: Le Bourg-d'Un,--a village in Normandy, near St Valery en\nCaux.]\n[Footnote 64: St Aubin en Caux,--a village in Normandy, near Dieppe.]\n[Footnote 65: Neufch\u00e2tel,--on the road from Amiens to Rouen, 16 leagues\nfrom Amiens.]\n[Footnote 66: Fauville,--a market-town in Normandy, in the country of\nCaux, four leagues from F\u00eacamp.]\n[Footnote 67: Montivilliers,--a town in Normandy, in Caux, two leagues\nfrom Harfleur.]\n[Footnote 68: Rue,--a town in Picardy, two leagues from St Valery.]\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n A VERY GREAT LORD IN BRITTANY, CALLED THE LORD OF RETZ, IS ACCUSED AND\n CONVICTED OF SORCERY.\nIn this year, a very extraordinary event happened in Brittany. The\nlord of Retz, then marshal of France and of a very noble birth, and\na great landed proprietor, was accused and convicted of sorcery,\nwhich he had long followed, by the instigation of the devil and his\nadherents. He confessed having put to death many young children and\nwomen with child, with the intent of arriving at great fortunes and\nhonours,--and that with the blood of these victims to his superstition,\nwhom he had violently murdered, were written divers books of diabolical\nconjurations, and other things contrary to the catholic faith.\nWhen he was arrested and examined, he confessed that in this way, he\nhad caused upward of eight score persons of different sexes and ages\nto be put to death. After a trial before competent judges, he was\ncondemned to be hanged and strangled until he should be dead, and then\nhis body to be burnt.\nThe duke of Brittany and numbers of the nobility, as well secular as\necclesiastical, were present at this trial in the town of Nantes,\nwhere the sentence was executed. However, when the first part of it\nwas done, and his body partly burnt, some ladies and damsels of his\nfamily requested the body of the duke, that they might inter it in holy\nground, which the duke granted.\nNotwithstanding the many and horrid cruelties he had been guilty of,\nhe made a very devout end, full of repentance, requesting most humbly\nof his Creator to have mercy on his manifold sins and wickednesses.\nThe greater part of the nobles of Brittany, more especially those of\nhis kindred, were in the utmost grief and confusion at his disgraceful\ndeath. Before this event, he was much renowned as a most valiant knight\nat arms.\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n PIERRE DE REGNAULT, BASTARD-BROTHER TO LA HIRE, GOES ON A FORAGING\n PARTY TO THE COUNTRY ROUND ABBEVILLE.\nAbout this period, Pierre de Regnault bastard-brother to La Hire,\nwho resided in the castle of Mailly, near to Beauvais, which he had\nrepaired, set out with about eight score combatants, as well horse as\nfoot, to forage the country round Abbeville. He took the castle of\nYancourt[69], and the lord within it, whence he carried away every\nthing that was portable.\nIntelligence of this was soon carried to Abbeville, wherein were the\nlord d'Auxi, Guillaume de Thiembrone, Philip de Vaucourt[70], Guy\nGourle[71], and other captains, who no sooner heard it than they armed\nthemselves and their men, and sallied out horse and foot, to the\namount of more than three hundred, with the intent of overtaking the\nmarauders and recovering the plunder they had made from the castle of\nYancourt.\nPierre de Regnault, having had notice of this assembly, sent to the\nlord d'Auxi to excuse himself for what he had done, saying, it was only\nprovisions he was seeking,--but this excuse was not admitted. Great\ndiscord now arose on the meeting of the two parties,--but Pierre de\nRegnault, observing that most of those who had come from Abbeville were\nonly common men, charged them furiously; and breaking through them with\nlittle resistance, he turned on their rear, and, with great slaughter,\ntotally defeated them.\nTwenty or thirty were killed on the spot, and nine were drowned in\nattempting to cross the Somme,--in which last number was Guy de\nGourlay,--and upward of sixty were made prisoners; the principal of\nwhom were sir John de Fay knight of Rhodes, sir Philip de Jaucourt, and\nsir William de Thiembrone.\nAfter this defeat, Pierre de Regnault returned with his prisoners and\nbooty, unmolested, to his castle of Mailly, and ransomed his prisoners\nas if they had been Englishmen. He made, during this year, frequent\nexcursions on the territories of the duke of Burgundy, who was very\nmuch displeased thereat, and in consequence sent information thereof\nto king Charles, and complained that those of his party were daily\nrobbing and pillaging his country and subjects, and committing such\ndevastations as were not to be endured, considering that peace had been\nconcluded between them.\nThe king made answer, that he was equally vexed at such misconduct, and\noffered many excuses; adding, that he would provide as speedy a remedy\nfor it as he could,--but that he should be no way displeased at the\nduke if he could arrest any of these marauders and put them to death,\nor punish them by any other method he might choose.\nNotwithstanding this, the same inroads and plundering were continued,\nto the ruin of the poorer ranks of people.\nAt the same time, La Hire's companions, who resided in the castle of\nBonne near Laon, began to make inroads on Hainault, the Cambresis, and\nother places dependant on the lord de St Pol, who, dissatisfied with\ntheir proceedings, placed a strong garrison in the town of Marle[72] to\noppose them.\nThis garrison one day marched toward Rheims,--and, to secure a passage\nover the river, took the fort of Bac-a-Bery[73], of no great value, but\npossessed by La Hire's men. They left about thirty combatants to guard\nit, under the command of a captain; but within a few days the men of\nLa Hire returned, having been joined by some from the garrisons in the\nValois, who had been lately beaten by sir John de Luxembourg, amounting\nin the whole to full three hundred fighting men.\nThey instantly attacked the fort, which was soon won, and all within it\nput to the sword, or forced into the river and drowned,--after which,\nthe French left a stronger garrison in the fort.\nWithin sixteen days, the vassals of the count de St Pol, and of his\nuncle sir John de Luxembourg, again assembled in great numbers, with\nthe intent of attacking this garrison in the fort of Bac-a-Bery; but\nthey, having had notice of their coming, abandoned the place before\nthey arrived. The fort was now demolished and razed to the ground.\nThus were the countries about Rheims, Laon, and other parts, sorely\noppressed by the inroads of both parties; and this was done by one\nside, as it has been said, because sir John de Luxembourg would not\ntake the oaths of allegiance to king Charles, and had kept all his\ngarrisons on a war establishment, to prevent them being insulted.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 69: Yancourt,--in Picardy, near Peronne.]\n[Footnote 70: Vaucourt. Jaucourt.--MS. Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 71: Gourle. De Gourlay.--MS. Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 72: Marle,--a town in Picardy, five leagues from Laon.]\n[Footnote 73: Bac-a-Berry. Q. Berru? a village in Champagne, diocese of\nRheims.]\nCHAP. XL.\n AMBASSADORS FROM FRANCE, ENGLAND, AND BURGUNDY, MEET AT CALAIS TO\n TREAT OF A GENERAL PEACE.\nIn these days, several ambassadors of note were sent by king Charles to\nSt Omer to treat of a peace with the English, who were to come to that\ntown according to their promise of last year. The principal of these\nwere the archbishop of Rheims and of Narbonne, and the count de Dunois\nbastard of Orleans. On their arrival at St Omer, they were grandly\nfeasted by the duke of Burgundy, and soon after heard that the duke of\nOrleans was come to Calais, being brought thither by the English: on\nwhich they sent to Calais, to know at what place it would be agreeable\nto them to hold their convention.\nThe answer returned was, that the English would not quit Calais with\nthe duke of Orleans,--but that, if the french ambassadors would come\nthither, they would be ready to enter upon the business. Having\nconsidered the proposal, the archbishop of Rheims, the count de Dunois,\nand others, went thither under passports, together with the lord de\nCrevec\u0153ur and the envoys from the duke of Burgundy. On their arrival at\nCalais, the count de Dunois was conducted to the duke of Orleans his\nbrother who received him with much joy,--and most courteously thanked\nhim for the attentions he had paid to his property during the time of\nhis imprisonment.\nAfter this, the parties met on business several times,--and divers\nproposals were made respecting the deliverance of the duke of Orleans,\nand for a general peace; but as they could not agree as to several\narticles, they appointed another meeting, before which each was to\ninform his sovereign of the grounds they had laid for a negotiation to\nestablish peace between the two kingdoms.\nThe French and Burgundians returned to St Omer, and, shortly after, the\nduke of Orleans was carried back to England.\nCHAP. XLI.\n THE BARROIS AND LORRAINERS OVERRUN THE COUNTY OF VAUDEMONT, WHERE THEY\n COMMIT GREAT WASTE AND DESTRUCTION.\nWhile these things were passing, the Barrois and Lorrainers collected a\nlarge force, together with some Frenchmen, and marched for the county\nof Vaudemont, where they carried destruction with fire and sword,\ncommitting sacrilege on many churches and doing inestimable mischiefs.\nThe count de Vaudemont, to avenge himself, not having sufficient forces\nof his own, sent to demand succour from the duke of Burgundy, and\nfrom his son-in-law the lord de Croy, and to beg of them not to delay\nsending him reinforcements of men at arms. In consequence, sir John de\nCroy was dispatched to him, accompanied by sir Simon de Lalain, the\nlords de Launoy and de Maingoual, nephews to the lord de Croy, sir\nJohn bastard de Reuly[74], sir Anthony de Wissoch, and other nobles,\nwith a body of one thousand combatants, who fixed their rendezvous\nat Aubanton[75], and thence marched toward the duchy of Bar, for the\nBarrois had evacuated the county of Vaudemont.\nThey continued advancing until they came before the town of\nBar-le-Duc[76], in which were the marquis du Pont, son to the king of\nSicily, duke of Bar, and others of the nobility of that country. They\nsummoned the marquis to come out and give them battle, for that they\nwere ready and anxious to meet him in the field.\nThe marquis, by advice of his council, made answer, that he would not\ncombat them at their request and pleasure; but he had that intention\nin proper time and place, when he should judge most fitting. The\nBurgundians, on hearing this answer departed thence for a large\nvillage, called Longueville[77], where they were met by the count de\nVaudemont with all the forces he could muster.\nOn the morrow, they advanced farther into the duchy of Bar, destroying\nevery thing with fire and sword; and thence into Lorraine, where they\ndespoiled all all that was not secured in the fortified towns and\ncastles; and what was worse, they took by force some churches and\ncommitted divers sacrileges. In truth, the count de Vaudemont was so\ndetermined on his revenge that he would have continued this cruel\ntreatment throughout the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, had not the lords\nwho had come to his aid been dissatisfied with it.\nHe could not keep them longer with him, nor indeed his own men; so\nthat after they had been employed on this business for the space\nof twenty-six days, without meeting with any force to combat, they\nreturned whence they had come, but by another road, after having\nsuffered greatly from want of provision for themselves and their horses.\nSuch was the mode in which war was carried on between these two great\nlords, to the ruin and destruction of the poorer people.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 74: Reuly. Rely.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 75: Aubanton,--a town in Picardy, near Vervins, diocese of\nLaon.]\n[Footnote 76: Bar-le-Duc,--a strong town of Lorraine, on the confines\nof Champagne.]\n[Footnote 77: Longueville,--three leagues north from Faquemont.]\nCHAP. XLII.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS OBTAINS HIS LIBERTY BY MEANS OF THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY, AND MARRIES THE LADY OF CLEVES, NIECE TO THE SAID DUKE.\nSeveral embassies, as you have seen, took place between the kings\nof France and of England, and the duke of Burgundy, to endeavour to\nbring about a general peace, and also to obtain the deliverance of the\nduke of Orleans from his confinement in England. They had, however,\nbeen attended with little success for the English held out no hopes\nof peace, but to the prejudice and loss of the king of France and his\nrealm.\nThey would not condescend to treat in earnest but on condition that\nall the conquests they had made in France should remain freely to\nthem, with any dependance whatever on the crown of France, and they\nparticularly insisted on holding the duchies of Guienne and Normandy on\nthese terms. This had prevented the conclusion of a general peace, for\nneither the king of France nor his council would submit to them.\nIn regard to the duke of Orleans, the English (as I heard from one who\npretended to be acquainted with the secrets of their government) were\nnot desirous that he should gain his liberty; for many persons about\nthe court received very large sums to defray his expenses, and this was\nthe cause why he had been so long detained prisoner. In truth had the\nking of France, or those who had the management of the duke of Orleans'\nestates, refused to send over any more money, it is to be supposed\nthat his deliverance would have been sooner effected. Nevertheless, I\nbelieve that every thing was done honourably, and with good intentions.\nWhile these negotiations were pending, and afterward, the duke\nof Burgundy had a great desire to aid the duke of Orleans in his\ndeliverance, as well from their near connexion by blood, as that, on\nhis return to France, they might remain good friends, forgetting all\nformer feuds that had existed between their houses.\nIn consequence, he caused frequent overtures to be made to the duke\nof Orleans, and to those who governed him, to learn in what manner he\ncould best assist him for the accomplishment of this purpose; and at\nthe same time, he caused him to be sounded, whether he would be willing\nto marry his niece, a daughter of the duchess of Cleves his sister,\nthen with him; and also, in case of his deliverance, if he would agree\nto ally himself with the duke of Burgundy, without taking any measures\nin times to come against him or his family, in consequence of the\nformer quarrels between their fathers, against their mutual enemies,\nthe king of France and the dauphin alway excepted. The duke of Orleans,\nconsidering the long imprisonment he had suffered and might still\nundergo, readily assented to these propositions.\nHe gave his promise, on the word of a prince, that if the duke of\nBurgundy should obtain his liberty, he would instantly espouse his\nniece, the lady of Cleves, and satisfy the duke completely as to his\nother proposals. In consequence of this engagement, measures were taken\nin earnest, for the ransom of the duke of Orleans, with the king of\nEngland and his council; when after many delays, it was agreed to by\nthe king of England, on condition that the duke of Burgundy would give\nsecurity, under his seal, for the due payment of his ransom.\nBy the conclusion of this treaty, the duke of Orleans obtained his full\nliberty; and after he had solemnly promised to employ himself earnestly\nto bring about a general peace, and taken his leave of the king of\nEngland and some of the nobility, he set out from London, and arrived\nat Calais, furnished with ample passports, and thence was conducted to\nGravelines, escorted by the lord de Cornewall[78] and sir Robert de\nRoix[79], and other gentlemen.\nThe duchess of Burgundy, attended by many great lords and gentlemen,\ncame out of Gravelines to meet him; and both expressed much pleasure\non the occasion,--the duke of Orleans for his liberty, and the duchess\nfor his arrival. Within a few days, the duke of Burgundy came thither\nto see him, when, as before, great joy was testified on each side, and\nmany and frequent embracings took place: indeed their pleasure was so\ngreat, on this meeting, that neither could for some time utter a word.\nThe duke of Orleans broke silence first, and said, 'On my faith, fair\nbrother and cousin, I ought to love you more than all the princes\non earth, and my fair cousin the duchess also; for had it not been\nfor you and her, I should have remained for ever in the power of my\nadversaries,--and I have never found a better friend than you.'\nThe duke of Burgundy replied, that the not having done it sooner had\nweighed much on his mind,--for that he had for a considerable time,\nbeen desirous of exerting himself for his deliverance. Such was the\nconversation, often renewed, between these two princes, which rejoiced\nall that heard it; and every one was glad of the return of the duke\nof Orleans who had been a prisoner in England since the Friday before\nAll-saints-day in the year of grace 1415, until the month of November\nin the year 1440.\nThe ambassadors from the king of France were present at this meeting;\nthe principal of whom were the archbishop of Rheims, lord chancellor\nof France, the archbishop of Narbonne, the count de Dunois, bastard of\nOrleans, and some others,--to each of whom, in his turn, the duke of\nOrleans gave a most gracious reception, but particularly to his brother.\nThe company thence went by water to St Omer, and were lodged in the\nabbey of St Bertin, where grand preparations had been made for the\nreception of the duke of Orleans, who was accompanied by the english\nlords. He was there received most honourably by the duke of Burgundy\nand the lords of his household. Great presents were made him by the\nmunicipality; and he was daily visited by persons from France and\nPicardy,--but more from his own territories than elsewhere, who were\nvery much rejoiced at his return.\nAfter some days, the duke of Orleans was requested, on the part of the\nduke of Burgundy, that he would be pleased to swear to the observance\nof the treaty of Arras, and take to wife the lady of Cleves, niece\nto the duke of Burgundy, as had been before treated of and the duke\nreplied, that he was perfectly ready and willing to confirm all that he\nhad promised when a prisoner.\nThis business being settled, the two dukes entered the choir of the\nchurch of St Bertin, with their attendants, whither the treaty of\nArras was brought, written in Latin and in French. It was read aloud,\nfirst in Latin, then in French, by master James Tran\u00e7on, archdeacon of\nBrussels, in the presence of the two dukes the archbishops, bishops,\nand a great number of knights, esquires, burghers, and officers of each\nparty.\nWhen the reading of it was ended, the duke of Orleans promised and\nswore on the book of the holy Evangelists, which the said archdeacon\nheld in his hand, faithfully to observe all the articles of the treaty\nin general, excepting those articles that related to the death of the\nlate duke of Burgundy,--saying, that he was not bounden to exculpate\nhimself from this death, as his mind was no way consenting thereto;\nthat he was perfectly ignorant of the attempt, and had been very much\ndispleased and vexed when he heard of it, as this event had thrown the\nkingdom of France into greater danger than it had ever experienced.\nAfter this, the count de Dunois was called upon to take a similar oath,\nwho, delaying some little to comply, was instantly commanded by the\nduke of Orleans to take it, which he then did. The duke then renewed\nhis promise to espouse the lady of Cleves,--and they were immediately\nbetrothed to each other by the archbishop of Narbonne.\nGreat feastings and every sort of amusement and entertainment now took\nplace; and the duke of Burgundy's purveyors were dispatched to distant\ncountries, to supply provision for the wedding-feast,--and also for\nthat of St Andrew, which the duke had not for some time kept. The duke\nof Burgundy defrayed the whole of the expenses of the duke of Orleans\nand of his train.\nOn the Saturday before St Andrew's day, the duke of Orleans was\nmarried to the lady of Cleves; and on the ensuing day, the feast was\ncelebrated, when great crowds of the nobility came thither to view the\nprocession of the lords and ladies to the church. The duke of Burgundy\nled his niece by her left hand: on the right, behind him, were sir John\nbastard of St Pol and the lord de Hautbourdin, who held up the sleeve\nof her robe. A lady supported her train, which was very rich. A little\nbehind came the duke of Orleans leading the duchess of Burgundy,\nattended by the counts d'Eu, de Nevers, d'Estampes, de Saint Pol, de\nDunois, while others of the high nobility and ladies of rank, knights,\nesquires, and damsels, followed the archbishop of Narbonne, who on what\nday chaunted mass.\nThe archbishop was attended by a numerous body of clergy, who made\nprocessions round the choir; and there were numbers of kings at arms,\nheralds and pursuivants, as well as trumpeters, minstrels, and others\nplaying on a variety of musical instruments. All these heralds were\ndressed in their tabards emblazoned with the arms of their respective\nlords, and in the number was Garter king at arms from England.\nThe lord Fanhope and sir Robert Roos, with their attendants, were\npresent at all these ceremonies, to whom the highest honours were\npaid, and the handsomest reception given: the duke of Burgundy showed\nparticular attention to lord Fanhope, and they went all over the town\nwithout hindrance.\nWhen mass was finished the company went to dinner, where the duchess\nof Orleans was seated at the middle of the table in the great hall: on\nher right was the archbishop who had celebrated mass, and on her left\nthe duchess of Burgundy. There were also the countesses d'Estampes\nand de Namur. At other tables were seated ladies and damsels, each\naccording to her rank and degree.\nWith regard to the two dukes, the english lords, the counts before\nnamed, and other chivalry, they all dined together like a troop, and\nwere well and abundantly served from various rich and curious dishes.\nFrom dinner they proceeded to view the justs in the market-place, where\nall the windows round were filled with ladies splendidly dressed. The\nlord de Vaurin won the prize this day. After supper, justs were again\nheld in the great hall of the abbey of St Bertin, on small horses, when\nmany lances were broken, and it was a fine sight to view.\nOn the morrow, which was Monday, were divers joyous entertainments and\njustings, in which the count de St Pol won the ladies' prize.\nDuring these days, many presents were made by the princes to the\nofficers at arms, for which they cried out several times, with a loud\nvoice, 'Largesse!' naming such as had given them a present.\nOn Tuesday, which was the vigil of St Andrew's day, the duke of\nBurgundy commenced his feast of the Golden Fleece, by hearing vespers\nin the choir of the church of St Bertin, accompanied by his brother\nknights clothed in their mantles, hoods, and in the full dress of the\norder. Above each of the knights' seats in the choir was an emblazoned\ntablet of his arms; but there were many knights, not present,--and six\nhad died since the last celebration of this feast.\nOn the morrow, St Andrew's day, the knights, in handsome array, went\nto church in procession; and it was wonderous to see the very rich\nornaments of the altar, as well as of the choir, so that both English\nand French marvelled at the great state and splendour of the duke of\nBurgundy.\nAfter the church service, the duke seated himself at table in the\nmidst of his knights, who were placed in the usual order on one side,\nand were abundantly well served. In the procession to and from church\nthe oldest knight went last, according to the date of his knighthood.\nOn Thursday a chapter was held, for the filling up the vacant stalls,\nof those who were dead, which lasted a considerable time. It was there\nagreed on unanimously to offer a collar to the duke of Orleans,--and\nthe bishop of Tournay and master Nicholas Raoullin, chancellor of\nBurgundy, were sent to him, to know if it would be agreeable to him to\naccept of it. When they had declared the wish to the duke of Burgundy\nand of his knights companions, the duke of Orleans replied, that he\nwould willingly wear the order, in honour of his fair cousin the duke\nof Burgundy, and soon after entered the great hall,--whither came the\nduke of Burgundy with the knights-companions preceded by their officers\nat arms.\nGolden Fleece, king at arms, bore on his arm a mantle and hood of the\norder, and, on approaching the duke of Orleans sir Hugh de Launoy\n(who had been deputed for this purpose) addressed him saying,--My\nmost excellent, most puissant and most redoubted lord, my lord duke\nof Orleans, you see here in your presence my most redoubted lord my\nlord duke of Burgundy, and my lords his companions of the order of\nthe Golden Fleece who have unanimously resolved, in full chapter, to\npresent to you a collar of the said order, as a testimony of your\nhigh renown, prudence and valour, which they humbly entreat you will\nbe pleased to accept of and wear, to promote that fraternal love and\nfriendship which at present exists between you, and that it may be\nstrengthened and preserved.'\nThe duke of Orleans having replied that he would willingly wear it, the\nduke of Burgundy advanced with one of the collars in his hand, which he\npresented to him, and placed round his neck, in the name of the Father,\nSon and Holy Ghost, and then kissed his cheek. The duke of Orleans then\nrequested the duke would be pleased to wear his order, to which he\nassented,--and the duke of Orleans then drew a collar of his order from\nhis sleeve, and put it round the duke of Burgundy's neck.\nWhen the duke of Orleans had been dressed in the mantle and hood of the\norder, he was led to the chapter-house to take the accustomed oaths,\nand to assist in the election of four other knights; but they were not\nimmediately named, and none but themselves knew to whom the vacant\ncollars were to be given. The greater part of the nobles were much\ngratified by this exchange of orders, and that so much unanimity and\nconcord existed between these two princes.\nSome days afterward, the chapter was renewed, and it was determined to\npresent the dukes of Brittany and of Alen\u00e7on each with a collar; and\nGolden Fleece, king at arms was ordered to carry to them letters from\nthe duke of Burgundy and the knights-companions, to inform them of\ntheir election. The king at arms performed his message punctually; and\nthe two lords received the collars with pleasure, giving him for his\ntrouble such rich presents as satisfied him.\nWhen all these feasts were over, the lord Fanhope departed, with his\nattendants, from St Omer, and, by way of Calais, returned to England;\nbut sir Robert Roos remained with the duke of Orleans, with the intent\nof accompanying him to the king of France, having been commissioned on\nan embassy to him by the king of England.\nDuring these times, some of the principal inhabitants of Bruges came to\nSt Omer, as they were very anxious for their lord the duke of Burgundy,\nin whose good graces they were not thoroughly established, to come\nto their town; for although a reconciliation had indeed taken place,\nhe had declared that he would never enter their town again unless he\nwere conducted thither by a greater lord than himself. The bruges men\ntherefore, humbly solicited the duke of Orleans that he would out of\nhis grace, request the duke of Burgundy to go thither, and that he\nwould be pleased to conduct him.\nThe duke of Orleans granted their request,--and the duke of Burgundy\nhaving assented, they both made preparations for their journey to\nBruges, where they were most joyfully received. The town of Bruges made\nsuch rich and grand preparations for the reception of the two dukes and\nduchesses that it exceeded all that had ever been done by them, and\ndeserves a brief description.\nWhen the inhabitants of Bruges learnt that the two dukes were\napproaching the town, all the magistrates with their officers and\nservants, together with the deacons, constables, and others to the\namount agreed on, issued out of the gates, and advanced to an inn\nbeyond the boundaries of the town called The Three Kings. They might be\nupward of fourteen hundred in the whole, and were drawn up on an open\nspot to wait the coming of their lord.\nOn seeing the duke of Burgundy advance by the side of the duke of\nOrleans they approached in good array with bare feet unhooded and\nungirdled,--and throwing themselves on their knees, with uplifted\nhands, most humbly supplicated him in the presence of the two duchesses\nand the whole company, to forgive them their past offences, according\nto the tenour of the peace.\nThe duke delayed some little to answer,--but, at the prayer of the\nduke of Orleans, he granted their request. This done, the magistrates\npresented him with the keys of all their gates, and then, rising up,\nretired aside to dress themselves. At this moment, processions from the\ndifferent churches, as well as of the four mendicant orders of friars,\nmonks, nuns and beguines, made their appearance, bearing their relics\nand dressed in their best copes. They were in great numbers, and, on\nhearing that their lord was now satisfied with them, chaunted forth\nlustily 'Te Deum laudamus,' &c. The greater part of them attended him\nto his h\u00f4tel.\nAll the merchants from different nations then resident in Bruges came\nout on horseback, most handsomely arrayed to meet the duke. On the\nother hand stages were erected at various parts where he passed, on\nwhich were represented divers pageants. The streets, on each side,\nwere hung with tapestries and rich cloths; and in respect to trumpets\nof silver, clarions, and other musical instruments, there were so\nmany that the whole town resounded with them. There were also several\npageants with figures of animals that spouted out wine and other\nliquors, for all who pleased to regale themselves. In short it is\nnot in the memory of man that ever the inhabitants of Bruges made so\nmagnificent a display, on the reception of their lord, as they now did.\nWhen the duke had dismounted at his h\u00f4tel, he was waited on by the\nmagistrates to give him welcome: having received them kindly, he\nordered the governor of Flanders to return them the keys of their\ntown which they had presented to him, saying that he had now the\nfullest confidence in them. This speech rejoiced them very much, and\nthey all huzzaed. Carols had been sung through all the streets on his\narrival,--and when night came, the houses were so well illuminated\nthat the town seemed one blaze of light.\nOn the morrow, justs were held in the market-place: the lord de Vaurin\nwon one prize, and the heir of Cleves the other. This last was supplied\nwith lances by his uncle the duke of Burgundy. At the end of the justs,\nsupper was served, and then dancings took place, to which all the\ndamsels of Bruges were invited. On the ensuing Tuesday, other justs\nwere held in the market place,--and the company supped at the house of\nthe sheriffs, where they were splendidly entertained at the expence of\nthe town.\nOn the Saturday, the count and countess of Charolois, daughter to the\nking of France, arrived from Charolois,--when the duke of Orleans,\nmany nobles, the municipality of the town and several of the principal\nburghers, went out to meet them, and conducted them to the court-yard\nof the h\u00f4tel of the duke of Burgundy.\nOn Sunday, a variety of diversions took place; but it would be tedious\nto relate them all: suffice it to say, that the inhabitants exerted\nthemselves in every manner they could imagine from love to their lord\nand prince, and in honour to the duke of Orleans and those that were\nwith them; they even made him handsome presents, that pleased him much.\nOn the following day, the duke and duchess of Orleans left Bruges, with\ntheir attendants, which caused many tears from the ladies and damsels\nof the household of the duke of Burgundy on taking their leave of\nher. They went to Ghent, whither they were accompanied by the duke of\nBurgundy,--and were there received with every mark of honour. After a\nfew days stay, they departed thence, and were escorted out of the town\nby the duke of Burgundy. On taking their leave, they mutually promised\nhenceforth to do every thing possible for each other.\nThe duke and duchess of Orleans went by slow days journeys to Tournay,\nwhere they had a very flattering reception. From the time the duke had\nreturned from England to his quitting the duke of Burgundy, many lords,\nand others, had come from France, and elsewhere, to welcome his return\nhome, and to offer him their services, some of whom he retained in\nhis service. Several even from the states of the duke of Burgundy had\noffered themselves, and were so pressing that many, as well gentlemen\nas damsels, were retained of his household, and in divers situations.\nSome knights and esquires had presented from eight to ten of their\nsons to him, for his pages, and about twenty-four companions from the\nBoulonnois, well mounted and equipped, were retained for his archers\nand body guards: in short, his retinue was increasing so fast, that\nwhen he arrived at Tournay he was followed by about three hundred horse.\nIn regard to his order, it was granted to such numbers of knights and\nesquires, and others of low degree, who solicited it,--and so few\nwere refused, that it was quite common throughout Picardy. Many were\ndesirous of attaching themselves to him in the expectation and hope\nthat when he should have seen the king he would have the principal\ngovernment of France, and that they might then be advanced by various\nmeans: he himself also indulged this expectation. Some, however, more\nwise, thought otherwise,--and it happened as they had foreseen; for\nthey said in secret, that it would have been more advisable in the\nduke to have made greater haste to wait on the king and with a smaller\ntrain of followers,--and they thought that those who governed the king,\nand had done so during all the troubles, would not suffer any but\nthemselves to rule the realm, although the duke of Orleans was the next\nheir to the crown of France after the dauphin, and had suffered much\nfor it; but, notwithstanding this, it has been long seen that violent\nquarrels and dissentions can exist between such great lords.\nThe duke of Orleans, on leaving Tournay, went to Valenciennes, and\nthence to Qu\u00eanoy le Comte, to visit his fair cousin the countess\nMargaret, dowager of Hainault, who received him with joy. After she\nhad made him some gifts, he went to the city of Cambray, where he\nreceived many presents, and the town also gave him five hundred golden\nFrench crowns. The duke had intended going to St Quentin, on quitting\nCambray; but some of his people gave him to understand, that he would\nincur a great risk to himself and his attendants by so doing,--that he\nwould be obliged to pass through some defiles commanded by the castles\nof sir John de Luxembourg, who had not yet sworn to observe the treaty\nof Arras.\nThis was the cause that made him change his route; and he summoned some\ngentlemen from the Cambresis to aid him in the escort of his baggage.\nBut had the duke been better informed of the state of parties, he\nneeded not have feared sir John de Luxembourg for two reasons: first,\nbecause sir John was perfectly reconciled with the duke of Burgundy,\nand had even been at Bruges, where he had held many conferences with\nthe duke of Orleans on his affairs, as well touching the lordship of\nCourcy as other matters of concern to both. Sir John had then left\nBruges well inclined to the duke, and had offered to serve him, and do\nevery thing for his interest that he should think would be agreeable\nto him; whence it may naturally be supposed, that he would never have\npermitted any injuries to be done him on his road.\nSecondly, because at the time the duke was at Cambray sir John was\nlying on his death-bed at his h\u00f4tel in Guise, and news of his decease\nwas carried to the duke while in Cambray, which made him stay there two\ndays longer than he had intended. He even requested the magistrates of\nthat town to choose him for their governor, in the room of the late\nsir John de Luxembourg, and he would obtain the usual and necessary\nconfirmation of it from the king of France. The magistrates excused\nthemselves from compliance as well as they could, saying, they dared\nnot to do it without the consent of their bishop.\nThe duke of Orleans, went from Cambray to St Quentin,--thence to Noyon,\nCompi\u00e9gne, Senlis, and to Paris, where he remained some days. In all\nthe towns he passed through, or stopped at, he was received with as\nmany honours as if he had been the king of France or the dauphin. Every\nbody was full of hopes and confidence that great consolation would\nbefal the kingdom of France on his return from imprisonment. The people\nmore especially were rejoiced to see him again at liberty, for they had\nlong wished for it.\nIt was the intention of the duke to hasten to the king as speedily\nas he now could; but he received such intelligence as made him delay\nit a considerable time; for a year or more. The cause of this delay\nwas, that the king had been informed of the whole conduct the duke had\nheld since his return from England,--of his oaths and alliance with\nthe duke of Burgundy,--of having received his order,--how grandly he\nwas accompanied--of his having admitted into his household numbers of\nBurgundians, who had formerly waged war against him and his crown. The\nking was also told, that these connexions had been formed in opposition\nto him and his ministers,--and that many great lords, such as the dukes\nof Brittany and Alen\u00e7on, had joined the two dukes, with the view of\nforming a new administration,--and that henceforward his kingdom would\nbe ruled by them, or such others as they might please to appoint, and\nthat he would be only allowed a decent establishment to maintain his\nstate, without a power of interfering in the government but as it might\nbe agreeable to them, and with their consent.\nThe king, who was ever inclined to suspicion, and to listen to such\ninformation, from the many plots that had been formed against him\nduring his reign, readily believed what was now told him; but when\nhe heard that the dukes of Brittany and Alen\u00e7on had accepted of\nthe order of the Golden Fleece, whatever doubts he might have had\nwere strengthened. Those about his person repeated daily the same\ntales, assuring him that they were true, so that his suspicions were\ncompletely confirmed.\nNotwithstanding that the king had ordered the duke of Orleans to\ncome to him, telling the duke's messengers who had brought him the\nintelligence of his return from England, that he was very anxious to\nsee him, he would not permit him to come (in consequence of the tales\nhe had been told) but with a small retinue, leaving behind all the\nBurgundians he had retained in his service.\nThe duke of Orleans, knowing the state of the court, and what had been\ntold of him, went from Paris to Orleans, and thence to Blois, and to\nhis other territories, where he was received with the utmost joy by his\nvassals and subjects, and many grand presents were made to him from\nthese his possessions.\nWe must speak a little of sir John de Luxembourg count de Ligny,\nwho as I have related, departed this life in the castle of Guise.\nHis body was placed on a car, and carried, with every honour and a\nnumerous attendance, to the church of our lady at Cambray, and placed\non tressels within the choir. On the first night, vigils and funeral\norisons were made, and he was watched until the morrow, when a grand\nfuneral service was performed, and the coffin surrounded by a number\nof lighted torches held by his vassals. When this service was ended,\nhe was interred without the choir, near to one of his ancestors called\nsir Waleran de Luxembourg, lord of Ligny and of Beaurevoir, as has been\nalready told.\nSir John de Luxembourg had died without ever having taken the oaths of\nallegiance to king Charles, or to his commissioners, although often\npressed to do it. Since the year 1435, when the peace of Arras was\nconcluded, until the eve of Twelfth-day in the year 1440, when he died,\nhe had kept such good garrisons in all his towns and castles that\nnone of the three parties, France, England and Burgundy, had done his\nlands any damage worth mentioning. With regard to the English, they\nwere very desirous of pleasing him, for he had not yet broken with\nthem nor returned his bonds of alliance,--and they had great hopes of\nbeing supported by him, should there be occasion. In like manner, he\nconsidered them as sure allies against all who should attempt to injure\nhim.\nAs to the Burgundians, there were few but were inclined to serve him;\nand although the duke of Burgundy was for a time very indignant against\nhim, from reports often brought to him, yet matters were not pushed to\nopen hostilities, and he had recovered the good graces of the duke.\nThe French, and particularly the captains of these marauding parties,\nfeared him greatly,--for they knew how personally valiant he was, and\nthat he had always a sufficiency of men at arms ready to resist all who\nmeant to harrass his lands.\nThey also knew that if he could meet them unawares, on any part of his\nterritories, he would destroy them without mercy. For these reasons,\ntherefore, whenever they approached any of his possessions they were\nglad to give assurances, under their seals, not to commit any damage\nto his vassals or country. This they had frequently done,--and he was\ncontented to leave them unmolested.\nA short time, however, before his death, king Charles had determined\nin council to give him no farther respite from taking the oaths, and\nto raise a large army to conquer him, or at least to force him to take\nthe oaths prescribed at the peace of Arras; but God, the creator of all\nthings, provided a remedy, before it could be known what would have\nbeen the event of such proceedings.\nThus ended the life of sir John de Luxembourg, who was a valiant and\nenterprising knight, and much feared in all places where he was\npersonally known; and he might be about fifty years of age when he died.\nShortly after his decease, one called Leurin de Moucy, to whom he had\ngiven in guard the castle of Coucy, surrendered it to the duke of\nOrleans, in consideration of a certain sum of money which he received\nand refused to put it into the hands of the count de St Pol, nephew and\nheir to sir John de Luxembourg.\nThe townsmen of Neel and Beaulieu, in the Vermandois, expelled their\ngovernor, Lionel de Wandonne and all the friends of sir John de\nLuxembourg, and admitted the vassals of the lord de Mongaignier[80].\nBut the rest of the towns and castles were placed under the obedience\nof the count de St Pol, by those who had the government of them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 78: Lord de Cornewall.--Sir John de Cornewall, summoned to\nParliament 11 Henry VI.]\n[Footnote 79: Sir Robert de Roix. Sir Robert Roos.]\n[Footnote 80: Mongaignier. Q. Montgaugier?]\nCHAP. XLIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE GOES TO TROYES IN CHAMPAGNE.--SEVERAL TOWNS AND\n FORTS SUBMIT TO HIS OBEDIENCE.--OTHER MATTERS.\nKing Charles of France now assembled a very large body of men from\ndifferent provinces of his realm, and ordered those captains of whom I\nhave spoken as Skinners, to join him instantly with their troops. When\nall were collected on the banks of the Loire, the king departed from\nBourges in Berry, attended by the dauphin, the constable of France, the\nlord Charles d'Anjou, and lords without number.\nHe marched to Troyes in Champagne, and remained there about three\nweeks. His men were quartered in the towns and villages in the open\ncountry round,--but the greater part were sent to Auxerre, Tonnerre,\nand to the borders of Burgundy, where they harrassed the country much.\nDuring his stay at Troyes, many towns and castles, which had formerly\nwaged a severe warfare against him, submitted to his obedience. He\nalso put an end to the quarrels between the house of Bar and Lorraine\nand that of Vaudemont, and received into favour the heir of Commercy,\nand several lords on the borders of Burgundy, who had incurred his\nindignation.\nHaving finished these matters, the king went to his town of\nBar-sur-Aube, whither came the bastard of Bourbon, with a large train\nof men at arms, whom he had long maintained in the field. On his\narrival, he was instantly accused of treasonable practices against the\nking; and, after the affair had been examined into, he was tried, and\ncondemned to be sewed in a sack, and thrown into the river and drowned,\nwhich sentence was executed. His body, when dead, was taken out of the\nriver, and buried in holy ground.\nIt was currently reported, that this execution had taken place because\nthat, during the quarrel between the king and the dauphin, he had\njoined his brother the duke of Bourbon with a large force, and had been\nthe principal actor in separating the dauphin from his father. It was\nalso said, that on the failure of the expedition to raise the siege\nof Harfleur, where he had served under the count d'Eu, he had gone\nto St Omer, and offered his services to the duke of Burgundy, should\nhe at any time have occasion for them, in compliment to the duke's\nbrother-in-law the duke of Bourbon. This execution gave great alarm\nto many of the captains who had for a long time been under arms, on\npretence of forming part of the king's army, lest they should in like\nmanner be punished for their wicked deeds.\nCHAP. XLIV.\n THE ENGLISH IN THE CASTLE OF FOLLEVILLE[81] DO MUCH DAMAGE TO THE\n COUNTRY ROUND AMIENS.--THEY DEFEAT SOME PICARD LORDS AND THEIR MEN.\nThe english garrison in the castle of Folleville did, at this time,\nmuch mischief to the countries round Amiens, Corbie, and in Santois,\nwhere they alarmed the town of Mondidier. They were about one hundred\nwarriors, who kept the neighbourhood in such awe that most of the towns\nwere forced to pay them monthly a certain sum as protection-money, and\na stipulated quantity of wheat, to the great oppression of the poor\nfarmers[82].\nThey even made an attack one day on the town of Dours[83] on the Somme.\nIn the castle was the lord of the town,--but, not having a sufficient\nforce to resist them, he hastily mounted his horse and rode to Amiens,\nto demand succour. He found there the lord de Saveuses, the governor\nof Amiens, and many gentlemen and warriors, who unanimously agreed to\naccompany him in the pursuit of the English. They overtook the English\nnear to Folleville, whither they were retreating in handsome array,\ncarrying with them the immense plunder they had taken.\nIt was ordered, that the lord de Saveuses should lead the\ninfantry,--and the lord de Dours, the lord de Contay, the lord de\nTilloye, Guichart de Fiennes, and other gentlemen, should gallop up to\nthe English, and cry out to them to halt and fight with their enemies\non horse and on foot; but these orders were not observed,--for those\non horseback, eager to engage their adversaries, made a full charge\nwithout waiting the coming up of the infantry, which turned out very\nunfortunately for them.\nThe English seeing the enemy approach, and being more numerous, formed\ntwo divisions, placing their horses in the rear, that they might not\nbe attacked on that quarter, and defended themselves so valiantly\nthat most part of the French were slain. In this number were the lord\nde Dours, Guichart de Fiennes, John de Beaulieu, and other noble\ngentlemen. The principal among the prisoners, was sir Martel d'Antoch\nlord of Tilloye. The remainder escaped by flight,--not, however,\nwithout having some of their horses wounded and killed from fatigue.\nThe lord de Saveuses, seeing the unfortunate issue of the day, kept the\ninfantry under his command together as well as he could, and rallied\nsome of the horse who were flying homeward. He marched them back to\nAmiens, very much afflicted at their ill fortune. Shortly after, by a\ntreaty with the English, they obtained the naked bodies of the dead, to\ninter them in their own sepultures. Some of the relations and friends\nof the slain would have thrown the blame of this defeat on the lord de\nSaveuses, saying that he did not advance fast enough with the infantry\nto support the cavalry when engaged. He answered this charge by\ndeclaring, that as the infantry had been put under his command by the\nunanimous consent of the captains then present, he could not advance\nfaster than he did without leaving his troops behind him.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 81: Folleville,--a village in Picardy near to Bretueil.]\n[Footnote 82: This protection-money was well known on the borders of\nEngland and Scotland, under the name of Black Mail.]\n[Footnote 83: De Dours. Q. Dourcha? which, in Bleau's atlas, is on the\nSomme; but I cannot find Dours, or Dourcha, in the Gazetteer of France.]\nCHAP. XLV.\n SOME OF THE GARRISONS OF THE COUNT DE ST POL ROB THE KING OF FRANCE'S\n SERVANTS AS THEY WERE CONDUCTING WARLIKE STORES FROM THE CITY OF\n TOURNAY.--THE REPARATION THE COUNT DE SAINT POL MAKES FOR THIS CONDUCT.\nDuring the stay the king of France made in Champagne, he had ordered\nsome of his most confidential servants to go to the town of Tournay,\nand to Flanders, to purchase artillery and warlike stores, which\nthey were to convey to Paris, to be ready in case they should be\nwanted. Those whom he had intrusted with this commission executed it\nfaithfully; and having laden carts and waggons with the artillery and\nstores, conducted them without any hindrance through the territories of\nthe duke of Burgundy, from the city of Tournay, until they came to a\ntown called Ribemont[84], where they were stopped by the garrison in\nthat place for the count de St Pol.\nThe chiefs of the garrison were John lord of Thorante, Guyot de\nBethune, Hoste de Neufville, with several others, as well men at arms\nas archers. They robbed these servants of the king of France, carrying\ninto the town of Ribemont the contents of the carts and waggons, which\nthey there divided among themselves and wasted; but the whole of this\nconduct was without the knowledge or consent of the count de St Pol,\nwho was much displeased thereat.\nWhen intelligence of this robbery came to the king of France, he was\nvery indignant, and swore that he would have ample amends for it; and\nthat he would wage war on the count de St Pol, unless he made full\nrestitution for the things stolen, and did homage to him for the lands\nhe held within his realm.\nDuring the king's residence in the town of Bar-sur-Aube, gentlemen came\ndaily to offer their services to him,--and having staid there some\ntime, he departed, through Ch\u00e2lons and Rheims, to the city of Laon.\nWherever he passed, he was received most honourably, and in the manner\nin which obedient subjects usually show to their sovereign lord.\nFrom Laon he dispatched the greater part of his captains with their\nmen,--namely, La Hire, Anthony de Chabannes, Joachim Rohault,--to\nmake war on the towns and castles dependant on the count de St Pol.\nThe count had heard of this plan, and consequently had reinforced his\ndifferent places as strongly as he could, and had retired to the castle\nof Guise, in Tierrache, to be ready to succour such as might stand most\nin need of it.\nIt happened, that those of the garrison of Ribemont, whom I have before\nnamed, on hearing of the near approach of the king's army, were so much\nfrightened, from dread of the French, that they suddenly left the town\nin the utmost disorder, and without waiting for each other, abandoning\nthe command of it and the castle to the common people. This caused\ngreat confusion; and they mostly withdrew to Guise and other fortified\nplaces of the count, who was much enraged at their cowardice, more\nespecially with those to whom he had intrusted its defence.\nOn this same day, or on the morrow, the French came before Ribemont,\nto whom, in the name of king Charles, was the town surrendered, and\nadmittance given them. They found it full of wealth, and helped\nthemselves to it at their pleasure; and Joachim Rohault entered with\nthe rest, as governor of the place.\nShortly after, the French advanced to the town of Marle[85], which\nthey surrounded on all sides with their whole force. The governor in\nthe town for the count de St Pol was a gentleman diligent and expert\nin war, called George de Croix, having with him sixty combatants,\nincluding those of the town. He was regularly and often summoned to\nsurrender the place to the king of France; but he always replied, that\nwithout the knowledge and consent of the count de St Pol, he would not\nyield it up.\nThe besiegers, in consequence, sent on their heavy artillery, and\npointed many cannon against the walls and gates, which damaged them so\nmuch that they intended very soon to storm it. In the mean time, the\ncount de St Pol, considering that it would be impossible for him to\nhold out against the power of France, especially as he had been told\nthat he must not look for aid from the duke of Burgundy, began to turn\nhis thoughts to the best means of appeasing the king, particularly\nas the principal gentlemen about him advised him, by all means, to\nnegotiate a peace and remain in the quiet possession of his estates.\nThe countess-dowager, his mother, first opened the business, with\nothers of his friends, who had a little before gone to wait on the\nking at Laon.--The count went also thither himself, and was graciously\nreceived by the king and the dauphin, and by the lords of the court. He\nshortly after requested and obtained from the king a suspension of arms\nbetween the army before Marle and the garrison, until a fixed day, when\na treaty should be opened to accommodate the business.\nA treaty was concluded, after the king had holden several councils,\nand after the count de St Pol had been heard in his defence. It was\nagreed, that the count should remain in the good graces of the king,\non consideration that he did immediate homage for the lands he held in\nFrance, and also for those of the countess of Marle and of Soissons,\nhis lady, in the usual manner in which homage was done by other\nvassals. He was likewise to place the town of Marle under the king's\nobedience, and deliver it to such commissioners as should be appointed,\nsending those now within it away. He was beside to give certain\ndeclaratory letters, signed and sealed by him, the contents of which\nshall be specified farther on.\nWhen this matter had been finished, the king sent commissioners to take\npossession of the town of Marle: they carried with them passports for\nGeorge de Croix and his men, who, on their departure, marched to La\nFert\u00e9-sur-Oise, by orders from the count de St Pol. The commissioners\non entering Marle, received the obedience of the inhabitants; and\nhaving executed all they had been commanded, the town was, soon after,\nrestored to the count de St Pol, with the king's approbation, on the\nsame terms on which he had before held it.\nThe army now dislodged, and advanced further into the Vermandois,\nHainault and Cambresis, greatly oppressing the poor people. The count\nde St Pol, after the conclusion of the peace, increased much in favour\nwith the king and the dauphin: he was particularly beloved by the\nlatter, whom he promised to serve faithfully, henceforth, in all his\nwars with the English. The count remained at Laon a considerable time;\nand before he quitted it, delivered to the council the declaratory\nletter before mentioned, the tenour of which was as follows.\n'Louis de Luxembourg, count de St Pol, de Ligny, de Conversan, de\nBraine and de Guise, lord of Anghien and of Beaurevoir, and Castellan\nof Lille, to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting.\n'Be it known that I have promised, and by these presents do promise, on\nmy faith and corporal oath, and under penalty of confiscation of all\nmy effects, full and entire obedience to the king our lord, and to all\nhis officers, as well legal as civil, touching his finances, taxes, and\nother matters respecting his royal domains, and to put an entire end to\nall bonds of alliance in opposition to him that I may have contracted\nwithin these last twenty years.\n'I also promise, by these presents, to make restitution to the king,\nor to whomsoever he may appoint, of what remains of the artillery, and\nother stores, that were taken from the king's servants, by the garrison\nof Ribemont, and what may remain of the king's horses and carts taken\nby those of Marle.\n'I likewise promise to make answer in the court of parliament to\nwhatever the king's attorney shall maintain and require from me,\ntouching the succession of my late lord, the count de Ligny, my uncle,\nwhose soul may God pardon! as well in regard to the personal effects of\nmy said uncle, on the day of his death, as to the inheritances which\nhave fallen to me as his heir in the countries of Ligny, Guise, and\nelsewhere; and I hold myself bounden to obey whatever judgement that\ncourt shall pronounce.\nI have, in consequence, fixed on the 15th day of July, at which time I\nhold myself adjourned to appear before the said court of parliament,\nto make my reply to the king's attorney, that he may instantly proceed\nthereon.\n'I do promise generally, by these presents, to conduct myself toward\nthe king my sovereign lord, in a manner becoming a loyal subject,--and\nthat I will not suffer the smallest damage to be done, by any of my\ngarrisons, to any of the king's vassals, or to his territories. I also\npromise faithfully to restore all I may hold that belongs to others on\naccount of the war; and in regard to Montaigu, my full powers shall be\nexerted for its restoration.\n'All these things I promise most strictly to perform, without the\ninfringement of any one article. In testimony whereof, I have signed\nthese presents with my own hand, and sealed them with the seal of my\narms, this 20th day of April, in the year 1441.'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 84: Ribemont,--a town in Picardy, four leagues from St\nQuentin.]\n[Footnote 85: Marle,--a town in Picardy, five leagues from Guise.]\nCHAP. XLVI.\n THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY WAITS ON THE KING OF FRANCE AT LAON, TO MAKE\n SOME REQUESTS TO HIM.--OTHER MATTERS.\nIn the month of April, in this year, the duchess of Burgundy, daughter\nto the king of Portugal, waited on king Charles at Laon, honourably\nattended by knights, ladies and damsels. As her health was but\nindifferent, she was carried in a litter. The constable, who had\nmarried a sister of the duke of Burgundy, came out a league from Laon\nto meet her, and conducted her to the town, and to the king, who, as\nwell as the dauphin and courtiers, received her with every attention.\nAfter this ceremony, she retired to the abbey of St Martin, where she\nwas lodged. She had several interviews with the king, respecting a\ngeneral peace, and also respecting the duke of Orleans.\nAt this time, the castle of Montaigu was held by Villemet de\nHainault, and others that had belonged to the late sir John de\nLuxembourg, who had boasted that they would not surrender it to the\nking's commissioners without the consent of the duke of Burgundy.\nIn consequence of this refusal, a large detachment had been ordered\nthither to reduce it to obedience, and, if necessary, to besiege\nit. This had, however, been delayed, in the expectation that an\naccommodation would have been brought about before the duchess should\nleave Laon,--who indeed had made many requests to the king, but few, if\nany, were granted her. Nevertheless, she celebrated Easter there, kept\ngreat state, and was visited by the nobles and other persons of note in\nthe king's household.\nIn like manner was the king visited while at Laon by Jeanne de Bethune,\ncountess of Ligny and viscountess of Meaux, who did him homage for her\nlands. The king was well pleased at her coming, and received her most\nkindly. She concluded a treaty, through her commissioners, respecting\nthe personal effects which her late husband had left her, which it\nwas said were confiscated because he had died while an enemy to the\nking, and paid down for their release a sum of money: by this means\nshe remained unmolested, and received letters patent confirming the\nagreement. During the time she staid at Laon, she was strongly urged to\nremarry with the count d'Eu,--but she excused herself from compliance.\nSoon after she had finished her business, she departed for her castle\nof Beaurevoir, and thence to Cambray.\nDuring this time, persons came daily to do homage to the king, and\nto offer him their services, whom he retained, promising to be very\nliberal toward them,--for he was then occupied with a plan of raising a\nvery large army, to combat his ancient enemies the English.\nIn this year, one of the esquires of the stables, named Dunot, was\ncharged before the duke of Orleans with an attempt to poison him, at\nthe instigation, as it was said, of some of the great lords of the king\nof France's household. He was closely examined, and severely tortured,\nand afterward drowned by night in the river Loire. Little, however,\nwas made public of the reality of the charges against those who had\nbeen suspected.\nAbout this period, eight score pillagers from the household of king\nCharles went to a town in Hainault, called Haussy[86], which had a fair\ncastle, wherein they quartered themselves for three days. Many of the\nadjacent towns and villages, as well in Hainault as in the Cambresis,\npaid them protection-money to a large amount.\nWhile this was passing, sir John de Croy, bailiff of Hainault,\nassembled some men at arms in Qu\u00eanoy, and advanced to attack them.\nPart of them instantly retired within the castle, which was directly\nstormed,--in the doing of which, an elderly gentleman of much note,\ncalled Lordennois d'Ostern, was slain. They capitulated with the\nbailiff to depart, on leaving all they had received behind, and to pay\na sum of money down for liberty to march away in safety. Many of them\nwere killed, that had not taken shelter in the castle. On their march\ntoward Laon, they were met near the bridge of Nouvion, by a party of\nthe count de St Pol's men, who robbed them of all they had, and slew\nthe greater part of them beside.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 86: Haussy,--near Qu\u00eanoy.]\nCHAP. XLVII.\n THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY LEAVES KING CHARLES AT LAON, AND RETURNS TO\n THE DUKE HER LORD AT QU\u00caNOY.\nKing Charles, having celebrated the festival of Easter at the bishop's\npalace at Laon, held several councils on the requests which the duchess\nof Burgundy had made, at the conclusion of which (as I have before\nsaid) few if any were granted. She was much displeased at this, and\nsaw clearly, as well as those who had accompanied her, that the king's\nministers were not well inclined toward the duke of Burgundy or his\nconcerns.\nPerceiving that her stay was no longer profitable, she took leave of\nthe king, and thanked him for the honourable reception he had given\nher,--but added, 'My lord, of all the requests I have made you, and\nwhich seemed so very reasonable, you have not granted me one.' The king\ncourteously replied, 'Fair sister, this has weighed on my mind more\nthan you conceive, and I am much hurt that it cannot be otherwise; for,\nhaving laid the whole of them before my council, where they have been\nfully discussed, they have determined that it would be very much to my\nprejudice were I to accede to them.'\nAfter this conversation, she took her leave of the king and the\ndauphin, and went to St Quentin with her attendants. She was escorted\nby the constable, and others, a considerable way. From St Quentin, she\ndeparted on the morrow to dine at the castle of Cambresis. While she\nwas there, some of the king's men had entered Hainault on a foraging\nparty, and were carrying away great numbers, of cattle, sheep, horses,\nand other effects; but they were sharply pursued by the duchess's men,\nwho killed three or four on the spot: the rest saved themselves by\nflight, except two, who were overtaken, made prisoners, and carried to\nQu\u00eanoy, where they suffered death.\nThe duchess pushed forward to Qu\u00eanoy, where the duke was, to whom she\nrelated all that had passed between her and the king and his ministers.\nIn truth, the greater number of the nobles who had accompanied her were\nnot so much attached to the french interest on their return as they\nwere when they had set out, on account of what they had seen and heard\nwhile at Laon.\nThe duke weighed well these matters in his own breast, and considered\nwith his council on the best means of securing his dominions, which\nseemed likely on the first fair opportunity, to be attacked. He had,\nhowever, about him many prudent and valiant men, who exerted themselves\nto the utmost to preserve peace and union,--and in particular, on\nthe part of the French, the archbishop of Rheims, lord chancellor of\nFrance, was very active to preserve the peace from being infringed.\nAnd although the duchess of Burgundy had left the king in an ill\nhumour, there were daily communications between well-intentioned men on\nboth sides, to bring to an amicable conclusion what differences might\nexist between the king of France and the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. XLVIII.\n THE FORTRESS OF MONTAIGU[87], BELONGING TO THE LORD OF COMMERCY,\n IS DESTROYED, AND RAZED TO THE GROUND, BY ORDERS FROM THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY.\nSir Robert de Sallebruche, lord of Commercy, pressed the king of France\nand his council for the restoration of his castle of Montaigu; but this\nlord de Commercy was not in the good graces of the duke of Burgundy,\nwhose indignation he had incurred by injuries done to his country and\nsubjects. He would not therefore consent that this castle should be\nrestored in its present state, and insisted on its being demolished.\nThe towns of Laon, Rheims, St Quentin, and others joined in this\nrequest, because the garrison had made very oppressive inroads on\nall the country round. It was, therefore, concluded, with the king's\napprobation, that those within it should give security to the king for\nits due surrender in the beginning of June in such state, entire or\ndemolished, as it might please the duke of Burgundy.\nThe duke instantly sent a numerous train of workmen, to destroy the\ncastle: but, while this was doing, the lord de Commercy practised\nsecretly to get possession of it from those to whose care it was\nintrusted by means of bribes. It was discovered,--and those suspected\nof being concerned were arrested, four of whom were beheaded: one of\nthem was the governor of the town of Montaigu. In revenge for this\nattempt, the fortress was razed to the ground. It was seated very\nstrongly on a high mountain, and the adjacent countries had suffered\ngreatly from it.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 87: Montaigu,--a town in Picardy, near Laon.]\nCHAP. XLIX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE LAYS SIEGE TO, AND CONQUERS, THE TOWN OF CREIL[88].\nWhen the king of France had resided about a month in Laon, he departed\nthence, and went, through Soissons and Noyon, to Compi\u00e9gne, where he\ntarried some time to wait for his army that he was raising to march to\nCreil.\nAlthough William de Flavy, governor of the town of Compi\u00e9gne, had\nobtained his pardon from the king for the death of the lord de Rieux,\nmarshal of France who had died in his prisons, he would not appear\nbefore the king,--and, from fear of the marshal's friends, went off\nwith the lord d'Offemont, for the greater security of his person.\nThe king was joined at Compi\u00e9gne, by numbers from all parts of France,\nin obedience to his summons; and a few days after he quitted Compi\u00e9gne,\nand went to Senlis, where he made a short stay, and thence marched\nhis army before Creil, then held by the English. He fixed his quarters\nnear the town, on the side toward Paris,--and the constable and other\ncaptains posted themselves on the opposite side, in front of the bridge.\nMany skirmishes took place on their arrival; but soon after, when the\nking's artillery, that had been pointed against the walls and gates,\nopened their batteries, the fortifications were so much damaged that\nthe garrison began to fear the event of a storm,--so that, at the end\nof twelve days, they desired to capitulate, which was granted to them.\nThey agreed to surrender the town and castle to the king, on condition\nof being allowed to march away in safety with all their money, and\nas many of their effects as they could carry on their backs. Having\nreceived passports, they marched out on foot through the gate leading\nto the bridge, taking the road toward Beauvais. Their commander was sir\nWilliam Chamberlain.\nOn the departure of the English, the king entered the castle,--and the\nother captains were lodged in different parts of the town. Yvon du Puys\nwas appointed captain of the garrison.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 88: Creil,--a town on the Oise, and on the road from Amiens\nto Paris.]\nCHAP. L.\n THE KING OF FRANCE MARCHES TO BESIEGE THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF PONTOISE.\nWhen the king of France had resided some days at Creil, he marched\nhis whole army to Pontoise and arrived there about the middle of May.\nHe was lodged in the abbey of Maubuisson, a noble convent having many\nfine edifices. His household was quartered there with him, and also the\nconstable and marshals of France, namely the lord de Solignes[89] and\nde Lohiac: the other commanders were lodged in divers parts.\nThe artillery was soon brought to bear on a large bulwark at the end\nof the bridge, opposite to Maubuisson[90], which so much damaged it\nthat it was taken by storm. From fourteen to sixteen were killed on\nthe kings side, and many wounded: the English suffered nearly an equal\nloss. The king had this bulwark repaired and strengthened, and gave the\nguard of it to sir Denis de Chailly, and Michael Durant, with their men.\nIn another quarter, a bridge was thrown over the river Oise, opposite\nto the abbey of St Martin, which was surrounded by a low wall, and\nfortified like a blockhouse. The lord Charles d'Anjou and the lord de\nCotivy[91], admiral of France, took possession of it with three or four\nthousand combatants. A strong blockhouse was also erected at the end of\nthis new bridge, for its defence. The French could now pass over the\nriver at their pleasure, without fear of danger from the enemy.\nWhile these approaches were carrying forward, the king was joined by\ngreat numbers of nobles and gentlemen, and likewise by the burghers\nfrom the chief towns, in obedience to his summons. In the number were\nsix score combatants from the city of Tournay, all picked men, and\nexcellently appointed. These were chiefly cross-bow men, and under the\ncommand of three persons of note in Tournay, namely Symon de St Genoix,\nRobert le Boucher, and John de Cour, who were most graciously received\nby the king. Numbers came from Paris handsomely equipped, and from all\nthe other great towns; and, as they arrived, they were received by the\nking's officers, and suitably lodged.\nLouis de Luxembourg, count de St Pol and de Ligny, who had been some\ntime assembling his men, arrived before Pontoise about a week after\nMidsummer-day, with six hundred men well appointed and arrayed. As the\nweather was very hot, he drew up his men in order of battle near to the\nking's quarters, who, with several of the princes and others, came to\nsee him and were greatly rejoiced at his arrival. The king feasted him\nmuch, and was profuse his thanks to him for having come thither with\nso handsome a company.\nThere came with the count de St Pol the lord de Vervins, sir Colart\nde Mailly, Louis d'Anghien, sir Ferry de Mailly, John de Hangest, sir\nDaviod de Poix, Jacotin de Bethune and his brothers, George de Croix,\nand many more gentlemen, who suffered much this day from the excessive\nheat; insomuch that one gentleman, called Robert de Frisomen, died of\nit.\nAfter the king had reviewed them they went to lodge at a village hard\nby, and shortly after encamped with the besieging army. The count de\nVaudemont came also thither with one hundred or six score combatants,\nwith whose arrival the king was well pleased. In truth, there were at\nthis siege most of the great lords of France,--such as the dauphin,\nthe count de Richemont constable of France, the two marshals and the\nadmiral, before named, the lord Charles d'Anjou, the counts d'Eu de la\nMarche, de St Pol de Vaudemont, d'Albreth, de Tancarville de Joigny,\nthe vidame de Chartres, the lord de Ch\u00e2tillion, the lord de Moreul in\nBrie, Poton de Saintrailles, the lord de Bueil, La Hire, the lord de\nHam, sir Heincelin de la Tour, the lord de Mouy, Claude de Hangest,\nRegnault de Longueval, the lord de Moyencourt, the lord de la Suze,\nsir Theolde de Valberg, Anthony de Chabannes, Charles de Flavy, sir\nGiles de St Simon, Hugh de Mailly, Olivier de Cointiny, the lord de\nPennesach, Blanchefort, Floquet, Broussach, Joachim Rohault, Pierre\nRegnault, the lord de Graville, sir John de Gapondes, Geoffry de la\nHire, the bastard de Harcourt, and many others of great weight and\nauthority,--so that, according to an estimate made by persons well\ninformed, it was thought that the king's army amounted to from ten to\ntwelve thousand combatants, the flower of his chivalry, each of whom\nwas personally anxious to conquer the town and castle of Pontoise.\nWhile the French were thus employed, the duke of York, the lord Talbot,\nand others of the english commanders then at Rouen, took council\ntogether how they could best relieve their companions in Pontoise. It\nwas resolved that the lord Talbot should first attempt to revictual\nit, and reconnoitre the position and appearance of the French. In\nconsequence lord Talbot marched away with about four thousand fighting\nmen, as well horse as foot, and had with him a long train of carts and\ncattle for the supply of the garrison.\nAfter some days march, he took up his quarters at a town called\nCheurin[92], not far distant from Pontoise, where he lay two\nnights,--and, during that time, threw his supplies into Pontoise\nwithout hinderance from the French; for the king had determined in\ncouncil to avoid combating the English, unless he could do so highly to\nhis advantage.\nHaving accomplished this business, lord Talbot retreated to Mantes[93],\nand quartered his men without the town: thence he returned to Normandy.\nIn the mean time, the artillery of the king of France, as well in the\nblockhouse of St Martin as elsewhere, played continually on the walls\nand gates of Pontoise, and damaged them greatly; but the besieged\nrepaired them in the night, as well as they could, with beams of wood\nand old barrels: they also made frequent sallies, in which several were\nkilled and wounded on both sides. The king was desirous of inclosing\nthe town all round,--but could not well do it from the danger of an\nattack from the english army, and of his troops being cut off from\nsuccouring each other when thus separated; for he knew how near the\nenemy were, and in great force, preparing to make him raise the siege.\nIt was from this cause that the French delayed surrounding the town\nclosely on all sides. A huge blockhouse was ordered to be instantly\nbuilt in the forest of Compi\u00e9gne, and floated down the Seine to\nPontoise, where they would fix it as they should judge expedient,--and\nWilliam de Flavy was commanded to see that this was immediately done.\nSome time after, the lord Talbot came a second time and revictualed\nthe town, and supplied it with all sorts of stores in abundance. Each\ntime, he took away those who had been wounded, leaving reinforcements,\nfrom his own men, and, as before, met with no interruption or\nopposition in his return.\nThe king, observing those measures of his adversaries, became very\nmelancholy; for he saw no end to a siege when the town was so\ncontinually and uninterruptedly reinforced. Nevertheless, he was\npersonally active in strengthening his leaguers, and in providing them\nwith all necessary stores, in case the enemy should advance to attack\nthem.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 89: Solignes,--Jaloignes.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 90: Maubuisson,--a convent in the diocese of Beauvais.]\n[Footnote 91: Cotivy,--Coitiny.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 92: Cheurin. Q. Ennery?]\n[Footnote 93: Mantes,--capital of the Mantois, on the Seine, 19 leagues\nfrom Rouen.]\nCHAP. LI.\n THE DUKE OF YORK, GOVERNOR OF NORMANDY FOR THE KING OF ENGLAND MARCHES\n AN ARMY TO PONTOISE, TO FORCE THE KING OF FRANCE TO RAISE THE SIEGE.\nThe duke of York, commander in chief and lieutenant-general for king\nHenry in the marches of France and Normandy, had assembled from six\nto seven thousand combatants,--among whom were the lord Scales, the\nlord Talbot, sir Richard Woodville, who had married the duchess of\nBedford, sister to Louis de Luxembourg count of St Pol, and many other\ncaptains, then at Rouen, but whose names I have not been told. There\nwere likewise collected a large train of carts and horses, laden with\nartillery and provision, together with a great number of live cattle.\nThe duke of York began his march about the middle of July, and in a few\ndays, came near to Pontoise, the lord Talbot commanding the vanguard of\nthree thousand men. The duke fixed his quarters at Cheuery[94], half a\nleague from Pontoise; and the van were lodged at Hetonville[95] where\nthey remained for three days and reinforced and revictualled Pontoise\nmost abundantly.\nWhen this was done, the duke sent to tell the king, that he was come\nto offer him and his army combat, if he would give him an opportunity.\nBut the king was not inclined to comply; for his council had repeated\nthe advice they had given on other occasions, that he would act\nimprudently to risk his army and person against men of such low\ndegree,--adding, that the battles that had formerly taken place with\nthe English during his reign had cost him too dearly, and that it was\nmore advisable to let them for this time run their career and guard the\nfords of the river, for that the English could not long remain where\nthey were without danger from want of provisions for so large a force.\nThis resolution was adopted,--and many captains, with their men, were\ndetached along the river Oise, even farther than Beaumont[96] and the\nking and the rest of his army remained in their quarters.\nThe English, finding they would not hazard a battle, resolved, if\npossible, to cross the Oise and advance into the isle of France,\nand even attack the king's quarters. They decamped therefore\non the fourth day from their arrival, and marched in a body to\nChanville-haut-Vergier[97]; but as they heard that all the passes on\nthe river were guarded, they determined to execute their plan by night,\nand they had with them on carts small boats of leather and wood, with\ncords and other necessaries. They ordered a large detachment to advance\nto Beaumont, under pretence of their crossing the river and to make a\nprodigious noise, that the guards at the other passes might be, drawn\noff to resist their attempt at Beaumont, while the remainder of the\narmy should proceed silently along the river to find out a proper place\nto cross.\nA place was found according to their wish, opposite to the abbey of\nBeaumont, whence the guards had gone; for all the soldiers near were\nattracted by the noise at Beaumont, as it had been planned by the\nEnglish, who, when they saw numbers had been collected, pretended to\nmake an attempt to force a passage, which was quite impracticable\nshould any tolerable defence be made.\nThe other party of English now launched a boat into the river, and with\ndifficulty three or four passed over, when, having fastened two strong\ncords to each bank with staves of wood between them, from forty to\nfifty crossed by this means, and instantly fortified themselves with\nsharpened palisades, as was their usual custom.\nNow, consider the extreme danger the first party that crossed would\nhave been in had only ten Frenchmen staid to guard this pass, who\nwould easily have defended it against the whole power of the duke of\nYork; and this may serve for an example to those who are intrusted\nwith similar commands, never to place any guards but such as they know\nmay be depended on, and such as will have a proper regard to their own\nhonour,--for by neglect the greatest misfortunes may happen.\nShortly after, the men of Floquet, who had had this part of the river\nin charge, returning from Beaumont, whither they had gone on hearing\nthe shoutings of the English, noticed them crossing the river, and\ninstantly gave the alarm, along the banks, as far as Beaumont, where\nthe greater part of their captains were quartered. They lost no time\nin mounting their horses, and hastened to where the English were,\nintending to combat them; but it was lost labour, for they were too\nnumerous, although some skirmishing passed between them.\nIn these skirmishes, a very valiant man was slain, called William du\nCh\u00e2tel, nephew to sir Tanneguy du Ch\u00e2tel, and with him two or three\nmore.\nOn this bridge of cords the English conveyed over their baggage, carts\nand stores; and when the French saw that they could not prevent them,\nthey retreated to Pontoise, to inform the king of what had passed,\nwho was greatly displeased at the intelligence. Some of his council,\nbeing fearful of the event turning out more disastrous and to their\ngreater shame, had all the artillery and stores moved into the large\nblockhouse of St Martin, and made every preparation for immediately\ndecamping with the whole army, should it become necessary.\nThe English, having passed the Oise at their ease, lodged that night\non the spot, and there created some new knights,--such as the two\nbrothers of lord Stafford, one of whom styled himself count d'Eu[98].\nOn the morrow, they dislodged, and marched in handsome order toward\nPontoise, and were quartered in two villages. The king, on receiving\nintelligence of the approach of the English, was advised to remove his\nquarters from Maubuisson, and march his whole army to Poissy[99], with\nthe reserve of those in the great blockhouse, to the amount of two or\nthree thousand combatants, under the command of the lord de Coetivy,\nadmiral of France. He had also with him La Hire, Joachim Rohault, John\nd'Estouteville and his brother Robinet, sir Robert de Bethune lord of\nMoreul in Brie, the lord de Ch\u00e2tillon, the lord de Moyencourt, Regnault\nde Longueval, the lord de la Roche-Guyon, the lord de Moy in the\nBeauvoisis, and other gentlemen of renown.\nThose who had been sent from Tournay remained there likewise, and great\nplenty of provision and stores of all sorts had been carried thither.\nThe king, on his departure, had promised to relieve them so soon as\npossible. With regard to the bulwark at the end of the bridge, the\nFrench had abandoned it.\nThe duke of York continued his march to Maubuisson, but arrived after\nthe king's departure. He found great abundance of provision and other\nthings, which the merchants had not had time to remove. The duke fixed\nhis quarters there, and lord Talbot at a town a league distant, on the\nOise, between the towns of Pontoise and Conflans. They remained there\nfor three days, and went into Pontoise by the bridge which the garrison\nhad repaired, as well as the bulwark that had been abandoned, without\nany opposition whatever from the French; and those of the town went in\nand out at their pleasure, without hinderance.\nThe French in the blockhouse were every day expecting and hoping for\nan attack, as they were determined to defend themselves well; but the\nEnglish had no thoughts of risking the attempt, considering that their\naffairs were growing worse, and that they could not foresee the end of\nthem. The enemy, however, threatened to attack them, but offered to let\nthem march away in safety, with part of their baggage,--which, like men\nof sense, they ought gladly to have accepted of, since their king had\nabandoned them in such danger. But they had no such inclination, and\nreplied, that they would not accept of terms, as they were not afraid\nof their attempts. While this kind of parley was going forward, several\nskirmishes took place, but more between the archers than with any\nothers.\nOn the fourth day, the duke of York dislodged from Maubuisson, and\nmarched to the quarters of Talbot, who had made a bridge over the Oise\nwith cords and hurdles, on which full fifty cars and carts crossed\nthat river. On this same day, Poton de Saintrailles had left Poissy,\naccompanied by a numerous escort, with provisions to revictual the\nblockhouse of St Martin. He was followed by the constable, the count de\nSt Pol, and other captains, to support him, should there be occasion.\nHaving learnt that the English had recrossed the river, they sent\norders to Poton to hasten his return,--but he sent back the messenger,\nto tell them to cross the river at Meulan, and return to Poissy on the\nother side, which they did.\nThe duke of York, having recrossed the Oise, advanced his whole army\nin battle-array before Poissy, wherein were the king of France, the\ndauphin, and the greater part of his nobles and captains. A very great\nskirmish took place, in which two of the archers of the constable, and\none belonging to the count de St Pol, were made prisoners.\nThe duke thence marched to Tourtie sur Seine, and on the morrow\nreturned to Mantes,--and the king went to Poissy and Conflans with a\npart of his army. The constable, the count de St Pol, and others,\npassed through St Cloud to Paris, where they staid two days, and then\nretired with their men at arms into the isle of France, where different\ntowns were delivered up to them for the quarters of their men, each\naccording to his rank.\nThe king afterwards went, with his attendant lords, to St Denis,\nand remained there until the middle of August, when he returned to\nConflans, and caused a bridge to be constructed over the Seine to an\nisland in that river, and another bridge thence to the main land, with\na strong blockhouse, and ditches round at that end, wherein he posted a\nbody of troops. In the mean while, lord Talbot plundered the convent of\nPoissy, and carried away the effects of the nuns to Mantes.\nShortly after, the town of Pontoise was again revictualled, for the\nfourth time; and the men of the duke of York remained there in the\nroom of the lord Talbot's, which vexed the king greatly,--for he saw\nbut little hope of his accomplishing his enterprise. He thought,\nhowever, that should he depart without having gained Pontoise, after\nlying before it so long, and at such a prodigious expense, he would be\ndisgraced, and the people would cry out against him and his ministers,\nmore especially the Parisians, who had advanced large sums of money for\nthis purpose.\nHe was likewise informed that the nobles of his realm, and even the\nprinces of his blood, were much dissatisfied with his government, and\nthat there was to be a meeting of them, which could not be meant for\nhis welfare: he had, therefore, enough to think on. Nevertheless, he\ndetermined, with his most faithful advisers, to return to Maubuisson\nand prosecute the siege, which he did on the twelfth day from the time\nhe had quitted it, and quartered his troops in their former situations.\nSoon after his return, a grand skirmish took place with the constable's\ndivision, between Maubuisson and Pontoise, in which Claude de Hangest,\nlord of Ardilliers, was killed by a cannon-shot. Various and frequent\nskirmishes passed between the French and English,--but it would be\ntiresome to enter into a detail of each: in one of them, the lord\nCharles d'Anjou was wounded by an arrow. Very little worth noticing\ntook place in the main business of the siege.\nThe count de St Pol's men having been much harrassed, and having\nexpended large sums of money, were desirous of returning home, and\nentreated of him permission so to do: upon this, he took leave of\nthe king and the dauphin, who, on his going away, made him handsome\npresents, and returned him their thanks for the services he had done\nthem.\nThe count de St Pol marched with his men from before Pontoise, to cross\nthe river Oise at Pont St Maixence. At the entrance of the bridge,\nthe captain of the fort came out to meet the count,--when, sharp\nwords arising between them, the count would have seized the captain,\nhad he not made haste to retire within his fort, whence he instantly\ndischarged the cannon and cross-bows on him and his men. The horse of\nsir Ferry de Mailly was killed under him by a shot, and another man at\narms had his arm broken. The count retreated with his army and crossed\nthe Oise at Compi\u00e9gne, and thence returned to his own country. The\ngarrison of the bridge before mentioned followed a party of the count's\nmen who were marching toward Mondidier, overtook and pillaged them.\nOn the same day, the count de Vaudemont marched his men from before\nPontoise, as did several other great lords, and left the king in the\nstate you have heard, to his no small displeasure, although he did not\nsuffer it to appear, for he could not help it; and he was forced to\nbear all things patiently which God was pleased to send him. He daily\nemployed his cannon and other engines against the walls and gates of\nthe town, and also against the church of our lady, without, the walls,\nbut possessed by the English, and held by them for a long time.\nThe walls of this church were so battered that, on the 16th day of\nSeptember, the king resolved in council to storm it, which took place\non a Saturday, and all within were put to the sword or made prisoners.\nThis church was very high, and so near to the town that from the top\ncould be seen almost every thing the English were doing,--and they\ncould be thence annoyed with small cannons, culverines, and even\ncross-bows.\nThe church being won, it was ordered, that on the ensuing Tuesday, a\ngeneral storm should be made on the town, to see if they could not\nconquer it. This was executed; and on the Tuesday, the king and his\nlords, having well armed their men, urged them on with shouting,\n'St Denis! Town won!' A large party having forced an entrance, the\ntownsmen fled to the churches and other strong places; but about five\nhundred of the English were soon put to the sword, and the remainder,\nto the amount of four hundred, made prisoners. Among the slain was an\nEnglish knight called sir Nicholas Burdet,--but the governor of the\ntown was taken prisoner. Only forty, or thereabout, were killed on the\nking's side at the attack, or died afterward of their wounds. Many new\nknights were made on the occasion: among whom were the brothers, John\nand Robert d'Estouteville, Regnault de Longueval, le bon Roly, and\nothers.\nWith regard to the person who first mounted the tower du Frice[100], he\nwas much praised by all for his valour, and was ennobled, himself and\nhis successors, by the king, who also gave him large estates to support\nhis rank. The king entered the town with those who had stormed it, and,\non its being gained, issued his orders that no harm should be done to\nthe inhabitants who had retired into the churches, excepting such as\nhad borne arms. On his arrival with his banner in front of the great\nchurch, an Englishman issued forth and surrendered himself to him. He\nwas mercifully received, and not only delivered without ransom, but the\nking made him handsome presents. He entered the church, and devoutly\noffered up his prayers and thanksgivings at the great altar, to God his\nCreator, for the good success he had experienced.\nThe French sought day and night after the English who had hidden\nthemselves, and put them to death or made them prisoners. Thus did\nCharles VII. king of France, reconquer his town of Pontoise by a most\ngallant attack, notwithstanding the many and severe skirmishes that\ntook place before it. In respect to the nobles, as well knights as\nesquires, and other captains, who were there in great numbers, very\nmany behaved themselves valiantly and prudently,--but I was told that\nsir Charles de Bosqueaux was much praised by all.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 94: Cheuery. Q. Ennery?]\n[Footnote 95: Hetonville. Herouville, near Pontoise.]\n[Footnote 96: Beaumont,--a seigniory in the isle of France, near to\nMelun.]\n[Footnote 97: Chanville-haut-Vergier. Q. Chambly?]\n[Footnote 98: See Dugdale's Baronage.]\n[Footnote 99: Poissy,--in the Isle of France, two leagues from Meulan,\nseven from Paris.]\n[Footnote 100: Du Frice. Du Fresche.--Du Cange.]\nCHAP. LII.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS RETURNS TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FROM FRANCE.\nThe duke of Orleans this year returned from France to the duke of\nBurgundy, then residing at H\u00eadin--and who no sooner heard of his coming\nthan he went out with a large company to meet him. The duke of Burgundy\nshowed him every mark of friendship, and entertained him handsomely\nduring the eight days he remained at H\u00eadin, where he celebrated the\nfeast of All-saints.\nThe two dukes held frequent and secret conferences on the state of\ntheir own and the public affairs,--and agreed to meet the other princes\nand nobles of France, who were shortly to assemble at Nevers. The duke\nof Orleans, on departing thence, passed through St Pol to the town of\nArras, where he was most honourably received and entertained by the\nmagistracy, who made him also rich presents. He went thence to Paris\nand to Blois.\nThe duke of Burgundy having assembled a body of men at arms, was\nescorted by them toward Burgundy. A number of the burgundian nobles\ncame to meet him at Troyes in Champagne, when he dismissed his Picards,\nwho had escorted him thither, with strict orders not to oppress or hurt\nthe country or subjects of the king of France.\nThe fortress of the lord de Commercy, namely, the castle of Montaigu,\nwas a second time destroyed,--for the lord de Commercy had rebuilt it.\nCHAP. LIII.\n REMONSTANCES ARE SENT TO KING CHARLES OF FRANCE BY THE NOBLES\n ASSEMBLED AT NEVERS[101].\nThe nobles assembled having considered the four propositions made to\nthem by the king's commissioners at Nevers, with the answers to each,\nthen remonstrated on the necessity of a general peace for the kingdom\nof France, according to the terms the king had assented to; adding,\nthat he ought, in order to avoid expense, to continue the negotiations\nat the usual place, without making objections to its situation, which\nwere not of sufficient interest to hinder the conferences from being\nholden,--and they recommended that the appointment for the relief of\nTartas[102] should also be kept.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 101: Nevers,--capital of the Nivernois, 17 leagues from\nBourges.]\n[Footnote 102: Tartas,--a town in Gascony, seven leagues from Dax.]\nCHAP. LIV.\n THE ANSWERS OF THE KING OF FRANCE AND OF HIS GREAT COUNCIL TO THE\n REMONSTRANCES OF THE NOBLES OF FRANCE ASSEMBLED AT NEVERS.\nWith regard to the first point, it need not be noticed,--for it has not\nbeen repeated in the answers made by the nobles at Nevers to the lord\nchancellor of France, and to sir Louis de Beaumont, and others, deputed\nthither by the king.\nRespecting the remonstrances for peace,--the king has always shown the\nsincerest wish to obtain so desirable an object by every reasonable and\njust means, and this the said nobles must have well known. Considering\nthe very many advances he has made to this effect, he holds himself\nacquitted in this matter before God and before the world. It is\nnotorious, that when the treaty of Arras was concluded, the king, by\nthe advice of the duke of Burgundy, who was anxious to promote an union\nbetween the kingdoms of France and England, made greater offers than\nwas becoming him to the english ministers sent thither by their king to\ntreat of a peace,--but which offers were by them refused. It seemed,\ntherefore, just, to the cardinals who had been deputed by our holy\nfather the pope and the sacred council of Basil, and likewise to the\nrelatives and allies of the duke of Burgundy, who were there assembled\nin great numbers, that from the unreasonableness of the English in\nrefusing such offers, the duke of Burgundy, was no longer bound in\nloyalty to them,--but that, for this and other causes, he was at\nliberty to quit their party, and unite himself in peace with the king\nof France, his natural sovereign.\nSince then the king, at the request of the duke of Orleans and of the\nduke of Brittany, and with the consent of the duke of Burgundy, without\nwhom he would never have listened to the treaty of Arras, nor to any\novertures of peace with the English, although on their part some had\nbeen made, but simply to perform his duty, he sent a solemn embassy to\nthe duke of Brittany to fix on a spot for the holding of a conference\nbetween commissioners to negotiate a peace, from the kings of France\nand England, and whither the duke of Orleans was to be conducted.\nCherbourg was the place appointed, although this conference never took\neffect.\nThe king again, at the solicitations of the duke of Orleans and the\nduchess of Burgundy, consented to another conference being held on the\nsubject of peace, between Gravelines and Calais. To this place he sent\nambassadors with full powers to treat, notwithstanding that Gravelines\nand Calais were far distant, and the last in the hands of his enemies.\nBut this he did in favour to the duke of Orleans, who was to be brought\nthither,--for the king was desirous that he should be present at or\nnear to the place of conference, to give his advice and opinion on the\nterms that should be proposed, considering how nearly connected he was\nin blood with the king, and also that he might endeavour to obtain his\ndeliverance from England. Had it not been for these reasons, the king\nwould never have assented to the conferences being held at Gravelines.\nAt this conference, a schedule, containing many articles respecting a\npeace, was delivered to the duchess of Burgundy by the duke of Orleans,\nand which was transmitted to the king of France, then holding the three\nestates of the realm, to have their opinions thereon: but from the\nabsence of the dauphin, whom it more immediately concerned after the\nking, as must be known to all, and of many of the great barons from\nLanguedoc and Vienne, another conference was appointed to be held at\nBourges in Berry in the ensuing month of February, and which the king\nproposed personally to attend, but was prevented by other important\nmatters intervening.\nNevertheless, a solemn embassy was sent to this conference in the month\nof May, in compliance with the appointment of the said duke of Orleans\nand duchess of Burgundy, with full powers to treat of peace; but they\nremained there for the space of seven or eight months without coming\nto any final conclusions,--except, indeed, appointing another meeting\nfor the month of May in the year 1442, when the king again sent thither\nhis ambassadors. Nothing, however, was done, through the fault of the\nEnglish, who only sent a simple clerk, a very insufficient person to\ntreat of and discuss such various and weighty matters.\nThe lord chancellor, in consequence of fresh overtures made him by the\nduchess of Burgundy, appointed another conference on the first days of\nthis present month of May, at any place in the countries of Beauvais,\nSenlis, or Chartres,--which appointment the duchess made known to the\nking of England, but he sent for answer, (which letter she transmitted\nto the king of France) that he would not consent to hold any conference\nbut at Gravelines, a place which the king had especially objected to.\nConsidering that the king had consented to three conferences being held\nin places under the subjection of his adversaries, the English ought\nnot to have refused meeting for once within his territories, where they\nmight conveniently have assembled; and the king had not consented to\na congress so often meeting at Gravelines, except in the hope that it\nwould expedite the deliverance of the duke of Orleans.\nThe king, notwithstanding, to show further his great willingness and\nanxiety for peace, has, through his chancellor, made known to the\nduchess of Burgundy, that he is content that another conference should\nbe holden on the 25th of next October in the parts before named, either\nbetween Pontoise and Mantes, between Chartres and Vernueil, or between\nSabl\u00e9 and le Mans, wheresoever the commissioners on both sides shall\nfix on as most agreeable to themselves for a place of meeting.\nThe king cannot propose any earlier day than the 25th of next October,\nfor two very substantial reasons. In the first place, he should wish\nto be returned from the relief of Tartas, to attend this meeting in\ncompany with the princes of his blood, and such of the nobility of his\nkingdom as might choose to be present, more particularly the lords and\nprelates of Normandy, without whose presence, and that of those before\nspecified, the king will not agree to any negotiations being carried\non; for they have most loyally served both him and his father, and have\nsuffered so much in their cause that they are well deserving of being\ncalled to this congress, and having their opinions asked--and also\nbecause the negotiations for peace affect them more than any others.\nSecondly, in regard to the ancient alliances still maintained between\nFrance and the kingdoms of Spain and Scotland, there must be time\nallowed for the king to send information thither of the time of\nmeeting of this congress, to them and to their allies, that they may\nsend ambassadors with their consents thereto; for, by the articles of\nalliance, neither party can conclude a final peace with England without\ntheir being parties, or at least consenting thereto,--and the king\nwould not on any account infringe these alliances, which have been\nmost advantageously maintained respecting France,--for the subjects of\nthese respective kingdoms have done him and his predecessors the most\nessential services.\nThe king therefore most anxiously desires that these his reasons may be\npublicly known, (which all men must think satisfactory and reasonable\nfor his acquittal toward God and man); and he declares his willingness\nthat a congress should be holden at any of the places aforesaid, for\ntreating of a general and lasting peace with his adversaries, who may\nhave assurances of safety from our holy father the pope, the kings of\nSpain and Scotland, and their allies.\nThe king will make known these his intentions to his adversary the\nking of England, that he may send thither sufficient ambassadors. The\nking also requires from the duke of Orleans, the dukes of Burgundy and\nBrittany, and the duchess of Burgundy, who have exerted themselves in\nthe business, that they also send proper notice of this conference to\nEngland, that efficient ambassadors may meet them to negotiate the\nterms of a peace on the appointed day; at which time the king will\nnot fail to send thither men of note, with-full powers to bring this\nmatter to a conclusion.\nThe king is desirous, at this moment, to open his mind fully to his\nnobles, as to those on whose attachment he depends,--being assured that\nthey can only wish to support his honour and that of his crown,--and\nto those who are so nearly allied to him by blood, touching certain\nexpressions which the king has been informed were used respecting\nthe terms of a peace. At the first conference, held between Calais\nand Gravelines, present the duchess of Burgundy and the cardinal of\nEngland, the archbishop of York said, that the whole english nation\nwould never suffer or consent _usque in ultimo flatu_, that their\nking should hold any lands in homage, or dependant on other sovereign\nthan himself, which expression would not accelerate a peace; for the\nking was determined not to concede any thing to the English but under\nsimilar terms with his other subjects and vassals, by doing homage\nand service. He will not that what has been gained or augmented by\nthe valour and good conduct of his ancestors should be thus lost;\nand the king cannot believe that any of the princes of his blood, or\nthe gallant nobles of his realm, would suffer such act to be done, or\nconsent thereto, considering the superiority and excellence of the\ncrown of France.\nIn order that no blame may attach to the king respecting the\nnon-accomplishment of peace, he will cause an account of the different\nefforts he has made to effect it to be drawn up and enregistered with\na copy of this answer in his chamber of accounts, for the perpetual\nremembrance of what he has done.\nItem, as the nobles have required that proper provision be made against\nthe enterprises of the English in the countries of Chartrain and\nBeauce, prior to the king's departure for the relief of Tartas, the\nking will provide a remedy, and send thither the bastard of Orleans,\nwhom these nobles cannot object to, with sufficient powers to resist\nthe further enterprises of the English.\nItem, as these nobles are soon to assemble at Nevers, and as their\nambassadors have notified the same to the king, requesting also, that\nas the king was contented that the duke of Brittany should there join\nthem, he would be pleased to write again to the said duke of Brittany\nhis consent to his meeting the other nobles at Nevers, sending him\npassports for his personal security, should there be occasion.\nItem, the king makes known to his nobles by the lord chancellor and sir\nLouis de Beaumont, that he is contented with their assembling, in the\nhope of seeing them in his good town of Bourges, or in any other place,\nwhere he would have given them good cheer, and received them kindly\nas his near relatives, and discussed openly with them the affairs\nof the realm. With regard to the duke of Brittany going to Nevers,\nthe king is surprised that any complaint or doubt should be made\nconcerning it,--for the king was so well inclined toward him that, had\nhe travelled by land, it was his intention to have invited him to pass\nthrough Tours and accompany him to Bourges, to meet the said nobles, if\nthe duke could have done so with convenience to himself,--otherwise,\nthe duke might have thought that he had estranged himself from him.\nThe king, nevertheless, sent the lord de Gaucourt to him with letters\npatent, which he has, and, should he travel by water through Blois\nand Orleans, to accompany him, that he might afford an opportunity to\nthe duke to open his mind to him, as if the king had personally been\npresent. But to write again to the duke of Brittany, to repair to the\nassembly at Nevers, does not seem to the king a proper or reasonable\nrequest,--nor is it very decent that the nobles should hold any\nmeetings to treat of the affairs of the nation, except in the king's\npresence or by his commands. The king, on his return from Tartas,\nintends calling on them for their aid and advice, and to lead as large\nan army as possible into Normandy, as the surest means of obtaining a\nbetter peace, or with the aid of God and their support to recover his\nlost territories.\nItem, in answer to their complaints of the want of justice being duly\nadministered, as well in the parliaments as in the other jurisdictions\nof the realm,--and their requests to the king that he would be pleased\nto nominate only such as have experience and knowledge in the laws, and\nthat suitable persons be appointed to the different offices without\nfavour or affection,--\nThe king has ever filled up the places in his parliaments with the most\nlearned and intelligent lawyers he could find; and it now consists\nof the most experienced and of those most versed in the laws of the\nrealm. At the solicitations of and to please the duke of Burgundy, the\nking has nominated twelve persons whom he recommended as judges in\nparliament; and when other lords have applied, the king has attended\nto their recommendations, and appointed such as were said to be\nfully competent to discharge faithfully the several duties of their\nrespective offices, in the administration of justice throughout the\nrealm.\nItem, the king has been requested to shorten the proceedings of the\ncourts at law, as well in respect to the subjects of these nobles as of\nall the king's subjects, without partiality as in former times, and\nthat indiscriminate justice may be had.\nIn reply to this request,--the king has been much grieved at the delays\nof the courts of law, and earnestly desires the due administering of\njustice with as little delay as possible, and will punish such as may\nact to the contrary. It is the king's intention to write to his courts\nof parliament, and to his other law-officers, that henceforth they\nabridge all suits at law more than they have hitherto done, and that\nthey do strict justice to all without the least partiality.\nItem, in respect to the complaints made to the king of the robberies,\ncrimes, and abuses committed by many soldiers under the king's name,\nand calling themselves the king's men, whether they be the king's or\nthe nobles' subjects, a remedy is demanded for such abuses, not by\nletters but by effectual measures,--and it has been remonstrated,\nthat it would be proper that only those who are well known, and have\nloyally served the king, should have the command of these companies\nof soldiers: likewise, that all soldiers should be well and regularly\npaid, and quartered on the frontiers, which they were not to leave and\nharrass the country people without being severely punished; that the\nking should only keep near his person those experienced in war, and not\na multitude of indisciplined men; and that all of low degree, idlers,\nand ignorant of war, should be constrained to return to their trades\nand labour.\nThe king, in answer, says, that such robberies have always gone to his\nheart,--and he has made frequent attempts to rid the kingdom of such\npillagers. With regard to quartering his soldiers on the frontiers,\nwhen the king was last at Angers, he had settled this business; but the\nnew levies that have been raised have alone caused a renewal of these\nabuses,--and other causes have arisen to prevent the proper notice\nbeing taken of these pillagers, as was intended to have been done.\nThe king, in consequence of the complaint from his nobles, will issue\nordinances to put an end to them, and to dismiss all that are useless\nin war: he therefore requires these said nobles not to countenance or\nsupport any one who shall act contrary to these proposed regulations.\nItem, respecting their request to the king, that he would be pleased\nto take measures that the poorer ranks be not unnecessarily vexed or\nharrassed, from the excessive taxes that are now raised on salt and\nother articles,--the king replies, that he is extremely affected at\nthe poverty of his people, for that his interest is connected with\ntheirs, and it is his meaning to relieve them as soon and as much as\nhe conveniently can. He last year put an end to the vexations they\nsuffered in Champagne, and will not cease, doing the same in the other\nparts of his realm as speedily as may be.\nThe king has also taken measures for the regular supply of provision\nand pay to the troops on the frontier, otherwise he knows what\ndestruction and ruin will ensue to his subjects. But with regard to the\nexcessive taxes which these nobles complain their vassals are aggrieved\nwith, the king has shown far greater indulgence to them than to his\nown; and it will be found that in the course of a year, when two taxes\nhave been raised on the king's subjects, the vassals of these lords\nhave paid but one, or that these nobles themselves have laid hands on\nthe greater part of what should have been paid to the king. It is clear\nthat the king must have the aid of his subjects for the support of the\nwar and the maintenance of his crown and dignity.\nItem, it has been advanced, that before any taxes be laid, the king\nshould call together the three estates of the realm, to consult with\nthem and have their opinions thereon. In reply to this: the taxes have\nbeen laid on the lands of these lords with their consent,--and, as for\nthe other impositions, the king, when there has been an opportunity,\nhas called them together, and shown them, of his royal authority,\nthe urgent state of his kingdom, when great part was occupied by his\nenemies. There can be no need for calling the three estates to lay on\ntaxes,--for this would only add to the expenses of the poorer people\nin paying the deputies' charges for coming and going; and many lords\nof great weight have, in consequence, required that such convocations\nshould cease, and were satisfied that proper warrants should be issued\nin the king's name for the raising of these taxes. In respect, however,\nto the affairs of the nation, the king is bounden to consult with the\nprinces of his blood in preference to all others, considering how much\nthey are interested in its welfare,--and this has been usually done by\nthe most Christian kings, his predecessors.\nItem, the nobles have requested the king to preserve to them their\nprerogatives and authorities, which they hold, as well from their\npeerage as from the other lordships they possess within the realm of\nof France. The king in reply says, that he has never treated on any\naffairs of consequence without their knowledge, or at least that of\nthe greater part of them,--and it his intention not to do otherwise.\nIt is his pleasure, as well as his will, to preserve to them all their\nprerogatives and authorities, and in no way to act contrary to them:\nthey will therefore govern their vassals and lands in the manner in\nwhich they are bounden to do.\nItem, the king is requested that he would be pleased to select, as\nmembers of his great council, men of knowledge, fearing God, and who\nhave not been partisans in the late disturbances; and likewise that he\nwould be pleased to elect a sufficient number, so that the weight of\nthe business of the kingdom may not be intrusted to two or three, as\nhas been hitherto the case.\nThe king replies, that he has always selected for his council the most\nable men of his realm, without thinking on what may have passed during\nthe late disturbances, which he has put clean out of his remembrance,\nand in such numbers as the state of public affairs at different periods\nmay have required.\nItem, the nobles request the king to receive favourably these\nremonstrances, in consideration of the four reasons already laid before\nhim, which have induced them thus to make them. They also remonstrate\nwith him on the case of the lord duke of Alen\u00e7on, required that he\nshould be restored to his town of Niort, or that payment be promptly\nmade him in money for the loss of it; that he should be re-established\nin his lieutenancy and pension; and that his place of Sainte Susanne,\nshould be delivered up to him, together with an Englishman whom he had\nmade prisoner, and that speedy and equitable justice be done him.\nThe king makes answer to these demands, that when he was in Poitou,\nputting an end to the pillaging and robberies that were going on there,\nand taking possession of several towns and castles the resort of the\nrobbers, he was suspicious, that during his absence for the relief\nof Tartas, the town and castle of Niort would continue these evil\npractices as it had been accustomed to do, and consequently laid hands\non it with the intent of paying its full value. But though the whole\namount was not at that time paid, he had given to the lord d'Alen\u00e7on\nsix thousand crowns, with an engagement to that lord to make the\nremainder of the payments punctually at the time specified in writing,\nwithout making any deductions for the rents which the lord d'Alen\u00e7on\nhad continued to receive since the first payment had been made.\nIn regard to re-establishing him in his lieutenancy and pension, when\nthe lord d'Alen\u00e7on shall conduct himself in a becoming manner toward\nhis sovereign, the king will treat him as a relative and subject,\nholding in his mind the nearness of their kindred, and the services\nwhich he and his ancestors may have rendered to the king and the realm.\nThis the king continued to do, until he was obliged to change his\nbehaviour from the fault of the lord d'Alen\u00e7on.\nIn respect to the place of Sainte Susanne[103], the king has not\ngiven it to the lord de Bueil, nor is it held by him by the king's\norders. The lord de Bueil is fully able to answer the lord d'Alen\u00e7on's\naccusation respecting his holding this place wrongfully. Whenever\nthe lord d'Alen\u00e7on shall appeal to the king's justice, it shall be\nwillingly and duly administered; and in like manner shall he have\njustice done him in regard to the prisoner whom he demands.\nItem, the nobles also made a requisition that the duke of Bourbon\nshould have his pension restored to him, for that it was not excessive.\nThe king replied that he had regularly continued the payments of this\npension and nothing was now due. Of fourteen thousand and four hundred\nfrancs, the whole amount of this pension, the king had ordered nine\nthousand francs to be paid to the duke's servants at Bressure[104],\nin the month of January last, but which they refused to receive; and\nthe king wonders greatly how this matter has been, at this moment,\nintroduced.\nItem, they likewise mention the case of the lord de Vend\u00f4me,--and\nsupplicate the king that he would be pleased to continue to him his\nformer pensions, of which he has great need, as there were not\nsufficient grounds for striking them off; and that it would please\nthe king to permit him to exercise his office of grand master of the\nhousehold, as he had usually done in former times.\nThe king answers, that he did not dismiss the lord de Vend\u00f4me from his\nhousehold, but that he dismissed himself; and when the lord de Vend\u00f4me\nshall conduct himself toward the king in a proper manner the king will\ndo on his part all that shall be thought right.\nItem, the nobles beg leave to state the case of the lord de Nevers;\nand, considering how near a-kin he is to the king, and that the lord\nhis father died in his service, and also the services the present\nlord may render to his majesty to solicit that all opposition to his\nestablishing a warehouse for salt, at the town of Arcy-sur-Aube, may be\nremoved, and that he may receive the accustomed payment of his pension.\nThe king makes for answer, that, notwithstanding the very heavy charges\nhe is now at for the expenses of the war, out of favour, and in\nkindness to the lord de Nevers, he consents to his having his former\npension,--for the payment of which he will receive the protection-money\nof the Rethelois, as far as it shall go; and the balance shall be\npaid from the amount of the taxes on the lands of the said lord de\nNevers, until he shall have received the whole sum. But the king is\nmuch dissatisfied that the lord de Nevers should suffer his vassals,\nand those of others, to overrun and despoil the country of Champagne,\nby means of the country of the Rethelois, to which they retreat, and\nexpects that such measures will be taken to prevent it in future as\nwill satisfy him. In regard to the salt-warehouse at Arcy-sur-Aube, the\nking wishes that the matter be laid before his court of exchequer, for\nthem to decide whether the lord de Nevers be entitled or not to have a\nwarehouse for salt at that place,--and whatever their decision may be,\nthe king will conform to it.\nThe nobles remonstrate also on the case of the duke of Burgundy, not\nby way of complaint, but in the manner he had desired them, namely,\nto make the king acquainted that many articles of the treaty of peace\nbetween them had not been fulfilled on the part of the king,--and that\nseveral were daily attempted to be infringed contrary to the intent of\nthe peace, and to the great loss of the duke of Burgundy.\nThe king replies, that he always most ardently wished for peace with\nthe duke of Burgundy, and to obtain it has nothing spared. The king\nhas hitherto maintained the peace inviolate, and has the intention of\never doing so. For the better establishing of this peace, the king\ngave his daughter in marriage to the duke's son the lord de Charolois.\nAs for the non-performance of some of the articles, the duke has seen\nwhat weighty affairs the king has had on his hands to prevent its\nbeing done,--but he has the will and inclination to have the remaining\narticles fulfilled as speedily as he possibly can, and in such wise\nthat the duke of Burgundy shall be satisfied. As for the daily attempts\nto infringe the peace, the king is perfectly ignorant of any such\nbeing made, for he has never given the least encouragement to them,\nbut the king has great cause for grief at the business which is now\ncarrying forward.\nWhen the ambassadors from the nobles had remained some days at the\nking's palace, where they were very honourably entertained, and had\ndiscussed at length the subjects of complaint in the remonstrance they\nhad brought, as well as the answers thereto from the king as well in\nwriting as verbally, they took leave, and returned to their lords.\nThe king however, was very uneasy at his nobles thus assembling\nwithout his being present,--for they were daily attended by some of\nthe greatest lords in the realm; and his ministers reported to him,\nthat these meetings were not for his welfare; that the nobles were\nendeavouring to gain to their party the barons of his realm, the\nchurchmen, and the common people, to make great reforms, and to place\nthe government of the kingdom in the three estates,--which must turn\nout to his destruction; for, if they succeeded in their plans, he would\npossess no other authority than the three estates should be pleased to\nallow him. The king said, that he could not believe that his nobles\nwould be desirous to do any thing to his prejudice, or to the prejudice\nof his crown,--and more especially that the duke of Burgundy, with whom\nhe had so lately made peace would interfere or consent to any thing so\ndestructive to the royal authority. He added, that if he were assured\nthey intended to bring forward such measures to his prejudice, he would\nlay all other matters aside, and instantly attack them with his forces.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 103: Sainte Susanne,--a village in Normandy, election of St\nLo: or it may be a city in Maine, nine leagues from Mans.]\n[Footnote 104: Bressure. Q. Bressolles? a village in the Bourbonnois,\nnear Moulins.]\nCHAP. LV.\n KING CHARLES ASSEMBLES A LARGE BODY OF MEN AT ARMS, AND MARCHES THEM\n TO TARTAS, WHERE, HOWEVER, THE ENGLISH DO NOT APPEAR.\nAt the beginning of this year, the king of France issued his summonses\nthroughout his realm, for the assembly of a very large force to carry\non his warlike enterprises, and to relieve the town of Tartas, whither\nhe intended marching in consequence of a time being fixed for its\nsurrender, unless relieved by the king. He was determined now to have\nthe greatest army that had been raised during his reign: indeed, there\nwas much necessity for it,--for, had he neglected this business, he ran\ngreat risk of losing all Gascony and Guienne, and the obedience of the\ngreater part of the lords in those countries.\nThis army was collected with all diligence in the different parts of\nthe kingdom, and ordered to march by various roads, and rendezvous at\nToulouse. The day of relief had been fixed for the first of May,--but\nat the request of the english captains who had signed the capitulation\nat Tartas, it was prolonged to the ensuing feast of St John Baptist,\nand during this time, the king continued his preparations.\nAt length, the king marched from Toulouse,--and for a truth, when he,\nhis great lords and all the captains, with their men, were assembled,\nthere were four score thousand horse, and carts and cars without number\nto carry artillery, provision, and stores of all descriptions. Almost\nall the principal nobility came thither,--among whom were the dauphin,\nthe count de Richemont constable of France, the lord Charles d'Anjou,\nthe count d'Eu, the count de Foix, the viscount de Helman[105], son\nto the count d'Armagnac, the lord d'Albreth, the count de Comminges,\nthe two marshals, namely, the lords de Loh\u00e9ac and de Jaloignes, who\ncommanded the vanguard with the constable, the lord de Coetivy admiral\nof France, the lord de Villars, the lord de Mongascon, the lord de St\nPriath, the lord de Chalenton[106], the lord de St Valier, the lord de\nVidemont and many more great lords.\nThe king was also accompanied by numbers of adventurous men at arms,\nthe flower of french chivalry, who had for a long while followed\nwarlike enterprises,--such as La Hire, Poton de Saintrailles, Anthony\nde Chabannes, Olivier de Coetivy, the lord de Blainville, and his\nbrother sir Robert Blanchefort, Pennesach[107], Floquet, Joachim\nRohault, Pierre Rohault, Mathelin de l'Escouan, Dominic de Court, and\nmany others of renown.\nOn the king's arrival at Toulouse, he was informed by the lords of\nGascony, that the English were not in force sufficient to oppose him on\nthe day appointed for the relief of Tartas. Having called a council,\nit was therefore determined to advance thither with only part of the\narmy, that they might more easily obtain provisions. The king marched\nfrom Toulouse with but sixteen thousand horse,--among whom, however,\nwere most of the lords and captains above named. He was lodged at a\nsmall town called Meillan[108], two leagues from Tartas, belonging to\nthe count d'Albreth, but in the possession of the count de Foix, and\nhis men were quartered round about.\nOn the morrow, which was the day fixed on for the surrender of Tartas\nunless relieved by the king of France, the king drew up his men in\nbattle-array before the town, and thus remained from early morn until\nten or eleven o'clock in the forenoon,--when the lords de Coignac and\nEnguerrot de Sainct Per, who had the command of the place appeared\nbefore him, and brought with them the young Charles d'Albret, who\nhad remained in the town as an hostage. They surrendered the keys\nof Tartas into the king's hands,--and at the same time, the lord de\nCoignac did him homage, but Enguerrot retired to the city of Dax.\nThe lord d'Albret now entered Tartas,--and the king went to sleep at\nCoignac, which is a pretty good town, about two leagues distant from\nTartas, where he remained on St John's day and the ensuing one.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 105: Helman. Lomaigne.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 106: Chalenton. Chalencon.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 107: Pennesach. Vennensach.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 108: Meillan,--a small town in Gascony, near Tartas.]\nCHAP. LVI.\n THE KING OF FRANCE, AFTER GAINING TARTAS, COMES BEFORE SAINT SEVERE,\n AND CONQUERS THAT TOWN AND CASTLE, WITH SOME OTHERS IN GASCONY.\nOn the Wednesday following the surrender of Tartas, the king of France\nmarched his army before the town of Saint Severe[109], whither, as it\nwas very strongly fortified with five bastions, the whole country had\nwithdrawn with their cattle and effects. The dauphin's men, on their\narrival, made an attack on two of these bastions with such success that\nthey gained them, and lodged themselves therein.\nWithin a few days, another was won by the king's division, who ordered\nan immediate attack on the fourth: the English made a vigorous defence,\nbut were driven thence, and pursued as far as the gate of the principal\nbastion. The French continued their attacks on this place, without\nhaving had any orders from the king or his captains,--and they lasted\nfor a long time with great valour on both sides; but at length the\nFrench gained the victory, and conquered the place by storm, putting\nto death about eight hundred English, with the loss of from twenty to\nthirty of their own men, but in that number was the little Blanchefort.\nThe town was won on the side where the constable attacked it, when on\nthe part of the English, sir Thomas Rampstone and a few more were made\nprisoners. The king after this conquest, remained there for twelve\ndays, and thence marched to besiege the town of Dax, which occupied\nhim for the space of five weeks, as there was a strong fortification\nin front of one of the gates. When the battering cannon had partly\ndemolished the walls of the town, orders were given for storming this\nfortification which held out most obstinately for five hours, but was\nat last won about nightfall. Ten or twelve English were killed and very\nmany of the French wounded.\nThe king withdrew his men after this event, with the exception of\nthose who had the guard of it. On the ensuing day, the townsmen of\nDax, fearing that a stronger attack would now be made on their town,\nsurrendered themselves to the king except the lord de Montferrand,\ngovernor of the town for the English, and the before-mentioned\nEnguerrot de St Per, who were permitted to march out in safety, but\nwith staves in their hands.\nThe lord de Montferrand also promised to surrender into the king's\nhands two castles which he held near to Bourdeaux,--for the due\nperformance of which he gave his son in hostage. He remained a prisoner\na long time, because the lord de Montferrand, refused to keep his\npromise of surrendering these two castles.\nGascony and Guienne were at this time governed, for the king of\nEngland by the captal de Buch, the lord de Montferrand and sir Thomas\nRampstone, seneschal of Bourdeaux. In the absence of the king of\nFrance, the English reconquered the town and castles of Saint Severe;\nbut the king shortly after, marched back his army thither, retook it by\nstorm, and put numbers of English to death. At this time, all the towns\nand castles of the lord de la Rochetaillade turned, and did homage to\nthe king of France.\nThe king of France next marched to Marmonde[110], which opened its\ngates to him, and thence to La R\u00e9ole[111]. It was vigorously besieged\nand the town was taken by storm; but the castle held out for about six\nweeks, when it surrendered on the garrison being allowed to march away\nin safety. Olivier de Cointiny was appointed by the king governor of\nthis and of other places that had been conquered in the course of the\nexpedition. The baron of Dax commanded in La R\u00e9ole for the king of\nEngland,--but he afterward turned to the french interest.\nWhile these conquests were making, the English much distressed the\nFrench particularly by encouraging their peasantry to harrass their\nscouting parties, so that, from the multitudes in the french army they\nfrequently suffered famine. Great numbers of their horses died; a\nsevere loss to those adventurers who had been accustomed to keep the\nfield all the year round. Many of them, in consequence, quitted the\narmy in search of provision for themselves and horses, and advanced as\nfar as Navarre, where they committed all sorts of mischief on the poor\nfarmers.\nIn another quarter, the English collected a body of men, and through\nfriends in the town, regained the city of Dax from the French. The\ngovernor, Regnault Guillaume le Bourguignon, was made prisoner, and\nmost part of his garrison put to the sword. The king of France was much\nvexed at thus loosing a place, through the neglect of the governor,\nwhich had cost him so long a time and such an expense to conquer.\nWhen the king of France had remained for seven or eight months in\nGascony, where he had made such valuable conquests, he considered the\ndreadful state of his army, and the danger it was daily exposed to from\nwant of provision, and resolved to direct his march toward Montauban.\nHe staid at Montauban about two months, whence he issued his orders\nfor the defence of the country, and then, by slow marches, returned to\nPoitiers.\nShortly after the king had left Montauban, La Hire, who had suffered\nextremely in this expedition, and was advanced in years, died in the\ncastle of that town. The king on hearing of his death, was much\naffected, and ordered that his widow should possess the lands he had\ngiven to him for his life.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 109: Saint Severe,--near to Coignac.]\n[Footnote 110: Marmonde,--a town on the Garonne, between Bourdeaux and\nToulouse.]\n[Footnote 111: La R\u00e9ole,--on the road between Bourdeaux and Toulouse.]\nCHAP. LVII.\n PIERRE DE REGNAULT IS FORCED TO DISLODGE FROM THE CASTLE OF\n MAILLY[112].\nI have before noticed how Pierre de Regnault had taken possession\nof the castle of Mailly, two leagues distant from Beauvais, which\nhe had repaired and refortified. He had with him about two hundred\ndetermined combatants, with whom he overran the countries round,\nseizing and carrying off to his fort all he could find, as well\nfrom those dependant on the king of France as from others. He\noverran, in particular, the dependances of the duke of Burgundy,\nthe count d'Estampes, and other great lords of that party: he even\nat times crossed the river Somme, and advanced into Artois, twelve\nor fifteen leagues from his castle. He acted in like manner within\nthe castlewicks of Peronne, Roye, and Mondidier, where he made some\ncapital prisoners, who paid large sums for their ransoms, just the same\nas an enemy would have done in time of war, so that the country was\ngrievously harrassed,--and heavy complaints were made frequently to\nthe superior lords, who were much vexed at this conduct. The duke of\nBurgundy at last sent to remonstrate with the king of France on this\ndestruction of his country, and to require that a remedy be applied.\nThe king gave a similar answer to what he had done before: that he was\nmuch concerned at what had happened, and would be well pleased if the\nduke should conquer Pierre de Regnault whenever he found him marauding\non his territories, or that he would besiege him in his castle of\nMailly, and drive him thence; that he would send positive orders to all\nhis captains in that part of the country not to give him the smallest\naid against the troops of the duke of Burgundy, under pain of incurring\nhis highest indignation.\nThe duke was satisfied with this answer, and began to arrange his plans\naccordingly. He concluded a treaty with some of the english captains\non the frontier of Normandy, that they should give security not to\nmolest his men nor aid the enemy; and when he was assured that neither\nFrench nor English would take part against him in this business, he\nsent orders from Burgundy, where he then was, to the count d'Estampes,\nwho had the government of Picardy, to collect as many men as he could\nraise, and march against the castle of Mailly. The count on this\nmade great diligence, and assembled in a short time twelve hundred\ncombatants, knights, esquires, and others, the most expert warriors\nin Picardy and in the adjoining parts. In the number were Waleran\nde Moreul, Guy de Roye, Jean d'Ange, the lord de Saveuses, Simon de\nLalain, Jean de Haplaincourt, Charles de Rochefort, sir Colart de\nMailly, and many more great lords and gentlemen.\nThe rendezvous was in the town of Amiens, whence they marched with a\nnumerous train of artillery, stores, and baggage, to Beauvais. The\ncount and great lords were handsomely received in that town, and their\nmen were quartered in the villages round. The count d'Estampes lost no\ntime in advancing to the castle of Mailly, and posted his men as near\nas he could to the gate, the strongest part of the castle, and to the\nlower court, which had been newly strengthened with casks and beams of\ntimber. The garrison defended themselves courageously with cannons and\nother engines of war, and killed many of the count's men: among the\nslain was sir Matthew de Humieres. The besiegers had left the greater\npart of their horses in the town of Beauvais, whence and from Orleans\nthey were daily supplied with provision.\nWhen the artillery had made a breach in the walls of the lower court,\na general and very sharp assault was made, in which great prowess was\ndisplayed on both sides; but the lord de Saveuses and his men gained\nthe most renown. The besieged defended themselves with such obstinacy\nthat the count, finding the conquest would be attended with too much\nloss, ordered a retreat, leaving behind from eight to ten dead: of the\nbesieged, only a few were wounded.\nThe besieged, perceiving that they could not hold out much longer,\nand that they had no great hopes of succour, capitulated with the\ncommissaries of the count to surrender the place, on being allowed to\nmarch away in safety with their arms and baggage. On the surrender of\nthe castle, it was set on fire, and razed to the ground, and the count\nmarched his army during Passion-week to the places they had come from.\nThis siege of Mailly had lasted upwards of three weeks,--and the whole\ncountry that had been laid under contributions by the garrison were\ngreatly rejoiced when it was known for certain that the castle was\ndemolished and the garrison driven thence.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 112: Mailly,--a town in Picardy, near Peronne.]\nCHAP. LVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY TO MARCH INTO NORMANDY.--THE\n EARL OF SOMERSET[113] MAKES SOME CONQUESTS FROM THE FRENCH IN ANJOU\n AND ELSEWHERE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the king of France assembled a numerous\nbody of men at arms, with the intent of marching them into Normandy the\nensuing summer to relieve Dieppe, which was hardly pressed by a very\nstrong blockhouse the English had raised against it. The king meant,\nunder escort of this succour, to revictual the town; and consequently\nthe men at arms conducted thither numbers of cattle and other stores,\nwhich they drove forcibly into the town, notwithstanding the severe\nskirmishes that took place, when many were killed and wounded on both\nsides.\nAbout this time, the earl of Somerset had collected a body of six\nthousand combatants, or thereabout, and marched them into the province\nof Anjou, committing great waste with fire and sword; after which,\nhe advanced toward Brittany, and took by storm La Guerche[114],\nbelonging to the duke of Alen\u00e7on, which town was plundered by the\nEnglish. He thence advanced to Ponsay[115], where he remained upwards\nof two months, but detached parties of men, who overran the countries\nof Anjou, Touraine, and near to Chartres, where at times they were\nattacked and defeated by peasants.\nThe marshal de Loh\u00e9ac had the defence of this part of the kingdom\nintrusted to him by king Charles, and to oppose the English with the\nmen of the duke of Alen\u00e7on. They formed a plan to attack the English\ncamp by night; but the earl of Somerset, having had intelligence\nthereof, advanced to meet them, and fell on them unawares. The French\nwere thrown into confusion, and from twenty to thirty were killed or\ntaken: the rest saved themselves by flight as well as they could. Among\nthe prisoners were the lord d'Assigny, Louis de Beuil, and many other\ngentlemen.\nThe earl of Somerset now dislodged from before Pouenc\u00e9, and took the\ncastle of Beaumont le Vicomte[116]. Having posted garrisons along the\nfrontier, he returned to Rouen.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 113: John earl of Somerset succeeded to the earldom of\nSomerset in 1443: he was created duke of Somerset and earl of Kendal,\n&c. in the 21st year of Henry VI. Dying without male issue, he was\nsucceeded by his brother Edmund, earl of Mortain, in Normandy, and\nmarquis of Dorset. He was slain at the battle of St Alban's.\nSee Collins' Peerage,--Scudamore Beaufort,--and also sir William\nPaston's letters, wherein are many curious particulars relating to him.\nSir William married into that family.]\n[Footnote 114: La Guerche,--a town in Brittany, near Vitr\u00e9.]\n[Footnote 115: Ponsay, Pouenc\u00e9.--Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 116: Beaumont-le-Vicomte,--a town in Maine, near Fresnay.]\nCHAP. LIX.\n SOME KNIGHTS AND GENTLEMEN OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY'S COURT HOLD A\n TOURNAMENT NEAR TO DIJON.\nDuring the duke of Burgundy's residence in that duchy, several\ngentlemen of his household, with his permission, and for his amusement,\nhad it proclaimed throughout Burgundy, and in other countries, that if\nthere were any men of name desirous of gaining honour and renown by\ndeeds of arms, there were gentlemen, whose names shall be presently\ndeclared, who offered to receive and furnish them with arms suitable\nfor the enterprise. The challenges shall likewise be mentioned that\nwere dispersed through divers countries for this purpose, by sir Pierre\nde Bauffremont lord of Chargny, who was the chief of the enterprise.\nCHAP. LX.\n THE CHALLENGES FOR THIS TOURNAMENT AND THE NAMES OF THE CHAMPIONS.\n'In honour of our Lord, and of his most glorious mother, of my lady\nSainte Anne, and of my lord St George, I, Pierre de Bauffremnont\nlord of Chargny, of Monliet and of Montfort, knight, counsellor and\nchamberlain, to the most high, most puissant and excellent prince\nthe duke of Burgundy, make known to all princes, barons, knights\nand esquires, without reproach, with the exception of those of the\nkingdom of France and of the countries in alliance, or subjects to my\nsaid sovereign lord, that for the augmentation and extension of the\nmost noble profession and exercise of arms, my will and intention is,\nin conjunction with twelve knights, esquires and gentlemen, of four\nquartering, whose names follow,--Thibault lord of Rougemont and Mussy,\nsir William de Bresremont lord of Sees and of Sonnegnon, William de\nBrene lord of Mombis and of Gilly, John lord of Valengon, John lord of\nRap and of Tirecourt, William de Champdivers lord of Chevigny, John de\nChiron lord Rancheineres, Anthony de Vaudray, lord of Aille, William\nde Vaudray lord of Collaon, James de Challant lord of Ainville, sir\nAmey lord of Espirey, and John de Chavigny,--to guard and defend a pass\nd'armes, situated on the great road leading from Dijon toward Exonne,\nat the end of the causeway from the said town of Dijon, at a great tree\ncalled the Hermit's Tree, in the form and manner following.\n'In the first place, two shields (one black, besprinkled with tears of\ngold,--the other violet, having tears of sable,) shall be suspended on\nthe tree of the hermit, and all those who shall, by a king at arms or\npursuivant, touch the first shield, shall be bounden to perform twelve\ncourses on horseback with me, or with one of my aforesaid knights or\nesquires, with blunted lances.\n'Item, if either of the champions, during their twelve courses, be\nunhorsed by a direct blow with the lance on his armour, such person,\nthus unhorsed, shall present to his adversary a diamond of whatever\nvalue he please.\n'Item, the champions may arm themselves according to their pleasure,\ndouble or single, but without any wicked intentions, having their rest\nsimilar to the usual custom in war.\n'Item, each person shall make provision of lances,--but the rondelle,\nwhich lies on the hands, shall be only four fingers broad, and no\nmore.[117]\n'Item, the lances shall be all of similar length, from the point to the\nrest.\n'Item, for the accomplishment of these feats of arms on horseback, I\nwill supply all who may come without lances, precisely like to my own\nand to those of my companions.\n'Item, these deeds of arms on horseback shall be performed _\u00e0 la\ntoille_, which shall be six feet high.'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 117: This article I do not understand. In the original it is\n_tondelle_,--altered by Du Cange to _rondelle_, which is translated\nby Cotgrave, 'a small target;' but four fingers wide would be too\ninsignificant for any defence. I have, therefore, left it for better\nantiquaries to explain.]\nCHAP. LXI.\n HERE FOLLOW THE ARTICLES FOR THE DEEDS OF ARMS ON FOOT.\n'Those princes, barons, knights and esquires, of the rank before\nmentioned, who shall rather take their pleasure in performing feats of\narms on foot, shall touch the violet shield, and shall perform fifteen\ncourses with battle-axes or swords, as may be most agreeable to them.\n'Item, if, during these courses, any champion shall touch the ground\nwith his hand or knees, he shall be bounden to present his adversary\nwith a ruby of whatever value he please.\n'Item, each champion shall be armed with the accustomed armour for\ncombating in lists.\n'Item, should any person be unprovided with battle-axe or sword, I\nwill furnish him with the same, similar to my own or to those of\nmy companions. These axes and swords are not to have any thing\nextraordinary in their make, but such as are usual in these kind of\ncombats.\n'Item, he that shall have engaged himself to fight with me, or either\nof us, and shall throw the other to the ground, the person so thrown\nshall be obliged to surrender himself a prisoner whithersoever the\nconqueror shall order him.\n'Item, the person thus made prisoner shall pay for his immediate\nransom, to whomsoever the conqueror shall direct, any sum above five\nhundred crowns.\n'Item, foreigners need not seek for particulars from me, or from my\ncompanions, for they will find persons ready to deliver such at the\nusual hours and places.\n'Item, no stranger will be permitted to enter the lists with me or with\nany one of my companions, for more than one course at arms, namely,\nonce on horseback and once on foot,--and no one can require more of any\nof us during the present undertaking.\n'Item, the aforesaid feats of arms, on horseback and on foot, shall\nbe performed on the following days: those on horseback on Mondays,\nTuesdays, and Wednesdays,--those on foot, Thursdays, Fridays, and\nSaturdays.\n'Item, this pass d'armes shall commence on the first-day of July, in\nthe year 1443, and shall last forty days, exclusive of feast-days and\nSundays, and the feasts commanded to be kept by the court of Rome.\n'Item, no prince, baron, knight or esquire shall pass within a quarter\nof a league of the spot assigned for these combats without entering the\nlists and taking part, or otherwise leaving as pledges his sword or\nspurs according to his pleasure.\n'Item, for the accomplishment of these feats of arms, as well on\nhorseback as on foot, according to the articles above specified, I\nhave most humbly supplicated and entreated my aforesaid sovereign\nlord, that he would grant me his licence and permission to perform\nthem, which he has most benignantly assented to. He has likewise most\ngraciously appointed, as judge of the lists, that puissant prince and\nmy most redoubted lord the count of Nevers and of Rethel,--and, in his\nabsence, the lord marshal count of Fribourg and of Neufch\u00e2tel.\n'In order that this my intention of performing these deeds of arms in\nthe manner before specified may be more fully declared, I have affixed\nmy seal to these presents, and signed them with my own hand, this 8th\nday of March, in the year 1442.\n'Item, I beseech all princes, barons, knights and esquires, not to\nconstrue this my intention as proceeding from any presumption on my\npart; for my sole motive is to exalt the noble profession of arms, and\nto extend the exercise of it,--and also to make acquaintance by arms\nwith such renowned and valiant princes and nobles as may be pleased to\nhonour me with their company.\n'Item, all noble foreigners shall have sure and loyal passports from my\naforesaid sovereign lord, or, in his absence, from his marshal.'\nCHAP. LXII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS THE COUNT D'ESTAMPES, WITH A LARGE BODY OF\n MEN AT ARMS, INTO THE DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG.\nAt this period, the duchess of Luxembourg, widow to duke Anthony of\nBrabant and to John of Bavaria (both of them uncles to the duke of\nBurgundy, one by the father's the other by the mother's side), made\nheavy complaints to the duke of Burgundy that the greater part of\nher subjects and vassals in the duchy of Luxembourg had refused to\nobey her, or pay her the rents that were her due. The inhabitants of\nLuxembourg and Thionville were particularly rebellious, with those of\nother places in their neighbourhood, by driving out of their towns her\nofficers. She most humbly requested of him, from his love to God, and\nin honour to his two uncles, whom she had married, and to whom she had\nalways behaved most honourably, that he would take compassion on her\ncase, and afford her such succour as should replace her with honour in\nher duchy, otherwise she should be reduced to live in great poverty and\nmisery.\nThe duke made her a very kind answer, saying that he would heartily\nassist her against her rebellious subjects with every means in his\npower,--for which she gratefully thanked him. In consequence, he\nlost no time to assemble his council, for them to deliberate on the\nmatter and determine on the most efficacious method of performing\nhis engagement.--It was resolved at this council, that the duke of\nBurgundy should send a solemn message to the inhabitants of Luxembourg,\nto require of them to perform their duties to the duchess and to her\nofficers, as they were bounden to do,--and that, should they refuse,\nhe, the duke, would support her with all his power, to restore to her\nher rights.\nThe inhabitants refused to attend to this summons, although several\nrequests were made to them for the purpose, and instantly introduced\ninto their towns a body of troops from duke William of Saxony, who\nlaid claim to the duchy as next heir. He sent thither eight hundred\ncombatants from the borders of Germany, under the command of a relative\ncalled the count de Clicque, who garrisoned the town of Luxembourg,\nThionville, and others of their party.\nThe duke of Burgundy, perceiving they persevered in their rebellion,\ndetermined to make war upon them, and wrote letters to the count de\nVernembourg, the heir of Sarrebrusse, Henry de la Tour, and to other\nnobles of the duchy of Luxembourg, the greater part of whom supported\nthe duchess, to request that they would join him in his war against\nher rebellious subjects. He added that he would shortly send thither\nan army, and command it in person, to conquer that duchy, and drive\nout those who at present occupied it. They returned for answer, that\nthey were very agreeable to join him; and, after they had sent to the\ndifferent towns in rebellion their challenges, made open war upon them.\nIn the mean time, the duke of Burgundy ordered the count d'Estampes\ninto Picardy, to assemble a large force, and march with it to meet him\nin Burgundy.\nWhen his army was ready, he commanded it to advance toward Saint\nQuentin, whither he himself went, accompanied by Waleran de Moreul,\nGuy de Roye, the lord de Humieres, the lord de Saveuses, sir Simon de\nLalain, the lord de Neufville, Gauvain Quieret, sir Anthony de Wissoch,\nJean de Haplaincourt, and many noble knights and esquires, to the\nnumber of twelve or thirteen hundred combatants.\nFrom St Quentin, the army marched toward Laon, to pass through the\ncounty of Rethel; but when near to Montagut[118], intelligence was\nbrought that Dimenche le Court, le Roucin, and others of the king of\nFrance's captains, were posted in Montagut and Sissonne[119], whence\nthey had lately laid waste the whole country of the Rethelois. The\ncount d'Estampes was very indignant on hearing this; for a short time\nbefore, Dimenche le Court had been defeated in Burgundy, and had then\npromised never more to invade the territories of the duke of Burgundy,\nnor of his allies. The count sent to order them to decamp, for that he\nintended to lodge in Montagut; but as they refused to obey, a dispute\nensued between the two parties, and the count instantly attacked them,\nwhen the French were defeated, with the loss of their horses and\nbaggage, taken by the Picards. Few were killed, but many wounded,--and\nsuch as had been made prisoners were afterwards set at liberty. Some\nhad even their baggage restored,--in particular, that of de Court,--and\nthey made a retreat as speedily as they could.\nNeither the king nor dauphin were pleased that their men should\nhave been attacked and defeated on the territories of France, more\nespecially as these troops in obedience to a summons from the dauphin,\nwere on their march to the relief of Dieppe, of which ample mention\nshall be made: the mischief, however, was done,--which caused,\nhereafter, great remorse.\nThe count d'Estampes marched his army toward Burgundy, and encamped in\nthe plains near to Langres and Montfaucon: during which, the count and\nprincipal nobles waited on the duke of Burgundy at Dijon, where they\nwere joyfully received and feasted. They remained there some time,\nwhile the duke was finishing his preparations to march with his army\ninto Luxembourg.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 118: Montagut,--a village in Picardy, near Laon.]\n[Footnote 119: Sissonne,--a town in Picardy, near Laon.]\nCHAP. LXIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY REDUCES THE DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG TO HIS OBEDIENCE.\nWe must now speak of the duke of Burgundy, who was making great\npreparations for the attack of Luxembourg. In the interval, several\nattempts were made to reconcile the duchess and her disobedient\nsubjects, but in vain. The duke was, therefore, resolved to make a\nsevere war on them, and reduce them to his obedience.\nHe first detached sir Simon de Lalain into Luxembourg, with three\nor four hundred combatants, who formed a junction with the count de\nVernembourg, and the other nobles allied to the duke of Burgundy.\nThey quartered themselves in Arlon, and other towns attached to the\nduchess, and thought to have gained Thionville by an understanding\nwith the inhabitants, but failed, from the count de Clicque and his\nparty having the ascendency, together with a considerable garrison to\nenforce obedience. Shortly after, the count de Clicque, with a large\narmy and train of artillery, advanced near to Arlon, with the intent to\nbesiege it, and several skirmishes took place, when many were killed\nand wounded on both sides,--but fearing the superior force of the duke\nof Burgundy, he retreated into Luxembourg.\nThe Picards made several excursions, and at times advanced even to the\ngates of Luxembourg. The duke of Burgundy now left Dijon in handsome\narray, and grandly attended with knights and esquires. He fixed his\nquarters at Yvoy, in the duchy of Luxembourg, where he was joyfully\nreceived by the inhabitants. While at Yvoy, he ordered the castle of\nVilly to be besieged, as it contained a party of marauders, who had\ndone great mischief to the poor farmers, under the command of one\ncalled Jacquemin de Beaumont.\nThe command of this expedition was given to Guy de Roye, the lord de\nSaveuses, Hugh de Hasines, and others, having with them six hundred\ncombatants. They pointed many engines against this castle, which\ndamaged it much; but those within declared, that they belonged to the\nyoung lord de Commercy, who had been with the dauphin to the relief\nof Dieppe. They also sent to inform him of what was passing, when he\nassembled about a thousand combatants,--among whom was Pierre Robert,\nle Roucin, and many other veterans. They pushed forward by forced\nmarches until they were near the castle, and then, at early morn, they\nsurprised the burgundian camp, without meeting much resistance. Those,\nhowever, who had the command of the siege, hearing a noise, assembled\ntheir men in haste, and, in handsome array, attacked the enemy, drove\nhim out of their camp into the plain, where a sharp engagement ensued,\nand where sir Gauvain Quieriet, sir Hugh de Longueval, and others of\nthe chiefs displayed great courage. Sir Gauvain had joined them the\nday before, and had informed them of the march of the young lord of\nCommercy.\nThis lord and his companions, finding that they would lose rather than\ngain by a longer stay, galloped off in haste, and returned to Commercy,\nleaving behind eight or ten dead and several wounded. On the part of\nthe Burgundians, a gentleman, named Walter de Pavant, was slain, and a\nfew with him. During the engagement, Jacquemin de Beaumont abandoned\nhis men, and, issuing out at a postern of the castle, joined the young\nlord de Commercy, and returned with him. The garrison now surrendered\non capitulation, that they should march away with arms and baggage.\nThe duke of Burgundy encamped his army nearer Luxembourg, and the count\nd'Estampes, with the greater part of his captains, went to Ez[120], a\nlarge town that was formerly inclosed, and remained there some time.\nHis men made frequent excursions thence, and, when they met any of the\nenemy's troops, made very light of them.\nWhile these things were passing, the duke, who had with him some of\nhis ablest advisers, held frequent consultations with those best\nacquainted with the country, on the means of putting an end to the war.\nHe was advised to attempt scaling the walls of Luxembourg during the\nnight, to which he readily listened, and ordered preparations to be\nmade accordingly. Two gentlemen,--one from Burgundy named Guillaume le\nGrevant, and the other from Picardy called Robert de Miraumont,--were\ndispatched, under care of proper guides, to examine the place and make\na trial. They set out, having with them some excellent scalers, and\nsoon discovered that the enterprise was feasible,--for, finding the\nwatch inattentive, they mounted the walls, and examined at their ease\nthe whole state of the town. They then returned as secretly as they\ncould, and related to the duke all they had observed.\nOn their report, he determined to make the attempt, and sent\ninformation thereof to the count d'Estampes and the other captains with\nhim, signifying to them that it was his pleasure they should undertake\nit, and that he would support them should there be occasion. The duke\nwas at this time at Arlon, and the count d'Estampes at Ez. The count,\non receiving this information, assembled the majority of the captains,\nand laid before them the plan and orders from the duke, and demanded\ntheir opinions. It was long debated, when some declared themselves\ndoubtful of its success, and gave their reasons for so thinking; but\nat length it was resolved to undertake it, since it was the will and\npleasure of the duke.\nAfter this determination, it was next considered who should take\ncommand of the first party of scalers--and sir Gauvain Quieriet, the\nlord de Bosqueaux, Guillaume le Grevant, and Robert de Miraumont,\nwere appointed, with sixty or eighty men to support the scalers. They\nbegan their march under the direction of able guides of the country,\nand were overtaken by the lord de Saveuses, although at the time\nhe was labouring under a severe disorder, whose arrival gave them\ngreat pleasure. They advanced in silence to within half a league of\nLuxembourg, when they dismounted, and there left their horses, and\ncontinued to advance to the appointed place. Having then ordered who\nwere to mount first, and those who were instantly to follow in a line,\nthe ladders were raised against the wall, and the enterprise proceeded.\nThe lord de Saveuses was requested to remain at the foot of the ladders\nto see that order was observed, and that such mounted as had been fixed\non,--for there was not a man among them who would have refused to obey\nhim.\nWhen sir Gauvain and the others had gained the ramparts, they seized\nsome of the inhabitants, threatening to put them to death if they made\nthe least noise, and hastened to break open a postern, to admit the\nlord de Saveuses and those who had followed them, to the number of\ntwo hundred, who instantly shouted, 'Town won!' to the dismay of the\ninhabitants, who cried out, 'To arms!' in several places.\nThe Burgundians hastened to the market place, which they gained,\nnotwithstanding some few of the townsmen had assembled there to defend\nit. They made little resistance, but sir Gauvain was wounded,--and\ntwo of the townsmen being slain, the rest fled for the castle and the\nlower town. The count d'Estampes, having received on his march several\nmessages of the success of the detachment, hastened as fast as he\ncould to Luxembourg. On his arrival, he ordered a party in front of\nthe castle, to prevent those within from making a sally; but they had\nalready set fire to the houses in the street opposite, which destroyed\nseveral handsome dwellings, and the greater part of the horses of the\nmen at arms in their stables, their masters having retired within the\ncastle. When the populace, who had retreated in multitudes to the lower\ntown, saw that the place was won without hope of rescue, they issued\nforth, and went to Thionville, and other places, in despair, abandoning\nall their effects.\nThis same day, the duke of Burgundy came to Luxembourg, and his men\nwere then regularly quartered through the town: the great wealth,\nand abundance of all things therein, were plundered by those who had\nmade the conquest. It had been ordered, prior to the march, that no\nindiscriminate pillage should take place,--but that all things should\nbe regularly shared to each person, according to his rank, without\nfraud: but this order was not observed,--and the majority of the\nmiddling and lower ranks in the army were defrauded of their portion:\nindeed, few had any portions but the chiefs of the army and those who\nhad commanded the expedition. Those also gained who were intrusted with\nthe guard of the plunder; but this conduct caused great murmurings in\nthe army,--and complaints were loudly uttered by many, saying that this\nwas a bad example for them to adventure their lives another time for\nplunder, when they now received no share of it: but, notwithstanding\ntheir complaints, they gained nothing. On the contrary, they were\nforced rigorously, to deliver up whatever they had taken, into the\nhands of commissaries appointed for that purpose.\nThe lord de Humieres was on this expedition, and exercised the office\nof marshal for the lord de Beaumont, marshal of Burgundy. Beside the\ncount d'Estampes, there were with the duke of Burgundy from Picardy\nand its borders, the lord de Croy, count Porcien, Waleran de Moreul,\nsir Simon de Lalain, Guy de Roye, the lord de Saveuses, his brother\nHugh de Hames, Hugh de Longueval, the lord de Bosqueaux, sir Anthony de\nWissoch, and numbers of others of the nobility. From Burgundy were the\nlord de Ternant, sir Pierre de Bauffremont lord of Chargny, the lord of\nBrassay, Charles de Rochefort, Philibert de Vaudray, Jean de Vaudray,\nPhilibert d'Aincourt, and many more knights and esquires.\nThe count de Clicque had retreated, with his men, into the castle,--but\nescaped thence secretly during the night, and went on foot to\nThionville. The castle of Luxembourg held out for three weeks after the\ncapture of the town, during which sir John bastard of Dampierre was\nkilled by the shot of an arrow on the head from one of the garrison;\nand the lord de Saveuses was grievously wounded on the breast by a\ncross-bow shot, at a sally made from the castle: he was in danger of\ndeath, but by the abilities of the duke's surgeons he recovered.\nAt the end of three weeks, the count de Clicque signed a capitulation\nwith commissioners from the duke of Burgundy for the surrender of the\ncastle of Luxembourg, on condition that his men therein might depart\nin safety, but without carrying away any thing with them. The town of\nThionville surrendered at the same time,--when the count de Clicque\nreturned with his men to his country of Germany, covered with disgrace\nand confusion. Thus did the duke of Burgundy in a short time subdue\nthe whole duchy of Luxembourg to his obedience, and with little loss of\nmen.\nHe was now joined by his duchess and the duchess of Luxembourg, with\nwhom a treaty was concluded for her enjoyment of the duchy during her\nlife with the same powers as before, and that she was to pay annually\nto the duke of Burgundy the sum of ten thousand francs, french money,\nas a reimbursement for his expences, and the duchy was to revert to him\nand his heirs on her decease.\nThe duke published a proclamation during his stay at Luxembourg to\nforbid all persons, whatever might be their rank, from seeking any\nquarrels or doing wrong to any of the lords of that country or to their\nvassals. This was infringed by one of his body-archers, called The\nLittle Scotsman, who quarrelled with sir Pierre Bernard, and struck\nhim; for which the duke had him instantly hanged, notwithstanding\nthe entreaties of several great lords of his household, and even the\nsolicitations of sir Pierre Bernard, to save his life, and although\nhe had been before very fond of him, and was well pleased with his\nservices; but he would not remit the sentence, to afford an example to\nall others not to dare infringe his edicts or ordinances.\nAt this time, several embassies took place between the kings of France\nand England, to endeavour to conclude a peace between them, or at least\nto prolong the truce. The king of France was now at Tours in Touraine,\nwhen many great councils were held on these matters, and for which a\nmeeting of the three estates was called; but notwithstanding these\nmeasures, the two parties continued a severe warfare on each other.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 120: Ez. Q. Metz?]\nCHAP. LXIV.\n SOME OF THE DAUPHIN'S MEN, HAVING ADVANCED INTO BURGUNDY, ARE ATTACKED\n AND DEFEATED BY THE MARSHAL OF BURGUNDY.\nAbout the beginning of this year, the dauphin returned to the king\nhis father at Tours. He had been long absent in Languedoc, as well\nin respect to the affair of the count d'Armagnac[121] as on other\nbusiness. On his return, many of his army advanced into Burgundy, and\ncommitted similar mischiefs to what they had done before. They had\nfixed their quarters at a large village called Espoise, where the lord\nde Beaumont, marshal of Burgundy, accompanied by a party of nobles,\novertook and attacked them,--and the French were defeated, with the\nloss of numbers killed and taken.\nIntelligence of this event was soon carried to the dauphin, who swore\na round oath that he would march himself into Burgundy to revenge the\nloss. On the other hand, the duke of Burgundy having heard what the\ndauphin had said and sworn, declared that he would personally defend\nhis country. Thus was the foundation laid for the ill blood between\nthese two princes,--but shortly after, by the mediation of prudent\npersons on each side, matters were made up, and the dauphin restrained\nhis anger and resentment.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 121: The count d'Armagnac, disgusted with the king's taking\nthe county of Cominges from him, and for other causes, had revolted,\nand entered into a treaty with England, offering one of his daughters\nin marriage to king Henry VI. Hall seems to say, that the cardinal of\nWinchester betrayed this to the king of France, from hatred to the\nduke of Glocester; and consequently the king of France attacked and\noverpowered the count of Armagnac.]\nCHAP. LXV.\n A TRUCE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE KINGS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE, AND WITH\n ALL THE ALLIES AND RELATIVES OF EITHER PARTY.\nThe meetings for peace were, during this time continued with much\nactivity at Tours, whither came many of the high nobility of France\nand of England: such as could not personally attend sent their\ncommissioners, with full powers to act for them. On the part of the\nduke of Burgundy came sir John de Croy, bailiff of Hainault, the prior\nde Vergy, master Oudart Caperal, and other notable men, there were\nlikewise envoys from the principal towns.\nOn the part of the king of England were sir William de la Pole, earl of\nSuffolk, master Adam Moleyns, keeper of the king's privy seal and dean\nof Salisbury, sir Robert Roos and others[122].\nSeveral conferences were holden to conclude a general peace,--but\nso many difficulties arose that it was found to be impracticable at\npresent to bring it about, and the meetings were continued until the\nterms of a truce were agreed to, the articles of which were as follow:\n'Charles duke of Orleans and of Valois, count of Blois and of Beaumont,\nlord of Coucy and of Oisy, Louis de Bourbon, count of Vend\u00f4me and of\nChartres, grand master of the royal household of France, Pierre de\nBr\u00e9s\u00e9, lord de la Varenne and of Bressac, seneschal of Poitou and of\nAnjou, Bertrand de Beauveau, lord of Precigny, knight, counsellor and\nchamberlain to the most excellent king of France, our most redoubted\nlord and sovereign, to all to whom these letters may come, greeting.\n'Conformably to the frequent requests and solicitations of our holy\nfather the pope, and latterly by a renewal of them through his\nambassador, the reverend father in God the bishop of Viese, to the\nking, our redoubted and sovereign lord, that he would condescend to\ntake speedy measures for the accomplishment of a lasting peace, or\nlong truce, with the most high and potent prince his nephew, king of\nEngland, who, on his part has sent hither, with full powers to treat of\nthe same, certain lords as his ambassadors, namely, William de la Pole\nearl of Suffolk, master Adam Moleyns keeper of his privy seal, doctor\nof laws and dean of Salisbury, sir Robert Roos, sir Thomas Hors[123],\nknight, Richard Andrews, one of his secretaries.\nThe king our redoubted lord, from his reverence to God, and from the\ncompassion he has ever felt for the afflictions and distresses the\npoorer people have so long suffered from each contending party, and to\nprevent the longer continuance thereof and likewise to avoid further\neffusion of human blood, has liberally condescended to treat on these\nmatters with the aforesaid ambassadors from his nephew the king of\nEngland, and has been pleased to commission us to act on his part in\nthe said business, giving to us letters with full powers to treat of\nthe same.\n'Charles duke of Orleans, &c. Be it known that we have assembled,\nfor several days, in the town of Tours, to treat of a peace or truce\nwith the ambassadors from England; and at their request, in the full\npersuasion that we may in the end conclude a final and lasting peace\nbetween our redoubted lord and sovereign and his aforesaid nephew, for\nthe two kingdoms, of France and England, have consented and agreed to\na truce in the name of our sovereign lord, conformably to the powers\ngranted to us, with the before-mentioned earl of Suffolk and the other\nambassadors from England, on the following terms.\n'A general truce on the part of the king, our sovereign lord, and\nhis kingdom, as well by sea as by land, his vassals and subjects,\nincluding those most powerful princes the kings of Castille and Leon,\nof the Romans, of Sicily, of Scotland, the dukedoms of Anjou, Bar\nand Lorraine, the dauphin of Vienne, the dukes of Orleans, Burgundy,\nBrittany, Bourbon, Alen\u00e7on, the count du Maine, and generally the whole\nof the princes of the blood-royal of France, and all allies of our\nsovereign throughout Europe: including, likewise, all their vassals,\nsubjects and adherents, provided they be not of suspicious character to\neither party, and shall wish to be included in this truce,--promising,\nat the same time, on oath, to preserve the truce inviolate, and to make\nreparations for any infractions that shall be committed. This truce\nshall take effect throughout the kingdom of France in manner following.\nIn the duchy and country of Gascony, and in the sea-ports and adjacent\nisles, on the 15th day of May next ensuing, at sunrise, and in all\nother parts of the kingdom. But in regard to the sea, the truce shall\nnot commence on the coasts of England, Ireland and Wales until the\nfirst day of July at sunrise,--and throughout the other parts of the\ndominions of the said high and potent prince, nephew to our said lord,\non the same day and hour.\n'With respect to the allies on each side, the truce shall take effect\nfrom the moment they shall have signified their acceptance to either\nof the parties. It shall be sufficient for the acquittal of the king,\nour sovereign lord, that he declare the acceptance of any of his allies\nto the person who shall have the government of the territories of\nhis nephew, the king of England, on this side of the sea in Guienne\nor Normandy. And it shall be sufficient for the said high and potent\nprince his nephew, king of England, to make similar declarations to the\ncourt of parliament of Paris. This truce shall last until the complete\nrevolution of the year, which, according to the usual mode of counting\nin France, will be on the first day of April, in the year 1445, before\nEaster-day.\n'Item, during this truce, our sovereign lord will put an end to all\nwarfare between the two kingdoms and their allies; and the said high\nand potent prince, his nephew, shall not aid or abet any of the king's\nsubjects in designs prejudicial to his honour or dignity. In like\nmanner will our said sovereign act towards the said high and puissant\nprince his nephew.\n'Item, during this truce, neither of the parties shall attempt to\ngain any city or town by force or stratagem, by sale or seduction, or\nunder any colour or manner whatever; and our said redoubted lord and\nsovereign will order all captures of persons, whatever may be their\nrank and ransoms, to cease, (excepting, however, the ransoms of such\nas may have been made prisoners prior to the signing of the truce)\ntogether with all plunderings, robberies, and every misery attendant on\nwar. Those who have borne arms on one side ought not to intermix with\nsuch as have borne arms on the other, nor seek the doing of mischief.\n'Item, should it happen that the men at arms of either party take\npossession of any city, town, or castle, that party shall be bounden to\nyield it back again fully repaired, should any damage have been done\nto it; and in case those who have thus taken it shall refuse to give\nit back unless forced thereto, the party to whom they belong shall be\nbounden to recover the same by force of arms, and at their expense; and\nsupposing there may not be time sufficient during the existence of the\ntruce to finish all the repairs, the party that had taken it shall be\nbounden to complete it wholly.\n'Item, during the truce, the subjects of either shall have free liberty\nto pass to and from each country with their merchandise (excepting\nalways military stores) freely and securely,--and to transact their\nbusiness in whatever manner they shall choose, without any let or\nmolestation whatever, free from arrest for any debt or obligations\ncontracted prior to this truce, on paying duly all the accustomed\ntolls through the different provinces or jurisdictions they may pass:\nprovided always that none of the subjects of either party, noble or men\nat arms, shall enter any castle, inclosed town or fort, without having\npreviously demanded leave from the governor or his lieutenant of all\nsuch places, and then without arms and in small parties. In respect\nto real pilgrims, they may travel in small or large parties, according\nto the usual mode of pilgrims going on pilgrimages to the accustomed\nshrines. In regard to merchants and common people, it will be enough\nfor them to demand leave of entrance from the porters at the gates of\nany towns or castles.\n'Item, whereas several of the subjects of our said redoubted lord\nand sovereign possess lands under the obedience of his said nephew,\nthe revenues of which, or in part, they have enjoyed by the hands of\nfarmers or otherwise, they may now again enjoy the same during the\ntruce in the manner and form as before.\n'Item, in regard to the contributions which have been customarily\nlevied by each party, the conservators of the truce and others\ncommissioned from the two kings shall regulate them according to their\npleasure.\n'Item, should any attempts be made to infringe the truce, which God\nforbid! it shall not be broken, nor shall war be declared on either\nside, but the truce shall remain in full force, as if nothing had\nbeen done contrary to the meaning and purpose of these articles. Such\nattempts shall have due reparation made for them by those who committed\nthem, and be punished corporally by the aforesaid conservators of the\ntruce.\n'Item, if, during the truce, any dispute or quarrel shall arise between\none of the parties and the subjects or allies of the other, the latter\nparty shall not form any alliances for his support with those who have\ncommenced the dispute.\n'All the above articles, and each of them, we duke of Orleans, and the\nother commissioners for our said lord the king, have solemnly promised\non oath to observe, and do solemnly promise and swear for, and in the\nname of, our said lord the king to observe, and to make these said\narticles agreeable to our most potent and redoubted sovereign,--and we\nwill, according as the case shall require, send ratifications of the\nsame to the person who may have the government of the town of Rouen, on\nor before the 15th day of July next ensuing, provided that the same be\ndone within the aforesaid term by the most potent and noble prince the\nnephew of our said lord and sovereign.\n'In testimony whereof, we, each of us, having signed these articles\nwith our hands, and sealed them with our own seals.--Given at Tours,\nthe 20th day of May, in the year 1444.'\nWhile this treaty was going on, several other matters were introduced,\nand a treaty of marriage was proposed between king Henry of England and\nthe daughter of R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily, duke of Lorraine and Bar, which\nwas afterwards concluded, as shall be noticed in the ensuing chapter.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 122: Page 53. vol. xi. of the F\u0153dera, contains the warrant\nfor their wages for three months. The _others_ were master Richard\nAndrews, king's secretary and doctor of laws, and John Wenlok, esquire.]\n[Footnote 123: Sir Thomas Hors--must be a mistake; for only the four\nmentioned in the preceding note are contained in the warrant in the\nF\u0153dera.]\nCHAP. LXVI.\n THE ENGLISH PROLONG THE TRUCE FOR EIGHT MONTHS.--THE KING OF ENGLAND\n IS BETROTHED TO THE DAUGHTER OF R\u00c9N\u00c9 KING OF SICILY. THE KING OF\n SICILY DEMANDS SUCCOURS FROM THE KING OF FRANCE.\nToward the end of April, and after Easter, in the year 1444, the\nEnglish prolonged the truces for eight months, and at the same time\nbetrothed the daughter of R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily to king Henry of England,\nin the hope that this measure would establish peace between the two\nkingdoms. The english ambassadors then returned to England, to report\nto their king and parliament what they had done, and to accelerate a\npeace.\nIn this state of affairs, the king of France determined with his\nministers to send his men at arms, as well french as foreigners, to\ntake up their quarters in Germany during the truce, under the command\nof the dauphin. In consequence the dauphin marched from Troyes in\nthe month of July, and, by short marches, came before the town of\nMontbelliart in Germany, bordering on the country of Burgundy, which he\nlaid siege to, because the bailiff of that place had made an inroad as\nfar as the city of Langres in France, had carried away men and cattle,\nand done many other mischiefs, which had greatly displeased the king.\nThe town and castle of Montbelliart surrendered on capitulation.\nThe king shortly after, followed the dauphin with a large army, by slow\nmarches, to the city of Langres, whence he detached his van to a castle\ncalled Arlay, on the borders of Lorraine, held by the bastard of Vergy,\nwho had done from thence, and others of his forts, great damages to the\ncountry of Champagne. All these castles the bastard yielded up to the\nking except that of Arlay, which he said he possessed as a pledge for\nmoney advanced to R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily: it was very strong, in excellent\nrepair, and well victualled.\nThe king advanced his army to a town called Espinal, on the frontiers\nof Lorraine and Germany, which was held by the bishop of Metz, and the\ncastle by the commonalty: both surrendered to the king on his appearing\nbefore them. He thence marched to Nancy. While he was there, R\u00e9n\u00e9 king\nof Sicily earnestly entreated that he would assist him to conquer the\ncity of Metz and other towns in Lorraine, which, although his own\npersonal domain, were in rebellion against him. The king, in compliance\nwith his request, sent to summon Metz to surrender, otherwise he would\nmarch his army to besiege it.\nThe inhabitants having remonstrated on this, and declared that they\nwere independant of the king of Sicily and of any other lord, they\nwere closely besieged for the space of five months or more, when\nthey concluded a treaty with the king, and the blockade was raised.\nDuring this siege, a great lord from Germany, called the lord\nBourgalemoine[124], came thither, having been sent by the emperor to\nthe dauphin, as his guide to the countries round Basil, Montbelliart,\nCoulombaria[125], Selestat[126], Strasbourg, Hagenau, in the district\nof Aussays[127], to conquer the Swiss and Germans, who had thrown off\ntheir dependance on the emperor.\nThe dauphin, accompanied by many lords and captains, advanced as far\nas Basil; but when he had come within a league of that place he was\nmet by about eight hundred Swiss, who took possession of an hospital\nand garden, where, considering the smallness of their numbers, they\nmade a gallant defence, and killed the german nobleman whom the emperor\nhad sent as a guide to the dauphin, with several others, although they\nlost the greater part of their own men. The dauphin now approached\nBasil, and the townsmen thinking his army must be fatigued, sallied\nout against him; but at this affair upward of a thousand Germans were\nslain, and from two to three hundred made prisoners: the rest took to\nflight.\nThe dauphin next marched to the town of St Hipolyte[128] to take it by\nstorm, but it capitulated, as did that of Vau-du-Lieure. The army began\nnow to pillage and commit great devastations on the country round,\ninsomuch that the Swiss and Germans rose in large bodies and killed\nnumbers of the men. Their captains, perceiving that the whole country\nwas rising against them, and that their leader, who was acquainted with\nall the passes, was dead, returned with the army to the king of France\nat Nancy.\nWith the king were R\u00e9n\u00e9 king of Sicily, and numbers of great lords\nand knights, the queens of France and Sicily, the dauphiness, and\nthe daughter of king R\u00e9n\u00e9, whom the earl of Suffolk had come with\na splendid embassy to demand in marriage for the king of England.\nAfter a few discussions, every thing was agreed on; but before their\ndeparture with the new queen a magnificent tournament was held, in\nwhich the kings of France and Sicily, the lord Charles d'Anjou, the\ncounts de Foix, and de St Pol, the lord Ferry de Lorraine, and several\nother great lords, tilted. These feasts lasted eight days,--and the\nladies were most splendidly dressed.\nThe kings of France and of Sicily escorted the queen of England two\nleagues from Nancy, where the king took leave of his niece with many\ntears, and recommended her to the protection of God: their grief was so\ngreat that they could not speak. The king returned to Nancy,--but her\nfather, the king of Sicily, accompanied her as far as Bar-le-Duc, where\nhe and her mother took their leave of her, with floods of tears, and\nprayers for her welfare.\nSoon after the return of the dauphin, the Germans, in contempt of their\noaths, gained the towns of St Hipolyte and Vau-du-Lieure, by force, and\nset fire to both of them. At this moment, the archbishop of Treves,\nelector of the holy roman empire, and the count de Blancquemain[129],\ncame to the king of France from the Germans, to propose a perpetual\npeace and alliance[130].\nI had forgotten to say, that during the long siege of Metz many\nvigorous sallies were made by the garrison, but courageously repulsed\nby the besiegers. Several small castles were won by the king's troops\nwithout interrupting the business of the siege. One belonged to a\ngentleman called William Chance, governor of Harfleur. Two or three\nwere held by the duke of Burgundy's men, but no attempts were made on\nthem, because they had been given by the king of Sicily to the duke\nof Burgundy, as pledges for the payment of his ransom which was still\nowing to the duke.\nThe governor of Metz was a very cruel man, called John Vitout, who,\nduring the siege, rode a small courser, having at his tail a bell which\nmade a great noise. He did this that all might hear and know when he\nwas riding about the town. This governor was very severe on all women\nwho left the town to ransom their husbands that had been made prisoners\nby the French; for on their return, he had them drowned, because they\nhad supplied the enemy with money. He put to death, without mercy,\nall french prisoners, and would not hear of a ransom or exchange.\nNevertheless, the king was so benign a prince that he wished not his\ndeath nor that of his accomplices, but granted them most handsome terms\nof surrender. The heavy articles of the capitulation were a handsome\npresent of gilt plate, two hundred thousand crowns for the expenses\nof the siege, and the acquittance of one hundred thousand florins of\ngold which king R\u00e9n\u00e9 and his predecessors had borrowed from them.\nOn these terms they preserved all their rights and privileges from\nany innovation; and their quarrel with the king of Sicily remained\nundetermined, nor were any further measures taken towards bringing it\nto a conclusion.\nWhen this matter had been settled, and during the stay of the king at\nNancy, he ordered a general muster of all the troops who had marched\ninto Germany, and of those who had served at the siege of Metz, from\nwhom five[131] hundred of the best-appointed lances and four thousand\narchers were to be selected. The remainder of his army he disbanded\nand sent to their homes, at the same time breaking the greater part of\ntheir captains, retaining only fifteen of the most experienced,--to\neach of whom he gave the command of one hundred lances, and a\nproportionate number of archers. This was intended for a permanent\nestablishment, to be quartered in different towns in the kingdom, and\nto be fed and paid in so ample a manner that for the future no soldier\nwas to be suffered to plunder at his pleasure the country farmers or\nvillages, as had formerly been done.\nWhen this ordinance had been carried into effect, the king and his\ncourt went to Ch\u00e2lons, and there remained some time.\nAt this period, the king of Poland and the cardinal of St Angelo, the\npope's legate, conquered, with the aid of a body of Christians, who had\njoined them, all Greece and Wallachia, driving the Saracens thence to\nthe Black Sea. But shortly afterward, the sultan and great Turk raised\na large army of Saracens, crossed the sea, came up with the Christians,\nwho at that moment were but few in number, and completely defeated\nthem. Among the dead, were slain and killed alive, the king of Poland\nand the cardinal, who, please God, are now martyrs in Paradise,--for\nthey were killed while endeavouring to extend the doctrines of JESUS\nCHRIST[132].\nOn the return of the dauphin's army from Germany, the English left him,\nwith their leader Mutago, who marched them back, for subsistence, to\nNormandy, then in the possession of king Henry of England.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 124: Bourgalemoine. Du Cange MS. has Belleforest.\nBourgumoine? Q.]\n[Footnote 125: Coulombaria,--Columbaria, the latin name for Colmar.]\n[Footnote 126: Selestat,--or Schlestadt, a town in Lower Alsace, about\nfour miles from Strasburg.]\n[Footnote 127: Aussays. Q. Aussois?]\n[Footnote 128: St Hippolyte,--a town formerly of Germany, now of the\nduchy of Lorraine, a few leagues distant from Schlestadt.]\n[Footnote 129: Blancquemaine. Blanquevau.--MS. Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 130: 'To keep the disbanded soldiers out of mischief, (during\nthe truce) the dauphin leads twenty thousand of them, of whom eight\nthousand were English, to assist the duke of Lorraine and the town\nof Zuric against the Switzers. Near Basil, they attack four thousand\nmen, who had come to assist that town. The dauphin, after an obstinate\nresistance, slays them all but sixteen; nay, some say one, and that he,\non returning to his canton, had his head cut off for cowardice. The\nFrench retreat, and abandon the war in that district. They then besiege\nMetz,--and raise vast contributions from the towns around to buy their\nabsence. With this money the dauphin pays his soldiers, and discharges\nall but fifteen hundred.'--_Andrews_ from _Mezeray_.]\n[Footnote 131: _Five._ Q. If it should not be _fifteen_ from what\nfollows?\nThis is the origin of a standing army in France.]\n[Footnote 132: In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' the account of this\nevent is as follows.\n'A peace was concluded with the Turks and Christians for ten years, and\nsigned about the middle of June, 1444, but almost immediately violated\nby the Christians, on the representations of the cardinal Julien\nC\u00e9sarini, who had been present at the treaty. A battle was fought on\nthe 10th November 1444, near Varna, in Lower Mesia, between Ladislaus,\nat the head of eighteen thousand men, and Amurath, who had upward of\nsixty thousand. The victory, long disputed, was at length gained by\nthe infidels. Ladislaus, after performing prodigies of valour, was\nkilled. He was but twenty years old. The cardinal Julien was among the\ndead,--but the manner of his death is variously related.']\nCHAP. LXVII.\n THE KING OF SICILY MEETS THE KING OF FRANCE AT CH\u00c2LONS TO TREAT WITH\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RESPECTING HIS RANSOM.--THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY\n COMES THITHER.--AFTER THE DEATHS OF THE QUEENS OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL,\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS AN EMBASSY TO THE COURT OF ENGLAND.\nIn the year 1445, during the residence of the king of France at\nCh\u00e2lons, the king of Sicily came thither to treat of his ransom with\nthe duke of Burgundy, whose prisoner he was. He had not money enough\nwhen taken, and had therefore turned over to him, as pledges for the\npayment, the towns and castles of Neufch\u00e2tel in Lorraine, of Beaumont\nin Argonne, and Gaudricourt[133], and in all of them the duke of\nBurgundy had placed garrisons, paid by the king of Sicily; but when\nthey wanted money, from neglect of due payments they made incursions\nover the duchies of Bar and Lorraine, and committed all sorts of\noutrages.\nThe duchess of Burgundy came to meet the king at Ch\u00e2lons, to make a\ntreaty with the king of Sicily; and it was agreed that the above-named\ntowns should be restored to him, on condition he would settle in\nperpetuity, on the duke of Burgundy and his heirs, the town and\ncastlewick of Cassel in Flanders[134]. Many grand feasts were made on\nthe arrival of the duchess of Burgundy at Ch\u00e2lons.\nAt this time, the queens of Spain and Portugal departed this life: they\nwere sisters to the kings of Arragon and Navarre. The queen of Scotland\ndied also this year, as did the dauphiness of France at Ch\u00e2lons,\ndaughter to the king of Scotland by his late queen. She was buried in\nthe cathedral church at Ch\u00e2lons,--and her loss caused great sorrow to\nall who knew her, for she was a handsome and good lady[135].\nThe king of France sent from Ch\u00e2lons, on an embassy to England his\ncousin the count de Vend\u00f4me, grand master of the household, the\narchbishop of Rheims, first ecclesiastical peer of France, with others,\nto endeavour to bring about a general peace between the two kingdoms.\nThe king of Castille, brother at arms and ally to the king of France,\nthe king of Sicily, the dukes of Brittany, Burgundy, and Alen\u00e7on, sent\nlikewise ambassadors thither, to confirm whatever should be proposed by\nthose of the king.\nThis embassy was graciously received by the king of England, his nobles\nand prelates, but only concluded a prolongation of the truce from the\nmonth of April until the ensuing November, in the year 1446. In the\nmean time, a meeting was fixed for the two kings between Rouen and\nChartres, or between Rouen and Paris; and, for a further accommodation\nthe king of England sent master Adam de Mouleyns, keeper of his privy\nseal, and, bishop of Exeter[136] elect, to king Charles, to prolong the\ntruce from November 1446 to the following April, that there might be\nsufficient time allowed for the full discussion of the various articles\nincidental to a treaty of peace. The king of France sent in return,\nto his nephew, master Guillaume Causinot, councellor and master of\nrequests of his household, and Jean de Havart, his esquire-carver, to\nsignify his acceptance of this prolongation of the truce.\nWhen they went back, king Henry sent Garter king at arms with them,\ncharged with letters to the king of France in which he promised, on the\nword of a king to come to France before the ensuing month of November.\nGarter brought back to the king of England similar letters which were\nproclaimed throughout the two realms.\nAt this time, duke Francis of Brittany did homage to the king, in\nthe castle of Chinon, for that duchy, and likewise for the county of\nMontfort.\nAbout the same time, two daughters of the king of Scotland arrived in\nFrance, expecting to find their sister the dauphiness alive; for she\nhad desired them to come to her, that she might marry them. They first\nlearnt the account of the dauphiness's decease at Ch\u00e2lons, on their\nlanding in Flanders, and were exceedingly affected by it. On their\narrival at the court of France, the king ordered them to be waited on\nby the servants of the late dauphiness, and appointed them a similar\nestablishment, at his expense, until other arrangements should be made\nor they should be married.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 133: Gaudricourt,--Gondrecourt, a village in Champagne, near\nBar-sur-Aube.]\n[Footnote 134: R\u00e9n\u00e9 became possessed of Cassel and its lordships by\nvirtue of a gift of the cardinal Louis de Bar, his uncle, who died\n[Footnote 135: It was this dauphiness who made the celebrated answer\nfor giving Alain Chartier a kiss when he was asleep.]\n[Footnote 136: Exeter. Glocester.--MS. Du Cange. See F\u0153dera.]\nCHAP. LXVIII.\n IN THE YEAR MCCCCXLVI. WHEN THE KING OF FRANCE RETURNED FROM HEARING\n MASS, HE FOUND ON HIS BED THE FOLLOWING DITTY.\n Bad payments, evil counsellors,\n The discord of our warriors,\n Gabelles, and burdensome taxation\n Again torment this hapless nation.\n With wars, which, till our state be mended,\n We ne'er shall see or check'd or ended:\n For multitudes, with trait'rous arts,\n Serve France's king with english hearts;\n And service wrought against the will\n Can ne'er turn out to aught but ill.\n True is the maxim of the sage,\n Which saith, The broils of civil rage\n Surely befal that wretched state\n Whose king his subjects view with hate.\n War too delights the ravening train\n Who still the royal treasure drain:\n Who, midst the strife, with greedy hands,\n Seieze gold and silver, house and lands;\n Who, aye the first to seize the prey,\n Are aye the last their dues to pay.\n But, dukes and kings, to me attend:\n If thus your warfare know no end,\n Be sure at length you'll rue the cost,\n When all your lands are waste and lost;\n For friends by ready pay are won,\n While tardy payers are undone.\n No more within your castle's walls\n Court libbard ease while honour calls,\n But quit your forests and your streams,\n And haste where many a banner gleams.\n Alas! for France so meek and tame,\n No glory dwells upon thy name!\n To thee, O duke! to thee, O king!\n With honest grief this plaint I bring.\nCHAP. LXIX.\n THE DUKE OF BRITTANY PUTS HIS BROTHER, THE LORD GILES, TO DEATH.--THE\n GENOESE SEND AN EMBASSY TO THE KING OF FRANCE, TO OFFER HIM THEIR\n SOVEREIGNTY.--THE EVENT.\nIn the year 1446, the lord Giles of Brittany was arrested in the castle\nof Guilledon[137], by order of his brother the duke, who suspected him\nof intending to favour an invasion of the English on his coasts. This\narrest was made by four hundred of the king's lances, under the command\nof sir Regent de Coetivy admiral of France, sir Regnault de Dresnay\nbailiff of Sens, and sir Pierre de Br\u00e9s\u00e9 seneschal of Poitou. They\ndelivered their prisoner to the duke of Brittany, to do with him as he\nshould please,--and he soon after had him murdered in his prison.\nIn the month of September, the bishop of Exeter, keeper of the king\nof England's privy seal, and the lord Dudley[138], waited on the king\nof France on an embassy, at a house in Touraine called Rassil\u00e9, near\nto Chinon; and on their departure, king Charles sent to his nephew of\nEngland master Guillaume Cousinot and Jean Havart, to prolong the truce\nfor a year.\nIn this year, the families of Doria and Fregoso sent a fleet of\nfive vessels to Marseilles from Genoa with ambassadors, to offer\nthe sovereignty of their country to the king of France, if it were\nagreeable to him to accept of it. The king dispatched as ambassadors\nthe archbishop of Rheims and others, to examine into the matter, and\nto proceed accordingly, who went to Marseilles to practice for the\nreduction of Genoa. At this time, John Fregoso had gained possession\nof Genoa, Pisa, and other places, in the king's name, having many\nfamily-connexions in the first town. He in consequence of a concerted\nplan, came before Genoa in a single galley, with no more than four\nhundred men; and on his landing, he raised the king's banner, when\nhe was instantly surrounded by his friends in arms, and marching to\nthe palace, was proclaimed doge of Genoa. Bernabo Adorn\u00e9 fled on his\napproach, who, a little before, had been raised to the same dignity.\nFregoso had been accompanied by one of the king's esquires, called the\nbastard of Poitiers, who had assisted him in gaining Genoa, thinking\nhe would restore it to the king; but no sooner had Fregoso succeeded\nthan he put the esquire out of the town. When news of this reached the\narchbishop of Rheims and the others, they embarked on board a galley\nat Villa-franca, near Nice, and came to Genoa, where they remonstrated\nwith Fregoso on his treachery, and summoned him to restore the place\nto the king of France as he and his friends had promised under their\nhands and seals. Fregoso replied, that as he had conquered the town by\nhis sword, by his sword he would keep it[139]. On hearing this, the\narchbishop and his companions returned to Marseilles, and thence went\nto the king at Bourges.\nIn the month of February following, pope Eugenius died,--and on the\n28th instant, Nicholas V. was elected pope[140]\nCHAP. LXX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE, ON THE DEATH OF POPE EUGENIUS, HAS A GRAND COUNCIL\n HELD AT LYONS, WHITHER CAME MANY AMBASSADORS FROM GERMANY, ENGLAND\n AND OTHER PARTS, TO RESTORE UNION IN THE CHURCH AND PUT AN END TO ALL\n SCHISMS.\nOn the first of April, in the year 1447, the truces between the kings\nof France and England expired, but were prolonged until the first of\nApril in 1449, and thence until the first day of June ensuing, in the\nhope that a general peace might be concluded in the mean time.\nGreat differences had existed during the late papacy between pope\nEugenius and the council of Basil; which council the pope declared was\nat an end, for that he had transfered it to Ferrara, and afterward to\nFlorence and to Rome. The council at Basil maintained that the pope\ncould not thus transfer them without their consent,--and had proceeded\nagainst him, with the authority of a general council, to suspend him\nfrom all power in the church, and to depose him from all authority.\nThey afterwards elected pope the lord Amadeus of Savoy, who led the\nlife of a monk at Ripaille, and took the name of Felix V.[141]\nSeveral anathemas and excommunications were issued, as well by pope\nEugenius as by pope Felix, which created many wounds and schisms in\nthe church. When the king of France heard of these differences, being\nanxious to restore union and greatly hurt at the measures now passing,\nsent several embassies to Basil, to Rome, and to Savoy, to put an end\nto such shameful disputes. In like manner did duke Louis of Savoy, son\nto Amadeus now pope Felix, send several times to the king of France at\nTours, to endeavour to bring about a reconciliation.\nThe king of France, in the month of November in the year 1447; seeing\nthere was no end to these disputes deliberated with his council on the\nshortest means to stop this schism, and resolved that all the anathemas\nand censures that had been published respectively by each pope against\nthe other should be considered as null and void; that pope Eugenius\nshould be acknowledged as the true pope, as had been done before the\ncommencement of these disputes; and that the lord Amadeus of Savoy,\nwho had been styled Felix V. should remain with dignity and honour\nin the holy church; that those of his party in the council of Basil\nshould be recommended to ecclesiastical dignities and honours, that\npeace might be universally restored, and a general council called for\nthe strengthening of the union of our holy church, which could not\ntake place until an end was put to these discords, nor could any solid\njudgments be given until such a happy pacification should take effect.\nKing Charles sent these resolutions, which had been concluded by\nhimself and his council, to pope Eugenius by the archbishop of Aix in\nProvence, who was going to Rome on other matters. He sent likewise\ncopies of them to Savoy and Basil, by master Helye de Pompadour,\narchdeacon of Carcassonne, who was afterward bishop of Alet in\nLanguedoc.\nIt happened unfortunately, that before the king could receive an answer\nfrom eight of the parties, pope Eugenius died, namely, in the month of\nFebruary following, and the archbishop found him dead on his arrival\nat Rome. Almost instantly on his decease, Thomas de Sarzana, bishop\nof Bologna, was elected pope and took the name of Nicholas V. At his\nelection, every accustomed ceremony was observed.\nDuke Louis of Savoy sent also to the king at Bourges, to urge him to\ncause pope Nicholas to be acknowledged, and to desire that he would in\nthe first place have a general council assembled. In the mean time, the\nking, having received bulls from pope Nicholas to make him acquainted\nwith his election, determined, after some deliberations in council to\nacknowledge him in the same manner as he had done pope Eugenius, but\nnot to desist from the measures he was taking for the general union of\nthe church.\nThe king in consequence, sent commissioners to Lyons, and told the\nambassadors from the duke of Savoy, that he wished their lord to do the\nsame,--and that the members of the council of Basil should also meet\nthem, in order that there might be a numerous assembly, to consider on\nthe means of restoring peace to the church.\nIn the ensuing month of July, the king's commissioners arrived at\nLyons, where they met the archbishop of Treves and ministers from the\narchbishop of Cologne, from the duke of Saxony, one of the electors\nof the empire, who had waited on the king, respecting this matter of\nunion. Thither came also the cardinal of Arles[142], the provost of\nMontieu, and many others, as well from the duke of Savoy as from the\ncouncil at Basil.\nAfter several conferences, it was the opinion of those who came from\nBasil, that the king's commissioners should go to Geneva, where pope\nFelix resided, to have a personal interview with him, who would gladly\nsee them. While this matter was under discussion, the count de Dunois\ncame to Lyons, sent thither by the king to escort the ambassadors from\nEngland. These ambassadors agreeing in the said proposal, they all set\nout together for Geneva, in the month of November, accompanied by the\narchbishop of Embrun, the lord de Malicorne, the bishop of Marseilles,\nthe ambassador from the king of Sicily, who had come to Lyons to assist\nin promoting a general union of the church.\nThe ambassadors from the duke of Saxony went also with them to Geneva;\nbut the archbishop of Treves had returned home, and the commissioners\nfrom the archbishop of Cologne had gone to Rome.\nWhen they were all arrived at Geneva, they held many conferences with\npope Felix, his cardinals and counsellors, and concluded on certain\narticles for a pacification, on condition that pope Nicholas would also\nagree to them. When this was done, the french commissioners returned\nwith these articles to the king at Tours, and reported to him all that\nhad passed. He approved of what had been done as a probable ground-work\nfor an union of the church, and sent ambassadors to pope Nicholas to\nrequest that he would also approve of these articles or otherwise\narrange matters for a general pacification.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 137: Guilledon. Guilledou.--MS. Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 138: Dudley. Audley.--_MS. Du Cange._]\n[Footnote 139: In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates' is a short account of\nthe factions which prevailed in Genoa.\nIn 1448, Luigi Fregoso was elected doge: deposed in 1450. Peter Fregoso\nsucceeded him. The Adorn\u00e9, and other families whom he had exiled,\nmade repeated attempts, with the aid of Alphonso king of Arragon, to\nre-enter their country and depose him. Fregoso, nearly overpowered,\nprevailed on the Genoese, in 1458, to submit themselves to the\ngovernment of the king of France. Ambassadors were sent to negotiate\nthis affair, which terminated happily.\nJohn duke of Lorraine was sent by the king of France to Genoa, and\ntook possession of the town the 11th of May, 1458. He received the\noath of allegiance from the inhabitants,--and the principal forts were\ndelivered up to him. The duke was soon after besieged in Genoa by the\nAdorn\u00e9, and others of the discontented in league with Alphonso. An\nArragonian fleet blockaded Genoa,--but the death of Alphonso put an end\nto the siege.\nThis extract will sufficiently show the inexactness of Monstrelet's\naccount as to dates and names.]\n[Footnote 140: Thomas de Sarzana, cardinal-bishop of Bologna, was\nelected pope the 6th March 1447, and took the name of Nicholas V. The\nking of France sent him a magnificent embassy, with many propositions\nrespecting the general peace of the church. I cannot find that any\ncouncil was held at Lyons this year: one was held at Lausanne in 1449.]\n[Footnote 141: For a very particular history of the quarrel which took\nplace between Eugenius and the council of Basil, see Shepherd's Life of\nPoggio Bracciolini.]\n[Footnote 142: Cardinal of Arles. See his life in Moreri.]\nCHAP. LXXI.\n THE DUKE OF ORLEANS RECEIVES FROM THE HANDS OF THE DUKE OF MILAN HIS\n UNCLE, THE COUNTY OF ASTI IN PIEDMONT.--THE KING OF FRANCE BESIEGES\n THE CITY OF MANS, WHICH SURRENDERS BY CAPITULATION.\nIn this year, the duke of Milan yielded up to the duke of Orleans,\nhis nephew, the county of Asti,--and shortly after, the duke of Milan\ndeparted this life.\nThe king of France, at this period, laid siege to the city of Mans,\nbecause the king of England, on his marriage with the daughter of the\nking of Sicily had promised instantly to surrender that town, with\nall the other places he held in the county of Maine; and he had been\ndeceived for three months by the specious promises of the english\ncommissioners, who had not only refused to give it back but had\nintroduced about fifteen hundred English into that town.\nThe king, therefore on being informed of this circumstance, ordered\nit to be besieged,--and sent thither a great force of men at arms and\narchers, to the amount of six or seven thousand combatants, under the\ncommand of the count de Dunois. The siege was pushed forward with such\nvigour that those in the town found resistance would be vain, as they\nhad not sufficient forces to oppose their enemies on that side of the\nsea. It would have been taken by storm had not the bishop of Glocester,\nkeeper of the privy seal, remonstrated with the king of France on the\nrisk of the truces being broken between the two kingdoms were this to\ntake place, and obtained a capitulation for them, by which they were\nto yield up the town, and march away in safety with their baggage and\neffects.\nThe king of France then resided at Lavardin, near to Vend\u00f4me, attended\nby some of the princes of the blood-royal, and a large company of men\nat arms to support, should there be occasion, the besieging army of\nMans. After its surrender, the king went to celebrate his Easter in\nthe city of Tours, and those before Mans returned to their quarters and\ngarrisons, while, on the other hand, the English that had been in Mans\nretreated to Normandy.\nCHAP. LXXII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS AMBASSADORS TO POPE NICHOLAS V.--THE TOWN\n OF FINAL[143] IS BESIEGED BY THE GENOESE.--IT IS REVICTUALLED BY\n SEA.--THE DUKE OF ORLEANS MAKES PREPARATIONS TO RAISE THIS SIEGE BY\n LAND.\nIn the year 1448, the king of France celebrated the feast of Easter\nin the city of Tours,--and immediately after, his ambassadors to\npope Nicholas departed on their embassy. Some of them went by sea on\nboard of vessels belonging to Jacques Coeur, master of the wardrobe\nto the king, and embarked at Marseilles. At the same time, a fleet\nof victuallers sailed from Marseilles, to the relief of the town and\ncastle of Final, near to Genoa, then besieged by the Genoese. It was\ndefended for the king by sir Galiot du Garet[144], lord of the place,\nwho had made war on the Genoese, and they in return had besieged\nhim. Notwithstanding their opposition, the town and castle were\nrevictualled, and the vessels returned to Marseilles.\nWhen this was done, Tanneguy and the master of the wardrobe, with three\ngalleys, sailed for a port near Rome called Finette Vielle[145], where\nthey arrived in safety, although pursued closely by a numerous fleet of\nthe Genoese.\nThe duke of Orleans was at this time in his town of Asti, and having\nheard of the relief thrown into Final collected a large body of men\nto raise the siege: but when the Genoese learnt his intentions, they\nquitted their siege and marched away.\nThe french ambassadors met, by appointment in the city of Sienne; and,\nbeing all assembled, they set out for Rome, where they arrived on the\n10th day of July in such grand magnificence that the like had not been\nseen or heard of before: with the king of France's ambassadors were\nthose from the king of Sicily and the dauphin.\nThe english ambassadors had arrived at Rome long before them, and had\nlaid before the pope the articles that had been agreed to at Geneva;\nbut he had replied, that they were unworthy of his attention, and that\nhe would not by any means consent to them. These ambassadors had on\nthis left Rome for Viterbo, where they met the french embassy, to whom\nthey related what had passed, and said that they would stay a short\ntime at Viterbo, to learn from them whether it would be expedient for\nthem to return to Rome,--as in fact they did, from the intelligence\nthey received from the french ambassadors.\nOn the 12th day of July, the ambassadors from the kings of France,\nof Sicily, and from the dauphin, had an audience of the pope, on the\nmatters they were come upon,--when the archbishop of Rheims, having\ndeclared the solemn obedience of their princes to the pope, explained\nthe articles that had been agreed on as a ground-work for a general\nunion of the church, reserving to himself to discuss them hereafter\nmore fully in detail.\nThe pope made them a solemn answer, and from that day treated them\nwith greater kindness and attention than ever any former embassy\nhad experienced. They had several conferences with the pope and the\ncardinals on the articles of union,--to some of which the pope agreed,\nto others not.\nWhen they had obtained all they could from the pope, they departed,\nand went to Lausanne, where pope Felix resided. Having explained to\nhim all they had done at Rome, and what pope Nicholas was willing to\nagree to, they persuaded him to give peace to the church by renouncing\nhis claims to the papacy. Pope Felix replied, that he would consult\nwith the duke of Savoy his son who was on his road to Lausanne, and\nhis principal counsellors, how he should act, and requested the\nambassadors to wait the return of those he intended to send to the king\nof France in the city of Geneva, which, for the furtherance of peace,\nthey assented to. They also, in compliance with the wishes of pope\nFelix, desired the lord de Tollette, ambassador from pope Nicholas, to\ncome to Lausanne from Lyons, where he was waiting the effect of their\nconferences with pope Felix, with the bulls, to publish them, in case\nhe should agree to the articles as settled at Rome.\nPope Felix, and his son the duke of Savoy, lost no time in dispatching\nambassadors to king Charles, to solicit his interference with pope\nNicholas, that he would consent to more of the original articles than\nhe had done. The king on this, assembled his council, and, after mature\ndeliberation, it was resolved to send other ambassadors with those\nfrom Savoy, to assist the archbishop of Rheims in the procuring a\npeace. He had with him the patriarch of Antioch, the bishop of Poitiers\nand the bishop of Alet, who, with sir John le Boursier, were to proceed\nto Rome to obtain certain letters, the form of which they were to draw\nup, for the more speedy accomplishment of union in the church.\nAfter many persuasions, the above mentioned letters were obtained from\npope Nicholas, and the ambassadors returned with them to Lausanne, when\npope Felix V. relinquished all right or claim he might have to the\npapacy. He was after this, made perpetual legate of all Savoy. Those\nwho had assembled at Lausanne, pretending to be the general council\ntransferred from Basil, declared their submission to pope Nicholas\nas the true father of the church, and dissolved their assembly as a\ncouncil.\nThis being done, the ambassadors returned to their respective princes.\nThe patriarch of Antioch, the bishop of Alet, and sir John le Boursier,\ntook the road to Rome, with the ambassadors from the pope, for the\nconfirmation of all the acts done at Lausanne, and then returned to\nthe king of France with the bulls of confirmation. Thus was this whole\nassembly broken up, and each went whithersoever he pleased,--and thus\nwas healed that deep wound in the church, by the re-establishment of\npeace and union, through the indefatigable exertions of the king of\nFrance, who had taken great personal pains to bring it about, and had\nexpended very large sums in sending embassies to the different kings in\nChristendom to unite them in so praiseworthy an object; for the kings\nof France would never support any schisms,--taking for their guide the\nholy scriptures, which have always led them in the right way.\nAt this time, the king of France ordered every parish throughout his\nrealm to have one archer ready armed to march whithersoever he might be\ncommanded, to make war, should there be occasion; and that they might\nthe more readily obey this order, they would be relieved from paying\nany future subsidies. The bailiffs were commanded to select the most\nexpert and able in all the parishes throughout their bailiwicks.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 143: Final,--a town on the western coast of Genoa.]\n[Footnote 144: Sir Galiot du Garet. De Caretto.--MS. Du Cange.]\n[Footnote 145: Finette Vielle. Q. Civita Vecchia?]\nCHAP. LXIII.\n SIR FRANCIS DE SURIENNE, CALLED THE ARRAGONIAN, TAKES THE TOWN\n AND CASTLE OF FOUGERES[146], BELONGING TO THE DUKE OF BRITTANY,\n NOTWITHSTANDING THE TRUCE BETWEEN THE KINGS OF FRANCE AND OF\n ENGLAND.--THE GREAT MISCHIEFS HE DOES THERE.\nOn the eve of the feast of our Lady in March in this year, sir Francis\nde Surienne, called the Arragonian, knight of the order of the\nGarter, and a great captain for the king of England in those parts\nof France under his dominion, took the town and castle of Fougeres,\nbelonging to the duke of Brittany, situated on the borders of Normandy,\nnotwithstanding the truces were not expired between the kings of\nEngland and France, and their allies. This town was of great antiquity,\nand full of people and wealth. Sir Francis had with him seven hundred\nmen, as well English as from other countries, who committed every\nmischief by pillaging the houses, killing the inhabitants and ravishing\nthe women. Not satisfied with this, he overran the adjacent parts of\nBrittany, making prisoners, and doing every exploit usual in war.\nThe duke of Brittany was very indignant when he heard of this conduct,\nand sent the bishop of Rennes to the king of France at Chinon, to\ncomplain that the English had, notwithstanding the truce, taken his\ntown and castle of Fougeres, and had despoiled many other parts of\nhis duchy, and requesting of him, as his relative, lord paramount and\nprotector, that he would aid him by declaring war against England for\nthat he was prepared to do so without any way sparing his own personal\nexertions.\nThe king replied, that he would never abandon him, but make common\ncause with him, as was just. In order, however, to have Heaven on\ntheir side, and to throw the blame wholly on their enemies, he would\nfirst demand reparation from the king of England, and also from the\nduke of Somerset his lieutenant-general on that side of the sea, for\nthe wrongs that had been done him,--the duke having had full powers to\nmake any reparation for evils that might ensue from the infringement\nof the truce. The king added, that he hoped the duke would make\nreparation, to avoid the inconveniences that must ensue from a renewal\nof war.\nKing Charles sent to England, to make this demand, his esquire-carver,\nJean Havart, and master John Cousinot, one of the masters of requests\nof his household,--and to the duke of Somerset, Pierre de Fontenay,\nequerry of his stables. They brought answers from king Henry and the\nduke, that they disavowed what sir Francis de Surienne had done,\nalthough it had been currently reported that this capture had been made\nby their order and connivance.\nThe duke of Brittany, who was much interested in this capture of\nFougeres, sent his herald at arms to demand a surrender of the place\nfrom the duke of Somerset,--that it should be completely repaired, and\nrestitution be made for all the plunder of houses, jewels, and effects,\namounting, in the whole, according to a valuation, to the sum of\nsixteen hundred thousand crowns. The duke of Somerset made answer, that\nhe would no way avow any concern in the said capture.\nWhen the duke of Brittany's herald was departed, the duke of Somerset,\ndesirous of repairing the fault that had been done in those parts by\nsir Francis de Surienne, sent ambassadors to the king of France more\namply to excuse himself from having been any party in the business,\ndeclaring his disavowal of it, and how very unpleasant it had been to\nhim; which was frivolous, for he made no mention of any offer to repair\nthe place, nor of making restitution for the wrong, but requested,\nfor the general safety, that every thing might remain on its present\nfooting.\nThe king replied, that if the duke of Somerset was so very much\ndispleased at what had happened he should do his duty, according to the\nfull powers vested in him, and make due restitution for the plunder\nso unjustly carried away, and restore the place in sufficiently good\nrepair: and that if he would not do this, he might be assured that he\nwould support his nephew of Brittany: that in regard to giving up to\nthe English certain places as pledges for the maintenance of peace, he\nwould do no such thing; adding, that his nephew of Brittany was allied\nto the greatest lords of his realm, and had many able commanders in his\nduchy, all of whom were very indignant at this capture of Fougeres,\nand who, it must be believed, would be eager to revenge it, by making\nconquests from the English: they would, therefore, attend to the guard\nof their own towns and castles: that for his part, he would take\nespecial care to guard his own.\nThe ambassadors, having had this answer, requested the king to send to\nLouviers commissioners fully instructed: for that on their return to\nRouen, they knew well the duke of Somerset would send persons properly\nauthorised to meet them, and endeavour to bring about an accommodation.\nThe king, ever wishing to avoid the effusion of human blood, and more\ndesirous of employing gentle measures than force, complied with their\nrequest, and appointed commissioners accordingly.\nThe English now returned to the duke of Somerset, and told him all\nthat had passed at the court of France, and that the king had sent to\nLouviers commissioners to settle the dispute respecting the capture of\nFougeres. The duke immediately ordered thither commissioners to make up\nthe dispute, if possible, with those of France.\nThis year, the English repaired the town of St James de Beuvron, which\nwas what they ought not to have done; for by the articles of the truce,\nno places were to be repaired during its continuance, either by the\nFrench or English. In this year also, the English surrendered the towns\nand castles of Mayenne, and of Juliez in the county of Mayne, which\nthey had promised to yield up when they marched away from Mans.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 146: Fougeres,--a town in Brittany, on the frontiers of\nNormandy, diocese of Rennes.]\nCHAP. LXXIV.\n THE POPULACE OF LONDON RISE AGAINST THE KING'S OFFICERS.--THEY\n INHUMANLY MURDER THE BISHOP OF GLOCESTER, AND IMPRISON THE MARQUIS OF\n SUFFOLK,--BUT THE KING SETS HIM AT LIBERTY.\nAbout the end of Lent, in this year, there was a great commotion of\nthe populace in the city of London, headed by the mayor of that city.\nInstigated by their evil inclinations, they inhumanly murdered the\nbishop of Glocester, keeper of the king's privy seal,--a good plain\nman, and very learned. They also arrested the marquis of Suffolk, who\nwas a great lord, and imprisoned him in the tower of London. This mayor\nhad great influence in the city; and, wherever he went, a sword was\nborne before him.\nThe king was, at the moment, three miles distant from London, at one of\nhis palaces on the Thames, and greatly astonished when told what was\ngoing forward in London. He instantly sent for the lieutenant of the\ntower, who lost no time in obeying this order; and, after having heard\na true account of what had been done by the mob, he commanded him to\nbring the marquis of Suffolk in safety to him, without delay, or that\nhis own life should answer for it.\nThe lieutenant found means of delivering the marquis of Suffolk without\nthe knowledge of the mayor or people, and of carrying him to the\nking's presence. After a short conversation, the king made the marquis\nmount his horse and fly toward the northern part of his kingdom, where\nhe might find convenient means for passing over to France. He was,\nhowever, met by some of the duke of Somerset's men, who cut off his\nhead, and sent it, with the body, to London.\nIn the mean time, the king summoned the mayor and townsmen of London\nbefore him. They were much discontented that he had set the marquis at\nliberty, and insisted that those of his council who had advised his\ndeliverance should be given up to them, which was done for fear of\nenraging the populace still more, who instantly had them beheaded. Thus\nfor some time were the citizens appeased[147].\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 147: I copy from Fabian what he says of this business.\n'A.D. 1449.--Thomas Chalton, mayor.--And continuing the said\nparliament, the duke of Suffolk was arrested and sent as a prisoner (to\ncontent some minds) unto the tower, where he was kept at his pleasure a\nmonth, and after delivered at large,--the which discontented many men's\nminds; for to him was laid the charge of the delivery of Anjou and\nMaine, and the death of the noble prince Humphrey duke of Glocester,'\n&c. &c.--For further particulars, see the Chronicles of Fabian,\nHollingshed, &c.\nI suspect that Monstrelet has made a mistake of the bishop of Glocester\nbeing killed, for the murder of duke Humphrey of Glocester, which took\nplace before. Suffolk was put to death by some pirates, and not by the\nduke of Somerset's men.]\nCHAP. LXXV.\n THREE MALEFACTORS, TWO MEN AND ONE WOMAN, ARE CONDEMNED TO DEATH BY\n THE COURT OF PARLIAMENT AT PARIS.\nOn the 18th day of April in this year, three malefactors, two men and\none woman, were condemned to be hanged. Two high gallows of wood were\nconsequently erected, that the punishment for such evil deeds, as they\nhad committed, might be exhibited to the public. They had confessed\nthemselves guilty of thrusting out the eyes of a child of two years\nold, whom they had in wardship, of putting it to death by running\nthorns into its body, which was most cruel, and of being great thieves.\nOne gallows was erected without the gate of St James, on which one of\nthe two men was hanged,--and another without the gate of St Denis,\nbetween the chapel and windmill, on which was hanged the other man,\nwho had been a player on the hurdy-gurdy, as also the woman; and\nalthough they were both married, they had lived together in double\nadultery.\nThey were delivered to the executioner from the prison of the\nConciergerie, but were attended by almost all the ushers of the\nparliament, because they had been sentenced by that court. Great\nmultitudes assembled to see the execution, more especially women and\ngirls, from the novelty of the fact; for this was the first instance\nof a woman being hanged in France. The woman was hanged, with her hair\nall dishevelled, in a long robe, having her two legs tied together\nbelow the knees. Some said, that she requested that it should be thus\ndone, as it was the custom of her country,--while others said, that she\nwas thus sentenced as a memorial for the longer remembrance of women,\nand that her crimes were so enormous she was deserving of a severer\npunishment.\nMany prisoners were afterward hanged from the dungeons of the Ch\u00e2telet,\nwho had been therein detained some time until others of their gang\ncould be apprehended. They had gone to different parts of the kingdom\nwhere pardons were obtained,--such as the dedication of Saint Denis,\nthat of St Maur, of St Fiacre, of St Mathurin, and elsewhere,--and had\nattacked travellers in forests and on the high roads, under pretence of\nasking alms; but the greater part of them had been arrested, confronted\nwith their companions, and executed by the king's officers of justice.\nCHAP. LXXVI.\n IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE CAPTURE OF FOUGERES, THE ALLIES OF THE DUKE\n OF BRITTANY GAIN THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF PONT DE L'ARCHE FROM THE\n ENGLISH.--GERBEROY IS AFTERWARDS TAKEN.\nOn the 16th day of May, in this year, while the commissioners from the\nking of France and the duke of Somerset were assembled, according to\nappointment, in the town of Louviers, some of the friends and allies\nof the duke of Brittany found means to gain the town and castle of Pont\nde l'Arche, on the river Seine, four leagues distant from Rouen.\nThis capture was owing to a travelling merchant from Louviers\nobserving, in his frequent crossing of Pont de l'Arche, that it was\nbut slightly guarded, and giving information thereof to the before\nmentioned friends of the duke of Brittany. He offered to take the\nplace, if they would give him a sufficiency of men at arms,--and having\nexplained his plans, which seemed feasible, they fixed on a day to meet\nhim at a tavern in the suburbs of that town.\nOn the day appointed, several of those who had been ordered on this\nexpedition, came to the said tavern, one after another, to avoid\nsuspicion; two of whom were dressed as carpenters, each with his\nhatchet swung round his neck. Shortly after, the carrier arrived,\nwith his cart laden with provisions. About midnight, they seized the\ntavern-keeper and his servants, and shut them up in a room, to prevent\nthem from making any discovery, and then told their intentions, with\nwhich the master of the house seemed very well pleased, for he said he\nhad been lately beaten by some of the garrison.\nDuring the night, the lord de Br\u00e9s\u00e9 came thither with some men on foot,\nwhom he placed in ambush near to the gate of St Ouen: he was followed\nby the bailiff of Evreux with four or five hundred horse, whom he\nposted in the wood on the side of Louviers.\nWhen these measures had been taken, Jacques de Clermont and the carrier\napproached the drawbridge with his cart, and entreated the porter to\nlet him pass, as he was in haste to get to Rouen, and return that\nnight to Louviers, offering him at the same time, a present for so\ndoing. The two pretended carpenters were with him, and the carrier\npledged himself for them. The porter, through avarice, called to him\nanother Englishman, and let down the bridge. When the carrier had his\ncart on the first bridge, he took out of his purse two bretons and a\nplacque[148], to pay the Englishmen: but he let fall one breton to the\nground, which the porter stooping to pick up, the carrier drew a dagger\nand stabbed him dead. In like manner, the two carpenters slew his\ncompanion on the second bridge.\nOn a signal that this was done, the ambuscade of horse and foot sallied\nforth, and, passing the bridges, entered the town, shouting, 'St Yves\nfor Brittany! All the English were asleep when this happened, and were\nmade prisoners, to the amount of a hundred or six score; among whom\nwas the lord Falconbridge, an english knight, who had only arrived the\npreceding day, and his ransom was worth twenty thousand crowns. He was\ncarried to Louviers for greater safety,--and the conquerors remained in\nthe place for its guard, until other arrangements should be made.\nWhen the English heard of this capture, they were much troubled and\nenraged. On its being told to king Charles, as he was desirous of the\nwelfare of his nephew the duke of Brittany, he consented, after many\nconferences at Louviers, that mutual restitutions should take place,\nnamely, that Fougeres should be given back to the duke of Brittany,\nwith sixteen hundred thousand crowns, according to the estimate of\ndamages done, and Pont de l'Arche yielded up to the English, together\nwith the lord Falconbridge, who had been there made prisoner.\nThe English, however, peremptorily refused to agree to such terms,\nwhich was a most unreasonable conduct: and the king's commissioners\nemployed apostolical and imperial notaries to draw up the offer they\nhad made, and the english commissioners' refusal of it, that God and\nall the world might see how handsomely the king had acted, and that\nif a war should ensue, which God forbid! the blame could not fall on\nhim. The english commissioners departed, on their return to the duke of\nSomerset, to relate what had been the result of these conferences.\nThe king of France, to proceed with greater security, sent the count\nde Dunois, and others, with ample powers to his nephew of Brittany,\nwhom he met at Rennes, where he had assembled the greater part of his\nconnexions, prelates, barons and knights of the duchy. A treaty was\nconcluded, by which the duke promised to serve the king in person\nagainst the English, by sea and land, and never to make peace, or\nany alliance with them, but with the approbation of the king; in\nconfirmation of which, he gave letters patent, signed with the hands\nand seals of himself and the barons of the duchy.\nThe said relatives and barons also promised, by putting their hands\nwithin the hands of the count de Dunois, punctually to maintain all the\narticles contained in the above-mentioned letters patent; and the count\nde Dunois engaged that the king should ratify the said treaty, which he\nafterwards did by letters to the duke. In these he promised to make the\nquarrel his own, and not to conclude any treaty with the enemy without\ncomprehending him and his duchy, nor until the English should have\nrestored what they had taken from him. In case the English should not,\nbefore the end of the ensuing month of July, surrender to the duke the\ntown and castle of Fougeres, with an adequate sum for the plunder, the\nking would openly declare war against them.\nAt this time, the town of Gerberoy[149], in the Beauvoisis, was taken\nby scalado, by the lord de Mouy, governor of that country; and all the\nEnglish within it, to the number of thirty, were put to the sword.\nTheir captain was John Harper, who that day had gone to Gournay[150].\nThus was the place reduced under the obedience of the king of France.\nA short time after this, the town of Conches[151] was won by Robert\nde Flocques, called Flocquet, bailiff of Evreux. About the same\nperiod, a gascon gentleman called Verdun, by the advice and consent\nof the duke of Brittany, took by storm the towns of Coignac[152] and\nSt Maigrin[153], under the command of an esquire, called Mondoch de\nLansac, for the king of England. He himself was made prisoner, as he\nwas coming from Bordeaux to Coignac,--for he imagined that it was still\nunder his command as before. In both towns many prisoners were taken.\nWhen the English heard of these towns being lost, the archbishop of\nBordeaux and the magistrates sent a pursuivant at arms to the king\nof France at Chinon, to request that Coignac and St Maigrin might be\nrestored, and that he would send them passports, pretending that they\nwould come to him; but nothing was done, for reasons known to the\nking and his council. In like manner, the duke of Somerset and lord\nTalbot sent to the king at Chinon, to require that the towns of Pont de\nl'Arche, Conches, Coignac and St Maigrin should be restored; to which\nthe king answered, that if they would restore to his nephew of Brittany\nhis town of Fougeres, and the effects taken away from thence, he would\nexert his endeavours that the duke of Brittany should give back the\nplaces that had been won by him, or by those who had taken them on his\nadvice.\nThe english ambassadors said that they had no powers to interfere\nin the surrender of Fougeres, and therefore returned to the duke of\nSomerset at Rouen without effecting any thing.\nSoon afterwards, another conference was holden at the abbey of\nBonport[154], when the commissioners from France made offer to those\non the part of England, that if they would, on a day to be appointed,\nsurrender, for the duke of Brittany, the town and castle of Fougeres\ninto the hands of the king of France, and pay the sum of sixteen\nhundred thousand crowns, the estimated value of the damages, all places\nthat had been taken from the English should be restored, and even the\nlord Falconbridge, who had been made prisoner at Pont de l'Arche, and\nthat all hostilities should cease on both sides. This the English\nrefused; and the french commissioners returned to their king as before.\nKing Charles, having heard the report of all that had passed, and\nexamined the instruments drawn up by the apostolical notaries, stating\nthe damages the English had done to his relative the duke of Brittany:\nthat they had very frequently infringed the truce, without making any\nreparations of restitution of places or effects, and their peremptory\nrefusal of all the offers he had made them for the preservation of\npeace and the satisfaction of his conscience; resolved, after mature\ndeliberation, that having done his duty most loyally, and the English\nobstinately refusing all his offers for peace, he was fully justified\nin taking every proper step for the defence of his country and of\nhis allies, as well as for the recovery of such places as had been\nconquered from him or from his predecessors, the possession of which\nthe English had so long usurped. He was advised to declare war against\nthem, which would be just in the eyes of God, of reason, and of his\nconscience, otherwise he would not do his duty. It was concluded, that\nhe should send ambassadors to the duke of Brittany, to concert measures\naccordingly.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 148: Two bretons and a placque,--small coins of Brittany and\nFrance.]\n[Footnote 149: Gerberoy,--a town in the isle of France, four leagues\nfrom Beauvais.]\n[Footnote 150: Gournay,--a town in the isle of France, on the Marne,\nthree leagues from Paris.]\n[Footnote 151: Conches,--a market-town in Normandy four leagues from\nEvreux, sixteen from Rouen.]\n[Footnote 152: Coignac,--a town of the Angoumois, on the Charente,\nseven leagues and a half from Saintes.]\n[Footnote 153: St Maigrin,--a town in Saintonge, near Grolle.]\n[Footnote 154: Bonport,--an abbey founded by Richard I. king of\nEngland, in the diocese of Evreux, in Normandy.]\nEND OF VOL. VIII.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nNOTES AND EMENDATIONS.\nPage 11. line 12. _Lord de Fontaines_.] The family of this nobleman\n(who has been often mentioned before) was of high estimation among\nthose of Flanders, and is derived from the ancient counts of Alsace\nand Kyburg, the progenitors of some of the earls of Flanders, and (on\nthe mother's side) of the illustrious house of Hapsburgh. Simon (the\nbrother of Thierry of Alsace count of Flanders,) married the heiress\nof the Flemish family of Henninius--(I adopt the Latin termination of\nPontus Heuterus, not knowing the true name)--and Baldwin, his son, was\nthe first who styled himself by the surname of his mother. Baldwin\nIII, his grandson, was the first lord of Fontaines. John II, lord of\nFontaines, (who was killed at Agincourt) was a descendant in the fifth\ngeneration; and Baldwin IX, his son was the lord here named. Baldwin\nX, the next successor, married a daughter of the vid\u00e2me of Amiens, so\nrepeatedly noticed in this history. [P. Heuter. Gen. Tables.]\nPage 25. line 4. from the bottom. _Sir Jacques d'Anjou_] Qu. Charles\nd'Anjou? The third son of Louis II, king of Naples, of this name, was\ncount of Maine, and in 1443 married Isabel de Luxembourg, daughter of\nPeter II, count of St Pol.\nPage 25. line 3 from the bottom. _Count de Perdiac._] Bernard second\nson of the constable d'Armagnac, was count of Perdiac, and known by\nthat name till his marriage with Eleanor de Bourbon, daughter and\nheiress of James II, count of la Marche (the husband of Joan of Naples)\nafter which he assumed the more noble title of his wife. His son James\nwas the unfortunate duke of Nemours beheaded by order of Louis XI.\nPage 25. line 3 from the bottom. _Count de Vend\u00f4me._] Louis de Bourbon,\nbrother of James count of la Marche above mentioned, count of Vend\u00f4me\nin right of his mother (the heiress of that ancient house) who died in\nPage 27. line 3 from the bottom. _Bastard de Beaumanoir._] The bastard\nson of John de Beaumanoir, lord of Lavardin.\nPage 28. line 9. _Sir James de Chabannes._] James lord de la Palice\noften before mentioned.\nPage 30. line 6. _James de Harcourt._] William son of James lord de\nMontgomery (often mentioned in the early part of this history) and\nMargaret de Melun, countess of Tancarville. He married 1st Petronille\nd'Amboise, and 2ndly, Yoland de Laval, and dying in the year 1487, left\nonly two daughters.\nPage 30. line 7. _Lord de Moreul._] Should be Mareuil, Robert II, son\nof Robert I, killed at Agincourt. He married Mich\u00e9le d'Estouteville,\nand died in 1476.\nPage 92. line 17. _Marquis du Pont._] Louis marquis of Pont-a-Mousson,\nsecond son of Ren\u00e8 king of Sicily and Naples. He died at an early age.\nPage 93. line 3. _Count de Blamont._] Isabel, daughter of Frederic, and\nsister of Anthony, counts de Vaudemont married Henry count de Blamont,\nwhose son must have been the count de Blamont here meant.\nPage 97. line. 6. _Duke of Burgundy._] Charles prince of Viana, only\nson of John king of Arragon, by his marriage with Blanche the daughter\nand heiress of Charles III, king of Navarre, was born at Pennafiel in\nthe year 1421, and died in 1461 before his father. In his time the\nfatal feuds of the houses of Grammont and Beaumont which distracted the\nKingdom of Navarre for nearly half a century, had their commencement.\nAgnes sixth daughter of Adolphus duke of Cleves.\nThere was no issue of this marriage; and the prince left none but\nillegitimate children, in consequence of which the crown of Navarre\npassed into the house of Foix.\nPage 116. line 6. _Lord d'Albreth._] Charles II, eldest son and\nsuccessor of the constable, count of Dreux, &c. married Anne of\nArmagnac, and died in 1471.\nPage 117. line 8 from the bottom. _Roderigo de Villandras._] Don\nRoderigo de Villandrado, first count of Ribadeo, was a Castilian\nby birth, of the town of Valladolid. He married Margaret a natural\ndaughter of John duke of Bourbon. Returning to Spain in this year, he\nperformed some essential services for the king of Castille, who, in\nrecompense, accorded to him and his descendants, the valuable privilege\nof eating at the king's table on new year's day, and of having the robe\nworn by the king on that day. La Mayerne, hist. d'Espagne. Liv. 19.\nPage 152. line 17. _Jacotin de Bethune._] James third son of John I. de\nBethune lord of Moreuil, was nicknamed Jacotin. From him, according to\nDu Cange, the lords of Belfour in Scotland were descended, their family\nname being corrupted to Beatoun.\nPage 175. line 6 from the bottom. _Lord de Beaujeu_] Philip, 2nd son\nof Charles II. duke of Bourbon, was called lord of Beaujeu, and died\nyoung. The title then passed to the fourth son, Peter, who married Anne\ndaughter of Louis XI, the celebrated dame de Beaujeu, regent of France.\nPage 177. line 5. _Bastard of Bourbon._] Alexander son of the duke. See\nthe account of his death in p. 2.\nPage 188. line 4. from the bottom. _La Praguerie._] \"The horrors\nperpetrated by the Hussites at Prague gave occasion to the dread of\nsimilar consequences from the civil war kindled in France, and gave\nthis faction the name of _La Praguerie_.\" Du Clos, hist. de Louis onze.\nPage 190. line 4. _De Chaumont._] William V, lord and count of\nChaumont, who died in 1445, leaving by his wife Jane de Mello, lady of\nRigni le Feron, only one surviving son, Anthony lord of Chaumont.\nPage 190. line 4. _De Prie._] Antoine de Prie, lord of Buzen\u00e7ais,\n&c. was grand Queux, in 1431, and married Magdalen, daughter of Hugh\nd'Amboise lord of Chaumont.\nPage 202. line 2 from the bottom. _Sir Giles de St Simon._] Giles de\nRouvray, lord of Plessier Choiseul, Precy sur Oise, &c., second son\nof Matthew II. lord of St Simon, killed at Agincourt, and brother of\nGaucher, lord of St Simon. He was greatly distinguished in most of the\nmilitary exploits in Picardy, Flanders, &c. and died in 1477.\nPage 211. line 3 from the bottom. _Lord of Retz_] Giles de Laval,\nlord of Retz, descended in the fourth degree from Fulk Laval second\nson of Guy VIII. lord of Laval, who married the heiress of the\nancient house of Retz. Giles was a marshal of France in 1429, and a\nman of distinguished valour, but of a heart and mind depraved to an\nincredible degree. Some historians however alledge that reasons of\nstate precipitated, if they did not occasion his downfall, and that\nduke Francis was too well pleased with the opportunity of getting rid\nof a dangerous enemy, to examine very carefully into the truth of the\narticles preferred against him. He suffered at Nantes on the 23d of\nDecember 1440, the duke himself attending at his execution. By his\nwife Catherine de Thouars, he left but one daughter Mary, who married,\nfirst, the admiral de Coetivy, 2ndly the marshal de Loh\u00e8ac.\nPage 220. line 2 from the bottom. _The lords de Lannoy and de\nMaingoval, nephews to the lord de Croy_] John I, lord of Lannoy (a\nnoble and ancient house of Flanders) married Jane daughter of John,\nand sister of Anthony lords de Croy; by whom he had the two sons here\nmentioned, viz. John II, lord of Lannoy knight of the golden fleece,\nwho died in 1492; 2ndly, Anthony, lord of Maingoval, who was ancestor\nto the famous Charles de Lannoy, prince of Sulmone and count of Asti,\none of Charles the fifth's greatest generals.\nPage 221. line 5 from the bottom. _Du Cange._] Q. Renty?\nPage 223. line 12 from the bottom. _Duke._] Charles duke of Orleans had\nbeen twice married before, 1st to Isabel his first cousin, daughter of\nCharles VI, and widow of Richard II, king of England, by whom he had a\ndaughter married to John duke of Alen\u00e7on; 2ndly, to Bona the daughter\nof Bernard constable d'Armagnac by whom he had no issue. His third wife\nwas Mary, sixth daughter of Adolph duke of Cleves, who died in 1487,\nand brought him three children, Liewis afterwards king of France; Mary,\nmarried to the viscount of Narbonne; and Anne, abbess of Fontevrault.\nPage 253. last line. _Montgaugier._] John II, de Sainte Maure, lord of\nMontgaugier and Nesle, married Louise de Rochechouart, daughter to John\nlord Mortemart, and died 1463.\nPage 255. line 11. _Bastard of Bourbon._] Alexander, a natural son of\nJohn I, duke of Bourbon, and brother of Charles I, the then duke.\nPage 258. line 5. _Lord de Dours._] _Dours_ Qu. _Douars_. Peter lord\nof Douars, youngest son to Guy V, lord of la Trimouille, and uncle to\nGeorge count of Guisnes, left issue a son, John lord of Douars, in\nwhose son, John, this branch of the house Trimouille terminated.\nPage 258. line 5. _Lord de Contay._] Qu. Conti? Ferry de Mailly (often\nbefore-mentioned) was lord of Conti by descent from Isabel, heiress of\nthat house, who married Colard de Mailly surnamed \"Le Jeune.\"\nPage 263. line 10 from the bottom. _Joachim Rohault._] Joachim de\nRouault lord of Boisemenard, Gamaches, &c. marshal of France in 1461.\nThe son of John lord of Gamaches, &c. who was killed at the battle of\nVerneuil in 1424, and of Jane du Bellay. He was distinguished in all\nthe great actions of his time, was made constable of Bordeaux, and died\nin 1478. He was usually styled the marshal de Gamaches.\nPage 270. line 8 from the bottom. _Jeanne de Bethune._] Daughter and\nheir of Robert I. (viscount of Meaux in right of his mother Jane,\nheiress of the great house of Coucy)--she married first Robert de Bar\ncount of Soissons mentioned in a former volume, and 2ndly John de\nLuxembourg count de Ligny, of whom such frequent mention has been made.\nPage 278. line 12. _Marshal of France._] Peter de Rieux, lord of\nRochefort, third son of John II, marshal de Rieux, succeeded to his\nfather's military dignities in 1417. The ensuing year he was deprived\nby the duke of Burgundy, and thereupon threw himself into the arms\nof the dauphin, whom he served with fidelity and great success for\nmany years after. He was made prisoner (with some circumstances of\ntreachery) by William de Flavy lord of Assy, at his town of Compi\u00e8gne,\nand died of want and misery in a dungeon when only 48 years old,\nleaving no issue. This William de Flavy had been also principally\ninstrumental to the capture of the Pucelle d'Orleans; and not long\nafter the death of the marshal de Rieux, suffered in common (says\nMatthieu de Coucy) with all those who had any concern in Joan's\ncaptivity or death, a violent and untimely end. His throat was cut\nin the night time at his castle of Nesle, by the bastard d'Orbendas,\nat the instigation (as it is added) of his own wife; A.D. 1448. The\npunishment of his cruelty to the marshal de Rieux, in 1509, compelled\nthe daughter of William de Flavy, with her husband, to pay 10,000\nlivres parisis for the masses for the soul of his unfortunate ancestor.\nPage 284. line 6. _Lord de la Suze._] Ren\u00e8 de Laval, lord de la Suze,\nyounger brother to the infamous marshal de Retz, whose execution is\nmentioned in p. 211.\nPage 284. line 9. _Olivier de Cointiny._] Should be Coetivy. This\nOliver, 4th son of Alan III. lord of Coetivy, and brother of the\nAdmiral, was lord of Taillebourg and seneschal of Guienne &c. He\nmarried Mary, one of the natural daughters of Charles VII, in 1458,\nwith a portion of 12,000 crowns of gold. His descendants were counts of\nTaillebourg and princes of Mortagne and Gironde.\nPage 284. line 13. _Lord de Graville._] John Malet V. lord de Graville,\ngrand pannetier of France.\nPage 297. line 9 _Two brothers of Lord Stafford._] They were\nhalf-brothers by the same mother.\nEleanor, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock duke of Glocester, married\ntwo husbands--first Edmund earl of Stafford, (by whom she had Humphry,\nafterwards duke of Buckingham,) and, secondly, William lord Bouchier,\ncreated for his services earl of Eu in Normandy, whose two sons, here\nmentioned were Henry earl of Eu, married to Isabel sister of Richard\nduke of York; and William lord Fitzwarin. There were two younger sons,\nbesides these, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, and John lord Berners,\nancestor to the translator of Froissart.\nPage 334. line 3 from the bottom. _Count de Foix._] Archambaud\nde Greilly, Captal de Buche, who became count de Foix (as before\nmentioned) in right of his wife Isabel, sister and heir to Matthew de\nChateaubon, died in 1412, leaving five sons, of whom John, the eldest\nwas count de Foix, and died in 1437, leaving Gaston IV, his successor,\nand Peter, lord of Lautrec and Villemur, his two sons. Gaston IV. (the\ncount of Foix here mentioned) had for his mother a daughter of the\ncount d'Albret, and marrying Eleanor, daughter of John king of Arragon\nby his first wife the queen of Navarre, transmitted to his grandson\nFrancis Ph\u0153bus, the title to that kingdom. Of the four remaining sons\nof count Archambaud, Peter was a cardinal; Archambaud was lord of\nNoailles, killed by the dauphin at Montereau, in company with John\nduke of Burgundy; Gaston was Captal de Buche, count of Longueville and\nBenanges; and Matthew was count of Comminges in right of his wife,\nMargaret the heiress of that county. This Matthew died in 1453, leaving\nby his second wife, Catherine de Coras, two daughters only. The title\nof Comminges was then given by Louis XI, (who claimed it as a male\nfief) to the bastard of Armagnac commonly called De Lescun.\nPage 335. line 1. _Lords de Loh\u00e9ac._] Andrew de Laval, lord de Loh\u00e8ac,\nsecond son of Guy XIII, and brother of Guy XIV, lord of Laval. He was\nadmiral of France after Louis de Culant, but resigned that office to be\nmade a marechal in 1439. He married Mary de Laval, lady of Retz, widow\nof the admiral de Coetivy, by whom he had no issue, and died in 1486.\nPage 335. line 2. _Jaloignes._] Philip de Culant, lord of Jaloignes,\nseneschal of the Limousin, created a marshal of France the year\nbefore, on occasion of the siege of Pontoise. He died in 1454 without\nissue. He was nephew to Louis lord de Culant, admiral of France, and\nyounger brother to Charles de Culant, lord of Chateauneuf, &c. grand\nmaster in 1449.\nPage 335. line 5. _Lord de Mongascon._] Godfrey, second son of Bertrand\nde la Tour IV. count of Auvergne and Boulogne, bore the title of\nMontgascon. He was betrothed to Jane de Brez\u00e8, daughter of Peter count\nde Maulevrier; but afterwards married Anne de Beaufort daughter of the\nmarquis de Canillac.\nPage 359. line 5. _Duchy of Luxembourg._] The cause and progress\nof this war respecting the duchy of Luxembourg, may deserve some\nexplanation. After the death of Wenceslaus duke of Brabant and\nLuxembourg (the patron of Froissart) the duchy reverted to the emperor\nWenceslaus, as head of the elder branch of the family; and on the\nmarriage of Elizabeth of Gorlitia, his niece, with Anthony duke of\nBrabant, the emperor made a mortgage of the duchy to the said Anthony\nto secure the payment of his wife's portion amounting to 120,000\nflorins. This sum was never paid; and possession of the duchy was\nretained by Elizabeth after the death of Anthony, and until some\ntime after the death of her second husband, John of Bavaria, bishop\nof Liege, so often before mentioned. At this period, however, both\nWenceslaus and Sigismund, and also the empress Elizabeth daughter of\nSigismund, being no more, and the rights of the elder branch having\ndescended on William III. marquis of Thuringia and Casimir IV, king of\nPoland, in right of their wives Elizabeth and Anne, the daughters of\nthe empress Elizabeth, those princes took advantage of the apparently\nunprotected state of the province to claim the privilege of redemption;\nto enforce which, they sent a powerful army under the command of the\ncount of _Click_ of the house of Saxony. To oppose the invaders,\nRobert, count of Wirnemburg collected what troops he was able from the\nduchy itself; and duke Philip sent considerable supplies under the\ncommand of his bastard son Cornelius, of the count of Estampes, and\nother nobles, by whose assistance the Saxons were at length expelled.\n_In gratitude for this signal service_, Elizabeth soon afterwards\nconveyed the duchy and all its dependancies in absolute possession to\nduke Philip and his heirs for ever; and the vanquished claimants were\nforced to purchase peace by a solemn ratification of her cession. The\nking of Poland, however, did not deliver his confirmation till after\nthe death of Philip, when the transaction was completed in favour of\nCharles the warlike. See Bertelius and Heuterus.\nThe short table annexed will render this affair more intelligible.\n Charles IV. (Emperor)\n Wenceslaus Sigismund John of Gorlitia, marquis\n (Emperor) (Emperor) of Brandenburg,\n Elizabeth d. 1440, married Elizabeth duchess of Luxembourg,\n Albert of Austria, married 1 Anthony duke of Brabant,\n Elizabeth married Anne married William\n Casimir IV, king III, marquis of\nPage 361. line 1. _Duke William of Saxony._] William marquis of\nThuringia, youngest son of Frederic the warlike, elector of Saxony.\nPage 367. line 7. _Sir Gouvain Quieriet._] Gauvaine Quieret, lord of\nHeuchin, son of James Quieret who was distinguished in the conquest of\nNormandy, and grandson of Guy who was made prisoner at Agincourt.\nPage 380. line 15. _Anjou._] Peter II, the father of James count of\nMaulevrier, who married Charlotte the daughter of Charles VII, and\nAgnes Sorel, and killed her as is more particularly mentioned in a\nnote to vol. ix. p. 99. This Peter was appointed to the command of an\nexpedition sent to England in support of queen Margaret of Anjou, and\nwas afterwards killed at the battle of Montlehery in 1465. (See, Bayle.\nArt. Brez\u00e9.)\nPage 380. line 16. _Lord of Precigny._] Second son of John III. lord\nof Beauvau, grand ma\u00eetre d'hotel to Ren\u00e8 king of Sicily and Naples. He\ndied in 1474.\nPage 396. line 3. _Count Blanquemain._] Blanquemain--Qu. Blankenheim;\nWilliam de Loz, count of Blankenheim married Mary a daughter of Anthony\nde Croy count of Poreien who afterwards had for her second husband\nGeorge count of Wirnemburg.\nPage 407, line 4 from the bottom. _Regent._] Pregent. See before.\nPage 408. line 4. _Prison._] See more of this extraordinary\ntransaction, (vol. 9. p. 136.)\nPage 414. line 14 _Helye de Pompadour._] One of the sons of John I.\nlord of Pompadour and of Margaret de Ventadour, his wife; and mother\nof Golfier lord of Pompadour who died in 1441, leaving John II his son\nand successor, a councellor and chamberlain of the king Louis XI. This\nHelie de Pompadour, entering into the church, became bishop of Alet in\n1448, and of Pamiers in 1454.\nPage 418. line 10. _Life._] Philip Maria, last duke of Milan of the\nhouse of Visconti died in 1448, leaving no issue by either of his wives\nBeatrix de Tende, (the widow of the famous Facino Cane) and Mary,\ndaughter of the duke of Savoy. His natural daughter Bianca Maria was\nmarried to Francis Sforza, who, in her pretended right, succeeded to\nthe duchy and transmitted it to his descendants.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nTRANSCRIBERS NOTE:\nOriginal spelling, including any inconsistencies in spelling of names and\nplace-names, has been retained.\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Chronicles of Enguerrand de\nMonstrelet, Volume 8 (of 13), by Enguerrand de Monstrelet\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGUERRAND, VOLUME 8 ***\n***** This file should be named 63913-0.txt or 63913-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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Thus, we do not\nnecessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper\nedition.\nMost people start at our Web site which has the main PG search\nfacility: www.gutenberg.org\nThis Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,\nincluding how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary\nArchive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to\nsubscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Volume 8 (of 13)\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Graeme Mackreth andThe Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n_H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London._\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART\n finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by\n others to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES ... VOL. VII.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE SEVENTH VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n Some captains attached to sir John de Luxembourg\n surprise the castle of St Martin,\n wherein they are all taken and slain 1\n CHAP. II.\n Poton de Saintrailles and sir Louis de Vaucourt\n are made prisoners by the English 4\n CHAP. III.\n Maillotin de Bours and sir Hector de Flavy\n fight together in the town of Arras 5\n CHAP. IV.\n Some of king Charles's captains make an\n CHAP. V.\n The lord de Barbasan lays siege to the castle\n of Anglure, held by the Burgundians 13\n CHAP. VI.\n The maid of Orleans is condemned to be\n put to death and burnt at Rouen 15\n CHAP. VII.\n The general council is continued at Basil, by\n the solicitations of the emperor 22\n CHAP. VIII.\n The duke of Bar enters the county of Vaudemont\n CHAP. IX.\n The duke of Bar is combated by the count\n CHAP. X.\n The young king Henry comes from England,\n with a grand attendance, to Paris,\n CHAP. XI.\n The detachment the duke of Bar had left to\n blockade Vaudemont march away on\n hearing of the ill success of the battle 51\n CHAP. XII.\n Sir John de Luxembourg assembles men at\n arms and marches into Champagne against\n the French, from whom he conquers several\n CHAP. XIII.\n The duke d'Alen\u00e7on makes the chancellor\n CHAP. XIV.\n The French are near taking the castle of\n CHAP. XV.\n The French take the castle of Dommart in\n Ponthieu, and carry off the lord de Dommart\n CHAP. XVI.\n Sir Thomas Kiriel, an Englishman, is appointed\n governor of the castle of Clermont in\n CHAP. XVII.\n The inhabitants of Chauny-sur-Oise destroy\n CHAP. XVIII.\n The city of Chartres is conquered by king\n CHAP. XIX.\n The cardinal of Santa Croce is sent by the\n pope to France, to endeavour to make\n peace between the contending parties 76\n CHAP. XX.\n The English conquer the bulwark at Lagny-sur-Marne 78\n CHAP. XXI.\n Philibert de Vaudray, governor of Tonnerre,\n and the lord d'Amont wait on the duke\n CHAP. XXII.\n The duke of Bedford marches a large force\n to Lagny-sur-Marne, to support the English\n and Burgundians who had remained\n there, but retires without making any\n CHAP. XXIII.\n The commonalty of Ghent rise against their\n CHAP. XXIV.\n Sir John bastard of St Pol and the lord de\n Humieres are taken prisoners by the\n CHAP. XXV.\n Great disorders are committed by the\n French in the Amiennois, Santerre and\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The heir of Commercy takes the town of\n Ligny in the Barrois, belonging to sir\n CHAP. XXVII.\n The Burgundians, under pretence of being\n English, gain the castle of La Boue, near\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n Friar Thomas goes to Rome.--He is burnt\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The death of the duchess of Bedford 100\n CHAP. XXX.\n Some of the French captains cross the river\n CHAP. XXXI.\n A benedictine monk attempts to gain the\n CHAP. XXXII.\n A peace is concluded between the duke of\n Bar and the count de Vaudemont 105\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n The duchess of Burgundy is brought to bed\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n A peace concluded between the duke of\n Bar and the counts de St Pol and de\n CHAP. XXXV.\n A war takes place between sir John and sir\n Anthony du Vergy and the lord de Chasteau-Vilain 109\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n A treaty of peace is concluded between the\n duke of Burgundy and the Liegeois 112\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The duke of Bedford, who styled himself\n regent of France, marries the daughter of\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The town of St Valery, in Ponthieu, is won\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n The dukes of Bedford and of Burgundy go\n CHAP. XL.\n The death of John de Toisy bishop of Tournay.\n Great dissentions respecting the\n promotion to the vacant bishoprick 118\n CHAP. XLI.\n The French make many conquests on the\n CHAP. XLII.\n The duke of Burgundy reconquers several\n places which the French had won in\n CHAP. XLIII.\n Gilles de Postelles is accused of treason to\n the duke of Burgundy, and beheaded 129\n CHAP. XLIV.\n The French win by scalado the town of\n Crespy in the Valois. Other matters 130\n CHAP. XLV.\n The duke of Burgundy keeps his appointment\n before Passy. He besieges the\n CHAP. XLVI.\n Pierre de Luxembourg, count de St Pol,\n besieges the town of St Valery. The\n CHAP. XLVII.\n The lord de la Trimouille is arrested in the\n king's palace, and made to surrender his\n prisoner the viscount de Thouars 137\n CHAP. XLVIII.\n William de Coroam puts to flight John\n Beaurain. Sir John de Luxembourg reconquers\n the castle of Haphincourt 139\n CHAP. XLIX.\n The counts de Ligny and de St Pol keep\n the appointed day at Villiers le Carbonel,\n and afterward defeat the French from\n CHAP. L.\n La Hire and other French captains overrun\n CHAP. LI.\n The duke of Burgundy holds the anniversary\n feast of the golden fleece in the city\n of Dijon. He attends the marriage of\n CHAP. LII.\n A general council is held at Basil 150\n CHAP. LIII.\n The town and castle of Provins in Brie are\n won by the English and Burgundians.\n The French reconquer the town and\n CHAP. LIV.\n The duke of Burgundy returns from Burgundy\n to Flanders and Artois, having\n with him John son to the count de\n CHAP. LV.\n John de Nevers is ordered to lay siege to\n Moreuil. He has the county of Estampes\n CHAP. LVI.\n A quarrel between the Romans and pope\n Eugenius, whom they wanted to detain\n CHAP. LVII.\n The abbey of St Vincent near Laon is demolished.\n Many castles are conquered\n CHAP. LVIII.\n The lord Talbot returns to France, and conquers\n CHAP. LIX.\n The count d'Estampes reconquers the town\n CHAP. LX.\n The French gain the town of Hamme on\n CHAP. LXI.\n The town and castle of Chasteau-Vilain submits\n to the obedience of the duke of\n CHAP. LXII.\n Heavy taxes laid on the countries of Artois\n and those adjoining, on account of this\n CHAP. LXIII.\n The duke of Burgundy's captains appear\n before Villefranche, wherein was the\n duke of Bourbon. They afterward besiege\n Belleville, which surrenders to them 171\n CHAP. LXIV.\n The lord Willoughby and Mathagon lay\n siege to St Severin, where the English\n are at first victorious, but are afterwards\n CHAP. LXV.\n La Hire treacherously makes the lord\n CHAP. LXVI.\n The common people of Normandy rise\n against the English garrisons 178\n CHAP. LXVII.\n La Hire gains the castle of Breteuil, in\n CHAP. LXVIII.\n The dukes of Burgundy and of Bourbon\n meet in the city of Nevers, and agree on\n CHAP. LXIX.\n Amadeus duke of Savoy turns hermit, and\n CHAP. LXX.\n The common people of Normandy assemble\n CHAP. LXXI.\n The duke and duchess of Burgundy return\n from that country to Flanders and Artois 193\n CHAP. LXXII.\n The French gain the town of Rue from the\n CHAP. LXXIII.\n La Hire, Poton, Philip de la Tour, and the\n lord de Fontaines, defeat the earl of\n Arundel before the castle of Gerberoy 197\n CHAP. LXXIV.\n The duke of Burgundy is displeased with\n CHAP. LXXV.\n The French conquer the towns of St Denis\n CHAP. LXXVI.\n The French, after having agreed to a truce\n with the Burgundians on the frontiers of\n the Beauvoisis, overrun the Boulonnois\n CHAP. LXXVII.\n The cardinals of Santa Croce and of Cyprus\n come to Arras, to attend the convention 211\n CHAP. LXXVIII.\n Louis de Luxembourg, count of St Pol,\n espouses Joan of Bar, countess of Marle\n CHAP. LXXIX.\n The French are defeated near to Rethel, by\n CHAP. LXXX.\n Ambassadors from the king of England arrive\n at Arras to attend the convention 215\n CHAP. LXXXI.\n Ambassadors from France arrive at Arras to\n CHAP. LXXXII.\n Sir John de Mello, a knight of Spain, and\n the lord de Chargny, combat each other\n in the presence of the duke of Burgundy\n CHAP. LXXXIII.\n The French and Burgundians are on very\n CHAP. LXXXIV.\n The cardinal of Winchester comes to Arras\n CHAP. LXXXV.\n During the meeting of the convention at\n Arras, La Hire and Poton overrun and\n forage the country of the duke of Burgundy 234\n CHAP. LXXXVI.\n The kings of Arragon and Navarre are defeated,\n and made prisoners, before\n Gaieta, by the army of the duke of Milan 237\n CHAP. LXXXVII.\n The cardinal of Winchester and the whole\n of the English embassy leave Arras.\n Other ambassadors arrive there 240\n CHAP. LXXXVIII.\n A peace is concluded between Charles king\n of France and the duke of Burgundy, in\n CHAP. LXXXIX.\n The English lay siege to the town of St Denis,\n which in the end surrenders to them\n CHAP. XC.\n Isabella, queen of France, dies in the city\n CHAP. XCI.\n The cardinals, and the ambassadors from\n the council, leave Arras. The duke of\n Burgundy appoints different officers to\n the towns and fortresses that had been\n CHAP. XCII.\n In consequence of the peace of Arras, the\n duke of Burgundy sends some of his\n council, and heralds, to the king of England,\n to remonstrate and explain the\n causes of the peace he had concluded\n CHAP. XCIII.\n The populace of Amiens rise against the\n levying of some taxes which were intended\n CHAP. XCIV.\n The French overrun and pillage the country\n of the duke of Burgundy after the peace\n of Arras. The marshal de Rieux takes\n many towns and castles from the English\n CHAP. XCV.\n The English suspect the Burgundians who\n are waging war with them against the\n king of France: they no longer converse\n or keep company with them. Other matters\n CHAP. XCVI.\n King Henry sends letters to the Hollanders,\n to draw them to his party. A copy of\n CHAP. XCVII.\n The duke of Burgundy determines to make\n CHAP. XCVIII.\n The duke of Burgundy, by the advice of\n his privy counsellors, resolves to make\n CHAP. XCIX.\n The city of Paris is reduced to the obedience\n CHAP. C.\n Arthur count de Richemont, constable of\n France, makes war on the heir of Commercy 330\n CHAP. CI.\n The bishop of Liege and the Liegeois destroy\n Bousseuvre, and other forts that had\n CHAP. CII.\n The town and castle of Orchimont are destroyed\n CHAP. CIII.\n The English make excursions from Calais\n toward Boulogne and Gravelines. La\n Hire conquers Gisors, and loses it soon\n CHAP. CIV.\n The men of Ghent, and the Flemings,\n make great preparations for the siege of\n CHAP. CV.\n Sir John de Croy, bailiff of Hainault, in\n conjunction with other captains, attack\n the English and are discomfited by them 348\n CHAP. CVI.\n The Flemings march to the siege of Calais--and\n CHAP. CVII.\n Sir Florimont de Brimeu, seneschal of Ponthieu,\n CHAP. CVIII.\n Humphry duke of Glocester arrives at Calais\n with a large armament. He enters\n Flanders, Artois, and other territories of\n the duke of Burgundy, and does much\n CHAP. CIX.\n The Flemings again take up arms, after\n their retreat from Calais to their towns 388\n CHAP. CX.\n La Hire conquers the town and castle of\n CHAP. CXI.\n The duchess of Bedford, sister to the count\n de St Pol, re-marries of her own free\n will. The king of Sicily negotiates with\n the duke of Burgundy for his liberty.\n The English recover the town of Pontoise 397\nHERE BEGINNETH\nTHE SEVENTH VOLUME\nOF THE\nCHRONICLES\nOF\n_ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\n SOME CAPTAINS ATTACHED TO SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG SURPRISE THE CASTLE\n OF ST MARTIN, WHEREIN THEY ARE ALL TAKEN AND SLAIN.\nAt the commencement of this year, some of the captains attached to\nsir John de Luxembourg, such as sir Simon de Lalain, Bertrand de\nManicain, Enguerrand de Crequi, Enguerrand de Gribauval marched\nfrom the borders of the Laonnois with four hundred combatants to\nthe abbey of St Vincent, near Laon, wherein were a body of French.\nThey gained it by surprise, and on their entrance they set up a loud\nshout, which awakened part of the enemy within a strong gateway, who\ninstantly defended themselves with vigour; and, during this, the lord\nde Pennesac, then in Laon, was told what had happened. He immediately\ncollected a force to succour those in the gate, who were gallantly\ndefending themselves; and his men at arms, enraged to find the enemy so\nnear, lost no time in putting on their armour.\nThey soon marched out of Laon to the assistance of their friends then\nfighting; but a part of the Burgundians, without finishing their\nenterprise, or providing for what might happen, had quitted the combat\nto plunder the abbey. They were, therefore, unexpectedly attacked\nby these men at arms, and with such vigour that they were totally\ndefeated, and sixty of the principal were left dead on the spot: in the\nnumber were Bertrand de Manicain and Enguerrand de Gribauval. The last\noffered a large ransom for his life; but it was refused, by reason of\nthe great hatred the common people bore him for the very many mischiefs\nhe had long before done them.\nSir Simon de Lalain was made prisoner, and had his life spared through\nthe means of a gallant youth of the garrison named Archanciel, who\nwas much beloved by the commonalty. Enguerrand de Crequi was taken\nat the same time with sir Simon and a few others; but the remainder,\nwitnessing their ill success, retreated to the places whence they had\ncome.\nSir John de Luxembourg was much afflicted at this event, and not\nwithout cause, for he had lost in the affair some of his ablest\ncaptains. The brother of the lord de Pennesac, called James, was killed.\nAt the same time, the castle of Rambures, belonging to the lord de\nRambures, then a prisoner in England, was won by the French, under the\ncommand of Charles des Marests, who took it by scalado. Ferry de Mailly\nwas the governor of it for king Henry. The French, by this capture,\nopened a free communication with the country of Vimeu and those\nadjoining, as shall hereafter be shewn.\nCHAP. II.\n POTON DE SAINTRAILLES AND SIR LOUIS DE VAUCOURT ARE MADE PRISONERS BY\n THE ENGLISH.\nIn this year, the marshal de Bousac, Poton de Saintrailles, sir Louis\nde Vaucourt, and others of king Charles's captains, set out from\nBeauvais with about eight hundred combatants to seek adventures, and\nto forage the country near to Gournay. With them was a very young\nshepherd's boy, who was desirous to raise his name in the same way that\nthe Maid had done.\nThe earl of Warwick had notice of their march, and collected with all\nhaste about six hundred fighting men, whom he led toward Beauvais to\nmeet the enemy. He came up with them, unexpectedly, near to Gournay,\nand commenced a sharp conflict, in which so little resistance was\nmade by the French that they were soon put to the rout, and Poton de\nSaintrailles, sir Louis de Vaucourt, and about sixty combatants, were\nmade prisoners. The rest, with the exception of eight or ten who were\nslain, made their escape with the marshal to Beauvais.\nThe English pursued them to the walls of that town, when the earl of\nWarwick, assembling his men, returned to Gournay, happy at his good\nsuccess; and thence he went to the duke of Bedford in Rouen, by whom he\nwas joyfully congratulated on his victory.\nCHAP. III.\n MAILLOTIN DE BOURS AND SIR HECTOR DE FLAVY FIGHT TOGETHER IN THE TOWN\n OF ARRAS.\nOn the 20th day of June in this year, a combat took place in the\ntown of Arras, and in the presence of the duke of Burgundy, between\nMaillotin de Bours, appellant, and sir Hector de Flavy, defendant.\nMaillotin had charged sir Hector, before the duke of Burgundy, with\nhaving said, that he was desirous of becoming the duke's enemy, and of\nturning to the party of king Charles; and also, that he had required\nof him to accompany him in his flight, and to seize Guy Guillebaut,\nthe duke's treasurer, or some other wealthy prisoner, to pay for their\nexpenses.\nThe duke, on this charge, had ordered Maillotin to arrest sir Hector,\nand bring him prisoner to Arras, which he did in the following manner.\nHaving received this order, he went, accompanied by a competent number\nof men, to a village near Corbie called Bonnay, and thence sent to sir\nHector to come to him. Sir Hector, not knowing that any accusations\nhad been made against him, came thither with a very few attendants,\nfor Maillotin had pretended that he wanted only to speak with him; but\nno sooner did he appear than he laid hands on him, and carried him\nprisoner to Arras, where he remained in confinement a considerable\ntime. However, by the exertions of his friends, he was conducted to the\npresence of the duke in Hesdin,--when he ably defended himself against\nthe charges brought against him, and declared that it was Maillotin\nhimself who made the proposals that he had mentioned. Words at last\nran so high that Maillotin threw down his glove, which sir Hector, by\nleave of the prince, took up. The 20th day of June was fixed on for the\ncombat, and there might be forty days before its arrival. Sufficient\npledges were mutually given for their due appearance in person on the\nappointed day.\nThe duke of Burgundy came from his palace in Arras about ten o'clock\nof the 20th of June, grandly attended by his nobles and chivalry, to\nthe seat which had been prepared for him in the centre of the lists, in\nthe great market-square, the usual place for tournaments. The counts\nde St Pol, de Ligny, and others of rank, entered the seat with the\nduke. Two handsome tents were pitched at each end of the lists, and\nwithout them were two great chairs of wood for the champions to repose\nin. That of Maillotin, as appellant, was on the right hand of the\nduke, and sir Hector's on the left. Sir Hector's tent was very richly\nornamented with sixteen emblazoned quarterings of his arms, and of\nthose of his ancestors, on each side. There was also a representation\nof a sepulchre, because sir Hector had been made a knight at the holy\nsepulchre of Jerusalem.\nShortly afterward, Maillotin was summoned by the king at arms to appear\nin person and fulfil his engagements. About eleven o'clock, he left\nhis mansion, accompanied by the lord de Chargny, the lord de Humieres,\nsir Peter Quierel lord de Ramencourt, and many other gentlemen, his\nrelations and friends. He was mounted on a horse covered with the\nemblazonments of his arms, having on plain armour, his helmet on and\nhis vizor closed, holding in one hand his lance and in the other one\nof his two swords; for he was provided with two, and a large dagger\nhanging by his side. His horse was led by the bridle by two knights\non foot; and on his arrival at the barriers, he made the usual oaths\nin the hands of sir James de Brimeu, who had been appointed for the\npurpose. This done, the barriers were thrown open, and he entered with\nhis companions on foot, who then presented themselves before the duke\nof Burgundy. After this, he rode to his chair, where he dismounted,\nand entered his pavilion to repose himself and wait his adversary.\nThe lord de Chargny, who was his manager to instruct him how to act,\nentered the tent with him, as did a few of his confidential friends.\nArtois, king at arms, now summoned sir Hector de Flavy in the same\nmanner as he had done the other; and within a quarter of an hour sir\nHector left his house and came to the barriers on horseback, fully\narmed like his opponent, grandly accompanied by gentlemen, among whom\nwere the two sons of the count de St Pol, Louis and Thibault, who led\nsir Hector's horse by the bridle. The other lords followed behind on\nfoot, namely, the lord d'Antoing, the vidame of Amiens, John de Flavy,\nbrother to sir Hector, Hugh de Launoy, the lord de Chargny, the lord de\nSaveuses, sir John de Fosseux, the lord de Crevecoeur, and many more\nnobles and esquires of rank. On sir Hector's arrival at the barriers,\nhe took the oath, and then presented himself to the duke. He went to\nhis chair, dismounted, and entered his pavilion. Soon after, they both\nadvanced on foot before the duke, and swore on the evangelists that\ntheir quarrel was good, and that they would combat fairly, and then\nreturned again to their pavilions.\nProclamation was now made by the king at arms for all persons, under\npain of death, to quit the lists, excepting such as had been charged\nto guard them. The prince had ordered that eight persons on each side,\nrelations or friends of the champions, should remain within the lists\nunarmed, in addition to the eight that had been before appointed to\nraise them, or put an end to the combat, according to the prince's\npleasure.\nThe chairs being removed, proclamation was again made for the champions\nto advance and do their duty. On hearing this, Maillotin de Bours, as\nappellant, first stepped forth, and then sir Hector, each grasping\ntheir lances handsomely. On their approach, they threw them, but\nwithout either hitting. They then, with great signs of courage, drew\nnearer, and began the combat with swords. Sir Hector, more than once,\nraised the vizor of his adversary's helmet by his blows, so that his\nface was plainly seen, which caused the spectators to believe sir\nHector had the best of the combat. Maillotin, however, without being\nany way discouraged, soon closed it, by striking it down with the\npummel of his sword, and retreating a few paces.\nThe two champions shewed the utmost valour; but at this moment, before\nany blood had been drawn, the duke ordered further proceedings to be\nstopped, which was instantly done by those who had been commissioned\nfor the purpose. They were commanded to withdraw to their lodgings,\nwhich they obeyed, by quitting the lists at opposite ends; and on\nthe morrow they dined at the duke's table, sir Hector sitting on his\nright hand. When dinner was over, the duke ordered them, under pain\nof capital punishment, to attempt nothing further against each other,\ntheir friends or allies, and to lay aside all the malice and hatred\nthat was between them. In confirmation of which, he made them shake\nhands.\nCHAP. IV.\n SOME OF KING CHARLES'S CAPTAINS MAKE AN ATTEMPT ON CORBIE.\nAbout this time, some of king Charles's captains, namely, the lord de\nLongueval, Anthony de Chabannes, Blanchefort, Alain Guion, and others,\nadvanced to the town of Corbie, thinking to take it by surprise. By the\nactivity of the abbot, the place was well defended; and it was also\nsuccoured by John de Humieres, Enguerrand de Gribauval, with some more\ngentlemen in their company, so that the French were repulsed with the\nloss of many of their men. Alain Guion was so badly wounded that he was\nin great peril of death. They caused, however, a very handsome suburb\ntoward Fouilloy to be burnt. They retreated to forage the countries on\nthe banks of the Somme, where they took the castles of Morcourt and\nLyon belonging to the lord de Longueval, committing also much damage to\nthe lands.\nThey soon quitted these castles, for fear of being besieged in\nthem, and returned to the places they had come from; but the duke of\nBurgundy, on their departure, had them razed to the ground.\nCHAP. V.\n THE LORD DE BARBASAN LAYS SIEGE TO THE CASTLE OF ANGLURE, HELD BY THE\n BURGUNDIANS.\nIn this year, the lord de Barbasan, who had resided a considerable time\nwith the duke of Bar on the borders of Champagne, laid siege to the\nBurgundians in the castle of Anglure,[1]--and he had approached so near\nas to batter the walls with his cannon and other artillery. The duke\nof Bedford, on hearing this, sent to their relief the earl of Arundel,\nwith the eldest son of the earl of Warwick, the lord de l'Isle-Adam,\nthe lord de Ch\u00e2tillon, the lord de Bonneul, and other captains, with\nsixteen hundred men. After some days march, they came to Anglure,\nand found that the lord de Barbasan, having had intelligence of their\nmotions, had retreated to a strong post, which he had also strengthened\nby outworks.\nSome skirmishes took place, in which from sixteen to twenty men were\nkilled on both sides, and the lord de l'Isle-Adam was wounded. The\nEnglish and Burgundians, seeing that they could not force the enemy to\nbattle without great disadvantage to themselves, withdrew the garrison,\nwith the lady of the castle, and set fire to it; after which, they\nreturned to Paris, and to the other parts whence they had come.\nThe lord de Barbasan had been constituted by king Charles governor\nof the countries of Brie, the Laonnois and Champagne. Before he laid\nsiege to Anglure, he had conquered Noeville in the Laonnois, Voisines\nand other places. He had remained about a month before this castle of\nAnglure, having with him the lord de Conflans, sir John bastard de\nDampierre, and a great number of common people.\nWhen the English and Burgundians were on their march to raise this\nsiege, in one of the many skirmishes, the French gained possession\nof the outworks of the castle,--but were soon driven thence by the\nEnglish, who in consequence set the castle on fire, as has been related.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: Anglure, eight leagues to the north of Troyes.]\nCHAP. VI.\n THE MAID OF ORLEANS IS CONDEMNED TO BE PUT TO DEATH AND BURNT AT ROUEN.\nJoan the Maid had sentence of death passed on her in the city of Rouen,\ninformation of which was sent by the king of England to the duke of\nBurgundy, a copy of whose letter now follows:\n'Most dear and well beloved uncle, the very fervent love we know you\nto bear, as a true Catholic, to our holy mother the church, and your\nzeal for the exaltation of the faith, induces us to signify to you by\nwriting, that in honour of the above, an act has lately taken place\nat Rouen, which will tend, as we hope, to the strengthening of the\ncatholic faith, and the extirpation of pestilential heresies.\n'It is well known, from common report, and otherwise, that the woman,\nerroneously called the Maid, has, for upward of two years, contrary to\nthe divine law, and to the decency becoming her sex, worn the dress\nof a man, a thing abominable before God; and in this state she joined\nour adversary and yours, giving him, as well as those of his party,\nchurchmen and nobles, to understand that she was sent as a messenger\nfrom Heaven,--and presumptuously vaunting that she had personal and\nvisible communications with St Michael, and with a multitude of angels\nand saints in paradise, such as St Catherine and St Margaret. By these\nfalsehoods, and by promising future victories, she has estranged the\nminds of persons of both sexes from the truth, and induced them to the\nbelief of dangerous errors.\n'She clothed herself in armour also, assisted by knights and esquires,\nand raised a banner, on which, through excess of pride and presumption,\nshe demanded to bear the noble and excellent arms of France, which in\npart she obtained. These she displayed at many conflicts and sieges;\nand they consisted of a shield having two flower de luces or on a\nfield azure, with a pointed sword surmounted with a crown proper.\n'In this state she took the field with large companies of men at arms\nand archers, to exercise her inhuman cruelties by shedding Christian\nblood, and stirring up seditions and rebellions of the common people.\nShe encouraged perjuries, superstitions and false doctrines, by\npermitting herself to be reverenced and honoured as a holy woman, and\nin various other manners that would be too long to detail, but which\nhave greatly scandalized all Christendom wherever they have been known.\n'But divine Mercy having taken pity on a loyal people, and being no\nlonger willing to suffer them to remain under such vain errors and\ncredulities, permitted that this woman should be made prisoner by your\narmy when besieging Compi\u00e8gne, and through your affection she was\ntransferred to our power.\n'On this being known, she was claimed by the bishop in whose diocese\nshe had been taken; and as she had been guilty of the highest treason\nto the Divine Majesty, we delivered her up to be tried and punished\nby the usual ecclesiastical judges, not only from respect to our holy\nmother the church, whose ordinances we shall ever prefer to our own,\nbut also for the exaltation of our faith.\n'We were unwilling that the officers of our secular justice should take\ncognizance of the crime, although it was perfectly lawful for us so to\ndo, considering the great mischiefs, murders, and detestable cruelties,\nshe has committed against our sovereignty, and on a loyal obedient\npeople.\n'The bishop having called to his aid in this matter the vicar of the\ninquisitor of errors and heresies in the faith, with many able doctors\nin theology and in the canon law, commenced with much solemnity and\ngravity the trial of the said Joan. After these judges had for several\ndays interrogated her on her crimes, and had maturely considered her\nconfessions and answers, they sent them for the opinion of our beloved\ndaughter the university of Paris, when they all determined that this\nJoan was superstitious, a sorceress of the devil, a blasphemer of God\nand of his saints, a schismatic, and guilty of many errors against the\nfaith of Jesus Christ.\n'To recal her to the universal faith of our holy church, to purge\nher from her pernicious errors, and to save her soul from perpetual\ndamnation, and to induce her to return to the way of truth, she was\nlong and frequently charitably preached to; but that dangerous and\nobstinate spirit of pride and presumption, which is alway endeavouring\nto prevent the unity and safety of Christians, held the said Joan so\nfast bound that no arguments nor exhortations could soften the hardness\nof her heart, so that she boasted that all which she had done was\nmeritorious, and that it had been done by the command of God and the\naforesaid holy virgins, who had personally appeared to her. But what\nwas worse, she refused to acknowledge any power on earth but God and\nhis saints, denying the authority of our holy father the pope, and of\nthe general councils of the universal church militant.\n'The ecclesiastical judges, witnessing her obstinacy and hardness of\nheart, had her brought forth before the people, who, with the clergy,\nwere assembled in great numbers, when she was again preached to by\nan able divine. Having been plainly warned of the doctrines of our\nholy religion, and the consequences of heresies and erroneous opinions\nconcerning it to the welfare of mankind, she was charitably admonished\nto make her peace with the church, and renounce her errors, but she\nremained as obstinate as before.\n'The judges, having considered her conduct, proceeded to pronounce\nsentence upon her, according to the heinousness of her crimes; but\nbefore it was read her courage seemed to fail her, and she said she was\nwilling to return to the church. This was heard with pleasure by the\njudges, clergy and spectators, who received her kindly, hoping by this\nmeans to preserve her soul from perdition.\n'She now submitted herself to the ordinances of the church, and\npublicly renounced and abjured her detestable crimes, signing with\nher own hand the schedule of her recantation and abjuration. Thus was\nour merciful mother the church rejoiced at the sinner doing penance,\nanxious to recover the lost sheep that had wandered in the desert. Joan\nwas ordered to perform her penance in close confinement.\n'But these good dispositions did not last long; for her presumptuous\npride seemed to have acquired greater force than before,--and she\nrelapsed, with the utmost obstinacy, into all those errors which\nshe had publicly renounced. For this cause, and that she might not\ncontaminate the sound members of our holy communion, she was again\npublicly preached to; and, proving obstinate, she was delivered over to\nthe secular arm, who instantly condemned her to be burnt. Seeing her\nend approach, she fully acknowledged and confessed that the spirits\nwhich had appeared to her were often lying and wicked ones; that the\npromises they had made to set her at liberty were false,--and that she\nhad been deceived and mocked by them.\n'She was publicly led to the old market-place in Rouen, and there burnt\nin the presence of the people!'\nThis notice of her sentence and execution was sent by the king of\nEngland to the duke of Burgundy, that it might be published by him for\nthe information of his subjects, that all may henceforward be advised\nnot to put faith in such or similar errors as had governed the heart of\nthe Maid.\nCHAP. VII.\n THE GENERAL COUNCIL IS CONTINUED AT BASIL, BY THE SOLICITATIONS OF THE\n EMPEROR.\nIn this year, a general council of the holy church, which had been\nmoved for during the pontificate of pope Martin, was ordered by the\npope to be held in the city of Basil. Basil is a handsome city,\nabounding in wealth, and seated on the banks of the Rhine; whither\ncame crowds from all parts to attend the council, more especially many\nnotable clerks from the university of Paris, and numberless ambassadors\nfrom the emperor of Germany, different kings, princes and prelates.\nPope Eugenius, however, was desirous of deferring this council for\na year and a half, and wished to have it transferred to Bologna la\nGrassa, for the accommodation of the Greeks, who he was in hopes would\nattend it. The emperor, when he heard of this, wrote letters to the\npope, containing in substance as follows.\nIn the first place, he was unwilling that the council should be\ntransferred from Basil, or any way delayed on account of the Greeks;\nfor as much pains had been taken in vain to unite them with the holy\nchurch, it would be better to extirpate reigning heresies.\nItem, the members of the council had written to those of Prague called\nHussites to attend this council,--and he, the emperor, had likewise\nwritten to them, and sent them passports for their coming and return.\nThe Hussites had shewn intentions of compliance with these requests,\nfor they had suffered great losses in Hungary, having been twice\ndefeated by the duke of Austria.\nItem, as the Hussites knew that this council was chiefly held for the\nabolition of their heresies, could it be expected that any sincere\nconversions would take effect, without the points of the disputed\ndoctrines having been fully and publicly argued?\nItem, should it happen that they be converted by force of reason,\nas the members of the council are from various countries, they will\nadmonish their countrymen when returned to destroy these Hussites.\nItem, because the Hussites declare their sect to be founded on the Holy\nScriptures, should the council be delayed, they will naturally conclude\nthat this is done through a consciousness of inability to controvert\ntheir doctrines, and will become more hardened and obstinate in their\nerrors.\nItem, because common report has bruited it abroad that this council was\nassembled for the reformation of public manners and the state of the\nchurch, it is to be feared that many who have loudly spoken of these\nmatters will say, if the council be adjourned, that it is a mockery and\nfarce, and will end as unprofitably to the church as those of Pisa and\nof Constance.\nItem, since this council has been called to appease dissentions\nthat have arisen between the clergy and laity in many towns of\nChristendom,--and since the members have summoned the attendance\nof several of the chief inhabitants of different towns in Saxony,\nparticularly of Magdebourg, who had expelled the bishop and his clergy\nfrom their town, and of others who had rebelled against their bishops\nbecause they leaned to the doctrines of the Hussites,--it is to be\nfeared, should the council be deferred, that they will form such strong\nconnexions with the Hussites that it will be no longer possible to\nremedy the mischief.\nItem, although several towns and princes situated amidst these heretics\nhave made truces with them, nevertheless the majority of them are\nfirmly united with the Hussites, in hopes that the council will decide\non their doctrines; but should they find it is adjourned for so long a\ntime as a year and a half, they will be for ever lost to the church.\nItem, it was hoped that this council would employ itself in the\npacification of many kings and princes now waging war against each\nother, and in taking proper measures for a secure and lasting peace.\nShould it now separate, these princes would continue a cruel warfare,\nand no hope remain of again assembling it for the prevention of\nseditions and heresies, and thus very many things profitable to the\nChristian church will be delayed, if not totally obstructed; and\ngreater slanders and mischiefs will arise than he was willing to write.\nThese arguments having been adduced in the letters from the emperor, he\nthus concludes:\n'We therefore require of your holiness, that you instantly write to the\npresident and members of the council, that they do not on any account\nseparate, but that they do accomplish that which they have begun, and\nfor which they have been assembled in the name of the Lord,--and that\nyou do recal and annul whatever you may have written to the contrary.\nHave the goodness to consider also that the heretics are increasing\nin arms, and that if you do not disband them by clerical measures,\nand replace them in their primitive state, there will not be left a\npossibility of doing it by any other means whatever.\n'Those who have advised you to adjourn the council have not assuredly\nunderstood the grievous evils that may result from that measure. Would\nto God they were sensible of the dangerous consequences at this moment\narising from delay! Should they fear that laics would usurp power\nbelonging to the church, they would deceive themselves,--for this is\nonly a subtlety to retard the council; which measure, if carried into\neffect, would indeed force the laics to act against the church.\n'This can only be prevented by continuing the sittings of the council;\nfor then the laics will be effectually restrained, when they shall see\nthe clergy abstain from all considerations of personal profit. You\nshould also consider, that perhaps the holy council will not consent\nto adjourn itself, and that in this it will be followed by the kings,\nprinces and common people; and your holiness, who has hitherto been\nheld in respect, and considered as spotless by the members of the\nChristian church, will fall under suspicion, and your mandates be\ndisregarded. For this adjournment, without any essential cause, will\nstain your innocence; and it may be said that you nourish heresies\namong Christians, a perseverance in wickedness and in the sins of the\npeople. Disobedience may therefore be consequently expected to the\nchurch of God; for there are some who will not scruple to publish that\nyou have been the cause of these evils,--and many more than you are\naware of will agree with them.\n'It would be very useful and good, if your holiness would attend\nthe council in person; but if that cannot be, send your immediate\ncommands for it to continue its sittings in the manner in which it has\ncommenced; for there are measures before it affecting the very vitals\nof Christianity that can not, and ought not, to suffer a moment's delay.\n'Should your holiness require, in future, any measures to be discussed\nthat do not demand such haste, such as touching an union with the Greek\nchurch, another council may be called better inclined towards it; for\nshould this council be now dissolved, it is to be doubted whether\nanother can be assembled within the eighteen months, from events that\nmay arise.\n'Your holiness will be pleased to weigh maturely all that we have\nwritten to you, and give directions for the continuation of this\ncouncil; and have the goodness to receive our admonitions paternally\nand kindly, for it has been our conscience, and the great difficulties\ninto which the church of God has fallen, and also our anxiety that your\ncharacter may not be liable to the least suspicion, that have urged\nus to make them. This we will more clearly demonstrate to you when we\nshall be in your presence, which we hope will shortly happen.'\nThis remonstrance had its due effect on the holy father, who\nre-established the council at Basil, which was attended by great\nmultitudes of ecclesiastical and secular lords, ambassadors, princes\nand prelates, and common people out of number.\nCHAP. VIII.\n THE DUKE OF BAR ENTERS THE COUNTY OF VAUDEMONT TO CONQUER IT BY FORCE.\nI have before mentioned that a serious quarrel[2] had taken place\nbetween Ren\u00e9 duke of Bar and Anthony de Lorraine count de Vaudemont.\nIn consequence thereof, the duke of Bar had collected a great body of\nmen at arms, as well from his own duchy as from other parts of Germany,\nto the amount of six thousand men. The principal leaders were the\ncounts de Salmes, de Salivines and de Linanges, the bishop of Metz,\nsir Thibaut de Barbey, and other noble men of high rank. The duke had\nalso with him that gallant and renowned knight the lord de Barbasan,\nby whose advice he ordered his army,--for he had great knowledge and\nexperience in war.\nHaving provided a sufficiency of artillery, provision and stores, the\nduke marched his army before Vaudemont[3], the capital of that country,\nwhich was naturally strong, and had been repaired with additional\nfortifications, by the count, who had likewise well victualled and\ngarrisoned it, knowing that it was intended to be attacked by his\nenemies.\nHe had appointed, as governors in his absence, Gerard de Passenchault,\nbailiff of the county, and Henry de Fouquencourt, who made great\nexertions to put the place in a proper state of defence. They were,\nhowever, in spite of their efforts, soon besieged on all sides, by\nreason of the superior numbers of their enemies.\nThe besiegers also overran and destroyed by fire and sword most part of\nthe county of Vaudemont, which, although very vexatious to the count,\nhe could no way resist for the present. He garrisoned all his strong\nplaces as well as he could, and resolved to wait on duke Philip of\nBurgundy, whose party he had alway supported, and humbly request aid\nfrom him to deliver his country from his enemies.\nHe found the duke in Flanders, to whom having told his distress, the\nduke replied, that he would willingly lay the case before his council,\nand give him a speedy answer, and the best assistance he could afford.\nA short time before the count's arrival, sir Anthony de Toulongeon,\nthe marshal of Burgundy, and other noble persons from that country,\nhad come to remonstrate with the duke on the state of affairs in that\nduchy, and on the devastations there done by his enemies the French and\nBourbonnois, who were daily committing murders and mischiefs by fire\nand sword, having already conquered some of his towns and castles, and\nintending further inroads unless they were checked.\nThey earnestly solicited that he would, for the salvation of the\ncountry, send thither some of his Picard-captains, accompanied by a\ncertain number of men at arms, more particularly archers, of whom, they\nsaid, they were in much need.\nThe duke held several councils on these two demands, and on the means\nof complying with them. They caused many debates,--and his ministers\nurged the necessity of non-compliance, saying that the French were on\nthe borders of Picardy, eager to make an inroad on Artois, and the\nmoment they should know that his Picards had left their country, they\nmight do him very great mischief. Notwithstanding all the dangers that\nmight ensue, it was resolved, as a matter of necessity, that a thousand\nor twelve hundred combatants should be given to the marshal, who\nshould have the chief command, with the Picardy-captains under him; and\nwhen they were arrived in Burgundy, they should afford the count de\nVaudemont the strongest support they could.\nWhen this had been resolved upon, it was necessary to seek for captains\nto conduct the expedition; for there were few of any rank willing to\nundertake it, because it was to a distant country, where the enemy was\nin great force,--and they did not expect to be well paid, according to\nthe custom in those parts. However, the duke of Burgundy, the count of\nVaudemont, and others of weight in Picardy, determined to accept of\nsuch as they could find willing to go; and they sounded Matthieu de\nHumieres, Robinet de Huchechien, the bastard de Fosseux, the bastard\nde Neufville, Gerard bastard de Brimeu, and some other gentlemen and\nmen at arms of the middle ranks, who had no great properties in their\nown country, to know if they were inclined to assemble men at arms,\nand to follow their leader whither he pleased to seek adventures. Some\npresents and greater promises being added to this proposal, they\nagreed to accept of the offers.\nThey collected, therefore, about the beginning of May, as many men\nat arms as they could, in various parts, to the amount of a thousand\nor twelve hundred, and had the duke of Burgundy's commands to keep\nthem on foot for a certain time: the most of them were poor soldiers,\naccustomed to support themselves by living on their neighbours, when\nthey could not find wherewithal in their own countries, but strong,\nhealthy and vigorous, and accustomed to war.\nWhen they were assembled in companies, they marched for the Cambresis,\nand were mustered in a large village called Solames, belonging to the\nabbot of St Denis in France. They thence advanced under the command of\nthe marshal, and other burgundian lords, to Rethel, where they received\na proportion of their pay, and thence returned through St Menehould\nto Burgundy, where they remained some little time, waiting until the\nburgundian forces were ready.\nIn the mean time, while these preparations were going forward,\nthe duke of Bar was besieging, with his numerous army, the town of\nVaudemont. He had remained before it for three complete months, and had\ngreatly damaged the walls by his cannon and other engines. The besieged\nwere in the utmost distress; but, as they had hopes of being speedily\nrelieved by the count, from whom they had secret messages, they bore\nall with much patience. Their two governors made great exertions to\ndefend the place, that their lord might not reproach them with having\nany way neglected their duty.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 2: The duchy of Bar having passed to the house of Anjou,\nR\u00e9n\u00e9, in the year 1431, sent his bailiffs from Bar and St Michel to\nreceive from Anthony of Lorraine count de Vaudemont, his acknowledgment\nof him as lord paramount. The duke insisted on having full obedience of\nall places within the county that had been held as fiefs from the dukes\nof Bar, under pain of confiscation. _Dict. de Martiniere._ This was\nprobably the cause of quarrel.]\n[Footnote 3: Vaudemont,--a small town in Lorraine. It had been the\ncapital of the county, but had given up that honour to the little town\nof Vezelize.]\nCHAP. IX.\n THE DUKE OF BAR IS COMBATED BY THE COUNT DE VAUDEMONT AND DEFEATED.\nWhen the marshal of Burgundy had assembled all his men, he marched\nthem toward Langres; and thence the Burgundians and Picards advanced\ntoward the Barrois, where they were joined by the count de Vaudemont\nwith all the forces he could collect. When united, they might amount\nto about four thousand combatants; and their chief captains were the\nsaid Anthony de Toulongeon marshal of Burgundy, the count de Vaudemont,\nthe lord d'Antoing, Gerard de Marigny, the count de Fribourg, the lord\nde Mirabeau, the lord de Sez, the lord de Roland, sir Imbert Marechal,\na Savoyard, the bastard du Vergy, Matthieu de Humieres, nephew to\nthe above-mentioned lord d'Antoing, sir John de Cardonne lord de\nBichancourt, Boort de Bazentin, a gallant english knight called sir\nJohn Ladan, and sir Thomas Gergeras.\nSir John Ladan was governor of Montigny-le-Roi, and had with him six\nscore combatants at the least, with many notable gentlemen renowned\nand expert in war. They advanced in handsome array into the Barrois,\nfollowed by sixteen or twenty carts laden with stores and provision.\nThey announced their entrance into the Barrois by setting fire to\ndifferent parts of that country; and thus they advanced to a large\nvillage called Sandacourt, within seven leagues of their adversaries,\nwhere they arrived on a Saturday night. On the morrow, Sunday, they\nexpected an attack from the enemy, and, consequently, they formed\ntheir men in order of battle, and remained in this state the most\npart of that day, having their archers posted behind sharp stakes to\nprevent the charge of the cavalry. As the enemy did not appear, they\nretired, about vespers, to the village to refresh themselves, and\ncalled a council to consider how they should act. It was resolved, that\nsince from the badness of the roads, and from the country being so\nintersected with hedges, they could not, without danger, march to meet\nthe enemy, who were superior to them in numbers, they should return\nthrough the Barrois to Burgundy, destroy the country they marched\nthrough, and reinforce themselves with men and every thing necessary to\nenable them to combat the enemy.\nThis resolution was very displeasing to the count de Vaudemont, but\nhe was, through necessity, forced to abide by it. The captains then\nordered all things to be packed and ready for the march on the ensuing\nday, Monday, the feast of St Martin in the summer; but the duke of Bar,\nhaving heard of their arrival, quitted the siege of Vaudemont, leaving\na sufficient body to blockade it until his return, and marched his army\nto offer them battle before they were reinforced.\nHis strength consisted of about six thousand combatants, under some of\nthe highest rank in Bar, Lorraine and Germany, and advanced in handsome\narray. The scouts of the marshal of Burgundy fell in with those of\nthe duke of Bar, attacked and conquered them; and this was the first\nintelligence the marshal had of their intentions.\nHe gave instant notice of the coming of the enemy to his captains, who\ndrew up their men in good order, chiefly under the directions of the\nenglish knight. The archers were posted in front, and on the wings,\nwith their stakes before them. The burgundian men at arms wanted to\nremain on horseback, but the Picards and English would not suffer them;\nand at last it was ordered, that every man, whatever might be his rank,\nshould dismount,--and all who should disobey should be put to death.\nThe horses and carriages were placed in the rear, in such wise as to\nprevent the enemy from making any attack on that quarter.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Bar had advanced his army to within\nhalf a quarter of a league of them, and thence sent his heralds and\ntrumpets to announce to them his approach, and to say, that if they\nwould wait for him, he would offer them battle. The burgundian captains\nsent for answer, that they were ready to receive him, and wished for\nnothing better than what he had proposed.\nThe heralds returned with this answer to the duke, who then advanced\nto within cross-bow shot of his enemies, although the lord de Barbasan\nhad frequently advised him to avoid an open combat, but to force them\nto retreat from his country by famine and other means. He added many\narguments in support of his advice; but the duke would not listen to\nthem, trusting to superiority of numbers, notwithstanding the greater\npart of his men had not been accustomed nor experienced in war like to\nhis adversaries, the Burgundians, Picards, and English.\nThe duke, partly by the advice of the lord de Barbasan, drew up his\narmy handsomely; for he had a great desire for the combat, though he\nhad with him but very few archers. When this was done, many new knights\nwere created on his side.\nPreparatory to the battle, the marshal of Burgundy and the count de\nVaudemont had two tuns of wine brought to the front of their line,\nwhich, with bread and other victual, were delivered out to their men\nin what quantity they pleased; and all who had any hatreds made peace\nwith each other. They had also some cannon and culverines on the two\nwings and in the center of their army, and they remained for two hours\nfronting each other.\nWhile they were thus situated, a stag, as I was informed, came between\ntheir battalions, and, stamping thrice with his feet on the ground,\npaced along the burgundian line,--and then, returning, dashed through\nthat of the Barrois, when great shoutings were made after it.\nSome new knights were now created by the Burgundians and Picards, such\nas Matthieu de Humieres, Gerard de Marigny, his son, and others. The\ncount de Vaudemont during this ceremony rode on a small hackney along\nthe line, entreating the men 'to combat bravely, assuring them, on the\ndamnation of his soul, that his cause was good and just,--that the duke\nof Bar wanted to disinherit him,--and that he had ever been strongly\nattached to the party of duke John and duke Philip of Burgundy.'\nThe Burgundians and Picards were well pleased with this address, and\ndetermined to remain as they were, and not advance on the enemy. On\nthe other hand, the duke of Bar, having finished his preparations, and\ndrawn up his army mostly on foot, observing that the enemy did not\nmove, resolved to begin the combat, and marched toward them, who still\nremained in their position.\nWhen the Barrois were advanced to within twelve or sixteen diestres[4]\nof their line, they discharged the cannons and culverines before\nmentioned, and set up a loud shout. This caused such an alarm among\nthe Barrois that they flung themselves on the ground, and were greatly\nfrightened. Shortly after, the battle raged on all sides, and it might\nthen be about eleven o'clock. The Picard-archers made excellent use of\ntheir bows, and killed and wounded numbers with their arrows.\nThe violence of the combat lasted about a quarter of an hour, and the\ntwo parties were engaged in different quarters; but at length that of\nthe duke began to give way, and to fly in various directions,--which\nbeing observed by the enemy, it renewed their courage, and they made\nfiercer attacks than before. The Picard-archers especially killed and\nwounded an incredible number, so that the disorder and defeat very soon\nbecame general on the side of the Barrois.\nThe duke of Bar was made prisoner by one named Martin Fouars, belonging\nto the count de Conversan, lord d'Enghien, who had all the honour and\nprofit of such a prize, although some said he was not taken with his\nown hand. Together with the duke were made prisoners, the bishop of\nMetz, John de Rodemaque, sir Everard de Salebery, the viscount d'Arcy,\nthe lord of Rodemaque, sir Colard de Sausy, sir Vilin de la Tour, and\nothers, to the amount of more than two hundred.\nThere remained dead on the field of battle, and including those slain\nin the pursuit, which lasted for two good leagues, from five and twenty\nhundred to three thousand men. The principal among them were the counts\nde Salmes and de Salme-Salmes, de Linanges, Germans,--the lord de\nBarbasan, sir Thibault de Barbey, two brothers to the bishop of Metz,\nGeorge de Banastre and his two brothers, and others, to the amount\naforesaid, the greater part of whom were gentlemen.\nThis defeat and pursuit lasted two or three hours; and when all were\nre-assembled, the burgundian lords, with the count de Vaudemont,\nreturned their most humble thanksgiving to their Creator for the great\nvictory they had obtained through his means. They did not lose more in\nkilled than forty men, the chief of whom was sir Gerard de Marigny.\nThey remained that night on the field of battle. The marshal of\nBurgundy was slightly wounded in the face, and the duke of Bar above\nthe nose. On the morrow, they marched away for Burgundy, carrying with\nthem their prisoners.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 4: Diestres. See Du Cange, Supplement, _Dextri_.]\nCHAP. X.\n THE YOUNG KING HENRY COMES FROM ENGLAND, WITH A GRAND ATTENDANCE, TO\n PARIS, TO BE CROWNED KING OF FRANCE.\nAbout the end of November, in this year, the young king Henry came from\nPontoise to St Denis, with the intent of proceeding to Paris, to be\nanointed and crowned king of France. He was accompanied from England\nby his uncles the cardinals of Winchester and of York, the duke of\nBedford, the rich duke of York, the earls of Warwick, Salisbury and\nSuffolk. He was likewise attended by many of the great lords of France,\nsuch as sir Louis de Luxembourg bishop of Therouenne, master Peter\nCauchon, bishop of Beauvais, master John de Mailly, bishop of Noyon,\nthe bishops of Paris and of Evreux, sir John bastard de St Pol, sir\nGuy le Bouteiller, the lord de Courcelles, sir Gilles de Clamecy, sir\nJames de Painel, sir John de Pressi, the lord de Passy, the bastard de\nThian, and several more.\nKing Henry was escorted by about two or three thousand combatants, as\nwell from England as from the country round St Denis, for the security\nof his person. He left that town for Paris about nine o'clock in the\nmorning, and was met at la Chapelle, half way between Paris and Saint\nDenis, by sir Simon Morier, provost of Paris, with a numerous company\nof the burghers dressed in crimson-satin doublets with blue hoods, to\ndo him honour and respect: there were also very many of the inhabitants\ndressed in scarlet.\nWhen the provost and his company had made their obeisances, the\nking was next saluted by persons on horseback representing the\nnine worthies[5], armed each according to his manner. Then by the\ncommandant of the watch, the provost of merchants, with the officers of\nthe court, dressed in silk and crimson hoods.\nAt a small distance came master Philip de Morvillers, first president\nof the parliament, in his robes of ceremony, followed by all the lords\nof the parliament in flowing robes of vermilion. Then came the members\nof the chamber of accounts, the directors of the finances, the masters\nof requests, the secretaries, in robes of the same colour. As they\nadvanced, they made their reverences to the king, each according to his\nrank, and to the lords who accompanied him. With regard to the common\npeople, they were numberless.\nWhen the king arrived at the entrance of the gate of St Denis, the arms\nof the town were on so large a scale that in the body of them were\ninclosed six men, one to represent a bishop, another the university,\nand a third the burghers: the others personated sergeants. The king was\npresented, on his passing the gate, with three crimson hearts: in one\nwere two doves; in another, small birds, which were let fly over the\nking's head; and in the third, violets and other flowers, which were\nthrown over the lords who accompanied him.\nThe provost of merchants and the sheriffs now brought a handsome\nazure-coloured canopy besprinkled with flowers de luce, which they\nbore over the king's head as he passed through the streets. When he\napproached the little bridge of St Denis, a pageant of three savages\nand a woman continued fighting, in a sort of forest that had been\nformed there, until he had passed. Underneath the scaffold was a\nfountain of Hippocras, with three mermaids swimming round it, and which\nran perpetually for all who chose to drink thereat. On advancing to\nthe second gate of the street of St Denis, there were pageants that\nrepresented in dumb show the nativity of the holy Virgin, her marriage,\nthe adoration of the three kings, the massacre of the innocents, and a\ngood man sowing his corn, which characters were specially well acted.\nOver the gate was performed the legendary history of St Denis, which\nwas much admired by the English.\nIn front of the church des Innocents was formed a sort of forest in\nthe street, in which was a living stag: when the king came near, the\nstag was hunted by dogs and huntsmen,--and, after a long chace, it took\nrefuge near the feet of the king's horse, when his majesty saved its\nlife.\nAt the entrance of the gate of the Ch\u00e2telet was another scaffold, on\nwhich was a representation of king Henry clothed in a robe of flower\nde luces, and having two crowns on his head. On his right hand were\nfigures to personate the duke of Burgundy and the count de Nevers\npresenting him with the shield of France: on his left, were his uncle\nthe duke of Bedford, the earls of Warwick and Salisbury presenting him\nwith the shield of England. Each person was dressed in his own proper\ntabard of arms.\nThe king thence went to the palace, where the holy relics were\ndisplayed to him and to his company, and was then conducted to the\nh\u00f4tel des Tournelles to partake of a repast. When he had dined, he\nwent to visit the queen his grandmother at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol. On the\nmorrow, he was carried to the castle of Vincennes, where he remained\nuntil the 15th day of December, when he returned to the palace.\nOn the 17th of that month, he went from the palace in great pomp, and\nattended by a numerous body of nobles and ecclesiastics, to the church\nof N\u00f4tre Dame for his coronation. In the nave of the church had been\nerected a scaffold eight score feet long, and of a proper height, which\nwas ascended from the nave, and led to the entrance of the choir.\nThe king was crowned by the cardinal of Winchester, who also chaunted\nthe mass, to the great displeasure of the bishop of Paris, who said\nthat that office belonged to him. At the offertory, the king made an\noffering of bread and wine in the usual manner. The wine was in a\nlarge pot of silver gilt, which was seized on by the king's officers,\nto the discontent of the canons of the cathedral, who claimed it as\ntheir perquisite; and they urged their complaints before the king and\ncouncil, who, after it had cost them much in this claim, caused it to\nbe returned to them.\nAll the other ceremonies usual at coronations were this day performed,\nbut more after the english than the french mode; and the lords before\nnamed were about the person of the king, and serving him while in the\nchurch according to their several offices.\nWhen mass was over, the king returned to the palace, and dined at\nthe table of marble in the midst of the hall. On one side of him\nwere seated the cardinal of Winchester, master Peter Cauchon, bishop\nof Beauvais, master John de Mailly, bishop of Noyon; and on the\nopposite side were the earls of Stafford, Mortimer and Salisbury, as\nrepresenting the peers of France. Sir John, bastard de St Pol, was\ngrand master of the household; and with him, preceding the meats, were\nsir Gilles de Clamecy, sir Guy le Bouteiller, and sir John de Pressy.\nThe lord de Courcelles was on that day grand butler, and sir James de\nPainel grand pantler: an english knight, called sir Walter Hungerford,\ncarved before the king.\nDuring the dinner, four pageants were introduced: the first was a\nfigure of our Lady, with an infant king crowned by her side; the\nsecond, a flower de luce, surmounted with a crown of gold, and\nsupported by two angels; the third, a lady and peacock; the fourth, a\nlady and swan. It would be tiresome was I to relate all the various\nmeats and wines, for they were beyond number. Many pieces of music were\nplayed on divers instruments; and on the morrow a gallant tournament\nwas held at the h\u00f4tel de St Pol, where the earl of Arundel and the\nbastard de St Pol won the prizes, and gained the applause of the ladies\nfor being the best tilters. King Henry, having made some days' stay at\nParis, departed, and went to Rouen.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 5: _Nine worthies._ According to the Encyclopedie, vol. iv.\nsupplement, the _neuf-preux_ were named Joshua, Gideon, Samson, David,\nJudas Macchabeus, Alexander, Julius C\u00e6sar, Charlemagne and Godefroy de\nBouillon. For further particulars, I refer to the Encyclopedie, where\nmention is made of this procession to meet Henry VI.]\nCHAP. XI.\n THE DETACHMENT THE DUKE OF BAR HAD LEFT TO BLOCKADE VAUDEMONT MARCH\n AWAY ON HEARING OF THE ILL SUCCESS OF THE BATTLE.\nVery soon after the defeat of the duke of Bar and his army, news of it\nwas carried to the French before Vaudemont by those who had escaped;\nand it caused such an alarm among them that they instantly took to\nflight in a most disorderly manner, each man imagining the enemy at his\nheels, and leaving behind the artillery, stores and provision, that had\nbeen intrusted to their guard, and which were in great abundance.\nThe garrison, observing the confusion and disorder in the camp of the\nbesiegers, concluded that the duke of Bar had been conquered, and\ninstantly sallying out on horseback and on foot made a great slaughter,\nand took many prisoners. They gained so much that they were all\nenriched.\nIntelligence of this defeat was spread throughout the countries of Bar\nand Lorraine, and that their lord had been made prisoner, which caused\nthe severest grief to all attached to him. The place where this battle\nhad been fought was called Villeman; and from that day it bore the name\nof the Battle of Villeman.\nThe count de Vaudemont was lavish in his thanks and praises to the\nmarshal of Burgundy and the other lords and gentlemen who had so\nessentially aided him. He then returned to his country, and the\nmarshal, with his Burgundians and Picards, to Burgundy, carrying with\nhim the duke of Bar, whom he placed under a good guard at Dijon.\nCHAP. XII.\n SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG ASSEMBLES MEN AT ARMS AND MARCHES INTO\n CHAMPAGNE AGAINST THE FRENCH, FROM WHOM HE CONQUERS SEVERAL\n CASTLES.--OTHER MATTERS.\nIn the month of July, of this year, sir John de Luxembourg, count de\nLigny, assembled, by orders from king Henry and the duke of Burgundy,\nabout a thousand combatants, whom he led into the countries of\nChampagne and the Rethelois, to conquer some castles held by the troops\nof king Charles, which had much harrassed those parts.\nSir John was accompanied by the lord de Ternant and the Rethelois;\nand his first attack was on the castle of Guetron, in which were\nfrom sixty to four score of king Charles's men, who, perceiving the\nsuperiority of the enemy, were so much frightened that they permitted\nthem to gain the lower court without offering any resistance; and,\nshortly after, they opened a parley, and proposed to surrender the\nplace on having their lives and fortunes spared. This offer was\nrefused,--and they were told they must surrender at discretion. In the\nend, however, it was agreed to by the governor, that from four to six\nof his men should be spared by sir John.\nWhen this agreement had been settled, and pledges given for its\nperformance, the governor re-entered the castle, and was careful\nnot to tell his companions the whole that had passed at the\nconference,--giving them to understand in general, that they were to\nmarch away in safety; but when the castle was surrendered, all within\nit were made prisoners. On the morrow, by orders from sir John de\nLuxembourg, they were all strangled, and hung on trees hard by, except\nthe four or six before mentioned,--one of their companions serving for\nthe executioner.\nAn accident befel one of them, which is worth relating. The hangman was\nin such haste that the cord, as he was turned off the ladder, hitched\nunder his chin, and thus suspended him, while the executioner went on\nto complete the sentence on others. Some of the gentlemen standing\nby took compassion on him,--and one of them, with a guisarme, cut\nthe cord: he fell to the ground and soon recovered his senses. The\nspectators then entreated sir John to have pity on him for the love\nof God, and to spare his life, which request was at length complied\nwith,--and he went away in safety.\nSir John de Luxembourg, having executed justice on these marauders,\nmarched away with his army, but not before he had demolished the castle\nof Guetron, to the castle of Tours en Porcien.[6] He remained before it\nsome days, during which the captain capitulated to deliver it up, with\nthe exception of the cannon, on being allowed to march off unmolested,\nbut without any baggage. Some, who had formerly taken the oaths to\nking Henry, were hung, and the castle was razed to the ground.\nThence sir John marched to a castle called Bahin: the captain thereof\nwas one Barete, who soon offered to surrender, on condition that he\nhimself and his garrison might have their lives spared, and be allowed\nto depart with their baggage, which terms were accepted.\nAt this time, the earl of Warwick's son joined sir John, with sir\nGilles de Clamecy and four hundred combatants, to assist him should\nthere be occasion; but as the French were not in sufficient force in\nChampagne and those parts to resist, they returned shortly after to\nMeaux in Brie, and to the other garrisons whence they had come.\nSir John reduced to obedience many other places and towns that had been\nheld for king Charles,--some by treaty, others by force of arms.\nAt this period, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, who was decorated with the\nduke of Burgundy's order of the Golden Fleece, was appointed, by the\nking of England and his council, marshal of France. He assembled about\nsix hundred fighting men, part of whom were English; and in conjunction\nwith the bastard de St. Pol, and one of his own brothers, he led them\nto the town of Lagny sur Marne, then possessed by king Charles's party,\nthinking to conquer it by surprise,--but it was too well defended by\nthose to whose guard it had been intrusted.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 6: Porcien,--a principality in Champagne.]\nCHAP. XIII.\n THE DUKE D'ALEN\u00c7ON MAKES THE CHANCELLOR OF BRITTANY PRISONER.\nThis year, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on made his uncle's chancellor of Brittany\nprisoner, because he would not assist him with money according to\nhis pleasure, for his ransom when captured at the battle of Vermeuil\nin Perche, which he looked to obtain from the chancellor. He carried\nhim prisoner to his town of Poussay. But in a short time, the duke of\nBrittany, being much exasperated at such conduct, assembled his barons\nand a large force of men at arms, whom, with some english captains,\nhe marched to the town of Poussay, and besieged it all round,--but\nthe duke d'Alen\u00e7on had quitted it from fear of his enemies: he had,\nhowever, left there his duchess, daughter to the duke of Orleans, then\na prisoner in England, who was ill in child-bed, and sorely vexed at\nthese matters.\nThe siege was carried on for some time; but at length, the duke of\nAlen\u00e7on, on account of the situation of the duchess, and to prevent\nhis town and subjects being further harrassed, made peace with his\nuncle, and restored to him his chancellor and the others whom he had\nmade prisoners. Thus was the siege broken up. The duke had taken the\nchancellor prisoner at a country-seat which he had near to Nantes,--and\nhis object was to get paid a certain sum of money that his uncle, the\nduke of Brittany, was indebted to him.\nCHAP. XIV.\n THE FRENCH ARE NEAR TAKING THE CASTLE OF ROUEN.\nOn the 3d day of February in this year, at the solicitations of the\nmarshal de Bousac, the lord de Fontaines, sir John Foulquet, the lord\nde Mouy, and other captains assembled a force of about six hundred\nfighting men in the city of Beauvais. They marched thence to within a\nleague of Rouen, and posted themselves in ambush in a wood.\nThence the marshal sent off secretly a gentleman called Richarville\nwith a hundred or six score combatants, all on foot, except four or\nfive who were mounted on small horses, to the castle of Rouen, in which\nthe marshal had for some time kept up a correspondence with a marauder\non the part of the English named Pierre Audeboeuf, a B\u00e9arn man, who had\npromised to deliver up the castle to him.\nWhen Richarville and his detachment approached the castle, he found the\nB\u00e9arnman ready to perform his promise; and they all entered, except a\nfew who were left to guard the horses. They instantly made themselves\nmasters of the greater part of the castle, and particularly the great\ntower, which was well supplied with stores.\nThe earl of Arundel and many English were in bed in the castle, most\npart of whom saved themselves as well as they could over the walls: the\nothers retired within the town, but not without leaving several killed\nand wounded by the French.\nWhen this was done, Richarville mounted his horse, and hastened back\nwith all speed to where he had left the marshal, and told him the\nsuccess of his enterprise, requiring him, at the same time, to advance\nquickly to the support of his men, when, without doubt, the whole of\nthe castle would be won. But, to make short of the matter,--for all\nthat he could say, and notwithstanding the urgency of the case which\nhe stated to the commanders, he could not prevail on them to march,\nalthough the marshal and the principal captains had most faithfully\npromised to support him, if he should succeed in making a lodgement\nwithin the castle: now he had succeeded, they would not fulfil their\nengagements; and when within one league, as I have said, of Rouen, they\nbegan to quarrel among themselves about the division of the plunder,\nwhich had not as yet been won.\nThese disputes caused them to march back without proceeding further,\nand leave part of their men in the utmost danger. Richarville seeing\nthis, and knowing that he had successfully done his duty, abused them\nin the coarsest terms, which they very patiently suffered, and hastened\ntheir departure.\nThey returned to Beauvais and the other places whence they had come, to\nthe great vexation of Richarville, who had flattered himself that he\nshould conquer the castle of Rouen. He remonstrated with several who\nhad friends and relatives within the town of Rouen, but in vain: they\nmarched away with the others to Beauvais.\nWhile this was passing, the French were exerting themselves to drive\nthe English without the gates of the castle, which they had gained\npossession of; but when day appeared, and they heard nothing of their\narmy, they began to fear they should not be supported, and that\nthey had been deceived in the promises made them. They were much\nsurprised and cast down; and, on the other hand, the English were\nhourly increasing, and attacking them with great courage. They were\naccompanied by many of the townsmen, for fear they might be suspected\nof favouring the French.\nThe French, finding they were not in sufficient force to defend all\nthey had conquered, with one accord retired to the great tower, with\nall the provision they could lay hands on, and determined to hold out\nuntil death. They were, however, soon attacked on all sides, by the\ncannon and engines the English brought against it, which damaged it\nin many places. Those within were in a few days much straitened for\nprovision and other things, which forced them, having now no hopes of\nrelief, to surrender at discretion to king Henry and his council, after\nhaving held out for twelve days.\nBefore they were conquered, they had done much mischief to the English\nby the artillery they found within the tower, and that which they had\ntransported thither. They were all made prisoners, and put under a\ngood guard; and shortly after, one hundred and fifty were beheaded in\nRouen,--and Pierre Audeboeuf was quartered, and his body affixed at the\nusual places.\nAbout this period, the duke of Burgundy marched a thousand combatants\nfrom his country of Artois to Burgundy, where he remained three days\nto visit those parts that had been much harrassed by the enemy. While\nthere, he was waited on by the archbishop of Rheims and other notable\nambassadors from king Charles, to treat of a peace between them; but as\nthey could not conclude on terms, they returned to the king. When the\nduke of Burgundy had ordered proper measures for the government of that\ncountry he returned to Artois, Flanders and Brabant.\nCHAP. XV.\n THE FRENCH TAKE THE CASTLE OF DOMMART IN PONTHIEU, AND CARRY OFF THE\n LORD DE DOMMART PRISONER.\nIn the month of February, a party of king Charles's men, to the amount\nof fourscore combatants, under the command of a noble knight called sir\nRegnault de Verseilles, collected from Beauvais, Breteuil, and other\nplaces, crossed the river Somme in small boats near to Pequigny, and\nwere thence conducted to the castle of Dommart in Ponthieu, to the\nwalls of which, without being perceived by the guard, they fastened\ntheir ladders and gained an entrance.\nThey instantly shouted, 'The castle is won!' and began to batter down\ndoors and windows. This noise awakened the inhabitants, and especially\nthe lord, sir James de Craon, who was in bed with his wife. He suddenly\narose, thinking to put an end to it, but it was in vain; for his\nenemies were too powerful, and his men, who were not very numerous,\ncould not collect together. He and the greater part of them were made\nprisoners: the rest escaped over the walls.\nThe French, after having gained possession, packed up all the moveables\nthey could find within the castle, such as gold and silver plate,\nfurs, clothes, linen, and other things, which, after having refreshed\nthemselves, they carried away, with their prisoners, by the way they\nhad come, leaving the castle in the same outward state as they had\nfound it.\nIn the mean time, the inhabitants of the town of Dommart, hearing the\nnoise in the castle, collected together, and sent notice of what had\npassed to Pequigny and to other places. It was not long, before nearly\ntwo hundred men of all sorts were assembled, who pursued the French\nwith such haste, that they overtook them at the place where they had\nbefore passed the Somme, and instantly attacked them. They were soon\ndefeated: part were made prisoners or killed, and the others were\ndrowned in attempting to cross the river. However, sir Regnault had\ncrossed the Somme before they came up with them, with his prisoner sir\nJames de Craon, and carried him, without any opposition, to Beauvais,\nwhence he afterward obtained his liberty by paying a large sum of money.\nCHAP. XVI.\n SIR THOMAS KIRIEL, AN ENGLISHMAN, IS APPOINTED GOVERNOR OF THE CASTLE\n OF CLERMONT IN THE BEAUVOISIS.\nThis year, through the intrigues of sir John de Luxembourg, the strong\ncastle of Beauvoisis was given to the command of sir Thomas Kiriel, an\nEnglishman,--which castle had been long held by the lord de Crevecoeur,\nunder the duke of Burgundy. The duke had consented to this appointment,\non sir Thomas giving sir John de Luxembourg a promise, under his hand\nand seal, that he would yield it up whenever required.\nSir Thomas soon collected a large company of English, whom he placed\nin this castle, and carried on a severe warfare against the towns on\nthe French frontier, such as Creil, Beauvais, Compi\u00e8gne and others. In\nlike manner, did they act in regard to the castlewicks of Mondidier and\nother places under the obedience of the duke of Burgundy.\nIn truth, during these tribulations, they made many prisoners, and\neven carried off women, as well noble as not, whom they kept in close\nconfinement until they ransomed themselves. Several of them who were\nwith child were brought to bed in their prison. The duke of Burgundy\nwas very angry at such things being done to those under his obedience,\nbut could not obtain redress; for when he demanded the restitution of\nthe castle according to sir Thomas's promise and agreement, he put\noff the matter with different reasons for delay, such as soldiers\nreadily find, who often, on certain occasions, follow their own will.\nIn short, after many delays, the duke of Bedford, in compliment to his\nbrother-in-law the duke of Burgundy, ordered sir Thomas to deliver up\nthe castle of Clermont to the lord d'Auffremont.\nCHAP. XVII.\n THE INHABITANTS OF CHAUNY-SUR-OISE DESTROY THE CASTLE OF THEIR TOWN.\nAbout the same time, sir Colart de Mailly, bailiff for king Henry in\nthe Vermandois, and sir Ferry de Mailly, resided at the castle of\nChauny sur Oise, the lawful inheritance of Charles duke of Orleans, a\nprisoner in England. Sir Ferry happened to say some things not very\nrespectful, in regard to the townsmen, which alarmed them lest he might\nintroduce a stronger garrison of English into the castle by the back\ngate than would be agreeable to them, and reduce them the more under\nhis subjection.\nThey, consequently, held some secret meetings of the principal\ninhabitants, namely, John de Longueval, Matthew de Longueval his\nbrother, Pierre Piat and others, who bound themselves by a solemn oath\nto gain possession of the castle, and demolish it, the first day that\nsir Colart and sir Ferry de Mailly should be in the town.\nHaving arranged their plan, they posted some few of their accomplices\nnear to the gate of the castle, properly instructed how to act. When\nthey saw the two knights, with their attendants, quit the castle to\namuse themselves in the town, as was their usual custom, they crossed\nthe drawbridge, the guard having no suspicion of them, and instantly\nraised it and gained possession of the place. The guard was greatly\nvexed, but there was no remedy; and those in the secret within the\ntown, instantly on hearing what had passed, rang the alarm bell,\nand, arming themselves with staves and what weapons they could find,\nhastened to the castle, wherein they were instantly admitted.\nSome of the principal inhabitants waited on the two knights to assure\nthem they needed not be under any apprehension for their persons or\nproperty; that all their effects should be strictly restored to them,\nfor what they were about was for the good and security of the town. The\nknights, seeing there was no alternative, replied, that since it could\nnot be otherwise, they would act according to their pleasure; and, much\ndiscontented with what was passing, they retired with their friends to\na house in the town, where all their property was delivered to them.\nThe inhabitants, with one accord, followed up the destruction of the\ncastle, so that within a very few days it was demolished from top to\nbottom.\nShortly after, the bailiff of the Vermandois and his brother quitted\nthe town of Chauny,--and in their stead sir John de Luxembourg first\nsent sir Hector de Flavy to govern them, and then Waleran de Moreul;\nbut, after what the inhabitants had done, they found them more inclined\nto disobedience than before the castle was demolished.\nCHAP. XVIII.\n THE CITY OF CHARTRES IS CONQUERED BY KING CHARLES'S PARTY.\nOn the 20th day of April, in this year, was won the noble city of\nChartres by the arms of king Charles. This city had followed the party\nof dukes John and Philip of Burgundy since the year 1417, when she\nfirst attached herself to duke John, and afterward to the English party.\nThe taking of it was owing to two of the inhabitants, named Jean\nConseil and le Petit Guillemin, who had formerly been prisoners to\nthe French, with whom they had resided a long time, and had been so\nwell treated by them that they had turned to their side. They had made\nfrequent journeys, with passports from the French, to Blois, Orleans,\nand other places under their obedience, with different merchandise,\nbringing back to Chartres other articles in exchange.\nThere was also within Chartres a jacobin doctor of divinity, called\nFriar Jean Sarragin, of their way of thinking, who was the principal\ndirector of their machinations, and to whom they always had recourse.\nHaving formed their plan, when the day arrived for its execution, the\nFrench collected in different parts a force amounting in the whole to\nfour thousand men, the principal leaders of which were the lord de\nGaucourt, the bastard of Orleans, Blanchet d'Estouteville, sir Florent\nde Lers, La Hire, Girard de Felins, and other chiefs of inferior rank.\nThey began their march toward Chartres, and, when within a quarter\nof a league, they formed an ambuscade of the greater number of their\nmen. Others, to the amount of forty or fifty, advanced still nearer\nthe town; and the two men before named, who were the plotters of this\nmischief, were driving carriages laden with wine and other things,\nespecially a great quantity of shad fish. Some expert and determined\nmen at arms were dressed as drivers of these carriages, having their\narms concealed under their frocks.\nSo soon as the gate leading to Blois was opened, these carriages\nadvanced to enter, led on by Jean Conseil and Petit Guillemin. The\nporters at the gate, knowing them well, asked what news. They said they\nknew none but what was good,--on which the porters bade them welcome.\nThen, the better to deceive them, Jean Conseil took a pair of shad,\nand, giving them to the porters, said, 'There's for your dinner: accept\nof them with our thanks,--for we often make you and others wait for us\nto shut and open the gates and barriers.'\nWhile this conversation was passing, those disguised as carters\nsuddenly armed themselves and fell on the porters, killed part of them,\nand gained possession of the gate. Then making the signal that had been\nagreed on, the whole army that was in ambuscade quickly advanced, and\nbegan their march into the town in handsome order, completely armed,\nand with displayed banners before them.\nThose of the porters who had escaped into the town gave the alarm to\nthe inhabitants, who instantly, and in many places, cried 'To arms!'\nThe burghers and commonalty immediately assembled; but unfortunately\nthe said jacobin friar had been preaching to them in a very popular\nstrain some days before; and had requested that they would hear a\nsermon of his, which would greatly profit their souls if attended to;\nand he had fixed on this very morning to preach it, at a remote part of\nthe town, the most distant from the gate where the attempt was to be\nmade.\nAt the moment when the alarm was given, the majority of the inhabitants\nwere attending to the friar's sermon; but on hearing the cries, 'To\narms!' often repeated, they were greatly frightened, and hastened to\ntheir homes as speedily as they could. Very many of them armed, and\nwith staves joined their bishop and their governor, who led them to\nwhere the French were, intending to drive them out of the town; but it\nwas too late, for the French were much superior in numbers, well armed,\nand accustomed to war. They were beside far advanced within the town\nwhen the inhabitants met them,--and the French, the more to deceive\nthem, shouted out, 'Peace! peace!' as they pushed forward in handsome\narray, discharging their arrows. Some shot passed on each side; but\nit lasted not long, for, to complete their misfortune, William de\nVilleneuve, captain of the garrison, instead of leading them to battle,\nperceiving the business was so far advanced, mounted his horse, and,\nwith about a hundred of his men, fled in haste through the opposite\ngate, and multitudes of people with him. Those who remained were soon\ndefeated, without offering further resistance.\nThe French having advanced to the market-place, and seeing none to\noppose them, held a council, and detached parties through the streets,\nto discover if any of the enemy were preparing for resistance; but\nevery one fled before them, and saved himself as well he could.\nIn consequence of this attack, about sixty or four score of the\ntownsmen lost their lives,--the principal person of whom was master\nJean de Festigny, a native of Burgundy, the bishop. From five to\nsix hundred were made prisoners: the chief was master Gilles de\nl'Aubespine, who governed the town for the English.\nAll who were taken, churchmen or burghers, were forced to pay heavy\nransoms,--and every thing that could be turned into money was seized.\nIn regard to rapes and other extraordinary acts, they were committed\naccording to military usage on a conquered town.\nOn the morrow, several who had been partisans of the English were\npublicly beheaded; and new magistrates were appointed in the name of\nthe king of France, together with a very strong garrison to defend the\nfrontier against the English. The commander in chief within the town,\nand of this force, was the bastard of Orleans.\nCHAP. XIX.\n THE CARDINAL OF SANTA CROCE IS SENT BY THE POPE TO FRANCE, TO\n ENDEAVOUR TO MAKE PEACE BETWEEN THE CONTENDING PARTIES.\nAt this time, our holy father the pope sent to France the cardinal of\nSanta Croce to appease the quarrel between the king of France on the\none part, and Henry king of England and the duke of Burgundy on the\nother. The cardinal made great exertions to procure a peace, but in\nvain: however, he did succeed by his diligence in establishing a truce\nbetween the king of France and the duke of Burgundy for six years,--and\nthey mutually exchanged assurances of this truce under their hands and\nseals, drawn up in the strongest manner.\nThe people fondly hoped that this truce would be lasting, and in\nconsequence returned to their agricultural labours, restocking their\nfarms with cattle and other things: but their joy did not long\ncontinue, for within the first half year, so bitter were the parties\nagainst each other, the war recommenced with greater fury than before.\nThe principal reason for this renewal of war was owing to the French\nseizing some of the burgundian party with the English; and in like\nmanner, some poor adventurers among the Burgundians having joined the\nEnglish, and wearing a red cross, made war on the French,--so that by\nthese means the truce was broken. Justice was no where attended to, and\nnumberless plunderings were daily practised against the lower orders\nof the people and the clergy; for notwithstanding they paid very large\nsums to the leaders of the two parties, according to the country they\nlived in, to enjoy security, and had received from them sealed papers\nas assurances of not being disturbed, no attention was paid to them,\nand thus they had none other resource than to offer up their prayers to\nGod for vengeance on their oppressors.\nCHAP. XX.\n THE ENGLISH CONQUER THE BULWARK AT LAGNY-SUR-MARNE.\nDuring the month of March of this year, the duke of Bedford, in\nconjunction with the council of king Henry then at Paris, ordered a\nbody of men at arms to march and subject to the king's obedience some\ncastles held by the French on the borders of the Isle of France, such\nas Mongay, Gournay, and others. They were also commanded to destroy the\nbridge of Lagny sur Marne.\nThe chief commanders of this force were the earl of Arundel, the\neldest son of the earl of Warwick, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, marshal of\nFrance to king Henry, sir John bastard de St Pol, sir Galois d'Aunay\nlord d'Orville, and others. When they left Paris, they were about\ntwelve hundred fighting men, having with them abundance of carts and\ncarriages, with cannon and other artillery. In a few days, they came\nbefore the above mentioned castles, which were soon constrained to\nsubmit. Some of the garrisons marched away in safety, and with part\nof their baggage; while others remained at the discretion of the\nEnglish,--many of whom were executed, and others ransomed.\nAfter these surrenders, the English took the road toward Lagny sur\nMarne; and on their arrival before it, the earl of Arundel had a large\nbombard pointed against the arch of the drawbridge leading to the town,\nwhich broke it down at the first discharge, so that all communication\nwith the bulwark at the opposite end of the bridge was cut off.\nThe earl now made a fierce attack on this bulwark, and won it,\nnotwithstanding the few within defended it with much courage and\nobstinacy. John of Luxembourg, one of the bastards of St Pol, was\nkilled at this attack, and others wounded. The English broke down the\nbridge in many places, and, having set the bulwark on fire, retired to\ntheir quarters.\nThe English having determined to make an attempt, within a few days,\non the town of Lagny on different parts at the same time, the earl\nof Arundel remained with a certain number of men for that purpose.\nWhen the day arrived, and as the marshal and the other captains were\nmarching to the assault, sir John de Luxembourg bastard of St Pol, who\nbore for his device, and on his banner, a brilliant sun, said aloud,\nin the hearing of many, that he made a vow to God, that if the sun\nentered the town, he would do the same,--which expression was diversely\nconstrued by those who heard it.\nThey advanced gallantly to storm the place; but by the vigilance and\nintrepidity of Hu\u00e7on Queue, a Scotsman, sir John Foucault, and the\nother captains in the town, they were boldly received, and very many\nof the assailants were killed or severely wounded. They lost also four\nor five of their banners and pennons, which were, by force of arms,\ndrawn into the town by their two ends: one was the banner of the lord\nde l'Isle-Adam, and another, having the sun on it, that of the bastard\nde St Pol, who had vowed to enter the place if the sun did. They were\nforced to retreat to their quarters with shame and disgrace.\nAt the end of three days, the greater part of the men disbanded without\nleave of their captains,--saying that they were losing their time by a\nlonger stay, for that they ran a greater risk of loss than gain,--and\nreturned to the duke of Bedford at Paris. These English and Burgundians\nhad been eight days before Lagny, battering the walls with their\nartillery, before they made this attack.\nCHAP. XXI.\n PHILIBERT DE VAUDRAY, GOVERNOR OF TONNERRE, AND THE LORD D'AMONT WAIT\n ON THE DUKE OF BEDFORD TO SERVE HIM.\nIn these days, Philibert de Vaudray and the lord d'Amont left Burgundy\nwith about five hundred men at arms, by command of their lord the duke\nof Burgundy, to aid his brother-in-law the duke of Bedford. They took\nthe road through Champagne to gain Picardy; but the French, hearing\nof their intentions, had assembled from seven to eight hundred\ncombatants, on their line of march, to combat and to conquer them. They\nwere commanded by Yvon de Puys, the bastard de Dampierre, the borgne\nde Remon, and some others, who drew themselves up in battle-array on\nthe approach of the Burgundians. These last immediately dismounted to\ndefend themselves; but when they were on the point of commencing the\nengagement, the French, who for the greater part had not dismounted,\nsuddenly wheeled about in great confusion and fled, but not without\nhaving some few killed and wounded.\nThe Burgundians now continued their route unmolested to Picardy, where\nthey remained for some time pillaging and devouring the country. They\nthence marched to join the duke of Bedford at Paris.\nAbout this time, the king of Cyprus, in consequence of a long illness\nthat had succeeded to his imprisonment by the Saracens, departed\nthis life, after having most devoutly received all the sacraments of\nthe holy church. With the unanimous consent of the estates of that\nkingdom, he was succeeded by John de Lusignan, his only son by his\nqueen Charlotte de Bourbon, who was crowned in the cathedral church of\nNicosia.\nCHAP. XXII.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD MARCHES A LARGE FORCE TO LAGNY-SUR-MARNE, TO\n SUPPORT THE ENGLISH AND BURGUNDIANS WHO HAD REMAINED THERE, BUT\n RETIRES WITHOUT MAKING ANY CONQUEST.\nAt the beginning of this year, the duke of Bedford, styling himself\nregent of France, collected about six thousand combatants from\ndifferent parts under his obedience, whom he marched against the town\nof Lagny sur Marne, held by the supporters of king Charles. There might\nbe in that place from eight hundred to a thousand picked and well tried\nmen under the orders of a scots captain, called sir Ambrose Love, and\nsir John de Foucault, who valiantly conducted those under their banners.\nWith the duke of Bedford were the lord de l'Isle-Adam, marshal,\nsir John bastard de St Pol, the bastard d'Aunay, knight and lord of\nOrville, Philibert de Vaudray, the lord d'Amont, and many others of\nnotable estate, who had long laid siege to the town, to reduce it to\nthe obedience of king Henry.\nThere were numerous pieces of artillery pointed against the gates and\nwalls, which they damaged in many places, and caused the greatest alarm\nto those of the garrison,--for in addition, they were much straitened\nfor provisions. The duke of Bedford had them frequently summoned to\nsurrender, but they would never listen to it,--for they never lost\nhopes of being relieved by their party, as in fact they afterward were.\nThe besieged had thrown a bridge of boats over the Marne, for their\nconvenience of passing and repassing, and had erected a bulwark at each\nend, the command of which was intrusted to a certain number of men at\narms.\nWhile these things were passing, the king of France assembled about\neight hundred combatants, whom he dispatched to Orleans, under the\ncommand of the marshal de Bousac, the bastard of Orleans, the lord de\nGaucourt, Rodrique de Villandras, the lord de Saintrailles, and other\ncaptains of renown, to throw succours into the town of Lagny.\nThey advanced in a body to Melun, where they crossed the Seine, and\nthence, through Brie, toward Lagny, being daily joined by forces from\ntheir adjoining garrisons. In the mean time, the duke had so hardly\npressed the garrison that they had offered to capitulate when the\nFrench forces arrived.\nThe duke prepared with diligence to offer battle to the French, and\nsent for reinforcements from all quarters. He ordered his heralds\nat arms to signify to the French his willingness to combat them and\ntheir allies, if they would fix on the time and place. To this they\nreturned no other answer than that, under the pleasure of God and of\nour blessed Saviour, they would not engage in battle but when it should\nbe agreeable to themselves, and that they would bring their present\nenterprise to a happy conclusion.\nThe French advanced in handsome array, in three divisions, to a small\nriver within a quarter of a league of the town; and the duke of\nBedford, having drawn up his army in three divisions also, marched\nthither to defend the passage. When the two armies were near, several\nsevere skirmishes took place at different parts: especially on the\nquarter where the heir of Warwick and the lord de l'Isle-Adam were\nposted, a sharp attack was made by Rodrique de Villandras, the lord\nde Saintrailles, and other captains, who were escorting a convoy of\nprovision for the town.\nIn spite of their adversaries, they forced a passage for part of their\nconvoy to the very gates, and drove in from twenty to thirty bullocks,\na number of sacks of flour, and a reinforcement to the garrison of\nabout four score men at arms; but this was not effected without great\neffusion of blood, for very many were killed and wounded on both sides.\nOn the part of the French was killed the lord de Saintrailles, eldest\nbrother to Poton de Saintrailles. In another quarter, where sir Thomas\nKiriel, sir John bastard of St Pol, the lord d'Amont, and Philibert de\nVaudroy were posted, many gallant deeds were done, and several killed\nand wounded on both sides. The English lost there a gentleman called\nOdart de Remy.\nThese skirmishes lasted nearly till vespers,--and as it was St\nLaurence's day in August, and very hot, the two armies suffered greatly\nfrom it. The french captains, perceiving that they could not gain\nany advantage, for the English and Burgundians were strongly posted,\nretreated with their army to Cressy in Brie, where they halted for the\nnight, and thence marched to Ch\u00e2teau Thierry and to Vitry-le-Fran\u00e7ois,\nwhere they staid four days.\nThe duke of Bedford, knowing that the French intended entering the Isle\nof France, and fearing they might conquer some of his towns, decamped\nin no very orderly manner from before Lagny, for many things were left\nbehind by him, and advanced towards Paris. Having collected his men,\nhe followed the French to offer them battle again; but they sent for\nanswer, that they had gained what they had come for.\nThe lord de Gaucourt was of infinite service to the French by his\nwisdom and prudence. The French now left Vitry and returned toward\nLagny, where the lord de Gaucourt remained: the other captains led\ntheir men to the garrisons whence they had come. The besieged were\nmuch rejoiced, and not without cause, at the departure of their\nenemies,--for the siege had lasted upwards of four months, in which\ntime they had suffered very great hardships from want of provision and\nother distresses.\nAt this period, the English lost the castle of Monchas in Normandy,\nbelonging to the count d'Eu, prisoner in England, and which they had\nheld for a long time. The captain of it was called Brunclay[7], but he\nwas at the time with the duke of Bedford at the siege of Lagny. The\nFrench delivered all of their party confined in the prisons, and sent\nin haste to offer its government to sir Regnault de Fontaines, then\nat Beauvais, who immediately accepted of it, and marched thither with\nabout eighty combatants. By means of this castle, a sharp warfare was\ncarried on in Vimeu, and the adjacent parts, against all who supported\nthe party of king Henry and of the duke of Burgundy.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 7: Brunclay. Q. Brownlow.]\nCHAP. XXIII.\n THE COMMONALTY OF GHENT RISE AGAINST THEIR MAGISTRATES.\nAt this season, the commonalty of Ghent rose in arms, to the amount of\nfifty thousand, against their magistrates. Having assembled about ten\no'clock in the morning, they went to the square of the market-place,\nand drew up in front of the hall where the magistrates were. They were\nobliged instantly to speak with them, or they would have forced an\nentrance through the doors and windows.\nWhen the magistrates appeared, they immediately put to death the deacon\nof small trades, called John Bo\u00eblle, one of the sheriffs, named Jean\nDaniel van Zenere, with one of the counsellors called Jason Habit. The\nother magistrates were in fear of their lives from the cruelties they\nsaw committed before their eyes; the mob, however, were contented with\nwhat they had done.\nThe commonalty then marched away in a body for the abbey of Saint\nPierre, to destroy a wood that was hard by: from thence they went to St\nBarron, to recover some hereditary rents they had paid the church; but\nthe abbot, by his prudent conduct and kind words, pacified them, and\nprevented further mischief. He complied with all their requests, and\ngave them abundantly to eat from the provisions of the monastery.\nThey went away well pleased with the abbot, and then broke into three\nor four houses of the principal burghers, carrying away all they\nthought proper, and destroying the rest of the furniture. They threw\nopen the gates of all the prisons of the duke, setting those confined\nat liberty,--more especially one called George Goscath, who was a\nstrong partisan of theirs against the magistrates.\nAfter they had thus acted for two days, by the interference of several\nof the chief men in Ghent, they were appeased, and returned quietly to\ntheir former occupations. During these riots, the duke's officers left\nthe town, fearful that the mob would put them death, as they had done\nothers; and the duke of Burgundy, by reason of the many weighty affairs\nhe had on his hands, was advised to act mercifully toward them. They\nentreated forgiveness of the duke's council, who, on their paying a\nfine, pardoned them, and they afterward remained peaceable.\nCHAP. XXIV.\n SIR JOHN BASTARD OF ST POL AND THE LORD DE HUMIERES ARE TAKEN\n PRISONERS BY THE FRENCH.\nWhile these things were passing at Ghent, sir John bastard de St\nPol and the lord de Humieres marched from Artois, with about sixty\ncombatants, to join the duke of Bedford in Paris. They went to\nMondidier and to l'Isle-Adam, thinking to proceed thence in safety to\nParis; but they were met by a detachment from the garrison of Creil,\nwho had received notice of their intended march, and were instantly\nattacked with such vigour that, in spite of their resistance, they were\nboth made prisoners, with the greater part of their men, and carried to\nCreil.\nA few saved themselves by flight; and the two knights, after some\nlittle time, ransomed themselves by paying a large sum of money to\nthose who had taken them.\nCHAP. XXV.\n GREAT DISORDERS ARE COMMITTED BY THE FRENCH IN THE AMIENNOIS, SANTERRE\n AND VIMEU.\nAt this time, Blanchefort, who held the castle of Breteuil for king\nCharles of France, did infinite mischief to the countries of Amiens,\nSanterre and Vimeu, by fire, sword and pillaging,--insomuch that most\nof the inhabitants had deserted the country, and retired within the\nfortified towns; for they were by these means deprived of the power of\npaying the tributes levied on them for forbearance.\nThis party had also repaired some of the castles in Vimeu such as\nAraines, Hornoy and others, in which they posted garrisons, who much\nannoyed the adjacent parts. They were likewise harassed by those of\nthe Burgundy-faction. The poor labourers knew not whither to fly, for\nthey were not defended by the lords of either party; and what added to\ntheir distress, sir Philibert de Vaudray and the lord d'Amont, on their\nreturn from serving the duke of Bedford, took possession of Pont de\nRemy, by driving away the lord de Saveuses' men, who had the guard of\nit.\nThe lord de Saveuses was very indignant at this conduct, and assembled\nhis friends and dependants to expel them thence; but as he found they\nwere superior to him in numbers, he gave up the attempt,--and they\nremained in the quiet possession of the post, to the great annoyance of\nthe country round.\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE HEIR OF COMMERCY TAKES THE TOWN OF LIGNY IN THE BARROIS, BELONGING\n TO SIR JOHN DE LUXEMBOURG.\nIn the month of September of this year, the heir of Commercy, who had\na long standing enmity against sir John de Luxembourg, as well for\nhis detaining from him the castle of Montague as for other matters of\nquarrel between them, assembled from divers parts four or five hundred\ncombatants, whom he led secretly to Ligny in the Barrois, and, through\nneglect of the guard, took it by scalado.\nThe town was instantly alarmed, and the majority of the inhabitants\nprecipitately withdrew into the castle, which had not been\nconquered,--whence they defended themselves gallantly against the\nenemy, who summoned them repeatedly to surrender. They would never\nlisten to the summons, but dispatched messengers in all speed to inform\nsir John de Luxembourg of their distress, and to require his aid.\nSir John, on hearing this, immediately set clerks to write letters to\nall his friends and relations, to press them most earnestly, from the\naffection they bore him, now to hasten to the succour of his town of\nLigny. Many of the nobles and gentlemen to whom he had applied made\ninstant preparations to attend him, and would have joined him in great\nnumbers; but, in the mean time, the young lord of Commercy perceiving\nhe could not win the castle, and fearing the great force sir John de\nLuxembourg would march against him, whose power and inclinations he\nwell knew, concluded with those in whom he had the greatest confidence\nto return whence they had come. Having thus determined, they packed up\nall the moveables they found in the town that were portable: they set\nthe houses on fire, to the grief and dismay of the inhabitants, and\nthen marched away with their prisoners to Commercy.\nIntelligence of this was instantly sent to sir John de Luxembourg, who\nwas grieved at heart on hearing it; and as his plans were now at an\nend, he sent letters to countermand the coming of his friends, and gave\nup his intended expedition.\nCHAP. XXVII.\n THE BURGUNDIANS, UNDER PRETENCE OF BEING ENGLISH, GAIN THE CASTLE OF\n LA BOUE, NEAR TO LAON.--OTHER MATTERS.\nAt this same period, the men of the lord de Ternant, who resided in\nRethel, dressed themselves with the red cross, to counterfeit being\nEnglish, and, on a certain day, won by stratagem the castle of la Boue,\nwithin two leagues of Laon. They were under the command of a man at\narms called Nicholas Chevalier; and, by means of this capture, those of\nLaon, and other places under the obedience of king Charles, suffered\nmuch.\nThe reason why they put on the red cross was on account of the truce\nbetween king Charles and the duke of Burgundy, which was not then\nexpired. They had always been of the duke's party; and very many\nmischiefs were done to the poor countrymen by English, French, and\nBurgundians.\nThe count de Vaudemont, at this time also, assembled three or four\nhundred combatants in Picardy, whom he conducted to his town of\nVezelize: one of his captains was the bastard de Humieres: and on their\narrival, they commenced a severe warfare on the Barrois and Lorrainers,\nto whom they did much mischief by fire, sword and plunder.\nIn the month of October, the duke and duchess of Burgundy went to\nHolland, escorted by about six hundred combatants from Picardy. The\nduke staid there about a month to examine the country,--and during that\ntime, a treaty was concluded between his counsellors and those of the\nduchess of Bavaria, by which it was settled that the duke of Burgundy\nshould from the present enjoy all the honours, profits, and emoluments\nof the countries of Hainault, Holland, Zealand and Frizeland, with\ntheir dependancies, as his own hereditary right; but that, should the\nduke die before the said duchess, all these territories were to return\nto her as the legal heiress of them.\nMany noble lordships and rich estates were at the same time allotted\nher together with the county of Ostrevant, of which county alone she\nwas now to style herself countess, laying aside all the titles of the\nabove-named places. When these matters had been finally concluded, the\nduke consented that his cousin the duchess should marry sir Fran\u00e7ois de\nBorselle, which had been secretly treated of between the parties. The\nduke of Burgundy henceforward styled himself, in addition to his former\ntitles, Count of Hainault, Holland and Zealand, and lord of Frizeland.\nOn the conclusion of this treaty, he returned to Flanders.\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n FRIAR THOMAS GOES TO ROME.--HE IS BURNT THERE.\nIn this year, friar Thomas Conette, of the order of Carmelites, whom\nwe have before noticed in this history, made many preachings in divers\nparts of Champagne, the which had induced numbers of ladies of high\nrank to lay aside their ridiculous dresses.\nHe thence journeyed to Rome, during the popedom of Eugenius IV. and\narrived there with the venetian ambassadors. He was lodged at Saint\nPaul's, whence the pope ordered him to come before him, not with any\nevil intentions toward him, but for him to preach, for he had heard\nmuch of his renown. He refused twice to attend the holy father, under\npretence of being ill; and the third time, the pope sent his treasurer\nto bring him.\nFriar Thomas, seeing the treasurer enter the house, instantly leaped\nout of the window to escape,--but, being directly pursued, was taken\nand carried before the pope in his palace. The cardinals of Rouen and\nof Navarre were charged to examine him and his doctrines, who, finding\nhim guilty of heresy, and of death, he was in consequence sentenced to\nbe publicly burnt in the city of Rome.\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE DEATH OF THE DUCHESS OF BEDFORD.\nIn these days, Anne duchess of Bedford and sister to the duke of\nBurgundy lay ill, at the h\u00f4tel of the Tournelles in Paris, of a\nlingering disorder, which in spite of all the care of her physicians,\nof whom she had many, carried her off from this life. She was buried in\nthe same chapel of the Celestins where Louis, late duke of Orleans, had\nbeen interred.\nThe duke of Bedford was sorely afflicted at her death; as were many of\nhis party; for they feared that the connexion which had been continued\nby her means with her brother the duke of Burgundy would thereby be\nweakened.\nWhen she died, ambassadors from the three parties, namely, king\nCharles, king Henry, and the duke of Burgundy, were assembled at\nAuxerre, and at Melun, to treat of a peace; but as they could not agree\nupon terms, they separated and returned to their lords.\nCHAP. XXX.\n SOME OF THE FRENCH CAPTAINS CROSS THE THE RIVER SOMME, AND OVERRUN\n ARTOIS.\nIn the beginning of December, captain Blanchefort, sir Anthony de\nChabannes, the lord de Longueval, sir Carados Desquesnes, and others\nof king Charles's party, assembled about eight hundred or a thousand\ncombatants near Breteuil, and thence marched to cross the river Somme\nat Capy. They advanced during the night for Dourlens, whither they had\nsent spies to learn if they could not win it by scalado: but the lord\nde Humieres, having had notice of their intentions, sent in all haste\nto inform the mayor and magistrates, that the French were marching to\nattack their town.\nUpon this, they made every preparation for a good defence, and sent a\nmessenger to the castle of Beauval, to make the garrison acquainted\nwith the above intelligence. The messenger was met just before\nday-break, a quarter of a league from the town by the french scouts,\nby whom he was taken and examined, and they soon learned from him his\nerrand. They returned to their main body, which was close in the rear,\nwho, hearing what the messenger had said, found their enterprise had\nfailed, and returned to the town of Beauquesne. When they had fully\nrefreshed themselves, they re-crossed the Somme, and marched back to\ntheir garrisons with great numbers of prisoners and a rich pillage.\nCHAP. XXXI.\n A BENEDICTINE MONK ATTEMPTS TO GAIN THE CASTLE OF ST ANGELO AT ROME.\nWhile all these things were passing, a Benedictine, surnamed The Little\nMonk, who had been a great favourite of Pope Martin, and had much\npower during his reign, attached himself, after his decease, to his\nsuccessor, pope Eugenius, and gained the same power under him as he had\nenjoyed before.\nNotwithstanding the favour he was in with the pope, he conceived the\ndesign of betraying him, through the temptations of the devil, as it\nmay be supposed, and had connected himself with the prince of Salerno,\npromising to put him in possession of the castle of St Angelo, and\neven of the city of Rome. To effect this, he one day waited on the\npope to take his leave, saying, that he was going to Avignon to fix\nhis residence there for some time. He then requested of the governor\nof the castle of St Angelo to take charge of his coffers, containing\nhis wealth, until his return, which the governor assented to, not\nsuspecting his treachery.\nHe ordered twelve cases to be made, capable of holding twelve men,\nwhich were to be intrusted to the care of two men to each case. When\nall things were ready, the better to succeed in his enterprise, he sent\na page, who was his own nephew, with letters to one of the prisoners\nconfined in the castle of St Angelo, which fortunately fell into the\nhands of the governor, and thus made him acquainted with the whole\nof the plot. He instantly carried them to the pope, who ordered the\nmonk to be delivered to the secular power, by whom he was put to the\ntorture, and confessed his guilt. He was then condemned to death, and\nhanged on a gibbet and quartered in the principal market-place of Rome.\nThe prince of Salerno, having failed in his attempt, did not however\nrefrain from making open war on the pope within a short time after this\nevent.\nIn these days, an adventurer called Thomelaire, provost of Laon\nfor king Charles, won the castle of Passavant, by means of certain\nintelligence with those within it. This was very displeasing to the\nduke of Burgundy, for he was afraid that it would lay open his country\nto the enemy; and he had the place so strongly besieged that those\nwho had taken it were forced to surrender at discretion. The said\nThomelaire and some others were put to death, and the castle razed to\nthe ground.\nCHAP. XXXII.\n A PEACE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BAR AND THE COUNT DE\n VAUDEMONT.\nIn this year, a peace was concluded, through the mediation of the duke\nof Burgundy, between the duke of Bar and the count de Vaudemont.\nEach promised to restore to the other whatever castles or towns they\nhad won; and it was also agreed, that the eldest son of the count\nshould marry the duke's eldest daughter, who was to give her annually\nsix thousand francs, and a certain sum in ready money on the day of her\nmarriage.\nThis treaty having been drawn up by their most able counsellors, was\nsigned by them, and then they mutually pardoned each other for whatever\nthey might have done amiss. The young lady was delivered into the hands\nof the count, and all the articles of the treaty were duly observed,\nto the great joy of their subjects, who now found themselves free from\nall the vexations they had suffered in consequence of the late warfare\nbetween their lords.\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY IS BROUGHT TO BED OF A SON IN THE TOWN OF\n GHENT.\nOn the 14th of April in this year, the duchess of Burgundy was brought\nto bed of a son in the town of Ghent. His godfathers were, the cardinal\nof Winchester, and the counts de St Pol and de Ligny, brothers,--and\nthe countess de Meaux was the godmother. He was christened Josse,\nalthough neither of the godfathers bore that name, but it had been so\nordered by the duke and duchess. They all presented very rich gifts to\nthe child.\nThis year, the duke, with the consent of the estates, renewed the\ncoin; and golden money was struck, called Riddes[8], of the value of\ntwenty-four sols in silver coin called Virelans[9]. All the old money\nwas called in at a fourth or fifth part of its value, and recoined. At\nthis time, there were great quarrels between the towns of Brussels and\nMechlin, insomuch that a severe war took place between them. In like\nmanner, there was much dissention among the Ghent-men, so that several\nofficers were banished from the town.\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n A PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BAR AND THE COUNTS DE ST POL AND\n DE LIGNY.\nA treaty of peace now took place between the duke of Bar and the two\nbrothers, the counts de St Pol and de Ligny, who had for some time been\nat war,--by which the whole country of Guise, parts of which had been\nconquered by sir John de Luxembourg, count de Ligny, and which was the\nhereditary inheritance of the duke of Bar, was given up to the said sir\nJohn de Luxembourg, in perpetuity to him and his heirs.\nFor the greater security of the above, the duke freely gave up the\ncastle of Bohain, in the presence of many of his nobles and officers\nof the county of Guise, whom he had ordered thither for the purpose of\nwitnessing it, as well as several imperial and apostolical notaries.\nThere were likewise some discussions relative to Joan de Bar, daughter\nof sir Robert de Bar, count of Marle, and the portion of property she\nwas to have in the duchy of Bar, in right of her said father. There\nwere also some proposals for a marriage between the second son of the\ncount de Saint Pol and one of the youngest daughters of the duke of\nBar: but these two articles were deferred to the next time of meeting.\nWhen this negotiation had lasted some days, and the duke had been most\nhonourably and grandly feasted by the two brothers in the castle of\nBohain, he departed thence, according to appearances, highly pleased\nwith them, and returned to his duchy.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: Riddes,--of the value of five shillings.--Cotgrave.]\n[Footnote 9: Virelans. Q.]\nCHAP. XXXV.\n A WAR TAKES PLACE BETWEEN SIR JOHN AND SIR ANTHONY DU VERGY AND THE\n LORD DE CHASTEAU-VILAIN.\nIn this same year, a great discord arose between sir John and sir\nAnthony du Vergy, burgundian knights, and the lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain,\nwhich ended in an open war. The lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain, the more to\nannoy his enemies, turned to the party of the king of France, together\nwith sir Legier d'Estouteville, Jean de Verpelleurs, and some other\ngentlemen, who had long been his allies and wellwishers. By this\nconduct they broke their oaths to the duke of Burgundy, their natural\nlord, with whom the lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain had been on the most\nintimate terms.\nThis lord also returned the badge of the duke of Bedford which he\nhad long worn, which made the duke very indignant; and he blamed him\ngreatly in the presence of the person who had brought the badge, saying\nthat he had thus falsified the oath he had made him.\nThe duke of Burgundy was likewise very much displeased when it came\nto his knowledge, and he sent pressing orders to all his captains in\nBurgundy to exert themselves to the utmost in harrassing the lord\nde Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain. In obeying these orders, the country of Burgundy\nsuffered much,--for the lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain had many castles in\ndifferent parts of it, which he garrisoned with his friends.\nBy the forces of the duke, assisted by the lords du Vergy and others\nof the nobles of Burgundy, he was so hardly pushed that the greater\npart of his castles were conquered and demolished, namely, Graussy,\nFlongy, Challancy, Villiers le Magnet, Nully, the castle of St Urban,\nBlaise, Saint Vorge, Esclaron, Varville, Cussay, Romay, Vaudemont, and\nLasoncourt.\nThe siege of Graussy lasted more than three months under the command\nof Jean du Vergy, the principal in this quarrel, having with him sir\nWilliam de Baufremont, William de Vienne, sir Charles du Vergy, and\ntwelve hundred combatants. The lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain, with the heir of\nCommercy and Robert de Vaudricourt, and sixteen hundred fighting men,\nmarched to raise the siege, when a grand skirmish took place, but only\none man was killed.\nThe lord de Ch\u00e2teau-Vilain, however, finding that he could not attempt\nto raise the siege without very great danger from the strength of his\nenemies, retreated to the place whence he had come; and shortly after,\nsir Denis de Sainct-Flour, who commanded within the castle, capitulated\nto surrender the place, on the garrison being allowed to march away in\nsafety with their lives and baggage.\nHaving concluded this treaty, sir Denis went to the king of France, who\nhad him beheaded for several charges that had been made against him,\nand also for having put his wife to death.\nAt this time, some captains of the duke of Burgundy took by storm and\nby scalado the town of Epernai, belonging to Charles duke of Orleans,\na prisoner in England, in which every disorder was committed as in a\nconquered town.\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n A TREATY OF PEACE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND THE\n LIEGEOIS.\nAt the end of this year, a peace was concluded between the duke of\nBurgundy and the Liegeois. Many meetings had been held before the two\nparties could agree on terms: at last, it was settled that the Liegeois\nshould pay the duke one hundred and fifty thousand nobles by way of\ncompensation for the damages they had done to his country of Namur by\ndemolishing his castles, and other mischiefs. They also consented to\nraze to the ground the tower of Mont-Orgueil, near to Bovines, which\nthey held, and which indeed had been the chief cause of the war.\nThey completely fulfilled all the articles of the treaty; and the\npledges for their future good conduct were John de Hingsbergh their\nbishop, Jacques de Fosseux, and other nobles of the country of Liege.\nFor the more effectual security of this treaty, reciprocal engagements\nwere interchanged between the parties; and thus the Liegeois who had\nbeen in very great alarms and fear, were much rejoiced to have peace\nfirmly established throughout their territories.\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE DUKE OF BEDFORD, WHO STYLED HIMSELF REGENT OF FRANCE, MARRIES THE\n DAUGHTER OF THE COUNT DE SAINT POL.\nAt the commencement of this year, John duke of Bedford espoused, in\nthe town of Therouenne, Jacquilina, eldest daughter to Pierre de\nLuxembourg count de St Pol, and niece to Louis de Luxembourg bishop of\nTherouenne, chancellor of France for king Henry, and also to sir John\nde Luxembourg.\nThis marriage had been long negociated by the bishop, who was very\neager to bring it about, and he was at that time the principal minister\nand adviser of the said duke. The duke of Burgundy was not in that\ncountry when it was solemnized,--but hearing of it on his return, he\nwas displeased with the count de St Pol for having thus, without his\nknowledge or advice, disposed of his daughter.\nThe wedding-feasts were celebrated in the episcopal palace of\nTherouenne; and for the joy and happiness the duke felt in this match\n(for the damsel was handsome, well made and lively), and that it might\nbe long had in remembrance, he presented to the church of Therouenne\ntwo magnificent bells of great value, which he had sent thither from\nEngland at his own cost.\nSome days after the feasts were over, he departed from Therouenne.\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE TOWN OF ST VALERY, IN PONTHIEU, IS WON BY THE FRENCH.\nAt this time, sir Louis de Vaucourt and sir Regnault de Versailles,\nattached to king Charles, accompanied by about three hundred\ncombatants, surprised about day-break, and took by scalado the town of\nSt Valery in Ponthieu. The town was governed for the duke of Burgundy\nby Jean de Brimeu, and great mischiefs were done there by the French\naccording to their custom of dealing with conquered towns.\nThe capture of this place alarmed the whole country round, and not\nwithout cause; for within a few days they greatly reinforced themselves\nwith men at arms, and commenced a severe war on all attached to the\nEnglish or Burgundians. The most part of those in the neighbourhood\nentered into an agreement for security with them, for which they paid\nheavy sums of money.\nAt this time also, by means of Perrinet Crasset, governor of la\nCharit\u00e9 on the Loire for king Henry, was that town and castle given up.\nIt was strongly situated, and had not been conquered during the whole\nof the war.\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n THE DUKES OF BEDFORD AND OF BURGUNDY GO TO SAINT OMER.\nToward the end of May in this year, the dukes of Bedford and of\nBurgundy went to St Omer to confer together on several public matters,\nand to consider on certain angry expressions that had been used and\nreported on both sides. The cardinal of England was with the duke\nof Bedford, and very desirous to bring these two dukes to a right\nunderstanding with each other. However, though these two noble princes\nwere come to Saint Omer for this purpose, and though it had been\nsettled that they were to meet at an appointed time without either\nbeing found to wait on the other; nevertheless, the duke of Bedford\nexpected that the duke of Burgundy should come to him at his lodgings,\nwhich he would not do. Many of their lords went from the one to the\nother to endeavour to settle this matter of ceremony, but in vain.\nAt length, the cardinal waited on the duke of Burgundy, and, drawing\nhim aside, said in an amicable manner, 'How is this, fair nephew, that\nyou refuse to compliment a prince who is son and brother to a king, by\ncalling on him, when he has taken so much trouble to meet you in one\nof your own towns, and that you will neither visit nor speak to him?'\nThe duke replied, that he was ready to meet him at the place appointed.\nAfter a few more words, the cardinal returned to the duke of Bedford;\nand within a short time, the two dukes departed from St Omer without\nany thing further being done, but more discontented with each other\nthan before.\nCHAP. XL.\n THE DEATH OF JOHN DE TOISY BISHOP OF TOURNAY.--GREAT DISSENTIONS\n RESPECTING THE PROMOTION TO THE VACANT BISHOPRICK.\nIn this year, died in the town of Lille, at a very advanced age,\nmaster John de Toisy bishop of Tournay, and president of the duke of\nBurgundy's council. John de Harcourt, bishop of Amiens, was nominated\nby the holy father the pope to succeed him, which much displeased the\nduke of Burgundy, for he was desirous to have promoted to it one of\nhis counsellors, called master John Chevrot, archdeacon of the Vexin\nunder the church of Rouen. The duke had spoken on this subject to the\nbishop of Amiens, that when it should become vacant he might not apply\nfor it; and it was reported, that de Harcourt had promised not to\naccept thereof. However, when he had been translated to Tournay, the\nduke ordered all his subjects, in Flanders and elsewhere, not to pay\nhim any obedience; and in addition, the whole, or greater part of the\nrevenues of the bishoprick were transferred to the duke, to the great\nsorrow of the bishop. Hoping, nevertheless, to devise some means for a\nreconcilement, he resided a long time in Tournay as a private person,\nwhere he was obeyed, and much beloved by the burghers and inhabitants.\nDuring this interval, the archbishoprick of Narbonne became vacant,\nand, through the solicitations of the duke of Burgundy, it was given\nto John de Harcourt by the pope, and the bishoprick of Tournay to the\nbefore-mentioned Jean de Chevrot. This translation was made by the holy\nfather to please all parties, more especially the duke of Burgundy;\nbut it was very unsatisfactory to Jean de Harcourt, who refused to be\ntranslated, saying, that the pope had only done it to deprive him of\nhis bishoprick of Tournay.\nThe duke, seeing that he would not comply, was more angered against\nhim and the townsmen of Tournay than before, and in consequence,\nforbade his subjects to carry any provisions to Tournay, under pain\nof confiscation and corporal punishment. He had it also proclaimed,\nthat all persons should give to his officers information where any\nproperty lay belonging to the burghers of that town, that it might be\nconfiscated.\nVery many mischiefs were done for the space of four or five years, on\naccount of this discord. During which time, the count d'Estampes was\nsent into Tournay with a large company of knights and esquires, to take\npossession of the bishoprick for Jean de Chevrot, although John de\nHarcourt was in the town. It happened therefore, that when the count\nd'Estampes had ordered master Stephen Vivien to take possession of the\ncathedral, the greater part of the townsmen, to shew their discontent\nat the proceeding, rose in rebellion, and advanced to the cathedral,\nwhere Vivien, seated on the episcopal throne, was going through all the\nceremonies and acts that he had been ordered to do in the name of Jean\nChevrot, in taking possession of the bishoprick.\nThe populace no sooner witnessed what he was about than they rudely\npushed him from the throne, and tore his surplice and other parts of\nhis dress. Many, in their rage, would have put him to death if the\nofficers of justice had not laid hands on him and carried him off\nas their prisoner, giving the crowd to understand that he should be\njudicially punished to their satisfaction.\nJohn de Harcourt, on whose account this riot had been raised,\nrestrained them as much as he could by gentle remonstrances, and\nbegging of them to return to their houses, for that all would end well,\nand he would legally keep possession of his bishoprick. After some\nlittle time, the commonalty retired, and the magistrates and principal\ninhabitants made the best excuses they could to the count d'Estampes\nfor this riot,--for they were afraid they should fare the worse for it\nin times to come. The count d'Estampes, finding nothing effectual could\nbe done, departed, and returned to the duke of Burgundy at Arras, and\ntold him all that had passed in Tournay. He was much vexed thereat,\nand issued stricter orders than before to distress the town, so that\nfrom this quarrel respecting the two bishops very many persons suffered\ngreat tribulations.\nEven after the peace was concluded between king Charles and the duke\nof Burgundy, the king was much displeased at the conduct of the duke\nrespecting Tournay, and was desirous of supporting the claim of John de\nHarcourt.\nJohn de Harcourt perceiving that the duke was obstinately bent on\nhaving Jean de Chevrot bishop of Tournay, and that he should not be\nallowed to enjoy peaceably the revenues of the bishoprick, and that\nwithal his lands in Hainault had been seized on and confiscated by the\nduke, departed from Tournay, and went with a few attendants to the\nking, who gave him a most gracious reception, and he then continued his\njourney to his archbishoprick of Narbonne. Thus did Jean de Chevrot\ngain the bishoprick of Tournay, who sent thither, to take possession,\na canon of Cambray, named master Robert d'Auclair. He was at this time\nvery courteously received there, and obeyed as his procurator.\nCHAP. XLI.\n THE FRENCH MAKE MANY CONQUESTS ON THE CONFINES OF BURGUNDY.\nAbout this time, ambassadors were sent from the three estates of the\nduchy and county of Burgundy to the duke, to remonstrate with him on\nthe great damages the partisans of king Charles were doing to his\ncountry by fire and sword, more especially his brother-in-law the\nduke of Bourbon. They told him, that they had already taken by force\nmany towns and castles, and were daily making further inroads into\nthe country, which must be totally destroyed unless a speedy remedy\nwas applied. They concluded by requesting most humbly, that he would,\nout of his grace, raise a sufficient body of men, and that he would\npersonally march to their assistance.\nThe duke, having heard their harangue, assembled his council, and then\ndetermined to collect men at arms from all his dependancies in Brabant,\nFlanders, Artois, Hainault and other parts. Clerks were instantly\nemployed to write letters to the different lords, knights and esquires,\nwho had usually served him in his wars, to assemble as many men at arms\nand archers as they could raise, and be ready to march with him at the\nbeginning of the month of May, whither he might be pleased to lead\nthem. The captains, on receiving these orders from their prince, made\nevery diligence to obey them; and several soon brought their men into\nthe field, which harrassed much the countries of Picardy, Ponthieu,\nArtois, Tournesis, Ostrevant, Cambresis, Vermandois and the adjoining\nparts, for the duke had not been equally diligent in completing\nhis preparations, so that these men remained wasting the countries\naforesaid for upwards of a month.\nAt the end of May, the duke having assembled, from divers parts,\na great quantity of carriages, stores and artillery, set out from\nthe town of Arras on the 20th day of June, attended by many of his\ncaptains. He was also accompanied by his duchess, who had a numerous\nattendance of ladies and damsels, to the amount of more than forty; and\nthey were lodged in Cambray, where sir John de Luxembourg met him, and\nrequested that he would come to his castle of Bohain, to which the duke\nassented.\nOn the morrow, when the duke and duchess had heard mass in the church\nof our Lady at Cambray, and afterward taken some refreshment, they set\nout for the castle of Bohain, where they were joyfully and honourably\nreceived by sir John de Luxembourg, count de Ligny, and the countess\nhis lady. They and their attendants were plentifully and nobly served\nwith all sorts of provisions that were in season; and they remained\nthere for two days, taking their pleasures in the chace and other\namusements.\nIn the mean time, the captains and men at arms advanced into the\nRhetelois. The duke and duchess, on leaving Bohain, went to Peronne,\nand thence through Champagne, passing near to Rheims. There were with\nhim full six thousand combatants, as well men at arms as archers, the\nprincipal leaders of whom were the lord de Croy, sir John de Croy his\nbrother, sir John de Hornes seneschal of Brabant, the lord de Crequi\nand his brother, sir John bastard de St Pol, his brother Louis, the\nlord de Humieres, sir Baudo de Noyelle, the lord de Crevecoeur, Robert\nde Neufville, Lancelot de Dours, Harpin de Richammes, and many other\nnobles, as well knights as esquires. When the duke marched through\nChampagne, he formed his troops into a van guard, a main body, and a\nrear guard.\nSir John de Croy commanded the first under his brother,--and he had\nwith him Harpin de Richammes. During the march, all the baggage was\nplaced between the van and main body; and the duchess, then far gone\nwith child, was there also, with her women, and near to the duke.\nThe army marched in this array before the town of Troyes, that was held\nby the French, and advanced to Cappes on the line to Burgundy. Many\nof the burgundian lords now joined him, to whom he gave a gracious\nreception,--and having called a council of war, resolved on their\nfuture proceedings.\nIt was settled that the duchess should fix her residence with her\nattendants at Ch\u00e2tillon-sur-Seine, while the duke marched to lay siege\nto Mussi-l'Ev\u00eaque, in the possession of the French. Great preparations\nwere made, and many pieces of artillery were pointed against the gates\nand walls. The garrison once intended making an obstinate defence; but\nwhen they saw how numerous and well appointed were the duke's forces,\nand found they had no hope of succour, after eight days siege, they\ncapitulated to surrender the place on having their lives and fortunes\nspared. On the conclusion of this treaty, they marched away under the\nduke's passports for St Florentin.\nWhen the duke had appointed a new garrison, he went to the duchess at\nCh\u00e2tillon, and his men at arms advanced toward the county of Tonnerre.\nCHAP. XLII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RECONQUERS SEVERAL PLACES WHICH THE FRENCH HAD\n WON IN BURGUNDY.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had sojourned some days at Ch\u00e2tillon, he\nordered the duchess to go to Dijon, where she was most honourably\nreceived, and he himself went after his army. He had Lussigines and\nPassy besieged; and the first was so hard pressed that the garrison\nsurrendered on having their lives spared, but giving up their effects.\nThose of Passy also gave hostages to surrender on the first day of\nSeptember following, unless the duke and his army should be fought\nwithal and beaten by his adversaries before that time.\nMany other castles and forts held by the French, who were much alarmed\nat the great power of the duke of Burgundy, were yielded up to him,\nnamely, Danlermoine, Herny, Coursaint, Scealefloug, Maligny, Saint\nPhalle, Sicry, Sabelly and others, to the amount of twenty-four. After\nthese surrenders, the duke went to Dijon, and his captains and men\nat arms were quartered over the country. Sir John de Croy was the\ncommander in chief at all these sieges of places that submitted to the\nobedience of the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. XLIII.\n GILLES DE POSTELLES IS ACCUSED OF TREASON TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, AND\n BEHEADED.\nIn this year, a gentleman of Hainault was accused of treason against\nthe duke of Burgundy. His name was Gilles de Postelles, who had been\nbrought up as a dependant on the dowager-countess of Hainault, aunt to\nthe said duke. He was charged with having practised with divers of the\nnobles of that country to put the duke to death by shooting him with an\narrow, or by some other means, while hunting in the forest, whither he\nwould accompany him.\nFor this cause, he was arrested in the mansion of the countess, at\nQuesnoy, by sir Willian de Lalain bailiff of Hainault. When he had\nbeen strictly examined and tortured, he was beheaded and quartered\nin the market-place of Mons, and his quarters were sent to be placed\nin the four principal towns of that country. One of his servants was\nbeheaded with him; but John de Vendeges, to whom he had discovered his\nplot, fled the country, and afterward, by means of different excuses,\nand through the interest of his friends, was pardoned by the duke. The\ncountess of Hainault was strongly suspected of being implicated in this\naffair, but nothing was clearly proved against her.\nCHAP. XLIV.\n THE FRENCH WIN BY SCALADO THE TOWN OF CRESPY IN THE VALOIS.--OTHER\n MATTERS.\nWhile these things were passing, a party of king Charles's adherents\nwon by scalado at day-break, the town of Crespy in the Valois from\nthe English. The bastard de Thian was governor; and he, with part of\nthe garrison, and the inhabitants, were made prisoners: innumerable\nmischiefs were done to the town, for the French treated it in their\nusual manner to a conquered place.\nOn the eve of the feast of the Ascension, in this year, the commonalty\nof Ghent rebelled against the duke's officers and the magistrates. But\nthe principal sheriff posted himself with the banner of the counts\nof Flanders in the market-place well accompanied, before the rebels\nhad time to collect together, who, perceiving that they could not now\ncarry their intentions into effect, fled from the town: some of them,\nhowever, were taken, and punished by the magistrates of Ghent.\nIn these days, the town of Bruyeres, in the Laonnois, was won from\nking Charles by sir John de Luxembourg's men, commanded by Villemet de\nHainau, governor of Montagu. This capture caused great alarm in the\nadjoining places, for they expected a strong garrison would be posted\ntherein to attack them; and they, consequently, reinforced themselves\nas much as they could, to be enabled to resist them.\nCHAP. XLV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY KEEPS HIS APPOINTMENT BEFORE PASSY.--HE BESIEGES\n THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF AVALON.\nWhen the first day of September was come, the duke of Burgundy (having\npreviously sent his orders to all those who had been accustomed to\nserve under him) made his appearance before Passy, according to the\nterms of the capitulation.\nHe was there joined, by orders of king Henry, by the lord de\nl'Isle-Adam, marshal of France, and sir John Talbot, with sixteen\nhundred combatants. The duke received them joyfully, and made very\nhandsome presents to these lords and to their men. The French, however,\ndid not appear; and the garrison, in consequence, surrendered the place\nto the duke of Burgundy, and marched away under his passports.\nThe duke then sent a detachment to surround Avalon, of which was\ncaptain one called Fort Espice, having under him two hundred men\nat arms, the flower of the army and renowned in war. They made an\nobstinate defence.\nThe principal burgundian lords among the besiegers were the lord de\nCharny, Philibert de Vaudray, and others,--from Picardy were sir\nJohn bastard de St Pol, the lord de Humieres, and many noblemen, who\nadvanced with great courage and encamped near to the ditches. Several\nengines were pointed against the gates and walls, and damaged them\ngreatly, breaches being made in divers parts.\nThe besiegers now thought to take the place by storm, and made a\nvigorous attack, but were gallantly repulsed. However, the garrison,\nforeseeing that they could not hold out longer, and having no hopes of\nsuccour, they fled by night in much disorder, through a postern that\nhad been neglected by the enemy. Their flight was soon known, and the\nBurgundians lost no time in arming and pursuing them, so that falling\ncourageously upon them, they took and slew many. Fort Espice and some\nothers saved themselves by flight. The town was now suddenly attacked,\nand won without resistance. The wife of Fort Espice was made prisoner,\nwith many of his men and some peasants,--and every thing that was found\nin the place was plundered and carried away.\nCHAP. XLVI.\n PIERRE DE LUXEMBOURG, COUNT DE ST POL, BESIEGES THE TOWN OF ST\n VALERY.--THE DEATH OF THE COUNT DE ST POL.\nIn the month of July of this year, Pierre de Luxembourg, count de Saint\nPol, accompanied by lord Willoughby, an Englishman, and twelve hundred\ncombatants of the two nations, laid siege to the town of Saint Valery;\nin which were, on the part of king Charles, sir Louis de Vaucourt,\nPhilip de la Tour and sir Regnault de Versailles, with a garrison of\nthree hundred men.\nThey pointed artillery against the walls and gates; and after the\nsiege had lasted for three weeks, the before-named knights entered\ninto treaty with Robert de Saveuses, who had been commissioned by the\ncount de St Pol for the purpose, and agreed that they would surrender\nthe place at a fixed day, should they not be relieved before then, on\nreceiving a sum of money, and liberty to depart in safety with their\nprisoners and baggage. As no one appeared to their succour, they\nmarched away, under passports, to Beauvais.\nShortly after, sir Louis de Vaucourt and sir Regnault de Versailles\nwere met by one called Le Petit Roland, on the road to Senlis, who,\nthough of the same party, from a private quarrel, attacked them with\nthe men he was leading to Chantilly; and in the end he defeated and\nrobbed them, making sir Regnault his prisoner.\nThe count de St Pol, having re-garrisoned St Valery, gave the command\nof it to sir Robert de Saveuses. On marching thence, he fixed his\nquarters at a large village called Blangy, in the county of Eu, with\nthe intent to besiege the castle of Monchas, held by sir Regnault de\nFontaines for king Charles. Sir Regnault, not wishing to wait the\nevent of a siege, capitulated with the commissioners of the count to\nsurrender the place on the 15th day of next October, provided that\nneither king Charles nor any of his partisans should be in sufficient\nforce to offer him combat on that day before the castle of Monchas,\nor on the plains of Santhois near to Villiers-le-Carbonel, one league\ndistant from Haplaincourt. This treaty was confirmed, the 26th day\nof August, by the count, and hostages given on each side for its due\nperformance.\nOn the last day of this month of August, while the count was encamped\nnear to Blangy, and giving his orders for besieging the castle of\nRambures, he was taken suddenly ill, and died almost instantly.\nHis men and all the English captains were grieved at heart for his\nloss, and retired to the garrisons whence they had come. His household\nhad the body transported to St Pol, where it was interred in front of\nthe great altar of the abbey-church of Cercamps, of which his ancestors\nhad been the founders. His eldest son, Louis de Luxembourg, then about\nfifteen years of age, took possession of all his estates and lordships,\nand thenceforth was styled the Count de St Pol.\nCHAP. XLVII.\n THE LORD DE LA TRIMOUILLE IS ARRESTED IN THE KING'S PALACE, AND MADE\n TO SURRENDER HIS PRISONER THE VISCOUNT DE THOUARS.\nWhile these things were passing, king Charles resided chiefly at\nthe castle of Chinon, and with him was the lord de la Trimouille,\nhis principal adviser, but who conducted public affairs much to the\ndissatisfaction of Charles d'Anjou, and many other great lords.\nThey also hated him from their friendship to the lord d'Amboise\nviscount de Thouars, whom he had detained in prison from the time the\nlord de Lessay and Anthony de Vivonne had been beheaded through his\nmeans at Poitiers, and also because the constable, by reason of his\ninterference, could not regain the good graces of the king.\nHaving therefore formed their plan, the lord de Bueil, sir Peter\nde Verseil, Pregent de Coetivy and other barons, to the number of\nsixteen, entered the castle of Chinon, and went to the chamber of the\nlord de la Trimouille, whom they found in bed. They made him prisoner,\nand carried him away, taking from him the government of the king. He\nafterward, by treaty, surrendered to them the lord d'Amboise, and\npromised never to return to the king, yielding up many forts that he\nheld as security for keeping the said treaty.\nShortly after, the constable was restored to the good graces of his\nmonarch, who was well satisfied to receive him, although he was much\nvexed at the conduct that had been held to the lord de la Trimouille:\nnevertheless, new ministers were appointed for the management of his\naffairs.\nAt this time, Philip lord de Saveuses resided in Mondidier with a\nsufficient garrison to oppose the French in Compi\u00e8gne, Ressons,\nMortemer, Bretueil, and other places. These had made an excursion to\nthe amount of about one hundred and fifty combatants into the country\nof Santhois, where they were met by the lord de Saveuses, who slew or\nmade prisoners the greater part: the rest saved themselves by flight.\nIn this year, died in his town of Avesnes, in Hainault, the count de\nPenthievre, who had been deprived of the duchy of Brittany, as has\nbeen elsewhere fully related. A great mortality took place throughout\nalmost all France, as well in large towns as in the country; and there\nprevailed also great divisions between the nobles and gentlemen against\neach other, so that neither God, his church, nor justice, were obeyed\nor feared, and the poor people were grievously oppressed in various\nways.\nCHAP. XLVIII.\n WILLIAM DE COROAM PUTS TO FLIGHT JOHN BEAURAIN.--SIR JOHN DE\n LUXEMBOURG RECONQUERS THE CASTLE OF HAPHINCOURT.\nAbout this period, William de Coroam, an Englishman, in company with\nVillemer de Hainault, and some others of sir John de Luxembourg's\ncaptains, with three or four hundred combatants, overthrew and\nplundered near to Ivoy, between the Ardennes and Champagne, from five\nto six hundred men, whom John de Beaurain, and divers captains, had\nassembled in hopes of conquering them. John de Beaurain, however, and\nothers, saved themselves by the fleetness of their horses.\nIn the month of September, the castle of Haphincourt, seated on the\nriver Somme, two leagues distant from Peronne, was taken by a partisan\nof king Charles, called Martin le Lombard, and his accomplices. Within\nthe castle was sir Pierre de Beausault, a noble and ancient knight,\nwith his lady, the mother to sir Karados de Quesnes.\nThe whole of the country of Vermandois was much alarmed at this\nconquest, for the inhabitants feared it would open an easy entrance\nfor the enemy into those parts. They, however, lost no time in\nsending notice of it to sir John de Luxembourg, who, in a few days,\nassembled eight hundred Picards, and marched them, in company with\nhis nephew the young count de St Pol, sir Simon de Lalain, the lord\nde Saveuses, and other noble captains, to the castle of Haphincourt,\nand had his artillery instantly pointed against the walls. His attacks\nwere so severe on the garrison that they were forced to surrender at\ndiscretion, when some were hanged and others strangled. As for Martin,\nJacotin and Clamas, they obtained their liberty on paying a heavy\nransom. The castle was delivered into the hands of Jean de Haphincourt,\nand the knight and lady sent away. After this exploit, sir John de\nLuxembourg returned with his nephew, and the other captains, to the\nplaces whence they had come.\nCHAP. XLIX.\n THE COUNTS DE LIGNY AND DE ST POL KEEP THE APPOINTED DAY AT VILLIERS\n LE CARBONEL, AND AFTERWARD DEFEAT THE FRENCH FROM THE GARRISON OF LAON.\nOn the 15th day of October, the young count de St Pol, sir John de\nLuxembourg, count de Ligny, with from four to five thousand combatants,\nwhom they had summoned from Picardy and Hainault, under the command of\nsir William de Lalain, sir Simon his brother, the lord de Mailly, sir\nColart de Mailly his brother, the lord de Saveuses, Valleran de Moruel,\nGuy de Roye, and others expert in arms, marched to keep the appointment\nat Villiers le Carbonel, according to the capitulation signed at the\ncastle of Monchas in Normandy. They were also joined by twelve hundred\nEnglish, under the orders of the lord Willoughby and sir Thomas Kiriel.\nNeither sir Regnault de Fontaines, governor of Monchas, nor any\nothers on the part of king Charles made their appearance at Villiers\nle Carbonel; and thus their hostages were left in very great danger.\nThe two counts, however, remained all that day in battle-array on the\nplain, and toward evening quartered themselves and their men in the\nadjoining villages, seeing there was not a probability of an enemy\nshewing himself. On the morrow, they returned, by a short march, to the\nplace whence they had come.\nWithin a few days after this, when the two counts were at Guise, news\nwas brought them, that the lord de Penesach, governor of Laon, had\nmade an excursion, with four or five hundred combatants from different\ngarrisons into the country of Marle, and had nearly taken Vervins, the\nhereditary inheritance of Joan de Bar, sir John's daughter-in-law, and\nhad set fire to the suburbs of Marle.\nSir John was much troubled on receiving this intelligence, and\ninstantly mounted his horse, together with the count de St Pol, sir\nSimon de Lalain, and those of his household. He sent in haste for\nreinforcements from all his garrisons that were near, and sir Simon\nordered his men, who were quartered in a village hard by, to follow\nwithout delay; so that he had very soon upwards of three hundred\nfighting men, whom he boldly marched to meet the enemy.\nHe overtook them on their retreat at Disy, not far from Laon; and\nalthough they were very superior in numbers, he no sooner saw them than\nwithout waiting for the whole of his men to come up, he most gallantly\ncharged them, and did wonders by his personal courage. The French\ntook to flight, even under the eyes of their commander, excepting a\nfew, who were defeated, and the most part put to death, to the number\nof eight score. The principals were, Gaillart de Lille, Anthony de\nBellegarde, de Mony, le borgne de Vy, Henry Quenof from Brabant, and\nothers, to the number aforestated. From sixty to eighty were made\nprisoners, the greater part of whom were on the morrow hanged; among\nthem was one named Rousselet, provost of Laon. A gentleman of arms,\ncalled L'Archenciel was taken in the engagement, but given up to sir\nSimon de Lalain, whose life he had formerly saved at St Vincent, as has\nbeen related.\nIn return, sir Simon was desirous of saving his; but he could not\nsucceed, for sir John de Luxembourg caused him to be put to death,\nwhich angered greatly sir Simon, but he could not remedy himself. The\nFrench were pursued as far as Laon, and many killed and taken. On this\nday, the young count de St Pol was entered a warrior,--for his uncle\nmade him slay several, in which he took much delight. After the defeat,\nthey all returned to Guise in high spirits on account of their happy\nsuccess.\nCHAP. L.\n LA HIRE AND OTHER FRENCH CAPTAINS OVERRUN ARTOIS AND CAMBRESIS.\nIn the month of September, of this year, La Hire, with others of king\nCharles's captains, such as Anthony de Chabannes, Blanchefort, Charles\nde Flavy, Regnault de Longueval, and full fifteen hundred combatants,\nwhom they had assembled in Beauvais, crossed the Somme at Cappy into\nArtois, and made a number of peasants prisoners, who were unsuspicious\nof such an inroad, and returned with them and their plunder to\nBeauvais, where they were all quartered. They also made great seizures\nof men and cattle in the Cambresis, by whose ransoms they acquired\nlarge sums of money.\nThey again took the field, but after some little time they divided;\nand Anthony de Chabannes with Blanchefort and their men went toward\nCambray, and, passing by it, they took the straight road to Haspres, as\na free fair had been held the preceding day at the town of Ivoy; and\nbecause the townsmen would not compound according to their pleasure,\nthey burnt most part of the town and the church.\nThey then advanced to Haspres, which was full of people and\nmerchandize, and entered it by surprise. They made many prisoners, but\nseveral retired with some monks into a strong tower, which was long\nattacked in vain by the French. In revenge for not being able to gain\nit, they plundered all they could lay hands on in the town, and then\nset it on fire, by which several houses were destroyed, with the church\nand abbey of St Akaire. They also committed other enormous mischiefs.\nHaving packed up their plunder, they departed, and, traversing the\nCambresis, took many prisoners, and burnt numbers of houses, and went\nto lodge at Mont St Martin[10], where La Hire was waiting for them.\nOn this same day, La Hire had set fire to the town of Beaurevoir, the\nmill, and a very handsome country-seat called La Mothe, situated near\nto the town, and belonging to the countess de Ligny. Many detachments\nscoured the country, committing numberless mischiefs without\nopposition; for sir John de Luxembourg was absent with his nephew the\nyoung count de St Pol on business relative to matters that had happened\nin consequence of the death of sir Peter de Luxembourg his father.\nThis was the cause why the French met with no resistance on this\nexpedition wherever they went. From Mont St Martin they took the road\ntoward Laon, carrying with them multitudes of prisoners and great herds\nof cattle. They halted at Cressy-sur-Serre, and thence, without any\nloss, returned to Laon, where they divided their spoils, and went to\nthe different garrisons whence they had come.\nAbout this period, the lords de Croy and de Humieres returned, with\nabout two thousand horse, from Burgundy, where they had been for a\nconsiderable time under duke Philip, assisting him in his various\nconquests from the French.\nThe duchess of Burgundy was delivered of a son at Dijon, who was\nknighted at the font: his godfathers were Charles count de Nevers, who\ngave him his own name, and the lord de Croy. He was also made a knight\nof the order of the Golden Fleece, and in addition the duke his father\ngave him the county of Charolois.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 10: Mont St Martin. Q. If not Thun-St-Martin?]\nCHAP. LI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS THE ANNIVERSARY FEAST OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE\n IN THE CITY OF DIJON.--HE ATTENDS THE MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF SAVOY'S\n SON.\nAt this time, the duke of Burgundy held the feast of the Golden Fleece\nin the city of Dijon; and, shortly after, messengers arrived from the\nduke of Savoy to request that he would come to the wedding of his son\nthe count of Geneva, about to marry the daughter of the king of Cyprus,\nwhich wedding was to be celebrated in the town of Chambery in Savoy.\nThe duke of Burgundy complied with the request; and, having arranged\nall his affairs about Candlemas, he left the duchess at Chalons in\nBurgundy, with his army in that neighbourhood, and departed for Savoy,\nattended by about two hundred knights and esquires.\nAfter some days travelling, he arrived at Chambery, and was met by the\nduke of Savoy and the count de Geneva, who received him with every\nrespect. On the day after his arrival, the wedding was celebrated, and\nthe feast was most plentifully served. On the right of the great table\nwere seated the cardinal of Cyprus, uncle to the bride, the queen of\nSicily, consort to king Louis and daughter to the duke of Savoy, and\nthe duke of Burgundy: in the center was the bride, and then the duke of\nBar, the count de Nevers and the heir of Cleves.\nAt the second table were placed the duke of Savoy, the count de\nFribourg, the marquis de Fribourg, the prince of Orange, the chancellor\nof Savoy, with several noble men and ladies. At other tables were many\nknights, esquires, ladies and damsels, from various countries, all most\nrichly dressed; and every table was abundantly and properly served\naccording to the rank of the guests.\nThis feast lasted for several days, in which the company amused\nthemselves with dancings, and in divers sports and pastimes. The\nduke of Burgundy, after staying three days, presented the bride\nwith a magnificent clasp of the value of three thousand francs,--on\nwhich occasion, he was heartily thanked by the duke of Savoy and his\nson,--and, taking leave of the company, returned to Burgundy.\nCHAP. LII.\n A GENERAL COUNCIL IS HELD AT BASIL.\nIn the course of this year a general council was held at Basil with\ngreat pomp. The emperor of Germany, and many great lords, as well\nsecular as ecclesiastic, from different countries, were present at\nthe opening thereof. Their first object was to send ambassadors to\nendeavour to appease the quarrels between the king of France on the one\nhand, and the king of England and the duke of Burgundy on the other.\nDuring the sitting of this council, the very agreeable intelligence was\nbrought thither, that the men of Prague had been defeated, and from\neight to ten thousand killed, by the nobles of Bohemia, assisted by six\nhundred men at arms, whom the members of the council had sent to their\nsupport.\nShortly after, two priests, the leaders of the Hussite-heretics, were\nslain; one named Protestus du Tabouret, and the other Lupus, together\nwith six thousand of their sect. The rich city of Prague was conquered,\nand purged of heretics, as well as the greater part of the country. The\nBohemians sent an embassy to the council to receive absolution, and a\nconfirmation in the catholic faith.\nThe council laid a tax on the clergy of one-tenth.\nAmbassadors arrived at Basil in great state from the king of Castille\nand the Spaniards: these were attended by full four hundred persons,\nand two hundred mules. The cardinals de Santa Croce and de San Pietro\nwere sent by the council to Philip Maria duke of Milan, to recover the\nlands of the church which he had seized, but their labour was in vain.\nCHAP. LIII.\n THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF PROVINS IN BRIE ARE WON BY THE ENGLISH AND\n BURGUNDIANS.--THE FRENCH RECONQUER THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF ST VALERY.\nAbout this time, the town and castle of Provins in Brie was won by\nscalado, from the French, by the English and Burgundians. Their\nprincipal captains on this expedition were sir John Raillart, Mando\nde Lussach, Thomas Girard, governor of Montereau-faut-Yonne, Richard\nHu\u00e7on, and others, with about four hundred combatants. The leader of\nthe scalers was one called Grosse-t\u00eate.\nThe castle was gained at five o'clock in the morning, although the\ngovernor de Gueraines, with five hundred fighting men, defended\nthemselves most valiantly for the space of eight hours, to the great\nloss of the assailants, who had six score or more killed, and in the\nnumber was a gallant english man at arms called Henry de Hungerford.\nThe town and castle were, however, conquered and pillaged, and the\ngreater part of the French put to death. The governor, perceiving all\nhopes of success were vain, escaped with some others. The command of\nthe place was afterward given to the lord de la Grange.\nIn the beginning of the month of January, the partisans of king Charles\nregained the town and castle of St Valery, under the command of Charlot\ndu Marests, governor of Rambures, through the negligence of the guards.\nIt had been intrusted to the care of Robert de Saveuses, but he was\nthen absent,--and there was such a mortality in the town that few\nventured to reside therein: the bastard de Fiennes, his lieutenant,\nwith others were made prisoners, and the whole country of Ponthieu was\nin great alarm at this event. Philip de la Tour was also a principal\ncommander on this expedition with Charlot du Marests.\nCHAP. LIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY RETURNS FROM BURGUNDY TO FLANDERS AND ARTOIS,\n HAVING WITH HIM JOHN SON TO THE COUNT DE NEVERS.--OTHER MATTERS.\nIn the beginning of this year, Philip duke of Burgundy returned from\nBurgundy to his territories of Flanders, Artois, and other parts,\nescorted by about six hundred combatants. He left his duchess and young\nson behind him in Burgundy, and all his castles well garrisoned with\nmen at arms. He carried with him John son to the count de Nevers, his\ncousin-german, on his visits to the principal towns, where he sought\nfor succours in men and money to take back with him to Burgundy.\nDuring this time, sir John de Luxembourg, who had posted himself on the\nfrontiers of the Laonnois, conquered the strong abbey of St Vincent\nlez Laon from king Charles's garrison, and made prisoner a notable\ngentleman called Anthony de Cramailles, whom sir John caused to be\nbeheaded and his body quartered at Ripelmonde. At this attack on the\nabbey of St Vincent, Jarnet de Pennesach, and Eustache Vaude lost their\nlives. Sir John re-garrisoned this place, which caused great fears in\nthe town of Laon; and to be enabled to resist any attacks from thence,\nthey had strong reinforcements quartered among them of well tried men\nat arms.\nIn consequence, daily skirmishes took place between them, when many\nof each party were killed or wounded; and on the side of sir John de\nLuxembourg, a valiant knight, called Colart de Forges, was slain by a\nshot from a bow, which passed through his leg.\nCHAP. LV.\n JOHN DE NEVERS IS ORDERED TO LAY SIEGE TO MOREUIL.--HE HAS THE COUNTY\n OF ESTAMPES GIVEN TO HIM.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy was returned to Picardy with John, son to the\ncount de Nevers, the duke gave him the county of Estampes, which title\nhe bore for a long time after, and was likewise appointed governor of\nPicardy, to take on him the charge of guarding the frontiers.\nHe assembled men at arms to lay siege to the castle of Moreuil[11],\nin possession of the French, and was joined by the lord d'Antoing,\nsir John de Croy, the vidame of Amiens, Valeran de Moreuil, the lord\nde Humieres, the lord de Saveuses, the lord de Neufville, sir Baudo\nde Noyelle governor of Peronne, and the governors of Mondidier and\nRoye. His force consisted of one thousand combatants, whom the count\nd'Estampes led to the castle of Moreuil, and quartered them before it.\nNot more than one hundred fighting men were in the castle, who were,\nwithin eight days, so hardly pressed that they were forced to surrender\nthe place on having their lives spared, leaving their baggage and\neffects at the disposal of the count d'Estampes and his commissaries.\nOn the treaty being signed, the French marched away under passports\nfrom the count, and the command of the place was given to Valeran de\nMoreuil. The count d'Estampes conducted his army then to the castle\nof Mortemer, near Ressons-sur-mer, which was soon surrendered, and\ncompletely demolished. After which the count marched back with his men\nto the places whence they had come.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 11: Moreuil,--a town in Picardy, situated between Corbie and\nMondidier.]\nCHAP. LVI.\n A QUARREL BETWEEN THE ROMANS AND POPE EUGENIUS, WHOM THEY WANTED TO\n DETAIN AT ROME AGAINST HIS WILL.\nAt this period, pope Eugenius, who resided at Rome, had an inclination\nto fix his abode at Florence, which, when known to the Romans, troubled\nthem much. They assembled in great multitudes, and went to the pope to\nsay that he should not depart thence, for that he could be no where\nbetter than in Rome, the fountain of Christianity.\nThe pope and cardinals, perceiving the madness and obstinacy of the\npeople, pretended to give up their intentions of removing: nevertheless\nthe Romans established sufficient guards at all the gates, that they\nmight not depart without their knowledge. However, by means of the\nbeautiful queen of Sicily, who sent the pope some gallies and other\nvessels, he secretly quitted Rome and went to Florence, to the great\nvexation of the Romans, who instantly arrested all whom the pope\nhad left behind; and in the number was his nephew, the cardinal of\nVenice. He afterward escaped, disguised like a monk, and thus equipped\ntravelled alone.\nCHAP. LVII.\n THE ABBEY OF ST VINCENT NEAR LAON IS DEMOLISHED.--MANY CASTLES ARE\n CONQUERED BY THE BURGUNDIANS.\nThe duke of Burgundy now departed from Picardy, on his return to\nBurgundy, attended by about two thousand fighting men, and sir Simon de\nLalain and Robert de Saveuses. He took his march through the Cambresis,\nand thence to Cressy-sur-Serre, and to Provins.\nThe French were, at this time, assembled in great force at Laon, with\nthe intent to besiege the abbey of St Vincent, which was garrisoned,\nas has been before said, by sir John de Luxembourg. Sir John sent\nmessengers to the duke at Vervins to inform him of his situation, and\nto request that he would march back to Cressy-sur-Serre, and remain\nthere for three or four days, in order that the French in Laon, hearing\nof his being so near, might give up their intentions of besieging him.\nThe duke complied with the request, and returned to Cressy; and in the\nmean time a treaty was commenced between the count de Ligny and the\nFrench in Laon, when it was agreed that the garrison should march from\nSt Vincent with their baggage and other effects, but that the place\nshould be demolished.\nThis being done, the duke continued his march through Champagne to\nBurgundy; and while there he greatly reinforced himself with troops\nfrom Burgundy and Picardy. He thence detached a party to besiege the\ntown and castle of Chaumont in the Charolois, held by the French: the\ngarrison was soon so hardly pressed that it surrendered at discretion\nto the duke of Burgundy, who had upwards of one hundred of them hanged.\nSir John bastard de St Pol commanded the Picards in the duke's absence.\nAmong those who were hanged was the son of Rodrigue da Vilandras.\nThose in the castle surrendered themselves to the duke, and were\ntreated in like manner as the townsmen.\nThis detachment afterward besieged Beuam, which also surrendered, but\non condition that the garrison should have free liberty to depart with\nstaves in their hands. Thus by laying siege to several castles and\nsmaller forts they reduced a great many to the obedience of the duke of\nBurgundy.\nCHAP. LVIII.\n THE LORD TALBOT RETURNS TO FRANCE, AND CONQUERS MANY TOWNS AND CASTLES.\nIn this same year, the lord Talbot returned from England to France,\nbringing with him eight hundred combatants, whom he landed at Rouen.\nMarching thence toward Paris, he reconquered the fort of Jouy, situated\nbetween Beauvais and Gisors, and hanged all the French found within\nit. He continued his march to Paris, where it was determined, by\nking Henry's council, that he should, in company with the lord de\nl'Isle-Adam, marshal of France, sir Galois d'Aunay lord of Arville, and\nthe bishop of Therouenne, chancellor of France for king Henry, march\nwith all their troops to lay siege to the castle of Beaumont-sur-Oise,\nwhich had been much strengthened by Amadour de Vignolles, brother to La\nHire.\nThese three knights marched from Paris with full sixteen hundred well\ntried combatants; but when they came before the castle of Beaumont they\nfound it deserted; for Amadour de Vignolles, having heard of their\nintentions, had abandoned it, and retreated with his men and baggage to\nthe town of Creil.\nThe English, having destroyed the fortifications of Beaumont, hastened\nto follow them; and having surrounded Creil on all sides, many severe\nskirmishes took place, in which the besieged made a gallant defence:\nbut in one of them, Amadour was mortally wounded by an arrow, which\ngreatly disheartened his men, for they held him to be a courageous and\nexpert man at arms.\nDuring this siege, the bishop of Therouenne joined the besiegers;\nand at the end of six weeks, the garrison surrendered, on condition\nof being allowed to depart with their baggage and effects. After the\nEnglish had re-garrisoned the town and castle of Creil, they advanced\nto lay siege to the Pont de St Maixence, held by Guillon de Ferrieres,\nnephew to St Trailles, who surrendered it on conditions similar to\nthose granted at Creil.\nThe English thence marched to Neufville en Esmoy and to La Rouge\nMaison, and then to Crespy in Valois, which was taken by storm. There\nwere full thirty French within it, under the command of Pothon le\nBourguignon. They then returned to Clermont in the Beauvoisis, held by\nthe bourg de Vignolles, who submitted to them, and thence to Beauvais;\nbut perceiving they could not gain any thing further, they retreated to\nParis and to the other garrisons whence they had come.\nCHAP. LIX.\n THE COUNT D'ESTAMPES RECONQUERS THE TOWN OF ST VALERY.\nAt the same time with the foregoing expedition, the count d'Estampes,\naccompanied by the lord d'Antoing, sir John de Croy, the vidame of\nAmiens, and most of the lords who had been with him at Moreiul, marched\nto lay siege to St Valery, where they remained about one month.\nAt length, Charles du Marests and Philip de la Tour, who had gained the\ntown by surprise, entered into a capitulation to evacuate it within\neight days, should they not before then be relieved, on receiving a\ncertain sum of money, and on being allowed to depart in safety with\ntheir baggage and effects.\nOn the appointed day, no french forces appeared to offer combat to the\ncount d'Estampes; but on the contrary, Louis de Luxembourg, chancellor\nof France, came thither to the support of the count, with five hundred\nEnglish, commanded by the lord Willoughby, sir Guy le Bouteiller,\nand Brunclay governor of Eu. The chancellor and his companions were\njoyfully received by the count d'Estampes and the other lords.\nThe French marched away, according to the terms of their treaty from\nSt Valery to Rambures, whither they were led by Charles du Marests.\nOn their departure, a barge arrived at the port from St Malo, laden\nwith wines for the French, which was instantly seized by the sailors\nattached to the english party.\nThe chancellor and the English returned to their former quarters at Eu,\nand the count d'Estampes was lodged that night in St Valery. On the\nmorrow, he began his retreat to Artois, having appointed John de Brimeu\ngovernor of the town and castle, where he disbanded his forces.\nFrom the town of Eu the chancellor marched the English to lay siege\nto the castle of Monchas, which in a few days surrendered by means of\na sum of money given to sir Regnault de Fontaines, the governor. The\nwhole of this castle was destroyed, although it was the finest castle\nin the county of Eu. During this time, the earl of Arundel resided\nmostly at Mantes, and in the district of Chartres, and reconquered many\nforts from the French in those parts, as well as in Perche. The duke\nof Bedford was now returned from England to Rouen, and thence went to\nParis, where he resided a considerable time.\nCHAP. LX.\n THE FRENCH GAIN THE TOWN OF HAMME ON THE SOMME, IN THE VERMANDOIS.\nIn the month of August of this year, a party of French won the town of\nHamme, which had been held by the count de Ligny's men. The townsmen\ninstantly surrendered on the French appearing before it, for the\ngarrison had abandoned the place.\nThe count de Richemont, constable of France, the bastard of Orleans,\nLa Hire, and many other captains came thither with a large body of\ncombatants.\nThe countries of the Vermandois, Artois, and Cambresis were greatly\nalarmed at the conquest of Hamme, which was a strong situation, and\ngave them the passage of the river Somme, and also because their prince\nwas absent in Burgundy. However, the counts de St Pol, d'Estampes,\nand de Ligny used all diligence to collect a sufficiency of troops to\noppose any further incursions of the French. A treaty was at the same\ntime set on foot, and the French agreed to restore the town of Hamme\nto its owner, sir John de Luxembourg, on receiving the sum of forty\nthousand crowns.\nThe reason of this treaty being made on such easy terms was the\nexpectation of a speedy peace being concluded between king Charles and\nthe duke of Burgundy, for negotiations on this subject had already\ncommenced. With the town of Hamme the fort of Breteuil was also\ngiven up to the count d'Estampes, which Blanchefort had held for a\nconsiderable time.\nAt this period, the duke of Burgundy caused Coulogne-les-Vigneuses to\nbe besieged by sir William de Rochefort and Philibert de Vaudrey, with\neight hundred combatants. They posted themselves in a block-house,--and\nat the end of three months, the garrison surrendered, on having their\nlives and baggage spared.\nCHAP. LXI.\n THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF CHASTEAU-VILAIN SUBMITS TO THE OBEDIENCE OF THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nOn the duke of Burgundy's return to that country, he advanced to\nGrantsy, which had for some time been besieged by sir John de Vergy\nand his allies. The inhabitants, seeing no hope of being succoured,\nconcluded a treaty to surrender it to the duke, when the castle was\nnot destroyed, but given to the lord de Thil, brother to the lord de\nCh\u00e2teau-vilain.\nWhen this had been done, the duke ordered sir John de Vergy, and the\nother captains as well from Burgundy as from Picardy, to advance\nbefore the city of Langres, and summon the garrison to submit to his\nobedience. This they not only refused to do but detained the herald,\ncalled Germole, who had brought the message. The Burgundians, finding\nthemselves unable to take the place, returned with the army to the duke.\nCHAP. LXII.\n HEAVY TAXES LAID ON THE COUNTRIES OF ARTOIS AND THOSE ADJOINING, ON\n ACCOUNT OF THIS WAR.\nIn these days, very heavy taxes were laid on the countries of Artois,\nVermandois, Ponthieu, Amiennois, and others adjoining, to pay the\ncomposition-money to the constable of France, which had been agreed to\nfor the surrender of Hamme. The poorer ranks were sorely oppressed by\nthem, and began to murmur and be very much discontented with the rulers\nand ministers to whom the duke of Burgundy had intrusted the government\nof these countries in his absence, but it availed them nothing: for\nthose who refused to pay were arrested, and their effects seized\nwithout regard to justice, until their quotas were duly paid.\nDuring this time, the lord de Saveuses had been ordered by the count\nd'Estampes to demolish the town and castle of Breteuil in Beauvoisis,\nwhich, as has been said, was given up to him by Blanchefort, the late\ngovernor thereof. The lord de Saveuses had brought a number of workmen\nand labourers from Amiens, Corbie, and other places, who soon destroyed\nthe whole, excepting a strong gate of the castle that had been well\nfortified, and which the lord de Saveuses filled with provisions and\nartillery, leaving within it from twenty to thirty of his men, to guard\nit. In like manner were demolished the tower of Vendueil, and some\nother smaller forts in the country round about.\nCHAP. LXIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY'S CAPTAINS APPEAR BEFORE VILLEFRANCHE, WHEREIN\n WAS THE DUKE OF BOURBON.--THEY AFTERWARD BESIEGE BELLEVILLE, WHICH\n SURRENDERS TO THEM.\nAbout this time the duke of Burgundy sent the greater part of his\ncaptains, with a large body of men at arms, to overrun the country\nas far as Villefranche, wherein was Charles duke of Bourbon. This\ndetachment was commanded by the lord de Chargny, sir Simon de Lalain,\nsir Baudo de Noyelle, the lord d'Auxi, Robert de Saveuses, Lancelot\nde Dours, Harpin de Richammes, and consisted of about sixteen hundred\ncombatants, who marched in handsome array toward the parts whither they\nhad been ordered.\nToward evening, on one of their marches, they fell in with about\nsix hundred of the enemy, who instantly fled to their lord the duke\nof Bourbon; some of the worst mounted were made prisoners by the\nBurgundians and Picards.\nOn their arrival before Villefranche, they drew up in battle-array, and\nsent a pursuivant to inform the duke of Bourbon of their coming, and to\noffer him battle. The duke, ignorant of their force, was not inclined\nto accept their challenge,--but made answer, that since the duke of\nBurgundy was not present on the field, he would not fight them. He\ndispatched, however, many on horseback and on foot, from his town, to\nskirmish with them. The duke himself even made a sally, mounted on his\nexcellent war horse, but without arms, and dressed in a long robe, with\na wand in his hand, to make his men keep up a steady countenance at the\nbarriers; during which a considerable skirmish took place, but without\nany great losses on either side.\nAfter the Burgundians and Picards had remained four hours in battle\narray, seeing that no advantages were to be gained, they retreated\nin good order, posting their most expert men in their rear by way of\nguard, and thus returned to their lord the duke of Burgundy.\nThe duke ordered them afterward to lay siege to Belleville,--in\nwhich place the duke of Bourbon had put sir James de Chabannes and\nthe bailiff of Beauvais, with three hundred men, who made instant\npreparations for defence. Nevertheless, the besiegers so pressed them\nwith their engines and continued attacks that, at the end of a month,\nthey surrendered, on having their lives spared, and marched off without\narms and baggage, on foot and with staves in their hands, to their lord\nthe duke of Bourbon. He was much mortified to receive them in that\ncondition, but he could not amend it.\nThe duke of Burgundy placed several of his Picardy captains as a\ngarrison in that town, whence they committed innumerable mischiefs\nall over that part of the Bourbonnois. On the other hand, the duke of\nBurgundy sent a detachment from his army in Burgundy to Dombes, and\nto the neighbourhood of Lyon on the Rh\u00f4ne, who took many castles, and\nwasted the country with fire and sword, carrying back with them a very\nlarge booty in plunder. The leaders of this last expedition were, the\ncount de Fribourg, the bastard de St Pol, the lord de Vaurin, and some\nothers.\nCHAP. LXIV.\n THE LORD WILLOUGHBY AND MATHAGON LAY SIEGE TO ST SEVERIN, WHERE THE\n ENGLISH ARE AT FIRST VICTORIOUS, BUT ARE AFTERWARDS DEFEATED BY THE\n FRENCH.\nIn this same year of 1434, the lord Willoughby, accompanied by\nMathagon and some other captains, and from eight hundred to a thousand\ncombatants, laid siege to a very strong place in the country of Maine\ncalled St Severin, about two leagues distant from Alen\u00e7on, which was\nheld by the French. The governor was a gallant knight, named sir\nAnthony de Loreuil, who, on the arrival of the enemy, made a vigorous\ndefence: nevertheless, the English surrounded the place on all sides,\nand remained there about six weeks.\nWhile this was going forward, the lord de Bueil, sir William Blesset,\nthe lord de la Varenne, and other French captains, assembled about\nfourteen hundred fighting men, with the intent to force the enemy to\nraise their siege. They remained for some days at Beaumont le Vicomte,\nwhere part of them were quartered, and the remainder at Vivien, four\nleagues distant from St Severin. While at Beaumont, they called a\ncouncil of all the chief captains, to consider how they should act;\nwhen, after much noise and debating, they considered themselves not\nstrong enough to fight the English in their present situation, and\ndetermined to attempt withdrawing the besieged the back way out of the\ntown.\nThe captains now returned to their different quarters, and established\ngood guards around them during the night, both of horse and foot. The\nlord de Bueil was, on this expedition, lieutenant for the lord Charles\nd'Anjou, and had the charge of his banner.\nThis same night, a detachment of the English, having had intelligence\nof the advance of the French, took the field, and marched in silence\nuntil they came near to the town of Vivien, whither they sent scouts to\nreconnoitre the state of the French, who, having twice entered Vivien,\nbrought word they were in tolerable good order. The English then made\nan attack on their quarters about day-break, and easily defeated them\nwithout much loss. Many were taken and killed: among the last was a\nvaliant man from Amiens, but originally from Auvergne, called John de\nBelley.\nWhen the business was over, the English took the field with their\nprisoners; but the lords de Bueil and de la Varenne, who were in\nBeaumont, hearing of this discomfiture from the runaways, made instant\npreparations to pursue the English, who no sooner saw them than they\nrejoiced, thinking to defeat them as they had done the others,--and\neach party met gallantly. Many valorous acts were done on both sides;\nbut, in the end, the English lost the day, partly from the prisoners\nwhom they had taken at Vivien joining the French. A valiant knight\nnamed Arthur, was slain, and Mathagon made prisoner,--but the bastard\nof Salisbury fled. Four hundred, or more, of the English were killed or\ntaken, and the French left masters of the field, very joyful for their\nvictory. When the English who had remained at the siege of St Severin\nheard of the ill success of their companions, they raised the siege,\nand retreated to the garrisons whence they had come.\nCHAP. LXV.\n LA HIRE TREACHEROUSLY MAKES THE LORD D'AUFFEMONT A PRISONER.\nDuring these tribulations, La Hire, accompanied by Anthony de\nChabannes, the bourg de Vignolles his brother, and about two hundred\ncombatants, passed one day near to the castle of Clermont in the\nBeauvoisis, of which the lord d'Auffemont was governor. He was no way\nalarmed at their appearance; and, as a mark of his good will, ordered\nwine to be drawn, and carried without the postern of the great tower,\nfor them to drink.\nThe lord d'Auffemont came also out of the castle, with only three\nor four of his attendants, to converse with them, and showed great\ncourtesy to La Hire and his companions, not having the smallest\ndistrust of their treacherous intentions, which they very soon made\napparent; for during the conversation, La Hire laid hands on him, and\nforced him to surrender the castle, putting him withal in irons and in\nconfinement. In this state, he kept him upwards of a month, insomuch\nthat his limbs were greatly bruised and benumbed, and he was covered\nwith lice and all sorts of vermin.\nAt length, he obtained his liberty, and paid for his ransom fourteen\nthousand saluts d'or, and a horse of the value of twenty tons of wine,\nnotwithstanding king Charles wrote several times to La Hire to set him\nat liberty without ransom, for that he was well satisfied with his\nservices,--but it was all in vain.\nCHAP. LXVI.\n THE COMMON PEOPLE OF NORMANDY RISE AGAINST THE ENGLISH GARRISONS.\nIn this year, the common people in Normandy, especially those in the\ncountry of Caux, rebelled against the English. There were upward\nof two thousand in one company, who had risen in their own defence,\nbecause, contrary to the royal edicts, the English had plundered the\npoorer ranks. The bailiff and other officers in that country had before\nadvised them (each according to his state) to provide themselves with\narms and staves, to enable them to oppose all who should attempt to\npillage or oppress them by seizing their effects by force.\nIn obedience to these commands, the peasants had risen and driven\nback many parties of marauders to their garrisons, having killed and\ntaken captive several, to the great displeasure of their captains.\nThey, however, did not let this appear, but concluded a treaty with\nthe peasants, who foolishly began their retreat in a very disorderly\nmanner, not suspecting the malice of the English, who secretly followed\nthem to St Pierre sur Dive, near to Tancarville, when they attacked\nthem, and slew from a thousand to twelve hundred: the rest saved\nthemselves as well as they could in the woods, and by flight.\nGreat complaints were made of this conduct at Rouen, and many were\nbanished that had been of this enterprise: but shortly after, it was\nhushed up, on account of more serious matters that fell out in that\ncountry.\nCHAP. LXVII.\n LA HIRE GAINS THE CASTLE OF BRETEUIL, IN BEAUVOISIS, BY STORM.\nWhen La Hire had conquered the castle of Clermont, as has been related,\nhe assembled about five hundred combatants from the garrisons in the\nBeauvoisis, and marched them to the castle of Breteuil, which was in\nthe possession of Saveuses' men. He made a sharp attack on it,--but it\nwas well defended, and several of the assailants were killed.\nThe garrison, however, from the repeated attacks, finding they had\nlost many men in killed and wounded, and that the fortifications were\nmuch damaged, surrendered to La Hire at discretion. He had some of\nthem hanged, and sent the rest prisoners to Clermont,--and, having\nre-garrisoned the place, committed numberless mischiefs throughout the\nadjacent parts in Santerre, and toward Amiens, Corbie, Mondidier, and\nelsewhere.\nCHAP. LXVIII.\n THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY AND OF BOURBON MEET IN THE CITY OF NEVERS, AND\n AGREE ON TERMS FOR A PEACE.\nA murderous war having been continued for a long time between the\nduke of Burgundy and his brother-in-law, the duke of Bourbon, secret\nnegotiations were set on foot, in the hope of pacifying them. They\nwere begun by commissioners from each side meeting in the town of\nM\u00e2con, where they remained several days. At the commencement, some\ndifficulties arose respecting the precedency of these two dukes, and\nwhich should have the honour of being named first. After some dispute,\nit was settled that the duke of Burgundy should be first named, and\ntake the precedency of the duke of Bourbon in every instance.\nWhen this matter had been determined, they then discussed various\nproposals for bringing about a peace between them, and appointed\nanother meeting, when the two dukes might have an interview, either at\nDouzy[12] or in the city of Nevers, in the ensuing month of January.\nThis being settled, the commissioners separated, and returned to their\nrespective lords. While these negotiations were passing, the duke of\nBurgundy celebrated the festivals of Christmas and Twelfth-day, in his\ntown of Dijon, in a most magnificent manner; and when the feasts were\nover, he departed thence grandly attended by the count de Nevers, the\nmarquis de Rothelin, his nephew of Cleves, with many other knights and\nesquires of note, and a numerous body of men at arms. He journeyed\nto Douzy, and thence to Nevers, where he was lodged at the bishop's\npalace, and waited some days for the arrival of the duke of Bourbon and\nhis sister the duchess.\nAt length the duchess came, accompanied by her two sons and a brilliant\nattendance of knights, esquires, ladies and damsels. The duke of\nBurgundy went out of the palace to meet her, and received her with much\naffection and joy, for he had not seen his sister for a long time, and\nshowed the same love to his nephews, although they were very young. The\nduchess, on quitting her carriage, was handed by the duke as far as\nher lodgings, where he took his leave, and left her to repose for the\nnight. On the morrow, the duchess waited on her brother at the palace:\nshe was received most kindly, and partook of a variety of amusements.\nThere was much dancing, and a numerous party of masqueraders on the\npart of the duke of Burgundy: when wines and spiced had been brought,\nthe company retired to their lodgings.\nOn the next day a council was held, when it was determined that Arthur\nof Brittany, constable of France, and the archbishop of Rheims, should\nbe sent for. Within a few days, the duke of Bourbon arrived at Nevers,\nattended by sir Christopher de Harcourt, the lord de la Fayette marshal\nof France, and many other knights and esquires of renown. The duke\nof Burgundy sent out the lords of his household to meet him; and when\nhe was approaching the duke of Burgundy, without the town, he pressed\nforward,--and the two dukes, on their meeting, shewed the greatest\nrespect and brotherly affection to each other.\nA knight of Burgundy, observing this, said aloud, 'We are very foolish\nto risk our bodies and souls at the will of princes and great lords,\nwho, when they please, make up their quarrels, while we oftentimes\nremain poor and in distress.' This speech was noticed by many on each\nside, for there was much truth in it,--and thus it very frequently\nhappened.\nAfter this meeting, the duke of Burgundy escorted his brother-in-law\nto his lodgings, and then went to his own. Shortly after, the duke\nand duchess of Bourbon visited the duke of Burgundy, when there were\nagain great feastings and pastimes. On the morrow, the two dukes and\nthe duchess heard mass in an oratory; and after dinner a grand council\nwas held at the lodgings of the count de Nevers, when a peace was\nfinally concluded between these two dukes on terms that were mutually\nagreeable; and the utmost satisfaction was now shown on all sides by\nthe principals and their friends and dependants.\nThe whole of the expense of these feasts, or at least the greater\npart, was defrayed by the duke of Burgundy, for he would have it so.\nAs soon as this business was concluded, the constable of France (who\nhad married a sister to the duke of Burgundy) and Regnault de Chartres,\narchbishop and duke of Rheims, chancellor of France, accompanied by\nsome of the principal members of king Charles's council, and numbers of\nknights and esquires, arrived at Nevers.\nThe two dukes went out to meet them; and the greatest respects having\nbeen paid on each side, they all together returned to the town, where\nthey were lodged in the best manner possible, each according to his\nrank. Within a few days many councils were held respecting a peace\nbetween the king of France and the duke of Burgundy; and various\nproposals were made to the duke concerning the murder of the late\nduke John that were agreeable to him, insomuch that preliminaries were\nagreed on, and a day appointed for a convention at Arras to put a final\nconclusion to it.\nWhen this was done, they separated most amicably; and news of this\nevent was published throughout the realm, and other countries: notice\nof it was sent to the pope and the council at Basil, that all persons\nwho chose might order ambassadors to attend the convention at Arras.\nThe duke of Burgundy now returned to Dijon, and made his preparations\nfor going to Artois, to be ready for the meeting at Arras; and from\nthis day forward, the borders of Burgundy enjoyed more peace than they\nhad done for a long time before.\nIn these times, the young heir of Richmond, with seven or eight hundred\nEnglish and Picards, whom sir John de Luxembourg had sent him, made\nan inroad on the country of Ardennes, sacking many towns belonging to\nEverard de la Marche; and having done great mischiefs there with fire\nand sword, returned in safety with a very large booty.\nIn this year, Ren\u00e8 duke of Bar caused the town of Commerci[13] to be\nbesieged, to reduce it to his obedience, on account of the failure of\nsome dues that he claimed from its lord; but through the interference\nof the constable of France, who was then in the adjoining country,\npeace was made between the parties, on the lord de Commerci promising\nto pay obedience to the duke of Bar. Thus was the siege broken up; and\nduring this time the constable reduced many castles in Champagne, by\ncapitulation or by storm.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 12: Douzy,--a small town in Champagne, on the borders of\nLuxembourg.]\nCHAP. LXIX.\n AMADEUS DUKE OF SAVOY TURNS HERMIT, AND RESIDES AT RIPAILLE.[14]\nIt was now that Amadeus duke of Savoy, who was about fifty-six years of\nage, turned hermit, and fixed his residence at Ripaille, about half a\nleague from Thonon,[15] where he had been accustomed to hold his court.\nThis mansion he had greatly improved; and there was adjoining an abbey\nand priory of the order of Saint Maurice, which had been founded many\nyears ago by the duke's ancestors.\nTen years before, the duke had a desire to become a hermit, in the\nmanner he had now done, and had asked two of his most confidential\nservants if they were willing to follow his example and accompany him\nso long as he should please to remain a hermit, when they, having\nconsidered that he might change his mind, consented. One was sir Claude\nde Sexte: the other a valiant esquire named Henry de Colombieres.\nThe duke having, as I said, improved and properly altered the mansion\nof Ripaille for himself and his companions, left his palace at Thonon\nduring the night with few attendants, and went to Ripaille, where he\nput on the dress of a hermit, according to the order of St Maurice. It\nconsisted of a grey robe, a long mantle with a grey hood, and a tippet\nof about a foot long,--a crimson bonnet over the hood, with a golden\ngirdle above the robe, and on the mantle a cross of gold, similar to\nwhat the emperors of Germany wear.\nThe two noble men joined him within a few days, and remonstrated with\nhim on his manner of quitting Thonon, as it was not becoming his rank,\nand might be disagreeable to the three estates of his country, whom\nhe had not summoned, to declare to them his intentions of becoming a\nhermit. He replied, that as he was not weakened in understanding or\npower, he would provide sufficient remedies for their dislike, and that\ntheir business was to keep the promises they had made to reside with\nhim and keep him company. On this, seeing nothing better could be done,\nthey were contented, and quickly clothed in similar dresses to what he\nwore.\nThe duke then summoned the three estates and his son the count of\nGeneva, whom he created prince of Piedmont, and surrendered up to\nhim, in the presence of the estates, the government of his country,\nreserving, however, to himself a power of taking it from him, and\nbestowing it on whomever he pleased, should he behave ill. He created\nhis second son count of Geneva. But although the duke had put on the\nreligious habit, and surrendered up the administration of affairs to\nhis son, nothing of importance was done without his knowledge and\napprobation.\nWith regard to his personal attendance, he retained about twenty of\nhis servants to wait on him,--and his companions selected also a\nsufficiency to attend them according to their different ranks; but\ninstead of roots and water, they were served with the choicest wines\nand most delicate food that could be procured[16].\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 13: Commerci,--on the Meuse, five leagues to the westward of\nToul.]\n[Footnote 14: Ripaille,--a burgh of Savoy, in the Chablais, and\nprincipal commandery of the order of St Maurice, founded by Amadeus\nVIII. He built there a mansion for six knights-hermits, to keep him\ncompany in this solitude, whither he retired in 1434, being a widower\nof Mary of Burgundy, and resigned the government of his duchy, &c. to\nhis son.--_La Martiniere._\nThis retirement was supposed to arise from ambition, and the hope of\nbeing chosen pope, to which he was elected in 1440, and took the name\nof Felix V. He afterward resigned the popedom, and returned to his\nsolitude.]\n[Footnote 15: Thonon,--the capital of a small country of the Chablais.]\n[Footnote 16: Hence, probably, came the french proverb, _faire\nripaille_, to make good cheer.]\nCHAP. LXX.\n THE COMMON PEOPLE OF NORMANDY ASSEMBLE IN LARGE BODIES BEFORE CAEN.\nThe commonalty of Normandy had not forgotten the ungenerous conduct of\nthe English when they had last risen in rebellion. They again assembled\nby the exhortations of the lord de Merville and other gentlemen, who\noffered to lead them to battle, to the amount of about twelve thousand,\nin the country near to Bayeux,--whence their leaders marched them\ntoward Caen, with the intent of taking that town by surprise, but it\nwas well defended by the garrison and inhabitants.\nWhen they found they could not succeed, they departed thence, making\ngreat mockeries of their enemies, and marched to Avranches, before\nwhich place they remained eight days, in hopes that the duke of Alen\u00e7on\nwould come to their support with a strong force of men at arms,--but in\nthis they were disappointed.\nThe English, in the mean time, collected numbers of men to offer\nthem battle; but their intention being known to the leaders of this\ncommonalty, they marched away toward Brittany and Fougeres,--and soon\nafter they separated without having done any thing worthy of notice.\nFor this conduct, their captains were banished, and their estates and\neffects confiscated, together with those of all their accomplices and\nadherents: but afterward some exceptions were made in regard to several\nof the commonalty.\nAbout this time, William Coraon, the English governor of Meure, made\nan excursion as far as Yvis, in the country of Ligny, with only three\nhundred combatants,--and was followed by Jean de Beaurain, with a\ncompany of six hundred, to give him battle, when he was defeated, and\nthe greater part of his men taken or slain.\nLa Hire now took by storm the old fort of Amiens, wherein he remained\neight or ten days. When he had pillaged it of all it contained, he\nreturned to Breteuil, whence he had come.\nCHAP. LXXI.\n THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY RETURN FROM THAT COUNTRY TO FLANDERS\n AND ARTOIS.\nAt the beginning of this year, when the duke of Burgundy had with much\nlabour freed his country from enemies, and concluded a peace between\nhimself and the duke of Bourbon, he made preparations for his and the\nduchess's return from Burgundy to his territories of Flanders and\nArtois, that he might be ready to meet the ambassadors from the king\nof France at the convention at Arras. This convention was appointed to\nassemble on the 2d day of July, in the city of Arras.\nThe duke left Dijon with his whole army, having appointed sir John de\nVergy governor of Burgundy, and advanced toward Euchoire[17], where he\nwas met by a thousand Picards, whom he had ordered thither to accompany\nhim on his return. They were under the command of sir John de Croy,\nbailiff of Hainault, the lord de Saveuses, sir James de Brimeu, John de\nBrimeu, and other lords.\nThence the duke marched toward Paris, crossing the river Seine at\nMontereau-faut-Yonne: he was joyfully received by the Parisians, who\nmade very rich presents to him and to his duchess. Having staid there\nsome days, he continued his march slowly to Arras, and dismissed all\nhis men at arms so soon as he had crossed the Somme.\nHe went soon after to visit his countries of Flanders and Brabant,\nwhere he consulted with his ministers on convoking all the nobles and\ngentlemen of those districts to the convention at Arras. He then sent\nan embassy to England, to inform the king and his council of this\nconvention, and that it was purposely to treat of a general peace\nbetween France and England. The principal persons of this embassy were\nsir Hugh de Launoy, the lord de Crevecoeur, and master Quentin Mainart,\nprovost of St Omer.\nThe king of England and his ministers gave them a handsome reception;\nand they were told that the king would send ambassadors to the\nconvention. On receiving this answer, they returned to their lord the\nduke of Burgundy.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 17: Euchoire. Q. Not in Martiniere.]\nCHAP. LXXII.\n THE FRENCH GAIN THE TOWN OF RUE FROM THE ENGLISH.\nIn the beginning of the month of May, sir John de Bressay, lieutenant\nto the marshal de Rieux, Bertrand Martel, William Braquemont, the lord\nde Longueval, Charles de Mar\u00eats, and others of king Charles's party,\nassembled a body of well tried men at arms, amounting to about three\nhundred. They crossed the Somme during the night at Blanchetaque, and\nadvanced to the town of Rue, which they entered by scalado, and gained\ncomplete possession without meeting with much resistance.\nThe noise they made awakened the garrison; and seven or eight\nEnglishmen retreated to a bulwark which they defended for some\ntime,--but in the end it was taken by storm, and part of the defenders\nwere put to death: the rest saved their lives on paying a large\nransom. Many of the inhabitants were made prisoners, and others escaped\nover the walls.\nThe town was completely plundered; and the countries of Ponthieu,\nArtois, Boulogne, and others in that neighbourhood, were in great\nalarms, when they learnt that the enemy was so near them, and so well\nsupplied with all sorts of stores and provision. These alarms were\nwell founded, for, shortly after, having increased their numbers, they\noverran all those parts, committing infinite mischiefs by fire and\nsword. They even one day made an excursion toward Boulogne, so far as\nSamer-au-bois, when they took many prisoners, and great numbers of\nhorses and cattle.\nOn their return, they burnt the town of Estaples, wherein were many\nhandsome houses,--and continued these excursions from Rue, doing every\nsort of mischief to the farmers of those countries. However, in one of\nthe expeditions near to Montrieul, sir John de Bressay, Harpin, and\nde Richammes, were made prisoners; and at another time were taken the\nlittle Blanchefort and one of the bastards de Reully,--and on these\naccounts the country suffered the more.\nCHAP. LXXIII.\n LA HIRE, POTON, PHILIP DE LA TOUR, AND THE LORD DE FONTAINES, DEFEAT\n THE EARL OF ARUNDEL BEFORE THE CASTLE OF GERBEROY.\nThe duke of Bedford was at Rouen when he heard of the capture of Rue.\nHe was remonstrated with on the great prejudice this would be to those\nof his party, more particularly to the town and castle of Crotoy. To\nprovide a remedy, he wrote to the earl of Arundel, then quartered near\nto Mantes, ordering him to collect all his men and to march them to\nGournay in Normandy, thence to Neuf-ch\u00e2tel d'Azincourt, to Abbeville\nand to Ponthieu, instantly to besiege the town of Rue.\nThe earl partly obeyed the orders of the duke, and marched eight\nhundred of his men to Gournay, with the intent of continuing the\nline of march prescribed to him. But from the representations of the\ninhabitants of Gournay, Gisors and other places, he changed his mind;\nfor having heard at Gournay that the French were repairing an old\nfortress called Gerberoy, between Beauvais and Gournay, he judged it\nwould be very prejudicial to the english interests were they suffered\nto finish the works they had begun. In consequence, therefore, of the\nrepresentations of the towns of the english party that were near to it,\nhe determined to attack the French at Gerberoy, and take the fort by\nstorm.\nHe caused a sufficiency of provision and artillery to be collected at\nGournay, and marched from thence about midnight, accompanied by some of\nthe garrison. At eight o'clock in the morning his van came in sight of\nGerberoy, and the rest followed with the baggage, not aware indeed that\nthe French were so numerous, or under such captains.\nThe earl posted his men in a field inclosed with hedges, and detached\na hundred, or six score, toward the barriers of the castle, that the\ngarrison might not sally forth and surprise them.\nWhile this was going forward, Poton, La Hire, sir Regnault de\nFontaines, Philip de la Tour, and other valiant captains who had\narrived there the preceding night with five or six hundred combatants,\nheld a council how they should act, and whether they should wait or\nnot for the enemy to attack them. This question was long debated by\nsome, who strongly urged their being badly provided with provision and\nwarlike stores, and that if they allowed themselves to be shut up in\nthe castle, they would run great risks: others declared they would not\nwait a siege, and therefore advised to attack them on their arrival. It\nwas at length unanimously concluded for an immediate attack; and that\nthe three principal captains, namely, Poton, La Hire, and Regnault de\nFontaines, should be on horseback, with sixty of the best mounted and\nmost expert lances, and that all the remainder, men at arms, archers\nand guisarmes, should be on foot, excepting a few that were to remain\nbehind to guard the fort. They likewise ordered that when the enemy\nshould advance, but few should at the first appear, in order that their\nnumbers might not be known. Having thus arranged their plan, they\narmed themselves, and made preparations for the combat.\nWhen the earl of Arundel had properly posted his six score men by way\nof advanced guard, the remainder were encamping themselves to wait for\nthe arrival of the main body and rear of their army. During this time,\nthe watch the French had placed on the castle observed a very large\nand thick body of English advancing, by far more considerable than the\nfirst, and followed by a long train of waggons.\nThey instantly informed their captains of what they had seen, who now,\nthinking it a fit opportunity for them to make their attack before the\ntwo bodies joined, ordered their infantry to sally out of the castle\nas quietly as they could, and fall on the English, whom they half\nsurprised, and shortly defeated, putting the greater part to death.\nThen those on horseback (who had sallied out to prevent the earl from\nassisting his men whom he had posted near the barriers) advanced toward\nthe main body of the English, who were near at hand, and careless of\nthe enemy because their commander was before them, and immediately\nthrew them into confusion, and repeated their charges so vigorously\nthat they could not recover themselves; great part retreated to\nGournay, or fled to other places, while the rest were either slain or\ntaken. La Hire chaced the runaways full two leagues, when many were\nkilled and made prisoners.\nThe infantry had approached the earl of Arundel, who, with the remnant\nof his men, had retired to a corner of the field, having his rear to\na thick hedge, and his front guarded by pointed stakes,--so that this\nfortification could not be forced by the French. Seeing this, they had\na culverine brought from their fort,--and, at the second shot, hit\nthe earl near the ancle, so that he was grievously wounded and could\nscarcely support himself.\nWhen La Hire was returning from the pursuit, with the many prisoners\nhe had made, he observed this body of English under the earl quite\nentire: collecting more forces, he began to combat them,--and they\nwere soon reduced to a similar state with their companions, the whole\nof them being killed or taken. Among the last, those of name were the\nearl of Arundel, sir Richard de Dondeville[18], Mondo Domonferrant,\nRestandif[19], and others, to the amount of six score, that remained\nprisoners in the hands of the French. Upward of twelve score were\nslain,--and the remainder saved themselves by flight where they could.\nWhen the business was over, the French collected their men, and found\nthat they had not lost more than twenty. They were very joyful for this\nsignal victory,--and, having devoutly returned thanks for it to their\nCreator, they returned to their castle. The earl of Arundel was removed\nthence to Beauvais, where he died of his wound, and was buried in the\nchurch of the cordelier-friars. The other English prisoners redeemed\nthemselves by ransoms; and thus those in Rue remained unmolested. They\ndaily increased their strength, and made excursions over the countries\nfar and near.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 18: Woodville.]\n[Footnote 19: Dondo Domonferrant, Restandif. Q.]\nCHAP. LXXIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY IS DISPLEASED WITH THE INHABITANTS OF ANTWERP.\nIn these days, while the duke of Burgundy was in Brabant, he collected\na large force of men at arms from Picardy and other countries under\nhis obedience, whom he intended to march into Antwerp, by means of\ncertain connexions which he had established in that town, to punish the\nmagistrates and inhabitants, who had incurred his displeasure.\nThe cause of his anger was, that a long time before, they had seized\nby force a large vessel belonging to the duke, and filled with his\nmen,--which vessel he had stationed at the mouth of their harbour,\nso that all vessels trafficking to Antwerp must pass close to it, on\nwhom the duke's men laid several taxes that were, as they said, highly\nprejudicial to their commerce, and contrary to the oaths which the late\ndukes of Brabant had always made on taking possession of the dukedom,\nand which the duke of Burgundy himself had also taken.\nOn this account, the townsmen of Antwerp, without giving any notice to\nthe duke, had seized the vessel, and confined those found within it in\nprison. The duke was so much displeased with their conduct that he had\ncollected the force before mentioned to punish them.--In the mean time,\nhis intentions were known to the men of Antwerp, who, though greatly\nsurprised thereat, lost no time in providing men at arms to defend\ntheir town, should it be attacked.\nThey went in a body to the abbey of St Michael, where the duke was\nlodged whenever he visited Antwerp, having suspicions that some of\ntheir enemies were in it; but alter searching every part both above and\nbelow, and finding no one, they broke down the walls, to prevent them\nbecoming places of defence. After this, they retired to continue their\nwarlike preparations.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy found that they had discovered his purposes,\nand were preparing to resist them, he disbanded his men at arms. At the\nsame time, he caused it to be proclaimed through the principal towns\nin Flanders, Brabant, and his other dependances, that no one, under\npain of being capitally punished, should carry provision or stores of\nany kind to Antwerp, nor give to the inhabitants any counsel or aid\nwhatever. The Antwerpers were in great distress and dismay on hearing\nof these proclamations,--but they carefully guarded their town, and\nremained a considerable time in this situation. However, at length a\ntreaty was entered into between them, by which the duke received a very\nlarge sum of money, and the magistrates recovered his good graces.\nCHAP. LXXV.\n THE FRENCH CONQUER THE TOWN OF ST DENIS FROM THE ENGLISH.\nWhile these things were passing in Brabant, the French won the town\nof St Denis from the English by storm. They were about twelve hundred\ncombatants, under the command of sir John Foulcault, sir Louis de\nVaucourt, sir Regnault de St Jean, and other captains, who put to\ndeath some of the English whom they found in the town. The Parisians\nbegan to be alarmed by this conquest, as it was so near, and would\nprobably cut off all provision coming to Paris,--for the French made\nfrequent excursions to their walls.\nTo prevent any supplies being delayed from Normandy, they sent\ndeputations to the duke of Bedford at Rouen, and to Louis de Luxembourg\nbishop of Therouenne, and chancellor of France for king Henry, to\nrequest that a sufficiency of men at arms might be ordered to Paris, to\ndefend them against the enemy.\nBy the advice of the chancellor, sir John bastard of St Pol, Louis his\nbrother, Waleran de Moreul, sir Ferry de Mailly, Robert de Neufville,\nand some other gentlemen, with five hundred men, were sent to them from\nthe frontiers of Picardy. They took the road from Rouen, and safely\narrived in Paris, where they were most joyously received; and, with the\ncounsels and aid of the lord de l'Isle-Adam, governor of Paris for king\nHenry, they commenced a sharp warfare with the French in St Denis.\nThe French, notwithstanding the resistance they experienced, frequently\nadvanced near to Paris,--and many severe conflicts took place between\nthat town and Saint Denis. They also gained the castle of Escouen,\nnear Montmorency, from the English, and put to death about thirty whom\nthey found in it. They then marched to the castle of Orville, near to\nLouvres, belonging to Anglois d'Aunay, knight, attached to the party of\nHenry of Lancaster. When they had been before it two days, a treaty was\nconcluded for its surrender on a certain day, unless the English should\nappear there in force to offer the French battle.\nBefore the term expired, the lords Talbot, Scales, and Warwick, with\nGeorge de Richammes, the bastard de Thian, sir Fran\u00e7ois l'Arragonois,\nand others, to the amount of three thousand combatants, assembled, and\nmarched to join the lord de l'Isle-Adam in Paris; and, when united,\nthey all came to the castle of Orville to keep the appointment made\nwith the French for its surrender; but the French neither appeared\nnor sent any message, so that this castle remained in the peaceful\npossession of its lord. Henceforward, the English were superior in the\nfield to their enemies in the Isle de France, and subjected the whole\nof the open country to their obedience, reconquering several castles\nheld by the French.\nCHAP. LXXVI.\n THE FRENCH, AFTER HAVING AGREED TO A TRUCE WITH THE BURGUNDIANS ON THE\n FRONTIERS OF THE BEAUVOISIS, OVERRUN THE BOULONOIS AND OTHER PARTS.\nAt this time, a truce was concluded by the partisans of the duke of\nBurgundy on the frontiers of Santerre and Mondidier, with La Hire and\nhis men. The last engaged, for a large sum of money paid down, to\ndemolish the strong castle of Bretueil in the Beauvoisis, which was\ndone.\nOn the conclusion of this truce, the great and little Blanchefort,[20]\nPoton the Burgundian, and about six hundred combatants, marched away\nfrom the country of Beauvais to the town of Rue. They had not been\nlong there when they made an excursion, together with the garrison,\ninto the country of the Boulonnois. They marched silently by the town\nof Estaples, not to alarm it, and advanced to Deure, and thence to\nSamer-aux-bois.\nThe inhabitants of this part of the country were totally unsuspecting\nof any attack likely to be made on them, and were therefore a\ndefenceless prey to the enemy, who made prisoners of the greater\npart, bound them, and carried them away with all their most valuable\nfurniture and stock. They ransomed the town of Samer for a considerable\nsum of money,--and on their return spread themselves over the country,\ndestroying every thing with fire and sword without meeting any\nopposition.\nHaving burnt many houses in the town of Fresnes, and done unnumbered\nmischiefs to the Boulonnois, they returned with a multitude of\nprisoners to Estaples, where they halted and refreshed themselves for\nsome time; and because the inhabitants had retreated within the castle,\nand would not ransom their town, they set it on fire, and committed\nevery damage on their departure, which was a grievous loss, for it was\nwell built and very populous. They made their retreat good to the town\nof Rue, notwithstanding that sir John de Croy, the lord de Crequi, the\nlord de Humieres, and others of the country, had assembled, to the\namount of three hundred combatants, in the hopes of cutting off their\nretreat. It was in vain, for the French rode in such compact order that\nno advantage could be taken of them,--and they arrived safely at the\nplaces whence they had come.\nWhen the French had remained some days at Rue, and divided their\nplunder, they made another excursion toward Dourlens and H\u00eadin, burning\nand destroying the countries they traversed, and bringing home many\nprisoners and great pillage of every thing that was portable. They\nreturned by La Broi, and made an attack on the castle; but it was so\nwell defended, by those whom the vidame of Amiens had placed therein,\nthat several of the assailants were wounded. Perceiving that they were\nlosing time, they retreated to Rue with their plunder.\nThey continued these inroads on the territories of the duke of\nBurgundy; but in one of them Harpin de Richammes made prisoner sir John\nde Bressay, near Montrueil. At another time, the little Blanchefort was\ntaken by one of the bastards of Renty. In this manner did the French\ndestroy those parts that were near to Rue: they even burnt the town of\nCressi on the Authie, which was part of the proper domain of the king.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 20: Little Blanchefort was made prisoner in the lxxiid\nchapter.]\nCHAP. LXXVII.\n THE CARDINALS OF SANTA CROCE AND OF CYPRUS COME TO ARRAS, TO ATTEND\n THE CONVENTION.\nIn the month of July, two cardinals, sent by the pope and the council\nof Basil, with many ambassadors of note from divers nations, arrived\nat Arras, to be present at the ensuing convention for establishing a\ngeneral peace. On the part of the holy father, came the cardinal of\nSanta Croce, archdeacon of Metz, attended by some theologians. On that\nof the council, the cardinal of Cyprus, accompanied by the bishop of\nAche, and a doctor called Nicholas, ambassador from the king of Poland;\nand the bishop of Alba in the same capacity, from the duke of Milan.\nWith them came also the bishop of Uzes and the abbot de Vezelay, and\nother envoys from various lords in distant countries.\nThey might amount, in the whole, to about eight score masters, and\nwere handsomely received by the bishop of Arras, his clergy, and the\ninhabitants, as well as by the attendants of the duke of Burgundy, from\nwhom they had had orders to that effect.\nThe whole of the town went out to meet them on their arrival, with\ngreat crowds of people, who escorted them with cries of joy to their\nh\u00f4tels, where many rich presents were made them.\nCHAP. LXXVIII.\n LOUIS DE LUXEMBOURG, COUNT OF ST POL, ESPOUSES JOAN OF BAR, COUNTESS\n OF MARLE AND OF SOISSONS.\nOn Sunday the 16th day of July, in this year, Louis de Luxembourg,\ncount of St Pol, of Conversan, of Braine, and lord of Anghien, espoused\nJoan of Bar, only daughter to sir Robert de Bar, countess of Marle and\nof Soissons, lady of Dunkirk, of Varneston, and of many other valuable\nplaces, niece to sir John de Luxembourg, count of Ligny, uncle to the\nsaid count of St Pol.\nThe marriage was celebrated in the castle of Bohaim, and attended by\nat least one hundred knights and esquires, relatives or friends of the\nparties, but not one prince of the royal blood of France, to which the\ncountess was very nearly connected. At this feast were the dowager\ncountess of St Pol, mother to count Louis, with several of her children.\nThe count de Ligny was reported to have paid all the expenses of this\nfeast, which was most, abundantly served with every delicacy in food\nand liquors,--to which were added justings and all kinds of pastimes.\nCHAP. LXXIX.\n THE FRENCH ARE DEFEATED NEAR TO RETHEL, BY THE BASTARD DE HUMIERES.\nAt this period, some of king Charles's captains guarding the frontiers\nnear Rheims assembled about four hundred combatants to make an inroad\ntoward Rethel, and other parts attached to the duke of Burgundy,--and\nin fact collected a great number of peasants, cows, horses, and other\nplunder, which they proposed to carry back with them in safety to their\ngarrisons. The chief of this expedition was Yvon du Puys.\nNews of it, however, came to the bastard de Humieres, governor of\nHerquery, who instantly called out his men at arms, and pursued the\nFrench so rapidly that he overtook them, and a combat ensued, in which\nthese marauders were completely defeated, leaving forty dead on the\nfield; the rest saving themselves by flight in the best manner they\ncould. On the part of the bastard, his loss did not amount to more than\nten men.\nCHAP. LXXX.\n AMBASSADORS FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND ARRIVE AT ARRAS TO ATTEND THE\n CONVENTION.\nAt this time, the ambassadors from the king of England arrived at\nArras, to attend the convention with the council of the duke of\nBurgundy. They were about two hundred knights, the principal of whom\nwere the archbishop of York, the earl of Suffolk, the bishop of St\nDavid's, sir John Radcliffe, keeper of the king's privy seal, the\nlord Hungerford, master Raoul le Saige, official to the archbishop of\nCanterbury, and some other theologians.\nThey were lodged within the city of Arras, and cheerfully attended\nto in whatever they might be in want of by the servants of the duke\nof Burgundy. At the same time, there came from divers nations other\nambassadors and mediators. The duke of Gueldres, the count Nassau, the\nbishop of Cambray, the count de Vernambourg, the bishop of Liege, the\ncount de Vaudemont, the count de Nevers, the count de Salines, the duke\nof Bar, and in general all the higher nobility of the countries of the\nduke of Burgundy, came thither to support his claims and pretensions.\nThey were all grandly dressed,--and soon after the counts of St Pol and\nof Ligny arrived with a handsome retinue.\nOn the 28th day of July, the duke of Burgundy entered Arras: he had\nlain the preceding night at his town of Lens in Artois. The whole\ncompany in Arras, attached to the embassy from England, went out a\nleague beyond the walls to meet him,--as did the attendants of the two\ncardinals,--and when they met the duke, every one was most honourably\nreceived by him.\nThe duke's entrance into Arras was well ordered, he having the archers\nof his body-guard, all dressed in a rich uniform, to precede him,--and\nwherever he passed, the people sang carols for his arrival. In this\nstate, he went to pay his compliments to the cardinal de Santa Croce,\nand then to the cardinal of Cyprus, whence he retired to his lodgings\nin his h\u00f4tel at La Cour-le-Comte.\nCHAP. LXXXI.\n AMBASSADORS FROM FRANCE ARRIVE AT ARRAS, TO ATTEND THIS CONVENTION.\nOn the Sunday following, the last day of July, the embassy from king\nCharles of France arrived at Arras. The ambassadors had come from\nRheims, through Laon to St Quentin in the Vermandois, where they had\nbeen joyfully received by the magistrates and townsmen; and to this\nplace the duke of Burgundy had sent the count d'Estampes, attended by\nmany knights and esquires, to meet and to conduct them to Arras.\nAfter a few days stay at St Quentin, they all departed together for\nCambray, and thence they journeyed until they came to the wood of\nMouf-laine, within half a league of Arras. The principal persons\nin this embassy were the duke of Bourbon, the count de Richemont,\nconstable of France, who had each married a sister of the duke of\nBurgundy, the count de Vend\u00f4me, the archbishop and duke of Rheims\nchancellor of France, sir Christopher de Harcourt, sir Theolde de\nValperge, the lord de la Fayette marshal of France, the lords de St\nPierre and du Ch\u00e2tel, sir James du Bois, sir John de Ch\u00e2tillon bastard\nde Dampierre, sir Paillaird du Fi\u00e8, the lord de Raillieq, the lord de\nRommet, the lord de Courselles, master Adam de Cambray first president\nof the parliament, the dean of Paris, named master John Tudart, the\ntreasurer of Anjou, the borgne Blesset, master John Chanetier, the lord\nde Cletel, the lord de la Motte, master Adam le Queux, master John de\nTais\u00e8, with many other able men, as well noble as not, accompanied by\nfour or five hundred horsemen, including those who had gone before to\nprepare their lodgings.\nThe duke of Burgundy, attended by his household, the duke of Gueldres,\nand the other princes and nobles in Arras, with the exception of the\nEnglish, went out to meet them. He joined them about a quarter of a\nleague from the town, when great marks of friendship and affection were\nmutually displayed on both sides, more especially between the duke\nand his two brothers-in-law, who frequently embraced each other. When\nthe compliments of meeting were over, they all proceeded, in handsome\narray, at a slow pace, toward Arras,--the three dukes, of Burgundy,\nBourbon, and Gueldres, riding abreast at the head of the line. They\nwere preceded by six trumpets and clarions, sounding most melodiously,\nand by numbers of kings at arms, heralds and pursuivants, dressed in\ntabards, with the arms of the different princes then at Arras, among\nwhom Montjoye, king at arms for king Charles of France, took the lead.\nNext to them, but a few paces before the dukes, rode the constable,\nthe counts de Vend\u00f4me and d'Estampes, and the damoisel de Cleves, with\na few more of the higher nobility: the remainder of the knights,\nlords and esquires followed close behind the dukes; and in this order\nthey advanced in front of the town-house, to the small market-place,\nmultitudes of people shouting and singing carols wherever they passed.\nThe duke of Burgundy now separated from them, and returned with his\nhousehold to his lodgings: he would have attended his brothers-in-law\nto their h\u00f4tels, but they insisted he should return, while they made a\nvisit to the two cardinals. Having done this, they went to the lodgings\nthat had been prepared for them, and received many rich presents from\nchurchmen as well as from seculars.\nOn the third day afterward, the duchess of Burgundy arrived at Arras,\nand the French and English ambassadors went out to meet her, as did all\nthe nobles, and the attendants of the cardinals, most richly clothed.\nShe was carried in an ornamented litter, dressed in cloth of gold, and\na variety of precious stones; behind her rode on palfreys six of her\nladies and damsels, elegantly and nobly habited, with robes and hood\ndecorated, and covered with wrought silver and gold. Next came three\nthree handsome cars, in which were the countess de Namur and others of\nthe duchess's ladies and damsels, dressed in similar robes and hoods to\nthe others.\nNear to the litter were the dukes de Bourbon and de Gueldres, the\nconstable of France, and the count de Vend\u00f4me,--and the rest of the\nnobility rode either before or behind the duchess, excepting the\nEnglish, who had taken their leave of her while in the open country,\nand were returned to their lodgings in Arras.\nThe duchess, thus attended, went to pay her respects to the cardinals;\nafter which she went to the h\u00f4tel of her lord the duke of Burgundy,\nwho received her most joyfully and honourably, and gave a handsome\nentertainment to the two dukes and the other nobles who had accompanied\nher.\nAmong the numerous ambassadors that came from divers parts, were those\nfrom the city of Paris, namely, the abbot of Mont St Catherine de\nRouen, master William Breton, master John le Monstardier, master Thomas\nde Courselles, master Robert Poitevin. There were likewise others from\nthe kings of Sicily, Spain, Navarre, Poland, Asia, Romania, and from\nthe principal towns of Holland, Zealand, Flanders, Brabant, Hainault,\nNamur, Burgundy, whose names it would be tedious to relate: each of\nthem were handsomely lodged by the purveyors of the duke, who, with\nothers, had been especially ordered for this purpose. They were all\nabundantly supplied with any sort of provision they inclined to buy\nduring the three months they staid in Arras. No accident happened\nduring this time,--but there was much alarm, that mischief would have\nhappened from the heat with which disputes were carried on, while the\nmatter of peace was debating. Commissaries were appointed to patrole\nthe town night and day to see that no disorders arose, and that no\nextortions were practised in the markets.\nThe duke had ordered about one hundred gentlemen and two hundred\narchers to be always armed, under the command of some of the lords of\nhis household, such as the lord de Croy, sir John de Horne, the lord\nde Crevecoeur, the lord de Chargny, John de Brimeu and others, as well\nfor his own personal security as to be ready, should occasion require\nit, to put an end to any affrays. The duke was always attended by fifty\narchers.\nCHAP. LXXXII.\n SIR JOHN DE MELLO, A KNIGHT OF SPAIN, AND THE LORD DE CHARGNY COMBAT\n EACH OTHER IN THE PRESENCE OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AT ARRAS.\nOn the 11th day of August in this year, a combat at arms took place at\nArras, in the presence of the duke of Burgundy as judge of the lists.\nA handsome scaffold was erected for him in the great market-place, on\nwhich were seated behind him the dukes of Bourbon and of Gueldres, the\ncounts de Richemont constable, de Vend\u00f4me, d'Estampes, and many other\ngreat lords.\nThe combat was between sir John de Mello, a very renowned knight\nbanneret of Spain, appellant, without any defamatory quarrel, but\nsolely to acquire honour, against Pierre de Bauffremont lord of\nChargny, knight banneret also, a native of Burgundy, and knight of the\nGolden Fleece. The terms were to break three lances only.\nWhen the lord de Chargny had acceded to this request, he in his turn\ndemanded from the Spanish knight a combat on foot with battle-axes,\nswords and daggers, until one of them should lose his arms, or place\nhis hands on his knees or on the ground,--subject, however, in all\ncases, to the decisions of the judge of the field.\nThese proposals having been for some time agreed to by the two knights,\non Thursday morning, about ten o'clock, the Spanish knight appeared\nin the lists, attended by four others, whom the duke of Burgundy had\nordered to accompany him,--namely, the lord de l'Or, governor of the\nRethelois, the lord de Ligny, the lord de Saveuses, and the lord de\nSainzelles, with four or five of his attendants, one of whom bore on\nthe end of a lance a small banner emblazoned with his arms. The other\nknights carried his lances; and thus, without more pomp, he made his\nobeisance to the duke of Burgundy, and retired from the lists, by the\nway he had come, on the left hand of the duke.\nHe waited a considerable time for his adversary, who at length appeared\ngrandly accompanied by the counts d'Estampes, de St Pol, and de Ligny,\ntogether with the earl of Suffolk, all bearing his lances. Behind him\nwere four coursers, richly caparisoned with his arms and devices, with\npages covered with robes of wrought silver,--and the procession was\nclosed by the greater part of the knights and esquires of the duke of\nBurgundy's household. Having made his bow to the duke, as the Spanish\nknight had done, he withdrew to the right of the lists.\nWhen they were ready, they ran some tilts with lances, without any\ninjury on either side. Then the Spaniard mounted a courser which the\nduke of Bourbon had lent him, for his own shied at a lance. They broke\ntheir lances with great courage against each other, until the number\nagreed on had been performed. Neither were wounded, although the helmet\nof don Mello was a little broken. They then quitted the lists, with\nthe assent of the duke of Burgundy, and returned to their lodgings\naccompanied as before.\nThe Spaniard wore over his armour a vermillion-coloured mantle, with\na white cross on it, like to the badge of the French, which created\na disgust in some of the burgundian lords, as it seemed to mark a\npartiality for their enemies. When he was informed of this, he excused\nhimself by saying, that in consequence of the strict alliance which had\nso long continued between the kingdoms of France and Spain, he could\nnot with propriety wear any other badge.\nOn the morrow, which was a Friday, the duke of Burgundy proceeded to\nthe lists, between eight and nine o'clock in the morning, grandly\nattended by his chivalry, and with him came the princes who had\naccompanied him the preceding day. Shortly after, the lord de Chargny,\nthe appellant, appeared with the same persons as on the first day, who\ncarried the weapons he was to combat with. He was mounted on a courser\ncovered with housings of his arms, and followed by four pages mounted\nin like manner, and by the greater part of the knights and esquires of\nthe duke of Burgundy's household, with some other nobles.\nHaving thus entered the lists, he went to dismount at his pavilion,\nand thence on foot to make his obeisance to the duke; after which he\nretired to a seat, where he waited a full hour for his adversary.\nWhen he arrived, he was accompanied as on the preceding day,--and the\nknights and esquires whom the duke of Burgundy had appointed to attend\nhim bore his weapons for the combat. Behind him were his servants, one\nof them carrying a small banner at the end of a lance. On his entering\nthe lists, he saluted the duke, and withdrew to his pavilion.\nWhile he remained there, he was frequently admonished by the knights\nthat attended him, who gave him the best advice in their power for the\nsuccess of his combat,--but he paid not any attention to what they\nsaid, nor would discover to them his plans, telling them not to be any\nway concerned about him, for that, with God's good pleasure, he would\ndo his duty.\nEvery thing being ready, the king at arms, called Golden Fleece,\nproclaimed, in three different parts of the lists, that all who had\nnot been otherwise ordered should quit the lists, and that no one\nshould give any hinderance to the two champions under pain of being\npunished by the duke of Burgundy with death. Eight gentlemen armed were\nappointed to stop or raise up either of the champions, as the judge\nof the field should direct. When the proclamation was made, the lord\nde Chargny issued out of his pavilion, holding his battle-axe by the\nmiddle in his right hand, the iron part toward his adversary, and thus\nadvanced a little forward.\nThe Spanish knight advanced at the same time from his pavilion, having\na kerchief thrown over his helmet that covered his vizor, which was\nhalf raised,--but this kerchief was taken away, when he was advancing,\nby his servants. They made for each other with vigorous strides,\nbrandishing their lances; but the Spaniard all this time had his vizor\nraised.\nThe lord de Chargny, without waiting for his adversary, threw his lance\nat him as he approached, while the Spaniard advanced to throw his,\nand hit him on the side, where he was wounded, as well as in the arm,\nfor the lance hung in the vambraces of his his armour, whence the\nlord de Chargny soon shook it off on the ground. The two champions now\napproached with great courage, and handled their weapons very nobly;\nbut the lord de Chargny was much displeased that his adversary did not\nclose his vizor.\nWhile they were thus combating, the duke of Burgundy gave his signal\nfor the battle to cease, and ordered the champions to be brought before\nhim, who seemed very much vexed that an end had been put so soon to\ntheir combat,--more especially the Spaniard, who twice declared aloud\nthat he was far from being pleased that so little had been done; for\nthat he had come at a great expense, and with much fatigue by sea and\nland, from a far country, to acquire honour and renown.\nThe duke told him, that he had most honourably done his duty and\naccomplished his challenge. After this, they were escorted back to\ntheir lodgings in the same manner as before. The Spanish knight was\nmuch noticed by very many of the nobles present, who greatly praised\nhim for his courage, in thus having fought with his vizor raised,--for\nthe like had not been before seen.\nWhen this combat was over, the duke of Burgundy paid great respect and\nattention to the Spanish knight, by feasting him at his h\u00f4tel on the\nSunday and following days,--presenting him, at the same time, with many\nrich presents, to reimburse him for all the expenses he had been at.\nThe knight soon afterward took leave of the duke and his company, and\ndeparted from Arras on his return to his own country.\nCHAP. LXXXIII.\n THE FRENCH AND BURGUNDIANS ARE ON VERY AMICABLE TERMS IN ARRAS.\nOn the Monday, which was the feast of our Lady of the middle of\nAugust, the dukes of Burgundy, of Bourbon, and of Gueldres, the counts\nd'Estampes, de Richemont, de Vend\u00f4me, de St Pol, de Ligny, de Meurs\nand de Nassau, with the greater part of their attendant knights and\nesquires, went on horseback in great concord from the h\u00f4tel of the\nduke of Burgundy, to hear the mass of our Lady in the city, richly\ndressed in most splendid habiliments. The poor people, who were there\nin crowds, were very much rejoiced to see this, as they hoped it would\nbe the forerunner of a general peace that was so much wanted and wished\nfor. After the mass, most part of them returned to the apartments of\nthe duke of Burgundy and dined, and were sumptuously served with an\nabundance and variety of dishes.\nThe English ambassadors were not well pleased at these entertainments;\nand from the frequent intercourse that took place between the French\nand the duke, they suspected some treaties were in agitation that would\nnot be for the advantage of their country.\nCHAP. LXXXIV.\n THE CARDINAL OF WINCHESTER COMES TO ARRAS TO ATTEND THE CONVENTION.\nThe cardinal of Winchester arrived at Arras on the 19th day of August,\nto be present at the convention, attended by the earl of Huntingdon\nand other noble knights and esquires from England, to the amount of\nthree hundred horsemen. The dukes of Burgundy and of Gueldres, with\nthe counts de St Pol, de Ligny, de Meurs, and the greater part of the\nduke of Burgundy's nobles, went out of Arras to meet him. The duke and\ncardinal mutually paid each other the greatest respect, as did the\nother lords; and they returned together to the gate of Arras, where\nthey separated, and the cardinal and his attendants went to lodge at\nthe palace of the bishop.\nAmbassadors daily arrived from various nations. The place of meeting\nfor this convention was fixed at the abbey of St Vaast, where\nthere were apartments sufficiently spacious and numerous for the\npurpose,--and there the three parties assembled, in the presence of\nthe two cardinals who had first come thither. The cardinal de Santa\nCroce harangued them most eloquently on the great inconveniences all\nChristendom had laboured under from the severity and long continuance\nof the war,--admonishing them, at the same time, with much feeling,\nthat, from their love to God, they would not separate without\nconcluding a peace, and that they would not insist on any terms but\nsuch as each might mutually concede to the other.\nAfter this harangue, the convention met on several different\ndays,--and many proposals for a treaty were brought forward, so\ncontradictory that it was difficult to reconcile them. Among others,\nking Charles's ministers required that king Henry of England should\ndesist from styling himself king of France, on condition of having the\nsovereignties of Guyenne and Normandy given up to him,--but to this the\nEnglish ministers would not agree.\nCHAP. LXXXV.\n DURING THE MEETING OF THE CONVENTION AT ARRAS, LA HIRE AND POTON\n OVERRUN AND FORAGE THE COUNTRY OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nOn the 20th day of this month of August, while the convention was\nsitting at Arras, La Hire and Poton de Saintrailles, with six hundred\ncombatants, six score being lance-men, whom they had assembled on the\nfrontiers of Beauvais, rode during the night for the river Somme, which\nthey crossed at Cappy; thence they retreated, and fell back on Dourlens\nand Beauquesne, to forage the country. They divided into smaller\nbodies, and collected a great booty of peasants, cattle, horses, sheep,\nand other things, with which they marched back the way they had come to\nrecross the Somme.\nIntelligence was brought of this, by the lord de Saveuses, to the duke\nof Burgundy, who was much troubled thereat, as he feared the matters\nthat were then under discussion in the convention would be greatly\nretarded. To provide a remedy, he ordered the counts d'Estampes, de St\nPol, de Ligny, with the greater part of his chivalry, to mount their\nhorses, and repel the French. With them went some of the English lords,\nto the amount of about three hundred horsemen,--so that they were in\nthe whole full sixteen hundred, but most of them were without armour.\nThey hastened toward Mailly and Attinghen, having sent forward the lord\nde Saveuses, with some scouts, to collect intelligence of the enemy.\nThey soon learnt the line of march the French were following with their\nplunder to cross the water, and pressed forward with so much diligence\nthat they overtook them near to Corbie, at a town called Boumay, on the\nwater of Helly.\nThe French, hearing of this pursuit, detached a party of their men at\narms to guard the passage of this river, and marched to draw up in\nbattle-array on a hill between Corbie and Helly. In the mean time, sir\nJohn de Croy was dispatched, with a certain number of men at arms, to\ngain this passage,--but he was defeated and made prisoner: ten or\ntwelve of the French were slain, but the rest retreated to their main\nbody on the hill.\nThe Burgundians and English, having crossed the river, advanced and\ndrew up in order of battle at the foot of the hill, where they remained\nfor a good half-hour, without any intention of combating the French,\nfor they were too slightly armed.\nWhile this was passing, the duke of Bourbon, and the constable of\nFrance, sent from Arras messengers to the French, to order them to\nretreat, and restore the plunder they had taken; so that when the two\nparties had been for some time drawn up in battle against each other,\nthey separated without coming to action, and returned the way they had\ncome; for the French, in obedience to the orders they had received\nfrom their ambassadors at the convention, restored the greater part of\ntheir prisoners, and the pillage they had collected,--but it was sorely\nagainst their will. They lost about twenty men in killed and prisoners.\nCHAP. LXXXVI.\n THE KINGS OF ARRAGON AND NAVARRE ARE DEFEATED, AND MADE PRISONERS,\n BEFORE GAIETA, BY THE ARMY OF THE DUKE OF MILAN.\nOn the 16th day of August, in this year, the kings of Arragon and of\nNavarre, the grand master of the order of St James, their brother, the\nduke of Sessia, and his son the count de Fondi, the prince of Tarentum,\nhis son sir Christopher Garganeym\u00e8,[21] surnamed the Eagle, the viceroy\nof Sicily, and four hundred knights and esquires, were made prisoners\nbefore the town of Gaieta, and their army, of four thousand soldiers,\ndefeated.\nThey had been employed in besieging the town of Gaieta by sea and\nland, to the great displeasure of Philip Maria Visconti duke of Milan,\nwho had prepared an army and stores in Genoa to raise the siege and\nrevictual the place. The commander of this army for the duke of Milan\nwas the admiral of Genoa, who attempted to enter the port and throw in\nsuccours; but the besiegers marched to the shore to combat him,--and\nthough they were far more numerous than he was, fortune favoured him,\nand he completely routed the arragonian and neapolitan forces.\nThe kings and princes before mentioned were carried by the admiral\nprisoners to Genoa, then under the protection of the duke of Milan,\nand were soon after delivered up to him on certain terms agreed upon\nbetween him and the Genoese, and also on his promising not to give them\ntheir liberty without their consent.\nThis promise, however, he did not keep; for, after he had handsomely\nentertained them in his town of Milan, he gave them their liberty\nwithout ransom, or insisting on any terms, and even made them, on their\ndeparture, many rich gifts. When this came to the knowledge of the\nGenoese, they were very indignant thereat, and not without reason, for\nthey were their inveterate enemies; and they now withdrew themselves\nfrom the obedience and protection of the duke of Milan.[22]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 21: Garganeym\u00e8. Q.]\n[Footnote 22: 'In the year 1435, the town of Gaieta, in the kingdom\nof Naples, offered to submit itself to the protection of the Genoese,\nto avoid falling into the hands of Alphonso king of Arragon. In\nconsequence, Francisco Spinola and Ottolino Zoppo are sent with a good\ngarrison to defend the place. Alphonso hastens to besiege it,--and\nGaieta, ill provided with provision, is reduced to great distress.\n'The Genoese, informed of the situation of the garrison, send thither,\non the 22d July, a fleet under the command of Luca Aser\u00e9to, a famous\ncaptain, to their relief. Alphonso, hearing of this, embarks on board\nhis own fleet, with all the nobility and eleven thousand combatants.\nThe fleets meet near to the island of Ponza on the 5th August, and the\nbattle lasts from sun-rise to night, but victory is on the side of the\nGenoese. It could not be more complete: the king of Arragon, his two\nbrothers, John king of Navarre, the infant don Henry, with a quantity\nof nobles, are made prisoners; and of fourteen vessels, only one\nescaped.\n'The besieged, on learning this event, make a sally, drive the enemy\nfrom their lines, and deliver the place. The prisoners are carried from\non board the fleet to Milan, where the duke entertains the king of\nArragon magnificently, enters into a league with him, and gives him and\nhis companions their liberty without ransom. This generosity causes the\nGenoese to lose the fruit of their victory, and enrages them against\nthe duke of Milan. On the 12th December, they rise in arms, kill the\ngovernor, drive away the Milanese, and shake off the yoke of the duke.'\n _Art de Verifier les Dates._]\nCHAP. LXXXVII.\n THE CARDINAL OF WINCHESTER AND THE WHOLE OF THE ENGLISH EMBASSY LEAVE\n ARRAS.--OTHER AMBASSADORS ARRIVE THERE.\nThe cardinal of Winchester, and the English embassy, left Arras on\nthe 6th day of September for England, without concluding on any terms\nwith the French, although there had been conferences for several days\nbetween them for this purpose, and although the duke of Burgundy had\ninterfered with his council as much as possible to accommodate their\ndifferences.\nThe English, notwithstanding, departed for Calais, and thence to\nEngland, suspecting greatly, what happened soon after, that Charles\nking of France and the duke of Burgundy would make peace; for they had\nperceived, while at Arras, that great cordiality existed between the\nduke and the French, which was far from pleasing to them.\nAmbassadors continued to arrive at Arras from the kings of Navarre,\nof Dacia, of Spain, of Cyprus, of Portugal, the constable duke of la\nPuglia, the duke of Milan, the king of Sicily, the king of Norway, and\nthe duke of Brittany. The archbishop of Auch came thither, as did the\nbishops of Alby, of Usez, of Auxerre, of Alba, of Vicenza, the abbot of\nVezelay, the archdeacon of Metz in Lorraine, procurator for the holy\ncouncil of Basil, the archdeacon of la Puglia, with numbers of others\nof note and of authority.\nCHAP. LXXXVIII.\n A PEACE IS CONCLUDED BETWEEN CHARLES KING OF FRANCE AND THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY, IN THE CITY OF ARRAS.\nWhen the ambassadors from king Henry had quitted the city of Arras,\nwithout agreeing to any preliminaries for a peace, the two remaining\nparties, of the king of France and duke of Burgundy, met for some\nfew days at the accustomed place, when, by the exhortations and\ninterference of the cardinals de Santa Croce and of Cyprus, and other\nprelates and nobles, a peace was finally concluded between them on the\nfollowing terms.\n'We Philip, by the grace of God, duke of Burgundy, Austria, Brabant and\nLimbourg, count of Flanders, Artois, Burgundy, palatine of Hainault,\nHolland, Zealand and Namur, marquis of the holy empire, lord of\nFrizeland, Salins and Mechlin, make known to all to whom these presents\nshall come, that many assemblies and conventions have been holden for\nthe procuring of a general peace, as well in the cities of Auxerre and\nCorbeil as latterly in our city of Arras for this desirable purpose.\n'To this place our very-redoubted lord, king Charles, has sent our\nmost dear and well beloved brothers and cousins, the duke of Bourbon\nand Auvergne, the count de Richemont, constable of France, the count\nde Vend\u00f4me, grand master of the household, the very reverend father\nin God the archbishop and duke of Rheims, chancellor of France,\nChristopher de Harcourt, Gilbert lord de la Fayette, marshal of France,\nmaster Adam de Cambray, first president of the parliament, master John\nTudart, dean of Paris and master of requests of the king's household,\nWilliam Charetier, Stephen Moreau, counsellors of the parliament, John\nChastignier and Robert Marlier, secretaries to the said king, as his\nambassadors.\n'On the part of our very dear lord and cousin, the king of England,\nthere came the most reverend fathers in God the cardinal of Winchester\nand the archbishop of York, our well beloved cousins the earls of\nHuntingdon and Suffolk, the reverend fathers in God the bishops of\nNorwich, St David's, and Lisieux, and many other churchmen, as his\nambassadors.\n'We also came thither in person, attended by many of our blood, and\ngreat numbers of our faithful and loyal subjects. Our holy father the\npope sent also to this convention the most reverend father in God,\nand our especial friend, the cardinal de Santa Croce, invested with\nsufficient powers from him. In like manner, the sacred council at\nBasil sent thither, as its ambassadors, the most reverend father in\nGod, our dear and well beloved cousin the cardinal of Cyprus, the\nvery reverend fathers in God the bishops of Verona, of Alby, Nicholas\nprovost of Cracovia, Hugh archdeacon of Metz.\n'In the presence of the above ambassadors from our holy father the\npope, and from the sacred council at Basil, we, as well as the\nambassadors from France and England, have appeared as often as it was\nthought expedient, and have mutually made overtures and presents to\neach other. And although the ambassadors from the king of France made\ngreat and handsome proposals for the conclusion of a general peace,\nand such as were thought by the cardinals and prelates to be just and\nreasonable, and which ought not to have been refused,--and although\nthe cardinals de Santa Croce and of Cyprus, together with the other\nenvoys from the pope and council, even pressed the English ambassadors\nto accede to these terms, remonstrating with them, that in case they\nwould not listen to the conclusion of a general peace, they had been\ncharged by their holy father, and by the sacred council, to summon us\nto conclude a private peace with our lord the king, in so far as the\nwhole of our personal interests were concerned.\n'Nevertheless, the English ambassadors, continuing obstinate, in\nrefusing the terms offered them, quitted our city of Arras without\ncoming to any conclusion, or fixing any period for their return\nthither. For this cause, the cardinal legates, and the other ministers\nfrom the pope and council, exhorted and required of us to conclude a\nprivate peace with our said lord the king, provided that satisfactory\nproposals should be made touching the death of our very dear lord and\nfather, whose soul may God pardon! by the ambassadors from him, and in\nhis name, so that we should be contented therewith.\n'The following proposals from our said lord the king were delivered in\na written roll to the said cardinal legates, and other ambassadors from\nour holy father the pope and sacred council, and by them given to us.\n'These are the offers made by us Charles duke of Bourbon and of\nAuvergne, Arthur count de Richemont constable of France, Louis de\nBourbon count de Vend\u00f4me, Regnault de Chartres archbishop and duke of\nRheims, great chancellor of France, Gilbert lord de la Fayette marshal\nof France, Adam de Cambrai first president of the parliament, John\nTudart dean of Paris, counsellor and master of the requests of the\nking's household, William Chartier and Stephen Moreau counsellors,\nJohn Chastignier and Robert Morlier secretaries, ambassadors from\nCharles king of France, now in the city of Arras, for and in the name\nof our sovereign lord king Charles, to my lord the duke of Burgundy and\nBrabant, respecting the death of the late lord John duke of Burgundy,\nhis father, and likewise touching other matters, that a treaty of peace\nand concord may be concluded between them.\n'In the first place, the king will declare, or others sufficiently\nauthorised by him shall declare, to the said lord the duke of Burgundy,\nthat the death of the late lord John duke of Burgundy, his father,\n(whose soul may God pardon!) was iniquitously and treacherously caused\nby those who perpetrated the deed, and through wicked counsel, which\nwas alway displeasing to him, and continues to be so in the sincerity\nof his heart. That if he had been aware of the consequences, and of an\nage to have judged of them, he would have prevented it; but at the time\nhe was very young, having little knowledge, and inconsiderately did not\nprevent it. He shall entreat my lord the duke of Burgundy that what\nhatred and rancour he may have conceived against him for this cause may\ncease, and that henceforward good faith and peace may exist between\nthem,--express mention of which shall be made in the articles that\nshall be drawn up in consequence.\n'Item, the king will deliver up all who may have perpetrated the said\nwicked deed, or were consenting thereto, and will use all diligence\nto have them apprehended wherever they may be found, so that they\nmay be punished in body and goods. Should they not be discovered, he\nwill irrevocably banish them the realm of France and Dauphiny, with\nconfiscation of effects, and exemption from profiting by any treaty.\n'Item, the king will not permit any of them to be received or favoured\nin any place under his obedience; and will cause it to be proclaimed in\nall parts of France and Dauphiny, where proclamations have been usually\nmade, that no persons do receive or favour them, under pain of corporal\npunishment and confiscation of effects.\n'Item, the aforesaid lord, the duke of Burgundy, shall, so soon as he\nconveniently can after the signing of the treaty, name those who he\nhas been informed perpetrated the said wicked deed, or were consenting\nthereto, that they may be proceeded against with diligence on the part\nof our said lord the king. And whereas the said duke of Burgundy may\nnot at this present moment be sufficiently acquainted with the names of\nall who were concerned in, or who actually perpetrated, the aforesaid\nwicked act, at all times, that he may receive additional information,\nhe may signify the names of such persons, by his letters patent, or\notherwise, to the king, who shall be bound to pursue them, in his royal\ncourts of justice, in the most summary manner.\n'Item, the following edifices and religious foundations shall be made\nfor the repose of the souls of the late John duke of Burgundy, of the\nlate sir Archambault de Foix, count de Noailles, who was put to death\nwith him, and for those of others who have been slain on this occasion,\nor in the wars that took place in consequence of this event,--namely,\nin the church of Montereau, where the body of the late duke John of\nBurgundy was first buried, shall be founded a chapel and chapelry, in\nwhich a low mass of requiem shall be daily chaunted; which chapel shall\nbe endowed with an annual income of sixty livres parisis in mortmain,\nand furnished with a chalice, and all other ornaments sufficiently\nhandsome, at the sole expense of the king. The presentation to this\nchapel shall be vested in my lord of Burgundy, and in his successors\nthe dukes of Burgundy, for ever.\n'Item, within the said town of Montereau, or as near to it as well may\nbe, shall be constructed and endowed by the king, and at his expense,\na church, with a convent of Carthusians, to consist of a prior and\ntwelve monks, with cloisters, halls, refectories, granges and all\nother necessary buildings. This monastery, consisting of a prior and\ntwelve religious, shall be founded by the king with well secured rents\nin mortmain, to the amount of eight hundred livres parisis, for the\nmaintenance of the monks, the keeping up religious worship, and for the\nrepairs of the convent, church and buildings, according to the advice\nof the reverend father in God the lord cardinal de Santa Croce, or\nwhomsoever he may nominate in his stead.\n'Item, on the bridge of Montereau, where this murder was committed,\nshall be erected a handsomely-sculptured cross, according to the device\nof the said lord cardinal or those commissioned by him, at the king's\nexpense, and kept continually in perfect repair by his majesty.\n'Item, in the church of the Carthusians at Dijon, where at present\nreposes the body of the said duke John of Burgundy, shall be founded\nby the king, and at his expense, a high mass of requiem, which shall\nbe daily chaunted for ever at the high altar of this church, at such\nan hour as may hereafter be determined upon. And this foundation shall\nhave secured to it good annual rents, in mortmain, of one hundred\nlivres parisis, and shall be provided with chalices and other suitable\nornaments.\n'Item, these said buildings and foundations shall be begun upon, and\ntake effect, so soon as conveniently may be,--and the masses shall\nparticularly commence the instant the treaty shall be signed. But with\nregard to the intended buildings at Montereau, they shall be begun\nthree months after that town shall be reduced to the king's obedience,\nand diligently continued without interruption until the whole of them\nbe perfectly completed within the term of five years.\n'In respect to the said foundations, proper measures shall be taken\nconcerning them so soon as conveniently may be; and the moment the\ntreaties shall be signed, the high mass in the carthusian convent\nat Dijon, before mentioned, shall commence,--and the monks shall be\nprovided with books, chalices, and all other necessary articles. And\nwhen the town of Montereau shall be reduced to the king's obedience,\nthe daily low mass shall be sung, at the sole expense of the king of\nFrance. Within three days after this town shall have submitted itself,\na sufficient sum of money shall be paid to the lord cardinal de Santa\nCroce, or to whomsoever he may appoint to receive the same for the\ncommencement of the said edifices, and to purchase chalices, books, and\nevery other necessary article. And at the same time the annual income,\nbefore declared, of eight hundred and sixty livres parisis, shall\nbe firmly established on lands, in mortmain, as near to the town of\nMontereau as possible. This income, however, does not include the rent\nof a hundred livres parisis allotted for the foundation of a high mass\nat the carthusian convent at Dijon.\n'Item, as a compensation for the jewels, and other personalities that\nwere either stolen or lost at the time of the decease of our late lord\nJohn duke of Burgundy, and for the purchase of others, the king of\nFrance consents, well and truly, to pay to the duke of Burgundy the\nsum of fifty thousand golden crowns, old weight, of sixty-four to the\nmarc of Troyes, eight ounces to the marc, having twenty-four karats\nof aloy, or other current money, by instalments, as follow: namely,\nfifteen thousand on Easter-day twelvemonth, which will begin the year\n1437; fifteen thousand on the Easter-day in the following year,--and\nthe balance of twenty thousand on Easter-day in the year 1439. The\nduke of Burgundy shall not be prevented by this from persevering in\nhis researches after the rich collar of his late lord and father, nor\nin his suits against those he may suspect to have it, as well as other\nvaluable jewels, in order to recover them, over and above this said sum\nof fifty thousand crowns.\n'Item, the king, from affection to the duke of Burgundy, agrees that\nthe following lands and lordships shall be firmly settled on the said\nduke, his direct heirs and successors, whether male or female, namely,\nthe city and county of M\u00e2con and St Jangon, as far as the boundaries\nthereof, with all the towns, villages, lands and revenues thereto\nbelonging, which at this moment appertain to and are dependant on the\ndomain of the crown of France, without any reservation, excepting the\nhomage due from these fiefs to the crown, and the patronage of the\nchurches and royal foundations, included in the droit de regale,\nand all other royal prerogatives which may belong from ancient times\nin this bailiwick to the crown of France. In all other respects the\nsaid duke of Burgundy shall hold the county of M\u00e2con, with its towns,\nvillages, and dependances, and his heirs and successors, for ever, on\npaying the usual homage to the king and crown of France, as a peerage\nunder the jurisdiction of the king and his court of parliament in a\nsimilar manner, and with all the rights and prerogatives attached to\nthe peerage of France.\n'Item, on the part of the king shall be yielded up to the duke of\nBurgundy and to his heirs and successors, to whom, after his decease,\nshall devolve this county of M\u00e2con, all profits and emoluments\nwhatever that shall become due from the royal towns of M\u00e2con and St\nJangon, whether from rights attached to royalty or from bailiwicks\nin compensation for protection, or by confiscations, fines, profits\nfrom the coinage; and all rights of every other description, shall\nbe enjoyed by the said duke and his heirs, during their respective\nlives, on the terms and conditions following,--that is to say, on the\nnomination of the said duke of Burgundy, and his heirs after him, of a\nbailiff of M\u00e2con, the king shall appoint the same as his royal judge\nand commissary, to take cognisance of all crimes and suits appertaining\nto his sovereign jurisdiction throughout the county of M\u00e2con and its\ndependances, according to the usual form and manner in which the royal\nbailiffs of M\u00e2con and Saint Jangon have acted in former times,--but\nhenceforth the bailiwick of St Jangon shall be abolished. And in like\nmanner, on the recommendation of the said duke and his heirs, shall the\nking appoint all officers necessary for the good government of this\ncounty, such as governor, castellan, provosts and receivers, who shall\nexercise such appointments in the king's name, but to the profit of the\nsaid duke of Burgundy and his heirs.\n'Item, in like manner, all profits from taxes shall be transferred\nfrom the king to the said duke, together with the duties on salt, on\nwines sold by retail, and every other imposition that may have been\nestablished in the elections of M\u00e2con, Chalons, Autun, and Langres,\nso far as these elections may extend into Burgundy or the county of\nCharolois, and throughout the whole county of the M\u00e2connois, included\nwithin the boundaries of the aforesaid duchy or county, to be enjoyed\nby him and his heirs for ever.\n'The recommendation of all officers necessary for the government of the\ncounty of M\u00e2con and its dependances shall belong to the said duke of\nBurgundy and his heirs, but the commission and institution shall remain\nwith the king of France.\n'Item, in like manner shall the king of France transfer to the duke\nof Burgundy and to his heirs, whether male or female, for ever, as\na perpetual inheritance, and as held in chief, the city and county\nof Auxerre, with all its dependances and appurtenances whatever, in\nregard to the administration of justice, domains, fiefs, patronage\nof churches, collations to benefices, as held by the king of France\nand his court of parliament, with the same rights, franchises, and\nprerogatives, as the other peers of France.\n'Item, and together with this cession the king of France shall transfer\nto the said duke of Burgundy, and his heirs for ever, all revenues\npayable by the city of Auxerre and its dependances, in as ample manner\nas has been before stated when speaking of the county of M\u00e2con, as has\nbeen already declared. And also, that on the nomination of the duke of\nBurgundy and his heirs, of persons to fill up the various offices that\nmay become vacant, the king of France shall confirm their nominations,\nand issue sufficient commissions and authorities accordingly; so that\nthe bailiff of Auxerre nominated by the duke of Burgundy shall have a\nroyal commission to judge and decide on all actions competent to his\ntribunal within the city of Auxerre and its dependances, in the same\nform and manner as has been heretofore done by the bailiff of Sens\ninstead of Auxerre; which bailiff of Sens shall not any more interfere\nin these matters during the lives of the said duke of Burgundy, his\nlegal heirs and successors, but shall refer the same to the bailiff\nof Auxerre, he having a royal commission for his authority. All the\nrevenues of taxes, and of every sort of imposition shall be transferred\nto the said duke of Burgundy in a manner similar to what has been\nbefore declared in the article relative to the cession of the same in\nthe county of M\u00e2con and its dependances.\n'Item, in like manner shall the king of France cede to the duke of\nBurgundy and to his heirs, whether male or female, descending in a\ndirect line for ever, as a perpetual inheritance, the castle, town,\nand castlewick of Bar-sur-Seine, with all its domains, jurisdictions,\nfiefs, patronage of churches, with all other rights and emoluments, for\nhim the duke to hold them under the king as a peerage of France, under\nthe royal sovereignty and jurisdiction of the parliament, on his fealty\nand immediate homage to the king of France. The king shall likewise\ntransfer to the said duke and his heirs all profit from taxes and other\nimpositions, to be received by him from the receivers, who, having been\nnominated by the said duke, shall be confirmed in their offices by the\nking.\n'Item, the king of France shall yield up to the duke of Burgundy and\nhis heirs the county of Burgundy, as a perpetual inheritance to be\nenjoyed by him and them for ever, together with the patronage of\nthe church and abbey of Luxeuil, with all profits arising therefrom,\nwhich the count of Champagne claims as belonging to him, (although the\ncounts of Burgundy, predecessors to the present duke of Burgundy, have\npretended the contrary as a cause of quarrel) saying and declaring that\nthis abbey, which is without the kingdom of France and the limits of\nthe county of Burgundy, ought to be under his patronage and protection.\nTo obviate, therefore, all future cause of quarrel, and for the public\nwelfare, the king of France now consents that the patronage of this\nabbey shall remain wholly with the duke of Burgundy and his heirs.\n'Item, the king of France shall cede to the duke of Burgundy, and to\nhis legal heirs, whether male or female, in perpetuity, the castles,\ntowns, castlewicks, provostships of fairs, of Peronne, Mondidier and\nRoye, with all their domains, rights, and jurisdictions whatever,\nwith every dependance and appurtenance, to hold them from the king of\nFrance as a peerage within his sovereign jurisdiction and that of his\nparliament, on doing him immediate homage. The king shall also yield\nup to the said duke of Burgundy, and his heirs, all right to the taxes\nand other impositions, together with every other claim of profit, in as\nample a manner as has been before declared in the preceding articles\nrespecting the counties of M\u00e2con and Auxerre.\n'Item, the king of France shall yield up to the duke of Burgundy, and\nto the person whom after his decease the said duke shall have declared\nhis heir to the county of Artois, the collection of taxes from the\nsaid county of Artois and its dependances, amounting at this time to\nfourteen thousand francs of annual revenue or thereabout, without\nhinderance to the said duke or his heir from receiving any further\ngratuities from the said king or his successors. The duke of Burgundy\nand his heir shall have the power of nominating such officers for the\ndue gathering of these taxes, as shall be agreeable to them,--and when\nthus appointed, the king shall grant them letters in confirmation of\nthe same.\n'Item, the king shall transfer to the said duke of Burgundy and to\nhis heirs, for ever, all the cities, towns, castles, forts, lands\nand lordships now belonging to the crown of France, above and on each\nside the river Somme, namely, St Quentin, Corbie, Amiens, Abbeville\nand others,--the whole of the county of Ponthieu, on both sides of\nthe said river Somme,--the towns of Dourlens, St Riquier, Crevecoeur,\nArleux, Mortaigne, with all their dependances whatever. And all the\nlands now belonging to the crown of France, from the said river Somme\ninclusively, comprehending the whole of the towns, as well on the\nfrontiers of Artois, Flanders and Hainault, as on those of the realm of\nFrance and of the empire of Germany, the duke of Burgundy and his heirs\nto have them in possession for ever, and to receive all the profits of\ntaxes, rights, privileges and honours attached to them, without the\nking retaining any thing, saving and except the fealty and homage due\nto him as their sovereign lord, or until this grant shall be bought by\nthe crown of France, on payment of the sum of four hundred thousand\ncrowns of gold, old coin, at the weight of sixty-four to the marc of\nTroyes, eight ounces to the marc, with twenty-four karats of alloy and\none karat for waste, or in any other current coin of equal value.\n'The duke of Burgundy shall give sufficient securities for himself and\nheirs, that they will abide by the terms of this grant, and be ready\nand willing to receive the said sum for the release of the said cities,\ntowns, &c. whenever it may please the king of France to make an offer\nof the same, and surrender to the king, or to such as he may commission\nfor the purpose, all the said cities, towns, castles, forts, lands and\nlordships specified in the said grant. And also the duke of Burgundy\nshall acknowledge, for himself and heirs, his willingness to receive\nthe said sum at two instalments,--that is to say, two hundred thousand\ncrowns at each payment; but nevertheless he shall not be bound to\nsurrender to the king any of the said cities, &c. until the last of the\nfour hundred thousand golden crowns be paid.\n'During the whole time these said cities, towns, lands, &c. shall be\nin the possession of the duke of Burgundy or his heirs, he and they\nshall receive the taxes, and enjoy every right and privilege attached\nto them, without the smallest deduction or abatement whatever. Be\nit understood, however, that in this grant of the king, the city\nand county of Tournay and the Tournesis, and of St Amand, are not\nincluded, but are to remain under the jurisdiction of the king,--with\nthe exception of Mortaigne, which is to be placed in the hands of the\nduke of Burgundy, as has been before said.--But although the city of\nTournay is not to be given to the duke of Burgundy, the sums of money\nthat had been before agreed to be paid, according to the terms of a\ntreaty between him and the inhabitants for a certain number of years,\nshall be duly reserved,--and these sums the inhabitants shall be bound\npunctually to pay him.\n'Item, forasmuch as the said duke of Burgundy pretends to have a claim\non the county of Boulogne-sur-mer, which he has the possession of, the\nking of France consents, that for the sake of peace, and for the public\ngood, it shall remain to him and his heirs-male only, lawfully begotten\nby him, with the full and free enjoyment of all its revenues, rights\nand emoluments whatever. But in default of this issue male, the county\nshall devolve to him who shall have the just right thereto. The king\nshall engage to satisfy all claimants on this said county, in such wise\nthat they shall not cause any trouble to the duke of Burgundy, or to\nhis heirs, respecting it.\n'Item, in regard to the town, castle, county and lordship of Gien sur\nLoire, together with the lordships of Dourdan, which, as it is said,\nhave been transferred with the county of Estampes by the late duke of\nBerry and the late duke John of Burgundy, they shall, _bona fide_, be\nplaced by the king of France in the hands of the duke of Bourbonnois\nand Auvergne, for their government during the space of one whole year,\nand until John of Burgundy count d'Estampes, or the present duke of\nBurgundy for him, shall have laid before the king or his council a copy\nor copies of this grant from our late lords of Berry and of Burgundy.\nWhen after due examination, should this grant be found good, we duke\nof Bourbonnois and Auvergne bind ourself to restore the said town,\ncastle and lands of Gien-sur-Loire, without other form of law, to the\ncount d'Estampes or to the duke of Burgundy, for him as his legal right\nfrom the grant of the late dukes of Berry and of Burgundy, without the\nking alleging any thing to the contrary, or any prescriptive right\nfrom the lapse of time since the decease of the said duke of Berry,\nand notwithstanding any opposition from others who may lay claim to\nthe county of Gien, if any such there be, whose right to pursue their\nclaims by legal means shall be reserved to them, against the count\nd'Estampes.\n'Item, the king shall restoration make and pay to the said count\nd'Estampes, and to the count de Nevers his brother, the sum of\nthirty-two thousand two hundred crowns of gold, which the lately\ndeceased king Charles is said to have taken from the church of Rouen,\nwherein this sum was deposited, as the marriage-portion of the late\nlady Bona of Artois, mother to these noblemen, unless it shall clearly\nappear that the above sum has been accounted for, and allowed in the\nexpenditure of the late king and for his profit; otherwise these\nthirty-two thousand two hundred golden crowns shall be paid at such\nterms as shall be agreed on, after payment has been made of the fifty\nthousand crowns before mentioned to the duke of Burgundy.\n'Item, in respect to the debts which the duke of Burgundy says and\nmaintains are due to him from the late king Charles, whether from\npensions unpaid, or from gifts and monies advanced by him for the\nking's use, the said duke shall have free liberty to sue for the\nrecovery of the same in any of the courts of justice.\n'Item, the said duke of Burgundy shall not be bound to do homage nor\nservice to the king for the lands he now holds in France, nor for\nany others that may fall to him by right of succession; but shall\nremain during his life personally free from all subjection, homage and\nobedience, to the crown of France. After the decease of the present\nmonarch, the said duke of Burgundy shall do the usual homages and\nservices to the king's sons and successors to the crown of France, as\nbelong to them of right; and should the said duke of Burgundy depart\nthis life before the present king, his heirs, after showing cause,\nshall do the usual homages and services to the crown of France.\n'Item, notwithstanding the duke of Burgundy shall have acknowledged,\nby writing and speaking, the king as his sovereign, and received the\nbefore named ambassadors from the king, this shall not be of the\nsmallest prejudice to the personal exemption before stated of the said\nduke during his life. This said exemption shall remain in full force,\nas contained in the above article, and shall extend to all lands now in\nthe possession of the said duke within the realm of France.\n'Item, with regard to the vassals and subjects of the duke of Burgundy,\nin the lordships he now holds and will possess by this treaty, and\nof those that may fall to him by succession in the kingdom of France\nduring the king's life and his own, they shall not be constrained to\nbear arms by orders from the king or his officers, supposing that they\nmay hold lands from the king together with those of the duke. But the\nking is contented that whenever it may please the duke of Burgundy to\norder his vassals to arm, whether for internal or external wars, they\ndo obey his commands without attending to any summonses from the king,\nshould he at the time issue such. And in like manner shall all the\nofficers of the said duke's household, and his familiars, be exempted,\neven should they not be his subjects or vassals.\n'Item, should it happen that the English shall make war on the said\nduke of Burgundy, his subjects or allies, on account of the present\ntreaty or otherwise, either by sea or by land, the king of France\nengages to march to his succour with a sufficient force, and to act as\nif it were his own proper cause.\n'Item, the king declares, for himself and his successors, that neither\nhe nor they, nor any princes of his blood, shall enter into any treaty\nof peace with his adversary of England, without having first informed\nthereof the said duke of Burgundy and his immediate heir, nor without\ntheir express consent thereto and comprehension therein, provided they\nmay wish to be comprehended,--provided always, that similar promises\nshall be made to the king of France by the duke of Burgundy and his\nheir apparent, touching war and peace with England.\n'Item, whereas the said duke of Burgundy and his faithful vassals have\nheretofore borne a cross of St Andrew as their badge, they shall not\nbe constrained to bear any other badge, whatever army they may be in,\nwhether within or without the realm, or in the presence of the king or\nof his constable, whether in the royal pay, as soldiers, or otherwise.\n'Item, the king shall make all reasonable restitution for whatever\nlosses such as may have been made prisoners on the day of the death of\nduke John, whose soul may God pardon! have suffered, as well as the\nrepayment of their ransoms.\n'Item, a general oblivion shall take place of all acts done and\ncommitted in consequence of the divisions in the realm, excepting what\nregards those who perpetrated the said murder of duke John of Burgundy,\nor were consenting thereto,--for they shall ever remain excepted in\nwhatever treaties may be concluded. Henceforth all persons shall return\nto their different homes,--namely, churchmen to their churches and\nbenefices, and seculars to their houses and possessions within the\nrealm, excepting such lands and lordships as may be within the county\nof Burgundy, and which are held by the present lord of Burgundy, or\nhave been in the possession of the late duke, or such as may have\nbeen given by either of them to others as confiscations arising\nfrom the intestine divisions within the kingdom; for these lands,\nnotwithstanding the present treaty, shall remain in the possession of\nthose who now hold them. But in every other instance, all persons shall\nreturn to their houses and lordships, without being called upon by any\nperson or persons for any damages or repairs whatever,--and each shall\nbe held acquitted of all rents from the time he ceased to enjoy them;\nand in regard to any furniture that may have been taken and carried\naway by either party, all pursuit after it and any quarrels on the\nsubject are absolutely forbidden.\n'Item, it is ordained by this present treaty that all quarrels and\nrancour, which may have arisen in consequence of the troubles that\nafflicted the realm, do now absolutely cease; and all private wars\nare strictly forbidden, without reproach to either party, under pain\nof being punished as transgressors of this article, according to the\nheinousness of the offence.\n'Item, in this present treaty shall be included, on the part of the\nsaid duke of Burgundy, all churchmen, the inhabitants of the principal\ntowns, and others, whatever may be their rank, who have followed his\nparty, or that of the late lord his father; and they shall enjoy the\nbenefit of this said treaty, as well in regard to the general oblivion\nof all acts done and committed within the realm of France as in the\npeaceable enjoyment of whatever possessions, moveable and immoveable,\nthey may have within the kingdom or in Dauphiny, which are now withheld\nfrom them by these said troubles, provided they be willing to accept of\nthe terms contained in the said treaty, and loyally fulfil them.\n'Item, the king will renounce the alliance he had formed with the\nemperor against the duke of Burgundy, as well as all others with\ndifferent princes and lords to the same effect, provided the duke of\nBurgundy shall do the same with his alliances; and the king will also\nhold himself bounden, and will promise the duke of Burgundy to assist\nand support him against all who may be inclined to make war against him\nor otherwise injure him. And in like manner shall the duke of Burgundy\nengage his promise, saving, however, the exemption of his personal\nservice as has been before declared.\n'Item, the king consents to grant letters, that in case he shall\nviolate the articles of the present treaty, his vassals and subjects\nshall be no longer bound to obey and serve him, but shall be obliged\nto serve and assist the duke of Burgundy and his successors against\nhim. In this case, all his subjects shall be absolved from their oaths\nof fidelity toward king Charles, Without at any time hereafter being\ncalled to account for so doing; and from this moment king Charles\nabsolves them from all fidelity to him, in case such violation of the\ntreaty shall take place,--and that the duke of Burgundy shall do the\nsame in regard to his vassals and subjects.\n'Item, all these promises, obligations, and submissions, of king\nCharles, respecting the due fulfilment of this treaty, shall be made\nbefore the lord cardinal of Santa Croce, legate from the holy father\nthe pope, the lord cardinal of Cyprus, and the other ambassadors\nfrom the holy council of Basil, in the most ample manner that can be\ndevised, and on pain of excommunications, interdicts, and all the most\nweighty punishments of the church, to the utmost power which the said\nlords cardinals may possess from the pope, provided that the duke of\nBurgundy shall act in a similar manner.\n'Item, the king will give to the duke of Burgundy not only his own\ndeclaration, sealed with his seal, but the declarations and seals\nof the princes of his blood and under his obedience,--namely, the\nseals of the duke of Anjou, his brother the lord Charles, the duke of\nBourbon, the count of Richemont, the count of Vend\u00f4me, the count of\nFoix, the count of Auvergne, the count of Perdiac, and others,--which\ndeclarations of the princes shall be incorporated with that of the\nking, who shall with them promise faithfully to maintain the contents\nof the said declarations; and should they be infringed on the part of\nthe king, they do severally promise to aid and assist the said duke\nof Burgundy and his friends against the king. In like manner shall the\nduke of Burgundy deliver in his declarations.\n'Item, the king shall also cause to be given to the duke of Burgundy\nsimilar declarations under the seals of such churchmen, nobles, and\nprincipal towns of the realm under the king's obedience as the duke of\nBurgundy shall name, under penalties both corporal and pecuniary on\nfailure, together with such securities for the due performance of their\nengagements as the lords cardinals and prelates commissioned by the\npope may think proper and advisable.\n'Item, should it happen hereafter that omissions, infractions,\nor attempts to infringe any of the said articles should arise,\nnotwithstanding the present treaty, they shall remain in full force and\nvigour, and the peace shall not be considered as broken or annulled;\nbut such omissions, infractions and attempts, shall be instantly\namended and corrected, according to the virtual meaning of what has\nbeen before declared,--and the guarantees thereof shall see that it be\ndone.\n'Item, as we have been again earnestly exhorted and pressed by the said\ncardinals, and by the ambassadors from the holy council, to incline our\nears and attend to the proposals made to us respecting a peace,--which\nproposals they think just and reasonable, and such as ought not to be\nrefused by us,--remonstrating also with us, that we should make peace\nwith king Charles of France from our love to God, and according to\nreason and honour, notwithstanding any alliances, oaths or engagements\nentered into with our very beloved and dear lord the king of England\nlately deceased,--the said cardinals and others, ambassadors from the\nholy council of Basil, urging us to a compliance by many reasons and\narguments,--\n'We, therefore, principally through reverence to God, and from the\npity and compassion we feel for the poor people of France, who have\nbeen such great sufferers in these troubles and divisions within that\nrealm, and in compliance with the admonitions and urgent entreaties of\nthe said cardinals, and the ambassadors from our holy father the pope\nand the council, which we consider as commands to a catholic prince and\nobedient son of the church, have, after calling to our aid and council\nthe highest lords of our blood and lineage, with others of our most\nfaithful vassals and counsellors, made for ourselves and our successors\na firm, loyal, and solid peace and re-union with our lord the king and\nhis successors, according to the tenour of the articles above recited,\nwhich, on the part of the said king, he and his successors are bounden\nto fulfil toward us.\n'The whole of these articles, so far as they regard us, we approve\nof and accept; and from this moment consent to and make all the\nrenunciations, promises, submissions, and every other concession\ndemanded from us in the above articles; and we acknowledge our\naforesaid lord king Charles of France as our sovereign lord, in as much\nas regards the lands and lordships we hold in that kingdom, promising\nfor ourself and our heirs on our faith and bodily oath, on the word of\na prince, on our honour, and on the loss of our expectations in this\nworld and in that to come, to hold inviolate this treaty of peace,\nand the whole of the articles contained in the said treaty, without\nattempting to invalidate the same either by word or deed, openly or\nsecretly.\n'For the further maintenance of this peace by ourself, and by all\nothers, we submit ourself and them to whatever regulations and\nordinances it may please our holy father the pope, and the holy\ncouncil now assembled at Basil, to promulgate by the lords cardinals\nand the ambassadors from the said council now present; and we are\nwilling to suffer any censures from the church, should we fail in\nthe due fulfilment of all the articles contained in the said treaty.\nWe renounce all exemptions, whatever may be alleged to the contrary,\nmore particularly to that rule in law which declares that a general\nrenunciation is not equally valid with an especial one, the whole to be\nfulfilled without fraud, deceit, or any chicanery whatever.\n'That this treaty may have every due formality, and be perfectly\nstable, we have caused our signet to be affixed to these presents.\nGiven at our town of Arras the 21st day of September, in the year\n1435.' It was also signed by the duke of Burgundy, in the presence of\nhis council.\nWhen the two parties had finally concluded a peace with each other, and\nwhen every formality of signing and sealing was finished, the peace\nwas proclaimed with great solemnity through the town of Arras. We need\nnot inquire if this caused the utmost joy, and spread happiness among\nthe people. In general, the clergy, nobles, citizens, and a multitude\nof peasants who had entered the town, were not content with one day's\nrejoicing, but made many, shouting and singing carols through the\nstreets.\nVery grand entertainments were given at the palace of the duke of\nBurgundy to the knights, esquires, the ladies and damsels of both\nparties, as well in eating and drinking as in dancings and other\namusements. In the apartment where this business had been concluded,\nthe cardinal of Santa Croce, having placed the holy sacrament on an\naltar and a cross of gold on a cushion, made the duke of Burgundy swear\nthereon, that he would never more call to his remembrance the death of\nhis late father, and that he would evermore maintain peace with king\nCharles of France, his sovereign lord, and his allies. After which, the\nduke of Bourbon and the constable of France, touching the cross with\ntheir hands, begged pardon, in the king's name, of the duke of Burgundy\nfor the death of his said father, who gave them his pardon for the love\nof God. Then the two cardinals, having laid their hands on the duke,\nabsolved him from the oath he had made to the English. In like manner\nwere absolved many great lords of his party, who, with others of the\nduke's alliance, swore to be on friendship with king Charles and with\nhis allies. In the number was the lord de Launoy, who said aloud, 'Here\nI am who have heretofore taken oaths for the preservation of peace five\ntimes during this war, not one of which has been observed,--but I now\nmake promise to God, that this shall be kept on my part, and that I\nwill not in any degree infringe it.'\nCHAP. LXXXIX.\n THE ENGLISH LAY SIEGE TO THE TOWN OF ST DENIS, WHICH IN THE END\n SURRENDERS TO THEM BY CAPITULATION.\nDuring the time the English and their allies were in the Isle de\nFrance, they besieged the town of St Denis with a very powerful\nforce. The principal commanders of this enterprise were the marshal\nde l'Isle-Adam, the lords Talbot, Willoughby, and Scales, George de\nRichammes, Waleran de Moreul, sir John bastard of St Pol, his brother\nLouis de Luxembourg, sir Ferry de Mailly, Robert de Neufville, the\nbastard de Thian a french knight, the Arragonian, with other notable\nand expert men at arms of France and England, having under them about\nsix hundred combatants. They carried on their attacks with great\ndiligence, and pointed many cannons against the walls and gates to\nbatter them down.\nThey were frequently visited by Louis de Luxembourg, bishop of\nTherounne, chancellor of France for king Henry, and governor of Paris\nand the surrounding country, who was their chief adviser, and urged\nthem on to the completion of the business.\nWithin the town, on the part of the king of France, were the marshal de\nRieux, sir John Foucault, sir Louis de Vaucourt, sir Regnault de Saint\nJean, Artus de la Tour, and many more valiant men at arms, together\nwith six hundred combatants. On the approach of their enemies, they\nmade every preparation for resistance; and the greater part lodged\nthemselves on the walls, where they remained day and night, to be\nalways ready for their defence.\nThe walls and gates, however, were greatly damaged by the cannon of\nthe English in so many places that their captains resolved to make\nseveral attacks on the town at the same time, with the hope of gaining\nit by storm. In consequence, having armed their men, they formed\nseveral divisions, and marched, with scaling ladders and other warlike\ninstruments, to the ditches, which were filled with water. These the\nmen at arms crossed, though the water was up to their necks, and,\ncarrying their ladders with them, placed them against the walls, which\nthey ascended without sign of fear. The besieged seeing this, and\nconsidering that if the place were taken by storm, they should not only\nlose the town but their lives also, began to prepare for a vigorous\ndefence.\nThe marshal de Rieux had posted on different parts of the ramparts\ndetachments under captains, with orders not to quit their posts\nwhatever they might see or hear,--and he had a body of men at arms\nready to succour such places as should be distressed. The attack was\nvery fierce and bloody, and lasted for two hours, when many gallant\nacts were done on both sides.\nThe new knights created on this occasion were Louis de Luxembourg,\nbastard of St Pol, who behaved excellently well, Jean de Humieres,\nRobert de Neufville, and some others. When the assailants had had about\nfour score men, or more, slain in the ditches and under the walls, they\nperceived they could not carry their point without too serious a loss,\nand their captains sounded a retreat, carrying off their dead and\nwounded. The besieged suffered also greatly, and were much alarmed lest\nthe enemy, by continuing the attack, should constrain them more. They\nnevertheless, in hopes of succour from the constable of France, who was\nattending the convention at Arras, with many of his officers, repaired\nthe walls and gates, that had been broken, and prepared to defend\nthemselves as well as circumstances would permit.\nThe constable, on the conclusion of the peace at Arras, departed\nthence, accompanied by numbers of the nobility, and went to Senlis.\nHe was anxious to collect a sufficient force to raise the siege of St\nDenis; but when he examined his powers, he found that he was unable to\ndo so.\nThe marshal de Rieux, therefore, knowing that the constable was unable\nto afford him relief, entered into negotiations with the English that\nhe and his captains would surrender the place, on having their lives\nand fortunes spared, and would also give up the prisoners they had\nmade, among whom was the new knight sir Jean de Humieres. This offer\nwas acceded to,--and the French marched off, escorted by about sixteen\nhundred cavalry.\nThe english army likewise broke up, and returned to different towns\nunder their obedience, leaving behind such of their captains and\nmen as had been killed in St Denis. Among the first were sir Louis\nde Vaucourt, sir Regnault de St Jean, Artus de la Tour, one called\nJosselin, and others, whose deaths caused great grief. The town of St\nDenis was now under the government of king Henry.\nShortly after this event, the Picards, who had been informed of the\npeace concluded between the duke of Burgundy and king Charles, took\nleave of the english captains as soon as they could, and returned\nwithout loss to their own country. At the same time, the French took by\nstorm the bridge of Meulan, and put to death about twenty English who\nguarded it. This success much vexed the Parisians, because it cut off\nthe communication with Normandy, and would prevent them from receiving\nhence any provisions.\nCHAP. XC.\n ISABELLA, QUEEN OF FRANCE, DIES IN THE CITY OF PARIS.\nIn the month of September of this year, Isabella queen of France, and\nmother to king Charles then on the throne, was taken grievously ill\nat her apartments in the king's h\u00f4tel of St Pol. She had for some\ntime lived in great poverty, owing to the distresses and troubles\nof the war,--and her disorder increased so much that it caused her\ndeath. She was buried in the church of St Denis, but not with the\nsolemnity and state usual at the funerals of queens of France. When\nthe duke of Burgundy heard of her decease, he had a grand and solemn\nservice performed for her in the church of St Waast at Arras, which he\npersonally attended, dressed in mourning. The duke was supported by the\ncount d'Estampes, the count de Vend\u00f4me, the heir of Cleves, and many\nother ecclesiastical and secular lords in mourning. The service was\nperformed by the bishop of Arras.\nCHAP. XCI.\n THE CARDINALS, AND THE AMBASSADORS FROM THE COUNCIL, LEAVE ARRAS.--THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY APPOINTS DIFFERENT OFFICERS TO THE TOWNS AND\n FORTRESSES THAT HAD BEEN CONCEDED TO HIM BY THE PEACE.\nSoon after peace had been proclaimed in Arras, the cardinals, and those\nwho had accompanied them, departed thence, after having been most\nhonourably entertained by duke Philip. In like manner did all those who\nhad come thither as ambassadors from the holy council and from king\nCharles.\nThe duke now, while in Arras, appointed many new officers to the towns\nand castles on the river Somme and to those within Picardy, which had\nlong appertained to the crown of France, but had been yielded to him by\nking Charles, according to the articles of the treaty lately concluded.\nPrior to this peace, Arras was in the hands of king Henry; but now\nthe duke appointed other officers, displacing those of king Henry at\nhis pleasure, laying hands on all the public money, nominating new\nreceivers, and causing the inhabitants to swear allegiance to him.\nThe english officers were much surprised at these proceedings of\nthe duke, for it was through his means that king Henry had obtained\npossession of the town, and he had lately acknowledged him for his\nlegal and sovereign lord. Seeing that they could no way prevent it,\nthey suffered patiently all that was done.\nAmong others, master Robert le Jeune, who had for a long time been\nbailiff of Amiens, and had ruled with a high hand all Picardy in favour\nof the English, and had even been their council at the convention\nof Arras, and their chief adviser, finding that the tide was now\nturning against them (through means procured by money) managed so well\nthat he continued in favour with the duke of Burgundy, who made him\ngovernor of Arras in the room of sir David de Brimeu, who had held that\nappointment.\nThus in a few days was a total change made in the public affairs of\nFrance and England, and just contrary to what had before been.\nCHAP. XCII.\n IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE PEACE OF ARRAS, THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS SOME\n OF HIS COUNCIL, AND HERALDS, TO THE KING OF ENGLAND, TO REMONSTRATE\n AND EXPLAIN THE CAUSES OF THE PEACE HE HAD CONCLUDED WITH THE KING OF\n FRANCE.\nOn the conclusion of the peace at Arras, the duke of Burgundy sent his\nking at arms of the order of the Golden Fleece, with another of his\nheralds called Franche-comt\u00e9, to England with letters from the duke to\nking Henry. These letters contained strong remonstrances to induce the\nking and his council to conclude a peace with the king of France,--and\nwere also explanatory of the causes which had induced the duke, by the\nexhortations of the legates from the holy see and from the council\nof Basil, in conjunction with the three estates of his dominions, to\nmake a peace with king Charles his sovereign lord, and to renounce the\nalliance he had formerly concluded with the late king Henry of England.\nThey were accompanied by a mendicant friar, a doctor of divinity, who\nhad been charged by the two cardinal-legates to remonstrate publicly\nwith the king of England and his council on the infinite cruelty of\nprolonging so bloody a war, which laid waste Christendom, and to\nharangue on the blessings that would ensue if a lasting peace could be\nconcluded between the two kings.\nThey all three travelled together as far as Calais, and crossed the sea\nto Dover; but there they received orders from king Henry, forbidding\nthem to proceed further. Their letters were demanded, given up, and\ncarried to the king at London,--and soon after they were conducted\nthither. They were met on the road by a herald and a secretary to the\nlord treasurer, who escorted them to their lodgings in London, at the\nhouse of a shoemaker, where they remained, and only went to hear mass,\nunder the care of some heralds and pursuivants at arms, who visited\nthem often; for they were forbidden to stir out of their lodgings\nwithout a licence or permission. They were therefore very much alarmed\nlest they might personally suffer for the disagreeable news they had\nbrought.\nNotwithstanding the mendicant friar and the two heralds had made many\nrequests to those who attended on them, that they might be permitted\nto address the king and council on the subjects they had been charged\nwith by the two cardinals and their lord, they never could obtain an\naudience.\nThe lord treasurer of England, however, to whom the letters from the\nduke of Burgundy had been given, assembled, in the presence of the\nking, the cardinal of Winchester, the duke of Glocester, with many\nother princes and prelates, members of the council, so that the meeting\nwas numerously attended, and laid before them the letters which the\nduke of Burgundy had written to the king and his council,--but their\naddress and superscription were not in the style he was wont to\nuse. In this, he simply styled him king of England--high and mighty\nprince--his very dear lord and cousin; but forbore to acknowledge him\nas his sovereign lord, as he heretofore always had done in the numerous\nletters he had sent him.\nAll present were very much surprised on hearing them read; and even\nthe young king Henry was so much hurt at their contents that his eyes\nwere filled with tears, which ran down his cheeks. He said to some of\nthe privy counsellors nearest to him, that he plainly perceived since\nthe duke of Burgundy had acted thus disloyally toward him, and was\nreconciled to his enemy king Charles, that his dominions in France\nwould fare the worse for it. The cardinal of Winchester and the duke\nof Glocester abruptly left the council much confused and vexed, as did\nseveral others, without coming to any determination. They collected in\nsmall knots and abused each other as well as the duke of Burgundy and\nthe leading members of his council.\nThis news was soon made public throughout London; and no one who was\nwell bred was sparing of the grossest abuse against the duke of\nBurgundy and his country. Many of the common people collected together\nand went to different parts of the town to search for Flemings,\nDutchmen, Brabanters, Picards, Hainaulters, and other foreigners, to\nuse them ill, who were unsuspicious of deserving it. Several were\nseized in the heat of their rage and murdered; but, shortly after, king\nHenry put an end to this tumult, and the ringleaders were delivered up\nto justice.\nSome days after, the king and his council assembled to consider on the\nanswers they should send to the duke of Burgundy's letters, when their\nopinions were divided: some would have war declared instantly against\nthe duke, while others would have him regularly summoned, by letter or\notherwise, to answer for his conduct. While this was under discussion,\nnews was brought to the king, that in consequence of the pacification\nbetween the duke and king Charles, the duke was to have given up to\nhim the towns, lordships, castles and forts, of St Quentin, Corbie,\nAmiens, St Riquier, Abbeville, Dourlens and Montrieul, which had been\nin the possession, and under the obedience of king Henry, who had\nreceived their oaths of fidelity, and had appointed officers for their\ngovernment.\nThis intelligence made bad worse, and the council determined not to\nsend any answer. Upon which, the lord treasurer went to the three\nmessengers at their lodgings, and told the heralds, Toison and\nFranche-comt\u00e9, that the king, with the princes of his blood and his\ncouncil, had seen and examined the letters they had brought,--and that\nthey had been equally surprised at their contents as at the conduct of\nthe duke, for which, if it pleased God, the king would provide a remedy.\nThe messengers were very anxious to have an answer in writing,--but\ncould not obtain one, although they frequently made this request. They\nwere told, they might return to their own country,--and finding they\ncould not do more, re-crossed the sea, and reported verbally to their\nlord the duke every thing that had passed.\nThe mendicant doctor went to those who had sent him, without having had\nan opportunity of employing his talents. The messengers were very much\nafraid they should have been ill treated,--for on their journey home,\nthey heard in several places their lord much and loudly abused by the\ncommon people, who did not receive them with that civility they used\nformerly to do.\nCHAP. XCIII.\n THE POPULACE OF AMIENS RISE AGAINST THE LEVYING OF SOME TAXES WHICH\n WERE INTENDED TO BE LAID ON THEM.\nAt this period, the inhabitants of Amiens deputed an advocate, called\nmaster Tristan de Fontaines, to the duke of Burgundy, to endeavour to\nobtain the remission of a sum of money which the town owed to the duke,\nor to some of his partisans,--but he was unsuccessful. King Charles and\nthe duke issued new ordinances, ordering that the taxes and subsidies\nwhich that place had before paid should be continued on the same\nfooting as formerly.\nMaster Tristan, on his return to Amiens, had these ordinances\nproclaimed at the usual places,--when a large body of butchers and\nothers of the populace, being discontented thereat, suddenly collected\ntogether, with arms and staves according to their condition.\nThey went thus armed to their mayor, and plainly told him, that they\nwere determined not to pay these taxes, for he well knew that good king\nCharles would not that they should pay more than other towns under his\nobedience. The mayor, seeing their rude and bold behaviour, assented\nto all they said, appeasing them by gentle words; and as they were the\nmasters, he agreed to go with them wherever they pleased through the\ntown.\nThey made captain over them one Honor\u00e9 Cokin, and went first to the\nhouse of master Tristan, with the intent to put him to death; but\nhe, having had from his friends intelligence of this, had escaped.\nThey broke, however, many doors and windows in search of him,--and\nthence went to the house of one called Pierre le Clerc, provost of\nthe Beauvoisis, who, during the time that master Robert le Jeune was\nbailiff of Amiens, had enjoyed great power, committed many extortions,\nand ill treated several of the inhabitants of that place and the\ncountry about, which had caused him to be much hated. They sought him\nevery where, but in vain,--for, having heard of the tumult, he had\nhidden himself. They demolished his house and furniture, and drank in\none night eighteen pipes of wine which he had in his cellars. They also\nmade his nephew their prisoner, and confined him in the belfry.\nThey committed numerous disorders in the town; and went in large bodies\nto the houses of the rich, who were forced to give them great sums of\nmoney, but more particularly meat and wine. Pierre le Clerc was all\nthis time hidden in the hen-roost belonging to a poor man; but he was\ndiscovered to the mob, who went in great solemnity to seek him, and\nconfined him in the town prison, whence they soon after dragged him\nto the market-place and cut his throat: his nephew suffered the like\ndeath. There was not a man now in Amiens who dared to oppose their will\nand pleasure.\nNews of these proceedings were carried to the duke of Burgundy, who\nsent to Amiens John de Brimeu, the new bailiff, and shortly after the\nlord de Saveuses, who had been lately appointed the governor, with\norders to inquire into and correct these abuses. They were followed\nby the count d'Estampes, with many knights, esquires and cross-bows;\nand again the lord de Croy was sent thither with a large force: he\nalso carried with him the archers of the duke's household. Forces from\ndifferent parts drew toward Amiens, and all the principal lords of\nPicardy, under pretence of besieging the castle of Bonnes, whither had\nretreated a body of pillagers.\nHonor\u00e9 Cokin did not securely rely upon his companions, and was\ndoubtful if they would not play him false, notwithstanding that they\nhad been with the count d'Estampes, the governor and bailiff, to excuse\nthemselves and him for what had passed. They had received courteous\nanswers, and promises, that if they would behave well for the future,\nthey should obtain their pardon.\nThe lords having deliberated on the business, and taken possession of\nthe belfry, with a sufficient guard, (who were to ring the alarm bell\non the first sign of tumult, when all the commonalty were to assemble\nand join them) advanced to the market-place, having sent detachments\nto various parts of the town well armed, to prevent any disorders in\nfuture.\nThe lord de Saveuses and the bailiff were then ordered to scour the\nstreets with the troops, and to arrest all who refused to retire\nto their homes. When these regulations had been made, the count\nd'Estampes, attended by many noble lords and knights, remained in the\nmarket-place, which was filled with multitudes of people, and caused\na new ordinance to be proclaimed in the names of king Charles and\nthe duke of Burgundy, ordering the late subsidies and taxes to be\ncontinued, and, at the same time, pardoning all past offences, with the\nreserve of some few of the ringleaders, who would be named and punished.\nWhen this proclamation was made, Perrinet Chalons, one of the\nprincipal rioters, was present, and, hearing its contents, took to his\nheels,--but orders were instantly given to seize him. He was pursued\ninto the church of Saint Germain, and found kneeling beside a priest\nsaying mass; but, notwithstanding this, he was taken and carried to\nthe belfry. On the other hand, Honor\u00e9 Cokin, knowing of this meeting,\nhad armed himself, with some of his associates, to attend it; but he\nwas met by the governor and the bailiff, who instantly arrested him\nand sent him also to the belfry. Twenty or thirty other rebels were\nmade prisoners, in different parts of the town; and this same day\nHonor\u00e9 with seven others, his companions, had their heads cut off\nwith a cooper's adze. Perrinet Chalons and two others were hanged and\nquartered on a gibbet: one was drowned, and about fifty banished the\ntown. There were, afterward, several executed, for the same cause, at\ndifferent times; and among them a celebrated pillager, who had been\nvery active in his occupation. These executions brought the inhabitants\nof Amiens under the most perfect obedience.\nCHAP. XCIV.\n THE FRENCH OVERRUN AND PILLAGE THE COUNTRY OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY\n AFTER THE PEACE OF ARRAS.--THE MARSHAL DE RIEUX TAKES MANY TOWNS AND\n CASTLES FROM THE ENGLISH IN NORMANDY.\nWhen the French ambassadors were returned to king Charles, and had\nshown him the treaty they had concluded at Arras with the duke of\nBurgundy, by which, among other articles, the duke acknowledged the\nking as his sovereign lord, he was much pleased, and ordered peace to\nbe proclaimed in all the usual places.\nSoon after, the French in the town of Rue marched away,--and the\ngovernment of it was given up to the commissaries of the duke of\nBurgundy. Another party of French, however, collected in Santerre,\nand in the Amiennois, where they plundered many places belonging to\nthe duke of Burgundy and his friends: they even robbed all they met\nin those parts, nobles and others. The duke, therefore, ordered some\ntroops to march against these marauders, who, hearing of it, retreated\nfrom that country.\nThe English at this period laid siege to the bridge of Meulan, which\nthe French had lately won, but, from some obstacles that arose, gave\nit up. In another quarter, the marshal de Rieux and Charles des\nMar\u00eats gained the town of Dieppe, and some others in Normandy, in the\nfollowing manner.\nSoon after the conclusion of the peace at Arras, several valiant French\ncaptains, such as the marshal de Rieux, Gaucher de Boussach, the lord\nde Longueval, and others, having with them from three to four hundred\ntried soldiers, marched, by the invitation of Charles des Mar\u00eats, on\nthe Friday preceding All-saints-day, to escalade the strong town of\nDieppe, seated on the sea-coast, and in the plentiful country of Caux.\nCharles des Mar\u00eats entered the town secretly, with about six hundred\ncombatants, on the side toward the harbour, and thence hastened to\ndestroy the gate leading toward Rouen,--by which the marshal watered\nwith his men at arms on foot, and with displayed banners.\nIt was about day-break when they arrived at the market-place, shouting\nout, 'Town won!' which cry greatly surprised the inhabitants, who began\nto shoot and to throw stones from the house-tops. As there were many in\nthe town and on board of the vessels in the harbour, the French waited\nuntil nine or ten o'clock before they began to attack the houses,--but\nthey were all won, with little loss to the French.\nThe lieutenant-governor, Mortimer, fled with many others of the\nEnglish, but the lord de Bloseville was taken. At the first onset,\nonly three or four of the English garrison were killed,--but several\nwere made prisoners, with all those who had supported their party. The\nproperty of the inhabitants was confiscated, excepting, however, those\nwilling to take the oaths of fidelity and allegiance to king Charles.\nThere were in the harbour numbers of vessels, the greater part of\nwhich fell into the hands of the French. The day the town was taken,\nproclamation was made for all foreigners to leave it, except such as\nwere willing to take the oaths,--and Charles des Mar\u00eats was unanimously\nappointed governor for the king of France.\nThe whole of the English throughout Normandy were greatly troubled and\nvexed at this capture, and not without cause, for the town of Dieppe\nwas wonderous strong and excellently situated in one of the most\nfertile parts of that country.\nShortly after, a body of French cavalry, to the amount of from three to\nfour thousand, arrived at Dieppe and in the neighbourhood, under the\ncommand of Anthony de Chabannes, Blanchefort, Poton le Bourguignon,\nPierre Regnault and other captains. They were soon joined by Poton de\nSaintrailles, John d'Estouteville, Robinet his brother, the lord de\nMontrieul Bellay, with other noble lords and commanders. To them came\nalso a leader of the common people, called Le Kirennier, with about\nfour thousand of the norman peasantry, who united themselves with the\nFrench forces, and took oaths, in the presence of the marshal de Rieux,\nto wage a perpetual warfare against the English.\nWhen these troops had been properly arranged, they took the field in\ngood array on Christmas-eve, and marched to F\u00e9camp,[23] which by means\nof the lord de Milleville was surrendered to the marshal, on promise of\nremaining unmolested. John d'Estouteville was made governor thereof;\nand on the morrow of Christmas-day the army advanced to Monstier\nVilliers, which was also surrendered by a Gascon called Jean du Puys,\nwho had been placed there by the English. The marshal made a person\ncalled Courbenton its governor.\nThe successes were now increasing on all sides in Normandy,--and many\nof the nobles took the oaths of fidelity to the marshal. The army was\nnow marched to Harfleur, and made on it a vigorous assault; but they\nwere repulsed by the garrison, with the loss of forty of their men\nkilled,--the principal of whom were the lord de Monstrieul-Bellay and\nthe bastard de Langle.\nThe marshal had determined to renew the attack on the morrow; but the\ntownsmen concluded a treaty to surrender, on condition that the four\nhundred English in the place should depart in safety with their baggage\nand property. The English captain, called William Minors, conducted his\nmen and baggage out of the town,--and the inhabitants took the oaths of\nallegiance.\nAt the same time, the following towns surrendered to the king's\nobedience, Le Bec Crespin, Tancarville, Gomerville, Les Loges, Valmont,\nGrasville, Longueville, Lambreville, and very many forts, with little\nloss to the French.\nThe count de Richemont, constable of France, now joined this army,\nto whom, on his arrival, the towns and castles of Charles-Maisnil,\nAumarle, St Germain sur Cailly, Fontaines le bourg, Pr\u00e9aux, Blainville\nand others, surrendered, in all of which garrisons were placed; and\nthus, at this season, was the greater part of the country of Caux\nconquered by the French. It is true, that they were forced from want\nof provision to leave these parts,--but their captains, before they\ndeparted, posted strong garrisons along the frontier.\nCharles des Mar\u00eats and Richarville were present at all these\nconquests: they took the field from Dieppe, and joined the marshal de\nRieux, the lord de Torsy, Poton le Bourguignon, Broussart, Blanchefort,\nJohn d'Estouteville, and other captains renowned in war. To them,\nlikewise, attached himself Le Kerennier with six thousand of the\npeasantry, to accomplish their work of driving the English out of the\ncountry.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 23: F\u00e9camp,--a city of Normandy by the sea, diocese of Rouen.]\nCHAP. XCV.\n THE ENGLISH SUSPECT THE BURGUNDIANS WHO ARE WAGING WAR WITH THEM\n AGAINST THE KING OF FRANCE: THEY NO LONGER CONVERSE OR KEEP COMPANY\n WITH THEM.--OTHER MATTERS BRIEFLY SPOKEN OF.\nWhen the English in France were perfectly assured that a treaty had\ntaken place between the duke of Burgundy and king Charles, they became\nvery suspicious of the Burgundians, and guarded as much against them as\nthey had done before against the French. Notwithstanding they had been\non the greatest intimacy together, they had no longer confidence in\neach other,--and although there was no open warfare between them, the\nEnglish and Burgundians were mutually taking measures in secret to gain\nadvantages over each other.\nThe English guarding the frontier toward Calais even attempted to take\nthe town of Ardres by surprise,--and the Burgundians in Ponthieu made\na similar attempt in regard to the castle of Crotoy, keeping outwardly\nfair appearances. Each were, however, much displeased at these\nattempts, and made preparations for open war.\nDuring this time, La Hire was quartered at Gerberoy;[24] and, in\nconjunction with Poton de Saintrailles and sir Regnault de Fontaines,\ncollected about six hundred combatants, whom they led toward Rouen,\nin the hope of entering that town by means of friends within it,--but\nthey failed in their enterprise. They and their men, being much tired,\nretreated to a large village, called Le Bois, to refresh themselves,\nbut not without sir Thomas Kiriel, and the other English captains in\nRouen, gaining intelligence thereof. He and his companions therefore\nspeedily armed, and fell on the French at this village unexpectedly,\nwith about a thousand combatants, who soon put them to the rout;\nfor the French had not time to mount their horses, nor draw up in\nbattle-array.\nThe greater part fled the way they had come,--but a few of their\nleaders, attempting to rally them, were conquered by the English.\nAmong the prisoners were the lords de Fontaines, Alain Geron, Alardin\nde Monssay, Jean de Bordes, Garnarde and many others, to the amount\nof upward of sixty. Eight or ten only were killed: the rest saved\nthemselves by flight. La Hire was wounded, and lost his equipage.\nThe English gained almost all their horses,--for the greater part\ndismounted, and escaped into a wood hard by.\nAt this time, king Henry of England sent an embassy to the emperor of\nGermany; but the ambassadors, passing through Brabant, were arrested\nby the officers of the duke of Burgundy: they were, however, as I was\ninformed, soon set at liberty, because the king of England and the duke\nhad not declared war against each other. About this time also, by the\nexertions of sir John de Vergy, and some French captains under him, the\nEnglish were driven out of the two strong towns they held in Champagne,\non the frontiers of Bar, namely, Nogent le Roi and Montigny.\nIn like manner, those of Pontoise surrendered their town into the hands\nof the lord de l'Isle-Adam, which had before been under the command of\nthe English; for though this lord de l'Isle-Adam had carried on the\nwar for the English, and had even been made marshal of France by king\nHenry, within a short time he had turned against him. The English lost\nalso the castle of Vincennes, and other places they held in the Isle de\nFrance, and now began to perceive how much they suffered from the duke\nof Burgundy having quitted them, and from his union with France. They\ntherefore conceived a greater hatred against him and his friends than\nagainst their ancient enemies the French.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 24: Gerberoy,--in the Isle de France, four leagues from\nBeauvais.]\nCHAP. XCVI.\n KING HENRY SENDS LETTERS TO THE HOLLANDERS, TO DRAW THEM TO HIS\n PARTY.--A COPY OF THESE LETTERS.\nIn this year, king Henry of England sent letters, sealed with his seal,\nto the mayor, sheriffs, counsellors, burghers and commonalty of the\ntown of Ziric-zee, to entice them over to his party against the duke of\nBurgundy, a copy of which follows.\n'Henry, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, to our\nvery dear and great friends the burgomasters, sheriffs, counsellors and\ncommonalty of the town of Ziric-zee, health, and perpetual love and\naffection. Very dear and great friends, how much advantage and profit\narises to kingdoms from an uninterrupted alliance and confederation\nbetween kingdoms and great lords their prosperity fully evinces,\nand of which you have had experience. In recalling to mind the very\nancient friendship and alliance that has so long subsisted between our\npredecessors the kings of this realm and the princes who have ruled\nover Holland, Zealand and Frizeland, we have observed that commerce\nhas flourished and public tranquillity been preserved through means of\nthis friendship, to the overthrow of hatreds, jealousies, and internal\ndivisions.\n'Being most heartily desirous that such an alliance and friendship\nmay continue, we shall pursue the steps of our predecessors, as well\nthrough affinity of blood as from old attachment to those princes of\nZealand, who have worn our order of the Garter in the same manner that\nemperors and other royal persons, through affection to us, have done.\n'Having taken this opportunity of notifying to you that our friendship\nand love continue the same, and which we shall ever cultivate,\npreferring old friends to the making of new ones, as being far more\nhonourable as well as profitable,--we frankly inform you, that we\nunderstand that, under pretence of a peace, divers novelties and\nchanges have taken place in our kingdom of France, to the great\nprejudice of us and of our state, by infringing the general peace\nof the two realms, so loyally and faithfully concluded between our\nlate very dear lords, our father and grandfather, the kings Henry and\nCharles lately deceased, whose souls may God pardon! and between the\ngreatest nobles of the two kingdoms, as we have in full remembrance.\n'From this cause, various rumours are abroad, as if some countries were\nabout to break off their confederations and alliances with us, but for\nwhich we know not of any reasons that should induce them so to do. We\nare anxious, therefore, for our satisfaction, to learn your intentions\non this subject, as we make known ours to you,--and most affectionately\nentreat you to accept of our wish that our former friendship may be\npreserved, and that you will inform us of your intentions by the bearer\nof these presents, whom we send purposely to you; or should you be\nwilling to send any envoys to notify to us your inclinations, we shall\nattend to them with a hearty good will. Very dear and great friends,\nmay the Holy Spirit have you under his protection.\n'Given under our privy seal, at our palace of Westminster, the 14th day\nof December, in the year of Grace 1435, and of our reign the 14th.'\nThe address on the letter was, 'To our very dear and great friends\nthe burgomasters, sheriffs, counsellors and commonalty of the town of\nZiric-zee.'\nOn the receipt of this letter, the only answer the burgomasters gave\nthe messenger was, that they would consider of it,--and then they\nsent it to the duke of Burgundy and his council, who were very much\ndispleased at the conduct of the English toward him and his country, in\nthis as well as in other matters.\nCHAP. XCVII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY DETERMINES TO MAKE WAR ON THE ENGLISH.\nWhile affairs were growing worse every day between the English and\nBurgundians, the duke and some of his most able counsellors thought\nthat it would be more advisable to consider on some private means to\nprevent the two countries going to war,--for that it would be better\nfor all parties the duke should remain in peace, and neuter as to the\nwar with France. To accomplish this, sir John de Luxembourg count de\nLigny, who had not as yet taken the oaths of fidelity to king Charles,\nwas sent for to the duke. At his request, sir John offered to write\nto his brother the archbishop of Rouen, who was one of the principal\nadvisers of king Henry, and his chancellor for the kingdom of France.\nThe business was immediately commenced, and the archbishop dispatched\nto king Henry in England. It was there resolved, that for the welfare\nof the two countries, they would remain in peace; and the archbishop\nsent word to his brother, that his request would be complied with,--and\nthat England would give good security not to undertake any enterprise\nagainst the territories of the duke of Burgundy, provided the duke\nwould give similar security to king Henry.\nSir John de Luxembourg, on receiving this information in writing,\nsent it to the duke of Burgundy, and desired to know by the messenger\nwhether he were willing to proceed further in the matter. The duke\nmade answer, by the bishop of Tournay, that he would not; for that the\nEnglish had of late behaved in a very hostile manner toward him and his\nsubjects, and in various parts had defamed his person and his honour.\nThey had overthrown from four to five hundred of his combatants on the\nborders of Flanders, and had also attempted to gain the town of Ardres\nby surprise. This had been confessed by four of the party who had been\nbeheaded for it in that town. They had also done many other acts of\nhostility, which could not longer be passed over in silence.\nWhen the bishop of Tournay had given this answer to the messengers from\nthe count de Ligny, they requested of the duke to have it in writing,\nwhich he complied with, and signed it with his own hand; but before the\nmessengers were departed, the duke was strongly exhorted, by several\nof his council, to make preparations for a war against the English, in\ndefence of his honour.\nIn consequence, he shortly after had letters written and sent to king\nHenry of England, in which he stated the acts done on his part against\nhimself and his subjects since the signing of the peace at Arras, which\nwere so disagreeable and offensive to his honour that they could not\nlonger be borne nor dissembled. He added, that if any thing should\nhave been done inimical by him, no one ought to be surprised; for he\nhad received too many insults and neglects not to warrant him therein,\nwhich had been very displeasing to him.\nWhen these papers had been examined by king Henry and his council,\nthey were perfectly convinced that a war with the duke of Burgundy was\ninevitable, and gave immediate orders for the reinforcement of all the\nfrontiers of the Boulonnois and of Crotoy, and warned those countries\nto be ready for whatever attempts might be made on them. In like manner\ndid the duke of Burgundy strengthen all his towns on the frontier.\nThe king of England sent declaratory letters to several parts of\nFrance, and the principal towns, to explain the cause of quarrel\nbetween him and the duke of Burgundy, which in substance contained\nexcuses for the charges made against him by the duke, of the\nhostilities carried on against himself and subjects. He also stated\nthe letter sent to Ziric-zee, as an instance of his wish to avoid any\nquarrel. With regard to the alliance he was desirous of forming with\nthe emperor of Germany, he had a right so to do without being called to\nan account for it; and as for the summons that had been issued to raise\na large army to wage war against the duke, he did not deny but that\nsuch summons was issued, though no cause for it was mentioned,--and he\nhad a right to assemble an army, and employ it wheresoever he pleased.\nHe concluded by saying, that the charges made against him by the duke\nof Burgundy were groundless, as would be apparent to all from the acts\ndone against him and his subjects by the said duke and his allies. This\ndeclaration shall, if it please God, be thrown back on him from whom it\ncame.\nCHAP. XCVIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, BY THE ADVICE OF HIS PRIVY COUNSELLORS, RESOLVES\n TO MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO CONQUER CALAIS.\nSoon after the duke of Burgundy had sent his dispatches to England,\ncharging king Henry and his subjects with the many hostile acts they\nhad done against him, he knew that a war must take place, and held many\ncouncils to consider on the best means of conducting it.\nThe council were much divided in their opinions: some were for the duke\nbeginning the war, and assembling the whole of his forces, not only\nto oppose the English but to make an attempt to conquer Calais, which\nwas his own inheritance. Others were of a different opinion, for they\nthought again and again on the commencement, and what might be the end\nof the war,--saying, that the English were so near many parts of their\ncountry that they could invade it with advantage whenever they pleased;\nand they knew not what dependance and aid could be expected from king\nCharles, his sovereign, and the princes he was now connected with, in\ncase any misfortunes should befal him.\nThis matter having been debated for many days, it was at length\ndetermined that the duke should commence hostilities, and require the\nassistance of his countries of Flanders, Holland, and the rest, to aid\nhim in the conquest of Calais and the county of Guines. The principal\nadvisers of this measure were master Jean Chevrot bishop of Tournay,\nthe lord de Croy, master Jean de Croy his brother, sir Jean de Hornes,\nseneschal of Brabant, the lord de Chargny, the lord de Crevecoeur, Jean\nde Brimeu, bailiff of Amiens, and many others.\nSeveral great lords, who had constantly served the duke of Burgundy\nin his wars, were not called to this council,--such as sir John de\nLuxembourg, the lord d'Antoing, the vidame of Amiens, the bastard of\nSt Pol, the lord de Saveuses, Hugh de Launoy, the lord de Mailly, and\nseveral others of high rank and power, as well in Picardy as in the\nother territories of the duke, who thought that, since they had been\nthus neglected, they were not bound to serve with their vassals in\nthe ensuing war with that alacrity they would have done had they been\nsummoned.\nWhen war had been resolved on, the duke went to Ghent, and assembled\nin the banqueting hall the sheriffs and deacons of the trades. He\ncaused them to be harangued by master Goussenin le Sauvage, one of\nhis counsellors at the castle of Ghent, how the town of Calais had\nbelonged to his predecessors, and that it was his lawful inheritance,\nas part of his county of Artois, although the English had long held\nit by force, and against his right: of this they might be truly\ninformed, by examining the report formerly made by Collart de Comines,\nhigh bailiff of Flanders, or by others of his counsellors: that the\nEnglish, since the peace of Arras, had done many hostile acts against\nhim and his subjects, which had much vexed him; and that they had, in\nvarious proclamations, defamed his person and honour, which he could\nnot longer, without disgrace, suffer from them. For this reason he\nhad visited them, to request that they would afford him aid in men\nand money to conquer the town of Calais, which, as master Goussenin\nadded, was very prejudicial to all Flanders; for that the Flemings who\nwent thither to purchase wool, tin, lead or cheese, were forced to pay\nin money according to what alloy the English pleased to put on it,\nor in ingots of refined gold and silver, which was not done in other\ncountries, and this the deacons of the trades vouched to be true.\nWhen this harangue, which was very long, was concluded, the majority\nof the sheriffs and deacons, without deliberation, or fixing a day to\nconsult with the other members of their body, consented to support\nthe war, and would not listen to some wise and ancient lords, who\nwere of a contrary opinion. But what is more, when news of this was\nspread through the other towns of Flanders, the whole country was eager\nfor war; and it seemed to many to proceed too slowly,--for they were\nimpatient to display how well provided they were with arms and warlike\nhabiliments. They proceeded thus arrogantly and pompously,--for in\ntruth it seemed to them that Calais could not be able to withstand\ntheir arms.\nThe duke of Burgundy made similar applications to the other towns and\ncastlewicks in Flanders for their aid in the war, and all liberally\nsupported him. He also went to Holland, to solicit from the Hollanders\nshipping against Calais, who complied with the greater part of his\ndemands. He thence returned home to make great preparations for his war\nagainst the English, and to conquer Calais.\nWhile these matters were going forward, several enterprises had been\nundertaken by the English and Burgundians against each other. The\nduke of Burgundy on his return to Picardy sent thence six hundred\ncombatants, under the lord de Ternant, sir Simon de Lalain and other\ncaptains, to reinforce the lord de l'Isle-Adam at Pontoise, and to\nguard the frontier against the English, who were making a sharp attack\non that town, although it was but lately won from them by the lord de\nl'Isle-Adam. A party of French joined these Picards, and made frequent\nattempts to gain the city of Paris.\nDuring this time, king Charles's queen was brought to bed of a son,\nto whom the king gave the baptismal name of Philip after the duke of\nBurgundy. The sponsors for the duke were Charles duke of Bourbon and\nCharles d'Anjou, brother to the queen. When the christening was over,\nthe king sent a pursuivant with letters to the duke of Burgundy, to\ninform him of what he had done, and to express a wish that it might be\nagreeable to him. The duke was much pleased with the news, and made the\npursuivant presents becoming a prince.\nThe duke, in the mean time, continued to make requests throughout his\ndominions for succours of men and money, to carry on with effect his\nwar against the English.\nCHAP. XCIX.\n THE CITY OF PARIS IS REDUCED TO THE OBEDIENCE OF CHARLES KING OF\n FRANCE.\nAt the beginning of this year, the count de Richemont, constable of\nFrance, the bastard of Orleans, the lords de la Roche, de l'Isle-Adam,\nde Ternant, sir Simon de Lalain, his brother Sausse, with other french\nand burgundian captains, collected a force of about six thousand\ncombatants, and marched from Pontoise toward Paris, in the hope of\ngaining admittance through the intrigues of the lord de l'Isle-Adam\nwith the partisans of the burgundian faction within that city.\nHaving remained there from four to five hours, seeing they could not\nsucceed, they quartered themselves at Aubervilliers, Montmartre, and\nother places around. On the morrow, they attacked the town of St\nDenis, wherein were from four to five hundred English, and won it by\nstorm.--About two hundred English were slain,--and the rest fled to\nthe abbey, where they were besieged, but soon surrendered on having\ntheir lives spared, with the reservation of some of the natives, who\nwere to remain at the discretion of the conquerors.\nThe next day, which was a Thursday, sir Thomas Beaumont, lately\narrived at Paris with six hundred fighting men from Normandy, marched\nfrom Paris to St Denis, to inquire into the state of the French. When\nthey perceived him, they made a sally with a large force, and almost\nimmediately defeated him. Three hundred and eighty were killed or made\nprisoners, and among the last was sir Thomas: the rest escaped by\nflying to Paris, pursued to the very gates.\nThe Parisians most inclined to the duke of Burgundy, namely, those in\nthe quarter of the market-place, and some few of the university, with\nMichael Lallier and others of the principal citizens, seeing the great\nloss the English had suffered, and so large a force of French and\nBurgundians under their walls, assembled in parties, and resolved to\ndrive out the English and admit the others into their town. This they\nmade known to the lord de l'Isle-Adam, that he might inform the other\ncaptains of their intentions. He sent notice thereof to the constable\nand the nobles, who, eager to gain Paris, marched from St Denis in\nhandsome array, very early on the Friday morning.\nIn the mean time, Louis de Luxembourg, bishop of Therouenne, the\nbishops of Lisieux and of Meaux, the lord Willoughby, and others of\nthe english party, suspecting that the commonalty were about to turn\nagainst them, posted their men in the street of St Antony, near to the\nbastille, which they filled with provision and warlike stores. They\nkept their men armed, and on their guard, to retreat thither should\nthere be occasion.\nWhen the French and Burgundians were come before Paris, to the gate of\nSt James, on the other side of the Seine toward Montlehery, they sent\nthe lord de l'Isle-Adam to hold a parley with the inhabitants on the\nramparts. He displayed to them a general amnesty from king Charles for\nall that was passed, sealed with his great seal,--admonishing them, at\nthe same time, to surrender instantly to their lawful king and lord, at\nthe request of the duke of Burgundy, as they were now reconciled, for\nthat they had been ever steadily attached to the duke, and under his\ngovernment they would still remain. The Parisians, hearing these soft\nspeeches from the lord de l'Isle-Adam and his confederates, were so\nmuch pleased, that they agreed, shortly after, to admit them into the\ncity.\nLadders were now hastily placed against the walls, by which the lord\nde l'Isle-Adam mounted and entered the town. He was followed by the\nbastard of Orleans and numbers of their men. A large body of the\nBurgundy-faction and of the commonalty met them, shouting, 'Peace! Long\nlive king Charles, and the duke of Burgundy!'\nSoon after, the gates were thrown open, and the constable entered,\nwith the other lords and their men at arms. They advanced toward the\nbastille, whither the bishops, and those of the english party, had\nretreated, with a show of making some resistance; but it was vain, for\ntheir enemies were too numerous. They were, therefore, repulsed at\nthe first onset, and a few killed and made prisoners. Barriers were\nnow erected before the gate of the bastille with large timber, and men\nat arms posted in the Tournelles and adjoining parts, to prevent the\nEnglish from making any sallies. All their effects were now seized and\nplundered,--and those who had been their principal supporters were\nimprisoned, and their property confiscated. New officers were also\nappointed, in the name of king Charles, for the government of the town.\nThe bishop of Therouenne, lord Willoughby, and the others in the\nbastille, held a parley with the French; and, by means of the lord\nde Ternant and sir Simon de Lalain, it was concluded that, on the\nsurrender of the bastille, those within should be allowed to depart in\nsafety, with all their effects. They had a passport from the constable,\nunder which they went by land and water to Rouen.\nThe Parisians, at their departure, set up a grand shouting at them,\ncrying out '\u00e0 la queue[25]!' Thus was the city of Paris reduced to the\nobedience of king Charles. The English, after passing the gate leading\nto the country, went round to embark at the back of the Louvre. The\nbishop of Therouenne lost all the rich ornaments of his chapel; and the\ngreater part of his jewels and valuable rings fell to the lot of the\nconstable. However, he was much favoured by the lord de Ternant and sir\nSimon de Lalain; and they restored to him some of his wealth, which was\ndispersed in different parts of the town.\nThe standard of the duke of Burgundy was displayed at all the gates, as\nan inducement for the Parisians to turn to his party. Some new knights\nwere created on this occasion by the constable, from the country of\nPicardy, namely, Sausse de Lalain and Robert de Neufville, with others\nof the French.\nThe constable remained for a long time in Paris after this\nconquest,--and with him the lord de Ternant, who was made provost. The\naforesaid sir Sausse de Lalain, the bastard of Orleans, and others of\nthe French and Picards, now returned to the places they had come from.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 25: In the French Dictionary of Richelet, it is thus\nexplained: _\u00e0 la queue leu leu_, (_Continenti serie ludere_) a kind\nof play, which means, 'the tail of the wolf.' To play _\u00e0 la queue leu\nleu_, is said when children place themselves in a file, and the leader,\nmaking a half-wheel round, drags the rest after him, endeavouring to\ncatch hold of the last in the file.]\nCHAP. C.\n ARTHUR COUNT DE RICHEMONT, CONSTABLE OF FRANCE, MAKES WAR ON THE HEIR\n OF COMMERCY.\nIn this year, the count de Richemont, constable of France, advanced\ninto Champagne with a large body of troops to make war on the heir of\nCommercy and others, who were disobedient to king Charles, and had\ngreatly annoyed that and the surrounding countries.\nOn his arrival, he took Laon, some leagues from Rheims, and thence\nmarched to Braine[26], belonging to the lord of Commercy; but as it was\ntoo strong and well garrisoned, and refused to submit, he passed on to\nSaint Menehoud, in the possession of Henry de la Tour, who gave it up\non capitulation.\nThe constable was here joined by the youth Everard de la Marche, who\nmade an agreement with him for his men to lay siege to Chavensy[27].\nThe constable gave him several of his captains and their men: with\nthese he commenced the siege of Chavensy about eight days after Easter,\nby erecting a strong block-house, wherein he quartered about four\nhundred of his troops and a number of common people, who came thither\nat times from the low countries.\nEverard had with him the constable's lieutenant named Jean de\nMalatrait, sir John Geoffry de Conurant, and the provost of the\nmarshals, Tristan de l'Hermite, and also Pierre d'Orgy, Yvon du Puys,\nthe Arragonian, Estienne Diest, le grand Pierre, and others, men of\nrenown, who remained full four months carrying on a severe war against\nthis garrison, which, nevertheless defended themselves with prudence\nand ability.\nWhile this was going forward, a party of the besieging army kept the\nopen country, with the intent of harrassing in other places the heir\nof Commercy, who was always on his guard, and well attended by men at\narms. He learnt from his spies, that his adversaries were quartered\nat the village of Romaigne[28], in Champagne; and before they could\nbe prepared to resist him, he made a sudden attack on them at eight\nof the clock in the morning, and totally defeated them. About sixty\nwere slain, among whom were Alain Geron bailiff of Senlis, Geoffry de\nMorillon, Pierre d'Orgy, Alain de la Roche, Olivier de la Jouste, the\nbastard of Villebranche, and many other gentlemen. Six score were made\nprisoners,--and in the number was one Blanchelaine.\nThe heir of Commercy retreated after this defeat,--and when news of it\nwas carried to the besiegers of Chavensy, they were greatly surprised.\nEverard de la Marche was not cast down by this misfortune, but gained\nto his party the count de Vernembourg, who in person, attended by his\ntwo sons, and accompanied by four or five hundred combatants, went\nto this siege. He carried with him, likewise, sir Hugh Tauxte and\nsir Herault de Gourgines, governors of Ainville[29], the children of\nBrousset, and many more great lords, who remained at this siege until\nthe night of St John's day,--when the besieged made a grand sally, and\nset fire to the quarters of the besiegers. They were successful in\nthrowing the enemy into confusion, and slew from two to three hundred,\namong whom were Estienne Diest and the Arragonian. Another skirmish\ntook place, when one of the sons of the count de Vernembourg was\nkilled, and the great block-house set on fire by means of rockets. The\nbesiegers, having suffered severely in these sallies, decamped, when\ntheir quarters were burnt.\nAngillebert de Dolle and Girard de Marescoup commanded in Chavensey,\nduring this siege, for the Lord de Commercy, with about two hundred\nfighting men.\nDuring this time, the constable had reduced to obedience the towns\nof Nampteuil-sur-Aine[30], Han-les-Moines[31], Bourg[32], and other\ncastles, on his presenting himself before them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 26: Braine,--near Compi\u00e9gne.]\n[Footnote 27: Chavensy. Q.]\n[Footnote 28: La Romaigne,--near Rethel in Champagne.]\n[Footnote 29: Ainville, on the frontiers of Champagne and Lorraine.]\nCHAP. CI.\n THE BISHOP OF LIEGE AND THE LIEGEOIS DESTROY BOUSSEUVRE[33], AND OTHER\n FORTS THAT HAD MADE WAR AGAINST THEM.\nAt the end of the month of April, the bishop of Liege raised a large\nforce to combat and reduce to obedience several forts in the forest\nof the Ardennes, held by a set of plunderers, who had done much\nmischief to the inhabitants of his territories. The principal leaders\nand supporters of these marauders were Jean de Beaurain, Philipot de\nSergins, the lord d'Orchimont and others, who made the castle of\nBoussenoch, Villers opposite to Mousson, Aubigny, Beaurain, Orchimont,\nand several other castles in these parts, their retreats.\nSome of them gave out that they were attached to the king of France,\nothers to the duke of Burgundy, but the greater part to sir John de\nLuxembourg, count de Ligny; while two of them, John de Beaurain and\nPhilipot de Sergins, made war on their own account, to recover sums due\nto them for services they had done the Liegeois.\nThe bishop, through the aid of the nobles of the country, assembled\nfrom two to three thousand horse, and from twelve to sixteen thousand\ninfantry, well equipped, and armed each according to his rank: he\nhad also three or four thousand carts laden with provision, military\nengines, and stores of all kinds. The bishop, on quitting Liege,\nadvanced to Dinant[34], and thence across the river Meuse. Having\nmarched through woods for five leagues, his forces halted two days\nat Rigniues,[35] to wait for the baggage, which travelled slowly on\naccount of the badness of the roads. At this place, the bishop formed\nhis army into four divisions, namely, two of cavalry, and the same\nnumber of infantry,--and, riding down their fronts, admonished every\none to perform his duty well.\nHe dispatched part of his cavalry to post themselves before the castle\nof Boussenoch, while he followed with the main body, and on his\narrival surrounded it on all sides, placing his bombards and engines\nagainst the walls and gates of the castle, in which were about twenty\npillagers, greatly surprised to see so large an army before the gates.\nThe Liegeois set instantly to work, and soon drained the ditches\nby sluices which they cut, while others brought faggots and filled\nthem, so that they began to storm the place with such vigour that the\nbulwark was instantly won. Those within retreated to a large tower,\nand defended themselves for a long time; but it was of no avail, for\nthey were overpowered by fire and arrows, and surrendered at discretion\nto the bishop, who had them all hanged on trees near to the castle,\nby a priest who acted as their captain,--and he, after hanging his\ncompanions, was tied to a tree and burnt, and the castle razed to the\nground.\nThe bishop, after this exploit, marched away toward the upper Ch\u00e2telet;\nbut many of his army wanted to march to Hirson[36] and other places\nof sir John de Luxembourg,--because, they said, he was the supporter\nof those they were now making war on. But this same day the bastard\nof Coucy met the bishop, and said that he was sent by sir John de\nLuxembourg to assure the bishop that sir John was only desirous of\nliving on neighbourly terms with him, and to request that he would\nnot suffer any injuries to be done to his country or vassals; that if\nany thing wrong had been done to the Liegeois by those who gave out\nthat they were dependant on him, he wished to be heard in his defence,\nand would refer the matter to friends of either side as arbitrators.\nAt the same time, letters were brought from the duke of Burgundy to\nthe bishop, to require that he would not do any injury to sir John de\nLuxembourg, nor to the lord d'Orchimont, which put an end to their\nintended plan.\nThe bishop, with a part of his army, then marched to the castle of\nAubigny, when, finding that the garrison had fled through fear of\nhim, he ordered the castle to be burnt. From Aubigny he went to\nupper Ch\u00e2telet, wherein a body of his men were, for the garrison had\nabandoned it,--and it was destroyed as the others had been.\nThe bishop had intended marching to Villiers; but his intention being\nknown to the inhabitants of Mousson and Ivoy, they destroyed the castle\nof Villiers, fearful of the damages that would be done to the country\nshould the Liegeois once enter it. On hearing this, the bishop took\nthe road to Beaurain, which castle John de Beaurain, its lord, had\nlately repaired and strengthened with the addition of four towers: one\nhe called Hainault, another Namur, the third Brabant, and the fourth\nRethel, because it was from those countries he had gotten the money\nto build them. However, when he heard of the march of the Liegeois, he\nwas afraid to wait their coming, and fled with his men, but not before\nhe had set the castle on fire. This did not prevent the bishop from\ncompletely demolishing it to its foundations; then, without proceeding\nfurther, he marched his men back to their own country, and went himself\nto the city of Liege.\nAt this season, the town of Gamaches in Vimeu, which had long been held\nby the English, surrendered to the lord d'Aussi and to sir Florimont de\nBrimeu, seneschal of Ponthieu, by means of certain friends they had in\nthe town. The seneschal re-garrisoned it with men at arms for the duke\nof Burgundy. In like manner, the English were driven out of Aumarle,\nwhich surrendered to a gentleman called David de Reume, attached to\nking Charles.\nAbout the same time, the constable laid siege to Creil, in the\npossession of the English, and erected a block-house at the end of\nthe bridge on the road to the Beauvoisis, wherein he remained for a\nlong time, but at length marched away in disgrace, which grieved him\nmuch,--for he had lost many men, together with very large quantities of\nmilitary stores and artillery.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 30: Nampteuil,--near Rheims.]\n[Footnote 31: Han,--near Rheims.]\n[Footnote 32: Bourg,--near Rheims.]\n[Footnote 33: Bousseuvre,--is called afterward Boussenoch.]\n[Footnote 34: Dinant, on the Meuse, sixteen leagues from Liege.]\n[Footnote 35: Rigniues. Q.]\n[Footnote 36: Hirson,--or Herisson, a town in Picardy, election of\nGuise.]\nCHAP. CII.\n THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF ORCHIMONT ARE DESTROYED BY EVERARD DE LA MARCHE.\nBernard de Bourset kept quiet possession of the town of Orchimont and\nits castle,--but one day, having as usual sent out a detachment of\nabout fifty to lay waste and plunder the country of Liege, they were\nobserved and pursued by the Liegeois, under the command of the provost\nof Rebogne. Their passage being cut off on the way they meant to have\nreturned, they fled for Dinant, and entered Bouvines, thinking they\nshould be safe there, but were mistaken, inasmuch as they were detained\nprisoners. Although the officers of justice from Liege made frequent\napplications to those of Bouvines to have them punished according to\ntheir deserts, they were set at liberty, for these two towns did not\nmuch love each other.\nWhile this matter was passing, Everard de la Marche, who was in\nalliance with the bishop of Liege, and had also many subjects of\ncomplaint against these pillagers, assembled in haste as many men\nas he could,--and, being joined by some forces from Dinant and the\nsurrounding country, advanced to Orchimont, and took the town by\nstorm. Bernard had at this moment but few men with him, and therefore\nretreated to the castle, whither he was gallantly pursued by the\nLiegeois. They pressed him so hardly that, at the end of four days, he\nsurrendered, on capitulation, to Everard de la Marche.\nThe castle and town were after this razed to the ground, to the great\njoy of all the neighbouring country,--for they had been inhabited by a\nset of wicked vagabonds, who had annoyed all within their reach.\nCHAP. CIII.\n THE ENGLISH MAKE EXCURSIONS FROM CALAIS TOWARD BOULOGNE AND\n GRAVELINES.--LA HIRE CONQUERS GISORS, AND LOSES IT SOON AFTERWARDS.\nWhile the war was on the point of breaking out between the English and\nBurgundians, for each party was now watching the other, the English\nsuddenly came before Boulogne, thinking to win it by surprise,--but it\nwas too well defended. They burnt part of the shipping in the harbour,\nand then retreated to Calais with all they could collect, without loss.\nShortly after, they again assembled a force of five or six hundred\ncombatants, and set out on a foraging party toward Gravelines. The\nFlemings in that quarter collected, and attacked the English, contrary\nto the will and advice of the gentlemen who commanded them, namely,\nGeorges des Ubes and Chery Hazebrouch. The consequence was, that they\nwere conquered,--from three to four hundred killed, and full six score\nprisoners, whom the English carried with them and their forage to\nCalais, and to other places under their obedience. The remainder saved\nthemselves by flight as speedily as they could.\nAt this time, La Hire was posted at Beauvais and Gerberoy,--and, by\nmeans of intelligence which he had kept up in the town of Gisors, he\ngained admittance, with the forces under his command, and won the\nplace. Part of the garrison retired into the castle, and hastily sent\noff messengers to Rouen, and to other towns, to state their situation\nand demand succours. On the third day, so strong a reinforcement came,\nthe town was reconquered,--and La Hire and his companions marched off\nat a quicker step than a pace, with the exception of twenty or thirty\nwho had remained behind. These were put to death or detained prisoners\nby the English, together with a great number of the inhabitants,\nbecause they had afforded assistance to their enemies.\nCHAP. CIV.\n THE MEN OF GHENT, AND THE FLEMINGS, MAKE GREAT PREPARATIONS FOR THE\n SIEGE OF CALAIS.\nThe men of Ghent were not idle all this time. They issued a summons\nthroughout their castlewicks and dependances, for all burghers,\nwhatever their rank might be, (reserving, however, the vassals of their\nprince) to appear within three days before the sheriffs of Ghent, and\nhave their names and surnames inrolled, under pain of losing their\nfranchises. They were also ordered to provide themselves with arms\nand all necessary habiliments for war. They likewise caused it to be\nproclaimed, that those who had for their misdeeds been condemned to\nperform certain pilgrimages, would be excused from doing them until\ntheir return from the war, and fourteen days after; and also that those\nwho had quarrels should be placed under the safeguard of the law,\nand all who dared to infringe it should be punished according to the\ncustom of the town of Ghent. It was also forbidden for any one of that\ncountry, whatever his rank, to carry, or have carried away, any armour,\nor habiliments for war, under pain of banishment for ten years.\nWhen these proclamations were issued, there was much bustle in Ghent\nand its dependances in preparations for the war,--and every town and\nvillage knew exactly how many men they were to provide to make up the\nquota of seventeen thousand, which the city of Ghent had promised\nto deliver to their prince in the course of the present year; and\neach family knew also the exact amount of the taxes it was to pay\nfor the support of the war. Summonses were next issued through their\ncastlewicks, that a third more carts and waggons were to be provided\nthan had been necessary for the late expedition to Hamme on the Somme;\nand these demands were proclaimed in all the usual places by officers\nsent from Ghent. But as these matters did not seem to the men of Ghent\nto be pushed forward with the expedition they expected, they sent\nanother proclamation to their officers, declaring, that if within three\ndays from the date thereof there were not sent to their commissary in\nGhent the number of carriages required, they would order the deacon of\nthe black hoods and his attendants to the different towns and villages\nto seize on all the best carts and carriages without exception, and at\nthe expense of those who should neglect to send them to Ghent by the\ntime specified. This second proclamation caused such an alarm among the\nfarmers and peasants, lest the black hoods should be sent, that they\nmade such dispatch in forwarding their carriages to the appointed place\nthat the townsmen of Ghent were well satisfied with them.\nThe regulations for their arms were as follow: each was to provide\nhimself with a short mallet of lead or iron, having points on its head\nand a lance; that two mallets would be reckoned as equal to one lance;\nthat without such arms they would not pass muster,--and those who\nshould be found defective would be punished.\nThe inhabitants of Bruges, and the other towns, made likewise very\ngrand preparations to join the army; and for two months the majority of\nsuch as had been ordered on this service had not done a single day's\nwork at their trades. Thus the greater part of their time was occupied\nin spending their money in large companies at taverns and ale-houses,\nwhich very frequently caused quarrels, when several were killed or\nwounded.\nThe duke of Burgundy, in the mean while, was busily employed in\npreparing for his attack on Calais.\nDuring this time, there lived one Hannequin Lyon, a native of\nDunkirk, but who, for his demerits, had been banished from Ghent,\nand, becoming a fugitive, turned pirate, and, by his good fortune and\nactivity, increased in wealth, so that he now possessed eight or ten\nvessels, well armed and victualled, under his command. He made war\nindiscriminately on the flags of all nations, and was much feared on\nthe coasts of Holland and Flanders. He called himself The Friend of God\nand the Enemy of all Mankind.\nAt length, he met with the fate that people of his way of life\ngenerally experience,--for, when he was at the highest pinnacle of his\nfortune, he lost his life and his wealth in a tempest at sea.\nCHAP. CV.\n SIR JOHN DE CROY, BAILIFF OF HAINAULT, IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER\n CAPTAINS, ATTACK THE ENGLISH AND ARE DISCOMFITED BY THEM.\nAt this time, sir John de Croy, bailiff of Hainault, assembled, on\nthe borders of Picardy and the Boulonnois, about fifteen hundred\ncombatants, the principal leaders of whom were the lord de Waurin, sir\nBaudo de Noyelle, sir Louis de Thieubronne, Robert de Saveuses, Richard\nde Thieubronne, the lord Deulez, the bastard of Roucy, with several\nmore, well experienced in war. They intended to march them against\nCalais and other places dependant on the English, and for this reason\nhad their rendezvous at a village called le Wast, two leagues from St\nOmer.\nThey marched thence one night to forage the country of the enemy,--but\nthis same night the English had formed an expedition to do the like\nin the Boulonnois, to the amount of about two thousand men. Neither\nof them knew of the other's intent, nor did they take roads likely\nto meet; but on sir John de Croy's approaching the English border,\nhe dispatched some expert men at arms, well acquainted with the\ncountry, to gain intelligence. They fell in with the rear of the\nEnglish detachment near the bridge of Milay, about day-break, and, on\nreconnoitring them, found that they were very numerous. When returned\nto sir John, they made him acquainted with what they had seen, and\nthat the English were advancing toward the Boulonnois. A council of\nthe captains was called to determine how they should act, when it\nwas resolved to pursue and attack them during the time they would be\nengaged in plundering the villages, if they could overtake them in\ntime--otherwise to combat them wherever they should meet.\nIt was ordered that sir John de Croy, accompanied by a body of the most\nable men at arms, should advance with the greater part of the archers,\nand that the main body should follow near, under the banner of sir\nLouis de Thieubronne.\nScouts were again sent forward, who rode long before they saw the\nfires which the enemy had made by burning different villages and small\ntowns. Some prisoners whom they had taken had given information to the\nEnglish of their being abroad, who in consequence had collected their\nmen on a small eminence between Gravelines and Campagne[37]. It might\nbe at this time about ten o'clock, but the greater part of the English\nwere assembled lower down, and could not well be seen.\nThe main body of the Burgundians, on perceiving the enemy, were very\neager for the combat, because the advanced party had already begun\nthe engagement, and from sixty to eighty of the English on the hill\nwere slain and the others put to flight; but when, on advancing, they\nperceived so large a body on the other side of the declivity rallying\nthe runaways, they were surprised and fearful of the event, and halted\nfor the arrival of the main body.\nIn the mean time, the English recovered courage on seeing the enemy\nafraid to follow up their victory, and made a well ordered and firm\ncharge upon them. The Burgundians could not withstand the shock, were\nthrown into confusion, and, instantly wheeling round, fled in haste for\nthe castles under their obedience.\nThe English, who had been half conquered at the first onset, pursued\nthem, full gallop, as far as the town of Ardres, and even within the\nbarriers. Upwards of a hundred were slain or made prisoners: among the\nfirst was Robert de Bournonville, surnamed the Red. In the last were\nJean d'Estreves, Bournonville, Galiot du Champ, Maide, Houttefort,\nBarnamont, and many others, men of note. The English pursued their\nenemies with such eagerness that five or six were killed close to the\nditches of the town,--and among them was one of very high rank.\nThe lord de Waurin, sir Baudo de Noyelle, sir Louis de Thieubronne,\nRobert de Saveuses, who had that day been knighted, and several more,\nsaved themselves in Ardres. Sir John de Croy had been wounded by an\narrow at the first onset, and his horse killed. He and the lord Deulez\nretired to the abbey of Lille, much troubled and hurt at his defeat.\nThe others escaped to divers forts and castles in the neighbourhood.\nWhen the English had ceased pursuing, they collected together, and\nreturned with their prisoners to Calais, and to other places under\ntheir government. The count de Mortaigne came out of Calais to meet\nthem, and gave them a most joyful reception, blaming greatly, at the\nsame time, those who by flying had put them in such imminent danger.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 37: Campagne-les-Boulonnois,--a village of Artois, near St\nOmer.]\nCHAP. CVI.\n THE FLEMINGS MARCH TO THE SIEGE OF CALAIS--AND MARCH BACK AGAIN.\nAt the beginning of the month of June, duke Philip of Burgundy having\ncompleted his preparations for the siege of Calais, as well in men\nas in warlike stores, went without state to Ghent and other places\nin Flanders, that he might hasten the march of the troops from that\ncountry.\nOn the Saturday after Corpus-Christi-day, a general muster was made\nin Ghent before the duke, of all who were to join his army from that\ntown and its dependances, namely, from the towns of Alost, Grammont,\nDendermonde and Mene[38], (with those of the five members of the\ncounty of Alost, containing seventy-two country towns and lordships)\nof Boulers, Sotengien, Tournay, Gaures and Rides, with those from\nRegnaits, and the regalles of Flanders, situated between Grammont and\nTournay. These troops remained in the market-place, where they had\nbeen mustered, from eight o'clock in the morning until noon, when\nthey marched out of the town, taking the road to Calais. The duke\naccompanied them as far as the open country, where he took leave of\nthem and went to Bruges, to hasten their contingent of men.\nThe weather was so exceedingly oppressive that two of the ghent\ncaptains died of the heat. They were named Jean des Degrez, deacon of\nthe watermen, and Gautier de Wase-Reman, captain of Westmonstre, with\nseveral others of low degree. The commander in chief of this division\nof the flemish army was the lord de Comines; of that of Bruges, the\nlord de Fienhuse; of those from Courtray, sir Girard de Guistelles; of\nthose from the Franc, the lord de Merque; of those from Ypres, Jean de\nComines.\nThe first night they halted at Deijnse and Peteghem, which are not far\ndistant from Ghent, and remained there on the morrow to wait for their\nbaggage and stores. On the ensuing Monday they departed, and continued\ntheir march until they came to the town of Armentieres, when they\nquartered themselves in the meadows without the town with those from\nCourtray and Oudenarde, who were within the castlewick of Ghent, and\nhad joined them on the march. The lord d'Antoing was their leader and\ncommander in chief, as being hereditary viscount of all Flanders.\nWhen they remained at Armentieres, twenty-one of their men were\narrested, and hung on trees in front of head-quarters, for\nhaving robbed some peasants. The ghent division then advanced to\nHazebrouch, in the country of Alleu, where they destroyed the mill\nof d'Hazebourch, because he had, as they said, led on the Flemings\nungallantly when they were lately defeated by the English near to\nGravelines; but he excused himself by declaring, they would not attend\nto his advice, nor obey his orders.\nThence they advanced to Drinchaut[39], where they were met by their\nprince the duke of Burgundy, and the count de Richemont, constable of\nFrance, who had come thither to wait on the duke. Both of them visited\nthe ghent men, and partook of a collation at their head-quarters.\nThe army marched through Bourbourg, and quartered themselves near to\nGravelines, where they destroyed the mill of Georges de Wez, for the\nsame reason they had done that of Cherry de Hazebourch.\nAt this place they were joined by the forces from Bruges, Ypres, the\nFranc and other towns in Flanders, and formed an handsome encampment,\nplacing the tents regularly according to the towns they came\nfrom--which made a fine sight, and at a distance had the appearance of\na large town. The carriages were innumerable to convey these tents,\nbaggage and stores; and on the top of each was a cock to crow the\nhours. There were also great numbers of peasants to drag the culverines\nand other engines of war; and the majority of the Flemings wore plain\narmour, according to the custom of their country.\nOn their departure, they all mustered under arms before the duke and\nconstable, who viewed them with much pleasure,--and on this day a wolf\nran through the ranks of the division from Bruges, which caused a great\nalarm and a cry of 'To arms!' on which the whole took the field, when\nthere might be full thirty thousand wearing helmets. They crossed the\nriver at Gravelines, and fixed their quarters at Tournehem, not far\ndistant. The weather was at this time dreadfully severe, with rain and\nsuch high winds that they could not pitch their tents, but were forced\nto lie on the ground. Three Picards were arrested and hanged by the\nghent men, for robbing the landlord of an h\u00f4tel of his provisions.\nThe count d'Estampes here joined the army of Flanders with the men at\narms the duke of Burgundy had ordered on this expedition,--and on a\nFriday the whole encamped before the castle of Oye[40], in possession\nof the English. This place soon surrendered to the duke and to the\nmen of Ghent, who ordered nine and twenty to be hanged the same day\nin front of the castle; and afterward twenty-five suffered the like\nsentence, with the exception of three or four that were respited at the\nrequest of the duke. The castle was on its surrender burnt, and razed\nto the ground.\nWith regard to the Picards and Burgundians now with the army, although\nvery expert plunderers, they could not lay hands on any thing; for the\nflemish commanders would on no account suffer such things, or, when\nknown, pass them over with impunity,--and, what was worse, when they\nchanced to get any things from the enemy, it often happened that, with\ntheir spoil, their own private property was taken from them also. When\nthey complained of this, they only received additional blows, which\nobliged them to be silent and suffer all, from the greater power of the\nFlemings, but it was most impatiently.\nThe Flemings were so presumptuous that they thought nothing could be\ndone without them, and even imagined that the English, from fear of\nthem would abandon Calais and fly to England. This was frequently the\nsubject of their conversations with the Picards, adding, that they\nwell knew that, when the English should be informed of their lords of\nGhent being in arms against them, they would not run the risk of being\nconquered by them, but make a timely retreat; that it was negligence in\nthe fleet not to have advanced prior to their arrival, before the port\nof Calais, to cut off their escape.\nThey needed not have been so uneasy on this head, for the English were\nwell inclined to defend themselves,--and in truth, king Henry and all\nEngland would just as soon have lost their thirty-year's conquests in\nFrance as the single town of Calais, as I have been credibly informed,\nand as they full well showed by their defence shortly afterward.\nWhen the castle of Oye had been demolished, the whole army decamped, to\ntake post between the castle of Marque and Calais. At the same time,\nthe duke of Burgundy and his men at arms made an excursion before the\ntown of Calais, whence issued out a party of horse and foot, and a\nconsiderable skirmish took place,--but in the end the English were\nrepulsed, and the Picards and Flemings drove away a large booty in\ncows, sheep, horses, and other things.\nThe duke staid with his men at arms some time near Calais, until the\narmies were returned to their quarters, and then went to his own tent\nbefore the castle of Marque, as the Picards were about to make a\nserious attack on it. The bulwark was won, to the great astonishment of\nthe garrison, who displayed on the side toward Calais the banner of St\nGeorge, ringing at the same time all their bells, and making the most\nhorrid noises and cries.\nThe assailants, fearful that the garrison would escape by night, placed\na strong guard all around; and, on the morrow, pointed many great\nengines against the walls, which damaged them in several places.\nThey were then jointly attacked by the Picards and Flemings; but they\ndefended themselves obstinately by throwing down stones from the\nbattlements, with which and with arrows they killed and wounded so many\nthat the assailants were glad to retreat. The besieged demanded a truce\nfor a parley, which was granted them, when they offered to surrender\nto the duke on the sole condition of not being hanged,--but that they\nwould submit in other respects unconditionally. These terms were\naccepted, and all persons forbidden to enter the castle under pain of\ndeath, unless ordered so to do.\nThe garrison was conducted by the four chief flemish officers to the\nhead-quarters of the ghent division; and it was determined to make\nreprisals, in order to have some flemish prisoners in Calais exchanged.\nIn consequence, one hundred and four English were delivered over to the\nbailiff of Ghent, who carried them thither to be imprisoned.\nThe greater part of the common men now entered the castle and took\nwhatever they could find; but some of the ghent men, placing\nthemselves at the gates, seized on all articles that had been taken, as\nthey repassed, and laid them in a heap, saying they were so ordered by\nthe sheriffs of Ghent,--but, when night came, they loaded the whole on\ncarts, and carried it whithersoever they pleased. They were, however,\ncharged with this before the sheriffs, and were banished from Ghent,\nand the country of Flanders, for fifty years. This sentence raised\ngreat murmurings, and was nearly the cause of a general mutiny among\nthe Flemings.\nOn the following day, several men were beheaded because they had been\ntaken with the English: six were Flemings, and the seventh a Hollander;\nafter which, the castle was demolished and razed to the ground.\nThe army now decamped, and fixed their quarters on the spot where,\nit was said, Jacques d'Artavelle was formerly encamped when king\nEdward won Calais after the decisive battle of Cressy. Duke Philip\nwas encamped hard by with his chivalry and men at arms, but nearer to\nCalais. A severe skirmish took place this day with the English, in\nwhich many were killed and wounded on both sides. La Hire, who had come\nto visit the duke of Burgundy, was wounded by an arrow in the leg. Many\nengines were also pointed, to throw stones and balls into the town of\nCalais, which were returned with such interest from the ramparts, that\nthe enemy were glad to retreat to a greater distance.\nThe duke of Burgundy was encamped on the downs, among the sand hills;\nand as he was one day riding, with few attendants, to reconnoitre the\ntowns, a cannon-shot fell so near him that it killed a trumpeter and\nthree horses, one of which belonged to the lord de Saveuses.\nThe English made frequent sallies on horseback and on foot, and many\nsevere skirmishes happened between the two parties, the details of\nwhich would be tedious to relate, or to make mention of those who\nbehaved the worst or best: but I have heard from very good authority,\nthat the lords de Habourdin, de Crequi, and de Waurin, were much\napplauded for their conduct in these several skirmishes, as well as\nother valiant men of note from Picardy. The English, however, carried\noff the palm of the day. At times, the Picards repulsed them back to\nthe barriers, in visible confusion.\nWith regard to the Flemings, they were not much afraid of these\nEnglish,--and thought, that if there were but three Flemings against\none Englishman, they should easily gain their point. The duke of\nBurgundy was attended, on this occasion, by his nephew of Cleves, the\ncount d'Estampes, the lord d'Antoing, commander of the Flemings, the\nlord de Croy, the lords de Crequi, de Fosseux, de Waurin, de Saveuses,\nde Habourdin, de Humieres, d'Inchy, de Brimeu, de Launoy, de Huchin,\nthe brothers de Hastines and de Fremessen, with numbers of other lords\nand gentlemen of his household from Burgundy, Flanders, Brabant,\nHainault, Artois and other parts of his dominions; but the duke had not\nassembled half of his forces from Picardy, in regard to men at arms.\nHe had even sent back great part of those who were mustered, to the\nsurprise of many who wished him well; for they thought that it would\nhave been more to his advantage to have retained them than double the\nnumber of common men.\nSir John de Croy, who commanded in the Boulonnois, was ordered to\nquarter himself and men nearer to Calais, on the other side, toward the\nbridge of Nieullay, when much conversation took place between them and\nthose in the town. The duke, shortly after, countermanded him, and sent\nhim before Guines, where he quartered his detachment near to the walls\nand gates, and pointed many large engines against them, which damaged\nthem much.\nSir John de Croy was accompanied by sir Galois de Rancy, Robert de\nSaveuses, and other men of note, who attacked the enemy so vigorously\nthat, for fear of being taken by storm, they abandoned the town\nand withdrew into the castle, whither they were pursued,--and the\nattack was renewed with more courage than ever. Before they came to\nGuines, the fortress of Vauclingen had surrendered to sir John, on\ncondition that the English should retire in safety, with part of their\nbaggage. On similar terms was Sangate-castle yielded up to Robert de\nSaveuses, who had marched thither during the siege of Guines,--and he\nre-garrisoned it with his men.\nDuring all this time, the duke of Burgundy was encamped before the\nstrong town of Calais, wondering what was become of his fleet,\nwhich ought to have arrived some time. The Flemings were also much\ndiscontented, and began loudly to complain of the duke's council,\nand against the admirals of the fleet, namely, sir John de Hornes,\nseneschal of Brabant, and the commander de la Mor\u00e9e; but the duke\nappeased them with gentle words, saying that they would soon arrive, as\nhe had lately had letters from them,--and that hitherto the wind had\nbeen against them, which had prevented their sailing sooner.\nThere came daily vessels from England to Calais, in sight of their\nenemies, some days more, others less, laden with fresh provisions,\nreinforcements of men, and warlike stores; and the opposite parties\nwere not so near each other but that the English turned out every day\ntheir cattle to graze, which vexed their adversaries very much, and was\nthe cause of frequent skirmishes, in hopes of seizing some of them.\nThe lords and men of Ghent, perceiving that the Picards were in the\nhabit of carrying off these cattle, thought within themselves that they\nwere strong, well made and armed, and might as well have their share\nalso. On a certain day, therefore, about two hundred assembled, and\nwent as secretly as they could toward the marshes before Calais, to\nforage; but they were seen and known from their dress by the English,\nwho were not well pleased at the attempt to carry off that whereon they\nlived, and instantly attacked them with such courage that twenty-two\nwere killed on the spot and thirty taken prisoners. The remainder fled\nin haste to their quarters, saying they had suffered a great loss, and\ncaused much confusion, for they thought they had narrowly escaped.\nThere were frequent alarms in the quarter of the Flemings, for at the\nsmallest noise they were on the alert and under arms, to the great\nvexation of their lord the duke of Burgundy,--but he could not prevent\nit, for they would have all things according to their good pleasure.\nAt this time, a herald, called Cambridge, came from England to the\nduke, and, having saluted him very respectfully, said, 'that his lord\nand master, Humphry, duke of Glocester, made known to him, by his\nmouth, that, with God's pleasure, he would very shortly combat him and\nhis whole army, if he would wait his arrival,--and, should he decamp\nthence, that he would seek him in his own territories,--but he could\nnot fix on any day for coming, as that would depend on the winds, which\nare unsteady, and he could not cross the sea at his pleasure.'\nThe duke replied, 'that there would be no necessity for the duke of\nGlocester to seek him in any other place but where he was, and that,\nunless some misfortune should happen, he would there find him.' After\nthese words, the herald was magnificently feasted,--and rich gifts were\nmade him, with which he returned to Calais.\nOn the morrow, the duke of Burgundy went to the head-quarters of\nthe Flemings, where, having assembled their captains and the nobles\nof Flanders, he caused them to be harangued by master Gilles de la\nVoustine, his counsellor in the courts of Ghent, on the challenge he\nhad received from the duke of Glocester, by his herald, and the reply\nhe had made,--on which account, he requested them, as his dear friends,\nto remain with him and assist him in the defence of his honour. Those\npresent immediately promised to comply with his demand in the most\nliberal manner,--as did those from Bruges and the other towns of\nFlanders.\nIt was also determined at this meeting to erect a high block-house on\nan eminence near Calais, to enable them to view from it the proceedings\nof those in the town. It was instantly begun with oak and other\nwood,--and some cannon were placed thereon, to fire into Calais, and a\nstrong guard ordered for its defence. The English were not well pleased\nat this, for they were afraid lest their sallies should be cut off: to\nobviate which, they made an immediate attack on it with a large body\nof men; but it was well defended by the Flemings, under the conduct of\nsome able warriors (le bon de Saveuses was one) who had gone thither;\nand as numerous reinforcements to the Flemings were continually\npouring in, the English retreated to Calais without effecting any\nthing, and leaving some dead behind them.\nOn the morrow and following days, there was much skirmishing at the\npalisades of the town. In one of them, a half-witted knight, the lord\nde Plateaux, was made prisoner: notwithstanding his folly, he was a\ndetermined and brave man at arms. On Thursday, the 25th of July, the\nfleet, which had been so anxiously expected, was discovered at sea. The\nduke of Burgundy mounted his horse, and, attended by many lords and\nothers, rode to the sea-shore. When a barge having advanced as near\nas the surf would permit, a man jumped out, and, coming to the duke,\ninformed him that the fleet in sight was his own. This spread universal\njoy throughout the army, and several ran to the downs to see it,--but\ntheir captains made as many return to the camp as they could.\nThe following evening-tide commissioners, appointed for this purpose,\nquitted the fleet, and sunk four vessels in the mouth of the harbour\nof Calais, that were filled with immense stones, well worked together\nand cramped with lead, in order to choak up the entrance, and prevent\nany supplies from entering the harbour from England. The fleet kept up,\nin the mean time, a constant fire against the vessels in harbour, and\nsunk one. The next day two other vessels, filled with stones like the\nothers, were also sunk at the mouth of the port. But, to say the truth,\nall these sunken vessels were so improperly placed that when the tide\nwas out many remained on the sand, scarcely covered with water.\nThe English hastened from the town at ebb tide, as well women as\nmen, and with strong efforts, pulled them to pieces, and what wood\nthey could not convey into the town they burnt and destroyed,\nnotwithstanding a continual fire from the fleet, to the great\nastonishment of the duke and his admirals.\nSir John de Hornes, seneschal of Brabant, the commander de la Mor\u00e9e,\nand other lords from Holland, set sail with the fleet on the morrow,\nand were soon out of sight, on their return to whence they had come;\nfor indeed they could not with safety remain long before Calais, on\naccount of danger from sea, which sailors say is more imminent between\nCalais and England than elsewhere. They had also received information\nthat a fleet was on the point of sailing from England, against which\nthey would be unable to make head.\nThe Flemings were much discontented at their sailing away, and murmured\namong themselves, saying they were betrayed by the ministers of their\nprince,--for they had been promised, on leaving Flanders, that Calais\nshould at the same time be besieged by sea and land,--so that their\nleaders had difficulty enough to pacify them.\nIn the mean time, the duke of Burgundy had sent to summon men at arms\nfrom all parts of his dominions, and was impatiently expecting their\narrival to assist him in opposing the troops that were coming from\nEngland. He ordered the ground to be examined by such as were well\nacquainted with those parts, for a spot whereon he might best offer\nbattle to his enemies on their arrival; and to be better prepared for\nevery event, he summoned a grand council of his advisers, together with\nthe principal leaders of the commonalty, on the 27th of July, and laid\nbefore them the whole of his intended operations, with which they were\nperfectly satisfied.\nBut these were wholly deranged, a few days afterward, by the commonalty\nfrom Ghent; for on the day the council was held, the English made a\ngrand sally from Calais, both horse and foot, and advanced unexpectedly\nto the block-house before mentioned: the cavalry were posted between\nthe camp and the block-house, so that no immediate aid could be\nsent thither. There were from three to four hundred Flemings in the\nblock-house,--and the cries of 'To arms!' were re-echoed through the\narmy, which caused great confusion and alarm. Multitudes rushed from\nall sides to relieve the block-house, and even the duke of Burgundy\nhimself went thither on foot. But the English made a most vigorous\nattack, and the defence was but indifferent, so that the block-house\nwas won before assistance could arrive.--About eight score Flemings\nwere killed, and the greater part of the rest made prisoners,--and\nfull half of them were put to death before the gates of Calais,\nbecause the Flemings had slain an English knight whom the Picards\nhad taken prisoner while on horseback at this rencounter. The capture\nof the block-house and its consequences were grievous to the duke of\nBurgundy,--and the Flemings retreated to their camp disconsolate and\nvexed at the death and capture of their friends and companions.\nThis same day, they collected together in different parts, and said\namong themselves that they were betrayed, for that not one of the\npromises which had been made them were kept; that they daily had some\nof their number killed, without their nobles attending to it, or\nendeavouring to prevent it. In short, they worked upon themselves so\nmuch by this kind of conversation that they determined, in spite of\nevery remonstrance, to decamp and return home; and some of them wanted\neven to put to death several of the duke's ministers.\nThe duke, on hearing of their intentions, was much troubled, and vexed\nat the disgrace that would fall on him should he now decamp, after the\nchallenge sent him by the duke of Glocester by his herald and the\nanswer he had returned. He went, therefore, to the head-quarters of the\nghent division, and there assembled a large body of the malcontents,\nwhom he entreated in the most pressing manner to remain with him until\nthe arrival of the English, which it was now ascertained could not be\nlong; adding, that should they depart without waiting for the enemy and\noffer him battle, they would cover themselves and him with indelible\ndisgrace, and such as no prince ever had incurred. With such language\ndid the duke and his council harangue the ghent men, but it was all in\nvain, for they were most obstinately bent on departing, and listened\nwith a deaf ear to all that was said; notwithstanding, some of their\ncaptains answered courteously for them, making excuses for their\nconduct,--but for which the lower ranks little thanked them.\nThe duke, perceiving the difficulty in which these commoners had\ninvolved him, and the blame which would be cast on him for their\ndeparture, it need not be asked whether he was grieved at heart, for\nhitherto all his undertakings had succeeded to his wish, and this,\nwhich was of the greatest consequence, he failed in. He was, however,\nobliged to endure the rudeness and folly of the Flemings,--for he could\nnot alter their dispositions, although he made repeated attempts to\ndetain them for a few days only.\nWhen he perceived that it was labour in vain to make further\nrequests, he agreed with the lords of his council to decamp with the\nFlemings,--and informed them, that since they would not remain longer,\nhe wished them to wait until the morrow, when they should pack up their\nbaggage, and march away in good order, with their arms, that they might\nnot be harrassed by the enemy, and that he would escort them as far\nas the river of Gravelines. They returned for answer, that they would\ncomply with this order; but the greater number said, that they were in\nsufficient force not to need any escort.\nSeveral of the ringleaders of this mutiny were anxious to go to\nthe duke's quarters, to put to death the lord de Croy, sir Baudo\nde Noyelle, Jean de Brimeu bailiff of Amiens, and others of the\nministers, saying, that it was by their advice that this enterprise\nhad been undertaken, which was not possible, as they affirmed, to\nbe achieved, considering the manner in which the business had been\ncarried on. These three lords, hearing of the mutiny of the Flemings\nand the plots against their lives, left the army privately, with few\nattendants, and hastened to the quarters of sir John de Croy before\nGuines.\nThe Flemings began on the Saturday and Sunday to strike their tents,\nand to load their baggage for the march. The ghent men were the\nprincipals in the mutiny,--and after their example, the whole of the\narmy and its followers packed up their baggage; but from the suddenness\nof the departure, a very great quantity of provision and wine were left\nbehind,--and it was necessary to stave many pipes of wine, and of other\nliquors, to the great loss of the merchants.\nSeveral large engines of war and other stores belonging to the duke\nof Burgundy were lost, because there were not enough of carts or\nwaggons to carry them away; and for the like cause, a number of things\nbelonging to the Flemings remained behind.\nThey broke up their camp with loud shoutings, bawling together, 'We\nare betrayed! _Gaubbe, Gaubbe!_' which words signified nearly, 'Let\nus return to our own country.' Having set fire to their huts, they\nbegan their march toward Gravelines in a most disorderly manner. The\nduke, overwhelmed with sorrow, put himself and his men at arms in\nbattle-array to cover the retreat of the Flemings, and kept on their\nrear until they were at a sufficient distance, to prevent them from\nbeing attacked by the English in Calais sallying out against them. He\nformed his men at arms into a rear-guard, and thus followed the army,\nwhich was already advanced as far as the castle of Marque.\nThe Flemings then marched, in a mere orderly manner, to quarter\nthemselves near to Gravelines, on the same spot they had occupied\nbefore. The men of Bruges were, however, very much displeased at this\nshameful retreat, and from not having horses to carry away their large\ncannon and other engines of war which they had brought with them: they\nput them on carts, and had them drawn by men to their former encampment\nnear to Gravelines.\nThis day the duke sent orders to sir John de Croy to break up his siege\nof the castle of Guines, and join him with his men at arms without\ndelay. Sir John, on receiving this order and hearing of what had passed\nin the main army, made instant preparations to obey it, and marched off\nin good array, but was forced to leave behind many large engines, and a\nquantity of other things, from want of means to convey them off.\nThe garrison of Guines were very much rejoiced at their departure, for\nthey were hardly pressed, and would have been obliged to surrender in a\nfew days had the Burgundians remained. They made a sally when the enemy\nwas marching away, shouting after them.\nThe garrison of Calais were likewise well pleased at their departure,\nand issued out of the town to collect what had been left behind, and\nmade a considerable booty. They also sent messengers to England with\ninformation of this event.\nThe duke of Burgundy was lodged in Gravelines, very much mortified\nat what had happened, and complained bitterly of the disgrace the\nFlemings had put on him to those of his lords who had accompanied him.\nThey consoled him as well as they could, and advised him to bear it\npatiently, as it was the chance of fortune in this world. At the same\ntime, they recommended him to reinforce all his towns on the frontier\nwith steady men at arms, stores and provisions, as soon as possible,\nto resist his enemies, who were daily expected from England, and who\nwould, as he might suppose, make every attempt to injure him, in return\nfor what he had done to them; and that he himself should retire to one\nof the towns in the interior.\nThe duke of Burgundy issued summonses for all bearing arms to be ready\nprepared to defend such parts of his dominions as should need it. He\nthen entreated some of the nobles present that they would remain in the\ntown of Gravelines, which, unless well guarded, would, if taken, be\nvery prejudicial to the whole country, promising them, on his honour,\nthat should they want assistance, or be besieged, he himself would\ncome to their succour, cost what it would. The lord de Crequi, the lord\nde Saveuses, sir Simon de Lalain, his brother sir Sausse, Philibert de\nVaury, and other valiant men at arms, complied with his request, and\nremained in Gravelines.\nOn the other hand, sir Louis de Thieubronne with his brother Guichart\nwere sent to Ardres, and others into the Boulonnois where the towns and\ncastles were garrisoned according to their strength and importance.\nSome lords of the council were present at this meeting who had\nadvised the expedition to Calais, but greatly hurt at its unfortunate\ntermination, which they could not help: they were, nevertheless, forced\nto hear many severe observations made thereon.\nWhen the council broke up, and the above dispositions for the defence\nof the country had been arranged, the duke again solicited the Flemings\nto wait a few days longer for the arrival of the enemy,--but they\nrefused to remain from the fear they now had of the English; and some\nof their captains waited on the duke the last day of July, to demand\nleave to return to their own country. The duke, seeing that he could\nno way detain them, gave permission for their departure; for he was\nsatisfied they would never act well against the enemy from want of\ncourage.\nThey marched from Gravelines, by short days marches, to their different\ntowns; but those from Ghent refused to enter their town unless each\nman had a robe given him at the expense of the magistrates. This was\nan ancient usage on the return of the townsmen from war; but now the\nmagistrates refused compliance, because it seemed to them that they\nhad behaved very ill. On receiving this answer, they did enter the\ntown, but much discontented and with murmuring. On marching from before\nCalais, they had set fire to and destroyed the forts of Balinghen[41]\nand of Sangate.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on leaving Gravelines, went to Lille, and thence\nissued a proclamation for every person who had been accustomed to bear\narms to hold himself ready to march whithersoever he might please\nto order, to oppose his adversaries the English, who were about to\ndisembark at Calais. In truth, the duke of Glocester arrived with his\narmy before Calais just after the burgundian army had decamped.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 38: Mene. Q. Mechlin, or Menin?]\n[Footnote 39: Drinchaut,--a village near Dunkirk.]\n[Footnote 40: Oye,--a small town and territory between Gravelines and\nCalais.]\n[Footnote 41: Balinghen--is called before Vauclingen.]\nCHAP. CVII.\n SIR FLORIMONT DE BRIMEU, SENESCHAL OF PONTHIEU, CONQUERS THE TOWN OF\n CROTOY.\nWhile the duke of Burgundy was employed on the expedition against\nCalais, sir Florimont de Brimeu, seneschal of Ponthieu, Richard de\nRichaumes, governor of the town of Rue, Robert du Quesnoy, governor\nof St Valery, and others in the neighbourhood of Crotoy, collected\ntogether about four hundred combatants, and marched them by night to an\nambuscade on the shore near the town and castle of Crotoy.\nRobert du Quesnoy ordered about thirty of his men to embark very early\nin a boat and row towards the town, to induce the English to pursue\nthem. This they executed,--and when they thought that they were within\nsight of the enemy, they made pretence as if their boat were aground,\nand that they could neither advance nor retire, notwithstanding the\nefforts ten or twelve of the crew pretended to make to get her afloat.\nThe English, observing this from the ramparts, thought to take\nadvantage of their situation, and made a sally, in hopes of taking them\nprisoners; but they were immediately surrounded by those in ambush, who\nattacked them with vigour, killing on the spot more than sixty-four,\nand making prisoners from thirty to forty. The party of the seneschal\nlost several. Thus was the garrison of Crotoy much weakened,--and when\nthe seneschal learnt from his prisoners that but few men at arms were\nin the town, he collected a reinforcement of men from the adjoining\nparts, and within a few days made an attack on Crotoy, which he took by\nstorm with little loss of men.\nThe townsmen retreated to the castle,--before which the seneschal\nfixed his quarters, and pointed his engines against it, but without\ndoing any damage, for it was wonderous strong. When the seneschal had\nremained before it some length of time, finding his attempts to conquer\nit vain, he dislodged, after he had destroyed the fortifications of\nthe town, and marched back his men to the places they had come from,\ncarrying with them all the plunder they had gained in Crotoy.\nThe English had afterward at Crotoy two boats, called 'Gabarres,'[42]\nwith which they much harrassed the town of Abbeville, and especially\nthe fishermen. In consequence, the inhabitants of Abbeville sent by\nnight a party toward Crotoy in a boat, whence some of the crew by\nswimming fastened grappling irons to each of these gabarres,--the\ncords of which being fixed to the Abbeville boat, they towed them to\nAbbeville, to the vexation of the English.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 42: Gabarre--is a flat-bottomed boat, used in Holland and on\ncanals.]\nCHAP. CVIII.\n HUMPHRY DUKE OF GLOCESTER ARRIVES AT CALAIS WITH A LARGE ARMAMENT.--HE\n ENTERS FLANDERS, ARTOIS, AND OTHER TERRITORIES OF THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY, AND DOES MUCH DAMAGE TO THEM.\nA few days after the decampment of the duke of Burgundy and the\nFlemings, the duke of Glocester arrived at Calais with about ten\nthousand fighting men to combat the duke of Burgundy, had he waited for\nhim. Since that it was otherwise, he followed the duke to Gravelines,\nand thence marched into Flanders, and through several towns and large\nvillages, namely, Poperingues, Bailleul and others, whose suburbs he\nburnt and destroyed, for no one opposed him,--but the people fled on\nall sides, and none of the Flemings dared wait his coming. He drove,\ntherefore, away great numbers of cattle, with little or no loss of\nmen,--but they suffered much from want of bread.\nHe passed le Neuf-ch\u00e2tel, and burnt Rimesture and Valon-Chapelle.\nHaving entered Artois, he advanced to Arques[43] and Bland\u00eaques,[44]\nwhere some skirmishing passed,--and he set fire to every town and\nvillage that lay in his way. Marching through the jurisdiction of\nSt Omer, he committed great waste on all sides; and when near to\nTournehem, Esprelecques and Bredenarde,[45] some skirmishes took place\nbetween him and the different governors: Cavart and other companions of\nde Langle were wounded. Many captains were expelled by force from their\ncastles; and there were more killed and wounded near to Ardres than had\nbeen in all Flanders.\nThe duke of Glocester now retreated toward Guines and Calais, on\naccount of sickness in the army, occasioned from want of bread, of\nwhich they had not a sufficiency; and many good women saved their\nhouses by giving bread, and even got in return cattle, of which the\narmy had plenty, and which they were driving from Flanders. They were\nrather embarrassed with them; for, not finding water to give them,\nthey wandered abroad and were lost,--and those who went in search of\nthem were very frequently surprised by the enemy when at a distance\nfrom their vanguard.\nWhile these things were passing in Artois and Flanders, sir Thomas\nKiriel and lord Faulconbridge assembled at Neuf-ch\u00e2tel d'Incourt about\na thousand combatants, whom they led across the Somme at Blanchetaque,\nand quartered at Forest-montier; thence they advanced to Broye, on the\nriver Authie, where they remained four days, and took the castle by\nstorm, which, however, was not very strong, nor of much value,--but it\nbelonged to the vidame of Amiens. Part of the garrison were slain, and\nfrom five to six of the English. This capture created great alarm in\nthe country round; for they feared the enemy would keep possession, as\nat the time there were but few men at arms in those parts.\nThe English having found in this and in other towns much wealth, and\nmade many prisoners, they returned, by way of Blanchetaque, the same\nroad they had come, to their different garrisons, without any loss\nworth mentioning; but they committed very great waste on the lands of\ntheir enemies.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 43: Arques,--diocese of St Omer.]\n[Footnote 44: Bland\u00eaques,--diocese of St Omer.]\n[Footnote 45: Bredenarde,--diocese of St Omer.]\nCHAP. CIX.\n THE FLEMINGS AGAIN TAKE UP ARMS, AFTER THEIR RETREAT FROM CALAIS TO\n THEIR TOWNS.\nNot long after the Flemings were returned home, news was brought them\nthat a large fleet of English ships was off the Flemish coast, near to\nBiervlict, with intent, as was supposed, of invading the country. The\nprincipal towns remanded the men who had been disbanded, and instantly\nmarched with a powerful army and artillery toward Biervlict, and\nencamped near the sea to wait for the English, who were off the coast.\nThis fleet, however, was not stationed there for the purpose of\ncovering an invasion, but merely to alarm the Flemings, and prevent\nthem from opposing the duke of Glocester, who was with his army in the\nneighbourhood of Poperingues and Bailleul. It had on board no men at\narms, but only mariners to manage and defend it, which made them no way\nanxious to enter any of the enemy's ports; and, after hovering along\nthe coast for a few days, it made sail for Calais.\nWhen the fleet was gone, each company of Flemings marched back to its\ntown, excepting those from Ghent, who being discontented at the blame\nthrown on them, for being the principal cause of the retreat from\nCalais, would not lay down their arms, and wanted to introduce many\nreforms, and were in so mutinous a state that it was necessary for\ntheir prince to go thither.\nOn the duke of Burgundy's arrival in Ghent, he ordered their\nremonstrances to be laid before him. Some contained demands why Calais\nhad not been besieged by sea as well as by land, according to a promise\nmade,--and why the English fleet had not been burnt as had been\ndetermined on.\nTo these demands the duke ordered answers to be given, that it was\nimpossible, as every seaman knew, to besiege Calais on the sea-side, by\nreason of the danger of the vessels being driven on shore and captured\nby the enemy. Add to this, that the Hollanders had not kept their\npromise of assisting him in this business with their shipping. With\nrespect to burning the English fleet, the men and vessels ordered on\nthis service at Sluys had been constantly wind-bound in that harbour,\nduring the whole time.\nIn regard to their other demands, namely, to order three governors of\nGhent to make a procession through the country, with a sufficient force\nto regarrison all their towns with native Flemings, and to put an end\nto the quarrels between Bruges and Sluys, and several other points\ninsisted on by them, the duke made such satisfactory answers that they\nwere contented with them; and each laid down his arms, and retired\nto his home, although they had shown great signs of violence at the\nbeginning. They caused the duke's archers to lay aside their staves,\nsaying that they were strong enough to guard him.\nSir Roland de Hautekirque, sir Collart de Comines, sir Gilles de la\nVoustine, Enguerrand Auviel and John Daudain, were afterward banished\nGhent, because they had declined to appear with the other citizens to\nremonstrate; and the Ghent men wrote to their castlewicks, that whoever\nwould arrest any one of the above persons, and deliver him into their\nhands, should receive three hundred livres tournois as a reward,\nbesides all reasonable expenses.\nMany ordinances were published for the more effectual guard and defence\nof the country; and several governors were appointed, under the chief\ncommand of the lord d'Estrenhuse, such as the lord de Comines at Ghent,\nsir Gerard de Tournay at Oudenarde, and sir Gerard de Guystelles at\nCourtray. Other nobles and men at arms were posted in different towns,\naccording to their rank, as well on the frontier toward Calais as\nelsewhere, and on board of their fleet.\nIt was also proclaimed, that no person should, on account of the war,\nquit the country, under a heavy penalty,--and that everyone should\nprovide himself with arms suitable to his rank; that all the principal\ntowns and forts should be repaired, and well supplied with provision\nand warlike stores; and likewise that the ditches and ramparts should\nbe examined, and where weak strengthened and rebuilt at the charge\nof the country, or of those who were bounden to keep them in proper\nrepair. It was at last necessary, in order to keep the commonalty in\ngood humour, that the duke should say publicly to them, that he was\nperfectly satisfied with their departure from before Calais, and that\nthey had returned by his permission and by his orders. They were most\nanxious to have this disgrace wiped away from them, because they knew\nfull well that all cried shame on them for it.\nWhen all things had been restored to order, the duke of Burgundy\nreturned to Lille, whither came to him the lord de Chargny, with other\nnoble and valiant men, bringing with them from near Boulogne about\nfour hundred combatants, who were dispersed in the garrisons on that\nfrontier. Shortly after, the lords d'Ansy and de Warembon came thither,\nwith three or four hundred men, who did much mischief to the countries\nof Artois and Cambresis, near to Tournay. The lord de Warembon led them\nafterwards to garrison Pontoise, where they remained for a considerable\ntime.\nThroughout all France, the poor people and the church were sorely\noppressed by this war, for they had no defenders; and notwithstanding\nthe peace concluded at Arras, the French and Burgundians in the\ncountries of Beauvoisis, Vermandois, Santois, Laonnois, Champagne,\nand in the Rethelois, made frequent wars on each other on the\nmost unreasonable pretences, by which the country was wasted and\ndestroyed,--and the inhabitants suffered more than before this peace\nwas made.\nThe poor labourers had no other resource than pitifully to cry out to\nGod, their Creator, for vengeance on their oppressors. But the worst\nwas, when they had obtained letters of favour from any of the captains,\nthey were frequently not attended to by others, even though of the same\nparty.\nAbout this time, sir John de Hornes, seneschal of Brabant, who had had,\nwith the lord de la Mor\u00e9e, the command of the duke of Burgundy's fleet\nbefore Calais, was met near the sea-coast, by a party of Flemings,\nwhere he was attending his private affairs, and accompanied by a few\nservants, who put him to death, to the great sorrow of the duke of\nBurgundy.\nWhen the duke had appeased the disaffected Flemings, as has been told,\nand when he thought all was harmony among them, the men of Bruges\nsuddenly rose in arms, and marched with a large body to besiege Sluys,\nnear to which place they remained a long time. They began by murdering\none of the officers of their prince, called Vaustre d'Estembourg,\nbecause he would not join the commonalty in arms before Sluys, where\nthey remained upwards of six weeks. Their leaders were Peter de\nBourgrane and Christopher Myneer; and one among them, named George\nVauderberques, made the duchess of Burgundy and her son quit their\ncarriage, in order that they might search it,--when they arrested the\nlady of sir John de Hornes, which much troubled the duchess, although\nthe lady did not suffer any thing further. Sir William and sir Simon\nde Lalain were with these ladies,--but by some negotiation between\nthem and the duke, they returned to their homes, and were pardoned for\nthis and other offences, because he thought that he should want their\nservices hereafter.\nCHAP. CX.\n LA HIRE CONQUERS THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF SOISSONS.--OTHER MATTERS.\nLa Hire about this period won the town and castle of Soissons by storm,\nfrom the governor, Guy de Roye, on the part of sir John de Luxembourg,\nwho, not having taken the oaths to king Charles as the other burgundian\ncaptains had done, conformable to the peace at Arras, was considered by\nthe French as an enemy. The king, however, had granted him a delay for\na certain time, to consider of it, and had during that period forbidden\nhis captains to make war on sir John, provided he and his party should\nabstain from war also.\nWhen news of this event reached sir John de Luxembourg, he was much\nangered,--for the greater part of Soissons and its dependances\nappertained by legal descent to his daughter-in-law, Jane de Bar,\ncountess of St Pol. He reinforced all his other castles with men and\nstores, to prevent any similar accident from befalling them. On the\nother hand, Guy de Roye, who held the castle of Maicampre, between\nChargny and Noyon, placed a strong garrison within it, and carried on a\nsevere warfare against La Hire, in the Soissonnois, Laonnois, and other\nparts attached to king Charles.\nSimilar reprisals were made by La Hire and the king's friends on those\nof sir John de Luxembourg,--and thus was the country oppressed and\nruined, as well by one party as by the other.\nAfter the duke of York had gained the town of F\u00e9camp, by the surrender\nof John d'Estouteville, it was reconquered by the French from the\nEnglish,--and nearly at the same time the duke of York gained, after\na long siege, St Germain sur Cailly[46], when about twelve of the\nFrench were hanged. In like manner were the towns of Fontaines sur\nPr\u00e9aux[47], Bourg,[48] Blainville,[49] Pr\u00e9aux,[50] Lillebonne,[51]\nTancarville,[52] and other strong places reconquered, and the greater\npart destroyed by the English. After this, they continued to waste all\nthe corn countries round Harfleur, with the intent of laying siege to\nit as speedily and as completely as they could.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 46: St Germain-sur-Cailly,--in Normandy, diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 47: Fontaines-sur-Pr\u00e9aux,--diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 48: Bourg Baudorion,--diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 49: Blainville,--diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 50: Pr\u00e9aux,--diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 51: Lillebonne,--diocese of Rouen.]\n[Footnote 52: Tancarville,--near Lillebonne.]\nCHAP. CXI.\n THE DUCHESS OF BEDFORD, SISTER TO THE COUNT DE ST POL, RE-MARRIES OF\n HER OWN FREE WILL.--THE KING OF SICILY NEGOTIATES WITH THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY FOR HIS LIBERTY.--THE ENGLISH RECOVER THE TOWN OF PONTOISE.\nIn this year, the duchess of Bedford, sister to the count de Saint\nPol, married, from inclination, an English knight called sir Richard\nWoodville, a young man, very handsome and well made, but, in regard to\nbirth, inferior to her first husband, the regent, and to herself. Louis\nde Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen, and her other relations, were very\nangry at this match, but they could not prevent it.[53]\nAbout the end of the following November, Jacquilina of Bavaria, who\nhad married Franche de Borselline, died, after a long and lingering\nillness. She was succeeded by the duke of Burgundy in all her\npossessions.\nThe king of Sicily, duke of Anjou, the duke of Bourbon, the constable\nof France, the chancellor, and many other noble princes and great\nlords, visited the duke of Burgundy, about St Andrew's day, at Lille,\nwhere he held his court. He received them most honourably. During their\nstay, a treaty was proposed for the liberty of the king of Sicily, for\nhe was still a prisoner to the duke of Burgundy, as has been before\nmentioned,--and some of his children were hostages for him in Burgundy.\nThis treaty was concluded, on condition that the king of Sicily would\nengage to pay a certain sum of money for his ransom, for the security\nof which he was to pledge four of his towns and castles in his duchies\nof Lorraine and Bar, namely, Neuf-ch\u00e2tel in Lorraine, Clermont in\nArgonne, Princhy[54] and Louye,[55] which were to be given up to the\nduke when demanded. The duke of Burgundy, shortly after, placed his own\ngarrisons and captains in these towns and castles.\nThus did the king of Sicily recover his liberty and his children; but\nhe had only the two eldest sent to him at first, with a promise that\nthe two others should follow, provided there was not any default of\npayment. In order that no delays might arise, sir Colard de Saussy and\nJohn de Chambly bound themselves, with the king of Sicily, for the due\nperformance of all the articles of the treaty.\nWhen this business was over, the constable of France treated with sir\nJohn de Luxembourg, who was then at Lille, that all matters in dispute\nbetween him and La Hire, on the subject of the capture of Soissons,\nshould be referred to arbitrators, and that an end should be put to\nthe warfare now raging between them. The term for taking the oaths of\nallegiance to the king of France, or for declaring for one or other of\nthe parties, was prolonged for sir John de Luxembourg until St John\nBaptist's day ensuing, on his promising to abstain from all hostilities\nduring that time.\nDuring these feasts, William de Flavy, who had been driven out of\nCompi\u00e9gne by the constable of France, found means to re-enter it,\nwith a large body of men at arms, and kept possession a long time; in\nwhich at length he was confirmed by king Charles, in spite of all the\nattempts of the constable to reconquer it.\nAt this period also, the English regained by storm the town of\nPontoise. The attack commenced at day-break, when great part of the\ngarrison, consisting of about four hundred combatants of the lord de\nl'Isle-Adam and de Warembon's men, saved themselves by flight, leaving\ntheir baggage and effects behind them: which conquest was very hurtful\nto the country of the Isle de France and the adjoining parts, for the\nEnglish placed a very strong garrison in Pontoise, whence detachments\nmade excursions, and frequently to the very gates of Paris.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: Sir Richard Woodville paid a fine of \u00a31000 to the\nking for marrying the duchess of Bedford without a licence. He\nwas afterwards created earl of Rivers, and was father to the lady\nElizabeth, queen to king Edward IV.--_Parl. Hist._]\n[Footnote 54: Princhy,--Princy, in the Gatinois, near Montargis.]\n[Footnote 55: Louye,--in Maine, diocese of Mans.]\nEND OF VOL. VII.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nNOTES AND EMENDATIONS.\nPage 1. line 3. _Simon de Lalain._] Either Simon de Lalain lord of\nMontigny, younger brother of the lord de Lalain, or another Simon de\nLalain, lord of Chevrain, son of a great uncle of the former, who\nmarried a lady of the house of Luxembourg, daughter to the count de\nLigny.\nPage 1. line 4. _Enguerrand de Crequi._] Enguerrand de Crequi, called\n_le Begue_, second son of John II, lord of Crequi, and uncle of John\nIV, who was killed at Agincourt.\nPage 3. line 15. _Rambures._] Andrew II, master of woods and waters in\nPicardy, son of David who was killed at Agincourt and was master of the\ncross bows of France.\nPage 3. line 20. _Ferry de Mailly._] Ferry de Mailly, 4th son of John\nMaillet de Mailly, lord of Talmas, &c. who on the death of all his\nbrothers without issue, succeeded to their lordships and also to the\nlordship of Conti, which came into the family by the marriage of\nColart, third son of John Maillet, to the heiress Isabel. The lords of\nTalmas were a younger branch of the house of Mailly.\nPage 4. line 5. _Bousac._] Jean de Brosse, descended from the ancient\nviscounts de Brosse in the Angoumois, was lord of St Severe and\nBoussac, and a marshal of France. He signalized himself in many\nactions, particularly at the siege of Orleans, and at the battles of\nPatai and la Charit\u00e9, and died in 1433. His son, of the same name, who\nsucceeded him, was equally celebrated in the history of the day. He\nmarried Nicole de Blois only daughter and heir of Charles, last count\nof Penthievre, and transmitted her large possessions to his descendants.\nPage 8. line 7. _Lord de Chargny._] Peter de Bauffremont, lord of\nChargny, a noble Burgundian, knight banneret, and of the golden fleece.\nSee post, p. 222.\nPage 8. line 8. _Lord de Humieres._] Matthew II, second son of Philip\nlord of Humieres, who was made prisoner at the battle of Agincourt.\nPage 9. line 19. _Lord de Crevecoeur._] James lord of Crevecoeur, and\nThois, chancellor and chamberlain to the duke of Burgundy.\nPage 12. line 6. _Anthony de Chabannes._] Anthony, third son of Robert\nlord of Charlus killed at Agincourt. Stephen, his eldest son, was\nkilled at Crevant in 1423. James the second, was lord of La Palice;\nseneschal of Toulouse, and grand master of France, and was killed at\nCastillon in 1453. This Anthony was at first, lord of S. Fargeau. He\nwas born in 1411, and served as page to the count of Ventadour and to\nthe great La Hire. He was at the battle of Verneuil 1424. In 1439, he\nmarried Margaret de Nanteuil, countess of Dammartin, and assumed the\ntitle of count de Dammartin by virtue of that marriage. He was grand\nmaster, governor of Paris, &c., and died in 1488.\nPage 13. line 20. _Lord de Ch\u00e2tillon._] Perhaps Charles de Ch\u00e0tillon\nlord of Sourvilliers, son of Charles lord of Sourvilliers killed at\nAgincourt.\nPage 13. line 20. _Lord de Bonneul._] Another Charles de Ch\u00e2tillon, of\na younger branch, was lord of Bonneuil.\nPage 29. line last. _Quarrel._] Ren\u00e8 claimed the duchy of Lorraine in\nright of his wife Isabella, only daughter of Charles the late duke;\nand Heuterus, relating the cause of this quarrel, says that Anthony\ncount of Vaudemont, brother of the deceased refused to admit Ren\u00e8's\npretensions, alledging that the duchy could not descend to the heirs\nfemale. For some reasons, however, it would appear probable that\nHeuterus is mistaken, and that the dispute related to the affairs of\nthe county of Vaudemont only.\nPage 36. line 7. _Count de Fribourg._] The county of Freyburg became\nunited with that of Neufch\u00e0tel by the marriage of Egon XIV, count of\nFurstenburg and Freyburg, with Verena heiress of Neufch\u00e0tel. Their\ngrandson John count of Freyburg, &c. married a daughter of the prince\nof Orange, but died 1458 without issue.\nPage 36. line 7. _Lord de Mirabeau._] Henry de Bauffremont married\nJane, sister and heir to John last lord of Mirabeau of the family of\nVergy, about 1388.\nPage 75. line 11. _Gilles de l'Aubespine._] Giles baron d'Aubespine\nwas of a noble family in Beauce, and ancestor of the marquisses of\nChateauneuf, Verderonne, and Aubespine, many of whom were distinguished\ncharacters in the two following centuries.\nPage 78. line 19. _Lord d'Orville._] Robert d'Aunoy Seigneur d'Orville,\nmaster of the woods and waters in the year 1413, who died the year\nfollowing, was son of Philip d'Aunoy, Maitre d'Hotel to king Charles V,\nand present at the battle of Poitiers. John, the son of Robert, is the\nlord here mentioned; he was grand echanson of France, and died in 1489.\n_Le Galois_ was a common surname of the lords d'Orville.\nPage 89. line 17. _Magistrates._] The cause of this commotion was the\nbaseness of the gold and silver coin struck in the duke's name. The\nsedition lasted twelve, not two days only, and was appeased by the\npromise of a new coinage. _Pontus Heuterus_ in vit: Philippi boni.\nPage 92. line 14. _Blanchefort._] Perhaps, Guy III. de Blanchefort,\nlord of St Clement, &c. a chamberlain of the king, and seneschal of\nLyons, who died in 1460.\nPage 93. line 9. _Lord d'Amont._] This must be James lord of Aumont,\ncounsellor and chamberlain to the duke of Burgundy, son of John lord of\nAumont, grand Echanson, who was slain at Agincourt.\nPage 98. line 14. _Flanders._] Monstrelet appears to have been but\nimperfectly informed of these transactions. In the year 1428, the\ncountess being besieged in Gouda by the Burgundian forces, submitted\nto a peace, by which she acknowledged Philip as her heir to Hainaut,\nHolland, Zealand, and Friezland, appointing him protector of the said\nstates during her life-time. It was also stipulated that she should not\nmarry without the consent of Philip and her states. Upon the conclusion\nof this treaty, the duke departed, leaving Francis de Borselle, a\nnobleman of high rank attached to the Burgundian party, lieutenant of\nthe provinces. _In July 1433_, says, the historian of Holland, the\ncountess married this gentleman in violation of her engagement, upon\nwhich the duke entered the country, caused him to be apprehended, and\nconfined him in the tower of Rupelmonde. It was rumoured that he would\nbe beheaded; and Jacqueline alarmed for his safety, conveyed absolutely\nthe whole of her estates to Philip for his liberation, in consideration\nof which the _generous_ robber assigned to his late prisoner the county\nof Ostervant, the lordships of Brill and south Beveland, with the\ncollection of certain tolls and imposts, on which they lived together\nbut a short time before death put a period to her eventful history,\nin the month of October 1436. _Barlandi Hollandi\u00e6 comitum historia et\nIcones._\nPage 98. line 18. _Thomas Conette._] This unfortunate heretic was a\nBreton by birth. Being seized with an inordinate desire of reforming\nthe dress of the ladies and the manners of the clergy, he left Rennes\nand travelled into the low countries where he preached with so much\nsuccess that the towers of gauze and ribbons called _hennins_, which\nwere then the rage, disappeared wherever he went. Perhaps he was\nspared the mortification of hearing that they were resumed several\n_stages_ higher, immediately after his departure. From Flanders he\ntravelled into Italy, reformed the order of Carmelites at Mantua, and\nmade himself famous for his zeal and eloquence at Venice. The papal\nambassadors reported his praises at Rome; but his ardour for reform\nwhich had captivated many others alarmed pope Eugenius, who justly\ndreaded the consequences of his strenuous assertions, that marriage\nought to be allowed to the clergy, and that flesh might be eaten by\nthem without risk of damnation. It was not long after his arrival at\nthe pontifical city, that a process was instituted against him for\nthese and other heretical doctrines, and father Thomas was at last\nburnt for not knowing how to confine his eloquence to the harmless\nsubject which first called it forth. He suffered with great constancy,\nand was by some, even among the catholics, reputed a martyr. For\nfurther particulars, consult Bayle, Art. Conecte.\nPage 105. line 13. _Daughter_.] Frederick and Iolante. The marriage\nthus agreed upon was concluded; and the duchy of Lorraine and county of\nVaudemont were afterwards united in their persons.\nPage 109. line 3. from the bottom. _Chasteau-vilain._] William lord of\nChateauvilain held the office of _Chambrier de France_ in 1419 and died\nPage 130. line 1. _John de Hingsbergh._] John son of the lord de\nHynsberch Lewenborch, archdeacon of Champagne. He was an adherent to\nthe duke of Burgundy, was present at some of his campaigns, and is\ncelebrated as a prelate of vast magnificence.\nPage 130. line 2. _William de Lalain bailiff of Hainault._] Of this\nfamily, \"a family,\" says Comines, \"of great and brave men, who for the\nmost part found their deaths in fighting for their native princes\"\nwas Otho lord de Lalain, who died in 1441 at the advanced age of 108\nyears. His eldest son William, who succeeded him in his honours, and\nwas bailiff of Hainault and Holland is the person here mentioned. He\ndied in 1444. Sansay, the second son of Otho, married the heiress of\nthe family of Robesarte: and Simon the third son, has been already\nmentioned at the commencement of the volume, unless that be another\nSimon, the first cousin of Otho. See ante p. 1.\nPage 132. line 13. _Sir John Talbot._] This is the great Talbot,\ncreated earl of Shrewsbury in 1442.\nPage 114. line 12. _Lord Willoughby._] Robert, lord Willoughby of\nEresby, one of the greatest heroes of the English army--present at the\nbattles of Agincourt and Verneuil, and at almost all the celebrated\nactions of the day, was in 1432, dignified with the title of earl of\nVendosme, Beaufort, &c. and died in 1442, leaving only a daughter Joan\nthe wife of sir Richard Welles knight. Dugdale.\nPage 137. line 15. _Viscount de Thouars._] Louis d'Amboise, viscount of\nThouars, prince of Talmont, &c. &c., had been deprived of his lands\nfor adherence to the English party, but was afterwards restored to\nthem, and served the king of France in his conquest of Guienne. He was\ngrandson of Ingerger, surnamed the great, who married Isabel, heiress\nof Thouars, and widow of the marshal de Nesle, and was made prisoner at\nthe battle of Poitiers.\nPage 137. line 2 from the bottom. _Lord de Bueil._] John V, count\nof Sancerre, son of John lord de Bueil, killed at Agincourt, and of\nMargaret countess of Sancerre. He was a celebrated commander, and\ncalled _le Fleau des Anglais_.\nPage 137. line last. _Pregent de Coetivy._] Coetivy, the name of an\nancient family of lower Brittany. Pregent VII, lord of Coetivy, was\neldest son of Alan III. killed at the siege of St James de Beauvron\nin 1424, and of Catherine daughter of Herv\u00e8 lord of Ch\u00e0tel, killed at\nJersey. This Pregent married Mary de Laval, daughter of the infamous\nmarshal de Retz. He was chamberlain in 1424, governor of La Rochelle,\nand in 1439 promoted to the high office of admiral of France. He was\nkilled at Cherbourg in 1450. \"Ce fut un gran dommage et perte notable\npour le Roi, car il etoit tenu des vaillans chevaliers et renomm\u00e9 du\nroyaume, fort prudent et encor de bon age.\" Hist. du Roi Charles VII.\nPage 139. line 4. _Count de Penthievre._] Oliver de Bretagne, or de\nBlois, grandson of the famous competitor of John de Montfort, had been\ndeprived of his large counties of Penthievre, Limoges, &c. &c. but\nnever of the duchy of Brittany, to which he pretended no claim. His\nbrother John lord de l'Aigle was restored to Penthievre soon after, and\ndied 1454. Charles, the third brother succeeded, whose only daughter\nand heir, Nicole de Blois, marrying Jean de Brosse, the county of\nPenthievre passed into that family.\nPage 139. line 3 from the bottom. _William de Coroam._] Should be Coram.\nPage 140. line 15. _Sir Pierre de Beausalt._] Peter de Montmorency,\nlord of Plessis Cacheleu, son of John II, lord of Beausalt, and uncle\nof Anthony, who was slain at Verneuil, and of John in whom the direct\nline of this younger branch ended in 1427.\nPage 148. line 5 from the bottom. _King of Cyprus._] Lewis, count of\nGeneva, eldest son of Amadeus duke of Savoy, married Charlotte, only\ndaughter of John king of Cyprus and Helen of Montferrat.\nPage 149. line 10 from the bottom. _Count de Nevers._] Charles, count\nof Nevers, eldest son of Philip count of Nevers killed at Agincourt,\nwas born in the year preceding his father's death, and died in 1464.\nHis mother was Bona d'Artois, daughter of Philip count of Eu.\nPage 151. line 15. _Sect._] Here is a vast confusion of names, as\nusual, in the affairs of distant countries. Tabouret is evidently an\ninvention of Monstrelet's derived from Taborite, the general name by\nwhich the religious insurgents were then distinguished, from Tabor a\ntown in Bohemia, founded by their leader John Zisca. Protestus may,\nvery probably, be a mistake for Procopius, surnamed \"of the shaven\ncrown,\" a celebrated leader and bishop among these Taborites during the\nreign of Sigismund, who was slain in a bloody battle near Prague. Of\nLupus I can say nothing.\nPage 153. line 11. _Lord de la Grange._] John de la Grange, ancestor\nof the lords of Vesvre and Montigni, and of the marquisses of Arquien.\nMarshal de Montigni, celebrated under Henry the third, was fifth in\ndescent from him.\nPage 156. line 6. _John._] John of Burgundy, a posthumous son of\nPhilip, and brother to Charles, count of Nevers. He succeeded to the\nestates of his brother in 1464, assumed the title of duke of Brabant,\nand died in 1491. Elizabeth his daughter married the duke of Cleves,\nand brought the earldom of Nevers into that family. His first wife was\ndaughter of the vidame of Amiens mentioned immediately afterwards.\nPage 156. line 16. _Vidame of Amiens._] Raoul d'Ailly, sieur de\nPequigny, and vidame of Amiens.\nPage 174. line 8. _Mathagon._] This can be no other than Matthew Gough,\nan English captain of those days, and one of the commanders in the town\nof St Denis when it was won by the French.\nPage 176. line 5 from the bottom. _Fled._] John bastard son of the\ngreat earl of Salisbury, to whom in his will he bequeathed 50 marks.\nSee _Dugdale_.\nPage 182. line 2 from the bottom. _Sir Christopher de Harcourt._]\nChristopher de Harcourt lord of Avrech, grand master of the woods and\nwaters in 1431, was third son of James de Harcourt lord of Montgomery.\nPage 202. last line. _Woodville._] Richard de Widvile, was seneschal\nof Normandy under Henry V; constable of the tower in 1425; lieutenant\nof Calais in 1427; and 1429, served the king in his wars with 100 men\nat arms and 300 archers. In 1437, he married the duchess of Bedford\n(Jacqueline de Luxembourg) without license, for which he was condemned\nto pay a fine of 1000_l._ In 1448 he was created lord Rivers; and in 6\nEdward IV. (his daughter being then queen of England) was advanced to\nthe dignity of earl Rivers, constable of England. Three years after he\nwas beheaded by the Lancastrian insurgents at Northampton. _Dugdale._\nPage 202. line last. _Restandif._ Q.] Restandif, is sir Ralph Standish,\nwho was killed in this battle. _Stow_ and _Holinshed_.\nMondo Domonfarrant is only an error of the press for Mondo de\nMontferrant, who occurs again vol. 8. p. 28.\nPage 223. line 3. _Bishop of Ache._] There came to this convention\naccording to Stowe, Nicholas Albergat, a Carthusian friar, entitled a\npriest cardinal of the holy cross, and Hugh de Lusignan, a _Cyprian_ (I\npresume he means Cypriot) Greek, bishop cardinal of Pr\u00e6neste: which, or\nwhether either of these, was the person meant by Monstrelet under the\nfanciful name of \"bishop of Ache,\" the reader may determine. Q. Auch.\nPage 215. line 7. from the bottom.] Sir John Ratcliffe was constable of\nFronsac in Aquitaine, under Henry V, and seneschal of Aquitaine in 1 H.\n6. knight of the garter, &c. He died before 1441 and left a son, John,\nwho succeeded him, and in 1 H. 7. was summoned to Parliament as lord\nFitzwalter.\nPage 215. line 5 from the bottom. _Lord Hungerford._] Walter lord\nHungerford of Heytesbury, treasurer of England, and of the executors\nto the will of Henry V. He had summons to parliament from 4 H. 6, to 26\nH. 6 inclusive, and died in 1449, leaving Robert lord Hungerford, his\nson and successor, who during his father's life-time served in the wars\nof France with 29 men at arms and 80 archers, and died in 1459.\nPage 216. line 5. _Duke of Gueldres._] Arnold earl of Egmont succeeded\nto Gueldres on the failure of the direct line in 1423. His son Adolph\n(by Margaret daughter of Adolph IV, duke of Cleves) made war upon him,\nin consequence of which he was disinherited, and his father made over\nthe duchy to Charles duke of Burgundy.\nPage 216. line 6. _Count de Vernambourg._] Vernambourg i.e. Virnemburg,\nor Wirnemburg, the title of a noble house of the duchy of Luxemburg,\nof whom Robert count of Wirnemburg governed the duchy in the name of\nElizabeth of Burgundy.\nPage 218. line 12. _Du Ch\u00e2tel._] Oliver lord du Ch\u00e2tel, chamberlain of\nBretagne; son of Herv\u00e8 lord du Ch\u00e2tel, killed at Jersey, and brother to\nthe famous Tanneguy.\nPage 218. line 14. _Sir Paillard du Fi\u00e8_.] Q. Fai? John Genevois\nBouton, lord of Fai, chamberlain of Burgundy, _bailiff_ of Dole, was\na commissary sent by the duke on this occasion. It is not impossible\nthat an error of the press may have converted his office of _bailli_\ninto the disgraceful appellation of _paillard_.\nPage 219. line 3 from the bottom. _Cleves._] John, who succeeded his\nfather Adolph IV. duke of Cleves in 1445.\nPage 237. line 5. Duke of Milan.] The death of Joan queen of\nNaples followed closely upon that of Louis of Anjou, king of Sicily,\nin 1434. The following year, Alphonso passed over from Arragon and\ncommenced the siege of Gaeta; and during that siege the battle was\nfought of which this account is given. The personages here mentioned to\nhave been taken prisoners, are the king Alphonso, his brothers, John\nking of Navarre, and Don Henry grand master of St James, the prince of\nTarento, John Anthony de Marzan, duke of Sessa, Christopher Gaetano,\ncount of Fondi, &c. The name of Garganeym\u00e9, I conjecture to be a\nblunder for Gaetano; but it is a gross mistake to call him son to the\nprince of Tarento.\nPage 302. line 15. _Lord de Bloseville._] Qu. Bonvile? Sir William\nBonvile served under Henry V, and again under Henry VI, in the year\n1443 with 20 men at arms and 600 archers. He was then seneschal of\nGuienne, but may possibly have been in Normandy at this time. In 1450,\nhe was summoned to parliament as lord Bonvile of Chuton. He afterwards\njoined the York party, and was beheaded after the second battle of St.\nAlban's.\nPage 306. line 3. _Lord de Torsy._] William d'Estouteville, lord of\nTorsy, made prisoner at the siege of Harfleur, in 1429, ransomed\nhimself by the alienation of great part of his estates, and died in\n1449. John d'Estouteville, here also mentioned, was his son, and\nsucceeding him in his lordship was made provost of Paris and master of\nthe cross-bows.\nPage 323. line 6. _Duke of Burgundy._] This prince, the second son of\nCharles VII. died in his infancy.\nPage 332. line 4. _Commercy._] Robert de Sarbuck, lord of Commercy,\n(son of Am\u00e9 lord of Commercy and Mary daughter of John lord of\nChateauvilain) married in 1417 Jane countess of Roucy and Braine; and\nJohn, their eldest son, here called the heir of Commercy became count\nof Roucy and Braine by the donation of his mother in 1439.\nPage 332. line 3 from the bottom. _Everard de la Marche._] Everard\nIII, de la Marck, lord of Aremberg, &c. and, by marriage of Sedan, was\nof a younger branch of the family of the counts of la Marck, dukes of\nCleves, &c.\nPage 339. line 13. _Lord d'Aussi._] John IV, son of David, _sire et\nber_ d'Auxi, killed at Agincourt, and of Margaret de la Trimoille. He\nwas lord of Fontaines sur Somme, _seneschal of Ponthieu_, knight of the\ngolden fleece, and finally master of the cross bows of France.\nPage 340. line 5. _Everard de la Marche._] Everard de la Marck. See\nbefore.\nPage 348. line 11. _Sir Louis de Thieubronne._] Should be Louis lord of\nThiembrune.\nPage 363. line 14. _Lord de Croy._] Anthony lord de Croy and Renti,\ncount of Porcean, Guisnes, &c. son of John II, killed at Agincourt, was\ngrand chamberlain of Burgundy and grand master in 1463.\nPage 364. line 4. _Sir John de Croy._] Brother of Anthony lord de\nCroy, made count of Chimay in 1473, before which he was lord of Thou\nsur Marne.\nPage 365. line 12. _Seneschal of Brabant._] John de Hornes, lord of\nBaussignies, &c. admiral and grand chamberlain to the duke of Burgundy,\ndescended from the grandfather of William lord of Hornes, who was\nkilled at Agincourt.\nPage 398. line 3. _Franche de Borselline._] Francis, or Frank de\nBorselle. See above.\nPage 398. line 7. _Duke of Anjou._] Ren\u00e8, duke of Bar, who had been\nmade prisoner as related to p. 42: soon afterward succeeded to the\nduchy of Anjou and to the claims of this house on Sicily and Naples, by\nthe death of his brother, Louis III.\nPrinted by H. Bryer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London.\nTransciber's Note:\nOriginal spelling has been retained.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 07 [of 13]\n"}, {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1433, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.\n_H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London._\n THE\n CHRONICLES\n OF\n ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET;\n CONTAINING\n AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF\n ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY;\n OF THE POSSESSION OF\n PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH;\n _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_;\n AND OF OTHER\n MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE,\n AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.\n _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE\n FRENCH_,\n _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART\n finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by others\n to the Year_ MDXVI.\n TRANSLATED\n BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ.\n IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES VOL. IV.\n LONDON:\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW;\n AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET.\nCONTENTS\nOF\n_THE FOURTH VOLUME_.\n CHAP. I.\n The chains are taken away from the streets\n of Paris. The Parisians are kept in great\n subjection. Other royal edicts are proclaimed 1\n CHAP. II.\n The duke of Burgundy holds a grand conference\n with his nobles in Arras, who\n promise to serve him against all his enemies 15\n CHAP. III.\n A grand council held, in the king's name at\n CHAP. IV.\n The duke of Acquitaine leaves Paris, and\n joins the king of France at Senlis. He\n marches thence to lay siege to the town of\n CHAP. V.\n The king of France marches his army from\n Compiegne to Soissons, which he besieges\n and takes by storm: it is pillaged\n CHAP. VI.\n The king, after the capture of Soissons,\n marches to St Quentin, and thence to Peronne,\n to facilitate his entrance into Artois 35\n CHAP. VII.\n The duke of Burgundy places garrisons in\n different towns and castles. The king\n of France marches his army from Peronne\n CHAP. VIII.\n The inhabitants of Arras fortify their town\n very strongly, and burn and destroy several\n handsome edifices which were\n CHAP. IX.\n Charles king of France, having reduced\n Bapaume to his obedience, marches to lay\n siege to Arras, and to subject that city to\n CHAP. X.\n The duke of Brabant and the countess of\n Hainault visit the king of France when\n before Arras, and negociate a peace for\n their brother the duke of Burgundy and\n CHAP. XI.\n The treaty of peace concluded at Arras,\n which was the fifth, is read in the presence\n of the duke of Aquitaine, and\n several other princes of the blood-royal,\n and the oaths that were taken in consequence 64\n CHAP. XII.\n Sigismund of Bohemia is elected emperor\n of Germany, and receives the oaths of\n the greater part of the lords of that\n CHAP. XIII.\n The death of Ladislaus king of Naples. His\n rival king Louis sends the marshal of\n France to Naples, and other matters 79\n CHAP. XIV.\n The duke of Burgundy, on the king's departure\n from before Arras, marches a\n force into Burgundy. Other events that\n CHAP. XV.\n Count Waleran de St Pol marches about six\n hundred combatants into the duchy of\n Luxembourg. The duke of Acquitaine\n CHAP. XVI.\n The earl of Warwick and others from England\n attend the council of Constance.\n The king of France has solemn obsequies\n performed for his brother the duke of\n CHAP. XVII.\n The king and his grand council send forces\n to attack the Burgundians. Other events\n CHAP. XVIII.\n Ambassadors arrive at Paris from England.\n The king of France holds a grand festival.\n The peace is every where preserved 99\n CHAP. XIX.\n Three Portuguese perform a deed of arms\n against three Frenchmen, in the presence\n of the king of France. The Portuguese\n CHAP. XX.\n The peace of Arras solemnly sworn to in\n the presence of the king of France. It\n is afterwards sworn to in divers other\n CHAP. XXI.\n The commonalty and clergy of Amiens are\n assembled to swear to the observance of\n CHAP. XXII.\n The count Waleran de St Pol dies at\n Yvoix, in the county of Chiny in Luxembourg.\n The princes of the blood go\n to Melun, by orders from the queen and\n CHAP. XXIII.\n The king of England assembles a large army\n to invade France. Ambassadors sent\n him from that country. The answers\n CHAP. XXIV.\n The duke of Burgundy sends ambassadors\n to the duke of Acquitaine. The answers\n CHAP. XXV.\n Henry king of England makes great preparations\n to invade France. He sends\n letters to the king of France at Paris 136\n CHAP. XXVI.\n The king of England, while at Southampton,\n discovers a conspiracy of his nobles\n against him. He lays siege to Harfleur,\n CHAP. XXVII.\n The canons of St Gery in Cambray quarrel\n with the inhabitants. The duke of Burgundy,\n in consequence, makes war on\n CHAP. XXVIII.\n The king of France collects a great body of\n men at arms from all parts of his kingdom\n to oppose the English. The summons\n CHAP. XXIX.\n The king of England makes his entry into\n Harfleur. The regulations which he ordained.\n He resolves to march to Calais.\n The disposition and government of the\n CHAP. XXX.\n The king of France and several of the\n princes of the blood royal hold a council\n at Rouen, and resolve on fighting the\n CHAP. XXXI.\n The French and English meet in battle on\n the plains of Azincourt. The English\n CHAP. XXXII.\n The names of the princes, and other lords\n from divers countries, who perished at\n this unfortunate battle, and of those who\n CHAP. XXXIII.\n On the departure of the English, many\n Frenchmen visit the field of battle to\n seek their friends, whom they bury,\n CHAP. XXXIV.\n King Henry embarks at Calais for England,\n where he is joyfully received on his late\n successes. The count de la Marche goes\n CHAP. XXXV.\n The king of France and his princes are\n much grieved on hearing the melancholy\n event of the battle of Azincourt. Of\n the duke of Burgundy, and other matters 200\n CHAP. XXXVI.\n The Parisians and members of the university\n of Paris wait on the duke of Acquitaine\n to propose certain measures of public\n safety. The death of the duke of Acquitaine.\n The arrival of the constable in\n CHAP. XXXVII.\n The duke of Brittany arrives at Paris. The\n duke of Burgundy leaves Lagny sur\n Marne. The capture of sir Martelet du\n CHAP. XXXVIII.\n The bishop of Arras causes the sentence\n that had been pronounced against master\n Jean Petit to be revoked. The emperor\n CHAP. XXXIX.\n A heavy tax is laid on the kingdom of\n France by the government, to the great\n discontent of the Parisians. Events that\n CHAP. XL.\n The emperor of Germany arrives in London.\n The brother to the king of Cyprus comes\n to Paris. The death of the duke of\n Berry. Many embassies take place between\n CHAP. XLI.\n Jennet de Poix and others, by command of\n the duke of Burgundy, march secretly to\n Saint Denis, and make inroads on different\n CHAP. XLII.\n Lihons, in Santerre, pillaged by many captains\n who had taken up arms. The capture\n of the castle of Beaumont. The\n storming the castle of Neele. And other\n CHAP. XLIII.\n The duke of Burgundy increases his men\n at arms. The marriage of the lord de\n la Trimouille. The duke of Clarence\n embarks a large army for Harfleur 245\n CHAP. XLIV.\n The emperor of Germany and the king of\n England come to Calais. Duke John of\n Burgundy meets them there. The matters\n CHAP. XLV.\n The duke of Burgundy goes to Valenciennes,\n in obedience to a summons which\n he receives from the dauphin. They\n mutually swear friendship to each other 250\n CHAP. XLVI.\n Duke William count of Hainault carries his\n son-in-law the dauphin to St Quentin,\n and thence to Compiegne, where he dies.\n The conduct observed on this journey 254\n CHAP. XLVII.\n The Neapolitans rebel against their king,\n Jacques de la Marche, and make war on\n him. They take the queen prisoner. The\n CHAP. XLVIII.\n The earl of Dorset, governor of Harfleur,\n makes an incursion into the country of\n Caux, and is combated by the French.\n The emperor creates the count of Savoy\n CHAP. XLIX.\n Duke William, count of Hainault, dies at\n Bouchain. John of Bavaria declares war\n against his niece, daughter to the late\n CHAP. L.\n The duke of Burgundy sends letters to many\n of the principal towns in France, describing\n the state of those who govern\n CHAP. LI.\n Sir Louis Bourbon, knight, is arrested and\n executed. The queen of France is banished\n CHAP. LII.\n The commonalty of Rouen put to death\n their bailiff, sir Raoul de Gaucourt.\n They seize the government of the town.\n The arrival of the dauphin at Rouen 280\n CHAP. LIII.\n The death of Louis king of Sicily. The\n conduct of the leaders of companies.\n The overthrow of Raymonnet de la\n Guerre. The destruction of the town of\n CHAP. LIV.\n The king's garrison in Peronne carries on a\n severe war against the countries attached\n CHAP. LV.\n The duke of Burgundy sends ambassadors\n to many of the king's principal towns,\n to form alliances with them. The oaths\n CHAP. LVI.\n King Henry of England returns to France\n with a large army, and takes many\n towns and fortresses. The council of\n Constance, where pope Martin is elected\n CHAP. LVII.\n The lord de Canny is sent by the king of\n France ambassador to the duke of Burgundy,\n whom he finds at Amiens. The\n answer he receives from the duke 300\n CHAP. LVIII.\n The lord de Canny, on his return from his\n embassy, to Paris, is accused by the royal\n council. Orders are issued against the\n CHAP. LIX.\n The duke of Burgundy continues his march\n toward Paris. Several towns and forts\n surrender to him, in which he places captains\n CHAP. LX.\n The duke of Burgundy crosses the river\n Oise with his army at l'Isle-Adam. He\n besieges and conquers Beaumont and Pontoise,\n whence he removes his quarters to\n CHAP. LXI.\n The duke of Burgundy sends his herald to\n the king of France in Paris. The answer\n he receives. The siege of Montlehery,\n CHAP. LXII.\n The duke of Burgundy lays siege to Corbeil.\n He marches thence to Chartres and\n into Touraine, on the summons of the\n queen of France, who accompanies him\n CHAP. LXIII.\n The queen, on her arrival at Chartres, writes\n to several of the principal towns in\n France. Some new ordinances are made\n for the better government of the kingdom 362\n CHAP. LXIV.\n Sir Elyon de Jacqueville is dragged out of\n the church of our lady in Chartres by\n Hector de Saveuses and his accomplices,\n CHAP. LXV.\n The duke of Burgundy marches his whole\n army to Paris to force an entrance. He\n then carries the queen of France to\n CHAP. LXVI.\n John of Bavaria makes war on the duchess\n his niece in Holland. The conquests of\n Henry king of England in Normandy 378\n CHAP. LXVII.\n Sir James de Harcourt espouses the daughter\n of the count de Tancarville. The defeat\n of Hector de Saveuses. The constable\n CHAP. LXVIII.\n The king of France sends ambassadors to\n Montereau-faut-Yonne to treat of a peace\n with the queen and the duke of Burgundy.\n The inhabitants of Rouen turn to the\n CHAP. LXIX.\n The duke of Burgundy visits the emperor\n Sigismund. The count de Charolois\n takes the oaths of allegiance to the queen\n and his father the duke of Burgundy,\n the siege of Senlis is raised by the\nHERE BEGINNETH\nTHE FOURTH VOLUME\nOF THE\nCHRONICLES\nOF\n_ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET_.\nCHAP. I.\n THE CHAINS ARE TAKEN AWAY FROM THE STREETS OF PARIS.--THE PARISIANS\n ARE KEPT IN GREAT SUBJECTION.--OTHER ROYAL EDICTS ARE PROCLAIMED.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy, as has been said, was returned to his own\ncountry, Taneguy du Ch\u00e2tel, who had lately been appointed provost of\nParis, and Remonnet de la Guerre, were commissioned by the dukes of\nBerry and of Orleans to take down all the chains that had been affixed\nto the different streets and squares in Paris, and carry them to the\nbastille of St Antoine and to the castle of the Louvre. They also\nseized the arms of the burghers and inhabitants, and carried them to\nthe said fortresses, riding daily through the streets attended by a\nstrong force, and followed by cars and carts, which conveyed the arms\nand chains to the places appointed for receiving them. There was not,\nat that period, any burgher who dared even to carry a quarter-staff.\nThe same men at arms kept a very strict watch day and night at the\ngates and on the walls, at the expense of the inhabitants, without\nattention being paid to their complaints, or placing the smallest\nconfidence in them. They were consequently very much discontented,\nand sore at heart, when they saw how they were treated; and many now\nrepented that they had put themselves under the government of the\nenemies of the duke of Burgundy, but dared not shew it openly.\nIn regard to the duke, various edicts were issued against him, charging\nhim with attempting to seduce the king's subjects from their obedience.\nOne, addressed to the bailiff of Amiens, was as follows:\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, health and greeting.\n'Whereas it has come to our knowledge, that John our cousin of\nBurgundy, our rebellious and disobedient enemy, has written, and\nsent at different times, sealed letters, as well to our good town of\nParis as to many others within our realm, with the intent to seduce\nand deceive our subjects, and enable him to accomplish the damnable\nenterprise which he lately formed of marching a large army into Paris.\nWe have, by our letters, expressly commanded, that no one, whatever\nmay be his rank, should receive any of these letters from the duke of\nBurgundy; and should any have been received, that no answer whatever\nshould be made to them, but that they should be sent to us, or to our\nchancellor, to do by them as we shall think expedient.\n'This said duke of Burgundy, continuing his damnable projects, has\nlately sent certain letters-patent, sealed with his privy seal, to\nour town of Paris, which he has caused to be fixed secretly in the\nnight-time to the gates of several churches, and in other public\nplaces of the said town, as well as to several others within our\nrealm, as we have heard, by which he declares that he had marched to\nParis solely with the intention of delivering us and our very dear\nand well-beloved son, the duke of Acquitaine, from the bondage in\nwhich he said we were held. The said duke further declared, that he\nwould never abandon his attempt until he should have restored us and\nour dear son to the full enjoyment of our free will and government.\nThese assertions, and others made by the said duke of Burgundy, are,\nthanks to God, groundless, and notoriously false; for neither ourself\nnor our dear son have been or are under any subjection whatever, nor\nare our honour, our justice, or the state of our government, any way\nwounded or diminished,--but ever since the departure of the duke of\nBurgundy from Paris we have governed peaceably, freely, without any\nhindrance or contradiction. This, however, we were but little able to\ndo, after the horrible murder committed by this said duke on the person\nof our well-beloved brother Louis, duke of Orleans, whose sins may\nGod pardon! We do now govern, and have governed, our kingdom, since\nthe departure of the aforesaid duke, according to our pleasure and\nthe right that belongs to us, and have been constantly obeyed in all\nthings, humbly and diligently, by all those of our blood and lineage,\nlike as good relations, vassals and loyal subjects should do to their\nking and sovereign lord, excepting alway the duke of Burgundy, who,\ncontrary to our orders and positive commands, has assembled great\nnumbers of men at arms and archers, and, like an enemy, has marched\nthem to the walls of Paris, having in his company many traitors and\nmurderers, and other criminals against our royal majesty.\n'With such persons, and others who have been banished our realm for\nsimilar crimes, the said duke, persevering in his wickedness, attempted\nto enter Paris, to seize on and usurp (all that he has written to the\ncontrary in his letters notwithstanding) the government of us, of our\neldest son, and of the whole kingdom, and to appropriate to himself the\nfinances, as he long did to our very great displeasure, and to the loss\nof the kingdom, after the said murder by him committed; for the said\nBurgundian and his adherents are known to have had and received sixty\nhundred thousand francs and upwards,--for which, and various other\ncauses, more fully explained in our ordinances, we have declared him a\nrebel, a violator of the peace, and, consequently, an enemy to us and\nto our whole kingdom.\n'Whereas several of our subjects and vassals may perchance be ignorant\nof these said things, and therefore not believe them; and because\nthe said Burgundian, by his written letters, may publish false and\nwicked lies as may deceive our said vassals, and prove of the utmost\ndetriment to us, our kingdom, and to our faithful and loyal subjects:\nwe being therefore desirous that every person may be fully ascertained\nof the truth, and in order to counteract such false and damnable lies,\ndo thus publicly signify and make known, that the matters which the\nsaid Burgundian has written and published, either by himself or his\nadherents, are detestable lies, spread abroad to seduce and deceive our\npeople, and to enable him to succeed in his damnable design.\n'It is therefore our determination, with the aid of God, to oppose this\nduke by every means in our power, and to reduce him, his abettors,\naccomplices and adherents, under such subjection as befits vassals who\nare disobedient to their lord and sovereign. Such is our will, and we\nshall never depart from it. We therefore command and strictly enjoin,\nunder pain of our displeasure, that you instantly do proclaim, in the\nmost public manner, these presents in every place within your bailiwick\nwhere such proclamations are usually made, so that no one may plead\nignorance thereof.\n'You will likewise forbid, in our name, all our vassals within your\njurisdiction, on the faith, loyalty and obedience they owe us, and\nunder pain of being reputed rebels, and suffering the punishments due\nto such, henceforward to receive any letters from the said duke of\nBurgundy, his adherents or allies. Should any letters be sent them,\nwe order that they do not open them, nor make any communications\nthereof--but that they do bring them sealed up to our trusty and\nwell-beloved chancellor, for him to do therewith as he may judge\nproper.\n'And we, by these presents, do absolutely forbid them, under pain of\nthe aforesaid penalties, in any way to advise, comfort or support, or\nshow favour to the said duke of Burgundy, his partisans or allies, that\nthey may prove themselves faithful and obedient subjects to us, as they\nare so bounden; otherwise, they shall be punished like rebels, to serve\nfor examples to all others.\n'Given at Paris, the 17th day of February, in the year of Grace 1413,\nand of our reign the 33d.' Thus signed by the king, on the report of\nhis grand council, and countersigned 'E. Mauregard.'\nShortly after, another edict was issued against the duke of Burgundy,\nand proclaimed throughout the kingdom at the usual places, the tenour\nof which was as follows:\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Whereas it is so notorious to all our subjects that none can pretend\nignorance thereof, that John, our cousin of Burgundy, has lately\nadvanced to the walls of our good town of Paris, with a large body\nof men at arms and archers, contrary to our positive orders, and in\ndefiance of our will and pleasure, solemnly made known to him, as well\nby ambassadors as by sealed letters from us: that he captured the town\nof St. Denis, and made of it a bulwark against our city of Paris,\nmarching thence to the walls of our said city with displayed banners,\nand sending his scouts to the gates thereof: that he has seized and\nretains the possession of many of our towns by occupying them with a\nforce of men at arms, more particularly Compiegne and Soissons: that\nhe has now under his orders a very numerous army within our kingdom,\nto our great prejudice and to the oppression of the realm: that he\nhas published certain declarations, as a colour for this disobedient\nand rebellious conduct, which are all of them perfectly false and\nmalicious, his intention being to attempt gaining admittance, by fair\nor foul means, into our good city of Paris, to do his pleasure on us,\nour very dear companion the queen, our well-beloved son the duke of\nAcquitaine, and on others of our blood and lineage within the said\ncity, and consequently to regain the whole government of the kingdom,\nin like manner as it is notorious he did formerly usurp it, and by his\ntyrannical domination caused irreparable injuries to those connected\nwith us by blood, the inhabitants of the town of Paris, and in general\nto the whole kingdom.\n'For these causes, we have branded him, all his adherents, partisans\nand allies, as rebels to us and enemies to our kingdom. Fie is now\ndeparted from our town of St. Denis, and we know not what road he\nhas taken; but we have sent you letters to enjoin you to proclaim\nthroughout your bailiwick, that none be so daring, under pain of\ncorporal punishment and confiscation of effects, as to serve or\njoin him in the army which he has raised; and should there be any\nwithin your jurisdiction who, in defiance of these our orders, shall\nhave joined the said duke, we order you to seize their persons, and\nconfiscate their estates which lie within your bailiwick, for our use.\n'Notwithstanding these explicit orders, you have been, as we have\nheard, very dilatory and negligent in obeying them, and have paid but\nlittle attention thereto: should this have been the case, we are, and\nnot without reason, much displeased. We therefore again command, and\nmost strictly enjoin, on penalty of dismission from your office, that\non the receipt of these presents, you do proclaim them, or cause them\nto be proclaimed, in all the accustomed places within your bailiwick,\nso that no one, whatever be his rank, may think of joining or serving\nthe duke of Burgundy, in the army which lie has assembled; and that all\nwho may have joined him may instantly return to their homes, under pain\nof suffering corporal punishment and confiscation of effects.\nAnd whereas it is notorious, that many persons within your jurisdiction\nhave joined the duke of Burgundy, and that others are his supporters\nand abettors, who, contrary to our pleasure, have murmured and continue\ndiscontented, attempting also to deceive and seduce our people from\ntheir allegiance, and endeavouring, as we have heard, by every possible\nmeans, to advise and comfort the said duke of Burgundy: we therefore\nenjoin you, under the penalties aforesaid, to take instant possession\nof all their effects, moveable and immoveable, within your district,\nand wherever they may be, for us and in our name. You will act in like\nmanner to all whom you may know to be favourable to the said duke of\nBurgundy, and partisans in his abominable and traitorous designs.\n'Nevertheless, if you can lay hands on any of their persons, you will\ninstantly arrest them wherever they may be, except in sanctuaries, and\nimmediately inflict such corporal punishment on them as they may have\ndeserved. Should you not be able to do this, summon them to appear,\nunder penalty of banishment and confiscation of effects. You will also\ncommand, by proclamation, all who are bound to serve us, to hasten\nto join us with as numerous a body of men at arms as possible, that\nwe may effectually oppose the duke of Burgundy and his accomplices,\nreduce them to the obedience they owe us, and punish them according\nto their misdeeds, and the tenour of those letters which we have\nbefore addressed to you. Do you be careful to execute punctually and\ndiligently these our orders, that we may not proceed against you for\ndisobedience.\n'Given at Paris the 20th day of February, in the year of Grace 1413,\nand of our reign the 33d.' Thus signed by the king, on the report\nof the grand council held by the queen and the duke of Acquitaine.\nCountersigned, 'J. du Ch\u00e2tel.' It was proclaimed in Amiens and its\nbailiwick by orders of the bailiff and his deputies on the last day of\nFebruary and the following days.\nLetters patent were also sent to the nobles of Artois from the king,\nand to those who had attended the duke of Burgundy in his march to\nParis from the bailiwicks of Amiens, Tournay, and the Vermandois; and\nto those who had remained at home were sent letters sealed with the\nsmall round seal. The first letters, in the king's name, forbade these\nnobles, under pain of the before-mentioned penalties, to accompany, or\nto give counsel or aid, to the said duke of Burgundy, and commanded\nthem to prepare themselves and their horses to serve the king against\nthis Burgundian and his abettors. By the second, they were ordered to\ncollect as large a force as they could, and advance to Paris and join\nthe king there, or wherever else he might be, that he might be enabled\nto impugn and humble the duke of Burgundy, his partisans and advisers.\nThese letters were forwarded to the bailiff of Amiens by the\nchancellor, who sent them, according to orders, to the provostships\nand bailiwicks, for the guards in each to deliver them to those within\ntheir districts to whom they were addressed. These guards were to\nreceive hostages, if possible, and send them to Paris, and they were\nto write word what other securities they had obtained. Should they not\nreceive any, nor letters of acknowledgment, they were also to write\nthis, that it might be known who had and who had not received these\nletters from the king.\nAbout this time, the bishop of Paris, at the request of the university,\nsent to the duke of Burgundy, to know whether he would avow those\narguments which master John Petit had advanced by his desire against\nthe late duke of Orleans. The duke, in reply, told the messengers,\nthat he would neither avow nor support the said master John, saving\nhis just rights. On this answer being carried to Paris, it was ordered\nby the bishop and the inquisitor of the faith, that the aforesaid\narguments should be condemned, and publicly burnt in the presence of\nthe clergy, and of whoever else might choose to witness it. When this\nwas done, it was proposed that the bones of the said master John Petit\nshould be sought for in the town of H\u00eadin, where he had died,--for it\nwas intended to burn them in the same place where his arguments had\nbeen burnt,--but in the end nothing more was done.\nCHAP. II.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY HOLDS A GRAND CONFERENCE WITH HIS NOBLES IN\n ARRAS, WHO PROMISE TO SERVE HIM AGAINST ALL HIS ENEMIES.\nThe duke of Burgundy daily received intelligence that the king and the\nduke of Acquitaine were completely turned against him, through the\nmeans of those who then governed. In consequence, he assembled all his\nnobles of Artois and Picardy at Arras. On his appearing among them, he\nfirst apologised for having made them wait, saying that he had been\nat Paris in obedience to the commands of the duke of Acquitaine, and\nagain caused to be read the letters which he had received from him. He\nadded, that he had left large bodies of his men at arms in the towns\nof Compiegne and Soissons, at the request of the inhabitants; for they\nhad learnt that the king, by the advice of his present ministers, was\nraising a large force to reconquer these towns.\nHe then asked the nobles, whether he might depend on their support.\nThey replied, that they would cheerfully serve him against all his\nenemies, saving the king of France and his children. This they all\npromised excepting the lord de Ront, who declared that he would serve\nhim even against the king of France.\nAt this period, there raged an epidemical disorder throughout France\nand other countries: it affected the head, and very many died of it,\nboth old and young. It was called the Coqueluche.\nCHAP. III.\n A GRAND COUNCIL HELD, IN THE KING'S NAME, AT PARIS.\nOn the 2d day of March, in this year, was held a grand council, at\nthe h\u00f4tel of St Pol, in the presence of the queen and the duke of\nAcquitaine, (because the king was not then in perfect health,) of\nmany princes and prelates beside the ordinary members of the council.\nThe chancellor of France harangued for a considerable time on the\nbehaviour of the duke of Burgundy, and how he had conducted himself\ntoward the king and the princes of the blood at many and divers times,\nsince the death of Louis duke of Orleans: that lately, in defiance of\nthe commands of the king and the duke of Acquitaine, he had marched\na powerful force of men at arms and archers, with displayed banners,\nto the very walls of Paris, committing at the same time irreparable\ndamages to the kingdom: he had likewise placed garrisons in the towns\nof Compiegne and Soissons, who daily made open war on the subjects of\nthe king, in like manner as our ancient enemies of England would have\ndone: that since he had thus notoriously broken the peace that had\nbeen agreed to at Auxerre, and confirmed at Pontoise, the chancellor\nearnestly demanded those present, on their allegiance, to declare what\nmeasures the king and the duke of Acquitaine should pursue against the\nduke of Burgundy.\nThis council consisted of the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry,\nOrleans, Bourbon and Bar, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, de Vertus, de\nRichemont, d'Eu, de Dampmartin, d'Armagnac, de Vend\u00f4me, de Marle and de\nTouraine; the lord d'Albreth, constable of France, the archbishop of\nSens, and many other prelates, with a considerable number of notable\nbarons, knights and esquires of the royal council. When they had for\nsome time deliberated on the chancellor's demand, they replied, by\nthe mouth of the archbishop of Sens, that the king might legally and\nhonourably wage war on the duke of Burgundy, considering the manner in\nwhich he had conducted and continued to conduct himself with regard to\nhim.\nIt was then resolved, that the king should raise a large army, and\nmarch in person against the duke and his adherents, to subjugate\nthem, and reduce their country to obedience. The queen, the duke of\nAcquitaine, all the princes, and the whole council, then engaged, and\nsolemnly swore, on their faith and loyalty, that they would never pay\nattention to any letters or embassy from the said duke, until he and\nhis allies should be destroyed, or at least humbled and reduced to\nobedience.\nWhen the council broke up, clerks were employed to write letters, which\nwere dispatched to divers countries, and throughout France; and the\nking at this time raised a larger army than he had done during his\nwhole reign,--insomuch, that in a very short time, by the activity of\nthe said princes, and by the king's summons, a very great multitude of\nmen at arms were collected round Paris, and in the parts adjacent in\nthe isle of France. Some of the captains were dispatched with a large\nbody of men toward the town of Compiegne, which, as I have before\nsaid, was garrisoned by the duke of Burgundy, namely, the lord Charles\nd'Albreth, constable of France, sir Hector, bastard of Bourbon,\nRemonnet de la Guerre, the lord de Gaucourt and several others,--who,\non their forming the siege, had many and severe skirmishes with those\nof the town, as they made frequent sallies night and day, and at the\nbeginning did them much damage.\nThey were, however, often driven back by the besiegers into the town,\nwhich was under the government of sir Hugh de Launay, the lord de\nSaint Legier, and his son, the lord Mauroy, Hector Philippe, le bon de\nSavouses, the lord de Sorres, knights, Louvelet de Malinghen, and many\nother notable men at arms, by orders of the duke of Burgundy. These\ncaptains, to prevent the besiegers from quartering themselves at their\nease, were diligent in harrassing them, and burnt all the suburbs, with\nmany handsome buildings, as well houses as churches. The besiegers, on\ntheir side, were not idle: they threw two bridges over the river Oise,\nto succour each other should there be occasion, and pointed against the\nwalls and gates two large engines, which annoyed them much.\nThe king of France on the Saturday in the holy week, the third of\nApril, marched out of Paris in a triumphant manner, and with great\nstate, to the town of Senlis to wait for his army. He there celebrated\nthe feast of the Resurrection of our LORD JESUS CHRIST. The king and\nthe duke of Acquitaine wore, on this expedition, the badge and arms of\nthe count d'Armagnac, laying aside that noble and gallant banner which\nhe and his royal predecessors had hitherto borne, for the plain white\ncross. Many of the great barons, knights, and other loyal servants of\nthe king and the duke, were much displeased at this, saying, that it\nwas not becoming the excellence of his royal majesty to bear the arms\nof so poor a lord as the count d'Armagnac, particularly as it was for\nhis own personal quarrel, and within his own realm. This banner, which\nwas now the cause of such rejoicing, had been given to an ancestor of\nthe said count, by the decision of a pope, to be borne for ever by him,\nand his heirs and successors, as a penalty for certain crimes committed\nby his predecessors against the church.\nCHAP. IV.\n THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE LEAVES PARIS, AND JOINS THE KING OF FRANCE AT\n SENLIS.--HE MARCHES THENCE TO LAY SIEGE TO THE TOWN OF COMPIEGNE.\nAt the beginning of this year, namely, on Easter-Monday, the duke of\nAcquitaine set out from Paris with a noble company, and went to Senlis,\nto join the king his father. The king then departed from Senlis,\nattended by many princes and prelates, and a grand assemblage of\nchivalry, to fix his quarters at Verberie[1]. The queen and the duchess\nof Acquitaine, who had come with the duke from Paris, went to lodge\nat Meaux in Brie. The duke of Berry remained behind, as governor of\nParis and the adjacent country. King Louis of Sicily went to Angiers,\nand thence returned to Paris, and did not attend the king on this\nexpedition.\nThe king of France, on leaving Verberie, marched toward Compiegne; and\nwhen he had approached near, he sent one of his heralds to the gates of\nthe town, to announce to those within that the king was coming, that\nthey might, like loyal subjects, admit him as their lord. The townsmen\nmade answer, that they would very cheerfully admit him and his son,\nthe duke of Aquitaine, with their attendants, but no more. The herald\ncarried this answer to the king, who had lodged himself in a small\nhouse between the town and the forest, and the duke of Acquitaine in\nthe monastery of Royaulieu. The other princes and captains quartered\nthemselves as well as they could; and the king's batteries kept\nconstantly playing against the town, to which they did much damage,\nwhile skirmishes frequently happened between the two parties. One of\nthem is deserving of notice. When the month of May was near at hand,\nsir Hector, bastard of Bourbon, sent to inform the besieged, that on\nthe first of May he would try their courage.\nOn that day, he accordingly mounted his horse, attended by about two\nhundred able men at arms and some foot-soldiers, having all May\ngarlands over their helmets: he led them to the gate of Pierrefons, to\npresent a May garland to the besieged, as he had promised. The besieged\nmade a stout resistance, insomuch that it became very serious, and\nseveral were killed and wounded on each side: the bastard of Bourbon\nhad his horse killed under him, and was in great danger of being made\nprisoner or slain.\nWhile these things were passing, the duke of Burgundy held many\nconferences with the Flemings, to persuade them to levy a certain\nnumber of men, that he might raise the siege of Compiegne; but they\nrefused, all edging that they could not bear arms against the king\nof France. The duke of Burgundy, to whom his people in Compiegne had\nsent to know if they might expect succours, advised them to make the\nbest terms they could with the king and the duke of Acquitaine. On\nhearing this, they offered to open the gates to the king and his army,\non condition that the troops of the duke of Burgundy should retire\nin safety with their effects,--they promising, or their captain for\nthem, that they would never again oppose the king, or the duke of\nAcquitaine, in any town which belonged to them.\nThe king consented to pardon the inhabitants, and to receive them again\ninto favour, without touching their lives or fortunes.\nThus on Monday, the 8th day of May, at the same time that the troops\nof the duke of Burgundy marched out under passports from the king and\nthe duke of Acquitaine to fix their quarters in Artois, the royal army\nmarched into Compiegne.\nAt this time, Waleran count de St Pol, who still called himself\nconstable of France, riding from Amiens to his castle of St Pol, had\na severe fall, and broke his leg: the pain was so great that he was\ncarried to St Pol; but there was a report current, that he pretended\nto have been thus sorely hurt in order to be excused from obeying the\nking's summons, which had been often repeated to him; and also out of\nregard to the duke of Burgundy, whom he saw much distressed, and was\nperplexed how to assist him in his quarrel. In like manner, sir James\nde Ch\u00e2tillon, lord of Dampierre, styling himself admiral of France,\nremained all this season at his castle of Rolaincourt, pretending\nto be confined with the gout, which often attacked him, in order to\nbe excused, like the constable, from serving in the king's army, or\njoining the duke of Burgundy, of whose success he was very desirous.\nTheir dependants, however, who were accustomed to follow them in arms\nto war, or at least the greater part of them, joined the duke of\nBurgundy and his partisans. This war placed many lords in disagreeable\nsituations and perplexities; for they knew not well how to steer, with\nhonour to themselves, between the two parties.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: Verberie,--a town in Picardy, on the Oise, three leagues\nfrom Senlis, four from Compiegne.]\nCHAP. V.\n THE KING OF FRANCE MARCHES HIS ARMY FROM COMPIEGNE TO SOISSONS, WHICH\n HE BESIEGES AND TAKES BY STORM:--IT IS PILLAGED AND DESTROYED.\nThe king, having reduced the town of Compiegne to his obedience,\ndeparted, on the 5th day of May[2], with his army, to lay siege to the\ntown of Soissons, of which place the brave Enguerrand de Bournouville\nwas governor. The van division had before advanced thither, under the\ncommand of the duke of Bar, the count d'Armagnac, Clugnet de Brabant,\ncalling himself admiral of France, the bastard of Bourbon, sir Aym\u00e9 de\nSallebruche, and other able captains.\nThe inhabitants of Soissons, perceiving that they should be besieged,\nacted like to those of Compiegne, in destroying their suburbs, with\nmany noble buildings, churches and houses. Notwithstanding this, they\nwere, on the arrival of the royal army, very closely besieged. The\nking, on his coming thither, sent to summon the town to surrender\nitself to his obedience, otherwise the inhabitants were in the\nroad to destruction; but in defiance of this, they resolved to\ndefend themselves against the king's army, in the hope of receiving\nreinforcements from their lord and master the duke of Burgundy, who\nhad promised to succour them by a certain day.\nThe king fixed his quarters in the convent of St Jean des Vignes of\nthe order of St Augustin: the dukes of Acquitaine and of Orleans were\nlodged in the abbey of St Quintin, and the other princes and lords in\nthe best manner they could. With sir Enguerrand within the town, were\nsir Collart de Phiennes, Lamon de Launoy, sir Pierre Menau, Gilles\ndu Plessis, the old lord de Menau, full of years and riches, Guyot\nle Bouteiller, with many more warriors from the Boulonois, Artois\nand Picardy. There were also full four hundred English soldiers; but\nowing to some quarrels, the townsmen and those under the command of\nBournouville, were not on good terms together, by which their strength\nwas much weakened.\nThe king's forces were very diligent in their daily attempts to annoy\nthe town, by means of bombards, cannon, bricolles, and other engines\nof destruction. They were also frequently played off during the night\nagainst the walls and gates, which greatly damaged them in several\nplaces, and harrassed the garrison. At length, on the 21st of May, the\nplace was vigorously stormed on every side; but before this happened,\nsome new knights were created, among whom were Louis duke of Bavaria,\nthe count de Richemont, and the provost of Paris.\nThe van division posted on the opposite side, under the command of the\nduke of Bar, the count of Armagnac, and Remonnet de la Guerre, made\ntheir attack at the same time; and the princes and leaders urged their\nmen on with such bravery, that in spite of the obstinate resistance of\nthe besieged, the king's forces made an entry by a large breach which\nhad been effected by the engines, and there the combat raged,--for\nevery inch was disputed with lances, battle-axes and swords, hand to\nhand.\nDuring the storm, the commander of the English forces within the town,\nhaving held a parley with some of his countrymen in the king's army,\ncaused a gate leading to the river to be cut down, through which the\ncount d'Armagnac's men rushed, and hoisted, on the highest tower, the\nbanner of their count; and the greater part of the English suddenly\nturned against the townsmen.\nSoon after, the army forced an entrance through the walls, putting\nall they met to the sword, inhabitants and garrison indiscriminately.\nDuring this attack, as Enguerrand de Bournouville was riding through\ndifferent parts of the town, to encourage his men, he was pursued\nthrough a narrow street which had a chain thrown across it by some\nof the men of Remonnet de la Guerre, who pressed on him so much that\nhe was forced to retreat and attempt to leap over the chain; but, in\nso doing, his horse could not clear it, and remained suspended, when\nhe was made prisoner and led with great joy to Remonnet. The others,\nseeing the town was taken, retired to different parts within the gates,\nand the towers of the walls,--whence, parleying with their enemies,\nthey surrendered, on promise of their lives being spared. Those who\ndefended their posts were slain or made prisoners: in short, including\nthe townsmen with the duke's garrison, there were that day full twelve\nhundred killed or taken.\nIn regard to the destruction committed by the king's army in Soissons,\nit cannot be estimated; for, after they had plundered all the\ninhabitants and their dwellings, they despoiled the churches and\nmonasteries. They even took and robbed the most part of the sacred\nshrines of many bodies of saints, which they stripped of all the\nprecious stones, gold and silver, together with many other jewels and\nholy things appertaining to the aforesaid churches.\nThere is not a Christian but would have shuddered at the atrocious\nexcesses committed by this soldiery in Soissons: married women violated\nbefore their husbands, young damsels in the presence of their parents\nand relatives, holy nuns, gentlewomen of all ranks, of whom there were\nmany in the town: all, or the greater part, were violated against their\nwills, and known carnally by divers nobles and others, who after having\nsatiated their own brutal passions, delivered them over without mercy\nto their servants; and there is no remembrance of such disorder and\nhavoc being done by Christians, considering the many persons of high\nrank that were present, and who made no efforts to check them: there\nwere also many gentlemen in the king's army who had relations in the\ntown, as well secular as churchmen, but the disorder was not the less\non that account.\nDuring the storming of the place, several, foreseeing that it must\nbe taken, thought to save themselves by escaping over the walls to\nthe river, and swimming across; but the greater part were drowned, as\ntheir bodies were found in divers parts of the stream. Some women of\nrank were, however, in this disorder conducted to the quarters of the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine by their friends, and thus saved from\nsuffering the like infamy with others who could not escape from the\nplace.\nDuring the siege, sir Hector, bastard of Bourbon, as prudent and\nvaliant in arms as any of the king's party, while parleying with\nEnguerrand de Bournouville, was so grievously wounded in the face\nby an arrow that he died; and the duke of Bourbon, who much loved\nhis brother, conceived, on account of this act, which he thought was\ntreacherously done, so violent a hatred against Enguerrand, and some\nothers of the besieged, that he prevailed on the king and council to\nhave him beheaded, his head placed on a lance, and his body hung by\nthe shoulders on a gibbet. Many princes and captains, notwithstanding\nEnguerrand had been their enemy, were greatly displeased at his death,\nand not without cause, for he was at that time renowned as the flower\nof the warriors of all France.\nWith him were beheaded sir Pierre de Menau, one of the governors of the\ntown,--and of the inhabitants, master Aussiel Bassuel, advocate, and\nfour other gentlemen, whose heads were put on lances, and their bodies\nhung in the usual manner on the gibbet.\nMaster John Titet, a wise and learned advocate, by whom all the\nbusiness of the town had until then been managed, was carried with some\nothers to Laon, and there examined: he was afterwards beheaded, and\nhung by the shoulders on a gallows. Fifty-one persons were sent to the\nCh\u00e2telet prison in Paris, several of whom were beheaded, such as Gilles\ndu Plessis, knight, and others.\nVery many of the townsmen, english archers, and soldiers of the\ngarrison were hung on a gibbet without Soissons: others escaped death\nby ransoming themselves, namely, the old lord de Menau, sir Colart de\nPhiennes, Lamon de Launoy, Guyot le Bouteiller, and great numbers of\ngentlemen. Those who had taken them allowed them their liberty, on\ntheir promising to send the amount of their ransoms by a certain day,\nso that the king's justice might not be inflicted upon them.\nAfter some days had passed, the king caused to be restored, by some of\nthe pillagers, the bones of many bodies of saints, and divers relics;\nbut all the gold and jewels that had adorned them were gone; and even\nin this state, many were forced to buy them back for large sums, when\nthey were replaced in the churches from which they had been stolen.\nThus was this grand and noble city of Soissons, strong from its\nsituation, walls and towers, full of wealth, and embellished with fine\nchurches and holy relics, totally ruined and destroyed by the army of\nking Charles and of the princes who accompanied him. The king, however,\nbefore his departure, gave orders for its rebuilding, and appointed\nnew officers for the defence and support of it,--who, when the army\nhad marched away, recalled as many as possible of the inhabitants who\nhad fled before it was taken. The king also granted a total abolition\nof taxes, excepting, nevertheless, those who had been principally\ninstrumental in admitting the Burgundians within their town.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 2: Monstrelet mentions in the preceding chapter, that the\nking of France made his public entry into Compiegne on the 8th day of\nMay.]\nCHAP. VI.\n THE KING, AFTER THE CAPTURE OF SOISSONS, MARCHES TO ST QUENTIN, AND\n THENCE TO PERONNE, TO FACILITATE HIS ENTRANCE INTO ARTOIS.\nHaving done these things at Soissons, the king departed, and went to\nthe town of Laon, where he was magnificently and joyfully received by\nthe clergy, burghers and inhabitants of that town. Shortly after his\narrival, Philip count de Nevers, baron de Donsy of the royal lineage,\nand brother to the duke of Burgundy, came thither under the protection\nof a passport from the king, and was lodged by the royal harbingers,\nin the abbey of Saint Martin des Premonstr\u00e9s. He had been informed by\nsome of his friends, that the king intended to send into his county\nof Rethel a large force to seize his person; and for this reason he\nhad come to Laon to surrender into the king's hand the lordships and\nestates he possessed in France, and to solicit mercy and pardon for\nall his offences, promising henceforward not to assist his brother,\nthe duke of Burgundy, openly or secretly, in this quarrel against the\nking his sovereign lord. What he requested was granted; and the lord de\nLor with others of his vassals were given as hostages for the faithful\nobservance of these promises. He then departed, with the king's leave,\nto Mezieres on the Meuse.\nWhile the king remained at Laon, he ordered fresh proclamations to be\nmade throughout his realm, to obtain the aid of his knights and others\nwho were accustomed to bear arms for him.\nOn the 10th day of June he marched to Tierrache, thence to Ribermont\nand to St Quentin; at which place, the countess of Hainault, sister\nto the duke of Burgundy, came to him, with a noble attendance of two\nhundred horsemen, to endeavour to make peace between the king and the\nduke of Acquitaine and the duke of Burgundy. But when the king heard\nwhat terms she had to propose, there was an end of the business; and,\nseeing no prospect of success, she took leave of the king, and left\nSaint Quentin, and went to the duke of Bourbon and Charles d'Albreth,\nconstable of France, the commanders of the rear division of the army.\nFour of the king's knights escorted her until she met two hundred\nburgundian men at arms. This body of troops was under the command of\nsir Gaultier de Ruppes, the lords de Montagu and de Toulongeon, Sir\nGuillaume de Champ-divers, le Veau de Bar, bailiff of Auxois[3], and\nothers, quartered at Marle[4], who were on their road towards Hainault.\nThe moment the king of France's knights perceived them, they returned\nwith all speed to give information that they had seen the Burgundians,\nin order that they might be encountered. The duke of Bourbon, the\nconstable, and many others, instantly made themselves ready, to the\namount of four thousand combatants, and galloped away as fast as their\nhorses could carry them, through la Chapelle in Tierrache, to overtake\nthe Burgundians. They continued their pursuit as far as the bridge\nof Verberie over the Sambre, near to Beaumont, when they came up with\nthe baggage, and killed or made prisoners several of the escort: among\nthe last was Veau de Bar, bailiff of Auxois. They still pursued the\nBurgundians until they came near to N\u00f4tre Dame de Halle, but they had\nthen secured themselves within the suburbs of Brussels. Finding that\nall hopes of overtaking them were vain, the french knights retreated\nthrough Hainault, plundered many of its inhabitants, who little\nsuspected it, and arrived at Guise in Tierrache, where they met the\nking and his whole army, who had returned thither to combat his enemies.\nDuke William count of Hainault was highly displeased with this\nexpedition, because his country had been overrun and pillaged. Soon\nafter, the king marched back to St Quentin, and the Burgundians,\nwho were before Oudenarde, went to Douay, where they met the duke\nof Burgundy, who received them as cordially as if they had been his\nbrethren. The lady of Hainault, his sister, came thither also, who had\nendeavoured, as has been said, with all her power, to conclude a peace\nbetween the king of France and the duke of Burgundy, but hitherto she\nhad been unsuccessful.\nThe king and the princes advanced from St Quentin to Peronne,--and his\nmajesty was lodged in the castle. He devoutly celebrated the feast of\nSt Peter and St Paul, in the church of St Quentin; and on the morrow of\nthis feast the countess of Hainault returned, with her brother the duke\nof Brabant, to renew her propositions for peace. They were royally and\nmagnificently entertained, after which the king inquired the cause of\ntheir coming. On the following Sunday, the first day of July, the duke\nof Guienne gave the lady and her brother a magnificent dinner, when\nthey were solemnly feasted.\nThis countess was also accompanied by some of the chief citizens of the\nQuatre Mestiers, as deputies from the three estates of Flanders to the\nking who graciously received them,--and, on their departure, properly\ndistributed among them presents, of one hundred marcs of silver in gilt\nplate, which pleased them mightily.\nBut neither the lady nor her brother, the duke of Brabant, could at\nthis time obtain peace for the duke of Burgundy; on which account,\nthey returned to him at Douay dejected and sorrowful. The duke hearing\nof their ill success, concluded bargains with his captains for their\nsupport of him against all his enemies, excepting the persons of\nthe king of France and the duke of Acquitaine. After this, the duke\ndeparted into his country of Flanders.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 3: Auxois,--a country in Burgundy, of which Semur is the\ncapital.]\n[Footnote 4: Marle,--a town in Picardy, five leagues from Laon,\nthirteen from Soissons.]\nCHAP. VII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY PLACES GARRISONS IN DIFFERENT TOWNS AND\n CASTLES.--THE KING OF FRANCE MARCHES HIS ARMY FROM PERONNE TO BESIEGE\n BAPAUME[5].\nSuch was the state of affairs on the departure of the duke of Burgundy,\nwith the greater part of the Burgundians under the command of sir\nGaultier de Ruppes and others, from Douay. Sir John de Luxembourg, then\na young knight, was intrusted with the government of Arras; but there\nwere appointed, as his advisers, the lord de Ront, sir William Bouvier,\nlieutenant governor of Arras, the lord de Noyelle, surnamed Le Blanc\nChevalier, Allain de Vendosme, with a body of troops to the number of\nsix hundred men at arms and as many archers.\nThose from Burgundy were commanded by the lord de Montagu, captain\nin chief, the lord de Vienne, the borgne de Toulongeon knight, sir\nWilliam de Champ-divers, the bastard of Granson, to the amount of six\nhundred men at arms. The lord de Beauford \u00e0 la barbe was commander of\nthe commonalty; and in all the other towns were appointed able men,\naccording to the good pleasure of the duke of Burgundy.\nThese warriors made frequent excursions on the lands of such as were\nattached to the Orleans party; and one day sir John de Luxembourg,\nwith a large detachment, advanced to the town of Hamme on the Somme,\nbelonging to the duke of Orleans, which was pillaged and robbed of\nevery thing portable that it contained; and many of the adjacent\nvillages shared the same fate, from the aforesaid cause. In like\nmanner, Hector de Saveuses, Philippe de Saveuses his brother, Louis de\nWargis, and some other captains, crossed the river Somme at Hauges,\nnear to Pecquigny, and thence advanced to the town of Blangy, near\nMonchiaux, belonging to the count d'Eu, which was filled with much\nwealth. This was soon plundered by the Burgundians, who carried away\nmen and all portable effects, and returned with them into Artois. Such\nexpeditions did the duke of Burgundy's partisans often make, to the\nsore distress of the poor inhabitants.\nOn the 9th day of July, the king and the princes left Peronne, on a\npilgrimage to our Lady of Cuerlu, and proceeding thence, fixed their\nquarters on the banks of a river, very near to Miraumont[6]. On the\nThursday following, he came before Bapaume, a town belonging to the\nduke of Burgundy; and at this place the count d'Auxerre was made a\nknight by the duke of Bourbon, who commanded the van division, and had\narrived before Bapaume at break of day. The king also created, with his\nown hand, the count d'Alen\u00e7on a knight, as well as some others. The\nlords de Boissay and de Gaucourt at this time exercised the functions\nof Boucicaut and de Longny, the two marshals of France. On the king's\narrival, he was lodged at a handsome nunnery without the walls, and his\narmy around the place, so that it was soon encompassed on all sides.\nThis town is on an elevated situation, without spring or running water;\nand as the season was very dry, the soldiers were forced to fetch their\nwater from a rivulet near to Miraumont in bottles, casks, and suchlike\nvessels, which they transported on cars or otherwise the best way they\ncould, so that they and their horses suffered more from thirst than\nfamine. This caused many to sink wells, and in a few days more than\nfifty were opened, and the water was so abundant that a horse could be\nwatered for four farthings.\nIt happened, that on a certain day the duke of Acquitaine sent for the\nchief captains in the town and castle of Bapaume, such as Ferry de\nHangest, sir John de Jumont, and Alain d'Anetus, who on their arrival,\nbeing asked by the duke why they did not make some overtures to the\nking for the surrender of the town and castle to their sovereign lord,\nreplied most humbly, that they guarded it for the king and for himself,\nthe king's eldest son, by the orders of the duke of Burgundy.\nThey requested the duke of Acquitaine to grant them an armistice until\nthe following Tuesday, that they might send to the duke of Burgundy\nfor his final orders respecting their conduct, as to surrendering the\ntown and castle. This was granted, and confirmed by the king. They\ntherefore sent to the duke of Burgundy, to inform him of the force\nthat was surrounding the town, and the small provision they had for\nthemselves and their horses. The duke, on hearing this, agreed to their\nsurrendering the place to the king and the duke of Acquitaine, on\ncondition that their lives and fortunes should be spared. This being\nassented to, they marched out of Bapaume with all their baggage, and\nwere in number about five hundred helmets and three hundred archers.\nThey took the road toward Lille, to join their lord; but, as they were\non their departure, the varlet Caboche, who bore the duke's standard,\nand two merchants of Paris were arrested; one of them was named Martin\nCoulommiers; and all three beheaded. Martellet du Mesnil and Galiffre\nde Jumelles were likewise arrested, for having formed part of the\ngarrison in Compiegne, but were afterward set at liberty.\nIn these days, it was proclaimed by sound of trumpet, that every one,\nwhatever might be his rank, merchant or otherwise, who should repair\nto the king's army, should wear the upright cross as a badge, under\npain of confiscation of goods and corporal punishment. At this period,\nalso, ambassadors were sent to Cambray, the principal of whom were the\nlord of Ivry, and the lord de Ligny, a native of Hainault, at that time\nkeeper of the king's privy seal, attended by many knights and others,\nto the amount of two hundred helmets. On their arrival at Cambray,\nthey had a conference with the duke of Brabant and the countess of\nHainault, but could not agree on any terms for a peace, on which the\nambassadors returned to the king's army, and the duke of Brabant and\nthe lady of Hainault went back to the duke of Burgundy at Lille, to\nsignify to him that they had not been able to come to any terms with\nthe king of France.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 5: Bapaume,--a strong town in Artois, eleven leagues from\nAmiens.]\n[Footnote 6: Miraumont,--a village in Picardy, election of Peronne.]\nCHAP. VIII.\n THE INHABITANTS OF ARRAS FORTIFY THEIR TOWN VERY STRONGLY, AND BURN\n AND DESTROY SEVERAL HANDSOME EDIFICES WHICH WERE AROUND IT.\nThe townsmen of Arras, daily expecting to be besieged by the army\nof the king of France, made great preparations to defend themselves\nagainst all adversaries. They erected bulwarks without the walls,\nand formed barriers of large oak-trees placed one on the other, with\ndeep ditches, so that the walls could not be approached without first\nhaving gained these outworks. They planted cannons and veuglaires\n(veuglaria), with other offensive engines on the walls and towers, to\nannoy the enemy; and, as I have before said, sir John de Luxembourg\nwas governor-general of the place, having under him many very expert\ncaptains, whom I have mentioned, and who were always unanimous in their\nopinions.\nThey resolved to wait for the attack of the king and the princes, and\nto resist it to the best of their ability; but in the mean time sir\nJohn de Luxembourg caused proclamation to be made by sound of trumpets\nthroughout the town, that all persons who had wives or families should\nlose no time in having them and their effects conveyed to other strong\nplaces or territories of the duke of Burgundy, and that whosoever had\nnot collected necessaries for some months must leave the place.\nIn consequence of these proclamations, many of the inhabitants carried\ntheir wives, families and fortunes to the towns of Douay, Lille,\nBethune, Aire, and other places, according to their pleasure. The\ngovernor demolished many handsome buildings and churches that were\naround the town, namely, the abbey of Tieulloy, the churches of the\nCordeliers, Jacobins, and some others. He also burnt on the opposite\nside of the city the suburbs of Baudemont, which were of large extent,\nand contained many fine edifices, as well inns as other houses; all of\nwhich were burnt and destroyed to the confusion of the inhabitants of\nthis suburb.\nCHAP. IX.\n CHARLES KING OF FRANCE, HAVING REDUCED BAPAUME TO HIS OBEDIENCE,\n MARCHES TO LAY SIEGE TO ARRAS, AND TO SUBJECT THAT CITY TO HIS POWER.\nKing Charles of France having, as I have said, reduced the town of\nBapaume, to his obedience, departed thence on the 19th day of July with\nhis whole army, and halted at a village called Vercourt, situated on\na small brook two leagues from Arras. He had left his engines of war\nat Bapaume, under the guard of sir Gasselin du Bos and a sufficient\ngarrison. Sir Gasselin, as governor of the town, made the mayor,\nsheriffs and commonalty, take a solemn oath of fidelity to the king,\nand to him as his governor.\nFrom Vercourt, the king, passing by Arras, was lodged in the town of\nVailly[7]; at which place, and before the gates of Arras, there were\ngrand skirmishes between the king's army and those within the town.\nThey sallied out of the place in great numbers on horseback against\ntheir enemies, of whom they that day, at different times, made sixty\nor more prisoners, and carried them into the town, with a quantity of\nbaggage.\nIn company with the king were, his eldest son, Louis duke of\nAcquitaine, the dukes of Orleans, of Bourbon, of Bar and of Bavaria,\nthe counts of Vertus, of Alen\u00e7on, of Richemont, of Vend\u00f4me, of Auxerre,\nof la Marche, of la Marle, of Eu, of Roussy, the archbishop of Sens,\nthe bishop of Laon, and the count of Armagnac. The lord Charles\nd'Albreth, constable of France, was also with the king, and some other\nknights and esquires of the van division, consisting of three thousand\nmen at arms at least, without including archers, so that the whole of\nthe royal army may be estimated at about two hundred thousand persons\nof all sorts.\nThe king's quarters at Vailly were in a house which had belonged to the\nTemplars about a cannon-shot from the town, and the duke of Acquitaine\nwas lodged very near him. Soon after, the duke of Bourbon and others\nof the van division made an entrance early in the morning into the\nsuburbs of Vaudemont, and there established themselves, in spite of the\nresistance from Arras, but it was not without a severe conflict.\nOn another day, the duke of Bar, the count de Marle and the count\nd'Armagnac, with the rear division, made good a lodgement on the\nopposite side, in the suburbs of Belle-mocte, so that the city of Arras\nwas now so completely surrounded that scarcely a single person could\nventure out without being taken, although, during the siege, there\nwere daily sallies made from the town, sometimes on foot, at others on\nhorseback.\nThe besieged often made sallies from two and even three gates within an\nhour's time, and on these occasions, as it was afterwards known, they\ngained more than they lost; for, during the siege, they brought into\nthe place upward of twelve score prisoners, and great numbers were in\nthese sallies always left dead on the field.\nOne particular skirmish took place near the river Scarpe, between the\nsuburbs of Belle-mocte and the postern of Arras, which was very fatal\nto the besiegers. A party from the vanguard had crossed the river on a\nplank, one at a time, to the number of six or seven score, purposing to\nmake an attack on the postern; but the besieged instantly sallied forth\nto combat them, and drove them back to the plank,--when they, finding\nthey could not repass without much danger, rallied and forced their\nenemies to retreat to the postern. At length by the valour of a man at\narms, called Perceval le Grand, who was the leader of the townsmen,\nthey were again forced to the water's edge, and so vigorously attacked\nthat fifty at least were killed on the spot, or made prisoners: from\nfifteen to twenty were drowned in attempting to cross the river, whose\nbodies, in armour, were dragged out on the following day.\nAbout twenty of the besieged were killed or taken in their various\nsallies. Among those of name made prisoners were Baugeois de la\nBeauvriere, the bastard de Belle, the Bastard Dembrine, and some other\ngentlemen from Burgundy; but they lost the greater part of their best\nhorses in these skirmishes.\nThe castle of Belle-mocte, situated near to Arras, remained, during\nthe siege, steady to the Burgundy party. The guard of it was given to\nsir Fleurant d'Ancre and sir Symon de Behaignon: with them was a man\nat arms called Jean Rose, who was strongly suspected of wishing to\nbetray the castle for money,--and on that account was made prisoner and\nhis effects confiscated. This fortress was well defended by the said\nknights, for the duke of Burgundy, although the king's army took great\npains to conquer it.\nTo speak of all the different expeditions and incursions the king's\ntroops made during this siege into Artois, Ternois, and other parts,\nwould make too long a narrative; but I shall notice that which took\neffect under one of the bastards of Bourbon, and other captains, with\nabout one thousand combatants. They went on a foraging party into the\ncounty of St Pol, from which they gained an immense booty, in peasants,\nhorses, cattle, sheep, and other things: they even advanced to the\ntown of St Pol, in which were count Waleran, styling himself constable\nof France, and the countess his wife, sister to the duke of Bar. They\ntreated count Waleran with much abusive language, and said that he only\npretended to be ill, to avoid serving the king, his sovereign lord; and\nthat he had manifested his warm affection to the duke of Burgundy by\nsending his nephew sir John de Luxembourg, with the greater part of his\nvassals, to assist him.\nNotwithstanding the count heard all that was said, he would not suffer\nany of his men to sally out against them, for fear the king and his\ncouncil should be more discontented with him, and allowed them to burn\na considerable part of the suburbs of St Pol: they then returned to the\nking's army before Arras with their plunder.\nOn another day, about twelve hundred combatants assembled, and\nadvanced toward Lucheux[8], ransacking the country as far as the\ntown of Hesdin[9], and committing much destruction; but the garrisons\nof Hesdin, and of other places in the interest of the duke of\nBurgundy, pursued them with such activity and vigour, that they not\nonly recovered several whom they had captured, but made many of them\nprisoners.\nThus at different times, were excursions made by the king's forces\non parts that held out for the duke of Burgundy, by which the poorer\npeople were sorely oppressed and ruined.\nOn the other hand, the garrisons of the duke of Burgundy, in his towns\nof Douay, Lens[10], Hesdin, Maizerolles[11], and others, made continual\nexcursions and ambuscades against the foragers of the royal forces,\nand likewise against those who brought provisions to the army from\nAmiens, Corbie, and other parts, whom they generally robbed, killed,\nor made prisoners. Hector de Saveuses, a very renowned man at arms,\nwas particularly active in his kind of warfare: he usually collected\nfrom two to three hundred combatants under his banner, and, by secretly\nleading them against the king's forces, acquired much fame, and was\ngreatly in the good graces of his lord, the duke of Burgundy: his\ncompanions were usually Philippe and Louis de Wargis, Lamon de Launoy,\nand other expert men at arms.\nThe duke of Burgundy, having resolved to relieve Arras, sent for all\nhis captains, and, having consulted them, ordered, that on a fixed day\nthey should make an attack on the king's army at Vaudemont, where the\nvan division was quartered, under the command of the duke of Bourbon;\nand the garrison was to make a sally to support them, of which they\nwere to be timely informed. These captains assembled a force of about\nfour thousand combatants, whose commanders were the lord de Croy, the\nlord de Fosseux, the lord de Jumont, the lord de Challons, sir Gautier\nde Ruppes, and some others, who marched their men to within about four\nleagues of Arras, and thence sent their scouts forward. The names of\nthese scouts were Actis, Jacques de Breumeur, brother to Louis de\nBussy, and others, whose names I have forgotten; but they were all\ntaken by the king's army, and carried to the head-quarters. The duke\nof Burgundy's captains hearing of this, and supposing their intended\nattack would be known, were much troubled, and, without doing any\nthing, returned to their garrisons, to the great displeasure of the\nduke.\nDuring the time the king lay before Arras, his men took the fortress\nof Av\u00eanes le Comte, belonging to the duke of Burgundy, and Villers le\nCh\u00e2tel from the lord de Gournay, both four leagues distant from Arras.\nThey were regarrisoned with a considerable force, who much harrassed\nthe adjacent country, and gave the army intelligence of all assemblies\nof the enemy. All this time the town of Arras was constantly attacked\nby the cannons, veuglaires, bricolles, and other engines, to the great\nannoyance of its inhabitants, more especially on the side toward\nVaudemont, and, moreover, several mines were made under the walls. One\nwas particularly directed on this side, with the intent of forming a\nsecret entrance to the city, but it was discovered by a counter-mine\nof the besieged, and a vigorous skirmish took place within it, each\nparty being armed with lances. The count d'Eu fought with sir John de\nMeschastel, lord de Montagu, very valiantly, considering his youth: he\nhad been knighted on this occasion by his brother-in-law the duke of\nBourbon.\nWhen this skirmish had lasted some time, both parties retreated to\ntheir main army. Sir Louis Bourdon and others were quartered during\nthe siege in the abbey of Mount-St-Eloy, two leagues off Arras: it was\nsurrounded by a strong wall, and consisted of handsome buildings,--the\nwhole, or the greater part of which, were destroyed by them, the\ngratings, iron, lead, bells, and every thing portable being carried\naway. Thus at this time was the county of Artois most severely\noppressed by the army of the king of France.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 7: Vailly,--a town in Picardy, near Abbeville.]\n[Footnote 8: Lucheux,--a town in Picardy, election of Peronne.]\n[Footnote 9: Hesdin,--a strong town in Artois on the Canche, thirteen\nleagues from Arras.]\n[Footnote 10: Lens,--a town in Artois, on the confines of Flanders.]\n[Footnote 11: Maizerolles,--a village in Artois.]\nCHAP. X.\n THE DUKE OF BRABANT AND THE COUNTESS OF HAINAULT VISIT THE KING OF\n FRANCE WHEN BEFORE ARRAS, AND NEGOTIATE A PEACE FOR THEIR BROTHER THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND HIS ALLIES.\nOn the morrow of St John the Baptist's day, the duke of Brabant, the\ncountess of Hainault, and some deputies from the three estates of\nFlanders, came to the king, to negotiate a peace between him and the\nduke of Acquitaine, and their brother and lord the duke of Burgundy.\nThey arrived about two o'clock in the morning, and were graciously\nreceived by the king, the duke of Acquitaine and others. Prior to the\nnegotiation, an armistice was agreed on between the besiegers and\nbesieged, which lasted until the treaty was concluded.\nThis treaty of peace was publicly proclaimed, by sound of trumpet, in\nfront of the king's tent, at eight o'clock in the evening of Tuesday\nthe 4th day of September; and it was strictly ordered, that all\npersons, under heavy penalties, should lay aside their badges, whether\nof the party of the king or of the duke of Burgundy, who had worn a St\nAndrew's cross, which was instantly done.\nOn the conclusion of the peace, some lords, who were suffering under a\nflux, left the king's army, namely, Louis of Bavaria, brother to the\nqueen, the lord Charles d'Albreth, constable of France, and several\nmore. Sir Aym\u00e9 de Sellebruche and an infinite number of others, had\ndied of this disorder; and it was this sickness that had caused the\nking and the princes to listen to terms of peace, that they might\nreturn to France.\nWhen the peace had been signed, the duke of Brabant and the countess of\nHainault presented to the king, in the name of the duke of Burgundy,\nthe keys of the town of Arras, promising at the same time that all\nthe towns and castles of the duke within the realm of France should\nsubmit themselves to the obedience of the king. It was ordered by\nthe king and council, that the count de Vend\u00f4me, grand master of the\nhousehold, should enter the city of Arras, to receive the homage of\nthe inhabitants. On his entrance, he had the king's banners placed\nover the gates; and having received the oaths of the townsmen, by which\nthey promised henceforth to be good and loyal subjects to the king, he\nappointed the lord de Quesnes, viscount de Poix, governor of the place,\nsaving and reserving to the duke of Burgundy the revenues, and rights\nof administering justice.\nThe king commanded, by the advice of his council, the duke of Brabant,\nthe countess of Hainault, and the deputies from the three estates of\nFlanders, to appear on a certain day, which had been agreed on, before\nhim and his council at Senlis, to fulfil the covenants, and ratify the\npeace that had been made by them in the name of the duke of Burgundy.\nOn Wednesday, the 5th day of September, some wicked person set fire to\nthe tents of the lord d'Alen\u00e7on, about 12 o'clock at night, and the\nflames spread so rapidly that with much difficulty he escaped to the\ntents of the king. The count d'Armagnac, seeing the flames, caused\nhis trumpet to be sounded, and ordered the rear division to stand to\ntheir arms, who, with the duke of Bar, marched out of their quarters\nin handsome array, and, having set fire to them, drew up in order\nof battle in different detachments; one in front of the gate of St\nMichael, another before that of St Nicholas, another in front of the\ngate of Haisernes; that the enemy might not take advantage of the fire,\nand make a sally--for though a treaty of peace had been concluded, they\nhad not any great confidence in it.\nThe fire spread with such violence from quarter to quarter that it\ngained that of the king, and other divisions of the army, so that his\nmajesty and the duke of Acquitaine were forced, within one quarter\nof an hour from its commencement, to escape in a disorderly manner,\nleaving behind many prisoners, and sick persons, who were burnt to\ndeath. Several warlike engines, tents, military stores, and many tuns\nof wine, were all, or the greater part, consumed.\nThe duke of Bourbon marched away from Vaudemont in a very orderly\nmanner, with the van division of the army; and that same morning, very\nearly, several of the lower ranks in the garrison of the town sallied\nforth, and seized whatever they could lay hands on, which had belonged\nto the army, and even robbed many tradesmen, in spite of the orders\nthat had been given to the contrary. Those troops who had come from\nBurgundy were particularly active, and, quitting the town in large\nparties, plundered many of the king's army.\nIn this manner did Charles king of France march from Arras to Bapaume:\nhe thence went to Peronne, Noyon, Compiegne and Senlis, where he and\nhis princes remained the whole of the month of September.\nThe peace that had been agreed to before Arras, by the interference of\nthe duke of Brabant, the countess of Hainault, and the deputies from\nFlanders, for the duke of Burgundy, was finally concluded at Senlis,\nthrough the means of Louis duke of Acquitaine, who had married the\ndaughter of the duke of Burgundy, notwithstanding the duke had been the\ncause of those riots in Paris, when the duke of Bar and others, his\nservants, had been arrested against his will.\nThe Orleans party had indeed treated him in the same way, by depriving\nhim of his confidential servants, and doing other things which were\ndispleasing to him. He was therefore very anxious that every thing\nof the sort should be forgotten, and that henceforward the king and\nhimself should be served and obeyed with unanimity by those of their\nblood and lineage, although he was often remonstrated with on the acts\nwhich the duke of Burgundy had committed prior to the king's leaving\nParis; but he frankly replied, that he would put an end to the war, for\nhe saw plainly, that otherwise the king and kingdom were on the road to\nperdition. The peace, therefore, was concluded on the terms recited in\nthe ensuing chapter.\nCHAP. XI.\n THE TREATY OF PEACE CONCLUDED AT ARRAS, WHICH WAS THE FIFTH, IS READ\n IN THE PRESENCE OF THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE, AND SEVERAL OTHER PRINCES\n OF THE BLOOD-ROYAL, AND THE OATHS THAT WERE TAKEN IN CONSEQUENCE.\nThe articles of the treaty of peace which had been humbly solicited\nfrom the king, on the part of the duke of Burgundy, by the duke of\nBrabant, the countess of Hainault, and the deputies from Flanders,\nproperly authorised by him, were read in the presence of the duke of\nAcquitaine and the members of the king's grand council, and were as\nfollow.\n'Whereas many mischiefs have been, from time to time, committed against\nthe realm of France, and contrary to the good pleasure and commands of\nthe king, and of his eldest son, the duke of Acquitaine, the aforesaid\ncommissioners, duly authorised by the duke of Burgundy, do most humbly\nsolicit and supplicate, in the name of the said duke, that all things\nwherein the duke of Burgundy may have failed, or done wrong since the\npeace of Pontois, and in opposition to the will and pleasure of the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine, may be pardoned, and that they would,\nout of their goodness, receive him again to their graces and favour.\n'The said commissioners will deliver to the king, the duke of\nAcquitaine, or to any person or persons they may please to nominate,\nthe keys of the city of Arras, and of all the towns and fortified\nplaces belonging to the said duke of Burgundy within the realm of\nFrance, to which the king or his son may appoint governors, or other\nofficers, according to their pleasure, and for so long a time as they\nmay choose, without any way infringing the said peace.\n'The duke of Burgundy will surrender to the king, or to his\ncommissioner, the castle of Crotoy, and replace it in his hands.\n'Item, the duke of Burgundy binds himself to dismiss from his family\nall who have in any way incurred the indignation of the king or\nthe duke of Acquitaine, and no longer to support them within his\nterritories, of which due notice shall be given them in writing.\n'Item, all the lands or possessions that may have been seized by the\nking from the vassals, subjects, well-wishers, or partisans, of the\nduke of Burgundy, of whatever kind they may have been, on account of\nthis war, shall be faithfully restored to them.\n'In like manner, all sentences of banishment that have been issued for\nthe aforesaid cause shall be annulled; and if the duke of Burgundy have\nseized and kept possession of any lands or possessions of the king's\nsubjects, well-wishers, or of those who may have served the king in\nthis present year, they shall be wholly and completely restored.\n'Item, notwithstanding the duke's commissioners have affirmed to the\nking and the duke of Acquitaine that he had not entered into any\nconfederation or alliance with the English,--that all suspicions may\ncease on that head, they now promise for the duke of Burgundy, that he\nwill not henceforth form any alliance with the English except with the\npermission and consent of the king and the duke of Acquitaine.\n'Item, in regard to the reparation of the duke of Burgundy's\nhonour, which the said commissioners think has been much tarnished\nby expressions made use of, and published throughout the realm and\nelsewhere, in different letters-patent and ordinances,--when the peace\nshall be fully established and the king is returned to Paris, he will\nconsult with his own council, and with such persons as the duke may\nthink proper to send thither, on the best means of reparation, saving\nthe king's honour.\nItem, the duke of Burgundy shall engage, on his word, that he will not,\nby himself or others, persecute or wrong any person who may in this\nquarrel have served the king personally, or under different captains,\nnor any burghers of Paris, or other inhabitants, by secret or open\nmeans, nor procure it to be done.\n'Item, the king wills and ordains, that his subjects remain in such\nlawful obedience as they are bound to by the treaty of Chartres, or\nother treaties which may have been afterward made; and should such\ntreaties require any amendment, he orders it to be done, and that they\nbe faithfully observed without the smallest infringement.\n'Item, for the better security of the observance of these articles\nby the Duke of Burgundy, the said duke of Brabant, the countess of\nHainault and the aforesaid deputies, shall swear, as well in their own\nnames and persons as on the part of the prelates, churchmen, nobility\nand principal towns of their country; that is to say, the said duke of\nBrabant, the countess of Hainault and the aforesaid deputies, shall\nswear, in the name of the said duke of Burgundy, for the whole country\nof Flanders, that the said duke of Burgundy will strictly observe and\nkeep for ever this good peace, without doing himself, or procuring to\nbe done by others, any act contrary to the true meaning and intent of\nit. In case the said duke of Burgundy shall, by open or secret means,\ndo any thing against the tenour of this peace, then the aforesaid\nduke of Brabant and countess of Hainault do engage for themselves not\nto give him any advice, or assistance of men at arms or money, or in\nany manner whatever, seeing that the princes of the royal blood,\nthe nobles, prelates, and capital towns in the kingdom, have taken a\nsimilar oath.\n'The commissioners will also deliver good and sufficient bonds of\nsecurity, according to the regulation of the king and his council; and\nthey will promise, beside, to use their utmost endeavours that the\nnobles and others within the town of Arras shall loyally make the same\noath; and likewise that all who may be at this present under the orders\nof the duke of Burgundy, or in his garrisons in Burgundy, Artois and\nFlanders, shall do the same when required by the king of France.'\nWhen the above articles had been properly drawn up, the different\nparties swore to their observance. The duke of Brabant, the countess of\nHainault, and the flemish deputies, as being the friends and allies of\nthe duke of Burgundy, first took the oath in the presence of the duke\nof Acquitaine, several princes of the blood, and the members of the\nking's council. The duke of Acquitaine then took a solemn oath to keep\nand preserve every article of the said peace: he then called to him\nCharles duke of Orleans, his cousin-german, and desired that he would\ntake this oath; but the duke of Orleans, bowing low, replied,--'My\nlord, I am not bound to swear to it; for I only came, as a king's\nsubject, to serve my lord the king and yourself.' 'Fair cousin, we\nbeg that you will swear to the observance of this peace.' The duke of\nOrleans again said, 'My lord, I have not broken the peace, and ought\nnot therefore to take the oath: I entreat you will be satisfied.' The\nduke of Acquitaine a third time required that he would swear,--and the\nduke of Orleans, with much anger, replied, 'My lord, I have not, nor\nhave any of my council, broken the peace: make those who have broken it\ncome hither and take the oath, and then I will obey your pleasure.'\nThe archbishop of Rheims, and others, seeing the duke of Acquitaine\ndispleased at this last speech, said to the duke of Orleans, 'My lord,\ndo what my lord of Acquitaine requires of you.' After all this, he did\ntake the oath to maintain the peace, but it was sorely against his\nwill, for he thought that it was the duke of Burgundy and his allies\nwho had broken the last peace made at Pontoise. The duke of Bourbon\nwas next called on to take the oath, who thought to avoid it, like the\nduke of Orleans; but the duke of Acquitaine cut him short by saying,\n'Fair cousin, we beg that you will not say more about it.' The duke of\nBourbon, and the other princes, then swore without further objection.\nThe prelates did the same, excepting the archbishop of Sens, brother\nto Montagu, who when called upon to take the oath by the duke of\nAcquitaine, said, 'My lord, remember what you swore to us all, on our\ndeparture from Paris, in the presence of the queen.' The duke replied,\n'Say no more about it: we will that this peace be kept, and that you\nswear to its observances.' 'My lord,' replied the archbishop, 'since it\nis your good pleasure, I will do so.'\nThese were the only three among the lords who attended on this occasion\nthat made any objections to taking their oaths.\nA similar oath was taken in Arras by sir John de Luxembourg and all the\ncommonalty, and other captains and governors of towns in these parts,\nbefore the king and the princes, when they had marched from before\nArras.\nDuring the residence of the king at Senlis, many nobles and others died\nof the flux: among the number were, Reminion d'Albreth and his brother\nthe lord of Hangiers: and several died from the hardships they had\nsuffered during the march and at the siege.\nWhen the Parisians heard that a peace had been made by the king and the\nprinces with the duke of Burgundy, without consulting them, they were\nmuch discontented, and went to the duke of Berry, their governor, to\ndemand how this peace had been concluded, and what had moved the king\nand his council to think of it without making them acquainted with\ntheir intentions, for it was proper that they should have known of it,\nand have been made parties to it. The duke of Berry replied,--'This\nmatter does not any way touch you, nor does it become you to interfere\nbetween our lord the king and us who are of his blood and lineage; for\nwe may quarrel one with another whenever it shall please us so to do,\nand we may also make peace according to our will.' The Parisians, on\nhearing this answer, returned home without further reply.\nNeither the duke of Brabant, the countess of Hainault, nor the deputies\ncame to Senlis on the day appointed for the ratification of the\npeace, having been advised to send ambassadors and heralds, namely,\nthe dean of the cathedral church of Liege, William Blondel, esquire,\nand others, to appear for them before the king and council as their\nrepresentatives, at the place and time that had been fixed on. This\nwas done, but they could not obtain any answer to their demands and\nrequests from the grand council, because the king was very ill, and\nconsequently they returned to their lords without having been able to\nconclude any thing.\nCHAP. XII.\n SIGISMUND OF BOHEMIA IS ELECTED EMPEROR OF GERMANY, AND RECEIVES THE\n OATHS OF THE GREATER PART OF THE LORDS OF THAT COUNTRY.\nTowards the end of October, Sigismund of Bohemia, king of Hungary,\nCroatia and Dalmatia, a valiant man at arms, and a catholic, came with\nhis queen, the daughter of count Cilley, a Sclavonian, and a grand\nretinue, to Aix la Chapelle[12]. Sigismund was first raised by the\nelectors to be king of the Romans, and then emperor of Germany. On the\neighth day of November, he was consecrated and crowned emperor, by the\narchbishop of Cologne, in the church of our Lady at Aix la Chapelle,\nas is customary; after which ceremony, he was to be confirmed in his\ndignity by the pope of Rome.\nHe and his empress then received the homage and oaths of allegiance\nfrom the barons of the empire, promising at the same time that he would\nattend the general council that was to be holden at Constance for the\ngood of the whole church. This council was to have commenced in the\nmonth of April in the year 1412, under pope Alexander or his successor,\nbut it had been hitherto delayed.\nThis city of Constance is seated on the Rhine, in the circle of Suabia,\nand its bishop is a suffragan to the archbishop of Mentz. It was\nproclaimed, that the council thus deferred would be held by pope John\nXXII. successor to the aforesaid Alexander.\nHere follow the names of the dukes, prelates, counts, barons, and\nothers, who were present at the coronation of the emperor Sigismund at\nAix la Chapelle, on the 8th of November, 1414.\nFirst, duke Louis of Bavaria, count palatine of the Rhine, elector of\nGermany; the duke of Saxony, marshal of the empire, another elector\nof Germany; Bourgion de Nuremburgh, who performed the office of the\nmarquis of Brandenburgh, an elector, and other dukes, namely, those of\nLorraine, Gueldres, Juliers, and Tede, duke of Russia: two archbishops,\nviz. those of Cologne and Treves, who are also electors of the empire.\nItem, John duke of Bavaria, elected prince of Liege, duke of Bouillon\nand count of Los.\nItem, the council of the king of Bohemia, elector of the empire:\nthe council of the archbishop of Mentz, another elector of Germany.\nFive bishops, namely, those of Viseburg[13], Pussau, de St Prude\nd'Aylac in Hungary, de la Cure; the grand master of the german\nknights-hospitallers, namely of Prussia, and the count of Cleves.\nItem, Accusaire, son to the marquis of Montferrat, de Meurs, and de\nSaussebourg; the lord de Haudeshon and de Renuen.\nItem, de Dezaine, and three counts de Nassau; the count de Cassuelbonne\nand his son; the counts de Rayneck, and Hanyberck de Viectem, de\nMestan, the count de Disby, and with him two other counts; de\nVillestam, de Wide, de Blancquehem, de Samecte, and de Viestam; sir\nJohn Chaule, viscount de Milan, the lord de Brimor, de Bestille, the\nlord de Bavonne.\nNow follow the names of those who came from Hungary:\nFirst, Charles de Nicolay, grand palatine of Hungary, Marcial Nicolay\nhis son, count de Tenuse, Wart lord de Strebourg, governor of seven\ncastles, two counts ambassadors from Vallanc[14] of the country of\nServia, Vergufiam, Vaida, Siandrias, Peduricolaus, Lasque Jacobiadis de\nVaida, Lasqudany his brother, the count John de Carnassie, the count\nGeorge de Carnassie, Penyemericus, sir Laurens de Ront de Pasto, the\nlord Tarte Nicolay, sir Chechy Nicolay, sir Janus Vaida, grand master\nof the household of king Sigismund, sir Baufil de Symon, Peron Emerick,\nThomas Perisii, Resquoy Estewan Sywaidu Desno Charpictre, marshal of\nHungary.\nItem, the barons of Bohemia that attended at this coronation were,\nfirst, sir William le Haze, sir Vincelan de Douy, sir Suit de Sida, and\nthree barons of his lineage with him, sir Gaspard de Douy, the lord\nd'Illebourg, the lord de Blentenon, sir Andrew Balesqui.\nNow follow the names of the barons of lower Germany:\nThe lord de Hausseberch, the damoiseau d'Ercles, sir John de Namur, the\nlords de Hainault, de Lembourg, Vinstghen, de Belay, de Picquebat, and\ntwo other barons with the baron de Bendecte, de Yussebourg, and two\nother barons with him, de Berdecte, Hanrech, de Wysebeche, de Toncle,\nsir Fulco de Honnestam, Bougraine, de Raynech, the lords de Holloch, de\nVestrebourg, de Connebourg, and two other barons with him, sir Florin\ndu Bos, the lords de Horne and Derke, sir Fucho de Cologne mareschal\nd'Absectes, sir Othe de l'Abecque, the lord de Zenemberghe, the lord de\nMarc.\nThe names of those princes and others who sent ambassadors to this\ncoronation:\nFirst, the ambassadors from the king of Bohemia, the ambassadors from\nthe king of England, the ambassadors from the archbishop of Mentz,\nfrom the count of Hainault, from de Posti Romaine, from the count of\nSavoy, from the duke of Brabant, from the duke of Luxembourg, from the\nabbot of Stabuleuse[15], from the cities of Cambray, Cologne, Toul, and\nVerdun, from the abbot of Sainte Corneille de Compi\u00e9gne.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 12: Sigismund was first married to Mary, heiress of Hungary,\nand Secondly to Barbara, countess of Cilley. When emperor, he had John\nHuss and Jerome of Prague burnt.]\n[Footnote 13: Visebourg. Q. if not Vissegrade.]\n[Footnote 14: Vallanc,--probably the Waivodo. I have given over in\ndespair the making out these names of persons and places.]\nCHAP. XIII.\n THE DEATH OF LADISLAUS KING OF NAPLES.--HIS RIVAL KING LOUIS SENDS THE\n MARSHAL OF FRANCE TO NAPLES,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nIn these days, intelligence was brought to the king of France, that\nking Ladislaus, the rival to Louis king of Sicily, was dead. The\nmanner of his death was thus told. He had long had a passion for the\ndaughter of his physician, who was uncommonly handsome, and had made\nfrequent proposals to her father, that he might enjoy her; but the\nfather had as often refused, alledging many sound reasons for it.\nAt length, he was so much pressed by the king that, finding excuses\nwould no longer avail, he pretended to consent, though it was against\nhis will, as the end will shew. He went, in consequence, to his\ndaughter, to command her to prepare to receive the king, for that he\nhad granted his consent,--but he would give her a prescription that\nshould secure her the king's affections for ever; and he presented\nher with a box of ointment, with which he ordered her to rub her body\njust before the king's arrival. This she faithfully did; but when the\nking had cohabited with her, he felt himself as it were all on fire,\nand the damsel was in like manner affected,--insomuch that they almost\ninstantly died in very great torments. After this cruel deed, the\nphysician fled the country before hands could be laid on him.\nIntelligence of the event being made known to king Louis, he issued\nsummonses for a large force to assemble and accompany him to Naples;\nbut he sent before him the lord de Longny, marshal of France, with a\nconsiderable body of men.\nDuring the residence of the king at Senlis, the duke of Acquitaine was\nappointed by him and the grand council to the whole management of the\nfinances of the kingdom, which was very displeasing to the duke of\nBerry; and in consequence, he assembled the provost of merchants, the\nsheriffs, the citizens, the members of the university, of the chambers\nof parliament and of accounts, at a certain place in Paris, where he\ncaused them to be harangued by the bishop of Chartres, and others of\nhis friends, on the infirmity of the king, and on the youth of his\neldest son, who, from that cause, was as yet incapable of holding\nthe reins of government; and that from his near connection by blood,\n(for he was son, brother, and uncle to kings,) the government of the\nkingdom of right appertained to him and to none other; and he therefore\nmost affectionately solicited those present to aid and support his\npretensions. They replied, that it did not become them to interfere in\nsuch matters, but solely to the king and the grand council, and excused\nthemselves to the duke for not complying with his request.\nAt the beginning of September, the king departed from Senlis and came\nto St Denis, where he remained until the fourteenth of that month, when\nhe returned to Paris in great triumph, attended by his son the duke of\nAcquitaine.\nHe was also accompanied by the dukes of Orleans, Bourbon, Bar, duke\nLouis of Bavaria, the counts de Vertus, d'Alen\u00e7on, de Richemont, d'Eu,\nd'Armagnac, de la Marche, de Vend\u00f4me, de Marle, de Dampmartin, and\nnumberless other barons, prelates, knights and esquires. The duke went\nout of Paris to meet the king, with the provost of merchants, the\nsheriffs, members of the parliament and of the university, citizens\nand crowds of common people, who kept a continual shouting for joy on\naccount of his majesty's return to Paris. They made great bonfires in\nall the principal streets and squares, during the ensuing night, eating\nand drinking, and shouting repeatedly, 'Long live the king, long live\nthe queen, long live the king and his son the duke of Acquitaine!'\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 15: Stabuleuse,--Stablo, Stabletum, Stabulum, a celebrated\nabbey of Benedictines, inclosed within the country of Liege. The abbot\nof Stablo is a sovereign, and bears the title of prince of the empire.]\nCHAP. XIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, ON THE KING'S DEPARTURE FROM BEFORE ARRAS,\n MARCHES A FORCE INTO BURGUNDY.--OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED AT THAT\n PERIOD.\nWhen the king of France had marched his army from before Arras, the\nduke of Burgundy had his Burgundians quartered in the country of the\nCambresis, and in Tierrache, and went himself to the city of Cambray.\nThither his brother, the duke of Brabant, came to meet him, when,\nafter holding a conference with him on the state of his affairs, and\ngiving proper orders concerning them, he took the road toward Burgundy,\nhaving with him sir Robinet de Mailly, master Eustace de Lactre, the\nlate chancellor of France, John Legois, master John de Troyes surgeon,\nDenisot de Chaumont, and several others who had been formerly banished,\nwith their wives and children, from France.\nHe collected all his Burgundians, who, with some Picards and others,\namounted to about twenty thousand horse, to march them into Burgundy,\nfollowing the road through Tierrache, where he halted. He thence went\nto Mezieres on the Meuse, in the county of Rethel, with his whole army.\nAt this place he remained a short time with his brother Philippe, and\nthence made for Ch\u00e2lons where he intended to lodge; but the townsmen\nshut their gates against him, in consequence of orders from the king\nnot to admit him or his people into their town. This was displeasing\nto the duke of Burgundy, for he had made his dispositions to cross\nthe Marne at that city. He then marched to Vitry, where he was again\ndisappointed, in consequence of the same orders that had been sent to\nCh\u00e2lons.\nHe was forced to continue his march to St Dizier, where he crossed the\nriver; and on the vigil of All-saints, he arrived at Dijon, and was\nreceived with the utmost joy by all his subjects as their lord and\nsovereign.\nDuring this time, the epidemical flux continued in Picardy, which\ncarried off great numbers of persons, nobles and others. The duke of\nBurgundy before he left Picardy disbanded the army of his captains\nof that country, such as sir John de Luxembourg, the lords de Croy,\nde Beau, Vergier, de Fosseux, de Jumont, de Ront, de Beaufort, de\nNoyelle, de Hymbercourt, Hector and Philippe de Saveuses, Louis de\nWarigines, and other leaders; but these lords remained as guards to the\ncountry. He appointed on his departure, his only son, Philippe count de\nCharolois, sole governor of Flanders until his return.\nOn his arrival in Burgundy, he had attacked and taken the castle of\nTonnerre, which was pillaged and destroyed by his people. The count de\nTonnerre had fled from the castle with his men at arms, not daring to\nwait the arrival of the duke's forces, who were commanded by sir Elion\nde Jacqueville, Fierebourg, and some others.\nShortly after, the duke of Burgundy sent letters to the king of France,\nto inform him of the route he had taken from Flanders to Burgundy, at\nwhat places he had paid his expenses, and where not, with his reasons\nfor not paying. At the same time, he made him acquainted with the\ndestruction of the castle of Tonnerre, and that he had destroyed it,\nbecause the count, his vassal, had frequently rebelled against him,\nhad defied him, and had made enterprises on his territories, whence he\nhad carried away much booty. This he had explained, lest it might be\nthought he was breaking the peace lately made before Arras, which he\nwas firmly resolved to keep.\nThe duke had besieged also Ch\u00e2teau-Belin, in the county of Burgundy,\nwhich likewise belonged to the count de Tonnerre; and although it was\nvery strong, it was won by the great length of the siege. This castle\nhe gave to his son, the count de Charolois, who during the lifetime of\nhis father, styled himself count de Charolois and lord of Ch\u00e2teau-Belin.\nA council was now held at Constance, by many cardinals, patriarchs,\nbishops, archbishops, prelates and ambassadors from different kings\nand princes. There was a great schism in the church from the refusal\nof Pietro della Luna, entitled Pope Benedict to resign this dignity,\nalthough, for many reasons, the greater part of Christendom had\nwithdrawn itself from his obedience. He had no power but in Spain and\nArragon, in which last kingdom he resided, in a strong town on the\nsea-shore.\nIn this year, the emperor of Germany caused the cardinal of Bologna,\ncalled pope John, to be arrested, and confined in prison in the duchy\nof Bavaria, for various crimes alledged against him. To restore peace\nto the church, the emperor had caused this council to be holden in\nConstance: it continued for the space of two years, before any persons\ncame to attend it from Spain or Arragon. In the month of August, in the\nyear 1416, a noble company of prelates and knights being assembled,\nthe election of a true pope was proceeded upon. In the year 1417, the\nchoice fell on the cardinal de Colonna, a Roman, who assumed the name\nof Pope Martin.\nCHAP. XV.\n COUNT WALERAN DE ST POL MARCHES ABOUT SIX HUNDRED COMBATANTS INTO THE\n DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG.--THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE GOES TO MEHUN-SUR-YEVRE.\nAt this period, Waleran count de St Pol, still calling himself\nconstable of France, left his county of St Pol with about six hundred\ncombatants, men at arms and archers, of whom sixty at least were\nEnglish.\nHe marched them from his town of Bohain to that of Laon, but the gates\nwere closed against him. He was much displeased thereat, and fixed\nhis quarters below it. He thence marched by Rheims and Ch\u00e2lons to his\ntown of Ligny in Barrois, whither his countess, sister to the duke de\nBar, speedily followed him; and they there solemnised the feast of\nAll-Saints.\nShortly after, leaving his countess in the castle of Ligny, he advanced\nthrough Luxembourg, to Thionville, and to others of the principal towns\nin that duchy, of which he had been appointed governor, as well as of\nthe county of Chigny, by duke Anthony of Brabant, his son-in-law, then\nsovereign of it, by right of the duchess his mother. After visiting the\nchief towns and fortresses in that country, he made preparations, about\nSt Andrew's day, to lay siege to the town of Neufville on the Meuse, in\nwhich were some vainglorious and overbearing persons, posted there by\nJohn d'Authe, lord of Orchimont, who were constantly making inroads and\nplundering the duchy of Luxembourg and the county of Chigny. They were\nconsequently besieged by the count, who had in his company some notable\nwarriors, namely, Garnot de Bournouville, sir Colart de Fiennes, Allain\nde Vaudonne, and several others. However, although the besieged were\nsorely harrassed by the engines of the count, and their bulwark had\nbeen taken by storm, they refused to surrender, and he remained for six\nweeks before the place.\nOther matters demanding his presence elsewhere, he fortified a church,\nwithin cross-bow shot of the castle, in which he posted a certain\nnumber of soldiers, under the command of a gentleman of that country,\ncalled Vatier Disque, in conjunction with Robinet Ogier; and they were\nfor another six weeks skirmishing and fighting with their enemies, who\nat the end of that time submitted themselves to the obedience of the\ncount de St de Pol.\nThe count, on quitting the siege of Neufville, went to\nDampvilliers[16], and thence to Yvoix[17], where he passed the whole\nof Lent with his nephew, sir John de Luxembourg, who had come a little\nbefore to visit him at the siege. When sir John had remained about\na month, he took leave of his uncle, who never saw him afterwards,\nand went to Avignon, to visit and pay reverence to the holy Peter of\nLuxembourg, his uncle, who had formerly been a cardinal.\nAt this period, the duke of Acquitaine, leaving Paris, travelled\nthrough Melun, and Montargis in Berry, to Bourges, where he arrived on\nthe night of All-Saints, and was magnificently received and feasted by\nthe burghers and inhabitants of that town in the palace of the duke\nof Berry. On the morrow he departed, unknown to the inhabitants, and\nwent to the castle of Mehun-sur-Yevre[18], which the duke of Berry had\ngiven to him at Paris, and was the cause of his journey into Berry. The\ncastle pleased him very much, and, having taken possession of it, he\ndid not return to Paris until near the feast of St Nicholas.\nThis sudden expedition of the duke of Acquitaine, with only seven\npersons, surprised many; but he was instantly overtaken by the counts\nde Vertus and de Richemont, who accompanied him as he went and returned.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: Dampvilliers,--a town in Luxembourg, diocese of Verdun.]\n[Footnote 17: Yvoix,--now called Carignan, a town in Luxembourg.]\n[Footnote 18: Mehun-sur-Yevre,--four leagues from Bourges.]\nCHAP. XVI.\n THE EARL OF WARWICK AND OTHERS FROM ENGLAND ATTEND THE COUNCIL OF\n CONSTANCE.--THE KING OF FRANCE HAS SOLEMN OBSEQUIES PERFORMED FOR HIS\n BROTHER, THE DUKE OF ORLEANS.\nThe earl of Warwick, three bishops, four abbots, and other noble\nknights, clerks and doctors in theology, to the number of about eight\nhundred, travelled from Calais, through Flanders, with a handsome\nretinue, as commissioners from the king of England, his realm, and\nthe university of Oxford, to the council of Constance. They were well\nreceived by the new emperor, whose coronation some of them had attended\nas ambassadors from the king of England, the pope and the whole council.\nAs the day was drawing near when the countess of Hainault and her\nbrother, the duke of Brabant, with the deputies from Flanders, were to\nmeet to ratify the late peace at Senlis, between the duke of Burgundy\nand the king of France; and as the grand council was then very much\nengaged in business, Louis duke of Bavaria, sir Colart de Calville and\nothers were sent as ambassadors from the king to prolong the day.\nOn Saturday, the eve of the Epiphany, the king ordered a solemn service\nto be performed in the cathedral church of N\u00f4tre Dame in Paris, for\nhis late brother the duke of Orleans, which had not been as yet done.\nIt was celebrated with a multitude of wax lights and torches, and\nattended by the duke of Orleans and the count de Vertus, the dukes\nof Berry, of Bourbon, Louis of Bavaria, the counts d'Alen\u00e7on, de\nRichemont, d'Eu, de la Marche, and many more, all dressed in deep\nmourning. The duke of Acquitaine was not present, he had gone the\npreceding day to visit the queen his mother, and his sister the duchess\nof Brittany at Melun.\nAt these obsequies the sermon was preached by the chancellor of the\ncathedral, doctor John Gerson, much renowned for his theological\nlearning; and it was so strong and bold that many doctors and others\npresent were astonished thereat. When he praised the manners of the\ndeceased duke and his government of the realm, he declared that it had\nbeen by far better administered by him than it had ever been since\nhis death. He seemed, in this discourse, more desirous of exciting\na war against the duke of Burgundy than of appeasing it; for he\nsaid, he did not recommend the death of the duke of Burgundy, or his\ndestruction, but that he ought to be humiliated, to make him sensible\nof the wickedness he had committed, that by a sufficient atonement\nhe might save his soul. He added, that the burning, last Lent, of the\npropositions advanced by the duke's advocate, John Petit, against\nthe duke of Orleans, before the gates of the cathedral, as wicked\ndoctrines, had been well done; but that all that was necessary had not\nyet been executed. He concluded by declaring, that he was ready to\nmaintain and defend what he had said against the whole world.\nThe king was present, but not in mourning, in an oratory on the right\nhand of the altar; and near him was the duke of Orleans, who took\nprecedence of all others, on account of this service that was performed\nfor his late father; then the duke of Berry, the count de Vertus, and\nseveral princes seated according to their rank, listening to the words\nof the preacher. Two cardinals, namely, those of Rheims and of Pisa,\nmany bishops, and such crowds of clergy, knights and common people\nassisted, that the church could scarcely contain them. When the sermon\nwas ended, the dukes of Orleans and Berry, and the count de Vertus,\nrecommended the preacher to the king's notice.\nOn the ensuing Monday, the king had similar obsequies performed for the\nlate duke of Orleans, in the church of the Celestins in Paris, where\nhe had been buried. They were attended by all who had assisted at the\nformer ceremony. Master John Courbecuisse, doctor of divinity, preached\nthe sermon, and pursued the same course of arguments as doctor Gerson.\nThe king likewise had vigils, funeral orations and masses, said for\nhis late brother, in the chapel of the college of Navarre in Paris, at\nwhich he and the other relations of the deceased assisted.\nCHAP. XVII.\n THE KING AND HIS GRAND COUNCIL SEND FORCES TO ATTACK THE\n BURGUNDIANS.--OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED.\nTrue it is, that after the destruction of the castle of Tonnerre, as\nhas been mentioned, many men at arms and archers, who had been there\nemployed, formed themselves into a company of full seven thousand\nhorse, and committed much mischief on the country around, as well on\nthe territories of the king in the Auxerrois as elsewhere.\nIn consequence, the king and council ordered the lord de Gaucourt, and\nGassilin du Bos, to march against and conquer them. They obeyed, and so\nvigorously pursued them that from two to three hundred were killed or\nmade prisoners. These last were carried to Paris, and confined in the\nprisons of the Ch\u00e2telet, whence, after a short time, they were brought\nto trial, and some of them executed, but not before the king had paid\ntheir ransoms to those who had taken them.\nThe commanders of these marauders were Jacqueville, Fierbourg, and some\nothers, who, when they heard that the king was sending a force against\nthem, retired into the duchy of Burgundy.\nNot long after, Sir Jeninet de Pois, nephew to sir James de Ch\u00e2tillon,\nlord de Dampierre, and admiral of France, going to the duke of\nBurgundy, attended by only two hundred lances or thereabout, was\nattacked, killed and robbed of every thing. Only one man, named\nTambullan, of his whole company, escaped, and he saved himself\nby flight: all the rest were slain or taken. This action was very\ndispleasing to the duke of Burgundy.\nIn like manner Hector de Saveuses, who had made a successful war on the\nking's forces, when before Arras, was captured when on a pilgrimage\nto Liance[19], and carried to Paris: had it not been for the earnest\nsolicitations of the countess of Hainault, he would have been executed.\nPhilip de Saveuses, his brother, had also made prisoners of Henry de\nBoissy, lord de Chaulle, and Eustace Dayne, lord de Sarton, who had\nwarm friends among the king's ministers; and they exerted themselves so\neffectually for their liberty, that Hector was given in exchange for\nthem.\nThese, and many similar facts, shewed that, notwithstanding the\npeace of Arras, there was very little security in the kingdom for\ntravellers or others: for the Orleans party had so surrounded the\npersons of the king and the duke of Acquitaine, that those attached\nto the duke of Burgundy or his allies were deprived of all share in\nthe government, and treated very harshly. This treatment, however,\nwas but a retaliation for what the Orleans party had suffered when the\nBurgundians were in power.\nPeace was somehow or other preserved; and the countess of Hainault\ncame, with a noble attendance, through the Vermandois, Noyon and\nCompiegne to Senlis: the deputies from Flanders followed her,\nhandsomely escorted; and last came the duke of Brabant, with the chief\nministers of the duke of Burgundy, namely, the bishop of Tournay, the\nlord de Ront, sir William Bouvier, governor of Arras, master Thierry du\nRoy, and some others.\nThe council of the king of France requested them to proceed to Paris,\nfor the purpose of more conveniently discussing the subject, which was\ncomplied with by all except the countess of Hainault, who had been\nforbidden by her lord and husband to go farther than Senlis, where she\nhad been very honourably received by the dukes of Acquitaine and Berry,\nwho had come from Paris to meet her. She was visited by other princes\nof the blood, and even by the duchess of Bourbon, who with the consent\nof her duke, had come from Clermont to entertain her, and remained in\nher company until she quitted Senlis.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 19: Q. if not Liannes, a village in Picardy.]\nCHAP. XVIII.\n AMBASSADORS ARRIVE AT PARIS FROM ENGLAND.--THE KING OF FRANCE HOLDS A\n GRAND FESTIVAL.--THE PEACE IS EVERY WHERE PRESERVED.\nAt this period, there came to Paris the earl of Dorset, uncle to\nthe king of England, the lord Guy, admiral of England, the bishops\nof Durham and Norwich, and others, amounting, in the whole, to six\nhundred horse, as ambassadors to treat of a marriage between the\nking of France's daughter and the king of England[20]. They were\nlodged on their arrival at the Temple, and they carried themselves\nso magnificently, as well at home as when they rode abroad, that the\nFrench, and particularly the Parisians, were very much astonished.\nOn the 10th day of February, the king of France gave at Paris a very\ngrand festival of eating, drinking, tilting and dancing, at which\nthe english ambassadors were present. The king tilted with the duke\nd'Alen\u00e7on, whom he had lately raised to that dignity. The duke of\nBrabant tilted in great cordiality with the duke of Orleans; and during\nthis festival, which lasted three days, the princes of the blood\nconducted themselves kindly and honourably toward each other. The queen\nof France, the duchess of Acquitaine, and many other noble ladies and\ndamsels, assisted at the feast.\nOn the 24th day of February, after many conferences with the duke of\nBrabant and the countess of Hainault, as well at Paris as at Senlis,\nand with the ministers of the duke of Burgundy, the peace was finally\nconcluded, and proclaimed with sound of trumpet through Paris,\naccording to royal letters of the following tenor:\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all present and to\ncome. Whereas many acts have been done since the conclusion of the\npeace at Pontoise, to our very great displeasure, and damage to our\nsubjects and kingdom; for which cause we have held our beloved cousin,\nthe duke of Burgundy in our indignation and disfavour, and have marched\na considerable body of men at arms and archers against the town of\nArras. During the time, we lay before that town, our well-beloved\nand dear cousins the duke of Brabant and countess of Hainault came\nthither, accompanied by our dearly-beloved the deputies from the three\nestates of Flanders, as commissioners, and having full powers to treat\non the part of our said cousin of Burgundy, with so much humility and\nobedience that we were contented therewith.\n'In confirmation of the duke of Burgundy's willingness to submit\nhimself to our obedience, they offered on the part of the town of Arras\nto display our banner on the walls and towers thereof, and also to\nplace under our subjection all the towns and castles which our said\ncousin of Burgundy held from us. We therefore, in our abundance of\naffection, have received him back into our good graces.\n'Our said cousins the duke of Brabant and the countess of Hainault,\nand the deputies from Flanders, engaged to deliver to us, or to any\nperson whom we might depute, the castle of Crotoy, as well as the\ncastle of Chinon; and that they would, to the utmost of their power,\nsee that they were fully restored to us, or to any person whom we\nshould commission to receive them. Many other matters relative to\nthe restoring of peace were then discussed, and, in consequence, we\nourselves withdrew with our army from before Arras. For the further\nconsolidation of this agreement for peace, our said cousins of Brabant,\nHainault, and the deputies from Flanders have again come to us, as\nambassadors from our cousin of Burgundy, with whom, in the presence of\nour dearly beloved son the duke of Acquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, the\npreliminaries before mentioned have been confirmed.\n'Know ye, that from the pity and compassion which we must feel for all\nwho have suffered oppressions and vexations which ever ensue during\na state of warfare, and which our faithful and beloved subjects have\nlately undergone; and that they may cease, so that tranquillity,\njustice, and legal government may take place within our realm; that\nlabourers may do their work, and tradesfolk travel throughout the\nkingdom unmolested wherever they shall judge proper, without let\nor hindrance whatever. Considering also the value of peace, which\nis inestimable, and the great evils that ensue from war, of which\nwe have lately had such bitter experience; and that all creatures\nmay have better opportunities to amend their lives and turn toward\ntheir Creator, we of our own knowledge, and with full power and\nroyal authority, by the advice of our council, and after the mature\nconsideration of our eldest son, of many of the princes of our blood,\nprelates, barons and knights of our council and courts of parliament,\nso will, order and command, that a firm peace be established within our\nrealm, between our subjects, and that all rancour and malice cease,\nforbidding all persons, whatever may be their rank or condition, under\npain of our highest displeasure, to bear arms or to proceed against any\none otherwise than by legal means.\n'For the better preservation of this peace, and out of reverence to\nGod, wishing to prefer mercy to rigorous justice, we from the plenitude\nof our power and by our full royal authority, do grant a general and\nfree amnesty to all persons whether natives or foreigners, of whatever\nrank or condition they be, who shall have aided, abetted, counselled\nor supported our said cousin, the duke of Burgundy, contrary to our\nroyal will and pleasure, since the said peace of Pontois until this\nday,--excepting, however, from this amnesty five persons, who are not\nnoble, nor subjects nor vassals to our said cousin of Burgundy, and\nwhose names shall be given to our cousins of Brabant and Hainault\nbefore the feast of the nativity of St John the Baptist next ensuing.\nWe likewise except from this general pardon all who may have been\nbanished by our courts of justice by legal processes, with the usual\nceremonies and solemnities.\n'For the further preservation of this peace, and to avoid all causes\nof sedition and dispute hereafter, we will and ordain that all persons\nwho may have quitted their dwellings in Paris for the space of two\nyears, shall not return nearer than within four or five leagues of\nour said town of Paris, reserving to ourself any favours which we may\nbe inclined to show to the contrary. We will, however, that the said\nabsentees may go any where throughout our realm, excepting to our town\nof Paris, without any molestation whatever, either in body or goods.\n'To maintain our subjects in peace and to obviate any disputes of\noffice, which, having formerly happened, may do so again, we will and\norder, that all offices given by us since the said peace of Pontoise,\nshall remain in our full disposition and power, without those who\nmay have been deprived of them having any claim or pretence of being\nrestored to them. With regard to the prisoners, we will do strict\njustice; for it is our pleasure that no lord, baron, knight, esquire,\nor other persons, under pretence of services not performed to us, or\nfor services done to our said cousin of Burgundy, shall be prosecuted\nor molested in body or goods, but that all lands, castles, or any\nterritories whatever, that may have been taken possession of, and held\nby our officers for us, on account of the late war, shall be fully\nand completely restored to their true and lawful owners, without any\nfees or charges claimed in regard to us; and we now impose silence on\nour attorney-general, although the different cases be not specified\nparticularly by us, in order more effectually to put an end to all\ndisputes and suits at law that may have arisen from the events of the\nlate war.\n'We will, order and enjoin, that our said cousin the duke of Burgundy\ndo forbear, by himself or others for him, to disturb or any way molest,\neither by open or secret means, such of our subjects and vassals of\nevery degree, as shall have served us in our warfare against him; and\nsuch of his subjects and vassals as, through fear of offending us, have\nnot served him in conformity to the different ordinances issued by\nus; and that he be particularly cautious, under pain of incurring our\ndispleasure, that this article be truly attended to, for we positively\nforbid our said cousin of Burgundy to take any cognizance whatever of\nthe above acts.\n'We likewise forbid all others of our blood and lineage to commit, or\ncause to be committed by others for them, any acts of hostility against\nour said vassals and subjects, as well as against those of our said\ncousin the duke of Burgundy; for we strictly ordain, that they do not\ntake any cognizance of offences that may have been caused by the late\nwarfare.\n'We will and command, that our said cousin the duke of Burgundy do\npunctually restore all castles, lands, or fiefs that he may have taken\nfrom our vassals and subjects, as well as from his own, on account of\nservices performed to us or neglected to have been done to him, and\nthat he order away from him all who may be inclined to disturb the\nlawful owner in the possession of them.\n'We in like manner enjoin all those of our blood and lineage who may\nhave possessed themselves of any castles, lands, or other effects of\nany lord, baron, knight, esquire, or others, under cover of the late\nwarfare, to restore them instantly to their proper owners, without\nfurther molestation, or making them pay any fees or charges for their\nrestitution, in order that this said peace may be faithfully and\nreligiously maintained.\n'We likewise will and command, that all the articles of the peace\nconcluded at Chartres, and of others which have since been made, be\nmost particularly observed; and we strictly enjoin all those of our\nblood and lineage, that they do not, on any pretence whatever, form\nany alliances with the English, or with others, to our prejudice or\nto the prejudice of this peace; and should any such have been formed,\nwe positively command that all treaties be returned and annulled, and\nthat any person who may have concluded them do deliver to us sufficient\nsecurity for the due performance of these our orders.\n'And we further enjoin, for the better security of this peace, that our\nsaid cousin of Brabant, the ambassadors from our cousin of Burgundy,\nand the deputies before named from Flanders, in the name of themselves,\nthe three estates in that country, and in behalf of our said cousin\nof Burgundy, our very dear and well-beloved cousins the counts de\nCharolois and de Nevers, do each of them swear and promise,--those\nwho are now present in our hands, and those absent in the hands of\nour deputies,--on their faith and oath, and on the cross and holy\nevangelists of God, that they will loyally and honestly observe this\npeace, and all the articles of it; and that they will not, by open\nor other means any way violate or infringe the same, under pain of\nincurring our highest displeasure and indignation.\n'And should it happen that any person, whether noble or not, do\ninterrupt this peace, or act contrary thereto, they shall promise not\nto give them any encouragement, aid or advice, but shall endeavour to\nstifle all such attempts before they gain any head.\n'Copies of these oaths and engagements shall be delivered into our\nchancery, signed by each party, and sealed with their seals, that a\nperfect remembrance may be had of this transaction.\n'Similar oaths and promises shall be taken and made, under the like\npenalty, by our very dear and well-beloved cousins, uncle, son and\nnephew, the cardinal de Bar, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry,\nde Tours, d'Orleans, de Bretagne, de Bourbon, d'Alen\u00e7on, and de Bar;\nthe counts de Vertus, d'Eu, Richemont, de Dreux constable of France,\nde la Marche, de Vend\u00f4me grand master of the household, de Marle, le\nBouteiller de France, d'Armagnac, de St Pol, de Penthievre, and de\nTancarville, with all others of our blood and lineage, and the members\nof the three estates in their countries. Those present will take the\noath in our hands, and the absent in the hands of our deputies: they\nwill each deliver into our chancery copies of their oath and promise,\nsigned and sealed by them, that the remembrance of it may endure for\never.\n'We also ordain, that the aforesaid oath and engagement shall be taken\nbefore our commissioners, under pain of the above-mentioned penalties,\nby all prelates, knights, barons, captains, bailiffs, seneschals,\nprovosts, and others our officers, vassals and subjects of all ranks,\necclesiastical and secular, noble and not noble, who shall each of\nthem sign and seal his separate engagement, which shall be transmitted\nto our chancery for the aforesaid purpose.\n'Item, our said cousin of Burgundy, and all the afore-mentioned princes\nof our blood, shall send letters to their subjects and vassals,\nrequiring them to take their oaths in like manner. And for the better\nsecurity of this peace, our said cousin of Brabant, the countess of\nHainault, and the deputies aforesaid, shall exert their utmost power\nto prevail on our very dear and well-beloved cousins duke William of\nBavaria, count of Hainault, the duke of Lorraine, the count of Savoy,\nthe bishop of Liege, the count of Namur, and such others as they think\nproper, to take a similar oath and promise to observe all the articles\nof the peace.\n'We also will and command, that should any excesses be committed which\nmight endanger the aforesaid peace, it shall not therefore be broken;\nbut the party who shall feel himself injured shall appeal to our courts\nof justice, when such reparation shall be made him as the case may\nlegally require.\n'We consequently, give it strictly in charge to our dear and loyal the\nconstable, the chancellor, the members of our courts of parliament, the\nmarshals of France, the master of the cross-bows, the high admiral, the\nprovost of Paris, to all our seneschals, bailiffs, governors, mayors,\nsheriffs, and all others our officers whatever, to each and to all of\nthem, that they do pay attention to the articles of of the said peace,\nand that they do not suffer the smallest of them to be in any wise\nviolated or infringed; and should any thing be done contrary to their\ntrue tenour and meaning, they will cause such persons to be instantly\narrested as disturbers of the public peace, and punish them as guilty\nof high treason toward us and toward the state, so that they may serve\nfor examples to all others who may be inclined to act in the same way.\n'We ordain that these presents be proclaimed in the most public manner\nin the usual places, that no one may pretend ignorance thereof; and we\nenjoin all persons who may hear or know of any one that shall utter\nwords in public or otherwise against the honour of the aforesaid\npersons of our blood and lineage, or to the disgrace of this said\npeace, that they do denounce him or them to our officers of justice,\nthat punishment may ensue according to the exigence of the case, and\nthat they may be proceeded against as rebels to our commands and\nordinances.\n'That these presents may have their due weight, we have hereunto set\nour seal. Given at Paris in the month of February in the year of\nGrace 1414, and of our reign the 35th.' Signed by the king and his\ngrand council. Countersigned, 'Estienne Mauregard.' As this peace was\nproclaimed throughout Paris, so was it published in divers parts of the\nkingdom of France.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 20: For particulars of this embassy, &c. see the Foedera.]\nCHAP. XIX.\n THREE PORTUGUESE PERFORM A DEED OF ARMS AGAINST THREE FRENCHMEN, IN\n THE PRESENCE OF THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE PORTUGUESE ARE VANQUISHED.\nAt this period, there was a combat between three Portuguese and three\nFrenchmen, performed at the king's palace of St Ouen near to Paris. The\nnames of the Portuguese were the lord d'Alenton, sir Jean Cousaille\nknight, and sir Peter Cousaille. The three Frenchmen were sir Fran\u00e7ois\nde Grignaulx, Marigon, and la Rocque.\nThe Portuguese, as the challengers, were first introduced into the\nlists by the earl of Dorset and the other english lords. The French\nwere conducted by Clugnet de Brabant, admiral of France, John brother\nto the duke de Bar, and several more.\nAfter the accustomed proclamations had been made, in the king's name,\nthe combat began, and was hard fought, but at length the Portuguese\nsurrendered themselves as vanquished, to save their lives, to the\ngreat indignation and displeasure of the English, who had conducted\nthem to the lists. The Portuguese were, by the king's command, put\nout of the lists, and the French honourably escorted home very much\nrejoiced at their victory.\nWhen the business of the peace had been concluded, the countess of\nHainault left Senlis, and returned to her country and to her lord\nduke William. The English, about the same time, departed from Paris,\nafter having been magnificently feasted and honoured by the king and\nhis princes, and having likewise been presented with rich gifts. They\ndid not, however, succeed in the object of their mission, namely, the\nmarriage of their king with the lady Catherine of France, because\ntheir demands for her portion were unreasonable and excessive, such\nas the duchy of Normandy, the county of Ponthieu, with the duchy of\nAcquitaine, to be held as inheritances for ever. The king of France, in\nreply, told them that he would shortly send ambassadors to England with\nhis final answer to the request they had made.\nCHAP. XX.\n THE PEACE OF ARRAS SOLEMNLY SWORN TO IN THE PRESENCE OF THE KING OF\n FRANCE.--IT IS AFTERWARDS SWORN TO IN DIVERS OTHER PLACES.\nOn the 13th day of March, in this year, the duke of Brabant, the bishop\nof Tournay, the lord de Ront, sir William Bouvier, governor of Arras,\ncounsellors and ambassadors from the duke of Burgundy, and the deputies\nfrom the three estates of Flanders, having full powers from the duke of\nBurgundy for this purpose, swore in the name of the said duke, and in\nhis behalf in the presence of the king of France, on the true cross and\nholy evangelists of God; and in like manner the duke of Brabant and the\nothers above mentioned, for themselves in their own private capacities,\nswore to the full observance and preservation of all the articles of\nthe peace first treated of before Arras and confirmed at Paris.\nThe dukes of Berry, Orleans, Alen\u00e7on and Bourbon, the counts d'Eu,\nde Vend\u00f4me, grand master of the household, the lord de Prayaux,\nthe chancellor of France, the archbishops of Sens, Bourges, Rouen,\nthe bishops of Laon, Lisieuz, Paris, Chartres, the chancellor of\nAcquitaine, the count de Tancarville and others, took the same oath in\nthe presence of the king and the grand council.\nCommissioners were then sent by the king from Paris, namely, the\nmaster of the cross-bows of France, the lord de Rambures, and master\nJean de Vailly, first president of the parliament, to Tournay, where\nthey arrived in the month of March. The duke of Brabant, the countess\nof Hainault, Philip of Burgundy count of Charolois, the nobles and\nprelates of Ghent, and other great towns in Flanders, there met\nthem. When the king's letter had been read, the count de Charolois,\nand all present, took the oath required, in the hands of the said\ncommissioners, and in the presence of the duke of Brabant and the\ncountess of Hainault, promising on their own behalf to keep the said\npeace, and to pay attention to the contents of the king's letter.\nIn like manner did the prelates, nobility, and others of the town\nof Tournay and the adjacent countries, make oath, delivering their\ncertificates signed and sealed by them, as the count de Charolois and\nthe Flemings had done to the commissioners, to be carried to Estienne\nMauregard, the master of the rolls, at Paris.\nThe count de Charolois, after the holy week, convoked, at Arras, all\nthe nobility, clergy, and inhabitants of the country of Artois and its\ndependancies, who all swore, and delivered in certificates, as those\nof Tournay had done. Commissioners were afterward sent into Burgundy,\nto receive the oaths of the duke and of the estates of the duchy and\nits dependancies. These commissioners were the lord de Tynouville and\nmaster Symon de Vanterre, president, of the parliament, who received\nthe oaths and certificates, and sent them to the master of the rolls at\nParis; but the duke himself refused to swear, and said he must speak\nto the king and the duke of Acquitaine before he made oath to keep the\npeace, on certain causes that affected him.\nCHAP. XXI.\n THE COMMONALTY AND CLERGY OF AMIENS ARE ASSEMBLED TO SWEAR TO THE\n OBSERVANCE OF THE PEACE OF ARRAS.\nAt the beginning of this year, those of Amiens wrote such letters as\nfollow.\n'The mayor, sheriffs, and commonalty of Amiens make known, that on\nthe 18th day of the month of April, in the year 1415, by orders from\nmaster John de Vailly, president of the parliament and commissioner\nin these parts in the name of the king, the inhabitants of this town\nwere collected in the market-place by sound of bell from house to\nhouse, when we being present, with the principal inhabitants, this\nsaid president caused to be read to us letters from the king of the\nfollowing purport: 'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France,' &c.\n(and similar to what I have before detailed),--which being ended, we,\nand all the people assembled, made oath, and faithfully promised on\nthe cross and holy evangelists of God, and we now by these presents\ndo swear and promise punctually to observe and keep all the articles\nof the peace lately ratified, as far as it shall concern us, and\nconformably to the will and pleasure of the king our lord, as contained\nin these his said letters. In testimony whereof, we have to these\npresents affixed the common seal of the town of Amiens. Given on the\nday and year before mentioned.'\nThe substance of the above was copied by two apostolical notaries,\nwho certified that the aforesaid ordinance had been published, and\nthe colleges assembled in the chapter-house of the cathedral of N\u00f4tre\nDame of Amiens, who had sworn to the same. These were sealed with\nthe seal of the bishop of Amiens, of the chapter, and of the other\nchapters and colleges, and given to the bailiff of Amiens to carry to\nmaster Estienne Mauregard, master of the rolls in Paris. The bailiff\ncaused the king's proclamation to be published every where within his\njurisdiction, except within the lands of the duke of Burgundy: he\nreceived the oaths of all ranks of persons to the due observance of the\nsame, and the proper certificates from each prelate, noble, and others\nresident within his baliwick.\nThus were these ordinances respecting the peace proclaimed throughout\nall the bailiwicks and seneschalships in the realm, at the usual\nplaces; and then oaths and certificates were demanded by the\ncommissioners from the clergy, nobles, and chief towns, and delivered\nat Paris in the same manner as the others had been.\nCHAP. XXII.\n THE COUNT WALERAN DE ST POL DIES AT YVOIX, IN THE COUNTY OF CHINY IN\n LUXEMBOURG.--THE PRINCES OF THE BLOOD GO TO MELUN, BY ORDERS FROM THE\n QUEEN AND THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE.\nOn the 9th day of April, in this same year 1415, Waleran count de\nSaint Pol and de Ligny, calling himself constable of France, fell ill\nin the castle of Yvoix, in the county of Chiny. His disorder, as it\nwas reported, was occasioned by his physician having administered to\nhim too strong a clyster; and about twelve days after, he departed\nthis life, and was buried in front of the great altar in the\nprincipal church in Yvoix, amidst the tears and lamentations of his\nattendants,--although he had ordered, by a will made in his lifetime,\nthat his body should be carried to the abbey of Cercamp, of which his\nancestors the counts de St Pol had been the founders.\nIn the course of his illness, he had sent for his countess, the sister\nto the duke of Bar, having an earnest desire to converse with her\nbefore his last hour; but, notwithstanding the diligence she made to\ncomply with his request, she did not arrive, accompanied by a niece\nof the count's, sister to sir John Luxembourg, until about two hours\nafter his decease, although they had rode a straddle, on hard-trotting\nhorses, to make the more speed. They were much shocked on hearing\nof his death. When the countess had remained at Yvoix about eight\nhours, and disbanded the men at arms of her late lord, she returned to\nLigny-en-Barrois, where she had the obsequies of the count celebrated\nin the cathedral church.\nShe publicly renounced, by her attorney, all the debts and estates of\nher late lord excepting her dower, by placing on his tomb his belt and\npurse, of which act she demanded from the public notaries present to\nhave certificates drawn up. The count's heirs were the two sons of the\nduke of Brabant by the daughter of his first wife.\nIn this same month, the princes of the blood then at Paris went to\nMelun, by command of the queen and the duke of Acquitaine, who were\nthere resident. While they were occupied on business with the queen,\nthe duke of Acquitaine set off for Paris with few attendants; and\nthence he sent the princes word that they were not to return to Paris\nuntil ordered by the king or himself, and commanded them to retire to\ntheir estates, and to attend to their own affairs.\nAfter this, the duke knowing that the queen his mother had deposited\nlarge sums in the hands of three persons in Paris, who were her\nconfidents, namely, Michault de l'Allier, Guillaume Sanguin and Picquit\nde la Haye, suddenly entered their houses with his people, and seized\nall the money found therein and carried it to his hotel. He then\nsummoned the provosts of Paris, the university, and the principal\ninhabitants to come to him at the Louvre, where he caused to be laid\nbefore them, by the bishop of Chartres, his chancellor, article by\narticle, the whole history of the government of the kingdom, from the\ncoronation of the king his father until that moment, showing how the\nduke of Anjou had seized the treasures of king Charles his grandfather,\nand wasted them in Italy, as well as the portions of the dukes of Berry\nand Burgundy, last deceased; then mentioning the death of the late duke\nof Orleans and his government, and concluding with the administration\nof the present duke of Burgundy, who had consumed the whole of the\nfinances, and despoiled the kingdom. He then declared, that as duke\nof Acquitaine, dauphin of Vienne, and presumptive heir to the crown,\nhe would no longer suffer such waste to be committed on the public\nrevenues, or on his father's demesnes.\nTo this end, therefore, and for the security and welfare of the king\nand realm, he had thus assembled them, to make known to them, and all\nthe world, his resolution of taking on himself the government of the\nkingdom, with a firm determination to provide a remedy against such\nabuses in future.\nWhen the above had been eloquently and elaborately explained to the\nassembly, it broke up, and every one returned to his home.\nThe princes of the blood, on receiving the orders from the duke\nof Acquitaine, took their leave of the queen, and separated from\neach other. The duke of Berry went to Dourdan[21], in his county of\nEstampes, the duke of Orleans to Orleans, and the duke of Bourbon to\nhis duchy of Bourbon. The duke of Burgundy was before, as has been\nmentioned, in his duchy of Burgundy.\nThe king was very ill at his hotel of St Pol at Paris. The next step of\nthe duke of Acquitaine was to take away his duchess from the company\nof the queen, which he did in person, accompanied by the count de\nRichemont, and had her placed at St Germain-en-Laye.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 21: Dourdan,--a town in Beauce, on the river Orge, four\nleagues from Estampes.]\nCHAP. XXIII.\n THE KING OF ENGLAND ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY TO INVADE\n FRANCE.--AMBASSADORS SENT HIM FROM THAT COUNTRY.--THE ANSWERS THEY\n RECEIVE.\nWhen the english ambassadors were returned to England, and had reported\nto the king their ill success, the king, princes, and country were much\ndispleased thereat. After many councils had been holden, it was at\nlength resolved, that the king should raise the greatest possible force\nto invade France, and so sorely despoil that kingdom that the present\nking and his successors should be driven from it.\nTo provide a sufficient fleet for the transport of his army, he sent\ncommissioners[22] into Holland and Zealand, who, on proper security\nfor good payment, made contracts for the number of vessels that would\nbe wanted. The king of England had prepared all manner of stores and\nprovisions necessary for war; and in regard to the payment of the\nforces, adequate sums were raised: indeed, there remained an overplus\nof five hundred thousand nobles, in money or plate. It was determined,\nthat the king himself, attended by the princes and the whole army,\nshould embark to invade France as early as possible.\nIntelligence of this was speedily carried to France. The duke of\nAcquitaine, who now governed the realm in behalf and in the name of the\nking his father, in consequence, held many councils, and remanded to\nParis the duke of Berry, and some other lords, with whom he had several\nconsultations to know how he should act on this occasion, for the king\nwas then confined by his disorder. It was determined, that men at arms\nand archers should be assembled in various parts of France ready to\nmarch against the English the moment it should be known they were\nlanded; that garrisons should be placed in every town and castle on the\ncoast, and that as large sums of money as possible should be raised\nwith all speed.\nIt was likewise resolved to send a solemn embassy to the king of\nEngland, to make him other offers, in answer to the demands of his\nlast ambassadors. Those appointed for this business were the count\nde Vend\u00f4me, master William Bouratier, archbishop of Bourges, master\nPeter Fennel, bishop of Lisieuz, the lords of Ivry and Bracquemont,\nmaster Gautier Col, secretary to the king, master John Andrieu, and\nsome others of the great council[23]. Taking advantage of the existing\ntruce, they set out from Paris, and travelling through Amiens,\nMontrieul and Boulogne, to Calais, they there crossed the sea to Dover.\nThey were in all three hundred and fifty horsemen, and continued their\njourney from Dover to Canterbury, where they were met by the king's\nharbingers, who conducted them through Rochester to London, and thence\nto Winchester, where the king was.\nThe archbishop of Bourges explained to the king, in the hall of the\nbishop of Winchester, and in the presence of the dukes of Clarence,\nBedford and Gloucester, brothers to the king, and of the lords of the\ncouncil, clergy, chivalry and populace, the object of his embassy. The\narchbishop spoke first in Latin, and then in the Walloon language,\nso eloquently and wisely, that both the English and French who heard\nhim were greatly surprised. At the conclusion of his harangue he made\noffers to the king of a great extent of country in France, with a\nlarge sum of ready money on his marriage with the princess Catherine,\nbut on condition that he would disband the army he had collected at\nSouthampton, and at the adjacent sea ports to invade France; and that\nby these means an eternal peace would be established between the two\nkingdoms.\nThe assembly broke up, when the archbishop had ended his speech; and\nthe french ambassadors were kindly entertained at dinner by the king,\nwho then appointed a day for them to receive his answer to their\npropositions, by the mouth of the archbishop of Canterbury.\nIn the course of the archbishop's speech, in which he replied, article\nby article, to what the archbishop of Bourges had offered, he added\nto some, and passed over others of them, so that he was sharply\ninterrupted by the archbishop of Bourges, who exclaimed, 'I did not say\nso, but such were my words.' The conclusion, however, was, that unless\nthe king of France would give, as a marriage-portion with his daughter,\nthe duchies of Acquitaine, of Normandy, of Anjou, of Tours, the\ncounties of Ponthieu, Mans and Poitou, and every other part that had\nformerly belonged to the english monarchs, the king would not desist\nfrom his intended invasion of France, but would despoil the whole of\nthat kingdom, which had been unjustly detained from him,--and that he\nshould depend on his sword for the accomplishment of the above, and for\ndepriving king Charles of his crown.\nThe king avowed what the archbishop had said, and added, that thus,\nwith God's aid, he would act,--and promised it on the word of a king.\nThe archbishop of Bourges then, according to the custom in France,\ndemanded permission to speak, and said, 'O king! how canst thou,\nconsistently with honour and justice, thus wish to dethrone, and\niniquitously destroy the most Christian king of the French, our very\ndear and most redoubted lord, the noblest and most excellent of all the\nkings in Christendom. O king! with all due reverence and respect, dost\nthou think that he has offered by me such extent of territory, and so\nlarge a sum of money with his daughter in marriage, through any fear\nof thee, thy subjects or allies? By no means; but, moved by pity and\nhis love of peace, he has made these offers to avoid the shedding of\ninnocent blood, and that Christian people may not be overwhelmed in the\nmiseries of war; for whenever thou shalt make thy promised attempt, he\nwill call upon God, the blessed virgin, and on all the saints, making\nhis appeal to them for the justice of his cause,--and with their aid,\nand the support of his loyal subjects and faithful allies, thou wilt\nbe driven out of his dominions, or thou wilt be made prisoner, or thou\nwilt there suffer death by orders of that just king whose ambassadors\nwe are.\n'We have now only to entreat of thee, that thou wouldst have us safely\nconducted out of thy realm; and that thou wouldst write to our said\nking, under thy hand and seal, the answer which thou hast had given to\nus.'\nThe king kindly granted their requests; and the ambassadors, having\nreceived handsome presents, returned by way of Dover to Calais, and\nthence to Paris. They reported to the duke of Acquitaine in the\npresence of the members of the grand council, many knights and other\npersons, the ill success of their embassy. At the same time, the\nduke of Acquitaine and the council received letters from the king of\nEngland, dated from Winchester, containing his final answer to the\nproposals that had been made him.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 22: The _commissioners_ were Richard Clitherow and Symon\nFlecte, esquires.--_Foedera._\nI would refer the reader to this excellent work for the whole detail\nof the negotiations with France respecting the marriage of Catherine.\nThe demands of the english ambassadors are detailed at length, with the\nhandsome proposals on the part of France, in answer to such exorbitant\nand unjust pretensions.]\n[Footnote 23: See the Foedera.]\nCHAP. XXIV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS AMBASSADORS TO THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE. THE\n ANSWER THEY RECEIVE.--HE TAKES THE OATH.\nThe duke of Burgundy, tormented by the clamours of those who had\nbeen banished from Paris and the kingdom France, and whom, as I have\nnoticed, he had taken under his protection, was very desirous of\nalleviating their distress, and for this purpose sent ambassadors to\nParis, to his son-in-law the duke of Acquitaine, and to the grand\ncouncil of the king. These ambassadors were sir Regnier Pot and the\nlord d'Ancre, knights, the bishop of Tournay, and an advocate of\nDijon: they were instructed to solicit the recal of those who had been\nbanished the kingdom by royal authority, and that the five hundred\nwho had been excepted by the articles of the peace should be fully\npardoned, and that all which had passed should be forgotten. They were\nalso to insist, that the duchess of Acquitaine, whom the duke had sent\nto reside at St Germain en laye, should inhabit the Louvre with him,\nand that he should put away a female friend who lived with him in place\nof his said wife.\nIf these things were complied with, he promised to take the prescribed\noath to preserve the peace,--otherwise not.\nThe duke of Acquitaine was so much angered, when he first heard these\nproposals, that the ambassadors did not experience a very agreeable\nreception. They waited, therefore, on him another day, in hope of\nreceiving more favourable answers; but finding that they could no way\nsucceed in what had been ordered by their lord the duke of Burgundy,\nthey addressed the duke of Acquitaine as follows: 'Most renowned\nprince, and very noble lord, with reverence be it known to you, that\nif you do not grant what our aforesaid lord requires of you, he will\nnever swear to the observance of the late peace; and should the English\ninvade France, neither he himself nor his vassals will bear arms in\nyour service, or for the defence of the kingdom.'\nThe duke, hearing this, was more exasperated than before; but,\ndissembling his feelings, he replied, that he would advise with his\ncouncil on the subject of their coming, and within a short time would\nsend an answer to their lord by a confidential person. Upon this, the\nambassadors returned to Burgundy.\nThe duke of Acquitaine consulted the grand council on the above; and in\nconsequence, sir Guichard Daulphin, the lord de Viel-pont, and master\nJohn de Vailly, president of the parliament, were sent, in the king's\nname, to Burgundy, where they treated so effectually with the duke,\nwhom they met at Dijon, that he took the same oaths the others had\ndone; and they brought back his certificate under his seal, which was\ngiven to Estienne Mauregard, master of the rolls.\nThe duke of Burgundy, however, kept up a very large force of men at\narms and archers, in the duchy and county of Burgundy, and the adjacent\nparts, to the great loss of the poor inhabitants, to aid and defend\nhim, should there be occasion.\nOn the 23d day of July, those five hundred persons whose names had\nbeen excepted from the amnesty on the conclusion of the peace between\nthe duke of Burgundy and the other princes of the blood, were publicly\nbanished, by sound of trumpet, from France, in the presence of the\nambassadors from the duke of Burgundy, at that time in Paris.\nCHAP. XXV.\n HENRY KING OF ENGLAND MAKES GREAT PREPARATIONS TO INVADE FRANCE. HE\n SENDS LETTERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE AT PARIS.\nIt is proper that we now return to the king of England, who was making\nvast preparations of warlike stores, and every other necessary, to\naccomplish his projected invasion of France. He had marched his army to\nSouthampton, and to the neighbouring sea-ports; and after the 2d day of\nAugust, when the truce between the two kingdoms expired, the garrisons\nof Calais and other places began to overrun and despoil the country of\nthe Boulonois, and divers other parts.\nThe king of France instantly ordered thither, to oppose them, the lord\nde Rambures, master of the cross-bows, and the lord de Louroy, with\nfive hundred combatants, for the defence of the country. Within a few\ndays after the expiration of the truce, king Henry, whose preparations\nwere now completed, sent one of his heralds called Glocester[24], to\nParis to deliver letters to the king, of which the contents were as\nfollows:\n'To the very noble prince, Charles our cousin and adversary of France.\nHenry, by the grace of God, king England and of France. To give to\nevery one what is their due, is a work of inspiration and wise council,\nvery noble prince, our cousin and adversary. The noble kingdoms of\nEngland and France were formerly united, now they are divided. At that\ntime it was customary for each person to exalt his name by glorious\nvictories, and by this single virtue to extol the honour of God, to\nwhom holiness belongs, and to give peace to his church, by subjecting\nin battle the enemies of the public weal. But alas! good faith among\nkindred and brotherly love have been perverted; and Lot persecutes\nAbraham by human impulsion, and Dissention, the mother of Anger, has\nbeen raised from the dead.\n'We, however, appeal to the sovereign Judge, (who is neither swayed by\nprayers nor gifts from doing right), that we have, from pure affection,\ndone every thing in our power to preserve the peace; and we must now\nrely on the sword for regaining what is justly our heritage, and those\nrights which have from old time belonged to us; and we feel such\nassurance in our courage that we will fight till death in the cause of\njustice.\n'The written law in the book of Deuteronomy ordains, that before any\nperson commences an attack on a city, he shall first offer terms\nof peace; and although violence has detained from us our rightful\ninheritances, charity, however, induces us to attempt, by fair means,\ntheir recovery; for should justice be denied us, we may then resort to\narms.\n'And to avoid having our conscience affected by this matter, we make\nour personal request to you, and exhort you by the bowels of JESUS\nCHRIST, to follow the dictates of his evangelical doctrine. Friend,\nrestore what thou owest, for such is the will of God, to prevent\nthe effusion of the blood of man, who was created in his likeness.\nSuch restitution of rights cruelly torn from us, and which we have\nso frequently demanded by our ambassadors, will be agreeable to the\nsupreme God, and secure peace on earth.\n'From our love of peace, we were inclined to refuse fifty thousand\ngolden crowns lately offered us; for, being more desirous of peace\nthan riches, we have preferred enjoying the patrimony left us by\nour venerable ancestors, with our very dear cousin Catherine, your\nnoble daughter, to iniquitously multiplying our treasures, and thus\ndisgracing the honour of our crown, which God forbid!\n'Given under our privy seal, in our castle of Southampton, the 5th day\nof the month of August.'\nThe above letter having been presented by the herald to the king of\nFrance, he was told that the king and council would examine it, and\nconsider more at length its contents,--and that the king would provide\naccordingly, in such time and place as should seem good to him,--and\nthat he might return to his lord the king of England when he pleased.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 24: Hollingshed styles him 'Antilope, pursuivant at arms.']\nCHAP. XXVI.\n THE KING OF ENGLAND, WHILE AT SOUTHAMPTON, DISCOVERS A CONSPIRACY OF\n HIS NOBLES AGAINST HIM.--HE LAYS SIEGE TO HARFLEUR, AND WINS THAT TOWN.\nWhile the king of England remained at Southampton, to embark his army\nwhich was now ready to sail for France, he was informed that many\nlords of his household had entered into a conspiracy against him, with\nthe intent to place the earl of March, the rightful successor and heir\nto Richard the second, on the throne of England. True it is, that the\nearl of Cambridge, with others, had plotted to seize the persons of\nthe king and his brothers, to accomplish the above purpose, and had\nrevealed their plan to the earl of March, who had discovered it to the\nking, advising him, at the same time, to be on his guard, or he would\nbe betrayed, and named to him the conspirators. King Henry was not\nlong in having them arrested, when the three principal were beheaded,\nnamely, the earl of Cambridge, the lord Scrope of Masham, who every\nnight slept with the king, and sir Thomas Grey. Some others were\nafterward executed.\nThis matter being ended, the king hastened the embarkation of his\narmy, and put to sea. On the vigil of the assumption of our Lady, they\nmade in the night-time a harbour[25], which lies between Harfleur and\nHonfleur, where the river Seine enters the sea, and landed without any\neffusion of blood. Their fleet might consist of about sixteen hundred\nvessels of all sorts, full of soldiers, and every sorts of warlike\nstores.\nWhen the whole of the army was landed, the king fixed his quarters at\na a priory in Graville[26], and his brothers the dukes of Clarence and\nGlocester near to him. His uncles, the dukes of York and Dorset, the\nbishop of Norwich, the earls of Windsor, Suffolk, earl marshal, Warwick\nand Kent, the lords de Camber, Beaumont, Willoughby of Trompington, sir\nJohn de Cornewall, Molliflac[27], with many more, lodged themselves as\nwell as they could. They marched the army to besiege, with vigour, the\ntown of Harfleur, the commanding sea-port of all that coast of Normandy.\nThe king's army was composed of about six thousand helmets and\ntwenty-three thousand archers, exclusive of cannoneers, and others\nemployed with the engines of war, of which he had great abundance.\nAbout four hundred picked men at arms had been sent by the french\ngovernment, to defend Harfleur, under the command of the lords\nd'Estouteville, governor of the town, de Blainville, de Bacqueville,\nde Hermanville de Gaillart de Bos, de Cler\u00e8 de Bectou, de Adsanches,\nde Briaut\u00e8, de Gaucourt, de l'Isle-Adam, and several other valiant\nknights and esquires, to the amount aforesaid, who gallantly opposed\nthe English. But their attempts were vain against so superior a\nforce, and in their sallies they had great difficulty to re-enter the\ntown. They took up the pavement, which was between Montivilliers and\nHarfleur, to make the road as bad as possible, and carried away the\nstones. Notwithstanding this, the English scoured the country, made\nmany prisoners, and gained much booty, and planted their large engines\nin the most convenient spots for battering the town, which greatly\ndamaged its walls.\nThe besieged were not slack in their defence, but made such good use\nof cross-bows and other weapons that many of the English were slain.\nThe town had but two gates, namely, that of Caltinant and that of\nMontivilliers, whence they made several vigorous sallies on the enemy;\nbut the English defended themselves well. An unfortunate accident befel\nthe besieged, for a supply of gunpowder sent them by the king of France\nwas met by the English and taken.\nWhile these things were passing, the king of France sent against the\nEnglish a considerable body of men at arms to Rouen, and other parts on\nthe frontier under the charge of the constable, the marshal Boucicaut,\nthe seneschal of Hainault, the lords de Ligny, de Hamede, sir Clugnet\nde Brabant, and several other captains.\nThese commanders so well guarded the country that the English were\nunable to gain any town or fortress, while part of their army was\nengaged at the siege, although they took great pains so to do; for\nthey frequently made excursions in large bodies over the low countries\nin search of provision, and to meet the enemy: they did very great\ndamage wherever they passed, and carried off large booties to their\nhead-quarters.\nHowever, by the prudent conduct of the french commanders, the English\nwere very much straitened for provision, for the greater part of the\nstores they had brought with them had been spoiled at sea. Add to\nthis, that an epidemical bowel-complaint raged in their camp, of which\nupwards of two thousand died. The principal persons thus carried off\nwere, the earl of Stafford, the bishop of Norwich, the lords Beaumonte,\nWilloughby of Trompington, Burnel and many other noblemen.\nThe king of England, nevertheless, pushed on the siege with great\ndiligence and labour. He had caused three mines to be carried under the\nwalls, and his engines had nearly demolished the gates, which being\nmade known to the inhabitants, and that they were daily liable to be\nstormed, they offered to surrender themselves to the king, provided\nthey were not within three days succoured from France: they gave\nhostages for the due performance of this treaty, and thereby saved\ntheir lives by paying ransoms.\nThe lord de Bacqueville was sent by the captains in Harfleur to the\nking of France and the duke of Acquitaine, who were at Vernon sur\nSeine, to make them acquainted with their situation, and to tell them,\nthat unless they were succoured within three days, they would lose\ntheir town, and all within it. He was in reply told, that the king's\nforces were not yet assembled, or prepared to give such speedy succour:\nupon which, the lord de Bacqueville returned to Harfleur,--and it was\nsurrendered to the king of England, on St Maurice's day, to the great\nsorrow and loss of the inhabitants, and displeasure of the French; for,\nas I have said, it was the principal sea port of that part of Normandy.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 25: Probably Quillebouef.]\n[Footnote 26: Graville,--a small town in Normandy near Harfleur.]\n[Footnote 27: Molliflac. Q. Molins.]\nCHAP. XXVII.\n THE CANONS OF ST GERY IN CAMBRAY QUARREL WITH THE INHABITANTS.--THE\n DUKE OF BURGUNDY, IN CONSEQUENCE, MAKES WAR ON CAMBRAY.\nAt this time, there was a great quarrel between the citizens and\ninhabitants of Cambray and the canons of the chapter of St Gery, within\nthat town. The inhabitants, foreseeing that the present war between\nEngland and France might be carried on near their country, determined\nfor the greater security of themselves and their town, to repair and\nenlarge its walls and bulwarks; and consequently, they demolished, by\nforce or otherwise, many walls of the gardens of the townsmen, which\nhad encroached too near them. They particularly destroyed the gardens\nbelonging to the aforesaid canons, taking a large portion of their land\nwithout intending to make them any recompence for what they had done.\nThe inhabitants also wanted to prevent the canons selling wine from\ntheir cellars, although they had for a long time done so from their\nown vintage. For these several offences and grievances, the canons\nhaving frequently demanded, but in vain, redress from the townsmen,\nmade heavy complaints of what they had suffered, and were still\nsuffering, to the duke of Burgundy and his council, because, as earl\nof Flanders, he was the hereditary guardian and defender of all the\nchurches within Cambray. For this guardianship a certain quantity of\ncorn was annually paid to the duke, as protector of the churches within\nthe Cambresis, and this impost was called the Gavenne[28] of Cambresis.\nThe duke of Burgundy was very much displeased at this conduct of\nthe Cambresians, and sent solemn messengers to inform them, that if\nthey did not make instant and full satisfaction to the canons who\nwere under his protection, for all the damages they had done them,\nhe should take such measures as would serve for an example to all\nothers. Not receiving an answer which was agreeable to him, and being\nthen in Burgundy, he wrote to his son, Philippe count de Charolois,\nin Flanders, to order him to secure the canons of St Gery from all\noppression and violence, and to constrain the inhabitants of Cambray to\nmake reparation for the wrongs they had done them.\nThe count of Charolois, knowing the temper of his father, again\nsummoned the townsmen to make satisfaction to the canons; and because\nthey sent evasive answers, he secretly advised the canons to leave\nCambray and go to Lille, at which town he would find them a handsome\ndwelling. The canons, on this, placed the better part of their effects,\nin safety, and then secretly left Cambray and went to Lille, or at\nleast the greater number of them.\nSoon after their departure, the count de Charolois sent his defiance\nto the town of Cambray by Hector de Saveuses, who had assembled full\nthree hundred combatants. On the feast-day of the exaltation of the\nholy cross, he suddenly entered the Cambresis, and advanced almost to\nthe gates of Cambray, when, it being market-day, he plundered, killed\nand wounded very many of the town, and perpetrated other cruel deeds.\nHector did not make any long stay, but departed, with an immense booty,\nto quarter himself near to Braye-sur-Somme, saying, that what he had\ndone was by orders from the count de Charolois.\nThis attack much astonished those of Cambray, and put them in great\nfear. They conceived a greater hatred than before against the canons of\nSt Gery, increased every preparation for the defence of their town, and\nmade daily seizures of the effects of these canons, such as wine, corn,\nwood and other necessaries of life.\nThe citizens, however, having suffered several inroads, and great\nlosses, and considering that in the end the war must be the destruction\nof their town, solicited duke William count of Hainault, guardian of\nCambray for the king of France, that he would negotiate a peace for\nthem with his nephew the count de Charolois, and that they were willing\nto make every reasonable restitution to the canons for the losses they\nmight have suffered.\nBy the interference, therefore, of duke William and others, the dispute\nwas referred to some doctors of civil law, who sentenced the citizens\nto rebuild all the walls they had destroyed of the canons' gardens,\nand to bind themselves to pay annually to the said canons one hundred\nfrancs of royal money, on condition that the said canons were not to\nsell any wines from their cellars. The citizens were allowed liberty\nto buy up this annuity of a hundred francs for a certain sum, whenever\nthey shall have the power and inclination so to do. On these and some\nother terms was the quarrel appeased, and the canons returned to their\nchurch in Cambray.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 28: Gavenne,--the right of protection due to the counts of\nFlanders, in quality of guardians, or gaveniers, of Cambresis.--_Dict.\ndu vieux Language._]\nCHAP. XXVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE COLLECTS A GREAT BODY OF MEN AT ARMS FROM ALL PARTS\n OF HIS KINGDOM TO OPPOSE THE ENGLISH.--THE SUMMONS HE ISSUES ON THE\n OCCASION.\nWhen the king of France and his council heard of the surrender of\nHarfleur to the king of England, they consequently expected that he\nwould attempt greater objects, and instantly issued summonses for\nraising in every part of the kingdom the greatest possible force of men\nat arms. The better to succeed, he ordered his bailiffs and seneschals\nto exert themselves personally throughout their jurisdictions, and\nto make known that he had sent ambassadors to England, to offer his\ndaughter in marriage to king Henry, with an immense portion in lands\nand money, to obtain peace, but that he had failed; and the king of\nEngland had invaded his realm, and besieged and taken his town of\nHarfleur, very much to his displeasure. On this account, therefore,\nhe earnestly solicited the aid of all his vassals and subjects, and\nrequired them to join him without delay.\nHe also dispatched messengers into Picardy, with sealed letters to\nthe lords de Croy, de Waurin, de Fosseux, de Crequi, de Heuchin, de\nBrimeu, de Mammez, de la Viefville, de Beaufort, d'Inchy, de Noyelle,\nde Neufville, and to other noblemen, to order them instantly to raise\ntheir powers, under pain of his indignation, and to join the duke of\nAcquitaine, whom he had appointed captain-general of his kingdom.\nThe lords of Picardy delayed obeying, for the duke of Burgundy had\nsent them and all his subjects orders to hold themselves in readiness\nto march with him when he should summon them, and not to attend to the\nsummons of any other lord, whatever might be his rank. This was the\ncause why the above-mentioned men at arms were in no haste to comply\nwith the king's summons: fresh orders were therefore issued, the tenour\nof which was as follows.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to the bailiff of\nAmiens, or to his lieutenant, greeting.\n'Whereas by our letters we have commanded you to make proclamation\nthroughout your bailiwick, for all nobles and others accustomed to\nbear arms and follow the wars, instantly to join our very dear and\nwell beloved son, the duke of Acquitaine, whom we have nominated our\ncaptain-general of the kingdom.\n'It is now some time since we have marched against our adversary of\nEngland, who had, with a large army, invaded our province of Normandy,\nand taken our town of Harfleur, owing to the neglect and delay of you\nand others, in not punctually obeying our orders; for from want of\nsuccours our noble and loyal subjects within Harfleur, after having\nmade a most vigorous defence, were forced to surrender it to the enemy.\n'And as the preservation and defence of our kingdom is the concern\nof all, we call on our good and faithful subjects for aid, and\nare determined to regain those parts of which the enemy may be in\npossession, and to drive them out of our kingdom in disgrace and\nconfusion, by the blessing of GOD, the holy Virgin Mary, and with the\nassistance of our kindred and loyal subjects.\n'You will therefore, by these presents strictly enjoin every one within\nyour jurisdictions, on the duty they owe us, to lose no time in arming\nthemselves, and in hastening to join our said well beloved the duke of\nAcquitaine; and you will proclaim these our orders in the most public\nmanner, and in the usual places, that no one may plead ignorance of\nthe same; and that under pain of being reputed disobedient, and having\ntheir goods confiscated, they fail not to come to our assistance,\nsufficiently armed and mounted.\n'Such as, from illness or old age, may be prevented coming shall send\nin their stead, persons well armed and accoutred, with their powers to\njoin us, or our said son. Should any difficulties be made in obeying\nthese our commands, you will enforce obedience by seizing on the lands\nof such as may refuse placing foragers within their houses, and by\nevery other means employed on such occasions, that they may be induced\nto join with us in expelling the enemy from our kingdom with disgrace\nand confusion.\n'You will likewise enjoin, in addition to the above, that all cannon,\nengines of war, and other offensive or defensive weapons that can be\nspared from the principal towns, be sent to our aid without delay,\nwhich we promise to restore at the end of the war.\n'You will use every possible diligence in seeing to the execution of\nthese our commands; and should there be any neglect on your part, which\nGod forbid, we will punish you in such wise that you shall serve for an\nexample to all others in like manner offending.\n'We command all our officers of justice, and others our subjects,\npunctually to obey all your directions respecting the above; and you\nwill send an acknowledgement of the receipt of these presents to our\nloyal subjects the officers of our chamber of accounts in Paris, to be\nused as may be thought proper.\n'Given at Meulan, the 20th day of September, in the year of Grace\n1415, and of our reign the 36th.' Thus signed by the king and council.\nWhen this proclamation had been published at Paris and Amiens, and in\nother parts of the kingdom, the king sent ambassadors to the dukes\nof Burgundy and Orleans, to require that they would, without fail,\ninstantly send him five hundred helmets each.\nThe duke of Orleans was at first contented to send his quota, but\nafterward followed with all his forces. The duke of Burgundy made\nanswer, that he would not send, but come in person with all the\nchivalry of his country, to serve the king: however, from some delay\nor dispute that arose between them, he did not attend himself, but the\ngreater part of his subjects armed and joined the french forces.\nCHAP. XXIX.\n THE KING OF ENGLAND MAKES HIS ENTRY INTO HARFLEUR.--THE REGULATIONS\n WHICH HE ORDAINED.--HE RESOLVES TO MARCH TO CALAIS.--THE DISPOSITION\n AND GOVERNMENT OF THE FRENCH.\nThe town of Harfleur surrendered to the king on the appointed day:\nthe gates were thrown open, and his commissioners entered the place;\nbut when the king came to the gate, he dismounted, and had his legs\nand feet uncovered, and thence walked barefooted to the parochial\nchurch of St Martin, where he very devoutly offered up his prayers and\nthanksgivings to his Creator for his success. After this, he made all\nthe nobles and men at arms that were in the town his prisoners, and\nshortly after sent the greater part of them out of the place cloathed\nin their jackets only, taking down their names and surnames in writing,\nand making them swear on their faith that they would render themselves\nprisoners at Calais on the Martinmas-day next ensuing,--and then they\ndeparted.\nIn like manner were the inhabitants constituted prisoners, and forced\nto ransom themselves for large sums of money. In addition, they were\ndriven out of the town, with numbers of women and children, to each of\nwhom were given five sols and part of their cloathing. It was pitiful\nto see and hear the sorrow of these poor people, thus driven away\nfrom their dwellings and property. The priests and clergy were also\ndismissed; and in regard to the wealth found there, it was immense, and\nappertained to the king, who distributed it among such as he pleased.\nTwo towers that were very strong, and situated on the side next the\nsea, held out for ten days after the surrender of the town; but then\nthey surrendered also.\nThe king of England ordered the greater part of his army home, by way\nof Calais, under the command of his brother the duke of Clarence and\nthe earl of Warwick. His prisoners and the great booty he had made were\nsent by sea to England, with his warlike engines. When the king had\nrepaired the walls and ditches of the town he placed in it a garrison\nof five hundred men at arms and one thousand archers, under the command\nof the governor sir John le Blond, knight[29]: he added a very large\nstock of provision and of warlike stores.\nAfter fifteen days residence in Harfleur, the king of England departed,\nescorted by two thousand men at arms and about thirteen thousand\narchers, and numbers of other men, intending to march to Calais. His\nfirst quarters were at Fauville[30] and in the adjacent places: then,\ntraversing the country of Caux, he made for the county of Eu. Some of\nthe english light troops came before the town of Eu, in which were\nseveral french men at arms, who sallied out to oppose them: in the\nnumber was a most valiant man at arms, called Lancelot Pierres, who,\nhaving attacked one of the English, was struck by him with a lance,\nwhich piercing the plates of his armour, mortally wounded him in the\nbelly, and being thus wounded, he was killed by the Englishman, to the\ngreat grief of the count d'Eu and many of the French.\nThence the king of England marched through Vimeu, with the intent\nof crossing the river Somme at Blanchetaque, where his predecessor,\nking Edward, had passed when he gained the battle of Cressy against\nPhilippe de Valois; but learning from his scouts that the French had\nposted a considerable force to guard that ford, he altered his route,\nand marched toward Arraines, burning and destroying the whole country,\nmaking numbers of prisoners and acquiring a great booty.\nOn Sunday, the 13th of October, he lodged at Bailleul in Vimeu,--and\nthence crossing the country, he sent a considerable detachment to gain\nthe pass of the Pont de Remy[31]; but the lord de Vaucourt, with his\nchildren and a great number of men at arms, gallantly defended it\nagainst the English. This constrained king Henry to continue his march,\nand quarter his army at Hangest sur Somme[32] and in the neighbouring\nvillages.\nAt that time, the lord d'Albreth, constable of France, the marshal\nBoucicaut, the count de Vend\u00f4me grand master of the household, the lord\nde Dampierre, calling himself admiral of France, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on,\nthe count de Richemont, with a numerous and gallant chivalry, were in\nAbbeville. On hearing of the line of march which the king of England\nwas pursuing, they departed thence and went to Corbie and Peronne, with\ntheir army near at hand, but dispersed over the country to guard all\nthe fords of the river Somme against the English. The king of England\nmarched from Hangest to Ponthieu[33], passing by Amiens, and fixed his\nquarters at Boves, then at Herbonnieres, Vauville[34], Bainviller, the\nFrench marching on the opposite bank of the Somme.\nAt length the English crossed that river on the morrow of St Luke's\nday, by the ford between Betencourt and Voyenne[35], which had not been\nstaked by those of St Quentin as they had been ordered by the king of\nFrance. The english army were quartered at Monchy la Gache[36], near\nthe river of Miraumont; and the lords of France, with their forces,\nretired to Bapaume and the adjacent parts.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 29: Hollingshed says, that the king appointed the\nduke of Exeter governor of Harfleur, and sir John Fastolfe\nlieutenant-governor,--and that the duke of Clarence had leave to return\nto England on account of the epidemical disorder that was so fatal to\nthe army before Harfleur.]\n[Footnote 30: Fauville,--a market-town of Normandy, in the country of\nCaux, four leagues from F\u00e9camp.]\n[Footnote 31: Pont de Remy,--a village in Picardy, election of\nAbbeville.]\n[Footnote 32: Hangest sur Somme,--a small town in Picardy, diocese of\nAmiens.]\n[Footnote 33: Ponthieu,--a village near Amiens.]\n[Footnote 34: Vauville,--a village near Peronne.]\n[Footnote 35: Villages between Hamme and St Quentin.]\n[Footnote 36: Monchy la Gache,--a small town near Hamme.]\nCHAP. XXX.\n THE KING OF FRANCE AND SEVERAL OF THE PRINCES OF THE BLOOD ROYAL HOLD\n A COUNCIL AT ROUEN, AND RESOLVE ON FIGHTING THE ENGLISH.\nWhile these things were passing, the king of France and the duke of\nAcquitaine came to Rouen, and on the 30th day of October a council was\nheld to consider how they should best act, in regard to opposing the\nking of England. There were present at this council the king of Sicily,\nthe dukes of Berry and Brittany, the count de Ponthieu, youngest son to\nthe king of France, the chancellors of France and of Acquitaine, with\nother able advisers, to the amount of thirty-five persons.\nWhen the matter had been fully discussed in the king's presence, it was\nresolved by thirty of the said counsellors, that the king of England\nshould be combated. The minority of five gave substantial reasons\nagainst fighting the english army at the time they had fixed on; but\nthe opinion of the majority prevailed. The king of France instantly\nsent his commands to the constable, and to his other captains, to\ncollect incontinently as large a force as they could, and give battle\nto the king of England. Orders were likewise dispatched through every\npart of the realm for all noblemen accustomed to bear arms to hasten\nday and night to the constable's army wherever it might be.\nThe duke of Acquitaine had a great desire to join the constable,\nalthough his father had forbidden him; but, by the persuasions of the\nking of Sicily and the duke of Berry, he was prevailed on to give it up.\nThe different lords now hastened with all speed to unite their men to\nthe army of the constable, who, on his approach toward Artois, sent the\nlord de Montgaugier to announce to the count de Charolois, only son\nof the duke of Burgundy, the positive orders he had received to give\nbattle to the English, and to entreat him most affectionately, in the\nking's and constable's name, to make one of the party.\nThe lord de Montgaugier met the count de Charolois at Arras, and was\nwell received by him and his courtiers. When he had explained the cause\nof his coming to the count in presence of his council, the lords des\nRobais and de la Viefville, his principal ministers, replied, that the\ncount would make sufficient haste to be present at the ensuing battle,\nand on this they parted. Now although the count de Charolois most\nanxiously desired to combat the English, and though his said ministers\ngave him to understand that he should be present, they had received\nfrom the duke of Burgundy express orders to the contrary, and they were\ncommanded, under pain of his highest displeasure, not to suffer him\nto go on any account. In consequence, to draw him farther off, they\ncarried him from Arras to Aire. To this place the constable sent again\nto request his support; and Montjoy, king at arms, was dispatched to\nhim with a similar request from the king of France. However, matters\nwere managed otherwise by his ministers: and they even contrived to\nkeep him secretly in the castle of Aire, that he might not know when\nthe day of the battle was fixed. Notwithstanding this, the greater part\nof the officers of his household, well knowing that a battle must be\nnear at hand, set out unknown to him, to join the French in the ensuing\ncombat with the English. The count de Charolois therefore remained with\nthe young lord d'Antoing and his ministers, who at last, to appease\nhim, were forced to avow the positive orders they had received, not to\npermit him to be present at the battle. This angered him very much;\nand, as I have been told, he withdrew to his chamber in tears.\nWe must now return to the king of England, whom we left at Monche la\nGache. He thence marched toward Ancre[37], and quartered himself at\nForceville[38], and his army at Cheu and the adjacent parts. On the\nmorrow, which was Wednesday, he marched near to Lucheux[39] and was\nquartered at Bouvieres l'Escaillon; but his uncle the duke of York\nwho commanded the van division, was lodged at Fienench, on the river\nCanche: it is true that this night the English were quartered much\napart, in seven or eight different villages.\nThey were, however, no way interrupted; for the French had advanced,\nto be beforehand with them at St Pol and on the river Aunun. On the\nThursday, the king of England dislodged from Bouvieres, and marched\nin handsome array to Blangy[40]: when he had there crossed the river,\nand ascended the heights, his scouts saw the French advancing in\nlarge bodies of men at arms to quarter themselves at Rousianville and\nAzincourt, to be ready to combat the English on the ensuing day.\nOn this Thursday, Philip count de Nevers, on his return from a\nreconnoitring party about vespers, was knighted by Boucicaut marshal\nof France, and with him many other great lords received that honour.\nShortly after, the constable arrived near to Azincourt; and the whole\nfrench army, being then formed into one body, was encamped on the\nplain, each man under his banner, excepting those of low degree, who\nlodged themselves as well as they could in the adjoining villages.\nThe king of England quartered his army at a small village called\nMaisoncelles, about three bow-shots distant from the enemy. The French,\nwith all the royal officers, namely, the constable, the marshal\nBoucicaut, the lord de Dampierre and sir Clugnet de Brabant, each\nstyling himself admiral of France, the lord de Rambures, master of the\ncross-bows, with many other princes, barons and knights, planted their\nbanners, with loud acclamations of joy, around the royal banner of the\nconstable, on the spot they had fixed upon, and which the English must\npass on the following day, on their march to Calais.\nGreat fires were this night lighted near to the banner under which each\nperson was to fight; but although the French were full one hundred and\nfifty thousand strong, with a prodigious number of waggons and carts,\ncontaining cannon and all other military stores, they had but little\nmusic to cheer their spirits; and it was remarked, with surprise,\nthat scarcely any of their horses neighed during the night, which was\nconsidered by many as a bad omen.\nThe English, during the whole night, played on their trumpets, and\nvarious other instruments, insomuch that the whole neighbourhood\nresounded with their music; and notwithstanding they were much fatigued\nand oppressed by cold, hunger, and other discomforts, they made their\npeace with God, by confessing their sins with tears, and numbers of\nthem taking the sacrament; for, as it was related by some prisoners,\nthey looked for certain death on the morrow.\nThe duke of Orleans sent, in the night-time, for the count de\nRichemonte, who commanded the duke of Acquitaine's men and the Bretons,\nto join him; and when this was done, they amounted to about two hundred\nmen at arms and archers, they advanced near to the quarters of the\nEnglish, who suspecting they meant to surprise them, drew up in battle\narray, and a smart skirmish took place. The duke of Orleans and several\nothers were, on this occasion, knighted, but the action did not last\nlong,--and the French retired to their camp,--and nothing more was done\nthat night.\nThe duke of Brittany was, at this time, come from Rouen, to Amiens, to\njoin the French with six thousand men, if the battle had been delayed\nuntil the Saturday. In like manner, the marshal de Longny was hastening\nto their aid with six hundred men. He was quartered that night only six\nleagues from the main army, and had set out very early the following\nmorning to join them.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 37: Ancre or Albert,--four leagues from Peronne, seven from\nAmiens.]\n[Footnote 38: Forceville,--a village near Ancre.]\n[Footnote 39: Lucheux,--a town in Picardy, near Dourlens.]\n[Footnote 40: Blangy,--a village in Picardy, near Amiens.]\nCHAP. XXXI.\n THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH MEET IN BATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF AZINCOURT. THE\n ENGLISH GAIN THE VICTORY.\nOn the ensuing day, which was Friday the 25th of October, in the year\n1415, the constable and all the other officers of the king of France,\nthe dukes of Orleans, Bourbon, Bar and Alen\u00e7on; the counts de Nevers,\nd'Eu, de Richemonte, de Vend\u00f4me, de Marle, de Vaudemont, de Blaumonte,\nde Salines, de Grand Pr\u00e9, de Roussy, de Dampmartin, and in general all\nthe other nobles and men at arms, put on their armour and sallied out\nof their quarters. Then, by the advice of the constable and others of\nthe king of France's council, the army was formed into three divisions,\nthe vanguard, the main body, and the rearguard. The van consisted of\nabout eight thousand helmets, knights, and esquires, four thousand\narchers, and fifteen hundred cross-bows.\nThis was commanded by the constable, having with him the dukes of\nOrleans and Bourbon, the counts d'Eu and de Richemonte, the marshal\nBoucicaut, the master of the cross-bows, the lord de Dampierre admiral\nof France, sir Guichart Dauphin, and some others. The count de Vend\u00f4me,\nand others of the king's officers were to form a wing of fifteen\nhundred men at arms, to fall on the right flank of the English; and\nanother wing, under the command of sir Clugnet de Brabant admiral of\nFrance, sir Louis Bourdon and eight hundred picked men at arms, was to\nattack the left flank: with this last were included, to break in on the\nenglish archers, sir William de Saveuses, with his brothers sir Hector\nand sir Philippe, Ferry de Mailly, Aliaume de Gaspammes, Allain de\nVend\u00f4me, Lamont de Launoy, and many more.\nThe main battalion was composed of an equal number of knights,\nesquires, and archers as the van, and commanded by the dukes of Bar and\nAlen\u00e7on, the counts de Nevers, de Vaudemont, de Blaumont, de Salines,\nde Grand-pr\u00e9, and de Roussy.\nThe rear guard consisted of the surplus of men at arms, under the\norders of the counts de Marle, de Dampmartin, de Fauquembergh, and the\nlord de Louvroy, governor of Ardres, who had led thither the garrisons\non the frontiers of the Boulonois.\nWhen these battalions were all drawn up, it was a grand sight to\nview; and they were, on a hasty survey, estimated to be more than six\ntimes the number of the English. After they had been thus arranged,\nthey seated themselves by companies as near to their own banners as\nthey could, to wait the coming of the enemy; and while they refreshed\nthemselves with food, they made up all differences that might before\nhave existed between any of them. In this state they remained until\nbetween nine and ten o'clock in the morning, no way doubting, from\ntheir numbers, but the English must fall an easy prey to them. Some,\nhowever, of the wisest of them had their fears, and dreaded the event\nof an open battle.\nThe English on that morning, perceiving that the French made no\nadvances to attack them, refreshed themselves with meat and drink.\nAfter calling on the divine aid against the French, who seemed to\ndespise them, they dislodged from Maisoncelles, and sent some of their\nlight troops in the rear of the town of Azincourt, where, not finding\nany men at arms, in order to alarm the French, they set fire to a barn\nand house belonging to the priory of St George at Hesdin. On the other\nhand, the king of England dispatched about two hundred archers to the\nrear of his army, with orders to enter the village of Tramecourt[41]\nsecretly, and to post themselves in a field near the van of the French,\nthere to remain quiet until it should be a proper time for them to\nuse their bows. The rest of the English remained with king Henry, and\nwere shortly after drawn up in battle array by sir Thomas Erpinghan; a\nknight grown grey with age and honour, who placed the archers in front,\nand the men at arms behind them. He then formed two wings of men at\narms and archers, and posted the horses with the baggage in the rear.\nEach archer planted before himself a stake sharpened at both ends.\nSir Thomas, in the name of the king, exhorted them all most earnestly\nto defend their lives, and thus saying he rode along their ranks\nattended by two persons. When all was done to his satisfaction, he\nflung into the air a truncheon which he held in his hand, crying out,\n'Nestrocque[42]!' and then dismounted, as the king and the others had\ndone. When the English saw sir Thomas throw up his truncheon, they set\nup a loud shout, to the very great astonishment of the French.\nThe English seeing the enemy not inclined to advance, marched toward\nthem in handsome array, and with repeated huzzas, occasionally stopping\nto recover their breath. The archers, who were hidden in the field,\nre-echoed these shoutings, at the same time discharging their bows,\nwhile the english army kept advancing upon the French.\nTheir archers, amounting to at least thirteen thousand, let off a\nshower of arrows, with all their might, and as high as possible, so as\nnot to lose their effect: they were, for the most part, without any\narmour, and in jackets, with their hose loose, and hatchets or swords\nhanging to their girdles: some indeed were barefooted and without hats.\nThe princes with the king of England were the duke of York, his uncle,\nthe earls of Dorset, Oxford, Suffolk, the earl marshal, the earl of\nKent, the lords Cambre, Beaumont, Willoughby, sir John de Cornewall,\nand many other powerful barons of England.\nWhen the French observed the English thus advance, they drew up each\nunder his banner, with his helmet on his head: they were, at the\nsame time, admonished by the constable, and others of the princes,\nto confess their sins with sincere contrition, and to fight boldly\nagainst the enemy. The English loudly sounded their trumpets as they\napproached; and the French stooped to prevent the arrows hitting them\non the vizors of their helmets; thus the distance was now but small\nbetween the two armies, although the French had retired some paces:\nbefore, however, the general attack commenced, numbers of the French\nwere slain and severely wounded by the English bowmen.\nAt length the English gained on them so much, and were so close, that\nexcepting the front line, and such as had shortened their lances, the\nenemy could not raise their hands against them. The division under sir\nClugnet de Brabant, of eight hundred men at arms, who were intended to\nbreak through the English archers, were reduced to seven score, who\nvainly attempted it. True it is, that sir William de Saveuses, who\nhad been also ordered on this service, quitted his troop, thinking\nthey would follow him, to attack the English, but he was shot dead\nfrom off his horse. The others had their horses so severely handled\nby the archers, that, smarting from pain, they galloped on the van\ndivision, and threw it into the utmost confusion, breaking the line in\nmany places. The horses were become unmanageable, so that horses and\nriders were tumbling on the ground, and the whole army was thrown into\ndisorder, and forced back on some lands that had been just sown with\ncorn. Others, from fear of death, fled; and this caused so universal a\npanic in the army that great part followed the example.\nThe English took instant advantage of the disorder in the van division,\nand, throwing down their bows, fought lustily with swords, hatchets,\nmallets and bill-hooks, slaying all before them. Thus they came to\nthe second battalion, that had been posted in the rear of the first;\nand the archers followed close king Henry and his men at arms. Duke\nAnthony of Brabant, who had just arrived in obedience to the summons of\nthe king of France, threw himself with a small company (for, to make\ngreater haste, he had pushed forward, leaving the main body of his men\nbehind), between the wreck of the van and the second division; but he\nwas instantly killed by the English, who kept advancing and slaying,\nwithout mercy, all that opposed them, and thus destroyed the main\nbattalion as they had done the first. They were, from time to time,\nrelieved by their varlets, who carried off the prisoners; for the\nEnglish were so intent on victory, that they never attended to making\nprisoners, nor pursuing such as fled.\nThe whole rear division being on horseback, witnessing the defeat of\nthe two others, began to fly, excepting some of its principal chiefs.\nDuring the heat of the combat, when the English had gained the upper\nhand and made several prisoners, news was brought to king Henry,\nthat the French were attacking his rear, and had already captured\nthe greater part of his baggage and sumpter-horses. This was indeed\ntrue, for Robinet de Bournouville, Rifflart de Clamasse, Ysambart\nd'Azincourt, and some other men at arms, with about six hundred\npeasants, had fallen upon and taken great part of the king's baggage,\nand a number of horses while the guard was occupied in the battle. This\ndistressed the king very much, for he saw that though the french army\nhad been routed they were collecting on different parts of the plain\nin large bodies, and he was afraid they would renew the battle. He\ntherefore caused instant proclamation to be made by sound of trumpet,\nthat every one should put his prisoners to death, to prevent them\nfrom aiding the enemy, should the combat be renewed. This caused an\ninstantaneous and general massacre of the french prisoners, occasioned\nby the disgraceful conduct of Robinet de Bournouville, Ysambart\nd'Azincourt, and the others, who were afterward punished for it, and\nimprisoned a very long time by duke John of Burgundy, notwithstanding\nthey had made a present to the count de Charolois of a most precious\nsword, ornamented with diamonds, that had belonged to the king of\nEngland. They had taken this sword, with other rich jewels, from king\nHenry's baggage[43],--and had made this present, that, in case they\nshould at any time be called to an account for what they had done, the\ncount might stand their friend.\nThe count de Marle, the count de Fauquembergh, the lords de Louvroy\nand du Chin, had with some difficulty retained about six hundred men\nat arms, with whom they made a gallant charge on the English; but it\navailed nothing, for they were all killed or made prisoners. There were\nother small bodies of French on different parts of the plain; but they\nwere soon routed, slain or taken.\nThe conclusion was a complete victory on the part of the king of\nEngland, who only lost about sixteen hundred men of all ranks: among\nthe slain was the duke of York, uncle to the king. On the eve of this\nbattle, and the following morning, before it began, there were upwards\nof five hundred knights made by the French.\nWhen the king of England found himself master of the field of battle,\nand that the French, excepting such as had been killed or taken, were\nflying in all directions, he made the circuit of the plain, attended\nby his princes; and while his men were employed in stripping the dead,\nhe called to him the french herald Montjoye king at arms, and with him\nmany other french and English heralds, and said to them, 'It is not we\nwho have made this great slaughter, but the omnipotent God, and, as we\nbelieve, for a punishment of the sins of the French.'\nHe then asked Montjoye, to whom the victory belonged: to him, or to the\nking of France. Montjoye replied, that the victory was his, and could\nnot be claimed by the king of France. The king then asked the name\nof the castle he saw near him: he was told, it was called Azincourt.\n'Well then,' added he, 'since all battles should bear the names of the\nfortress nearest to the spot where they were fought, this battle shall\nfrom henceforth bear the ever-durable name of Azincourt.'\nThe English remained a considerable time on the field, and seeing they\nwere delivered from their enemies, and that night was approaching,\nthey retreated in a body to Maisoncelles, where they had lodged the\npreceding night: they again fixed their quarters there, carrying with\nthem many of their wounded. After they had quitted the field of battle,\nseveral of the French, half dead and wounded, crawled away into an\nadjoining wood, or to some villages, as well as they could, where many\nexpired.\nOn the morrow, very early, king Henry dislodged with his army from\nMaisoncelles, and returned to the field of battle: all the French\nthey found there alive were put to death or made prisoners. Then,\npursuing their road toward the sea-coast, they marched away: three\nparts of the army were on foot sorely fatigued with their efforts in\nthe late battle, and greatly distressed by famine and other wants. In\nthis manner did the king of England return, without any hindrance,\nto Calais, rejoicing at his great victory, and leaving the French in\nthe utmost distress and consternation at the enormous loss they had\nsuffered.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 41: Tramecourt,--a village of Artois, bailiwick of St Pol.]\n[Footnote 42: Hollingshed says, his throwing up his truncheon was for a\nsignal to the archers posted in the field at Tramecourt to commence the\nbattle.]\n[Footnote 43: See the Foedera, where the loss of these jewels, &c, is\nspecified.]\nCHAP. XXXII.\n THE NAMES OF THE PRINCES, AND OTHER LORDS FROM DIVERS COUNTRIES,\n WHO PERISHED AT THIS UNFORTUNATE BATTLE, AND OF THOSE WHO WERE MADE\n PRISONERS.\nHere follow the names of those lords and gentlemen who were slain at\nthe battle of Azincourt, on the side of the French.\nWe shall begin with the king's officers: the lord Charles d'Albreth,\nconstable of France, the marshal Boucicaut, carried a prisoner to\nEngland, where he died, sir James de Chastillon lord de Dampierre,\nadmiral of France, the lord de Rambures master of the cross-bows, sir\nGuichard Daulphin master of the king's household.\nOf the princes were, duke Anthony of Brabant, brother to the duke of\nBurgundy, Edward duke of Bar, the duke d'Alen\u00e7on, the count de Nevers,\nbrother to the duke of Burgundy, sir Robert de Bar, count de Marle,\nthe count de Vaudemont, John brother to the duke of Bar, the count de\nBlaumont, the count de Grand-pr\u00e9, the count de Roussy, the count de\nFauquenberghe, sir Louis de Bourbon, son to the lord de Pr\u00e9aux.\nThe names of other great lords as well from Picardy as elsewhere: the\nvidame of Amiens, the lord de Croy, and his son sir John de Croy,\nthe lords de Helly, d'Auxi, de Brimeu, de Poix, l'Estendart lord de\nCrequi, the lord de Lauvroy, sir Vitart de Bours, sir Philippe d'Auxi,\nlord de Dampierre bailiff of Amiens, his son the lord de Raineval, his\nbrother sir Allain, the lord de Mailly and his eldest son the lord\nd'Inchy, sir William de Saveuses, the lord de Neufville and his son the\ncastellan of Lens, sir John de Moreul, sir Rogue de Poix, sir John de\nBethune lord of Moreul in Brie, sir Symon de Craon lord de Clarsy, the\nlord de Rocheguyon, and his brother the vidame de Launois, the lord\nde Galigny, the lord d'Aliegre in Auvergne, the lord de Bauffremont\nin Champagne, sir James de Heu, the lord de Saint Bris, Philippe de\nFosseux, sir Regnault de Crequy, lord de Comptes, and his son sir\nPhilippe, the lord de Mannes and his brother Lancelot, Mahieu and John\nde Humieres, brothers, sir Louis de Beausault, the lord de Ront, sir\nRaoul de Manne, sir Oudart de Renty and two of his brothers, the lord\nd'Applincourt and his son sir James, sir Louis de Guistelle, the lord\nde Vaurin and his son the lord de Lidequerke, sir James de Lescuelle,\nthe lord de Hames, the lord de Hondescocte, the lord de Pulchres, sir\nJohn Baleul, sir Raoul de Flandres, sir Collart de Fosseux, the lord\nde Roissimbos and his brother Louis de Boussy, the lord de Thiennes,\nthe lord d'Azincourt and his son, sir Hustin Kieret, le b\u00e8gue de Caien\nand his brother Payen, the lord de Varigines, the lord d'Auffemont and\nhis son sir Raulequin, sir Raoul de Neele, the lord de St Cr\u00eapin, the\nviscount de Quesnes, sir Pierre de Beauvoir, bailiff of the Vermandois,\nsir John de Lully and his brother sir Griffon, the lord de St Symon\nand his brother Gallois, Collart de la Porte, lord of Bellincourt,\nsir Yvain de Cramailles, the lord de Cerny in the Laonnois, sir\nDrieu d'Orgiers, lord de Bethencourt, sir Gobert de la Bove, lord de\nSavoisy, the lord de Becqueville and his son sir John Marthel, the lord\nd'Utrecht, the seneschal d'Eu, the lord de la Riviere de Tybouville,\nthe lord de Courcy, the lord de St Beuve, the lord de Beau-mainnil,\nthe lord de Combouchis, the lord de la Heuse, the lord Viesport, sir\nBertrand Painel, the lord Chambois, the lord de St Cler, the lord de\nMontcheveul, the lord d'Ouffreville, sir Enguerrand de Fontaines and\nhis brother sir Charles, sir Almaury de Craon lord de Brolay, the\nlord de Montejan, the lord de la Haye, the lord de l'Isle Bouchart,\nsir John de Craon, lord de Montbason, the lord de Bueuil, the lord de\nLaumont sur Loire, sir Anthony de Craon, lord de Beau Vergier, the\nlord d'Asse, the lord de la Tour, the lord de l'Isle Gonnort, sir John\nde Dreux, sir Germain de Dreux, the viscount de Tremblay, sir Robert\nde Bouvay, sir Robert de Challus, sir John de Bonnebault, the lord de\nMongaugier, sir John de Valcourt, the lord de Sainteron, sir Ferry de\nSardonne, sir Peter d'Argie, sir Henry d'Ornay, the lord des Roches,\nsir John de Montenay, the lord de Bethencourt, the lord de Combourt,\nthe viscount de la Belliere, the lord de la Tute, sir Bertrand de\nMontauban, Bertrand de St Gille, seneschal of Hainault, the lord de\nla Hamecte, the lord du Quesnoy, the lord de Montigny, the lord de\nQuiervran, the lord de Jumont, the lord de Chin, sir Symon de Havrech,\nthe lord de Poctes, sir John de Gres, sir Allemand d'Estaussines, sir\nPhilippe de Lens and sir Henry, brothers to the bishop of Cambray, sir\nMichel du Chastellier and his brother Guillaume de Vaudripont, Ernoul\nde Vaudrigien, Pierre de Molin, Jean de Buait, George de Quiervran\nand his brother Henry, the lord de Saures, sir Briffault his brother,\nle Baudrain d'Aisne knight, sir Maillart d'Azouville, Palamedes des\nMarquais, the lord de Bousincourt, the lord de Fresencourt, the lord\nde Vallusant, the lord de Hectrus, Guernier de Brusquent, the lord de\nMoy in the Beauvoisis, his son Gamot de Bournouville and his brother\nBertrand, Louvelet de Massinguehen and his brother, sir Collart de\nPhiennes, Alain de Vend\u00f4me, Lamont de Launoy, sir Colinet de St Py,\nthe lord de Bos d'Ancquin, Lancelot de Fremeusent, the lord d'Aumont,\nsir Robinet de Vaucoux, sir Raisse de Moncaurel, sir Lancelot de\nClary, the lord de la Rachie, sir Guerard d'Herbaines, sir Guerard de\nHaucourt, sir Robert de Montigny, sir Charles de Montigny, sir Charles\nde Chastillon, Philippe de Poitiers, the lord de Feuldes, the lord de\nSt Pierre, Guillaume Fortescu, Burel de Guerames, Robert de Potiaumes,\nthe son to the bailiff of Rouen, the provost to the marshals of France.\nBertrand de Belloy, Jacques de Han, the lord de Baisir and Martel du\nVauhuon his brother, Jean de Maletraicts, Raoul de Ferrieres, Raoul\nde Longeul knight, Henry de la Lande, sir Ernault de Corbie, lord\nd'Aniel, Jean Disco\u00fcevelle, sir Yvain de Beauval, sir Brunel Fretel,\nle Baudrain de Belloy knight, sir Regnault d'Azincourt, the governor\nof the county of Rethel, Ponce de Salus knight, lord of Chastel-neuf,\nthe lord de Marquectes, Symmonet de Morviller, Foleville, butler to the\nduke of Acquitaine, Gallois de Fougiers, sir Lancelot de Rubempr\u00e8,\nLyonnet Torbis, the lord de Boissay, Anthony d'Ambrine, sir Hector de\nChartres the younger and his two brothers, Tauppinet de la Nefville,\nThibault de Fay, the lord de Beauvoir sur Autre, Hue des Autels, the\nlord de Caucroy and his brother Eustace d'Aubrunes, Lancelot de Couchy,\nJean de Launoy, sir Collart de Monbertant, sir Charles Boutry, sir\nGuy Gourle, with John Gourle his brother, le Bon de Sains, Anthony de\nBroly, Guillaume de Villers, lord d'Urendone, Floridas du Souys, the\nlord de Regnauville, Baughois de la Beuvriere, and his brother Gamart,\nle Plontre de Gerboal, Pierre Aloyer, Percival de Richebourg, the lord\nde Fiefes and his son the b\u00e8gue de Quenoulles, Godfrey de St Marc, the\nlord de Teneques, the lord de Herlin, Symon de Monchiaux, sir Maillet\nde Gournay and his brother Porus, Jean de Noyelle, Pierre de Noyelle\nand Lancelot de Noyelle, sir Carnel de Hangiers, Jean d'Authville lord\nde Vaverans, Regnault de Guerbauval, William lord de Rin, Pierre Remy,\nSausset d'Eusne, the Lord de Haucourt in Cambresis, sir Guichard\nd'Ausne, the lord de Raisse, the lord d'Espaigny, the lord de Cheppon,\nJean de Chaule lord of Bretigny, Jean de Blausel, Guillebert de\nGubauval, Haudin de Beleval, sir Guerard de Hauressis, sir Louis de\nVertain, sir Estourdy d'Ongines with his brother Bertrand, sir Henry\nde Boissy lord of Caule, sir Arthur de Moy, the borgne de Noaille, sir\nFloridas de Moreul, sir Tristrain de Moy, sir Bridoul de Puiveurs,\nthe lord de Verneul, Langhois de Guerbauval, the viscount de Dommart,\nPonchon de la Tour, Godfrey de Prouville.\nIn short, the numbers of persons, including princes, knights, and men\nof every degree, slain that day, amounted to upward of ten thousand,\naccording to the estimates of heralds and other able persons.\nThe bodies of the greater part were carried away by their friends after\nthe departure of the English, and buried where it was agreeable to them.\nOf these ten thousand, it was supposed only sixteen hundred were of\nlow degree; the rest all gentlemen; for in counting the princes, there\nwere one hundred and six score banners destroyed.\nDuring the battle, the duke of Alen\u00e7on most valiantly broke through the\nenglish line, and advanced, fighting, near to the king,--insomuch that\nhe wounded and struck down the duke of York: king Henry, seeing this,\nstepped forth to his aid; and as he was leaning down to raise him, the\nduke of Alen\u00e7on gave him a blow on the helmet that struck off part of\nhis crown. The king's guards on this surrounded him, when, seeing he\ncould no way escape death but by surrendering, he lifted up his arm,\nand said to the king, 'I am the duke of Alen\u00e7on and yield myself to\nyou;' but, as the king was holding out his hand to receive his pledge,\nhe was put to death by the guards.\nAt this period, the lord de Longny marshal of France, as I have said,\nwas hastening, with six hundred men at arms attached to the king of\nSicily, to join the French, and was within one league of them, when he\nmet many wounded and more running away, who bade him return, for that\nthe lords of France were all slain or made prisoners by the English. In\nconsequence, Longny, with grief at heart and in despair, went to the\nking of France at Rouen.\nIt was supposed, that about fifteen hundred knights and gentlemen were\nthis day made prisoners: the names of the principal are, Charles duke\nof Orleans, the duke of Bourbon, the count d'Eu, the count de Vend\u00f4me,\nthe count de Richemont, sir James de Harcourt, sir John de Craon\nlord of Dommart, the lord de Humieres, the lord de Roye, the lord de\nCauny, sir Boors Quieret lord of Heuchin, sir Peter Quieret lord of\nHamecourt, the lord de Ligne in Hainault, the lord de Noyelle, surnamed\nle Chevalier Blanc, Baudo his son, the young lord of Inchy, sir John de\nVaucourt, sir Actis de Brimeu, sir Jennet de Poix, the eldest son and\nheir to the lord de Ligne, sir Gilbert de Launoy, the lord d'Ancob in\nTernois.\nCHAP. XXXIII.\n ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE ENGLISH, MANY FRENCHMEN VISIT THE FIELD OF\n BATTLE TO SEEK THEIR FRIENDS, WHOM THEY BURY,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nWhen the king of England had on this Saturday begun his march toward\nCalais, many of the French returned to the field of battle, where the\nbodies had been turned over more than once, some to seek for their\nlords, and carry them to their own countries for burial,--others to\npillage what the English had left. King Henry's army had only taken\ngold, silver, rich dresses, helmets, and what was of value; for which\nreason, the greater part of the armour was untouched and on the dead\nbodies; but it did not long remain thus, for it was very soon stripped\noff, and even the shirts, and all other parts of their dress were\ncarried away by the peasants of the adjoining villages.\nThe bodies were left exposed as naked as when they came into the world.\nOn the Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the corpses of\nmany princes were well washed and raised, namely, the dukes of Brabant,\nBar and Alen\u00e7on, the counts de Nevers, de Blaumont, de Vaudemont, de\nFaulquemberge the lord de Dampierre, admiral, sir Charles d'Albreth,\nconstable, and buried in the church of the Friars Minors at Hesdin.\nOthers were carried by their servants, some to their own countries, and\nothers to different churches. All who were recognised were taken away,\nand buried in the churches of their manors.\nWhen Philippe count de Charolois heard of the unfortunate and\nmelancholy disaster of the French, he was in great grief, more\nespecially for the death of his two uncles, the duke of Brabant and\ncount de Nevers. Moved by compassion, he caused all that had remained\nexposed on the field of battle to be interred, and commissioned the\nabbot de Roussianville and the bailiff of Aire to have it done. They\nmeasured out a square of twenty-five yards, wherein were dug three\ntrenches twelve feet wide in which were buried, by an account kept,\nfive thousand eight hundred men. It was not known how many had been\ncarried away by their friends, nor what number of the wounded had died\nin hospitals, towns, villages, and even in the adjacent woods; but, as\nI have before said, it must have been very great.\nThis square was consecrated as a burying ground by the bishop of\nGuines, at the command and as procurator of Louis de Luxembourg, bishop\nof Therounne. It was surrounded by a strong hedge of thorns, to prevent\nwolves or dogs from entering it, and tearing up and devouring the\nbodies.\nIn consequence of this sad event, some learned clerks of the realm made\nthe following verses:\n 'A chief by dolorous mischance oppress'd,\n A prince who rules by arbitrary will,\n A royal house by discord sore distress'd,\n A council, prejudic'd and partial still,\n Subjects by prodigality brought low,\n Will fill the land with beggars, well we trow.\n Nobles made noble in dame Nature's spite\n A tim'rous clergy fear, and truth conceal,\n While humble commoners forego their right\n And the harsh yoke of proud oppression feel:\n Thus, while the people mourn, the public woe\n Will fill the land with beggars, well we trow.\n Ah feeble woe! whose impotent commands\n Thy very vassals boldly dare despise:\n Ah helpless monarch! whose enervate hands\n And wavering counsels dare no high emprize:\n Thy hapless reign will cause our tears to flow,\n And fill the land with beggars, well we trow[44].'\nI shall here add the names of such principal persons as escaped death\nor imprisonment in consequence of this battle.\nFirst, the count de Dampmartin, lord de la Riviere, sir Clugnet de\nBrabant, styling himself admiral of France, sir Louis Bourdon, sir\nGaliot de Gaules, sir John d'Engennes.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 44: I am obliged to my friend, the Rev. W. Shepherd, for the\ntranslation of these verses.]\nCHAP. XXXIV.\n KING HENRY EMBARKS AT CALAIS FOR ENGLAND, WHERE HE IS JOYFULLY\n RECEIVED ON HIS LATE SUCCESSES.--THE COUNT DE LA MARCHE GOES TO ITALY.\nOn the 6th day of November, when king Henry had refreshed his army in\nCalais, and when those prisoners who at Harfleur had promised to meet\nhim there were arrived, he embarked for Dover. The sea on his passage\nwas very rough, so that two vessels full of sir John de Cornewall's men\nwere in great danger; and some of the fleet were driven to different\nparts in Zealand, but none of them were lost.\nThe king of England, on his return home from such a victory, and his\nconquest of Harfleur, was most joyfully received by the nobles, clergy,\nand all ranks of men: he proceeded to London, accompanied by the french\nprinces his prisoners. A little before this unfortunate battle, sir\nJames de Bourbon, count de la Marche, had gone to Italy, magnificently\nattended, and had married queen Johanna of Naples, and thus acquired\nthe kingdoms of Sicily and Naples: indeed, he for some time held quiet\npossession of them. He appointed sir Lourdin de Salligny his constable;\nand one of his captains was sir Here de Bruneul, lord de Thiembronne.\nCHAP. XXXV.\n THE KING OF FRANCE AND HIS PRINCES ARE MUCH GRIEVED ON HEARING\n THE MELANCHOLY EVENT OF THE BATTLE OF AZINCOURT.--OF THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY,--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nWhen news was brought to Rouen of the unfortunate loss of the battle\nof Azincourt, and the deaths of so many noble persons, the king of\nFrance and the princes with him were in the utmost consternation and\ngrief. Nevertheless, within a very few days, at a council held in the\npresence of the king, the dukes of Acquitaine, Berry, and Brittany, the\ncount de Ponthieu his youngest son, and some of his ministers, the\ncount d'Armagnac was nominated constable of France, and orders were\ndispatched to him in Languedoc, for him instantly to come to the king.\nDuke John of Burgundy was in that duchy when he heard of the defeat\nand loss of the French. He, like the others, was much grieved thereat,\nparticularly for the death of his two brothers, the duke of Brabant and\nthe count de Nevers. Notwithstanding his sorrow, he made preparation to\nmarch a large force of men at arms to Paris without delay; but as the\nreport of his intentions had reached the king at Rouen, he, with the\nprinces, hastened to return thither before the duke should arrive, and\ncame there on the eve of St Catherine's day.\nIn company with the duke of Burgundy were the duke of Lorraine and ten\nthousand men.\nThe Parisians, suspecting the object of the duke in this expedition,\nsent a solemn embassy to the queen of France at Melun, where she lay\ndangerously ill; but, in consequence of the information she received,\nshe caused herself to be carried in a litter to Paris, where she was\nlodged in the h\u00f4tel d'Orleans with the duchess of Acquitaine, daughter\nto the duke of Burgundy.\nTrue it is, that the Parisians, and some of the king's ministers who\nhad been favourable to the Orleans faction, against that of Burgundy,\nwere very much alarmed, because the duke had in his company many who\nhad been banished France, such as sir Helion de Jacqueville, sir\nRobinet de Mailly, master Eustace de Lactre, master John de Troyes,\nCaboche, Denisot de Chaumont, Garnot de Sanction and several more. They\ntherefore prevailed on the king and the duke of Acquitaine to order sir\nClugnet de Brabant, the lord de Barbasan and the lord de Bocquiaux, to\nhasten to Paris with a sufficient body of men at arms for its defence,\nand for the security of the duke of Acquitaine.\nThe count d'Armagnac was again commanded to push forward to Paris as\nspeedily as possible, and with as many men at arms as he could raise.\nThe duke of Burgundy, on his march thither, passed through Troyes\nand Provins, to Meaux in Brie, where he was refused admittance by\norders from the duke of Acquitaine and the council, who had written\nto the governor on no account to suffer him to enter the town, which\ndispleased him much. Upon this he proceeded to Lagny sur Marne, and\nquartered himself in the town, and his men in the country around, which\nsuffered severely from them.\nOn the other hand, many captains had raised their forces in Picardy,\nnamely, sir Martelet de Mesnil, Ferry de Mailly, the brothers Hector\nand Philippe de Saveuses, sir Mauroy de St Leger, sir Payen de\nBeaufort, Louis de Varigines, and others. They despoiled all the\ncountry they marched through by Pont St Mard to Lagny, whither the duke\nof Burgundy had summoned them. His army was so much increased that it\nnow amounted to twenty thousand horse.\nThe king of Sicily, knowing that he was not beloved by the duke of\nBurgundy for having sent back his daughter, left Paris in an ill\nstate of health, and went to Angers; but before his departure, he was\ndesirous of submitting their differences to the king and his council,\nprovided he should be heard in his defence. The duke of Burgundy would\nnot listen to his proposal, and returned for answer, to those who had\nbrought the offer, that for the wrongs and disgrace the king of Sicily\nhad done to him and his daughter, he would have his revenge when time\nand opportunity should serve.\nWhile he remained at Lagny sur Marne, he sent to the king and council\nat Paris, sir John de Luxembourg, the lord de St George, and other\nable counsellors, to explain fully the cause of his coming, and to\nrequest that he and his men might be admitted peaceably into Paris for\nthe security of his royal person. No other reply was made to this, but\nthat the king would shortly send an answer to their lord the duke of\nBurgundy. John de Vailly, president of the parliament, with others of\nthe council were dispatched to the duke; but after various embassies\nand conferences, he could not prevail on the king or the Parisians to\nadmit him into the capital. They told him, that if he would consent to\nenter Paris simply as the duke of Burgundy, with his usual attendants,\nthe king and council would not object to it; but this the duke would\nnot do, for he knew that those who governed the king were his mortal\nenemies, and he would not trust his person with them.\nCHAP. XXXVI.\n THE PARISIANS AND MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS WAIT ON THE DUKE\n OF ACQUITAINE TO PROPOSE CERTAIN MEASURES OF PUBLIC SAFETY. THE DEATH\n OF THE DUKE OF ACQUITAINE.--THE ARRIVAL OF THE CONSTABLE IN PARIS.\nThe Parisians, and principally those of the university, seeing the\ndiscords and quarrels daily increase between the princes of the blood,\nto the ruin and the overturning of the kingdom, and the destruction\nof the people, went one day in a body to the duke of Acquitaine; and\nin the presence of the duke of Berry, the count de Penthievre, and\nseveral nobles and prelates, demanded an audience, and liberty to state\ntheir grievances. Having obtained this, the first president of the\nparliament began an oration, choosing for his text, 'Domine salva, nos\nperimus,' from the gospel of St Matthew: 'Lord save us, or we perish.'\nHe very clearly and eloquently pointed out the various grievances the\nnation was labouring under, and named several evil doers, who were\nendeavouring to throw the kingdom into confusion by harrassing and\noppressing the people.\nWhen he had ended, the duke of Acquitaine instantly swore, on the\nword of a king's son, that henceforth all evil doers, whatever might\nbe their rank, should be indiscriminately punished according to their\ncrimes; that justice should be impartially administered, and the clergy\nand people be maintained in peace.\nOn this, they departed, perfectly satisfied with the answer of the\nduke of Acquitaine; but he had not time to carry his intentions into\nexecution, for a few days after he was seized with a fever, and died on\nthe 18th of December, in the h\u00f4tel de Bourbon.\nHis death occasioned many tears and lamentations among numbers of the\nnobility, and his servants; and it was reported to have been caused by\npoison,--for which reason, his body was kept in a leaden coffin four\ndays at the above h\u00f4tel. The different orders of clergy came thither to\npray beside it; after which, it was carried to St Denis, and interred\nnear to his royal ancestors.\nEight days afterward, the count d'Armagnac, who had been sent for\nby the council, arrived at Paris to receive the investiture of his\nconstableship, by receiving from the king the sword of constable, and\ntaking the usual solemn oaths. He thanked the king for the high honour\nhe had conferred on him.\nThe new constable had now a force of six thousand combatants at least,\nincluding those whom he found in Paris, and very shortly dispatched\nRaymonnet de la Guerre with four hundred helmets to garrison St\nDenis, and defend it against any attack from the duke of Burgundy. He\nstrengthened in like manner other towns on the Seine, and had all the\nbridges and ferries destroyed.\nThe king, at this period, filled up the vacant offices caused by the\nmisfortune at Azincourt, and appointed Jean de Corssay, a native of\nBerry, master of the cross-bows of France; sir Thomas de Lersies,\nbailiff of the Vermandois, and the lord de Humbercourt, bailiff of\nAmiens; the lord d'Aunay, a native of la Rochelle, to the same office\nat Senlis; sir Mansart d'Asne, bailiff of Vitry, and sir Brunet de Bans\nto the same at Tournay, with very many others.\nCHAP. XXXVII.\n THE DUKE OF BRITTANY ARRIVES AT PARIS. THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY LEAVES\n LAGNY SUR MARNE.--THE CAPTURE OF SIR MARTELET DU MESNIL AND FERRY DE\n MAILLY.\nThe duke of Brittany at this time came to Paris to treat with the king,\nthat the duke of Burgundy with his army might march into Brittany, but\nhe was unsuccessful. Before he departed from Paris, he was violently\nenraged against sir Taneguy du Ch\u00e2tel, provost of Paris, and abused him\nmuch, because he had imprisoned in the Ch\u00e2telet the minister of the\nMathurins, a doctor of theology, for having, in his presence, harangued\nthe populace in favour of the duke of Burgundy. In a few days, however,\nhe gave him his free liberty.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had remained at Lagny sur Marne six weeks\nwithout having been able to prevail on the king and his council to\npermit him to enter Paris any otherwise than in his simple state,\nhe marched away to Dampmartin, thence toward Rheims, and through the\nLaonnois, Tierrache and Cambresis, to the town of Douay, and thence to\nLille. He was, all the time, accompanied by a strong body of men at\narms, who much oppressed the poor people on their march.\nOn his departure from Lagny, some of the king's soldiers advanced to\nPont \u00e0 Vaire, and slew and made prisoners many of his men, at which he\nwas highly displeased. From his long residence at Lagny, the Parisians,\nand others attached to the king, called him, in common conversation,\nJean de Lagny. After some short stay at Lille, he went to visit his\nnephews in Brabant, namely, John and Philip, sons to the late duke\nAnthony of Brabant, taking with him Philippe Maisne, by whom he\ngoverned that country. He appointed officers to those places in the\ncounties of Ligny and St Pol, that had been formerly held by count\nWaleran de St Pol, maternal grandfather to these children.\nWhen he was returned to Flanders, he ordered the lord de Fosseux,\ngovernor of Picardy, to cause his captains and their men at arms to\nretire from his territories of Artois and the adjoining lands; and, as\nmany of these captains harrassed the king's subjects, Remonnet de la\nGuerre, the provost of Compiegne and the lord de Bocquiaux, the king's\ngovernor of the Valois, secretly assembled, on the night of the 24th\nof January, a number of men at arms, and surprised the quarters of sir\nMartelet du Mesnil and Ferry de Mailly, in the country of Santerre[45],\nwhere they had posted full six hundred men among the villages, who\nmade havoc on all the country round about. Excepting such as escaped\nby flight, they were all slain or made prisoners: among the last were\nthe two captains, sir Martelet du Mesnil and Ferry de Mailly, who were\ncarried to Compiegne.\nOn the day of the Purification of the Virgin Mary, the said sir\nMartelet and four other gentlemen, after having been tortured by\nthe king's officers, were hung on the gibbet of Compiegne; but Ferry\nde Mailly, through the intercession of friends, obtained his free\ndeliverance.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 45: Santerre,--a small territory, of which Mondidier is the\ncapital.]\nCHAP. XXXVIII.\n THE BISHOP OF ARRAS CAUSES THE SENTENCE THAT HAD BEEN PRONOUNCED\n AGAINST MASTER JEAN PETIT TO BE REVOKED.--THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY COMES\n TO PARIS.\nIn this same year, by the exertions of Martin Poree, doctor in\ntheology, and bishop of Arras, and some other ambassadors from the duke\nof Burgundy, having sufficient authorities from him, the following\njudgement was obtained from the council of Constance.\n'By the advice of the clergy, in whose name we issue the following\nsentence. We pronounce and declare, that the suits, judgments,\nburnings, prohibitions and executions, ordered by the bishop of Paris,\nagainst master Jean Petit, and all consequences that may therefrom\nhave ensued, are null and void, and we now do annul and revoke the\nsame. In regard to the costs that legally attach to this cause, we\nshall leave them to be taxed on sufficient grounds. In which sentence,\nI Jourdan bishop of Alba, I Anthony cardinal of Aquileia, I Francis\ncardinal of Florence, do heartily acquiesce.'\nThus the sentence of the bishop of Paris, against master Jean Petit,\nwas reversed and condemned by the council of Constance, the 15th day of\nJanuary 1415.\nNot long after this, two knights arrived at Paris from the emperor\nSigismund, to prepare the lodgings he was to have in that city, and lay\nin his purveyances. The castle of the Louvre was given to them for this\npurpose; and on the following Sunday, being Shrove Sunday, the emperor\narrived at Paris, attended by about eight hundred horse.\nThe duke of Berry, the cardinal de Bar, the constable, the chancellor,\nthe provosts of Paris and of the merchants, the sheriffs, and a noble\ncompany of the citizens in handsome state, went to meet him, and he\nwas by them conducted to the Louvre. Some days afterward, he explained\nto the king and council the cause of his coming, which was to establish\nunion in the whole church: he also made many offers of service to the\nking and his realm. A doctor of divinity, named master Guerrard Machet,\nthen harangued him in the name of the king of France, with which he was\nmuch pleased.\nCharles king of France was very sensible of the honour of this visit,\nand the two monarchs eat frequently together. On the first Sunday in\nLent, the king of Sicily and his son-in-law, the count de Ponthieu came\nto visit the emperor at Paris; and during the emperor's stay there, the\nhighest honour and distinctions were paid him by the king and princes.\nWhen many conferences had been holden on the state of the universal\nchurch, and on other matters, he set out from Paris on the Wednesday\nbefore Palm Sunday, and was accompanied by the king of France as far\nas la Chappelle, between Paris and St Denis, where they separated.\nThe king of Sicily, the duke of Berry, and the cardinal de Bar,\nattended him to St Denis, where he was most honourably received by the\nabbot and his clergy. He thence rode to Beauvais: the bishop of the\nplace and the inhabitants had come out to meet him, and the bishop\nconducted him to his palace, where he was lodged.\nThe emperor there celebrated Easter, in company with the duke of Milan,\nuncle to the duke of Orleans, the archbishop of Rheims, and others,\nambassadors from the king of France to his adversary the king of\nEngland. Leaving Beauvais, he crossed the bridge at St Remy, and went\nto St Riquier, because the townsmen of Abbeville would not admit his\npeople, although he was in company with ambassadors going to England.\nFrom St Riquier he went on a pilgrimage to St Josse, where the abbot\nand the whole convent came out in procession to meet him, in the same\nstate they would have done had he been king of France. After offering\nup his prayers, he made no present to the glorious friend of God saint\nJosse.\nThe emperor was clad in armour, having on the pummel of his saddle\na montauban hat, and over his armour a robe, on the front and back\npart of which was an ash-coloured upright cross, with a latin motto\nround it,--'O how merciful God is!' Most of his attendants were armed,\nand well mounted; and from St Josse, by way of Estaples, he went to\nBoulogne, but the townsfolk would not permit him to enter, at which he\nwas so indignant that he would not accept the presents the inhabitants\nsent to him.\nAfter dining in the suburbs of Boulogne, he went to lie at Calais,\nwhence the governor, the earl of Warwick, had come to meet him,\naccompanied by men at arms and archers. He was there most honourably\nentertained, at the expense of the king of England, until the ensuing\nWednesday, when he embarked for England.\nDuring the time the emperor was at Paris, he one day went to the\ncourt of parliament, where the presidents and counsellors shewed him\nevery honour, and seated him, as was right, on the royal throne. The\nadvocates then began to plead such causes as were before the court;\nand among others, was one of a languedocian knight, called William\nSegnot, respecting the seneschalship of Beaucaire. It was claimed by\ntwo persons in right of the king's gift; but sir William proved, that\nno one could hold that office unless he were a knight. The emperor,\nhearing this, asked the esquire in latin, if he wished to be a knight;\nand on his replying in the affirmative, the emperor called for a sword,\nwhich being given him, he instantly dubbed the esquire a knight,\nwho by this means obtained the office by sentence of the judges of\nthe parliament. The king and his council, however, when they heard\nof this, were greatly angered against the judges of the court for\nhaving suffered it; for it seemed that this act had been done by the\nemperor, as having superior authority to the king of France, who, had\nhe been present, would not on any account have permitted it. It was\nnevertheless passed over in silence, and no notice taken of it to the\nemperor.\nCHAP. XXXIX.\n A HEAVY TAX IS LAID ON THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE BY THE GOVERNMENT, TO\n THE GREAT DISCONTENT OF THE PARISIANS.--EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN\n CONSEQUENCE OF IT.\nWhen the emperor had left Paris, a very heavy impost was laid on all\nFrance, by those who governed the king, namely, the queen, the king of\nSicily, the duke of Berry and others. The populace, more especially\nsuch as were attached to the duke of Burgundy, were very clamorous\nagainst these lords; for many of the duke's friends had remained\nin the city, who were day and night practising on the means of his\nrestoration to the king's favour, and to the government of the realm.\nTo accomplish this, they had advised him to send secretly to Paris\nsome well-informed and prudent persons, to whom they might resort and\nhave advice in case of need.\nIn compliance with their request, he sent thither sir Jennet de Poix,\nJacques de Fosseux, the lord de St Leger, and Binet d'Auffeu, who\nbrought credential letters, signed by the duke, to those whom he knew\nto be attached to his party.\nThe Parisians, having thus entered into a conspiracy under pretence of\nthe severity of the new tax, swore to rise in a body in the afternoon\nof Good Friday, and make prisoners of all that should oppose them.\nTheir first object was to seize the provost of Paris, and, if he\nrefused to sanction their conduct, they intended to kill him and then\nseize and confine the king. They were afterward to put to death the\nqueen, the chancellor of France and numberless others, with the queen\nof Sicily; and after dressing the king of Sicily and the duke of Berry\nin some old cloaths of the king, and shaving their heads, to carry them\nthrough Paris on two lean bullocks, and then put them to death. The\nday of action was however put off by some of the conspirators, who said\nthat many of their intended victims might escape on Good Friday, from\nbeing at their devotions in and out of Paris, or at confession in the\nchurches, or on pilgrimages, which would prevent them being found at\ntheir houses,--and that it would be better to defer the matter until\nEaster-Day, when they all promised to meet for the above purposes.\nThis conspiracy was revealed by the wife of Michel Lallier, who sent\nletters to her lover, Bureau de Dampmartin, advising him to fly\ninstantly from Paris. This he did; but, before his departure, sent\ninformation of it to the chancellor, as he was at dinner, who lost no\ntime in hastening to the Louvre, to advise the queen and princes of\nthe blood to save themselves by flight. His council was followed by\nall except the provost of Paris, who, arming himself and his men, to\nthe number of fifty, suddenly took possession of the market-place, and\nseized some of the conspirators before they had armed themselves, in\ntheir houses, and imprisoned them in the Ch\u00e2telet, which so confounded\nthe other conspirators that an end was put to their project.\nThe provost, being reinforced with men at arms, forced different houses\nin which he found many gentlemen hidden, who were armed for this\nmassacre. In the number, he seized sir Almeric d'Orgemont, archdeacon\nof Amiens, dean of Tours and canon of Paris, with one of the presidents\nof the chamber of accounts and some masters of requests, Robert de\nBelloy, a very rich draper, the host of the h\u00f4tel of the Bear, at the\nPorte Baudet, and many other considerable persons.\nThe chancellor sent information of this conspiracy to the constable\nand marshal of France, then on the confines of Harfleur, who, without\ndelay, dispatched Remonnet de la Guerre, with eight hundred men, to\nthe assistance of the princes in Paris, and concluded a truce with the\nEnglish in Harfleur, from the 5th day of May to the 2nd day of June.\nOn Saturday, the 2nd of May, the above-mentioned prisoners were\nbrought to the market-place and beheaded as traitors; but sir Almeric\nd'Orgemont, being an ecclesiastic, was, by orders from the council,\ndelivered by the provost of Paris to the dean and chapter of N\u00f4tre\nDame, for them to try him: this was soon done; and he was sentenced to\nperpetual imprisonment on bread and water.\nThe constable, on the conclusion of the truce, came to Paris, with\nthree hundred men at arms, and, being attended by the provost with\na very strong force, detached the iron chains from the streets, and\nsent them to the bastille, at the same time taking away all armour and\noffensive weapons from the Parisians.\nLouis Bourdon came also to Paris with two hundred men at arms, and was\nfollowed by Clugnet de Brabant and the lord de Bosquiaux, governor of\nValois, with another considerable body of men at arms. Those in Paris\nwho were friendly to the duke of Burgundy were now in much perplexity,\nespecially such as had been concerned in the late conspiracy; for they\nwere punished without mercy, some publicly beheaded, others drowned in\nthe Seine. The gentlemen whom the duke of Burgundy had sent to Paris\nescaped as secretly as they could, and were neither taken nor stopped.\nWhen this business was over, numbers of men at arms were collected in\nthe name of the king, by his ministers, throughout France; and in like\nmanner did the duke of Burgundy, or permitted it to be done by those\nunder him, so that the clergy and poorer sorts of people suffered\ngreatly in various parts of the kingdom,--for there were few who\ndefended them,--and they had no other support but their earnest prayers\nto God their Creator to take vengeance on their oppressors.\nCHAP. XL.\n THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY ARRIVES IN LONDON.--THE BROTHER TO THE KING\n OF CYPRUS COMES TO PARIS.--THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF BERRY.--MANY\n EMBASSIES TAKE PLACE BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND.\nIn the beginning of this year, the emperor of Germany arrived at\nLondon; and the king, accompanied by his princes, nobles, great\nmultitudes of the clergy and citizens, went out to meet him. During\nhis stay, every honour was paid to him, and he was treated with great\nmagnificence.\nA few days after his arrival, duke William of Hainault came thither\nalso, attended by six hundred horse, to endeavour to make a peace\nbetween England and France. Ambassadors likewise arrived at London from\nvarious countries, and in the number were one hundred persons from the\nduke of Burgundy.\nAt this same time, the brother to the king of Cyprus, who was count of\nthree cities, came to visit the king of France in Paris. The constable,\nCharles son to the duke of Bourbon, the provost of Paris, and many more\nwent to meet him; and they escorted him to the presence of the king and\nqueen, who received him most graciously.\nOn the 16th day of May, Jennet de Poix, Jacques de Fosseux, the lord de\nSt Leger, Binet d'Auffeu, Hue de Sailly, master Philippe de Morvillier,\nGuillaume Sanguin, and others of the Burgundy faction, were publicly\nbanished at Amiens from the kingdom of France, on suspicion of having\nbeen concerned in the late plot against the royal family.\nIn these days, the duke of Berry, who was now at a very advanced age,\nwas taken ill at his h\u00f4tel de Neele in Paris, and was frequently\nvisited by the king his nephew, at that time in perfect health, and by\nother princes of the blood. Notwithstanding the care of his physicians,\nhe departed this life on the 13th day of June, without leaving a male\nheir,--so that the duchy of Berry and county of Poiteu reverted to the\ncrown, and the king gave them to John de Touraine, his eldest son, and\ngodson to the defunct.\nThe heart of the duke of Berry was interred at St Denis, his bowels\nin the church of St Pierre-des-Degrez, and his body was carried\nto Bourges, and there buried in the cathedral church. He left two\ndaughters; the eldest was countess d'Armagnac, mother to Amadeus duke\nof Savoy, and the youngest was duchess of Bourbon. The duke of Berry\nhad, during his lifetime, given to his nephew and godson John duke of\nBurgundy, the county of Estampes, on certain conditions. On the duke of\nBerry's decease, the king appointed his youngest son Charles, afterward\nDauphin, to the government of Paris, under the management of his father\nin law the king of Sicily, and likewise gave him the duchy of Touraine.\nThe ambassadors from France, who had accompanied the emperor of Germany\nto England, namely the archbishop of Rheims, the lord de Gaucourt\nand others, now returned to the king; but, at the instance of the\nemperor, the bishop of Norwich and sir Thomas Erpingham, a knight of\ngreat renown, grand master of the king's household, attended by seventy\nhorsemen, went with him to Calais, as ambassadors from king Henry. At\nCalais they received passports from the king of France, and went to\nMontrieul, thence to Abbeville and Beauvais, where commissioners from\nthe king met and honourably received them. A negociation was opened\nfor a truce to take place between the two kings for a certain time,\nand also respecting the ransoms of some prisoners who had been carried\nto England in consequence of the victories of king Henry; but nothing\nwas concluded, because the constable had besieged Harfleur by sea,\nand would not break up the siege, in consequence of which the English\nambassadors returned home.\nSoon afterward the king of England sent the earl of Warwick and others,\nas ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy at Lille, who concluded a\ntruce between England and the duke, from St John Baptist's day in\nthis year to Michaelmas day in 1417, but only for the counties of\nFlanders, Artois and the adjacent parts. The duke of Burgundy caused\nthis truce to be publicly proclaimed at the usual places, to the great\nastonishment of many who were surprised that such a truce should have\nbeen concluded independantly of France.\nCHAP. XLI.\n JENNET DE POIX AND OTHERS, BY COMMAND OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, MARCH\n SECRETLY TO SAINT DENIS, AND MAKE INROADS ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF FRANCE.\nIn the month of June, sir Jennet de Poix, with the approbation of the\nduke of Burgundy his lord, collected four hundred men, who, hiding\ntheir arms in casks, divided themselves into companies, and went by\ndifferent roads, disguised as merchants, to the frank fair of St\nDenis. As the king was at St Germain-en-Laye, and the constable in\nNormandy, many hid themselves on the road-side, and others entered the\ntown as merchants, chiefly with the intention of seizing the chancellor\nand Tanneguy du Ch\u00e2tel provost of Paris. But while they were eating and\ndrinking, the chancellor and Tanneguy passed unmolested through the\ntown and returned to Paris.\nWhen they heard of this, they hastened back in confusion to Picardy,\ncarrying with them some prisoners, and spoils from the king's\nterritories, which greatly incensed the people.\nOn the other hand, Ferry de Mailly, with many men at arms, invaded the\ntowns of Quesnel and Hangest, in Santerre, where he and sir Martelet\nhad been made prisoners, and carried off a large booty with many\ncaptives, whom, after they had miserably tortured them, they set at\nliberty for heavy ransoms.\nIn like manner, sir Mauroy de St Leger crossed the Seine, and during\nthe night, formed an ambuscade near to the castle of Chaulnes[46]; and\nin the morning when the draw-bridge was lowered, his men rushed into\nthe castle, and made themselves masters thereof, which was full of rich\neffects. Soon afterward, the peasants of Lihons[47], and from other\nvillages who had therein deposited their goods, entered into a treaty\nwith sir Mauroy; and, for a considerable sum of money paid him and his\npeople, he surrendered the castle to the lady-dowager, and marched away.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 46: Chaulnes,--a town of Picardy, election of Peronne.]\n[Footnote 47: Lihons,--a town of Picardy, election of Peronne.]\nCHAP. XLII.\n LIHONS, IN SANTERRE, PILLAGED BY MANY CAPTAINS WHO HAD TAKEN UP\n ARMS.--THE CAPTURE OF THE CASTLE OF BEAUMONT.--THE STORMING THE CASTLE\n OF NEELE.--AND OTHER MATTERS.\nSir Mauroy de St Leger, soon after his last expedition to Chaulnes,\nmade another, in conjunction with Jean d'Aubigny, to Lihons, in\nSanterre, which with the priory they completely plundered, ransoming\nthe inhabitants for large sums, all of which they carried with them\ninto Artois.\nIn this manner different companies were formed of nobles or others, but\nattached to the party of the duke of Burgundy, under various standards:\nthe principal leaders were, St Mauroy de St Leger, sir Jennet de Poix,\nhis brother David, the lord de Sores in Beauvoisis, Jean de Fosseux,\nHector and Philippe de Saveuses, Ferry de Mailly, Louis de Varigines,\nsir Payen de Beaufort, sir Louis de Burnel, Jean de Donquerre, Guerard,\nbastard de Bruneu, and numbers of others, who, with displayed banners,\ninvaded the territories of France; in particular, the countries of Eu\nand Aumale, and those lands in Santerre, as far as the river Oise,\nthat belonged to such as were favourers of the Orleans party. In these\nparts they committed every sort of ravage, plundering the property,\nand making the inhabitants prisoners, as would be done to a country\nagainst which war had been declared.\nThere were also other companies formed by captains under pretence\nof their attachment to the duke of Burgundy, such as sir Gastellin,\na lombard knight, Jean de Gaingy, Jean de Clau, and Lamain de Clau,\nSavoyards, Jean d'Aubigny, the bastard de Sallebruche, Charles l'Abb\u00e8,\nthe bastard de Thian, Matthieu des Pr\u00e8s, Panchette, the bastard Penar,\nand others, who amounted to two thousand horsemen when they were all\nassembled. They for a long time quartered themselves on the territories\nof Burgundy as well as France, and did incredible mischief to both.\nSir Gastellin and his men even took the castle of Oisy in the\nCambresis, belonging to the daughter and heiress of sir Robert de Bar,\nand held it for a long time, using that and its dependances as if they\nhad been his own property.\nAbout the same time, the lord de Sores, with six hundred combatants,\nmarched to Pont Avaire[48], and thence advanced toward Paris, and\nplaced themselves in ambuscade at La Chappelle[49] until the gates\nshould be opened. Shortly after their arrival, a man rode to them on\na white horse from Paris, and, having said a few words to the lord\nde Sores, he returned thither the same road he had come. While they\nremained, they made several men and women prisoners for fear of being\ndiscovered by them to the Parisians; but seeing their enterprise had\nfailed, they sounded their trumpets and retreated hastily toward\nBeaumont-sur-Oise. Their object had been to seize the king of Sicily by\nthe aid of some of the Parisians.\nWhen they were near Beaumont, they sent fourteen of their men in\nadvance, having upright crosses on their breasts, to tell the wardens\nof the gate that the king had sent them to guard the passes of the Oise\nagainst the Burgundians. By their speeches and appearance, they gained\nbelief; but they had no sooner entered than they killed the wardens,\nand kept possession of the gate. Their whole body attacked the castle,\nwhich they took, and slew the governor and his son.\nAfter they had made a great slaughter in the town, and pillaged it\nof every thing they marched away, but neither set fire to it nor the\ncastle, carrying their plunder and prisoners with them to Mouy in\nClermont, wasting all the country they passed through. From Mouy they\nmarched by Montdidier to Nesle in the Vermandois, belonging to the\ncount de Dampmartin. Many other captains there joined them, among whom\nwas sir Mauroy before mentioned. They resolved to storm the town, and\nsucceeded notwithstanding the vigorous defence of the inhabitants, who\nwell performed their duty. Many were killed and wounded, and numbers\nmade prisoners; among the latter was the governor, sir Blanchet du\nSollier. The town was plundered of every thing, and it was at the time\nfull of merchandise on account of the fair. After remaining there\nabout a fortnight, to sell their pillage and wait for the ransom of\ntheir prisoners, they departed, carrying on carts and cars the remnant\nof what they had gained, which was immense.\nWhen information of these proceedings was given to the king, the\nconstable, and the grand council, they were much incensed at the duke\nof Burgundy, to whom they said these captains belonged; and to provide\na remedy, the following edict was proclaimed throughout the realm.\n'Charles, by the grace of God, king of France, to all to whom these\npresents shall come, greeting.\n'Since the most supreme and excellent, the sovereign King of kings\nJESUS CHRIST our Creator, has, through his divine grace and clemency,\nselected us to govern and rule over the very renowned, and most noble\nkingdom of France, it behoves us to exert our best endeavours to\nsecure peace to our subjects, and that all disturbers thereof should\nbe punished, in order that impartial justice be distributed and our\npeople live in peace and security.\n'Whereas it has come to our knowledge, by the report of our council,\nand by others worthy of belief, and also by the great complaints,\nand doleful clamours of numbers of our subjects, as well as by the\nconfessions of malefactors, justly put to death, the which we record\nin great sorrow and bitterness of heart, that Hector de Saveuses,\nPhillippe de Saveuses his brother, Elyon de Jacqueville, Pierre de\nSorel, Gotrant lord de St Leger, Mauroy de St Leger his son, Jacques\nde Fosseux, Calvin de Clau, Jean d'Aubigny, Fierebourg, Matthieu d\u00e8s\nPr\u00e8s, Jean de Poix, Daviod his brother, Camuset de Ligny, Gastellin,\nCormeri, of the order of the hospital of St John of Jerusalem, the\ncommander de Sagestre, Panchette, Henri de la Tour, Pierson Tube, Jean\nde Cauffour, Henri de Cauffour le Valois, Jacques de Calivray, Ramon\nMarcq, Denisot de Baugis, Guillaume le Glois, Martelet Testart, Jacques\nle Masson, Benois de Bessin, Guillemot de la Planche de Douay, le Tor\nd'empr\u00e8s Douay, Jean Pallemargue, Robinet le vicomte, la barbe de\nCraon, Jean Jaully Picard, Robinet de Bray, le cur\u00e9 de Vaulx, prestre,\nJean Louis de Cumillers, Robin d'Ays, Guillaume Mignot Brebiettes\nempr\u00e8s Compiegne, Thomas de Plaisance, le grand Thomas Mignot, Jacquet\nde Clavin, Perrin de Chevrerieres, Henri de Hailly, Jean de Peresin,\nJean Bertrand butcher of St Denis, Guillaume de Cormeuil, Guillaume de\nChify du Brunet, master Robert trumpeter to our cousin of Burgundy,\nPerrin trumpeter to Jean d'Aubigny, Jennet one of the archers of the\nbody guard of our said cousin of Burgundy, Jean de Vienon, Jean de\nTourgney governor of Champlost[50], Puissevin d'Aussorros, Charles\nl'Abb\u00e9, the bastard Cognart de l'Aussorrois, the bastard de Launois\nGuynis, Rousselet le batelier, Philippot Vezis de Sens, Estienne Guyart\nde Sens, Symon le Vigneron de Joigny, Estienne de la Croix, the son\nof the host at Sens, Colin de l'h\u00f4pital, the bastard de Chaullay, the\nbastard Guignart, three brothers du Moyne de Collanges sur Yonne, Jean\nde Duilly, Charlot de Duilly, and a company of _fuzelaires_, calling\nthemselves _Begaux_, accompanied by numbers of others, disturbers of\nthe peace, among whom are some whom the laws have for ever banished our\nkingdom for their wickedness, having assembled themselves in companies\ncontrary to our will and express orders.\n'This they daily persevere in doing and in overrunning divers parts of\nour realm, gaining by force or sublety many towns and castles belonging\nto us, or to our noble vassals and clergy, and plundering them of all\ntheir wealth. Not content with this, they, like to perverse sinners,\ndelighting in the effusion of blood put to death and wound not only\nsuch as shall attempt to defend their properties but the peaceable and\nwell-inclined inhabitants of the said towns and castles, who only wish\nto remain in tranquillity.\n'But what has astonished us the most, and which we would not have\nbelieved if sad experience had not convinced us of it, they have\nfrequently advanced even to the walls of our good town of Paris, the\nprincipal seat of government and justice of our realm, and have\nattempted to enter it by fraud, to commit similar crimes to those they\nhad done in other towns; and more particularly, a few nights since they\nmade one of these mad and foolish attempts.\n'They have also marched large bodies of armed men to the gates of the\nsaid town, knowing, at the same time, that we, our very dear companion\nthe queen, and our son the duke of Touraine, with others of our\nblood, were personally within it. They then endeavoured fraudulently\nto gain admittance, which, should they have affected, (but through\nGod's pleasure they failed,) murders, thefts, rapines, rapes, and\nevery horrid mischief would have ensued to the ruin of that town, and,\nconsequently, to the destruction of the church and kingdom.\n'We point out, therefore, the before-mentioned persons as guilty of\nthese atrocious acts, and call on our faithful and loyal subjects to\nassist us heartily in putting an end to their very heinous misdeeds.\nThere is very clear evidence of this last fact; for when they found\nthey could not by any means enter our said town of Paris, like madmen\nthey gallopped off for the town of Beaumont-sur-Oise, belonging to\nour very dear and well beloved son and nephew the duke of Orleans,\nnow prisoner in England, and on their march seized horses from the\nplough, and robbed and made prisoners every traveller they met. After\nthis, they took the said town and castle by storm, plundered it, and\nkilled or drowned very many of townsmen. In like manner they took the\ntown of Nesle in Vermandois, and had before done the same to our town\nof Chablis[51], to the castle of N\u00e9ant, belonging to the monks of La\nCharit\u00e9 sur Loire, with numbers of other castles, towns and villages,\nlaying violent hands on women of all descriptions, violating them like\nbeasts, pillaging churches and other sacred edifices, of which we are\nevery day receiving the most melancholy accounts and lamentations.\n'Greater mischiefs our ancient enemies the English would not, nor\ncould not do; but these wretches, perversely wicked, add daily sin\nto sin, publicly shewing themselves rebels, and disobedient to our\npositive commands. They thus render themselves deserving of the\nseverest punishments, and unworthy of the smallest grace, by holding\nourselves and our sovereign power in perfect contempt.\n'In consideration of the many and repeated complaints and lamentations\nmade to us, by such numbers of our vassals and subjects, calling on\nGod, our Creator, and on us for vengeance for the innocent blood that\nhas been so cruelly shed,--we foreseeing that unless a stop be put to\nthese atrocities, the whole kingdom will be ruined, and which we firmly\nbelieve to be the ultimate object of the before-named persons, have\ncalled together the princes of our blood, the members of our grand\ncouncil and courts of parliament, with other barons and nobles of our\nrealm, that they might advise on the best and most speedy measures to\nbe adopted for the crushing this unnatural rebellion.\n'After many consultations on the said matters, we having the utmost\ndread lest the divine judgement should fall on our head and on our\nkingdom, for the blood of the just that has been so abundantly and\ncruelly shed, and being ever desirous that peace and justice may be\nobserved in our realm, do make known, and declare all the aforesaid\npersons, with their allies and associates, rebels to us and to our\ngovernment. And because we at this moment are fully employed in the\nwar that exists between us and our enemies the English, who have\ninvaded our country, and cannot therefore act as we should wish\nagainst these said rebels and their allies: we therefore give full\npower and authority to all our loyal subjects to take up arms against\nthem to put them to death, or to confine them in prison to suffer the\npunishment due to their crimes, and to take full possession of all\ntheir properties moveable or immoveable, by force of arms, and to slay\nsuch as may oppose them, without their having cause for any letters of\npardon whatever.\n'We therefore command, by these presents, the bailiff of Amiens, or\nhis lieutenant, solemnly to proclaim three times a-week, with sound of\ntrumpet, in all the usual places where proclamations have been made\nwithin his district, full licence and authority for any one to seize\nthe persons and effects of the before-named rebels, and to put them\nto death, should need be, without danger of process or suit being\nhereafter made against him or them for so doing. The said bailiff, or\nhis lieutenant, will attend to the observance of the above, so that\nnothing arise through his neglect to our prejudice, or to that of our\nkingdom.\n'That greater confidence may be put in these presents, we order, that\nexact copies be made, and sent to those parts where the original cannot\nbe proclaimed, and that equal faith be given to them. In testimony\nwhereof, we have had our seal affixed to these presents. Given at\nParis, the 30th day of August, in the year of grace 1416, and of our\nreign the 36th.'\nThus signed by the king, on the report of his great council, and\ncountersigned 'Ferron.'\nThis edict was solemnly proclaimed in Amiens the 12th day of September\nand thence sent to all the provosts within the bailiwick of Amiens, to\nbe proclaimed by them throughout their provostships. The provosts of\nBeauquesnes, of Montrieul of St Riquier, and of Dourleans, through fear\nof the duke of Burgundy, dared only to proclaim it once, and in their\nown courts, when few people were present.\nSoon after, Remonnet de la Guerre was ordered by the king and constable\nto Noyon and Nesles, to aid sir Thomas de Lersies, bailiff of the\nVermandois, in defending the country against the Burgundians.\nWar was now openly declared between the contending factions in that and\ndivers other places of the realm. In truth wherever any of the king's\nofficers could lay hands on the partisans of the duke of Burgundy, none\nescaped, whether nobles or not, from being sentenced to death; and more\nespecially all who fell into the hands of the governor of Noyon and\nthe parts adjacent were put to death without mercy,--insomuch that many\ntrees near to that town were marvellously laden with such fruits.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 48: Pont-Avaire. Q. if we should not read Pont-St. Maixence,\nfor the other is not in any map or gazetteer.]\n[Footnote 49: La Chappelle,--a village close to Paris.]\n[Footnote 50: Champlost,--a town in Champagne, election of St\nFlorentin.]\n[Footnote 51: Chablis,--diocese of Langres, famous for its wines.]\nCHAP. XLIII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY INCREASES HIS MEN AT ARMS.--THE MARRIAGE OF THE\n LORD DE LA TRIMOUILLE.--THE DUKE OF CLARENCE EMBARKS A LARGE ARMY FOR\n HARFLEUR.\nThe duke of Burgundy, when he heard of this edict, so prejudicial\nand disgraceful to himself and his friends, was more than ever\nindignant and irritated against those who governed the king. He very\nmuch increased the number of his men at arms, and even consented to\ntheir quartering themselves on his own territories in the Cambresis,\nTierrache, Vermandois, Santerre, and the whole country from the Somme\nto the sea-coast, toward Montrieul and Crotoy. Justice was now no\nlonger attended to or maintained in those parts; and the powerful\nnobles cruelly treated churchmen and the poorer ranks. With regard to\nthe provosts, and others of the king's officers of justice, few, if any\nof them, dared to do their duty. The tradesmen could not venture abroad\nwith their goods out of the fortified towns without paying tribute for\npassports, under risk of being robbed and murdered.\nAt this time the widowed duchess of Berry espoused the lord de la\nTrimouille, who was not beloved by the duke of Burgundy; and because\nthis duchess was in her own right countess of the Boulonois, the duke\nsent the lord de Fosseux, then governor of Artois, to take possession\nof the town of Boulogne. This was done, but the lord de Moruel remained\ngovernor of it in the king's name, against the English.\nAt this same period, the duke of Clarence, brother to the king of\nEngland, sailed from the port of Sandwich with three hundred vessels\nfull of English, whom he led to Harfleur, and destroyed the french\nnavy under the command of the constable of France, who had for some\ntime besieged that town. Many were killed on board the fleet; but when\nthe duke of Clarence had revictualled it, and supplied his losses, he\nsailed back to England much rejoiced at his good success.\nCHAP. XLIV.\n THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY AND THE KING OF ENGLAND COME TO CALAIS. DUKE\n JOHN OF BURGUNDY MEETS THEM THERE.--THE MATTERS THAT WERE THEN\n TRANSACTED.\nAbout the feast of St Remy, in this year, the emperor of Germany and\nthe king of England came to Calais, attended by numbers of nobles. The\nduke of Burgundy there met them, and was most honourably received; and\nthe duke of Glocester, brother to king Henry went to St Omer as hostage\nfor the duke of Burgundy, where he was nobly entertained by the count\nde Charolois, and by other great lords appointed for that purpose.\nHowever, when the count de Charolois visited the duke of Glocester the\nday after his arrival attended by some of the lords of his council,\nto do him honour, and keep him company, the duke had his back turned\ntowards him as the count entered the apartment, and was so engaged in\ntalking to some of his attendants that he forgot to make the usual\nsalutations to the count, but said, shortly enough, 'You are welcome,\nfair cousin,' but without advancing to meet him, and continued his\nconversation with the English. The count de Charolois, notwithstanding\nhis youth, was much hurt and displeased at this conduct, although at\nthe moment he showed no signs of it.\nIn the conferences held at Calais, the king of England earnestly\nrequested the duke of Burgundy not to assist the king of France against\nhim; in which case, he would divide some of his future conquests with\nhim; promising, at the same time, not to attack any of his territories,\nor those of his allies or well-wishers. The duke refused to agree\nto this; but the truce that existed between them was prolonged until\nMichaelmas-day in the year 1419.\nAt that time, as I was informed, the duke of Burgundy did homage to the\nemperor for his counties of Burgundy and Alost. When he had remained\nin Calais nine days, and finished the business on which he had come,\nhe took leave of the king and returned to St Omer, whence the duke of\nGlocester came to Calais. The king of France and his ministers were\nmuch astonished at this visit of the duke of Burgundy and believed for\ncertain that he had allied himself with king Henry, to the prejudice of\nthe king and kingdom of France.\nCHAP. XLV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY GOES TO VALENCIENNES, IN OBEDIENCE TO A SUMMONS\n WHICH HE RECEIVES FROM THE DAUPHIN. THEY MUTUALLY SWEAR FRIENDSHIP TO\n EACH OTHER.\nOn the return of the duke of Burgundy from Calais, duke William count\nof Hainault sent ambassadors to him, to request that he would meet the\ndauphin his son-in-law, which he refused, because he had frequently\nsent to his brother-in-law, duke William in Holland, to desire he\nwould bring the dauphin into those parts, and it had not been complied\nwith. The dauphin, nevertheless, wrote letters with his own hand to\nthe duke of Burgundy, to come to him at Valenciennes, who promised the\nmessengers that he would be there,--and indeed he went thither on the\n12th day of November.\nDuke William went out of Valenciennes the length of a league to meet\nhim, carrying with him the dauphin. On the morrow such matters were\ndiscussed and agreed on as shall be hereafter mentioned, in the\npresence of the countess of Hainault, the count de Charolois, the\ncount de Conversan, and many other able knights and esquires, and the\nministers of the three parties, namely sir Jean de Luxembourg, sir\nJacques de Harcourt, the chancellor to the dauphin, Baudouin de Fresnes\ntreasurer of Hainault, Robert de Vandegr\u00e8s, Jean bastard of Blois,\nmaster Eustace de Lactre, the lord d'Antoing, the vidame of Amiens,\nthe lord de Fosseux, the lord d'Ancre, the lord de Robais, the lord\nde Humbercourt, sir Hue de Launoy, sir Guillaume Bouvier governor of\nArras, sir Athis de Brimeu, sir Andrieu de Valines, master Philippe de\nMorvillers, and many more.\nFirst, the duke of Burgundy offered himself and his services to the\ndauphin, and promised on his oath to serve the king his father and\nhimself, to the utmost of his power, against all their enemies. This\npromise the dauphin received with pleasure, and, in return, made oath,\nthat he would aid and defend the duke of Burgundy against his enemies\nand all ill wishers to him or to his subjects.\nThe dauphin then affectionately requested the duke to join the king\nin the defence of his realm against the attacks of the English, which\nhe promised and swore he would. He next required of the duke, that\nhe would keep the peace that had been concluded at Auxerre. The duke\nreplied, that he would most willingly do so, for he was very desirous\nof maintaining that peace, and that he wished ill to no one but to the\nking of Sicily.\nThe dauphin was satisfied with this answer, and made offer to the duke,\nthat if there were any articles in the peace which he wished to have\naltered, or if he desired others to be added, as well in regard to what\nhad passed then as since, it should be done. All present then made\noath to the duke of Burgundy for the observance of what had been said,\nand duke William and the duke of Burgundy mutually swore to maintain\nbrotherly affection; and that they would endeavour to establish a good\ngovernment for the king of France and the dauphin, that they would\nmutually support each other, as well when absent as present, by risking\ntheir persons in maintaining whatever they should have agreed upon.\nDuke William added, that in respect to the war between France and\nEngland, his predecessors had no way interfered, and that he intended\nin this matter to follow their example, lest his countries should\nsuffer for it. Duke William afterward promised the duke of Burgundy,\nthat he would not intrust the dauphin to the hands of any person of\nwhom he was not sure, for the better security of the engagements just\nentered into; and that within fifteen days he would visit the queen of\nFrance, and would arrange matters with her, so that he should regain\nher friendship and support for the good of the king and realm. When all\nthese matters had been concluded, the duke of Burgundy and his people\nreturned to Douay.\nCHAP. XLVI.\n DUKE WILLIAM COUNT OF HAINAULT CARRIES HIS SON-IN-LAW THE DAUPHIN\n TO ST QUENTIN, AND THENCE TO COMPIEGNE, WHERE HE DIES.--THE CONDUCT\n OBSERVED ON THIS JOURNEY.\nOn the 14th day of November, duke William carried back the dauphin to\nhis castle of Quesnoy, whither ambassadors of different ranks were sent\nby the king and queen to recal the dauphin to the presence of the king\nin Paris; but, notwithstanding their remonstrances, he remained at\nQuesnoy until after Christmas. Duke William then conducted him to St\nQuentin in the Vermandois, where they waited for the queen until the\nepiphany; and because the queen would not come to St Quentin, the duke\ncarried the dauphin to Compiegne, where he was lodged in the king's\npalace. Shortly after, the countess of Hainault came thither with her\ndaughter the dauphiness, and a large company.\nThe queen came in great state from Paris to Senlis, accompanied by\nher son the duke of Touraine and her son-in-law the duke of Brittany,\nand the great council of the king. At the same time, the young duke\nd'Alen\u00e7on, and other lords of his age, went to Compiegne to pay their\ncourt to the dauphin. Negotiations now took place between Senlis and\nCompiegne. The countess of Hainault carried the dauphiness to visit\nthe queen at Senlis, when, after spending some time together in much\ncheerfulness, they went back to Compiegne, and the queen returned to\nParis, whither the negociations were transferred between duke William,\nthe ministers of the dauphin and ambassadors from the duke of Burgundy.\nTrue it is, that at this time, the dauphin sent letters, sealed with\nhis great seal, to the bailiffs of Vermandois and Amiens, and other\nplaces, commanding them to proclaim a cessation of warfare on all\nsides, on pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of effects; but\nthey were of little service to the poor people, for the men at arms\ndid not the less overrun and oppress the country.\nOn the last day but one in March, duke William declared in the\nfull audience of the king's council at Paris, that he would unite\nthe dauphin with the duke of Burgundy or carry the dauphin back to\nHainault, if measures were not instantly taken for restoring peace to\nthe kingdom. The ministers, hearing this, resolved that the duke should\nbe arrested and confined until he had given up the dauphin to the king\nhis father.\nThe duke was secretly informed of this by a friend; and on the\nmorrow very early, under pretext of performing a pilgrimage to St\nMaur-des-Fosses, and returning to Paris in the evening, he hastened\nwith only two attendants to Compiegne. He found the dauphin most\ndangerously ill, insomuch that he died on Palm Sunday: his disorder was\nan imposthume in the ear, which burst and suffocated him. When dead, he\nwas put into a leaden coffin, and buried at St Corneille[52], in the\npresence of duke William, his lady, and the dauphiness, who gave large\nsums for masses to be said for the welfare of his soul. The duke and\nhis family returned in great grief to Hainault.\nIt was commonly reported, that the dauphin had been poisoned by some of\nthose who governed the king, because he and his elder brother had been\ntoo much attached to the duke of Burgundy.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 52: St Corneille de Compiegne,--an abbey near that town.]\nCHAP. XLVII.\n THE NEAPOLITANS REBEL AGAINST THEIR KING, JACQUES DE LA MARCHE, AND\n MAKE WAR ON HIM.--THEY TAKE THE QUEEN PRISONER. THE CONSEQUENCES THAT\n FOLLOW.\nThis year the Neapolitans rebelled against king James count de la\nMarche, and would have made him prisoner, had he not been informed in\ntime of their intentions. They confined the queen, and made a bitter\nwar against him and his supporters. The constable and the lord de St\nMaurice, his father-in-law, were imprisoned. The king, for his greater\nsecurity, embarked on board a brigantine for the castle del Ovo,\nleaving a good garrison in Castel Nuovo.\nThis war lasted until the 27th day of October in the same year, when\npeace was made on condition that all the French who held any offices in\nthe kingdom should depart and return to their own country, excepting\nthe very few employed personally to serve the king.\nOn the conclusion of the peace, the king and queen returned to Castel\nNuovo, when all persons renewed their oaths of allegiance, promising\nto consider him as their king during his life, but that he was no\nway to interfere in the government of the kingdom. His establishment\nof guards, attendants and horses, were all arranged according to the\npleasure of the Neapolitans.\nOn the day the king returned to Castel Nuovo, there were great\nrejoicings throughout the town, with bonfires, and illuminations on the\nterraces of the houses; and on the morrow there was a grand ball at the\ncastle. But on the third day, the king was so strictly watched that\nnone were allowed to speak to him but in the presence of those who had\nseized the government; and the French gentlemen were not permitted to\ntake leave of him on their departure. The rulers of the kingdom soon\nafter obliged the queen to join their party, lest the two when united\nmight be over much for them: however, in conformity to their oaths,\nthey shewed the king and queen all outward respect, but governed the\ncountry as they willed.\nThe chief of these usurpers was one of the greatest and richest\nfamilies, called Hannequin Mournil, one in whom the king had placed\nmost confidence of all the Italians. The king was, for a long time,\nkept under this restraint: at length he escaped, and fled by sea to\nTarentum, which had been given to him as a principality,--but he was,\nsoon after, driven out of the kingdom. The duke of Anjou, son to king\nLouis, went thither on his expulsion, and was well received in the city\nof Aversa; but it was not long before he was forced out of the realm by\nthe king of Arragon.\nIn regard to king James, besides the rebellion of his subjects, the\nqueen likewise, old and capricious, was much displeased and jealous of\nhis being a lover to young ladies of the country and neglecting her.\nThis was also the cause why the nobles whom he had brought from France\nwith him were generally hated.\nCHAP. XLVIII.\n THE EARL OF DORSET, GOVERNOR OF HARFLEUR, MAKES AN INCURSION INTO THE\n COUNTRY OF CAUX, AND IS COMBATED BY THE FRENCH.--THE EMPEROR CREATES\n THE COUNT OF SAVOY A DUKE.\nAt this same time, the earl of Dorset, who commanded in Harfleur, one\nday marched three thousand english combatants toward Rouen, and thence\nmade a circuit through the country of Caux, where he remained three\ndays, doing great mischief with fire and sword. In the mean time, the\ngarrisons and nobles of those parts collected together under the lord\nde Villequier, to the amount of three thousand men also, and met the\nEnglish near to Valmont, who instantly attacked them; but the French\ndefended themselves so valiantly, the English were defeated, and eight\nhundred left on the field of battle. The remainder retreated with the\nearl into a garden, surrounded by a strong hedge of thorns, and therein\ncontinued the rest of the day, without the French being able to gain\nfurther advantage over them, although they took much pains.\nIn the evening, the French retired to a village hard by, to refresh\nthemselves; but the earl of Dorset, doubtful of the event on the\nmorrow, marched out of the garden with his men about day-break, and\npushed forward to Harfleur. The French, perceiving this, pursued them,\nand overtook them in the marshes, about two leagues from that town,\nwhen they renewed the battle; but, as the French were not all come\nup, they were defeated, and two hundred slain,--among whom was their\ncommander, the lord de Villequier, and other nobles of that country.\nThe emperor of Germany, on his return home, passed through Lyons, where\nhe was desirous of creating Amadeus count of Savoy a duke,--but the\nking of France's officers would not permit it. He was very indignant\nat this, and went to a small castle called Moulnet, that belongs to\nthe empire, and he there created him a duke. On his coming to France,\nthrough the interference of duke Louis of Bavaria, brother to the\nqueen of France, and others of the Orleans faction, he had been of\nthe opposite party to the duke of Burgundy; but on his return, he had\nchanged his sentiments, and liked better the Burgundy faction than that\nof Orleans.\nCHAP. XLIX.\n DUKE WILLIAM, COUNT OF HAINAULT, DIES AT BOUCHAIN.--JOHN OF BAVARIA\n DECLARES WAR AGAINST HIS NIECE, DAUGHTER TO THE LATE DUKE WILLIAM.\nAt the commencement of this year, duke William and his duchess, after\ntheir return from Compiegne, went to visit the duke of Burgundy at\nDouay, when many conferences were holden on the state of public\naffairs, and on the answers duke William had received from the queen of\nFrance and the king's ministers. When these were ended, duke William\nreturned to his castle of Bouchain, where he was seized with a violent\nillness that put an end to his life in a few days. His body was carried\nto Valenciennes, and buried in the church of the minorite friars. He\nleft one only daughter by the duchess, called Jacquelina of Bavaria,\nwho, as his legal heiress, took possession of all his inheritances,\nwhich fell to her on the decease of the duke. Nevertheless, John of\nBavaria, her uncle on her father's side, made opposition to this, on\npretence that the succession of the late duke Albert, his father had\nnot been fairly divided in regard to him; adding, that Jacquelina could\nnot lawfully succeed to the country of Holland,--and, with the consent\nof the inhabitants, he gained possession of Dordrecht and some other\ntowns, which acknowledged him for their lord.\nHe soon after declared open war against her, and resigned into the\nhands of the pope his bishoprick of Liege, which bishopric was put into\ncommission. He made this resignation to strengthen his claims against\nhis niece,--and shortly married the duchess of Luxembourg, the widow of\nduke Anthony of Brabant, brother to the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. L.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS LETTERS TO MANY OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN\n FRANCE, DESCRIBING THE STATE OF THOSE WHO GOVERN THE KINGDOM.\nIn these days, the duke of Burgundy sent letters, open and closed, to\nmany of the chief towns in France, to stir them to rebellion, and to\njoin his faction,--which letters were of the following tenour:\n'John duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders and Artois, palatine of\nBurgundy, lord of Salines and Mechlin, to all to whom these presents\nshall come, health and peace.\n'Whereas, by divine grace, we had in former times the government\nof the kingdom of France; but since we have withdrawn ourselves\ntherefrom, persons of low degree, and of doubtful birth, have seized\nthe management of public affairs, with the sole intent of appropriating\nto themselves by open or secret means the treasure of the realm,--and\nso outrageous has been their conduct that my lord the king, his\nfamily and officers were kept in the utmost penury. They neither paid\nnor suffered to be paid the usual royal charities, nor did they see\nto the repairs and maintenance of the various garrisons, with things\nabsolutely necessary for them; for notwithstanding the immense sums\nyearly raised by taxes and loans, scarcely any part of them were\napplied to public uses, or for the welfare of the kingdom.\n'We therefore, having fully considered all these matters, and how\nnearly we are by blood connected with my lord the king, being his\ncousin-german, and holding from him the duchy of Burgundy and counties\nof Flanders and Artois, and that we are in a double degree father and\ndean of the peers of France, and that our various and great obligations\nto him and to his crown are well known, have determined to provide a\nsufficient remedy for the above evils, and that restitution be made to\nthe public treasury to the utmost of our power.\n'We have had the above facts demonstrated by our ambassadors, in the\npresence of the grand council at the Louvre in Paris, presided by our\nvery dear lord and son the duke of Acquitaine lately deceased, whose\nsoul may God pardon! requesting at the same time, that from his good\nsense and for the acquittal of his conscience, he would check these\nsaid abuses, and attend to the better government of the state. In\nthis matter we were joined by the members of the university of Paris,\nwho sent us letters to that effect, and which were publicly read in\nthe church of St Genevieve at Paris; and at that time there were\nappearances that our remonstrances would be listened to.\n'But their real intentions were otherwise; for it is notorious that\nwe have met with nothing but tricks and dissimulations of all sorts,\nand perseverance in their evil government, whence have proceeded these\nintestine wars; although we have never ceased to urge our remonstrances\nagainst the present ministers, by able clerks, as well of the\nparliament and university as otherwise, by prudent knights, and other\nwise citizens, in whose presence ordinances were published by our\nsaid lord the king, and sworn to in his court of justice, without any\nnovelties being introduced or exception of persons made.\n'Nevertheless, grievous as it may be to relate, the contrary to\nthese ordinances has been done; and it is a well-known fact, that\nthe wretches have found means to keep me from the presence of our\nsaid lord the king. Soon after these edicts were annulled, and every\nsort of disorder was committed, taxes upon taxes were laid, loans on\nloans, reductions of offices, banishments, beheadings, and innumerable\ndespotic acts done, to the very great dissatisfaction of my said\nwell-beloved lord and son lately deceased, and to which he had resolved\nto put an end, by ordering us to come to him with a competent number\nof men at arms, notwithstanding any orders we might receive to the\ncontrary; and, as proofs thereof, I have in my possession three letters\nwritten and signed with his own hand, containing the above commands.\n'In obedience to these orders, we came to St Denis, and advanced\ntoward the town of Paris but could not gain admittance to his person;\nfor the affair was become known to the aforesaid evil advisers, who\ninstantly laid hands on our very redoubted lord and his son, confining\nthem in the castle of the Louvre for a considerable time, with the\ndraw-bridges raised, and gates closed. They also imprisoned the greater\npart of the king's servants, thus illegally depriving them of their\nliberties, although they had certain intelligence upwards of a year\nprior to this, that the enemies of the kingdom were preparing to invade\nit; but, through their damnable avarice and concupiscence of wealth,\nthey made no provision whatever to resist them. Hence it happened\nthat our said lord and king has lost one of the finest sea ports in\nhis realm, the key to his country, and has suffered the almost total\ndestruction of his chivalry; and none can foresee the infinitive\nmisfortunes that may now ensue, but which God avert.\n'We also, bound by our royal duty toward our sovereign, have assembled\nfor his service the greatest possible force we could to defend his\nkingdom, as we are bounden to do by every tie. But the aforesaid evil\nadvisers have ordered several cities and towns not to permit us to\nenter them, and have forbidden them to supply our men with provision,\nas if we had been public enemies; but, notwithstanding such atrocious\nconduct, our vassals and subjects have been, and still are, strongly\nattached to his majesty's person.\n'They have likewise, heaping grievance on grievance, imprisoned a great\nnumber of notable inhabitants of many towns well affected to the king,\nbut who saw with displeasure the miserable state the nation was reduced\nto by their wicked measures. But the worst part of their conduct has\nbeen the poisoning of the said deceased well-beloved lord and son\n(as the manner of his death plainly shewed,) the moment he was made\nacquainted with their wickedness, and testified a resolution to remedy\nthe various evils they had caused; and this was done to increase and\nstrengthen their authority.\n'When we witnessed their fury, to avoid all manner of quarrel as much\nas in us lay, we retired to our countries of Flanders and Artois,\nand to our very dear brother the count of Hainault, to explain to\nour well-beloved nephew, my lord the dauphin, lately deceased, whose\nsoul may God receive! the honesty of our intentions, and the bad\nconsequences that would infallibly ensue if the present public measures\nwere continued.\n'We did not expect to have done this immediately, because our foresaid\nlord and nephew was in Holland, and could not instantly come to us in\nHainault, from the dangers of the sea: nevertheless, on his arrival\nat Valenciennes we waited on him, and explained fully many matters,\nand our desire for a general peace with all so inclined, excepting\nking Louis of Sicily, with whom we had cause for quarrel that greatly\naffected our honour and estate: with these explanations he was very\nwell satisfied, as was our aforesaid brother. For the more effectually\naccomplishing this peace, and for the better considering of other\npublic affairs, they went from Valenciennes to St Quentin, in the\nVermandois, and thence to Compiegne; but these wicked ministers, by\ntheir deceits, attempted to detain our brother in Paris, when he was\nabout to proceed on his journey toward Compiegne, with an earnest\ndesire of attending to the before-mentioned business, not supposing\nthat any attempt would be made against his person while he was\nendeavouring to conclude measures of such interesting importance. They\nwould, however, have succeeded in their attempt, had not his good sense\nprovided a timely remedy, by hastily leaving Paris with few attendants.\nHe arrived at Compiegne early in the day, although the distance from\nParis is twenty leagues.\n'Soon after his arrival, a grievous misfortune befel us; for about\nvespers of that same day, our very dear lord and nephew was taken so\ndangerously ill that he shortly after expired, having his cheeks,\ntongue, and lips greatly swelled, and his eyes starting out of his\nhead,--in such wise that it was a most melancholy sight, considering\nthat such are the usual appearances of those who die by poison.\n'These aforesaid rapacious ministers, poisoned him, as they had done\nour very redoubted lord and son his brother, which we now relate with\ngrief, believing firmly that all the honest and good men of the kingdom\nwill be sorely displeased when they shall hear of these deaths.\n'In this state remained public affairs while these infamous poisoners,\nwho governed the realm, would not listen to our terms of peace, nor\ntake pity on the poor people of France, destroyed through their\nquarrels. In truth, the tempers of these men must be wretched, who are\nonly desirous of evil, and who have broken or infringed six treaties,\nsolemnly sworn to, namely, those of Chartres, Bic\u00eatre, Auxerre,\nPontoise, Paris, and of Rouvres in Burgundy.\n'We shall not detail, at this moment, how these treaties have been\nbroken,--for it would take too much time, and it is notorious to every\none. We only mention the circumstance, that you may be thoroughly\nacquainted with the wickedness of these false, disloyal and perjured\ntraitors, who add murder, rapine and poison to their crimes, who are\nwithout faith, and made up of treasons and cruelty.\n'We also make known to you, that we, in former times, bore patiently,\nas became us, all the insults and persecutions that were heaped on our\nperson,--having in our memory, what is to be found in history both\nsacred and profane, that it was usual for the friends of God and of the\npublic good to be bitterly persecuted for their virtuous actions.\n'Nevertheless, it is our fixed intention to follow up our measures,\nwith the aid of our Creator, and our whole force, with that of our\nrelations, friends, vassals, and well wishers to the king and crown of\nFrance; and to prosecute to conviction those who are guilty of these\npoisonings, their accomplices and adherents, so long as God shall grant\nus life.\n'At the same time also, we shall urge on those reforms of grievances\nalready begun by us, that press so heavily on the poor people under the\nnames of gabelles, tythes and other exactions; and we have determined\nto employ every force we can collect to obtain so desirable an object.\n'To this end, we entreat and summon you, on the faith and obedience\nyou owe to my aforesaid lord, and on your love of the public weal, to\neschew the crime of high treason,--and require that you, and each of\nyou, do aid, counsel and assist in the punishment of these destroyers\nof the noble house of France, who are guilty of murders, treasons\nand poisonings, as you are bounden to do by every law natural and\ndivine. By your conduct, we shall know whether you possess charity,\nloyalty, virtue, and the fear of God,--and whether you be desirous of\nrepressing cruelty, disloyalty, vanity and avarice. This can alone save\nthe kingdom of France from ruin. By this alone, my lord the king will\nrecover his power, and be obeyed and honoured, which is the utmost\nextent of our wishes in this world, and which it seems to us you should\nbe most desirous of also.\n'Thus the kingdom will be at peace, the churches supported, the wicked\npunished, and the injuries done to the people will cease. Surely these\nare objects more worthy and fit to occupy your attention than seeking\nthe favour of these false and infamous traitors, in contempt of the\ngrace God.\n'Doubt not of our intention to revenge the insults that have been shewn\nus; for we promise, on the faith and loyalty we owe to God, to our\naforesaid lord, and to the public welfare of his realm, that our sole\nbent and will is to prevent, to the utmost of our power, my aforesaid\nlord and his kingdom from being completely destroyed, which these\ndisloyal traitors are compassing to accomplish,--and that satisfactory\njustice be done on them, according to the advice and opinions of those\nwho shall assist us in these our intentions. For this end, we offer\npeace to all who shall be inclined to accept of it from us, excepting\nLouis king of Sicily, for the better prosecution of our intentions to\nsupport the king and his realm,--being resolved to persist in these\nloyal measures until death, without offering any conciliatory terms to\nthese profligate traitors and poisoners.\n'This business has been too long delayed; for it may be clearly seen\nthat the aforesaid traitors are determined on the total ruin of the\nroyal house of France and the whole of the nobility, and that they are\nresolved to deliver up the kingdom to foreigners; but we have firm\nreliance and hope in God, who knows the secrets of every heart! that we\nshall obtain a happy issue to our enterprise by means of the good and\nfaithful subjects of the realm, whom in this case we will support to\nthe utmost of our power, and maintain for ever in the fullest enjoyment\nof their liberties and franchises.\n'We will also exert ourselves that in future no taxes, impositions and\ngabelles, may be ever again paid in France; and we will proceed against\nall who shall say or act to the contrary by fire and sword, whether\nthey be universities, corporations, chapters, colleges, nobles, or any\nothers, of whatever condition they may be.\n'In testimony whereof, we have signed these presents with our own hand\nand our privy seal, in the absence of the great seal, in our castle of\nHesdin, the 24th day of April, 1417, after Easter.'\nThese letters were sent to the towns of Montrieul, St Riquier,\nAbbeville, Dourlens, Amiens, Corbie, St Quentin, Roye, Mondidier,\nBeauvais, and to many other places; and by their means several\nprincipal towns and corporations were strongly excited against those\nwho then governed the king.\nCHAP. LI.\n SIR LOUIS BOURDON, KNIGHT, IS ARRESTED AND EXECUTED.--THE QUEEN OF\n FRANCE IS BANISHED TO BLOIS, AND THENCE TO TOURS.\nAbout this time, while the queen of France resided with her court at\nthe castle of Vincennes, she was visited by the king her lord. On his\nreturn to Paris in the evening, he met sir Louis Bourdon, knight,\ncoming thence, and going to Vincennes, who, on passing very near the\nking, made a slight inclination of his head as he rode by, and gaily\npursued his road. The king instantly ordered the provost of Paris to\nfollow and arrest him, and to take especial care to give a good account\nof him. The provost performed his duty in obeying this command, and\nconfined sir Louis in the Ch\u00e2telet of Paris, where he was, by command\nof the king, very severely tortured, and then drowned in the Seine.\nSome few days after, by orders from the king, the dauphin, and those\nwho governed in Paris, the queen, accompanied by her sister-in-law the\nduchess of Bavaria, was banished to Blois, and thence to reside at\nTours in Touraine, with a very private establishment. She was placed\nunder the guard of master Willian Torel, master John Picard, and master\nLaurence du Puys, without whose consent she could not do any thing, not\neven write a letter, however pressing the occasion.\nShe thus lived a considerable time very unpleasantly, expecting,\nhowever, daily to receive worse treatment. The dauphin, by the advice\nof his ministers, took possession of the immense sums of money the\nqueen had placed in different hands in Paris. The three above-mentioned\nwarders of the queen had been appointed by those who governed the king\nand the dauphin to prevent her from intriguing, or plotting any thing\nto their prejudice.\nCHAP. LII.\n THE COMMONALTY OF ROUEN PUT TO DEATH THEIR BAILIFF, SIR RAOUL DE\n GAUCOURT.--THEY SEIZE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE TOWN.--THE ARRIVAL OF THE\n DAUPHIN AT ROUEN.\nIn these days, by the instigation of the partisans of the duke of\nBurgundy, some wicked persons of the lower ranks in the town of\nRouen rose in rebellion. The leader was one Alain Blanchart, who was\nafterward governor of the town. They first went armed, and with\nstaves, to the house of the king's bailiff, sir Raoul de Gaucourt\nknight, at whose door they knocked loudly, and said to those within,\n(although it was about ten o'clock at night), 'We want to speak to my\nlord the bailiff, to deliver up to him a traitor whom we have just\narrested in the town,' the servants bade them detain their prisoner\nin safe custody until the morrow: however, in consequence of their\nimportunity and violence, the door was opened to them.\nThe bailiff instantly arose from his bed, and, having wrapped himself\nup in a large cloak, came to speak to them; but he had no sooner made\nhis appearance, than some of the party, who had disguised their faces,\ncruelly murdered him.\nThey then left the house, and went to that of his lieutenant, John\nLeger, whom they also put to death, and thence to different parts of\nthe town, and killed ten other persons; but many of the municipal\nofficers, such as the viscount and receiver-general, having had\ninformation, of what was passing, fled to the castle, into which they\nwere admitted by sir James de Bourbon the governor.\nOn the morrow-morning, the commonalty again assembled in great numbers,\nand marched in arms to the castle, with the intent of forcing an\nentrance, but were prevented by the governor, who had under his command\none hundred of the king's troops to defend it. At length, after many\nparleys, it was agreed that sixteen of the most notable citizens should\nbe admitted, to remonstrate with the governor on some matters that much\nconcerned him.\nUpon their admittance, they offered many excuses for the murder of the\nbailiff, and of the others, declaring that the whole commonalty of the\ntown would be rejoiced if the perpetrators could be discovered and\npunished. They were greatly alarmed as to the conduct of the king and\nthe dauphin when they should hear of these deaths, and requested the\ngovernor would permit them to have the guard of the castle, but it was\nrefused. They then required that the gate which led to the country\nshould be shut up, which was also refused.\nUpon this they declared, that should the king and the dauphin attempt\nto enter their town with an army, admittance should be denied,--at the\nsame time beseeching the governor to apologise for them to the king and\nthe dauphin. The governor replied, that he would make excuses for them\nin proper time and place, provided they did not refuse to admit them\ninto the town should they come thither.\nAfter this conversation, the citizens returned home; and, a few days\nafter, what they dreaded came to pass,--for the dauphin marched two\nthousand men out of Paris to Pont de l'Arche, whence he sent the\narchbishop of Rouen, brother to the count de Harcourt, to that town, to\nexhort the inhabitants to a due sense of obedience.\nOn the archbishop's arrival at Rouen, he found several of the canons of\nthe cathedral church under arms, and inter-mixed with the citizens, to\nwhom he displayed the proclamation of the dauphin. They, in answer,\nsaid, that it had been unanimously decreed that he should not enter the\ntown with his army; but that if he would come with few attendants, and\nengage to pay his expenses, they would agree to it, but not otherwise.\nThe archbishop, seeing he could not conclude any thing satisfactory,\nreturned to the dauphin, and related all he had seen and heard.\nUpon this the dauphin sent for sir James de Bourbon, and fixed his\nquarters at St Catharine's on the hill. On the arrival of sir James, he\nsaid, 'Cousin, return to your castle, and admit by the gate leading to\nthe country two hundred men at arms, and as many archers, whom we will\nsend thither.'\nThe townsmen were greatly enraged on hearing of this reinforcement\nbeing admitted into the castle; however, within three days, the\ndauphin, by negotiation, entered Rouen with his whole army; he rode\nstraight to the cathedral to offer up his prayers, and thence to the\ncastle, where he was lodged.\nIn the course of eight days, a treaty was made with the townsmen,\nwhich confirmed them in their obedience,--for all that had passed was\npardoned, with the exception of the actual murderers of the bailiff.\nThe dauphin, having paid his expenses, departed for Paris with his\narmy, where he appointed the lord de Gamaches bailiff of Rouen, with\norders to inflict exemplary punishment on such of the murderers as\nshould be duly convicted. Some of them were punished; but Alain\nBlanchart absented himself for some time; and when he returned to the\ntown, he enjoyed great authority and power, as shall hereafter be\nrelated.\nCHAP. LIII.\n THE DEATH OF LOUIS KING OF SICILY. THE CONDUCT OF THE LEADERS OF\n COMPANIES.--THE OVERTHROW OF RAYMONNET DE LA GUERRE.--THE DESTRUCTION\n OF THE TOWN OF AUMALE.\nIn these days, king Louis, father-in-law to the daulphin, died, leaving\nthree sons and two daughters,--Louis, who succeeded to his crown,\nRen\u00e9, afterward duke of Bar, and Charles. One of his daughters was\nmarried to the dauphin, and the other, named Yolande, was but two years\nold. By his death, the dauphin lost an able counsellor and friend; the\nmore to be lamented, as the greatest confusion now reigned in many\nparts of France, and justice was trampled under foot.\nThe foreigners also that were attached to the party of the duke of\nBurgundy, such as Gastellimas Quigny, and others before named, robbed\nand plundered all the countries they marched through, and every person,\nnoble or not, even such as were of the same party as themselves.\nInfinite mischiefs were done by them to poor countrymen, who were\ngrievously oppressed.\nThese foreign companies bent their march toward the Boulonois,\nintending to treat it as they had done to other districts; but some of\nthe inhabitants assembled during the night, under the command of Butor,\nbastard of Croy, and made an attack on the quarters of the lieutenant\nof John de Clau, named Laurens Rose, whom they put to death, with\nseveral of his men: the rest were robbed of all they had.\nIn revenge for this insult, the bastard de Thian, one of the captains\nof these companies, seized a very proper gentleman, called Gadifer de\nCollehaut whom he hanged on a tree. However, these strangers, seeing\nthey were likely to be strongly opposed, speedily retreated from the\nBoulonois, and, shortly after took the town and castle of Davencourt\nbelonging to the heirs of the lord de Hangest. When they had rifled\nit of its furniture, they set it on fire, so that it was totally\ndestroyed, and thence marched to lay siege to Neuf-Ch\u00e2tel sur Eusne.\nSir Raymonnet de la Guerre, and sir Thomas de Lersies bailiff of\nthe Vermandois, collected a considerable force in the king's name\nto raise the siege, and to overpower these foreigners; but as their\nintentions were known the besiegers marched to meet them, and in the\nend completely put them to the rout, taking and killing full eight\nscore: the remainder, with Raymonnet and sir Thomas de Lersies, saved\nthemselves by flight, and took refuge in such of the strong towns\nbelonging to the king as they could first gain.\nAfter this defeat, those of Neuf-Ch\u00e2tel surrendered the town, which the\nforeigners having plundered it of its valuables, set on fire, and then\ndeparted for the Cambresis, where they did infinite mischiefs.\nAt this same period, but in another part of the kingdom John de\nFosseux, Daviod de Poix, Ferry de Mailly, sir Louis de Thiembronne,\nLouis de Varigines, Guerrard bastard de Brimeu, and some other captains\nof companies attached to the duke of Burgundy, crossed the Somme near\nto Blanchetaque, with full twelve hundred combatants, and, passing\nthrough Oisemont, went to Aumale, belonging to the count de Harcourt.\nThey quartered themselves in the town, and then made a sharp assault on\nthe castle; but it was so well defended by the garrison that very many\nof the assailants were dreadfully wounded. When they were retreating,\nand during the night, they, through mischief or otherwise, set fire to\nthe town, which, with the church, was completely burnt. It was a great\npity, for it was a town that carried on a very considerable commerce.\nJohn de Fosseux and his accomplices then marched away to quarter\nthemselves in the town of Hornoy, and in the adjacent villages in the\ncounty of Vimeu, which district they totally plundered; and after three\ndays, they conducted their prisoners, with the cattle, sheep and pigs,\nacross the Somme, at the place where they had before passed.\nIn like manner, similar excursions were made into the countries of the\nBeauvoisis, Vermandois, Santerre, Amiennois, and other districts under\nthe king's government,--in all of which the inhabitants were grievously\noppressed.\nCHAP. LIV.\n THE KING'S GARRISON IN PERONNE CARRIES ON A SEVERE WAR AGAINST THE\n COUNTRIES ATTACHED TO THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.\nDuring these times, the town of Peronne situated on the river Somme,\nwas strongly garrisoned by forces sent thither by the constable of\nFrance, in the king's name under the command of sir Robert de Loyre.\nThey consisted of one hundred men at arms well appointed, one hundred\ngenoese cross-bowmen, and the same number of other combatants; and\nthey made very frequent excursions, day and night, over the countries\nattached to the duke of Burgundy and his allies, bringing to their\ngarrison considerable plunder of cattle and other effects.\nIn like manner did the garrison of the castle du Main, belonging to sir\nCollart de Calville, make war in the king's name on all the allies and\nsupporters of the duke of Burgundy.\nThe towns of Corbie and Amiens, suffered much from these continued\nattacks; and the inhabitants of the latter town, by the command of the\nduke of Burgundy, was forced to banish sir Robert d'Eusne the king's\nbailiff, Hugh de Puys the king's advocate, and some others, because\nthey had acted with too much vigour, and contrary to his good pleasure,\nagainst several of his adherents. He had even declared, that he would\nmake war on them if they pretended to support them against his will.\nThey consequently left the town and went to Paris, where they made\nheavy complaints against the duke to the king and council, who were\nvery far from being satisfied with the conduct of the duke, who was\nurging on matters from bad to worse.\nCHAP. LV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS AMBASSADORS TO MANY OF THE KING'S PRINCIPAL\n TOWNS, TO FORM ALLIANCES WITH THEM.--THE OATHS THAT WERE MADE ON THE\n OCCASION.\nThe duke of Burgundy sent the lords de Fosseux, de Humbercourt, and\nmaster Philip de Morviller, as ambassadors, to several of the king's\nprincipal towns, with letters patent from the duke, addressed to the\nmagistrates and commonalty.\nThey first went to Montrieul, which instantly assented to his\nproposals, then to St Riquier, Abbeville, Amiens and Dourlens; and at\neach place they had their letters publicly read to the commonalty;\nafter which master Philip de Morviller notably harangued them on the\ngood intentions of the duke to provide for the public welfare, and\nwith such effect that all the above towns formed alliances with the\nambassadors, which they solemnly swore to maintain, and mutually\nexchanged the acts drawn up for this purpose.\nThe tenour of that of the town of Dourlens was as follows.\n'To all those to whom these presents shall come; John de Fosseux\nlord de Fosseux and de Nivelle, David de Brimeu lord of Humbercourt,\nknights, and Philip de Morviller, councellors and ambassadors from\nthe very high and puissant prince our much redoubted lord the duke\nof Burgundy, on the one part, and the governor, mayor, sheriffs, and\nresident burghers of the town of Dourlens on the other part, greeting.\nWe make known, that we have entered into and formed a treaty of concord\nand amity, the terms of which are as follow.\n'First, the said governor, mayor, sheriffs, and resident burghers, will\naid and support the said duke of Burgundy in his endeavours to restore\nthe king our lord to the full enjoyment of his power and liberty,\nso that his realm may have uninterrupted justice, and commerce an\nunrestrained course.\n'Item, they will assist the said duke to the utmost of their power,\nthat the king and his realm may be wisely and well governed and\nsecured against all enemies. They will admit him and his army into\ntheir town, allowing him to have a superiority of force, and they\nwill, for money, supply him and his men with whatever provisions or\nnecessaries they may require, they taking on themselves the guard and\ndefence of the town, and permitting all merchants, as well of the\ntown as otherwise, to bring into it, without molestation, whatever\nmerchandises they may please.\n'Item, during the time the said duke shall remain in possession of the\ntown of Dourlens, he shall not arrest, or cause to be arrested, any\nof the inhabitants, of whatever rank or condition, without a judicial\nenquiry having previously been held; and should any of the officers\nof the said duke commit an injury or insult on the inhabitants, he or\nthey shall be severely punished by those to whom the cognizance of such\ncases belongs.\n'Item, the townsmen of Dourlens, of every degree, shall have free\nliberty to repair to the countries of the said duke on their affairs,\nwithout let or hindrance, either personally or otherwise.\n'Item, my lord the duke will support and defend the townsmen of\nDourlens against all who may attempt to injure them, for having entered\ninto this treaty in favour of the king and our aforesaid lord.\n'Item, it is not the intention of our said lord the duke to place any\ngarrison in Dourlens, nor to claim any right of dominion over the said\ntown; but he is contented that the town shall be governed in the king's\nname, as it has heretofore been, to the honour of the said town, and to\nthe advantage of the public weal.\n'The said town engages, on the other hand, never to admit any garrison\nfrom the party in opposition to the said duke.\n'Item, should there be any persons in the said town of Dourlens who may\nany way injure and attempt to retard the operations of the said duke,\nby speech or action, and the same be proved by legal evidence they\nwill cause such person or persons to be most rigorously punished as it\nbehoves them to do.\n'Item, since the said town has been of late heavily oppressed in its\nagriculture, more especially in the harvest of this present month of\nAugust; and since many cattle have been carried away by men at arms\navowing themselves of the Burgundian party, by which the labourer\nand poor people are much distressed, and unless a remedy be speedily\napplied, must quit their habitations. We, therefore, the inhabitants\nof Dourlens, most humbly supplicate you, my lords ambassadors, that\nyou would, out of your goodness and discretion, remonstrate with the\nduke on these matters, that such remedies may be applied as the urgency\nof the case requires, and the people of Dourlens will pray for your\npresent and future welfare.\n'Item, for the more effectual security of the aforesaid articles, and\nof each of them, the said ambassadors and the said governor, sheriffs,\nand resident burghers of the town of Dourlens having exchanged the said\narticles, sealed with their seals, and signed by the sworn clerk of the\nshrievalty of the said town.\n'We the said ambassadors, by the powers vested in us by our very\nredoubted lord, and we the governor, mayor, &c. have promised, sworn\nand agreed, and by these presents do punctually promise, swear and\nagree, to preserve every article of this treaty, without any way the\nleast infringing of it, under penalty of confiscation of our goods,\nwithout the smallest diminution. In testimony of which, we have affixed\nour seals to these presents, in the town of Dourlens, the 7th day of\nAugust, in the year of Grace 1417.'\nCHAP. LVI.\n KING HENRY OF ENGLAND RETURNS TO FRANCE WITH A LARGE ARMY, AND TAKES\n MANY TOWNS AND FORTRESSES. THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE, WHERE POPE MARTIN\n IS ELECTED HEAD OF THE CHURCH.\nKing Henry of England, accompanied by his brothers the dukes of\nClarence and Glocester, a number of other nobles, and a numerous army,\nlanded at the Port of Touques in Normandy, with the intent to conquer\nthe whole of that duchy. The royal castle at Touques was speedily\ninvested on all sides, which caused the governor, sir John d'Engennes,\nto surrender it within four days, on condition that he and the garrison\nshould depart with their effects.\nWithin a short time afterward, the following towns and castles\nsurrendered to king Henry without making any resistance: Harcourt,\nBeaumont le Roger, Evreux, and several others, in which he placed\nnumerous garrisons. He then opened negotiations for the surrender of\nthe towns of Rouen and Louviers.\nThe other towns in the duchy were astonished at the facility of king\nHenry's conquests, for scarcely any place made a defence. This was\ncaused by the divisions that existed among the nobles, some taking part\nwith the king and others with the duke of Burgundy, and therefore they\nwere fearful of trusting each other. The constable had besides drawn\noff the greater part of the forces in this district to Paris, to be\nprepared to meet the duke of Burgundy, whom he daily expected in those\nparts with a large army.\nAt this period, by orders from the holy council at Constance, Italy,\nFrance, England and Germany, selected four discreet men from each\nnation, who entered the conclave with the cardinals of the roman court,\nto elect a pope, on the eve of Martinmas-day. During the time they were\nshut up in conclave, Sigismund emperor of Germany, and king of Hungary\nand Bohemia, was seated on his royal throne without the doors of the\nconclave, having on his head an imperial crown, and in his hand the\nsceptre, surrounded by a numerous body of princes, knights, and men at\narms.\nBy the grace of the Holy Spirit (it is to be believed), they\nunanimously elected for pope the cardinal Colonna, a native of Rome. He\nbore for arms a shield vermilion, having a column argent in the center\nsurmounted with a crown or. He was conducted to the cathedral church,\nand consecrated by the cardinal of Ostia, dean of the cardinals, and\ntook the name of Martin V.\nThis nomination was instantly published throughout all nations, for\nwhich the clergy and people returned thanks to God, with the exception\nof the city of Paris; for they were afraid this new pope and the\nemperor of Germany would be more favourable to the king of England and\nthe duke of Burgundy than to the king of France, his son, the count\nd'Armagnac and others of the king's council.\nCHAP. LVII.\n THE LORD DE CANNY IS SENT BY THE KING OF FRANCE AMBASSADOR TO THE DUKE\n OF BURGUNDY, WHOM HE FINDS AT AMIENS.--THE ANSWER HE RECEIVES FROM THE\n DUKE.\nThe duke of Burgundy had been a long time in making his preparations\nfor a successful issue to his enterprise; and when all things were\nready, he marched his army from Arras on St Laurence's day, toward\nCorbie, with the intent to continue his march to Paris.\nOn the same evening that he arrived at Corbie, Raoul de Roye, abbot of\nthe place, departed this life, to the great sorrow of the duke. After\nremaining some days at Corbie, he went to Amiens, where he was most\nhonourably received by all ranks, and carols were sung in the streets\nhe passed through to his lodgings, at the house of master Robert le\njeune, his counsellor.\nBefore he left Amiens, he appointed a new set of officers, namely,\nthe lord de Belloy governor, the lord de Humbercourt bailiff, Andrew\nClavel attorney general; and he changed others according to his good\npleasure. During his stay at Amiens, letters were presented to him,\nsigned by the king himself, by sir Aubert lord of Canny and Varennes,\nwho said, 'Very noble prince, and renowned lord, it will appear by\nthese letters from the king our lord that I am commanded to enjoin and\norder you in his name, that you do instantly lay aside the expedition\nyou have undertaken, by disbanding your army, that you return to your\nown country, and that you write him your reasons why you have raised\nthis army contrary to his orders.'\nThe duke instantly replied, 'You, lord de Canny, are, if you please,\nor if you do not please, of our kindred, by the flanders line;\nnotwithstanding which, in good truth, I have a great mind to have\nyour head struck off for having brought me such a message.' The lord\nde Canny, greatly terrified at this speech, fell on his knees, and\nhumbly begged that he would hold him excused, for that he had been\nconstrained to obey the king's commands, shewing, at the same time, the\ninstructions that had been given him by the king and council.\nThe knights who surrounded the duke taking the part of the lord de\nCanny, he was somewhat appeased, but said he would not inform him of\nhis intentions, and that another should carry his answer to the king;\nthat he should not pay any regard to the prohibitions the king had\nsent, but would march his army to Paris as speedily as he could, and\nreply, face to face, to his majesty, to all the charges he had made\nagainst him.\nThe duke, notwithstanding, ordered his council to draw up separate\nanswers to the articles of the instructions given to the lord de\nCanny, as well as to the different charges made by the king which he\ngave to the lord de Canny, making him at the same time promise that\nhe would deliver this writing into the hands of the king and of none\nother. It contained also the names of the traitors in the king's\ncouncil, and such of his officers as wished the destruction of the duke.\nThe lord de Canny, having finished his business, left Amiens and\nreturned to the king at Paris.\nHere follow the instructions given to sir Aubert de Canny lord de\nVarennes in the name of the king and council, prescribing his mode of\nproceeding with the duke of Burgundy.\n'He will first address the duke of Burgundy, and say that the king\nand my lord the dauphin are greatly astonished at his conduct towards\nthe king and his highness, considering how near related to them he is\nby blood, and under what obligations he lies to them, as he has often\navowed by his speeches, and by his various letters.\n'He will strongly remonstrate with him on the open warfare which his\nvassals, subjects and allies are carrying on against the king, by\ntaking towns and castles by storm, and committing numberless cruelties\nby fire and sword against the liege subjects of the king, as bad or\neven worse than his enemies the English could have done.\n'He will remonstrate with him, that his officers, and others attached\nto him, make the inhabitants of many of the king's towns swear\nobedience to the duke of Burgundy, forbidding them henceforward to\npay any taxes or subsidies which they have usually done to the royal\ntreasury, which is an astonishing act of authority against the honour\nand dignity of the king.\n'He will likewise declare, that the above acts having been done so\nnearly at the time of the invasion of the English, it has caused many\npersons to suspect they were committed for their advantage, and to\nprevent the king from making resistance against them, and that the duke\nof Burgundy is their sworn ally.\n'The lord de Canny, for these reasons, will, in the king's name, insist\nthat the duke of Burgundy do henceforth abstain from such acts, more\nespecially from attacking any of the towns in France, laying siege to\nthem, and forcing the inhabitants to take illegal oaths.\n'He will at the same time require, that all the men at arms who have\nbeen assembled shall be disbanded, and sent to their different homes;\nfor, considering the manner and time in which they have been collected,\nthe king is firmly persuaded they have been thus raised to afford\nsuccour to the English, and to harrass the king and his realm.\n'Item, to induce the duke to comply, sir Aubert, will dilate on the\ngreat dishonour he will incur, and the shame and reproach that will\nfall on him and his family, should he persevere in his present conduct;\nand at the same time gently entreat him to consider well these matters,\nand not to inflict such disgrace on the memory of his good father, who\nwas so valiant and loyal, and who enjoined him, on his death-bed, to be\never obedient to the king and to his commands.\n'Item, sir Aubert will, in like manner, remonstrate on all these\nmatters with the barons, knights, esquires, and others who may have\naccompanied the duke of Burgundy, and to whom he may gain access,\nrequiring them, in the king's name, not to fall off from that loyalty\nwhich they and their predecessors have alway shewn to the king and his\nrealm, nor to disgrace themselves by listening to evil advisers, or by\nany act to draw on themselves and successors the opprobrium of being\nreported in times to come not only disobedient to their king, but even\nfavourers of the enemies of the kingdom.\n'Item, in the execution of these instructions, sir Aubert will act in\nthe most gracious and polite manner,--and, before his return to Paris,\nwill request to have answers in writing from all to whom he shall have\naddressed himself.\n'Item, should the duke of Burgundy, or any of his partisans, say, that\nthose who have at present the government of the king have showered on\nhim, the duke, so many and gross insults that they were not longer to\nbe borne,--sir Aubert will reply, that supposing any of those about\nthe king's person should have done any thing displeasing to the duke,\nthat is not a sufficient reason why he should endeavour to destroy\nthe kingdom, as he is daily doing, nor why he should favour and give\nsupport to the English, the king's enemies, at the expense of his own\nhonour and that of his posterity; for he might have expressed his\ndissatisfaction in a more decent and becoming manner.\n'Item, sir Aubert will beside say, that in compliance with the requests\nof the late lord of Hainault, whose soul may God pardon! and from a\nsincere wish for peace with the duke of Burgundy and all others, the\nking had granted many considerable gifts, which ought to have been very\nagreeable to the duke for they were much to his profit, and to that of\nhis dependants. Nevertheless, the king's hand is not so closed but that\nhe is well inclined to show great courtesy and favours to the duke of\nBurgundy, and all others in his service, should there be occasion, and\nshould they perform that duty they are bounden to do.\n'Item, should it be necessary, sir Aubert shall have given to him\ncopies in writing of the answers which the king made to the complaints\nof the duke of Burgundy, and of the acts that he said had been done to\nhis prejudice, for him to show such answers to the barons, knights,\nesquires, and others of the nobility who may be attached to, or in the\nservice of the duke of Burgundy.\n'Given at Paris, the 2nd day of August, in the year of Grace 1417.'\n'Signed by the king: countersigned, Ferrement.'\nHere follows a copy of the answers which the duke of Burgundy made to\nthe articles of the instructions in the name of the king, and given to\nsir Aubert de Canny, lord de Varennes.\n'In the first place, with regard to the astonishment of the king at the\nconduct which the duke of Burgundy holds in opposition to his majesty,\nconsidering how nearly related he is to him by blood, and how very much\nhe has been obliged to him,--the duke replies, that he is in truth his\nrelation and vassal, and bound to serve him before all and against all;\nand it is from his warm affection and attachment that he is so anxious\nand pressing to procure a reform in the government of the realm, as\nwell in regard to what personally concerns the king, the queen, and his\nchildren, as in the repairs of his palaces the maintenance of strict\njustice, and a more equitable management of the public finances, as may\nbe clearly proved by various royal ordinances.\n'These reforms have been solemnly sworn to be pursued by the\nperseverance of the duke of Burgundy, in the presence of the king\nholding a bed of justice; but, through the intrigues of those who now\nsurround the throne, and who shall hereafter be named, these measures\nhave not only been interrupted, and then laid aside, but the finances\nof the king, his realm, and in general of all the resident subjects in\nthe kingdom, have been most shamefully dissipated.\n'They have even attempted to destroy, in body and estate, the duke of\nBurgundy, his wellwishers, and such of them as they could apprehend;\nand have employed the arms of the spiritual court against them, to\neffect the dishonour and damnation of his fair reputation, and of the\nrenown of himself, and posterity; but the duke of Burgundy did obtain\nfrom the council of Constance a sentence in his favour, which clearly\ndemonstrates the upright conduct of the duke, and the wickedness and\nhatred of his enemies.\n'Item, with respect to what concerns the subjects of Burgundy, and\nothers who avow their attachment to the duke, making open war on the\nking's towns and subjects, &c.--the duke of Burgundy replies, that\nwhen he perceived those about the king's person were persevering in\ntheir rigorous acts, and that they were unwilling to listen to any\nwholesome reforms for the welfare of the state, and that insult was\nadded to insult upon him, by every violent means, the duke of Burgundy\nfound himself obliged to send notice, by letters patent of these\nharsh proceedings, to many of the principal towns within the realm,\nsignifying, at the same time, his good intentions, and the means he\nproposed to remedy them; and it was for this purpose he issued his\nsummonses for assembling men at arms and archers.\n'Thanks to God, he had now under his command, for the service of the\nking and the welfare of the kingdom, six thousand knights and esquires,\nand an army of thirty thousand combatants, all wellwishers to his\nmajesty, his realm, and loyal subjects.\n'During the march of this army, the duke approached several large\ntowns, the inhabitants of which, knowing his good intentions,\nopened their gates to him. This army has forced many places, full\nof plunderers, to surrender to him in the king's name, and he has\nregarrisoned them with good and loyal subjects to the king, who are\nincapable of committing any thing dishonourable to his majesty,\nthemselves, or their country; and this has been done with the full\napprobation of these towns and the adjoining countries.\n'Item, respecting the charge that has been made against the officers\nof the duke of Burgundy, for having induced several towns to swear\nobedience to him, and having afterward forbidden them to pay any taxes\nto the king, &c, the duke of Burgundy replies, that if he has received\nthe oaths of allegiance from any city or town, it has been done that\nthey might persevere in their loyalty toward the king, and for the\ngood of his realm, to the confusion and disgrace of those who prevent\na peace being made, and who are the destroyers of the kingdom. Such as\nmay have joined the duke of Burgundy, and are obedient to him, have\nbeen induced so to do from a knowledge of his upright intentions, and a\nconfidence that his love for the king and kingdom exceeds that of all\nothers.\n'It is not true, under respect to the king, that such towns have been\nforbidden to pay any of the taxes due to the crown; but it may have\nbeen that they were ordered not to pay them to those false traitors the\npresent ministers, but to reserve them to be employed for the king's\nservice at proper times and places,--and this should be considered\nas praise-worthy; for of all the immense sums they have received,\nthe greater part have been shamefully mismanaged, and taken from the\nking to be divided among themselves and the enemies of France, to the\nirreparable loss of the king, his realm and chivalry, as is well known\nto all the world. The duke, however intends, when he shall be admitted\nto the presence of the king, to propose the abolishing of the most\noppressive taxes, and that the good subjects of the realm may again\nenjoy their ancient rights and privileges in a reasonable manner.\n'Item, in regard to the charge made against the duke of Burgundy, that\nhis conduct has been influenced by his friendship for England, and that\nwhat he has done has been with a view to support the English in their\ninvasion of France, and that the duke of Burgundy is their sworn ally,--\n'The duke replies, that such an imagination could not have been formed\nin the heart of any honest man. The English have formerly invaded\nFrance without opposition, (although the same traitorous ministers\ngoverned the king and his realm), and to the great loss of the french\nchivalry. It is therefore to be supposed that since the English gained\nsuch success from the weak administration of his majesty's ministers,\nthey intend to persevere in hopes of further advantages; and they have\neven taken the town of Harfleur, one of the strongest sea-ports in\nNormandy.\n'This ought to be treasured up in the memories of all the noble\nchivalry attached to the duke of Burgundy, whom these wicked traitors\nwish to denounce as being disinclined to make any resistance to the\nEnglish; and, with all due respect to the king, those who shall say\nthat the duke of Burgundy is the sworn ally of the English, lie\nwickedly and damnably.\n'Item, respecting the request made to the duke of Burgundy, that he\nwould disband and send to their homes the troops he has assembled,\nthe duke replies, that now the false and disloyal conduct of these\ntraitors is very apparent, for every one knows that they have not\nraised any powers to oppose the English; and that it is at this moment\nmore necessary than ever to have a sufficient force for the defence\nof the king and kingdom, especially such faithful and loyal knights\nand esquires as compose the duke's army, instead of disbanding and\ndismissing them to their homes; and it is clear that the conduct of\nthe ministry tends more to favour the enemy, and oppress the king\nand country. Those noble men who compose the duke's army should\nparticularly observe, that these traitors consider them as disloyal to\ntheir king, and enemies to their country. The duke also declares, in\nthe most positive manner, for himself and his companions, that he will\nnot disband his army, but will continue to proceed according to the\ntenour of his public letters declaratory thereof.\n'Item, with regard to the dishonour and disgrace in which he, the duke\nof Burgundy, will involve himself and family should he persevere in his\npresent line of conduct, and, according to the remonstrances of sir\nAubert de Canny, cover thereby his worthy and valiant father's memory\nwith infamy, who, on his death-bed, strictly enjoined him to be ever\nobedient to the king and to his commands,--\n'The duke replies, that his father, of worthy memory, whose soul\nmay God pardon! was, as it is truly said, ever loyal and faithful\nto the king; and it was from his knowledge of the weak and wicked\ngovernment of France at the time of his decease, that he ordered his\nson faithfully to serve the king and crown of France without sparing\nhis person or fortune; and it has been for this reason that the duke of\nBurgundy has adopted the present measures, as the sole means for the\nreformation and reparation of the king's government. These measures\nhave not been adopted by him of a sudden, but deliberately, and after\nmaturely weighing the consequences with his council; and should he now\nchange his conduct, he would be very justly blamed and reproached,--for\nthis reason, therefore, he is resolved to proceed therein.\n'Item, with respect to sir Aubert de Canny remonstrating with the\nlords, barons, knights and esquires attached to the duke of Burgundy,\non the above matters,--the duke replies, that the conduct he has\nhitherto held and proposes to pursue, with God's pleasure, has been\nwith the advice and approbation of his barons, knights, esquires, and\nother notable persons, and he therefore shall give full liberty for\nany such remonstrances to be made to them; for the more they shall\nbe conversed with on these matters, the more fully will they be made\nacquainted with the iniquities of those who prevent a peace, and\ndisturb the good intentions of the duke of Burgundy.\n'Item in regard to the polite and gracious manner in which sir Aubert\nde Canny is ordered to make these remonstrances, and to declare the\nking's prohibitions to him and to his company, &c.--\n'The duke replies, that not having any consciousness that such commands\nand prohibitions were proper to be made him, knowing for a certainty\nthat they are not the real sentiments of the king, who on the contrary\nloves him affectionately, and is very earnest to see him, having\noften demanded his presence, he is aware that these false and wicked\ntraitors have drawn up these instructions in an underhand manner, and\nthat at this moment, when the enemy have landed in the kingdom, it is\nnot a time to obey such orders and prohibitions; but this force, as\nwell as the aid of all loyal subjects, ought now to be exerted in the\ndefence of the country. Even supposing the enemies had not effected\ntheir invasion, the duke of Burgundy would not have suffered such false\ntraitors to hold the government of the kingdom.\n'Item, respecting what is said of the duke of Burgundy and of others\nin his company, that supposing those who have the management of the\nking should have done acts displeasing to them, and added insults to\ninsults, these were not sufficient reasons to authorise the duke to\nendeavour to destroy the kingdom, or to afford aid and advice to the\nEnglish,--the duke replies, that in addition to what he has before\nsaid, and other innumerable instances too long to relate, it is\nnotorious that the present ministers namely, sir Henry de Marle the\nbishop of Paris, sir Tanneguy du Ch\u00e2tel, sir Burel de Dammartin, master\nStephen de Mauregard, master Philip de Corbie, with several others,\nhave been the principal promoters, and leaders in those iniquitous\nmeasures, disturbers of the peace of the realm, and guilty of many\nother excesses and great crimes, as shall be detailed more at large\nhereafter.\n'The duke of Burgundy, therefore, has not assembled his forces to\ndestroy the kingdom, or to favour the English, but to drive the\npresent ministers from power, and from about the person of the king;\nand he will never desist from this praise-worthy intention so long\nas life may be granted him,--for they are not such persons as should\nhave authority, not being worthy by birth, knowledge, experience, or\nloyalty; and it is become a subject of contempt and laughter that\npersons of such low estate, and of so small a share of knowledge or\nexperience, should have intrusted to them the expulsion of the English.\n'The barons and principal persons of the realm should weigh this matter\nwell, and not suffer themselves to be thus supplanted by persons of no\nunderstanding or birth; for they have shewn themselves of weak capacity\nin daily committing acts of the utmost cruelty on the liege subjects of\nthe king, under pretence of maintaining justice and order.\n'Item, in respect to what relates to the king having (at the\nsolicitations of the count de Hainault, whose soul may God pardon!)\nfrom a love of peace, granted to the duke of Burgundy and those who had\nserved him, many handsome gifts, but which the duke made light of,--\n'The duke replies, that from his anxiety to preserve peace and union\nin France, which he has ever felt and feels from the bottom of his\nheart, he waited on my lord the dauphin lately deceased, and my\nlord of Hainault, to whose souls may God shew mercy! and after much\nconversation relative to a peace, the duke of Burgundy offered them\na schedule of his terms for the conclusion thereof, with all who may\nbe desirous of partaking of it, with the exception of king Louis of\nSicily, lately deceased, on account of disputes that existed between\nthem: with this proposal, the dauphin and the count de Hainault were\nperfectly satisfied. For the accomplishment of which, they were to meet\nat Compiegne, as every dispatch would be necessary, the sooner to put\nan end to the miseries of war. However, those traitors who surround the\nking, by their intrigues, protracted the business for three months, or\nthereabout, without coming to any final decision.\n'The count de Hainault at length went to Paris, and, by means of the\nqueen, procured from these traitors a sort of agreement to the offers\nof peace, with which he was satisfied; but during these negotiations,\nhe privately learnt, that it was intended to arrest him and the queen,\nand imprison them, that they might manage the dauphin as they should\nplease; and this information caused the count de Hainault to quit\nParis precipitately and return to Compiegne, where soon after the\ndauphin was carried off from this life in a most wicked and damnable\nmanner, which has been before related in different letters patent from\nthe duke of Burgundy.\n'After the dauphin's decease, the count de Hainault returned to his own\ncounty, whither was addressed the answer of the king's ministers to the\nproposals for peace, which much displeased him: he said, that since\nthe death of the dauphin, they had changed their minds, and totally\naltered and perverted what had before been agreed upon. This answer he\nsent to the duke of Burgundy, who, having maturely considered it with\nhis council, found it was highly derogatory to the honour and welfare\nof the king and his realm, as well as to himself the duke of Burgundy,\nand paid no regard to it. Instigated, however, by such conduct, he\ndispatched into several parts of the kingdom a manifesto, declaratory\nof the ruin of the country were the present ministers continued in\npower, and his firm resolution to do every thing to prevent it, by\ndriving them from about the person of the king.\n'This declaration he presented himself to the count de Hainault during\nhis last illness, who having heard the contents read, was very willing\nthat it should be published throughout his dominions, saying, that it\nwas well done of the duke of Burgundy; for the traitors that surrounded\nthe king were worse than imagination could form an idea of, making at\nthe same time an offer of his personal services, should God grant him\nthe grace to recover from his illness; and should sickness detain him,\nhe offered the duke the aid of his vassals, friends, wellwishers, and\nmoney. He then swore, by a round oath, that if he had not suddenly left\nParis, the traitors intended to have arrested the queen and himself, as\nis now notorious from their subsequent conduct to the queen; for they\nlaid hands on her, and took possession of every thing she possessed, to\nthe great disgrace of the king and of all his family.\n'It is likewise true, that when the duke of Burgundy was at Lagny, the\nduke of Brittany ran great risks at Paris, and was forced to depart\nthence because he was desirous of procuring a peace to France. The\ncount de Hainault also added, with a great oath, that were the English\nat one of the gates of Paris, and the duke of Burgundy at another,\nthey would permit the English to enter the city rather than the duke\nof Burgundy. All these things did the count de Hainault say in the\npresence of madame de Hainault, my lord de Charolois, my lord de St\nPol, the treasurer of Hainault, John the bastard, master Eustace de\nLactre, my lord de Champdivers, and several others.\n'It is very clear that the king's ministers have no inclination\nto promote the good of the realm; for they have lately caused the\ndeclaratory letters of the duke of Burgundy to be publicly burnt in the\ncourts of the palace at Paris, in which the duke offered peace to all\nwho were willing to accept of it from him, as has been before related.\nThis act is but a poor revenge on their part, and a pitiful weakness\nthus to burn a few skins of parchment.\n'Item, to conclude; that all persons may know the will and intention\nof the duke of Burgundy, he thus declares publicly that he shall\npersist in his present line of conduct until he shall have had a long\naudience of the king, to remonstrate with him on the enormous abuses\ncommitted by the present government, and to lay before him the means\nof reformation, which are such as must be satisfactory to his majesty,\nand to every honest man in the kingdom,--notwithstanding the duke had\noffered, by his declaratory letters, peace to all, but which the king's\nministers would not accept, and have persevered in their wickedness.\n'The duke of Burgundy, desirous of procuring peace to the kingdom,\nwhich is in so great want of it, is willing to lay aside all thoughts\nof revenge for the numerous insults offered him, and again proposes\npeace on the same terms on which he has before done.'\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had, as he thought, fully answered all the\ncharges made against him in the paper of instructions given by the\nking's order to the lord de Canny, a fair copy was written thereof, and\ndelivered to the lord de Canny, who took leave of the duke and returned\nto the king at Paris, carrying the above answers with him.\nCHAP. LVIII.\n THE LORD DE CANNY, ON HIS RETURN FROM HIS EMBASSY, TO PARIS, IS\n ACCUSED BY THE ROYAL COUNCIL.--ORDERS ARE ISSUED AGAINST THE DUKE OF\n BURGUNDY.\nPreviously to the return of the lord de Canny to Paris, his secretary\nhad given copies of the instructions, and the duke of Burgundy's\nanswer, to many of his friends, insomuch that they made them public\nlong before they were laid before the king and his ministers. In\nconsequence, when the lord de Canny had an audience, to make his\nreport of the embassy, he was told in full council, 'Lord de Canny,\nyou have shewn yourself very unworthy of the king's confidence, by\nthus distributing copies of the king's instructions, and the duke\nof Burgundy's answer, of which this is one of them, that you have\ndispersed at Amiens, Paris and elsewhere, among your friends and\nacquaintance, with no good intent toward the king's service.'\nThe copy was compared with the original, signed by the duke's own\nhand, and found perfectly similar, to the great confusion of the lord\nde Canny, who, in excuse, said they must have been distributed by his\nsecretary, who had fled from his service.\nThe lord de Canny was, notwithstanding, carried prisoner to the\nbastille of St Anthony, where he was confined a long space of time,\neven until the taking of Paris; for the ministers were very much\ndispleased that the duke of Burgundy's answers should have been made\npublic in so many places; and whatever they may have affected, they\nwere greatly alarmed at the duke's power, for they had been informed\nthat the greater part of the principal towns, and the commonalty\nthroughout the kingdom, were favourable to him, as well as many of the\nprincipal lords and gentlemen.\nWhen they found, from the duke's answers, that he was determined to\npersevere in his enterprise of marching his army to Paris, to demand\nan audience of the king, they were more uneasy at their situation than\nbefore; for they knew they would be driven from their places, and many\nof them, criminally punished, should he succeed in his object.\nTo obviate this as much as in them lay, they caused letters to be\nwritten in the king's name, and sent to all the chief towns in France,\nto command them neither to admit within their walls the duke of\nBurgundy or any of his partisans, nor to pay any obedience to them.\nThey also placed garrisons at all the passes and other important\nplaces; and the constable even remanded his men from Normandy for the\ngreater security of Paris.\nThus whilst the king of England was making good his landing in France\nwith an immense army, as has been said, he found no difficulties\nin adding to his conquests,--and, from the effect of these internal\ndivisions, he met with scarcely any resistance.\nCHAP. LIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY CONTINUES HIS MARCH TOWARD PARIS.--SEVERAL TOWNS\n AND FORTS SURRENDER TO HIM, IN WHICH HE PLACES CAPTAINS AND GOVERNORS.\nAfter the duke of Burgundy had remained some days in Amiens, and had\ndelegated the government of his dominions in Picardy to his eldest son\nthe count de Charolois, with an able council to assist him, he departed\nthence and returned to Corbie, and continued his march to Mondidier.\nDuring this time, the lady of the castle of Mouy promised that she\nwould no longer permit her people to make inroads on the territories\nof the duke. He was accompanied to Mondidier by the young count de St\nPol, sir John de Luxembourg, and many other great barons, such as the\nlord de Fosseux and his three brothers, sir Philip, sir James, and sir\nJohn, sir Jennet de Poix, Hector, Philippe, and le bon de Saveuses,\nthe lord de Rambures, sir Burnel, and Louis de Varigines, and others.\nHe went from Mondidier to Beauvais,--in which place he was received on\ncertain assurances in the name of the duke of Burgundy, in like manner\nas had been done at Amiens.\nTo this town the lord de Fosseux had previously marched, and caused\nthe mayor, sheriffs, and commonalty to be harangued by master Robert\nle jeune, advocate and councellor to the duke of Burgundy, on the\nsincere and loyal affection the duke bore to the king and realm, as\nwell as to the whole royal family. He explained the object of the\nduke's enterprise as being to reform the abuses in the goverment of the\nkingdom, which had been caused by those persons of low degree and weak\nunderstandings, that had usurped the management of the king and his\ncouncil.\nThe townsmen of Beauvais were well satisfied with this harangue, and\nfinally consented to admit the duke, and as large a force as he should\nplease, into their town. The duke, in consequence, marched thither from\nMondidier, and was most joyfully received, carols being sung in all the\nstreets through which he passed. He was lodged at the bishop's palace,\nand tarried there eight whole days,--while his army was quartered in\nthe adjacent country, which suffered severely therefrom, although it\nwas abundantly supplied with every necessary.\nDuring his stay at Beauvais, some of the inhabitants from Gournay in\nNormandy were deputed thither by the governor and commonalty, to submit\nthemselves to his obedience, and to offer attachment to his party. The\nduke received them kindly, and made them swear obedience and loyalty to\nthe king and himself, which they instantly complied with.\nHe acquitted them of gabelles, subsidies, and all taxes, as he had done\nto those of others of the king's towns that had submitted themselves to\nhim.\nIn the mean time, Hector and Philip de Saveuses, sir Elyon de\nJacqueville, and some other captains made an excursion to Beaumont sur\nOise, in the hope of gaining that pass; but it was well defended by the\nconstable's men within the place, and they were forced to return by the\ntown of Chambly le Haubergier, where they pillaged from churches and\nother places, and brought a very considerable booty to the duke their\nlord at Beauvais, who, a few days after, sent great part of his army to\nquarter themselves at Chambly and in the neighbouring villages.\nShortly after, the duke departed from Beauvais with the remainder\nof his army,--the whole of which was so considerable that it was\nestimated, by those who ought to know, at sixty thousand horse.\nBy the intrigues and solicitations of a gentleman called Charles de\nMouy, the lord of Isle-Adam joined the party of the duke of Burgundy,\nand delivered up his town and pass to John de Fosseux, Hector and\nPhilip de Saveuses, who placed therein, as a garrison, a sufficient\nnumber of their men at arms. When the duke was informed of this, he was\nvery much rejoiced that the lord de l'Isle Adam had joined him, and\ndelivered up the passage through his town.\nOn the other hand, John de Luxembourg crossed the river Oise, with a\nnumber of men at arms which he had at Presy, in small boats, making\ntheir horses swim the river; and he quartered them at a village hard\nby. The morrow, he led the greater part of them to Senlis, of which\ntown sir Robert d'Esne was bailiff for the king, having under him about\nsixty combatants. He made a sally with his men on foot against those of\nJohn of Luxembourg, and a grand skirmish took place.\nHowever, the majority of the commonalty of the town were not well\npleased that sir Robert should thus wage war on the friends of the\nduke of Burgundy: and on the ensuing night, when John of Luxembourg\nhad retreated, the townsmen rose, seized sir Robert d'Esne and all his\nmen, after eight or ten had been killed, and carried him to prison;\nbut through the interference of some of the principal inhabitants, he\nwas permitted to leave the town, with his men and baggage,--and he went\nthence to Mont-Epiloy.\nThe next day those of Senlis sent very early for John of Luxembourg,\nbefore whom they swore obedience to the duke of Burgundy. He received\ntheir oaths in the names of the king and duke, promising loyalty and\ngood behaviour, and appointed Troullart de Moncruel bailiff of Senlis,\nwith other officers according to his pleasure. When this was done, John\nof Luxembourg returned to the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. LX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY CROSSES THE RIVER OISE WITH HIS ARMY AT\n L'ISLE-ADAM.--HE BESIEGES AND CONQUERS BEAUMONT AND PONTOISE,--WHENCE\n HE REMOVES HIS QUARTERS TO L'ARBRE-SEC.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had repaired the bridge at l'Isle-Adam, the\ngreater part of his army passed over under the command of the lords de\nFosseux, de Vergy, and de Salnoe, and were lodged in the open fields,\nand under hedges and bushes, within the distance of a league from where\nthey had crossed the river. On the morrow they decamped, and marched\nin battle-array to Beaumont-sur-Oise, and quartered themselves in the\ntown, and around the castle, in spite of the resistance made by those\nwithin it.\nSir Jennet de Poix, with four hundred combatants under his banner,\nadvanced to a village a league further, and on the road toward Paris,\nwhich he fortified, and kept possession of until the whole army was\ndislodged. The duke of Burgundy was encamped on the other side of the\nriver, and had his artillery pointed to batter the castle of Beaumont\nfrom across the Oise; and they kept up so brisk an attack that the\ncastle was damaged in several places.\nThe besieged, seeing they were in danger of being taken by storm,\nsurrendered to the will of the duke of Burgundy. Fifty two persons\nwere found in the castle, nine of whom were beheaded, and their bodies\nhung by the arms to trees: the rest or the greater part, were set at\nliberty on paying a heavy ransom; and the lord de Vergy, marshal of the\narmy, received, by right of his office, all the effects that were found\nin the castle.\nThe duke of Burgundy revictualled this castle, and gave the command\nof it to a burgundian gentleman called John de Torsenay. After this\nconquest, the duke ordered the van, which was on the opposite side of\nthe river, to advance toward Paris, and to quarter themselves at the\nabbey of Morbuisson, and other places near to the town of Pontoise,\nwhile the duke should encamp on the side toward Beauvais, and by this\nmeans the town would be surrounded on all sides. On their arrival, the\ngarrison made a sally, but were repulsed and driven back; and the duke\nsoon after had his artillery pointed against the gates of Pontoise,\nmaking other preparations to subdue them.\nWhen the townsmen noticed these things, they opened a parley, and,\nfive days after, surrendered the place to the duke, on condition that\ntheir lives and fortunes should be spared. They also promised not to\nbear arms against him until Christmas-day ensuing; but this they did\nnot keep, for on his arrival at Paris they continued their warfare\nagainst him as before.\nThere were within the town three captains having banners, namely, the\nbastard de S. Terre, Tromagon and Maurigon, natives of Gascony, who\nmarched away together under the passport of the duke, and, crossing\nthe bridge at Meulan, went to Paris. After their departure, the duke,\nwith a few attendants, entered the town to examine it, and was well\nreceived by several of the townsmen, who had been long attached to him.\nWhen there, he issued a proclamation throughout the army, forbidding\nall persons to enter the town but such as were especially ordered so\nto do. To prevent the provisions within the place from being wasted or\ndestroyed, he appointed, in the king's name, and in his own, the lord\nde l'Isle-Adam governor of it.\nWhen these things were done, the duke marched away, taking the road to\nMeulan, from which place terms were offered him; for the men at arms\nwho had been posted there by the constable had marched away, in company\nwith those from Pontoise to Paris.\nThe duke ordered his whole army to be drawn up in battle-array between\nPontoise and Meulan, that he might see it in order of battle, as\nif in the presence of the enemy. The spot where the soldiers were\ndrawn up was a handsome plain at the foot of a hill; and it was a\nvery agreeable sight to him, for there were a number of nobles and\ngentlemen handsomely equipped, and willing to serve him against all his\nopponents: the principal, and those of name, were as follows.\nFirst, count Philip de St Pol, son to duke Anthony of Brabant, and\nnephew to the duke of Burgundy, sir John de Luxembourg, the lord\nd'Antoing, the lord de Fosseux and his three brothers, the vidame of\nAmiens, Anthony lord of Croy, the lord d'Auxi, sir Jenet de Poix, the\nlord d'Inchy, the lord de Humieres, sir Robinet de Mailly and two\nof his brothers, the lord de Rambures, sir John de Vaucourt and his\nbrother Louis, the younger de Renty, the lord de Varigines, the lord\nde Cohem, sir Alliamus de Gappamus, sir Hue Burnel and his son sir\nLouis, Robert le Roux, Robert de Bournouville, sir Charles Disque, the\nlord de Fremeusent, the lord de Humbercourt bailiff of Amiens, sir\nCharles de Lens, the lord de Noyelle, the lord de Longueval, sir Payen\nde Beaufort, sir Pierre Kieret lord de Ramecourt, George la Personne,\nsir Hue de Launoy and his brother sir Guillebert, the lord de Briaut\u00e9,\nsir David de Brimeu and his brother James, the lord de Saint-Leger and\nhis son sir Mauroy, David de Bouflers, sir John de Courcelles, John\nde Flavy, sir Elyon de Jacqueville, the lord de Mesnil, Charlot de\nDully, the bastard de Namur, sir Gastellain Vas, John de Guigny, John\nd'Aubigny, the bastard de Thian, Charles l'Abby, Matthew des Pr\u00e8s, the\nlord de Jaucourt, Guerard bastard de Brimeu, Emard de la Riviere and\nhis father Philip, Gadifer de Mazinqhen and his brother Thierry.\nFrom the county of Flanders were the lord d'Estenu, the lord de\nComines, the lord de Gruthuse, the lord de Roubaiz, Robert and Victor,\nbastards of Flanders, sir Victor de Rabbecque, Robert de Mauvignes,\nHenry de Disquemude, sir Roland de Velereque, Hector de Venront, the\nbastard de Collequent, and several others.\nFrom Burgundy were the lord de Vergy marshal of Burgundy, sir Anthony\nde Vergy, Louis de Ch\u00e2lons son to the prince of Orange, the lord de\nSalines, sir John de la Trimouille lord de Souvelle, sir Regnier\nPot, the lord de Montagu, the lord de Neuf-Ch\u00e2tel, the lord de\nCh\u00e2teau-Vilain, the lord de Ch\u00e2teau-vieux, the lord de Rochefort, the\nlord de Thy, sir John de Cotte-brune, the lord d'Ancre, the lord de\nToulongeon, sir William de Champdivers, the lord de Gastellus, sir John\nde Digonne, sir Anthony de Toulongeon and his brother Andrew, le veau\nde Bar, bailiff of Auxi, Henry de Champdivers, sir Gautier de Rupes,\nAndrew de Salines, Regnault de Moncouvin, Anthony de la Marche, sir\nJames de Courtjambe lord of St Liebault, the lord de Rausse, Pierre de\nDigonne, sir Peter de Bauffremont, Emard de Viene, John and Clavin du\nClau, with many other noblemen from various countries, who, with their\nmen, were drawn up in most handsome array for two hours,--during which\ntime the duke of Burgundy, attended by some of his most confidential\nadvisers, rode along the ranks, bowing to each battalion as he passed,\nand thanking them most graciously for the honour and service they did\nhim. In truth, it was a pleasant spectacle to see so many nobles with\nthe flower of their men at arms thus handsomely drawn out.\nWhen the review was over, he marched his army across the Seine, at the\nbridge of Meulan; and then John de Fosseux and Hector de Saveuses,\nwith no more than two hundred combatants, advanced by Val-de-Galie to\na castle called Bayne, that belonged to the abbot of F\u00e9camp, who was\nwithin it. He made his peace with them by means of his relation Louis\nde Saint-Saulieu, who was with Hector; and it was agreed that a party\nof their men should remain in the castle, to guard it against others\nof the Burgundians,--and in consideration of a sum of money, they\ngave the abbot an agreement signed with their seals; but a few days\nafterward, by the consent of Hector de Saveuses, as reported, Philip de\nSaveuses, and others in his company carried off all the effects, and\ndid much damage to it.\nThe duke of Burgundy continued the march of his army until he came\nto Mont-Rouge: whence Paris could be plainly seen. He there encamped\nhimself and his army, and the number of tents was so great that they\nhad the appearance of a considerable town. The duke ordered sir John\nde Luxembourg to march his men to St Cloud, who, having quartered them\nnear to the bridge, made an attack on a small tower at the end of it,\nnear the town: it was soon taken and set on fire, as well as the mills\nunder the bridge, when some large bombards were pointed against the\ntower of St Cloud, which greatly damaged it in many places; but it was\nnot taken, for continual reinforcements came from Paris to defend it.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had remained for eight days on Mont-Rouge,\nhe decamped with his army, and advanced a league nearer to Paris, to\na hill whereon was a withered tree, on which he fixed his standard,\nand thence was this encampment called 'the camp of the withered tree.'\nHe remained here also for eight days; and as many of his men were\nquartered in the villages close to Paris, several skirmishes took place\nbetween them and the Parisians, although no great losses ensued on\neither side. The foragers from the duke's army scoured the country for\neight leagues round, and brought to the camp great booties of horses,\ncattle, sheep and pigs, to the ruin of the poor peasantry.\nCHAP. LXI.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY SENDS HIS HERALD TO THE KING OF FRANCE IN\n PARIS.--THE ANSWER HE RECEIVES.--THE SIEGE OF MONTLEHERY,--AND OTHER\n MATTERS.\nDuring the time when the duke of Burgundy was encamped at the withered\ntree on Mont-Chastillon, before Paris, he sent one of his heralds\ncalled Palis, who was afterward Flanders king at arms, with letters\nto the king and the dauphin of France. On his arrival at the gates of\nParis, he was led to the count d'Armagnac and the king's ministers, who\nbade him address the dauphin, and give to him his letters, for that\nhe could not be admitted to the presence of the king,--which he did,\nshortly detailing the object of his mission from the duke of Burgundy.\nThe dauphin, who had been well instructed what answer he was to make,\nreplied in a great rage, 'Herald, contrary to the will of my lord the\nking and of us, thy lord of Burgundy has already destroyed several\nparts of the kingdom, and, by his persevering in his conduct, he\nplainly shews that he is not our wellwisher as he signs himself. If\nhe be anxious that my lord and ourself should consider him as our\nrelative, loyal vassal and subject, let him march to combat and conquer\nthe king of England, the ancient enemy of this realm, and then return\nto the king, when he shall be well received. Let him no longer say that\nmy lord the king and ourself are kept in servitude at Paris, for we\nboth of us enjoy our full liberty and authority; and do thou be careful\nthat thou repeat what we have just said, aloud to the duke of Burgundy,\nand in the presence of his army.'\nAfter this speech, the herald returned to his lord, and repeated to him\nwhat the dauphin had said, which made no great impression on the duke,\nfor he considered it as the speech of those who governed the king.\nWhen the duke perceived that he could not gain admittance to Paris,\nand that his partisans in that city were unable to perform what they\nhad promised him, he decamped from Mont-Chastillon, with his whole\narmy, to lay siege to Montlehery. The inhabitants, knowing the power\nof the duke, and thinking they should not be supported, entered into\na treaty to surrender the castle, if within eight days they were not\nsuccoured by the king or the constable. They sent information of this\ntreaty to the constable, but it was of no avail, for no succours were\nsent,--and they delivered up the castle conformably to their agreement.\nIn like manner were reduced to the obedience of the duke of Burgundy\nthe castles of Marcoussy, Dourdan, Palaiseau, and some other forts in\nthe neighbourhood. During the siege of Montlehery, the duke detached a\npart of his army to the castle of Doursay, who lodged themselves in the\ntown, in front of the castle, and there pointed some cannons to batter\nthe walls and conquer it; but a large body of the constable's men\nattacked their quarters at break of day, and slew the greater part of\nthem. Those who escaped fled to the quarters of the duke of Burgundy,\ncrying, 'To arms! for that the enemy were marching in great force\nagainst them.'\nThe duke instantly drew up his army in battle-array on the plain, as\nif the enemy had been in sight. The leaders of the detachment sent to\nDoursay were the lord de Salines, the lord de Toulongeon, and some\nother captains from Burgundy; and at this surprise were made prisoners\nsir Geoffroy de Villers, a knight from the Rethelois, with fifty other\ngentlemen.\nWhile this was going forward, the duke dispatched sir Elyon de\nJacqueville John de Guigny, John du Clau, and other captains, with\nsixteen hundred combatants to Chartres,--which place with Estampes,\nGallardon, and other towns and forts, surrendered to the duke of\nBurgundy. Jacqueville remained governor of Chartres. In like manner,\nsir Philip de Fosseux and Robert le Roux were sent to the lady de la\nRiviere at Auniau, who promised that she would not admit any garrisons\ninto her forts of Auniau and Rochefort, that would carry on war against\nthe duke of Burgundy or his wellwishers.\nAt this time, numbers of towns, castles, and noble men joined the duke,\nin the expectation that he would succeed in his enterprise and obtain\nthe government of the kingdom. In the towns which submitted to his\nobedience, he would not allow any taxes to be raised excepting that\non salt, which gained him great popularity among the inhabitants and\npeasantry of the countries round. He also sent letters to many of the\nprincipal towns in France, of the following tenour.\n'John duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders and Artois, palatine of\nBurgundy, lord of Salines and Mechlin. Very dear and good friends,\nyou have known, from melancholy experience, the miserable system of\ngovernment which is adopted in this kingdom, as well with regard to\nthe king as the country, by those who have seized the management of\nour lord the king, without respect or care for his royal majesty; but,\nforgetful of every thing, they have impoverished his estate, and his\nown personal wealth, which formerly acquired for him great renown\namong Christian princes. His government was, anciently, celebrated\nfor the equity of the courts of justice, which was administered\nindiscriminately to the poor as well as to the rich; but the present\nministers have so greatly neglected it that it has fallen off, and\nis now directed according to their pleasure, while all parts of his\nmajesty's dominions are in a state of anarchy, and a prey to the bitter\nenemies of the kingdom, by the destruction of the nobles and other\nsupporters of the dignity of the crown.\n'Heavy taxes, under various pretences, have been and are raised, to\nthe great vexation and ruin of the nobility, clergy, citizens and\ncommonalty, who groan under them.\n'To obviate and reform these and similar abuses, we have taken up\narms, as it is well known to you; for we have frequently and publicly\nsummoned these ministers to desist from such practises declaring that\notherwise we should ourselves provide a remedy, for the benefit of\nour said lord the king, so that an adequate provision might be made\nfor his establishment, his kingdom be better governed, and the lost\nterritories recovered.\n'And again, while we were lately before Paris, we sent our herald to\nour said lord the king, with sealed letters, in which we repeated the\ngrounds of our conduct, supplicating him that we might be permitted to\napproach his sacred person, and make offer of our personal services\nto him as to our sovereign lord; but the present ministry would not\nallow these letters to be given to our said lord, and sent them back\nto us. They forbade our herald to return again, and continue their\nusual mode of government to the destruction of the realm and of all\nhis majesty's loyal subjects, because they know that we are averse to\ntheir measures which are daily becoming from bad to worse. It is this\nwhich engages us to persevere in our resistance whatever may be the\nconsequences thereof, that they may no longer continue their wicked\npractices, and that commerce may have free course, and the kingdom\nmay be governed according to justice. Such is our firm intention that\nwe may loyally acquit ourselves; for it has been pronounced by the\nholy court of Rome, that it behoves us to attend to the government of\nthe kingdom, considering the unfortunate state of the king and the\nyouth of the dauphin, rather than the count d'Armagnac, or those who\nstyle themselves council to the king. In confirmation of this, we have\nannexed to these presents the decree that was pronounced by the holy\ncollege in the presence of a very learned doctor, our ambassador to the\ncourt of Rome.\n'We therefore summon you in the name of our said lord, and earnestly\nrequest you on our part, that you take the above subjects into your\nserious consideration, and form such conclusions as may be honourable\nto our aforesaid lord, and to the preservation of his lineage and\ndominions; and that all his subjects may enjoy peace and justice, and\nthat these our intentions may be adopted by you, is the earnest object\nof our wishes.\n'We request, that on the 20th day of October next ensuing, you would\ndepute to us not less than two well-instructed persons, at whatever\nplace we may be, with whom we may advise with sufficient powers to form\nany treaties in your names, and in those of the prelates, chapters, and\nall dependances on your jurisdiction.\n'Be careful that herein you fail not, from the love you bear our\naforesaid lord, ourselves and his realm. Should you desire any thing\nfrom us, you have but to mention it and we will do it to the utmost of\nour power. Written at Montlehery, the 8th day of October.'\nUnderneath is a copy of the schedule from the college of cardinals,\nannexed to the duke of Burgundy's mandatory letter.\n'I Lievin Nevelin, doctor en decret, ambassador from the sacred college\nof cardinals, to the most mighty and puissant prince my lord the duke\nof Burgundy, have presented to him, on the part of the sacred college,\nletters sealed with three seals, namely, that of the dean of the\ncardinal-bishops, of the dean of the cardinal-priests, and of the dean\nof the cardinal-deacons, which are my credential letters, and which I\nhave explained to my lord the duke, by offering to him from the sacred\ncollege the words of the holy prophet David, 'Domine refugium factus\nes nobis;' that is to say, 'Lord, in times of trouble we seek refuge\nin thee.' In continuing my discourse from the above text and for many\nreasons comparing the sacred college to king David, I have laid before\nmy said lord of Burgundy the state of the holy council of Constance,\nand the labours of the cardinals to restore union to the church.\n'I afterward explained to him, that all Christendom was now united,\nexcept as it were a single grain in a bushel of wheat, namely, the\ndominions of the count d'Armagnac, who still obey Pietro della Luna,\nand whose adherents have been declared schismatics and guilty of\nheresy. I then explained, that I was sent by the sacred college\nas ambassadors to him, not simply as duke of Burgundy, but as the\nrepresentative of the crown of France, and to whom the government of\nthat country legally belonged, to make to him certain requests and\npropositions from the sacred college; and I mentioned the reasons why\nI was deputed to him, and not to the king, to my lord the dauphin, the\ncount d'Armagnac, or to the king's ministers. These reasons were, as\nthe sacred college bade me inform him, because my lord the king was\noverwhelmed with a sore disorder, because my lord the dauphin was too\nyoung in years, and because the count d'Armagnac had relapsed into\nschism, and some of the king's ministers, adherents to the count, were\nsuspected of being schismatics also.\n'True it is, that the said count d'Armagnac has not been pronounced\nschismatic; but at the public sessions of the council, when Pietro\ndella Luna was dethroned and declared schismatic and heretic, he was\npersonally accused by the king of the Romans, and the procureur-fiscal\nof the said council, and has since relapsed into schism,\nnotwithstanding the frivolous excuses made in his behalf by master John\nGerson.\n'I made three requests to my said lord of Burgundy; the first was, that\nhe would be pleased to have in his protection the sacred college, the\npope, and the proceedings of the said general council, by guarding and\nmaintaining them in their ancient rights, liberties and privileges.\nSecondly, that should any one write, or cause to be written in time to\ncome, any things against the said holy college or pope, he would not\ngive faith to such writings. Thirdly, that my said lord would approve\nof whatever acts the said sacred college should issue, as well touching\nthe election of the pope as the reformation of the holy church.' At the\nend of this schedule, the said Lieven had put his sign-manual.\nCHAP. LXII.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY LAYS SIEGE TO CORBEIL.--HE MARCHES THENCE TO\n CHARTRES AND INTO TOURAINE, ON THE SUMMONS OF THE QUEEN OF FRANCE, WHO\n ACCOMPANIES HIM ON HIS RETURN.\nWhen the duke of Burgundy had submitted to his obedience the castle of\nMontlehery, and re-furnished it with provision and stores, he marched\nhis army to lay siege to Corbeil on the side toward Montlehery. He\nplanted many cannons and other engines to batter it in vain; for the\nconstable and the king's ministers had strongly garrisoned the place\nwith men at arms, who made a vigorous defence against the duke, and\ndaily slew his men by their cannon and other shot. The garrison was\ncontinually supplied, as well by land as by water, with provision,\nammunition, and all other necessary articles.\nIn short, after the duke had remained about three weeks before Corbeil,\nseeing he was unable to conquer it, and that his army was much\nharrassed by the continued rains, and by an epidemic disorder which\ncarried off many, he raised the siege, and departed from before Corbeil\non the 28th day of October, taking the road to Chartres.\nThe duke left behind, in his camp, many warlike engines, and great\nquantities of provision which merchants had brought to his army: all of\nthese things the besieged carried into their town, on the departure of\nthe duke, and were highly rejoiced that their enemies had left them.\nDuring the siege of Corbeil, sir Mauroy de St Legier was struck with a\nbolt from a cross-bow so severely on the leg that he was maimed, and\nlimped all his life after.\nThe real cause of the duke of Burgundy's breaking up the siege of\nCorbeil so suddenly, was a private message which he received by a\nconfidential servant from the queen of France, then resident at Tours\nin Touraine, to request he would come and release her from her state\nof confinement, as she thought herself in much danger. The duke, in\nconsequence, had sent one of his secretaries called John de Drosay to\nmake further inquiries, and to conclude a treaty with the queen.\nThe queen promised to accompany the duke provided he would come to\nfetch her; and, for a confirmation thereof she gave the secretary a\ngolden signet to present to his lord. This signet was known by the\nduke, for he had often seen it; and on his arrival at Chartres, on the\neve of the feast of All-saints, attended by the greater part of his\nnobles, and those of the men at arms best mounted and equipped, he\nsuddenly set off, taking the road through Bonneval and Vend\u00f4me to Tours.\nWhen he was within two leagues of that place, he sent forward the lords\nde Fosseux and du Vergy with eight hundred combatants, who posted\nthemselves in ambuscade half a league distant from Tours; at the same\ntime dispatching a trusty messenger to inform the queen of the duke's\narrival.\nOn hearing this, she called to her master John Torel, master John Petit\nand master Laurens du Puy, her principal wardens, and told them she\nwished to hear mass at a church without the town, called Marmoutier,\nand that they must prepare themselves to accompany her. They exhorted\nher to lay such thoughts aside, but in vain, for she shortly after\nissued out of Tours, and carried them with her to the aforesaid church.\nThe lords in ambuscade almost instantly advanced in front of the\nchurch, and sent Hector de Saveuses forward to the queen with about\nsixty combatants. Her warders approached her as she was hearing mass,\nand said, 'Lady, here is a large company of Burgundians or English';\nbut she, like one unsuspicious of what was intended, ordered them to\nkeep near her.\nHector de Saveuses then entered the church, and saluted her in the\nname of his lord the duke of Burgundy. She, in reply, asked where he\nwas,--when he said that he would instantly be with her. After these\nwords, she commanded Hector to lay hands on masters John Torel, Petit\nand Laurens du Puy: the last she hated much, for he addressed her very\nrudely, without raising his hand to his hood, and never bowing to\nher,--beside, she could not any way act without the consent of Laurens\ndu Puy. Finding he could not escape being arrested if he remained, he\nflew out of the church and entered a small boat by the back-yard, to\ncross the river Loire, but in such haste that he fell into the water\nand was drowned: the others were taken prisoners.\nAll this passed about nine o'clock in the morning: at eleven the duke\nof Burgundy waited on the queen and paid her the respect that was her\ndue, which she returned and said, 'Most dear cousin, of all men in the\nkingdom I ought to love you the most, for having laid aside every other\nthing and complying with my request to come hither and deliver me from\nprison, and which my dear cousin I shall never forget; for I clearly\nsee that you have always loved my lord, his family, his kingdom, and\nthe public welfare.'\nThey afterward dined together with much cheerfulness in the said\nchurch; after which, the queen sent notice to the inhabitants of Tours,\nthat she and her cousin the duke of Burgundy would make a public entry\ninto their town; but, by the advice of the governor, the inhabitants\ndelayed a little in their answer: however, at last they complied with\nwhat had been demanded, when the governor retired into the castle, and\nthe queen and the duke, with their attendants and escort, made their\nentry.\nThe duke was handsomely received and entertained in Tours; after which,\nthe queen sent a passport and orders for the governor to come to her,\nwhom she commanded to deliver up the castle, which he did, though much\nagainst his will. When the duke had tarried three days with the queen,\nhe appointed Charles l'Abb\u00e9? governor of the town and castle, with\ntwo hundred combatants for its defence. He took an oath carefully to\nguard and defend it in the name and on behalf of the duke of Burgundy;\nbut this oath he was very unmindful of, for in the following year he\nsurrendered both town and castle to the dauphin, while he was continued\ngovernor, taking a similar oath.\nThe queen and the duke of Burgundy caused proclamation to be made\nthrough Tours, that no one was to pay any subsidies or taxes but that\non salt. They then departed for Vend\u00f4me, where was issued a similar\nproclamation, and then continued their route through Bonneval to\nChartres, where they arrived the 9th day of November. The queen was\naccompanied by four carriages containing twenty women. She had only one\nknight with her, called sir Robert le Cyne, with whose prudence and\ndiscretion she was well pleased.\nCHAP. LXIII.\n THE QUEEN, ON HER ARRIVAL AT CHARTRES, WRITES TO SEVERAL OF THE\n PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN FRANCE.--SOME NEW ORDINANCES ARE MADE FOR THE\n BETTER GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM.\nOn the queen's arrival at Chartres, it was resolved that she should\nwrite letters in her own name to all those towns that had submitted to\nthe obedience of the duke of Burgundy. A copy of that addressed to the\ntown of Amiens now follows.\n'Very dear and well beloved,--you know that by the intrigues and\ndamnable avarice and ambition of some persons of low degree, who have\nseized the person and government of my lord and his kingdom, unnumbered\nmischiefs have arisen, as well by the molestation of those of his royal\nfamily as by the destruction and loss of many parts of his realm, more\nparticularly in the duchies of Acquitaine and Normandy, where the\nutmost confusion reigns, without these the present ministers any way\nattempting to check or prevent it,--but, on the contrary, they have\nconceived a mortal hatred against all that are gallant and loyal, by\nconfiscating their fortunes, or putting them to death.\n'They continue in their wickedness, though they know we are anxious to\nlabour for the reparation of all these evils, and to procure peace to\nthe realm; for, through the grace of God, we are competent so to do, as\nqueen and wife to our aforesaid lord, according to the terms that had\nbeen begun on by our son and our cousin of Hainault, those souls may\nGod receive! But they, knowing our intentions, took care to keep us at\na distance, that their iniquities might be hidden, and that they might\nkeep possession of their places.\n'By such means do they daily apply to their own profit the whole amount\nof the revenue, without any part being allotted for the use of my said\nlord, or for the security and welfare of his kingdom. They have, under\nfalse pretences and most disloyally, robbed my said lord, ourself and\nour son the dauphin, so that we have not wherewithal to maintain our\nestablishments, or to defray our expenses; insomuch that they have\nacquired so great power that all must obey their wills, and it is very\nprobable that the government of my lord and his realm may fall into the\nhands of strangers, which God forbid!\n'When our very dear and well beloved cousin the duke of Burgundy shall\nhave put an end to such shameful abuses he offers peace to all who\nmay be inclined to accept of it, by his letters patent that have been\npublished in various parts of the realm; but those persons above\nmentioned having refused to accept his terms, our cousin has taken up\narms, in company with a large number of knights and esquires, with\nthe intent to drive the above traitors from the government of this\nkingdom. They, however, to resist the said duke, and prevent him from\napproaching the person of our said lord, have remanded to Paris all the\nmen at arms from their different garrisons, thereby leaving the kingdom\na prey to its ancient enemies the English.\n'This conduct clearly shows their wicked intentions; but the greater\npart of the nobility, prelacy, and the chief towns have united\nthemselves to our said cousin, sensible of the loyalty of his conduct,\nfor the good of our said lord and the welfare of his realm. All who are\nany way related to us by blood should be warmly attached to our said\ncousin, for it concerns them much; and they should know, that quitting\nhis siege of Corbeil, he came to set us at liberty, and deliver us from\nthe hands of our late gaolers.\n'We have accompanied our said cousin to the town of Chartres, as was\nreasonable, where we shall advise together on the most effectual means\nof regaining those parts of the kingdom that have been conquered, and\nfor the preservation of the remainder, without any further dissembling,\nby the aid and support of all the vassals, friends, allies and subjects\nof my aforesaid lord.\n'For this reason, therefore, very dear and good friends, we ought to\nhave the government of this kingdom, with the advice and assistance\nof the princes of the blood, and for which we have the authority of\nletters patent irrevocably passed by the great council, and in the\npresence of the princes of the blood, such as uncles, cousins-german,\nand others related to the crown. We have also full and competent\nknowledge of your good and loyal intentions regarding the dominions of\nour said lord, and even that you are willing, in conjunction with our\nsaid cousin, to use your utmost endeavours, even to the shedding your\nlast drop of blood, for the obtaining so necessary and desirable an\nobject.\n'We summon and require you, in the name of my aforesaid lord, and\nexpressly command you from ourselves, that you remain steady to the\norders of our said cousin, notwithstanding any letters or commands\nyou may receive to the contrary in the name of my aforesaid lord,\nor in that of my son the dauphin; and also, that you do not suffer\nhenceforward any sums of money to be transmitted to the present rulers\nof the realm under any pretext whatever, on pain of disobedience and\ndisloyalty to my said lord, and of incurring the crime of rebellion\ntoward him and toward us. In so doing, you will perform your duty, and\nwe will aid succour and support you against all who shall attempt to\ninjure or hurt you for your conduct on this occasion.\n'Very dear and well beloved, we recommend you to the care of the Holy\nSpirit. Given at Chartres, the 12th day of November.'\nIt was afterward determined in the council of the queen and the duke\nof Burgundy, that master Philip de Morvillers should go to the town\nof Amiens, accompanied by some notable clerks of the said council,\nwith a sworn secretary, and should there hold, under the queen, a\nsovereign court of justice, instead of the one at Paris, to avoid\nbeing forced to apply to the king's chancery to obtain summonses, or\nfor any other cases that might arise in the bailiwicks of Amiens,\nVermandois, Tournay, and within the seneschalships of Ponthieu, with\nthe dependancies thereto attached. A seal was given to master Philip de\nMorvillers, having graven upon it the figure of the queen erect, with\nher hands extended towards the ground: on the right side were the arms\nof France on a shield, and on the left a similar shield, with the arms\nof France and Bavaria. The inscription around it was,--'This is the\nseal for suits-at-law, and for sovereign appeals to the king.'\nIt was ordered that the seals should be imprinted on vermilion-coloured\nwax; and that all letters and summonses should be written in the\nqueen's name, and in the following terms:\n'Isabella, by the grace of God, queen of France, having the government\nof this realm intrusted to her, during the king's illness, by an\nirrevocable grant made to us by our said lord and his council.'\nBy authority of this ordinance and seal, the said master Philip de\nMorvillers collected large sums of money. In like manner, another\nchancellor was appointed for the countries on the other side of the\nSeine, under the obedience of the queen and the duke of Burgundy.\nCHAP. LXIV.\n SIR ELYON DE JACQUEVILLE IS DRAGGED OUT OF THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY IN\n CHARTRES BY HECTOR DE SAVEUSES AND HIS ACCOMPLICES, WHO PUT HIM TO\n DEATH.\nAt the time when the duke of Burgundy resided in Chartres at his h\u00f4tel\nbehind the church of our Lady, so serious a quarrel arose between\nsir Elyon de Jacqueville, knight, and Hector de Saveuses, that high\nwords passed between them in the presence of the duke. Within a few\ndays after, Hector collected from twelve to sixteen of his friends,\ndetermined men; and in this number were his cousin-german the lord\nde Crevecoeur, his brother le bon de Saveuses, Hue de Bours, and an\narrogant fellow called John de Vaulx, on whose account this quarrel had\narisen between them,--for, a short time before, Jacqueville had robbed\nthis de Vaulx, who was related to Hector. These, with some others to\nthe number before stated, one day, with a premeditated design, entered\nthe church of our Lady, and met Jacqueville returning from the h\u00f4tel\nof the duke of Burgundy: Hector and his friend instantly addressed\nhim, saying, 'Jacqueville, thou hast formerly injured and angered me,\nfor which thou shalt be punished,' when, at the moment, he was seized\nby him and his accomplices, and dragged out of the church, and most\ninhumanly hacked to pieces; during which he most pitifully cried to\nHector for mercy, and offered a large sum of money for his life, but\nall in vain, for they never left him until they thought he was dead.\nThey quitted the town of Chartres without delay, and went to a village\ntwo leagues off, where Hector's men were quartered. After their\ndeparture, Jacqueville caused himself to be carried in the melancholy\nstate he was in to the duke of Burgundy, and made bitter complaints of\nthe cruel usage he had met with; adding, that it was in consequence of\nthe loyalty and truth with which he had served him.\nThe duke, on seeing him thus, was greatly affected, insomuch that\nhe immediately armed himself, and, mounting his horse, rode through\nthe streets with few attendants, thinking to find Hector and his\naccomplices, but he was soon informed that they had left the town. Many\nof the nobles now waited on the duke, and appeased his anger as well as\nthey could, such as sir John de Luxembourg, the lord de Fosseux, the\nmarshal of Burgundy and several more. However, he ordered the baggage\nand horses of Hector to be seized, and then returned to his h\u00f4tel,\nwhence he sent the most expert physicians to visit Jacqueville; but\nthey were of no avail, for within three days he died.\nNumbers were convinced, that could the duke have laid hands on Hector\nand his accomplices, he would have had them put to an ignominious\ndeath, for he declared he would never, during his life pardon them:\nnevertheless, within a few days, Hector, somehow or other, made up his\nquarrel with the duke, who consented to it on account of the important\naffairs he had now on his hands.\nCHAP. LXV.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY MARCHES HIS WHOLE ARMY TO PARIS TO FORCE AN\n ENTRANCE.--HE THEN CARRIES THE QUEEN OF FRANCE TO TROYES,--AND OTHER\n EVENTS.\nWhen these matters had been concluded, the duke of Burgundy marched\nhis army from Chartres, through Montlehery, toward Paris, with the\nintention of forcing an entrance into that city by means of some of\nthe Parisians his partisans. To succeed in his plans, he sent forward\nHector de Saveuses, with his brother Philip, the lord de Sores, Louis\nde Varigines and several other captains, with six thousand combatants\nto the porte de Louvel de Chastillon[53], near to the suburbs of Saint\nMarceau; but, a little before their arrival, their coming was betrayed\nby a skinner of Paris to the constable, who instantly reinforced that\npart of the town with a large body of his troops; so that when Hector\nand his men approached the gate, to enter therein, he was sharply\nrepulsed, and himself wounded on the head by a bolt from a cross-bow.\nFinding he had failed, from his intentions having been discovered, he\nretreated within the suburbs of St Marceau to wait the coming of his\nlord the duke of Burgundy.\nThe constable did not suffer them to remain quiet, but, making a\nsally with three or four hundred of his men, vigorously attacked the\nBurgundians, killing some and taking others. The Burgundians rallied,\nand renewed the combat so courageously that they forced the enemy to\nfall back within the town, and rescued some of the prisoners they had\nmade.\nIn this affair, John, eldest son to the lord de Flavy, behaved\nremarkably well: he was the banner-bearer to Hector de Saveuses, and\nadvanced it to the very gates of Paris, for which he was greatly\npraised by the duke when it came to his knowledge.\nSeveral of the partisans of the duke were, at this moment, beheaded in\nParis, while he remained in battle-array half a league distant, waiting\nfor intelligence from those whom he had sent in advance. When he learnt\nthat his attempt had been discovered, he remanded his men from St\nMarceau, and marched his army back to Montlehery, attended always by\nthe young count de St Pol his nephew.\nAt Montlehery, he disbanded all his Picards, namely, sir John\nde Luxembourg, the lord de Fosseux, and the other captains\nbefore-mentioned, ordering them to the different towns on the frontier,\nuntil the winter should be passed. To sir John de Luxembourg was given\nin charge the town of Mondidier and the adjacent country: Hector and\nPhilip de Saveuses were posted with their men in Beauvais; the bastard\nde Thian was appointed governor of Senlis; the lord de l'Isle-Adam\nhad in charge Pontoise and Meulan; the lord de Cohen and several\nmore returned to their own habitations in Picardy and the adjoining\ncountries.\nThe duke of Burgundy went from Montlehery to Chartres, where, having\nordered governors for that and the neighbouring places, he departed\nwith the queen of France and his Burgundians for Troyes and Champagne,\ntaking the road toward Joigny, whither he was pursued by the count\nd'Armagnac, constable of France.\nThe constable followed the duke for a long way with the intention\nof combating him, should he find a favourable opportunity; and in\nfact, when the queen and the duke were lodged in Joigny, some of his\ncaptains, with about three hundred combatants, made an attack on the\nquarters of the lord du Vergy and the Burgundians, which much alarmed\nand dispersed them.\nThe whole of the duke's army were in motion, and soon drawn up in\nbattle array on the plain; and a detachment was ordered to pursue the\nenemy, who drove them as far as the head-quarters of the constable,\nabout a league distant from Joigny. The lord de Ch\u00e2teau-vilain was one\nof the principal commanders of this detachment, and pursued the enemy\nthe farthest. On their return, a sufficient guard of men at arms was\nappointed at Joigny, where, having remained five days, they continued\ntheir march to Troyes, and were magnificently and honourably received\nby the inhabitants and magistrates of that town.\nThe queen was lodged in the palace of the king her lord, and she\nreceived all the taxes and subsidies due to the crown by the town of\nTroyes, and from all other places under the obedience of the duke of\nBurgundy. By the advice of the duke, the duke of Lorraine was sent for\nto Troyes; on his arrival, the queen appointed him constable of France;\nand a sword was presented to him, on his taking the usual oaths, thus\ndisplacing the count d'Armagnac from that office.\nThe duke of Burgundy now dismissed the greater part of the burgundian\nlords, and remained in Troyes almost all the winter. He nominated John\nd'Aubigny, John du Clau and Clavin his brother, commanders on the\nfrontiers of Champagne with a large force of men at arms, who carried\non a vigorous war on the party of the constable.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: See for this in Sauval's 'Antiquit\u00e8s de Paris.']\nCHAP. LXVI.\n JOHN OF BAVARIA MAKES WAR ON THE DUCHESS HIS NIECE IN HOLLAND.--THE\n CONQUESTS OF HENRY KING OF ENGLAND IN NORMANDY.\nDuring these tribulations, John of Bavaria was carrying on a severe\nwarfare against his niece the duchess Jacquelina, and his men had\nconquered the town of Gorcum, with the exception of some towers that\nheld out for the duchess. So soon as she heard of this, she assembled\na considerable body of men at arms, and accompanied by the countess of\nHainault her mother, carried them by sea to the town of Gorcum, as it\nis situated on the coast.\nBy the assistance of her garrisons, she gained admittance into these\ntowers, and shortly after gave battle to the troops of John of Bavaria\nwith such success that they were totally routed, and from five to six\nhundred were slain or made prisoners: among the last, the principal was\nthe damoiseau Derke. The only one of note that was killed on the side\nof the duchess was Videran de Brederode, a man well skilled in war,\nand commander in chief of her forces, whose loss gave her great pain.\nShe caused several of her prisoners to be beheaded for their disloyal\nconduct towards her.\nAfter this event, Philip count de Charolois, eldest son to the duke of\nBurgundy, was sent to Holland to appease this quarrel. He took much\npains with both of the parties, his uncle and cousin-german; but as he\nfound he could not succeed to establish peace between them, he returned\nto Flanders.\nAt this time, the king of England had a large army in Normandy, and\nconquered many towns and castles: indeed, there were few that made\nany resistance,--for the several garrisons had been ordered by the\nconstable to Paris, and to the adjacent parts, to oppose the duke of\nBurgundy, as has been before stated.\nKing Henry came before the town of Caen, which was very strong and\npopulous, and made many attacks on it, but with the loss of numbers of\nhis men. At length, by continued assaults, he took it by storm, and\nslew six hundred of the besieged. The castle held out for about three\nweeks,--in which were the lord de la Fayette, the lord de Montenay, and\nsir John Bigot, who surrendered it on condition that the king would\npromise that they should march out with their baggage and persons in\nsecurity.\nAfter this conquest, the king of England caused the strong town\nand castle of Cherbourg to be besieged by his brother the duke of\nGloucester; it was the strongest place in all Normandy, and the best\nsupplied with stores and provision. This siege lasted for ten weeks,\nwhen sir John d'Engennes, the governor, surrendered on condition\nof receiving a certain sum of money for so doing, and a sufficient\npassport for him to go whithersoever he pleased.\nHe went thence to the city of Rouen after it had been taken by the\nEnglish, and, on the faith of some english lords that his passport\nshould be renewed, remained there until the term was expired; but in\nthe end he was deceived, and king Henry caused him to be beheaded,--at\nwhich the French greatly rejoiced, as he had surrendered Cherbourg, to\nthe prejudice of the king of France, through avarice.\nCHAP. LXVII.\n SIR JAMES DE HARCOURT ESPOUSES THE DAUGHTER OF THE COUNT DE\n TANCARVILLE.--THE DEFEAT OF HECTOR DE SAVEUSES.--THE CONSTABLE LAYS\n SIEGE TO SENLIS.\nAbout this period, sir James de Harcourt espoused the heiress of the\ncount de Tancarville, with whom he had possession of all the count's\nestates; and he placed garrisons in the whole of his towns and forts,\nto defend them against the English.\nAt this time also, Philip de Saveuses being in garrison with his\nbrother Hector in Beauvais, set out one day with about six score\ncombatants, to make an inroad on the country of Clermont, as he had\nfrequently done before. On his return, he passed by a castle called\nBrelle, in which were assembled a body of men at arms belonging to the\nconstable, who suddenly made a sally with displayed banners on Philip\nand his men. The latter were overpowered by numbers, and put to the\nrout, nor was it in the power of their captain to rally them, so that\nthey were pursued almost to Beauvais, and some killed, and the greater\npart made prisoners. Philip de Saveuses, grieved at heart for this\nmisfortune, re-entered that town.\nWithin a few days after, having recovered some of his men, he went to\nGournay in Normandy, whereof he had been appointed governor, with the\nconsent of the inhabitants. Hector de Saveuses had some dissentions\nwith the inhabitants of Beauvais, and was forced to quit the town\nshortly after the departure of his brother.\nOn the following Candlemas, king Charles, attended by the count\nd'Armagnac his constable, and a considerable number of men at arms set\nout from Paris for Creil, where he staid many days. As his men were\npassing near to Senlis, which was garrisoned by the duke of Burgundy,\nthey were attacked, and several killed and made prisoners, to the great\nvexation of the constable.\nThe constable, a few days after this, by the king's orders, laid siege\nto Senlis, and had several large engines of war pointed against the\nwalls, which greatly harrassed the inhabitants. They therefore sent\nmessengers to sir John de Luxembourg and to the lord de Hangest,\nrequiring them, in behalf of the duke of Burgundy, to send aid to\nSenlis. These lords having consulted the count de Charolois and his\ncouncil, assembled a large force, and marched to Pontoise, and thence\ntoward Senlis, with the intent to raise the siege; but they received\nintelligence that their enemies were too numerous, and they could only\ndetach one hundred men, whom they sent into the town by a gate that had\nnot been guarded by the constable, with orders to tell the besieged\nto be of good cheer, for that they should, without fail, be speedily\nsuccoured.\nSir John de Luxembourg and the the lord de Hangest returned, with\ntheir men at arms, through Pontoise and Beauvais to Picardy, without\nattempting any thing further at this time. On the other hand, sir\nTanneguy du Ch\u00e2tel, provost of Paris, took the town of Chevreuse, and\nwas laying siege to the castle, when he was hastily ordered to leave\nit, and join the king and the constable at the siege of Senlis; on\nwhich account he left a part of his men at Chevreuse, and obeyed the\norders he had received.\nCHAP. LXVIII.\n THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS AMBASSADORS TO MONTEREAU-FAUT-YONNE TO TREAT\n OF A PEACE WITH THE QUEEN AND THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--THE INHABITANTS\n OF ROUEN TURN TO THE BURGUNDY FACTION.\nShortly after, king Charles and his constable sent as their ambassadors\nto Montereau-faut-Yonne, the archbishop of Rheims, the bishops of Paris\nand of Clermont in Auvergne, John de Harcourt count d'Aumale, sir\nMansart d'Esne and sir Regnault de Merquoiques knights, master Guerard\nMarchet, the Judge Maye, John de Lolive, with others, to the number of\nsixteen, able persons, to treat of a peace between them and the queen\nand the duke of Burgundy.\nOn the part of the queen and the duke, the following ambassadors\nwere sent to Bray-sur-Seine, the archbishop of Sens brother to sir\nCharles de Savoisy, the bishops of Langres and of Arras, sir John de\nla Trimouille lord de Jonvelle, the lord de Courcelles, sir James de\nCourtjambe, Coppen de Viefville, master Peter Cauchon, since bishop of\nBeauvais, John le Clerc, since chancellor of France, Gilles de Clamecy,\nmaster Thierry le Roi, John le Mercier, James Beaulard and master\nBaudet de Bordes. These ambassadors had passports given them from each\nparty; and on their arrival at Montereau and Bray, they fixed upon the\nvillage of la Tombe, which was half way between these two towns, as\nthe place to hold their conferences in. To this place the lord de la\nTrimouille was ordered with a body of men at arms for the security of\ntheir persons.\nThis conference lasted for about two months,--during which the\nambassadors of both sides frequently had recourse to their lords\npersonally, or by writing, in hopes of bringing the business to a happy\nconclusion.\nAt the same time, union was restored to the universal church; for after\nthe consecration of pope Martin he released pope John from prison, who\nthrew himself on the mercy of the reigning pontiff. He was very kindly\nreceived by him, and even created a cardinal,--but he died within a few\ndays afterward.\nAbout this period also, the inhabitants of Rouen, who were very\nfavourable to the duke of Burgundy, sent secretly for some of the\ncaptains of his party, whom, with a body of men at arms, they admitted\ninto their town; namely, sir Guy le Bouteiller, Lagnon bastard d'Arly;\nand instantly joining them, they made a sharp attack on the castle,\nwhich the king's men held out against the town, and continued it so\nlong that the garrison surrendered on condition that they might retreat\nwith safety. Sir Guy le Bouteiller was nominated governor. Lagnon\nd'Arly behaved so gallantly at this attack, that he acquired great\nrenown, and the good will of all the inhabitants of Rouen. The king\nof France and his ministers were very much displeased at this event;\nbut, to say the truth, the greater part of France was torn to pieces by\nintestine wars and divisions: the churches and poor people were ruined,\nand justice was no where obeyed.\nCHAP. LXIX.\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY VISITS THE EMPEROR SIGISMUND.--THE COUNT DE\n CHAROLOIS TAKES THE OATHS OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE QUEEN AND HIS FATHER\n THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY.--THE SIEGE OF SENLIS IS RAISED BY THE PICARDS.\nAt the beginning of this year, John duke of Burgundy arranged the\nestablishment of the queen of France in Troyes; and having ordered\nsome of his captains, such as Charlot de Dueilly, John du Clau, John\nd'Aubigny, and others, with two thousand men at arms, to march to\nSenlis, and combat the army of the king and the constable, he took\nleave of the queen, and set out from Troyes to Dijon to visit his\nduchess and daughters.\nHaving resided there some time, he departed for Montmeliart, to meet\nSigismund emperor of Germany, with whom he had a conference. This\nbeing finished, they separated with many tokens of respect for each\nother, and the duke returned to Burgundy.\nDuring this time, Philip count de Charolois came to Arras; and by\ncommands from the queen and his father, he convoked all the barons,\nknights, esquires and clergy of Picardy and other parts under his\nobedience, to meet him on a certain day in Arras. On their being\nassembled, they were required by master Philip de Morvillers to swear\nallegiance to the queen and the duke of Burgundy against all persons\nwhatever, excepting the king of France: which oath they all took,\nnamely, sir John de Luxembourg, sir James de Harcourt, the vidame of\nAmiens, the lords d'Antoing and de Fosseux, the lord d'Auxois, sir\nEmond de Lombers, and many more, who declared they would serve him with\ntheir lives and fortunes so long as they should breathe.\nThose who had been deputed from the principal towns were required to\nraise a certain sum of money from their constituents. The meeting was\nthen adjourned to Amiens where they were desired to assemble,--for\nwithin a few days the count de Charolois would go thither, to consult\non further measures for the relief of Senlis. The different commanders\nwere ordered to raise as many men at arms and archers as they possibly\ncould by that day.\nThe count de Charolois was at Amiens on the appointed time, whither\nalso came the aforesaid lords, and a number of deputies from the great\ntowns. There were likewise some from Rouen, who had been sent to\nrequest advice and support from the count as the representative of the\nduke of Burgundy, adding, that they were daily expecting to be besieged\nby king Henry's army; that they had often been under the obedience of\nthe duke, in preference to the king, the dauphin, the constable, and\nall others; and that should they fail of having succours from him, in\nwhom was their only hope, they could not expect them from any other\nperson.\nThe count by advice of his council, replied by requesting them to\nnourish such good intentions,--and that within a short time they should\nhave, with God's pleasure, effectual aid. Letters, addressed to the\nmagistrates and principal citizens in Rouen, were also given them, with\nwhich they returned.\nWhen this matter had been settled, the count de Charolois directed\nmaster Philip de Morvillers to declare to the assembly of nobles and\nothers from the towns, who were collected in the great hall of the\nbishop's palace, that it would be necessary and expedient for each of\nthe towns to make a free gift in money, and for the clergy to pay half\na tenth, for the carrying on the war.\nThis business, however, could not be hastily concluded; and in the\nmean time messengers arrived from those in Senlis, who brought letters\nto the count, to say that if they were not succoured on or before the\n19th of April, they must surrender the place to the king and constable\nhaving given hostages to that effect.\nThe count and his council, on receiving this news, determined to\nprovide a remedy; and he was very desirous of marching thither\nhimself, but his council would not consent to it: he therefore ordered,\nas principal commanders of the reinforcement, sir John de Luxembourg\nand the lord de Fosseux, having under them the whole of the forces in\nPicardy and on the frontiers.\nThese commanders, having collected their men, marched off in haste,\nand arrived at Pontoise on the 17th of April, when they resolved to\nproceed during the night of the morrow for Senlis. Their army might\namount to about eight thousand combatants, who gallantly took the field\nat the appointed time. A body of light troops were ordered to advance\nto different places on the road, toward Senlis, to gain intelligence of\nthe enemy.\nWith sir John de Luxembourg and the lord de Fosseux were le veau de Bar\nbailiff of Auxois, the lord de l'Isle-Adam, sir Emond de Bonberch, the\nlord d'Auxois, Hector and Philip de Saveuses, Ferry de Mailly, Louis\nde Varigines, sir Philip de Fosseux, James and John de Fosseux, the\nlord de Cohen, sir Janet de Poix, the lord de Longueval, the lord de\nMiraumont, and in general all the nobles and gentlemen of Picardy, who\nmade a handsome appearance with vanguard, rearguard and main battalion,\nand thus marched to within a league of Senlis.\nThe lord d'Armagnac, constable of France, was closely besieging the\ntown of Senlis, when he received intelligence from his scouts that\nthe nobles of Picardy were approaching with a large army to to offer\nhim battle: in consequence he commanded his men to arm without delay,\nand advance in battle-array to the plain, that he might avoid being\nattacked in his camp. The besieged, observing about day-break great\nbustle and confusion in the enemy's camp, with good order and courage\nmade a sally from the town, set fire to the tents and quarters of the\nconstable, killed numbers of the sick, and others, whom they found in\nthe camp, and returned to the town with a large booty in sight of their\nenemies.\nThe constable, vexed at this, sent them a summons to surrender the town\naccording to their promise, but on their answering that the time was\nnot yet expired, he caused the heads of four of the hostages to be cut\noff, their bodies to be quartered, and hung on a gibbet. Of these four,\ntwo were gentlemen, namely Guillaume Mauchelier and Boudart de Vingles:\nthe two others were citizens, named Guillaume Escallot and master John\nBeaufort, king's advocate in the town. The remaining two (for there\nwere six in all), sir John Durant priest and a monk of St Vincent, were\ncarried prisoners to Paris.\nIn revenge, the besieged beheaded sixteen of the constable's men: two\nwere hanged and two women were drowned. The count d'Armagnac then\nmarched his army in battle-array to the Pas-de-Larron between Criel and\nGouvieux, to wait for the enemy; and dispatched some of his captains to\nseek the king at Criel and make him take the road toward Paris.\nSir John de Luxembourg and the lord de Fosseux had advanced so rapidly\nwith their army that they were rather before hand with the king, and\nhalted at a place called l'Estoing, where the king and his army must\npass. Soon after, the van of the constable made its appearance, and the\nlight troops of both sides began a sharp skirmish, when many lances\nwere broken, and men at arms unhorsed, slain or terribly wounded.\nUpon this, the king and the constable sent two heralds to these lords,\nto know who they were, and what they wanted. The lord de Luxembourg\nmade answer, 'I am John of Luxembourg, having with me the lord de\nFosseux and many other noble men, sent hither by the duke of Burgundy\nto serve the king, and to succour the good town of Senlis against the\ncount d'Armagnac, whom, and his abettors alone, we are ready to to\ncombat, if he be willing to afford us an opportunity, but not against\nthe king; for we are ready to serve him as his loyal vassals and\nsubjects.'\nThe heralds returned with this answer to the king and the constable,\nwhen the latter said aloud, 'Since neither the duke of Burgundy\nnor his son be with their army, we cannot gain much by battle: I\ntherefore advise that we retreat, for these are soldiers only anxious\nfor plunder, who have not themselves much to lose.' The constable\nhad already heard that Charlot de Dueilly and other captains were in\ngreat force toward Dammartin: therefore he made the king and his army\nretreat, in order of battle toward Paris, ordering a sufficient number\nof his ablest combatants to his rear, to prevent the enemy from giving\nthem any disturbance.\nThus, without halting at any place did king Charles and his constable,\nthe count d'Armagnac, march back to Paris, to the great vexation of\nmany of the Parisians, who murmured loudly against the constable.\nSir John de Luxembourg and the lord de Fosseux returned with their\narmy to Pontoise, very much rejoiced to have accomplished their object\nwithout any considerable loss or inconvenience. It would take up too\nmuch time were I to detail all the skirmishes that took place: suffice\nit to say, that very many on both sides behaved gallantly. The lord de\nMiraumont commanded the picard archers, and, according to his orders,\nkept them in handsome array. When these lords had refreshed themselves\nat Pontoise, they all went to their different homes.\nThey were very much esteemed for their good conduct and valour in this\nexpedition by the duke of Burgundy, the count de Charolois, and by\nall of that party. The bastard de Thian governor-general in Senlis,\nTroullart de Moncruel, sir Mauroy de St Legier, and the other captains\nwithin the town during the siege, had repaired the towers and walls\nwhich had been much damaged by the engines of the constable, and then\nkept up a more severe warfare against the king's party than before.\nEND OF VOL. IV.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nNOTES AND EMENDATIONS.\nPage 1. line 15. _Ch\u00e2tel._] Herv\u00e8 lord of Ch\u00e2tel, a powerful baron of\nBretagne, was the father of William lord of Ch\u00e2tel who was killed on an\nexpedition to the English coast, and is mentioned in the first volume,\nOliver (who succeeded him as lord of Ch\u00e2tel), and Tanneguy, chamberlain\nto the king and provost of Paris.\nPage 16. last line. _Coqueluche_.] The coqueluche was a contagious\ndisorder much dreaded in the fifteenth century. Its usual symptoms were\na violent defluxion on the chest, accompanied with severe pains in the\nhead.\n _Dict. de Trevoux._\nPage 18. line 12. _De Vertus._] Brother to the duke of\nOrleans.--Vertus, from which he took his title, was originally a fief\nof Champagne, and fell with that palatinate to the crown of France.\nKing John gave it to John Galeas, duke of Milan, as the dowry of his\ndaughter Isabel, wife to that duke. It descended to Valentina, his\ndaughter, and came with her into the house of Orleans: afterwards, by\nthe family-partition made in 1445, it passed to Margaret of Orleans,\nwife to Richard count of Estampes, and was given to a bastard-branch of\nthe house of Bretagne.\nPage 20. line 2. _Gaucourt._] John lord of Gaucourt died in 1393,\nleaving Raoul V. lord of Gaucourt. Eustace lord of Veri, great falconer\nof France, and John lord of Maisons sur Seine. Raoul V. was chamberlain\nto the king, and bailiff of Rouen: he was killed in the year 1417, and\nleft a son, Raoul VI. who became grand master of France, and is much\ndistinguished hereafter.\nPage 20. line 12. from bottom, _Saveuses_.] Saveuse, an ancient house\nin Picardy.\nPage 26. line 6. _Or joining the duke of Burgundy._] There must be some\nmistake here in the original. It ought probably to be _against_ instead\nof _or_.\nPage 37. line 10. from bottom, _Montagu_.] Alexander, son of Hugh\nIII. duke of Burgundy, was the first lord of Montagu in 1205. From\nhim descended the two branches, of Sombernon, extinct in 1391, and\nof Conches. Philibert de Montagu, lord of Conches, lived in 1404. He\nmarried into the house of Vienne.\nPage 41. line 14. _Vienne._] William IV. de Vienne, lord of St Georges,\n&c. surnamed The Wise, was counsellor and chamberlain both to the\nking and duke of Burgundy. He was at the bridge of Montereau when the\nduke was killed in 1419, and died in 1434. There were several junior\nbranches of the house; but I cannot tell which is here meant.\nPage 60. line 6. _Viscount de Poix._] This nobleman was a descendant\nof Walter Tyrrel, who killed William Rufus in the New Forest. John\nTyrrel, third of the name, lord of Poix and Mareuil, married Margaret\nde Ch\u00e2tillon, daughter to the lord de Dampierre. John IV. his eldest\nson, married Jane des Quesnes. He died in 1400, and left one son,\nJohn V. the viscount de Poix here mentioned. He was a counsellor and\nchamberlain of the king, and was killed at Agincourt.\nPage 75. line 16. _Burgion._] Probably Frederick of Hohenzollern,\nburgrave of Nuremburg, to whom the emperor Sigismund gave the\nelectorate of Brandenburgh in 1417, and from whom are descended the\npresent royal family of Prussia.\nPage 75. line 20. _Lorraine._] Charles the bold, duke of Lorraine,\nReginald IV. duke of Gueldres and Juliers. (The duchies were at this\ntime united.)\nPage 75. line 20. _Tede._] George Demetrow is named as grand duke of\nPrussia at this period. The meaning of _Tede_ I cannot discover.\nPage 75. line 12. _Treves._] Theodoric count of Meurs, archbishop of\nCologne 1414. Werner count of Konigstein, archbishop of Treves 1388.\nPage 75. line 24. _Bavaria._] John, brother of duke William count of\nHainault, often mentioned before.\nPage 76. line 7. _Of Prussia._] Michael Kuckenmeister de Hemberg, grand\nmaster of the Teutonic order, 1413.\nPage 76. line 8. _Cleves._] Adolphus VI. count of Marck and Cleves.\nPage 76. line 9. _Acusaire._] Theodore Pal\u00e6ologus was marquis of\nMontferrat. Who his son _Acusaire_ can be, it is very difficult to say.\nPage 76. line 10. _Saussebourg._] Saussenburg.\nPage 76. line 14. _Nassau._] The three counts of Nassau were, first,\nAdolphus III. count of Nassau, descended from Walram, eldest son of\nHenry the rich; 2d, Adolphus count of Nassau Dillemburg, descended\nfrom Otho, youngest son of Henry the rich; 3d, Philip count of Nassau\nWeilborg, or Jarbruck, descended from Walram in another line.\nPage 76. line 15. _Rayneck._] Rheineck.\nPage 76. line 17. _Blancquehem._] Blanckenburg?\nPage 76. note, _Vissegarde_.] Q. if not rather Wurtzburg? Pussau is\nprobably Passau; and the words 'in Hungary' refer only to the last\nnamed place.\nPage 78. line 4. _D'Ercles._] Perhaps Arckel, the name of a noble\nfamily in Holland. Called in Latin Arculeas. See post.\nPage 78. line 10. _Toncle._] Q. Tongres?\nPage 80. line 17. _Torments._] Some say that this murder was committed\nat the instigation of the Florentines. See Giannone, lib. 24. c. 8. The\nwhole story, however, looks like a fabrication; and it is at least much\nmore natural to suppose that Ladislaus was killed by his debaucheries,\nwhich were excessive. He was succeeded by his sister Joan II.\nPage 85. line 15. _Tonnerre._] Louis II. de Ch\u00e2lon, count of Tonnerre,\nnephew of John IV. count of Auxerre and Tonnerre, who sold Auxerre to\nking Charles V.\nPage 87. line 3. _Sea-shore._] Peniscola in Valencia.\nPage 96. line 20. _Pois._] Jehannot de Poix, second son of John III.\nlord of Poix and Margaret de Ch\u00e2tillon, sister of James lord de\nDampierre. He received the rank of admiral, but never exercised the\noffice. He died of the plague in 1418. See note, p. 60.\nPage 99. line 11. _Guy._] A mistake for Grey. Richard lord Grey of\nCodnover was appointed by patent, 2 H. 4. admiral of the fleet from the\nmouth of the Thames northward.\nPage 102. line 4. _Chinon._] Chiny.\nPage 110. line 7. _France._] This ought to be 'De Marle, grand butler\nof France.' Robert de Bar, count of Marle, held that office from\nthe sixth October, 1413, to the time of his death, at the battle of\nAgincourt.\nPage 117. line 1. _Prayaux._] Pr\u00e9aux. James de Bourbon, third son of\nJames I. count of la Marche, lord of Pr\u00e9aux by marriage, and grand\nbutler of France. His sons were, Louis, killed at Agincourt, Peter,\nlord of Pr\u00e9aux in 1417, and James lord of Thury. The two latter married\ntwo daughters of the grand master Montagu.\nPage 118. line 15. _Tynouville._] Q. Tignonville.\nPage 122. line 11. from bottom, _Bar._] Bona de Bar, second wife of\ncount Waleran, by whom he left no issue.\nPage 123. line 6. _Wife._] Waleran, count of St Pol, married for his\nfirst wife Matilda de Roeux, by whom he had one daughter, Jane, married\nto Anthony duke of Brabant. She died before her father, leaving two\nsons, John and Philip, who successively possessed the duchy of Brabant\nas heirs to their father, and the counties of St Pol and Ligny in right\nof their mother. Guy count of Ligny, father of Waleran, was also father\nto John count of Brienne, whose son Peter succeeded to the county of\nSt Pol on the death of Philip duke of Brabant, in 1430, without issue.\nPage 128. line 12. _Bourges._] 'A stoute and prowde bishopp,' says\nGrafton, p. 447.\nPage 132. line 11. _Requests._] 'The king was nothing vexed nor\nunquieted with the sayeings and prowde bragges of the unnurtured\narchbishopp, but well remembering the sayeing of Salomon, &c. &c.\ncoldely and soberly answered the bishop, saying, 'My lorde, I little\nesteem your _french bragges_,' &c.----GRAFTON.\nIt is very easy to bestow the terms of pride and insolence on whichever\nside of the question it is most convenient.\nPage 142. line 11. _Clarence._] Thomas duke of Clarence.\nPage 142. line 11. _Glocester._] Humphry duke of Glocester.\nPage 142. line 13. _York._] Edward duke of York, son of Edmund Langley,\nfifth son of Edward III.\nPage 142. line 13. _Dorset._] Thomas Somerset, earl of Dorset and\nafterwards duke of Exeter, youngest son of John of Gaunt by Catherine\nSwineford. Holinshed commits two errors,--first, in saying that the\n_marquis_ of Dorset was made duke of Exeter, whereas the _marquis_ of\nDorset was a distinct person from the earl, being the _eldest_ son of\nJohn of Gaunt by the same venter, and forfeited his title by treason\nin 1 H. 4.,--secondly, in fixing the date of creation in 1 H. 5.\nwhereas the earl of Dorset was not made duke of Exeter till 4. H. 5.\nthe year after the battle of Agincourt.\nPage 142. line 14. _Windsor._] There was no earl of Windsor.--This\nis probably a mistake for Ralph Nevil, earl of Westmoreland, who\naccompanied the king.\nPage 142. line 14. _Suffolk._] Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk,\nkilled at Agincourt.\nPage 142. line 15. _Warwick._] Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, a\ndistinguished warrior, and afterwards regent of France.\nPage 142. line 15. _Kent._] A mistake for Gilbert de Umphraville, earl\nof Kyme.\nPage 143. line 13. _Briaut\u00e8._] Roger III. lord of La Br\u00e9aut\u00e8, &c.\nchamberlain to Charles VI. and VII. The misfortunes of this family\nalmost equal those of the house of Stuart. Roger, elder brother to\nthis lord of Br\u00e9aut\u00e8, was killed at Gisors in 1404, when on the eve\nof marriage. The present lord was made prisoner in Normandy, and sold\nhalf his estates to ransom himself: of the remainder, he was afterwards\ndeprived by the chance of war. His eldest son, John, was killed at the\nbattle of Verneuil in 1424. His second son, also called John, succeeded\nhis father, was three times taken prisoner, and ruined in the efforts\nmade to ransom him: he was at last killed at the battle of Montlehery\nin 1460. James, the third son, was lord of Bellefosse, killed at Pataye\nin 1429. Roger lord of Crouin, the fourth son, was killed in England\nin 1460. All the members of this unhappy family were distinguished for\nvalour.\nPage 143. line 14. _L'Isle-Adam._] Ancel de l'Isle-Adam, lord of\nPuysieux, Vegnai, &c. and grand _echanson_ of France, was killed at\nAgincourt.\nPage 145. line 18. _Stafford._] Another mistake. Henry, at this time\nearl of Stafford, was only twenty years old at the accession of Henry\nVI. His father, Edmund Stafford, was killed many years before at the\nbattle of Shrewsbury. Hugh Stafford, lord Bourchier, accompanied the\nking on this expedition, but did not die till five years after.\nPage 172. line 7. _Officers._] The custom was not yet fixed of giving\nprecedence to the officers of the crown over the nobility, and even\nover the princes of the blood; but Monstrelet, who wrote under Louis\nXI. when that order was established, adopts it as a matter of course.\nSee more particularly at the beginning of the next chapter, and\nBoulainvilliers on the ancient Parliaments of France.\nPage 177. line 11. _Oxford._] Richard de Vere, earl of Oxford. This\nnobleman died the year following, and was succeeded by his son, John\nde Vere, then only nine years old.\nPage 177. line 11. _Earl-Marshal._] John lord Mowbray, brother of\nThomas earl of Nottingham, and son of Thomas duke of Norfolk, attainted\nand banished in the reign of Richard II. Henry V. restored to him the\ntitle of Nottingham, and Henry VI. that of Norfolk.\nPage 177. line 12. _Kent._] Kyme.\nPage 177. line 13. _Beaumont._] Henry lord Beaumont died 1 H. 5.\nleaving only one son, an infant, who did not attain his full age till\n9 H. 6. Sir Thomas Beaumont, brother of lord Henry, may be the person\nhere meant.\nPage 177. line 13. _Willoughby._] Robert lord Willoughby of Eresby,\ndistinguished among the english captains for his gallant actions under\nHenry V. and the duke of Bedford.\nPage 182. line 18. _York._] He was very corpulent, and is said to have\nbeen pressed to death in the throng. The earl of Suffolk was also among\nthe slain.\nPage 184. last line. _Suffered_.] Of the princes, Anthony duke of\nBrabant left two sons, Philip and John, successively dukes of Brabant,\nand both dying, s. p. Philip count of Nevers left Charles count of\nNevers, who died, s. p. and John count of Estampes and of Nevers after\nthe death of his brother.\nEdward duke of Bar and John de Bar lord of Puisaye were brothers, and\nboth died, s. p.\nRobert de Bar, count of Marle and Soissons, was son to Henry de Bar\nanother brother, and also died s. p. Upon these deaths, the succession\nwas disputed between Louis, cardinal de Bar, the surviving brother, and\nYoland, queen of Arragon, their sister. This dispute was terminated in\n1419, when the cardinal resigned his right in favour of R\u00e9n\u00e9 of Anjou,\n(duke of Lorraine, &c.) grandson of Yoland.\nJohn I. count of Alen\u00e7on, succeeded by his son John II.\nFerry count de Vaudemont. He was of the house of Lorraine, and acquired\nVaudemont by his marriage with the heiress of Vaudemont and Joinville.\nHenry II. count of Blamont, of the house of Salms.\nEdward II. count of Grandpr\u00e8, of the house of Porcien.\nJohn VI. count of Roussy and Braine, descended from the old counts of\nRheims. He left one daughter, Jane, married to Robert de Sarreback,\ncount of Commercy. He was recognized among the dead by a wound which\nhad made one arm shorter than the other.\nWaleran, eldest son of Raoul II. lord of Rayneval and grand pannetier\nde France, and his wife Philippa, daughter of John de Luxembourg\ncount de Ligny and castellan of Lisle. Waleran possessed the lands of\nFauquemberg by the will of his aunt Jane de Luxembourg, widow of Guy\nde Ch\u00e2tillon count of St Pol. This count Waleran left only a daughter,\nmarried to Baldwin d'Ailly vidame of Amiens.\nPage 185. line 13. _France._] Charles d'Albret, count de Dreux,\nsucceeded by his son Charles II.\nPage 185. line 13. _Boucicaut._] Boucicaut died in England two years\nafter. He left no issue.\nPage 185. line 15. _Dampierre._] He married Jane de la Riviere, and\nhad issue by her one son, James II. lord de Dampierre, who served the\ndauphin faithfully, and was made grand pannetier de France.\nPage 185. line 19. _Household._] The name of sir Guichard Dauphin\nappears to have betrayed Shakespeare into the error of making the\ndauphin of France present at the battle of Agincourt, which he\nwas not,--unless we suppose the error to lie with the editors, in\nconfounding two persons meant by Shakespeare to be distinct. In the\ncamp scene before the battle, his dauphin does not hold such a rank\nin the debate and conversation as is suitable to the heir of the\nfrench monarchy, but precisely that which the master of the household\nmight hold with propriety. In one scene, he is thus mentioned, 'Enter\nRambures, Ch\u00e2tillon, Dauphin and others.'\nPage 186. line 9. _Croy._] John lord de Croy and his _two_ eldest sons,\nJohn and Archambaud.\nPage 186. line 10. _D'Auxi._] David lord of Auxi.\nPage 186. line 11. _Crequy._] Raoul, surnamed L'Estendart, on account\nof the many standards he had won from the English, son of John IV. lord\nof Crequy.\nPage 186. line 13. _Dampierre._] Philip, brother of David, lord of\nD_o_mpierre, not D_a_mpierre, which was in the house of Ch\u00e2tillon.\nPage 186. line 14. _Raineval._] Raoul II. lord of Rayneval, grand\npannetier de France, left four sons, of whom Waleran, the eldest, was\ncount of Fauquemberg, and killed at this battle; John, the third,\nwas lord de Meracourt, also killed here; Aubert, the fourth, lord of\nBetencourt, also killed here: Raoulequin, lord of Cardonnai, was the\nsecond;--but there must be some mistake about their father the bailiff\nof Amiens, and also about the brother sir Allain.\nPage 186. line 15. _Mailly._] Colard, or Nicholas, lord of Mailly, and\nhis eldest son Colard.\nPage 186. line 21. _Brie._] John de Bethune, lord of Mareuil, Autr\u00eache,\n&c. youngest son of John lord of Vendeul and Vergier.\nPage 186. line 21. _Clarsy._] Simon lord of Dommart and Claed, son of\nJohn de Craon lord of Dommart, and brother of William lord of Nouastre\nand John lord of Dommart, who was also taken prisoner at Agincourt, and\ndied in 1420.\nJohn the young, lord of Midens, brother of John IV. lord of Crequy,\nCanaples, &c. was also killed at Agincourt.\nPage 186. line 22. _Rocheguyon._] Guy VI. lord de Rocheguyon,\ncounsellor and chamberlain to the king. His son, Guy VII. was the last\nmale of this illustrious house. I find nothing of his brother.\nPage 186. line 24. _D'Aliegre._] Morinot de Tourzel, lord of Alegre.\nBut I find in Morery, that he lived to the year 1418.\nPage 186. line 26. _Heu._] Heu a family of Le Pays Messin, celebrated\nin the sixteenth century.\nPage 187. line 4. _Humieres._] Matthew and John de Humieres, sons of\nMatthew lord de Humieres, and brothers of Philip lord de Humieres, made\nprisoner on the same day.\nPage 187. line 4. _Brothers._] Renty, a branch of the house of Croy.\nPage 187. line 17. _Kieret._] Henry Quieret, lord of Tours en Vimeu,\ndied in 1406, leaving two sons, Guy, and Peter lord of Haucourt, both\n_made prisoners_ at Agincourt; but I find none of the family _killed_\nthere.\nPage 187. line 19. _D'Auffemont._] Guy III. de Nesle, of the family of\nClermont en Beauvoisis.\nPage 187. line 25. _Gallois._] Matthieu de Rouvroy, and Guillaume le\nGallois, his brother,--descended in the female line from the old counts\nof Vermandois.\nPage 188. line 3. _Becqueville._] William Martel, lord of Bacqueville,\noften mentioned before. He was the last person distinguished by the\nvenerable office of _Porte-Orisflamme_.\nPage 188. line 8. _Beau-mainnil._] Robert VI. de Harcourt, lord of\nBeaum\u00eanil.\nPage 188. line 12. _D'Ouffreville._] Q. Offrainville? Denis de\nLongueil, lord of Offrainville, was killed at Agincourt, together with\nhis elder brother, William lord of Longueville, and his son Robert.\nPage 188. line 15. _Brolay._] Amaury de Craon, lord de Briol\u00e9, of the\nbranch of La Suze.\nPage 188. line 18. _Montbason._] John de Craon, lord of Montbazon and\nviscount of Ch\u00e2teaudun, _grand echanson_ de France.\nPage 188. line 18. _Bueuil._] John lord of Beuil, master of the\ncross-bows from 1396 to 1399.\nPage 188. line 20. _Beau Vergier._] Antony lord of Beauvergier, grand\npannetier de France.\nPage 188. line 21. _Tour._] Agne III. de la Tour, lord of Oliergues.\nPage 188. line 25. _Challus._] Probably Robert de Chabannes, lord of\nCharlus, father of Stephen lord of Charlus, James lord of La Palice,\nand Anthony count of Dammartin.\nPage 188. line 26. _Montgaugier._] St Maur, lords of Montgaugier, a\nhouse of Touraine.\nPage 189. line 4. _Belliere._] Anthony de Bellievre, ancestor of the\nBellievres presidents and chancellors, lived at this time; but it was a\nlaw-family, and Q. if any of the branches were addicted to arms?\nPage 189. line 5. _Montauban._] Oliver V. lord of Montauban, a great\nhouse in Bretagne, died soon after 1386, leaving five sons,--1.\nWilliam, who died in 1432; 2. Robert, bailiff of Cotentin, at the siege\nof Orleans in 1420; 3. Bertrand, killed at Agincourt; 4. Renaud, lord\nof Cr\u00eapon; 5. John.\nPage 189. line 12. _Lens._] John de R\u00e9court, castellan of Lens, brother\nto Charles, admiral of France, was killed at this battle; but I find no\nothers of the family.\nPage 190. line 4. _D'Aumont._] John Hutin lord of Aumont, Chars and\nChapes, echanson du roi, &c.\nPage 190. line 5. _Moncaurel._] John, lord of Montcavrel, was killed\nat this battle. He left only one daughter, in whose right Montcavrel\npassed into the family of Monchy.\nPage 190. line 11. _Chastillon._] Charles de Ch\u00e2tillon, lord of\nSourvilliers and Marigni.\nGaspard de Chastillon and Hugh his brother, of the Chastillons, lords\nof Blois and la Bastie, were also killed.\nPage 190. line 22. _Belloy._] Hugh lord of Bellay and Giseux, married\nIsabel de Montigny lady of Langey. Bertrand his son. He had two other\nsons, one killed at Crevant, another at Verneuil.\nPage 191. line 5. _Brothers._] Hector de Chartres, lord of Ons en Bray,\ngrand master of waters and forests in Normandy, father of Renaud,\narchbishop of Rheims and chancellor of France.\nPage 191. line 5. _Nofville._] Perhaps a son of the mareschal\nNeufville, who succeeded to the estates of sir Arnold d'Andreghen in\nPage 191. line 25. _Hangiers._] I can find no such name as _Hangiers_;\nbut John V. lord de _Hangest_, grand master of cross-bows from 1407 to\n1411, was killed here.\nPage 191. line 25. _Vaverans._] John de Mailly, lord of Authuille and\nWarans, one of the twenty-five sons of Giles lord of Authuille. This\nwas a branch of the lords de Mailly before mentioned.\nPage 192. line 2. _Raisse._] Guy II. de la Val, lord of Retz and\nBlazon, is said, by Moreri, to have died _before_ 1416. He was father\nof the infamous marshal de Retz by Mary of Craon.\nPage 202. line 19. _Barbasan._] Arnaud-Guilhem, baron of Barbazan\nin Bigorre, first, chamberlain to Charles VII. afterwards governor\nof Champagne and the Laonnois, &c. The king gave him the title of\n'Chevalier sans reproche,' and permitted him to take the fleurs de lys\nfor his arms. He was seven years prisoner at Chasteau Gaillard, till\ndelivered in 1430 by La Hire. He was killed at Belleville, near Nancy,\nin 1432, and buried with the highest honours.\nPage 246. line 13. _Trimouille._] George lord of la Trimouille, Sully,\nCraon, Jonvelle, &c. by descent, count of Boulogne, Auvergne and\nGuisnes, by marriage with Jane, heiress of those counties and widow\nof the duke of Berry. Moreri says he was made prisoner at Agincourt,\nthough not mentioned in the list of prisoners by Monstrelet. He was\nsuccessively grand master of waters and forests, grand chamberlain of\nFrance, and lieutenant-general of the duchy of Burgundy. His wife, the\nduchess of Berry, brought him no issue; but on her death, in 1423, he\nmarried again, the heiress of l'Isle Bouchard, and had several children.\nPage 246. line 20. _Moruel._] Thibaud, lord of Moreuil and Coeuvres,\nassumed the family-name of Soissons from his great-grandmother, wife of\nBernard V. lord of Moreuil. He married Margaret de Poix d'Arcy, by whom\nhe had many children, and died in 1437. His son Waleran succeeded, in\nright of his mother, to the lordships of Poix, Quesnes, &c.\nPage 257. _chap. xlvii._] See Giannone, lib. 25. cap. 1. & 2 for an\naccount of these events, which are not very accurately related by\nMonstrelet.\nPage 281. line 3. _Gaucourt._] Raoul V. lord de Gaucourt. His son,\nRaoul VI. was grand master of France.\nPage 282. line 2. _Bourbon._] Q.\nPage 283. line 19. _Rouen._] Louis, archbishop of Rouen, brother to\nJohn VII. count de Harcourt, who was made prisoner at Agincourt.\nPage 285. line 7. _Gamaches._] John de Rouault, lord of Gamaches and\nBoismenard.\nPage 286. line 1. _Louis._] Louis III. eldest son of Louis II. king of\nSicily, &c. by Yoland, daughter of John I. king of Arragon and Yoland\nde Bar. Louis III. was born in 1403, adopted by Jane II. queen of\nNaples, married Margaret of Savoy, and died, 1434, without issue.\nPage 286. line 3. _Bar._] R\u00e9n\u00e9, born in 1408, duke of Lorraine in right\nof his wife Isabel, daughter of Charles the bold, and of Bar in right\nof his grandmother, Yoland queen of Arragon.\nPage 286. line 3. _Charles._] Charles, count of Maine, &c. born in 1414.\nPage 286. line 4. _Dauphin._] Mary married to Charles, dauphin, in 1422.\nPage 286. line 5. _Yolande._] Yoland married to Francis, duke of\nBretagne, in 1431.\nPage 332. line 24. _Isle-Adam._] Charles, son of Ancel de l'Isle-Adam\nlord of Puysieux, and grand echanson of France, killed at Agincourt.\nPage 338. line 23. _D'Antoing._] John de Melun, lord of Antoing, (son\nof Hugh, son of John I. viscount of Melun, grandfather of the count of\nTancarville.) He was constable of Flanders, viscount of Ghent, and died\nvery old in 1484.\nPage 340. line 10. _Of Burgundy._] John the great, lord of Champlite,\nmarshal of Burgundy. He died in 1418. His eldest son, William, died in\nhis lifetime, leaving John IV. lord of Champlite, on the death of his\ngrandfather, and seneschal of Burgundy. Anthony, second son of John the\ngreat, was count of Dammartin.\nPage 340. line 11. _Ch\u00e2lons._] John de Ch\u00e2lons, prince of Orange in\nright of Mary of Baux his wife. He died in 1418, and was succeeded by\nhis son, Louis the good, here mentioned.\nPage 340. line 13. _Souvelle._] John de la Trimouille, lord of\n_Jonvelle_, was brother to George de la Trimouille, who married the\nduchess of Berry, as before mentioned.\nPage 340. line 14. _Pot._] Regnier Pot, lord of La Prugne.\nPage 340. line 15. _Neuf-Ch\u00e2tel._] Thibauld VIII. lord of Neuf-chastel\nand Blammont, son to the lord of Neuf-chastel killed at Nicopolis.\nPage 340. line 16. _Rochefort_.] James lord of Rochefort and Bussy son\nof John de Rochefort, bailiff of Auxois.\nPage 378. last line, _Derke_.] Damoiseau Derke, _i.e._ William lord of\nArckel, who was killed at Gorcum.\nPage 379. line 2. _Brederode._] Walrave lord of Brederode, also killed\nat Gorcum.\nPage 380. line 5. _Fayette._] Gilbert III. lord of la Fayette, marshal\nof France, counsellor and chamberlain of the king and dauphin,\nseneschal of the Bourbonnois, &c. &c.\nPage 381. line 12. _Harcourt._] James II. de Harcourt, lord of\nMontgomery, who was taken prisoner at Agincourt, married to Margaret,\nonly daughter and heiress of William de Melun, count of Tancarville,\nkilled at Agincourt.\n H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street,\n Blackfriars, London.\nTranscibers Note:\nInconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.\ng.m.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 04 [of 13]\n"} ]