[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1715, "culture": " English\n", "content": "LAST VOYAGE 1684-7 ***\n       Edition limited to five hundred copies printed from type\n           of which this is No.____\n[Illustration: GUDEBROD\u2019S STATUE OF LA SALLE\n  AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS, 1904.]\n                   WITH A FRONTISPIECE OF GUDEBROD\u2019S\n                   STATUE OF LA SALLE AND THE MAP OF\n                  THE ORIGINAL FRENCH EDITION, PARIS\n                    NEW EDITION WITH HISTORICAL AND\n                BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION, ANNOTATIONS\n                   TO WHICH IS ADDED A BIBLIOGRAPHY\n                  OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI\n              BY _APPLETON P. C. GRIFFIN_, OF THE LIBRARY\n         Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1906\n        In the office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington.\n                      THE INDEFATIGABLE HISTORIAN\n                   MISSIONS, LITERATURE AND HISTORY\n                ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN NORTH AMERICA,\n                MAN OF MODEST, PIOUS AND BLAMELESS LIFE\n                THE FINAL VOLUME OF A SERIES PROJECTED\n                   BY HIMSELF, OVER FORTY YEARS AGO,\n                          SINCERELY DEDICATED\n                       THE PUBLISHER AND EDITOR.\nThis volume is the concluding one of a series projected by the late\nJOHN GILMARY SHEA, LL. D., on the \u201cDiscovery and Explorations of the\nMississippi Valley.\u201d The initial volume, issued in 1852, comprises the\nNarratives of Marquette, Allouez, Membr\u00e9, Hennepin and Anastase Douay.\nThe second, issued in 1861, contains those of Cavelier, St. Cosme, Le\nSeuer, Gravier and Guignas.\nThe present volume, giving Joutel\u2019s Journal of La Salle\u2019s third and\nlast voyage, is reprinted from the first English translation of 1714,\nof the original French edition of 1713.\nA _facsimile_ reprint of the above English edition was issued\n(privately) by the Caxton Club of Chicago, in 1896, in an edition\nof 203 copies, and enriched by textual notes by Prof. MELVILLE B.\nANDERSON, now of Menlo Park, California,\u2014the result of his careful\ncollation of the English with the French original. These notes, by\nthe special permission of Mr. Anderson, have been incorporated in the\npresent volume and indicated by his initials.\nWith a view, also, to render this edition as compendious a source of\nreference as possible for the student of this subject, we have added,\nby the courtesy of the author, the exceedingly full and valuable\n\u201cBibliography of the Discovery and Explorations in the Mississippi\nValley,\u201d by Mr. APPLETON P. C. GRIFFIN, formerly of the Boston\nPublic Library, now Chief Bibliographer of the Library of Congress,\nWashington, D. C.\n  The French Bookseller to the reader                                 33\n  The Preface written by Sieur de Mitchell                            47\n  Joutel\u2019s Journal with notes and annotations                         53\n  Remainder of Letter by he who revis\u2019d this Journal, being\n  Letters Patent granted by the King of France to M. Crozat          212\n  Bibliography of \u201cThe Discovery of the Mississippi,\u201d by Appleton\n  Heliotype reproduction of Gudebrod\u2019s Statue of La Salle\n      produced for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at\n  Reproduction in facsimile of Joutel\u2019s Map originally\n      published in the Paris edition of 1713             _End of volume_\n                      _Historical Introduction._\n                   LA SALLE\u2019S TWO PREVIOUS VOYAGES.\nThe earliest French explorers of the seventeenth century, among the\ngreat lakes and rivers of the North American continent,\u2014Champlain,\nNicolet, Marquette, Hennepin, Joliet and La Salle\u2014were men of no\ncommon mould. Whether clerics, imbued with the enthusiasm of their\nholy faith, or laymen, dominated by the love of adventure and the\nprospect of adding to the wealth and glory of their beloved France,\ntheir ideals were sublime, their labors prodigious, their sufferings\nheroic, their perseverance indomitable. They possessed \u201cthe courage of\ntheir convictions;\u201d and despite the difficulties, dangers, and reverses\nwhich befell them, their successive explorations all contributed to the\nresult finally achieved by La Salle,\u2014the discovery of the \u201cFather of\nWaters\u201d\u2014the Mississippi.\n\u201cSecond only to Champlain, among the heroes of Canadian history,\u201d says\nJohn Fiske,[1] \u201cstands Robert Cavelier de la Salle\u2014a man of iron, if\never there was one\u2014a man austere and cold in manner, and endowed with\nsuch indomitable pluck and perseverance as have never been surpassed\nin the world. He did more than any other man to extend the dominion\nof France in the New World. As Champlain had founded the colony of\nCanada, and opened the way to the great lakes, so La Salle completed\nthe discovery of the Mississippi, and added to the French possessions\nthe vast province of Louisiana.\u201d\nRen\u00e9 Robert Cavelier, better known as La Salle, from the name of the\nfamily\u2019s estate, was born, in 1643, at Rouen, Normandy, France. The\nCaveliers, though not ennobled, were citizens of marked social and some\nofficial distinction in that ancient and wealthy city. His father,\nJean, and his uncle Henri, were rich merchants, and the latter, at\nleast, was one of the \u201cHundred Associates\u201d of Cardinal Richelieu, a\nsyndicate largely interested in trade with the territorial possessions\nof France, in America.[2] Being an earnest Catholic, Robert, at an\nearly age, became connected with the Jesuits, and in their schools\nacquired an excellent education, especially in the higher mathematics\nand the exact sciences. His nature, however, was one which chafed under\nthe restrictions of a monastic order; and he subsequently withdrew from\nthem, though on good terms, and with a reputation as a bright scholar,\nand of unimpeachable morals. Free to seek a wider field for his\nactivities than that offered by an ecclesiastical career, his attention\nwas drawn to Canada, where an elder brother, John Cavelier, a priest of\nthe Sulpitian order, was then residing. But, as his connection with and\nwithdrawal from the Jesuit order had\u2014under a recent French law\u2014deprived\nhim of any claim upon the estate of his recently deceased father, he\nlacked the means needed for the voyage thither. Finally, he obtained an\nallowance (probably from his family) of 300 or 400 livres, with which\nslender sum he sailed to seek his fortune, in the spring of 1666.\nShortly after his arrival at Montreal, he received from the Superior of\nthe Sulpitian Seminary, which had recently become the feudal lord of\nthat city, a large grant of land (a \u201cseigniory\u201d) in that vicinity.[3]\nThis he immediately proceeded to improve, by the introduction of new\nsettlers as tenants, the erection of buildings, and the cultivation of\nthe soil. It is probable, however, that even before coming to Canada\nhe had outlined to himself a much wider sphere of activity. For, with\nthe prevision which was a feature of his character, he spent much\nof his time during the first two years of his life at La Chine, in\nmastering the Indian languages, especially those of the Iroquois and\nAlgonquin dialects. And in this, he evidently struck upon the initial\npoint of his future career. For, from a party of Senecas who visited\nwith him several weeks at his seigniory, he learned of a great river\n(which they called the Ohio) \u201cflowing into the sea,\u201d and only to be\nreached by a journey of eight or nine months. This, he conceived,\nmight be the river of which he had already heard as emptying into the\n\u201cVermilion Sea,\u201d or Gulf of California, and, thinking that perchance\nit might possibly prove to be a northwest route to China, he projected\na voyage of discovery thither.[4] With this in view he planned a visit\nto the Senecas, to learn all that they might know in relation to the\nmatter. Communicating his plans to the Governor (Courcelle) and the\nIntendant (Talon) of Canada, he received from them the necessary\nauthorization to make the attempt. But first, as it must be made at\nhis own expense, and as he had already spent all his means upon the\nimprovement of his seigniory, he was obliged to sell his lands, etc.,\nmainly to the Seminary, from which he had obtained them. He, also,\nthough perhaps rather unfortunately, joined his interests with those of\nthe Sulpitians, in a voyage of discovery which that order were about to\nmake for missionary purposes, in the same direction.\n              THE FIRST VOYAGE OF EXPLORATION, 1669\u20131675.\nThis joint expedition, under command of La Salle, started from La\nChine, July 6th, 1669, with the Ohio river as its objective point. It\nconsisted of 4 canoes, and 15 men of La Salle\u2019s party; 3 canoes and 7\nmen of the Sulpitian contingent, and 2 canoes of Seneca Indians, acting\nas guides\u20149 canoes and 24 men in all. Thirty-five days travel brought\nthem to the Seneca village (Irondequoit, on the south side of Lake\nOntario), where they found a cordial welcome, but, also, difficulty\nin obtaining guides. While thus delayed, there arrived in camp two\nFrenchmen, one of whom was Louis Joliet, fur-trader and voyageur,\nhimself an honorable figure in the annals of western discovery. Joliet,\nwho had visited the upper lakes, whither he had been sent by Talon,\nthe French Intendant at Montreal, to discover and report upon the\ncopper mines of Lake Superior, showed to the priests of La Salle\u2019s\nparty a map which he had made of that region, and of which he gave\nthem a copy; and he told them, moreover, of the heathenish condition\nof the Pottawatomies and other tribes dwelling in those parts. This\nso inflamed the religious zeal of the priests that they incontinently\nlost all their interest in the Ohio project, and determined to deflect\ntheir course toward the lake region, despite all the objections which\nLa Salle could urge. So that, being firmly set in his own designs,\nhe urged a recent illness as his excuse for parting with them; and\nthe Sulpitians started northward, and got back to Montreal in June,\n1670, with nothing to show (owing to sundry misfortunes and losses,\nespecially that of their altar-service, without which they could not\nconvert the heathen) either in the way of discovery, or of missionary\nresults. La Salle\u2019s movements, after this \u201cparting of the ways,\u201d and\nfor two years following, are somewhat involved in obscurity. There is\nlittle doubt, however, that he was busily engaged in explorations and\ndiscoveries of some importance.[5] Certain it is, that he discovered\nthe Ohio, since his own assertion of the fact, in a memoir addressed to\nCount Frontenac, in 1677, is confirmed by the testimony of his rival,\nJoliet, upon whose two maps of the Mississippi and the great lakes, the\nOhio is depicted with an inscription stating that it had been explored\nby La Salle.\nThe evidence of his having, on this voyage, reached and descended the\nMississippi is not so clear. What militates most strongly against the\nassumption that he did so, is the fact, that, though he kept journals\nand made maps of this trip, which were, as late as 1765, in possession\nof a niece then living in France, at an advanced age; yet, when, after\nLa Salle\u2019s death, this niece together with an uncle and a nephew of\nthe explorer petitioned the King for a certain grant in consideration\nof the discoveries made by their distinguished relative, they made no\nmention of such discovery, as they would most likely have done if they\nhad known of it.\nBut the discovery of the Illinois river must, undoubtedly, be credited\nto him.\nReturning to Canada, from his long wanderings, he found great changes\ngoing on in that country. It was no longer simply a missionary field,\nbut was fast assuming the form and character of a colony. A royal\nViceroy, or Governor-General, had taken the place of the former\nGovernor and Intendant; and the controlling interests of the Sulpitian\norder were now largely overshadowed by those of the Jesuits. Both Count\nFrontenac, the Governor, and the Intendant Talon, were men of similar\ncharacter and held like views with La Salle. Like him, they entertained\nplans of wider scope than those of any previous Canadian officials. And\nwhen he broached his plan of finding and opening up of the Mississippi,\nand the rich southern country through which it ran, and of fortifying\nalong its course, and especially at its outlet, against the incursions\nof the Spanish and English, he enlisted their ready sympathy. Thus,\nleaving to the Jesuits, with a dislike of whom they all three seemed\nto have been imbued, the frozen Canadian country; and to the English,\nthat portion of the continent east of the Alleghanies, they proposed to\nthemselves to conquer the remainder of this vast territory for the King\nof France.\nThe generally accepted French policy of that day, in regard to the\nacquisition of new territory in North America, was that the discovery\nof a great river gave to all the territory drained by such river an\ninchoate (or inceptive) title, which later could be completed by\noccupation. It was the attempt to carry out this policy which cost\n(and lost) France the Seven Years War, in which the politics and\nhistory of America and Europe became inextricably mixed. And of this\npolicy, Count Frontenac, the Governor, Talon, the Intendant, and La\nSalle, the explorer, now became the leading exponents in Canada. They\nwere all exceptionally strong men, full of ambitions and untiring\nenergy, and their scheme combined not only military occupation, but\nthe reclamation of the Indian tribes and their concentration around\nthe proposed chain of French forts, together with colonies of French\nimmigrants of an agricultural and industrial character, the extension\nof the buffalo fur-trade, etc.\u2014in fact a most enchanting _mirage_\nof future civilization and Christianity in the vast central area of\nthis continent. In itself, the scheme was too vast to be more than\na sketch of future possibilities; and, moreover, it ignored certain\nneeds and facts which were most important to its success. For instance,\nthe French immigration to this country, at that time, was totally\ninadequate to furnish settlers enough, and with sufficient rapidity\nto ensure the successful colonization of the new territory. Again,\nthe pacification among themselves, of the numerous and warring Indian\ntribes which occupied this western continent, and the securing of their\npeaceful and friendly co-operation with the whites, was a work almost\nimpossible within the limits of a generation or more\u2014and, until it was\ndone, colonization would be slow, and its difficulties and dangers\ndeterrent to such emigration. Another inherent point of weakness in\nthe plan was the difficulty of keeping in touch with and depending\nupon a home government thousands of miles away, as well as the\nuncertain nature of such dependence in the political, commercial, and\necclesiastical conflicts which would be apt to arise, and necessarily\nwould have to be adjusted, more or less, through the medium of Colonial\nofficials\u2014whose motives would not always be free from the imputation of\nself-interest.\nThe jealousy of the Jesuits, now conscious of their waning power in\nthe affairs of the new Colonial _r\u00e9gime_, had always been felt by La\nSalle\u2014and probably with good reason\u2014to be inimical to his plans; and\nthe future held out no hope of its being less persistent or bitter.\nThe personality of the explorer, also, weighed fully as much against,\nas for, the success of his undertaking. By nature cold, reserved,\nand reticent, he was not a genial man; and possessed little or none\nof that magnetism which wins men\u2019s hearts. Absorbed, as he was, with\nthe details of his great plans, and the responsibilities which they\nimposed upon him, he was ever self-contained and self-repressed. Even\nthe few most faithful and trusted companions of his labors could hardly\nbe considered as on terms of intimacy with him. And the necessity of\nmaintaining the strictest discipline among the class of men by whose\nfollowing and aid he had to carry on his work\u2014voyageurs, courriers\ndes bois, traders, canoeists, and Indians\u2014who comprehended him not,\nbut were simply compelled by the force of his will, certainly did not\ntend to establish that community of interest which should have existed\nbetween them. It was, in fact, this lacking quality in an otherwise\nmagnificent character, which was ever thwarting his plans and which\nrendered his brief career of eight years in exploration work an almost\nuninterrupted record of disaster\u2014leading\u2014though with one momentary\ntriumph\u2014to a tragic end.\nOmniscience is denied to Man. It belongs only to the Creator, who has\ngiven to men, in its place, the limited faculty of foresight. And, with\nsuch foresight as they had, the three promoters of the fortunes of New\nFrance\u2014Count Frontenac, Talon, and La Salle\u2014formulated their plans, and\nin the autumn of 1674 the latter sailed for France, to obtain the royal\nsanction and the moneyed help which were needed. Whatever the strength\nor the weaknesses of their project, money was their _sine qua non_.\n_La Salle\u2019s first return to France._ Bearing strong letters of\nrecommendation from Frontenac to the French Minister of State,\nColbert,[6] he met with a cordial reception at home. In response to\nhis petitions to the King, he was, in consideration of his services\nas an explorer, raised to the ranks of the untitled nobility[7] and\nwas granted the seigniory of the new post on Lake Ontario, which, in\nhonor to his patron, was named Fort Frontenac. He was also invested\nwith the command of the same, together with that of the settlement\naround it, subject to the authority of his friend the Governor-General.\nOn his part he undertook to repay to the King the cost of the fort,\nto maintain it, at his own charge, with a garrison equal to that of\nMontreal, besides laborers; to form a French colony around it, as well\nas one of domesticated Indians near by; to build a church and support\none or more R\u00e9collet friars.\nHe had but little trouble, now that he was in the sunshine of royal\nfavor, in obtaining from his gratified family and friends the needed\nfunds; and on his return to Canada (1675), proceeded to comply with\nthe terms of his seigniorial grant. Within two years, the original\nwooden fort was replaced by a much larger one of cut stone, on the\nland side, and on the outer side by palisades, and its walls manned by\nnine small cannon. On the inside it contained barracks, a guard-house,\nofficers\u2019 quarters, a forge, a well, a mill, and a bakery\u2014all of\nsubstantial build. Its garrison consisted of two officers, a surgeon,\nand ten or twelve soldiers, with a large number of masons, laborers,\nand canoe-men. Near the two villages which stretched along the shore\nsouth of the fort (one of French farm-tenants, the other of friendly\nIroquois) were the chapel and residence of two R\u00e9collet friars. Over\na hundred (French) acres of cleared and cultivated land, and cattle,\nfowl, and swine, brought from Montreal, gave ample evidence of\npermanent occupation; and four vessels for lake and river navigation,\nas well as a fleet of canoes, hinted strongly at the seignior\u2019s\npredilection for travel and exploration. Feudal lord of the entire\nregion around him (for the nearest settlement was a week\u2019s journey\ndistant), commander of a garrison paid by himself, founder and patron\nof a church, he was now literally \u201cmaster of all which he surveyed;\u201d\nand had he been content so to remain, would soon have become a\nmerchant-prince, for, ere long, as estimated by a friend, he was\n\u201cmaking more than 25,000 livres a year.\u201d\nHis cup of success, however, was not without its infusion of\nbitterness. He found himself in a very maelstrom of opposition and\ndetraction, arising from the jealousy of those interested in the\nMontreal fur-trade, (especially among the Jesuits), who saw in the\nroyal favors conferred on La Salle the ultimate downfall of their own\ninterests. In this violent imbroglio of commercial, political and\npriestly rivalry, envy, malice, contemptible, and persistent espionage,\nand even poison, played their respective parts.\nMeanwhile, the free life of Nature was wooing his spirit, the fever\nof exploration was still strong upon him; and he valued the position\nhe had attained only as a stepping-stone to the realization of his\nlife-long dream.\n_La Salle\u2019s second return visit to France._ So, in the autumn of 1677,\nleaving his fort and seigniory in charge of a trusted lieutenant, La\nForest, who was also one of his partners in the proposed fur-trade,\nLa Salle sailed again for France. There, lodged modestly in a rather\nobscure quarter of Paris, he renewed the friendships and associations\nwhich he had formed during his previous visit; and added to them by\nmaking new and valuable friends. Among these were the Marquis de\nSeignelay, the Prince de Conti, La Motte de Sussi\u00e8re, and last but\nnot least, Henri de Tonti, thenceforth his foremost companion in his\nWestern labors.[8] La Salle also received from the King a royal patent\nauthorizing him to explore and occupy the Mississippi country, \u201cthrough\nwhich, to all appearances, a way may be found to Mexico.\u201d This patent,\nconfirmatory of that granted him in 1675, imposed upon him the erection\nand maintenance of such forts as he might deem necessary, and gave him\na monopoly for five years of the trade in buffalo hides. The whole\nexpense was to be borne (as was the custom of the monarchs of that day,\nin granting lands which they did not own, and the privileges which such\ngrants carried with them) by the grantee. The fur-trade of the Montreal\ncolony was not to be interfered with; nor did the patent include any\nprovision or encouragement of the industrial or colonization scheme\nwhich had fully taken possession of La Salle\u2019s mind. Content, however,\nwith what he could get in the way of kingly favor\u2014on the principle,\nperhaps, that \u201chalf a loaf is better than no loaf,\u201d the adventurer\nturned his attention to securing the needed funds, and soon, by loans\nfrom friends and family, and by mortgages upon his Fort Frontenac\nproperty, had raised sufficient to carry out his purpose.\nOn the 14th July, 1678, Le Sieur La Salle, as he must thenceforth be\ncalled, with Tonti, La Motte, and 30 men, mostly ship carpenters, with\na cargo of iron, cordage, anchors, etc., sufficient for the equipment\nof two vessels, set sail for Quebec, where they arrived after a two\nmonths\u2019 voyage. Here they met with Father Hennepin, a R\u00e9collet friar,\nwho had come to Canada three years before, and whose name from this\npoint is prominently connected with American Western exploration.[9]\nTHE SECOND VOYAGE OF EXPLORATION (1678\u20131679) was virtually commenced,\nunder the orders of La Salle (who was with Tonti) detained at Quebec\nby his own affairs, and the difficulties arising from the machinations\nof his enemies,[10] by La Motte and Hennepin. They set sail, from Fort\nFrontenac, November 18th, 1678, in a small vessel of ten tons; but it\nwas not until the 6th of December that they reached the mouth of the\nNiagara river and saw the grand cataract of which Hennepin\u2019s pencil has\npreserved the first known picture and description. Two leagues above\nthe mouth of the Niagara river La Motte began the erection of a fort,\nwhere he was joined later by La Salle and Tonti. Here, under almost\nunsurmountable obstacles, due to the excessive cold, and hunger, as\nwell as jealousies among the men, and the distrust of the Indians, a\nship-yard was improvised, and a vessel of about 45 tons was builded and\nequipped with five small cannon. She was named the _Griffin_, in honor\nof the Governor-General, and her prow was ornamented with a grotesque\nfigure of that somewhat apocryphal animal, in compliment to his family\narms.[11]\nThe building of this fort and of the _Griffin_ was a masterstroke of La\nSalle\u2019s, for Niagara was the key to the four great upper lakes (Erie,\nHuron, Superior, and Michigan), and by its position would control the\nfur-trade of the whole northern country. In time of peace it would\nintercept the trade between the Iroquois and the Dutch and English at\nAlbany; in time of war it would be a menace to both.\nAny forward movement, however, was delayed from February until August,\n1679, by the absence of La Salle, who had been obliged to return, with\nTonti, to Fort Frontenac for needed supplies, and to attend to some of\nhis private affairs. For his creditors, excited by false reports of his\ninsolvency, had seized upon all his available property, outside of his\nseigniory.\nDespite these embarrassments, however, he pushed forward his\nenterprise, and by the 7th of August the _Griffin_ was sailing upon\nthe waters of Lake Erie, never before ploughed by the keel of a white\nman\u2019s ship. Passing through the Straits of Detroit and into Lake\nHuron, they stayed not their course, although nearly wrecked by a\nfierce gale, until, early in September, they dropped anchor at the\nentrance of Green Bay, within the waters of Lake Michigan. Here, at\nMichilimackinac, was a Jesuit mission and centre of Indian trade, where\nthey were received with show of welcome by the holy fathers, and with\nevident distrust by their Indian _proteg\u00e9s_. Here La Salle found that\na party of his men whom he had sent on in advance to the Illinois, to\ntrade for him and make preparations for his coming, had been tampered\nwith, had appropriated the goods in their charge to their own uses,\nand that many of them were missing. Six of these rascals were found at\nMichilimackinac, and with two found by Tonti at the Sault Ste. Marie,\nwere captured with their plunder and the remainder had taken to the\nwoods. It had been La Salle\u2019s intention to leave his party at this\npoint to proceed on their way to the Illinois, under Tonti, while he\nhimself should return to Canada, to look after and protect his own\nconcerns there. But Tonti was just then absent, and there was great\nneed of his remaining with his men, lest they should again be enticed\naway from their duty. Besides, he was desirous to frustrate a plan of\nhis enemies, which he thought he had discovered, to set the Iroquois\n\u201cby the ears\u201d with the Illinois, with a view to draw him into the war,\nand thus interrupt his plans.\nFinally sailing westward into Lake Michigan he found near Green\nBay[12] several faithful men of the advance party whom he had sent\nout, who had collected there and on the way thither, a considerable\nstore of furs; which he determined to send back to Niagara, on the\n_Griffin_, to satisfy his exacting creditors, with orders to return\nto the head of Lake Michigan as soon as possible.[13] She set sail on\nthis return voyage on the 18th of September, in the face of a storm,\nwhich prevailed for several days. In the same storm, also, La Salle\nand the fourteen men left to him, by numerous desertions _en route_,\nresumed their journey, in four canoes, heavily laden with a forge,\ntools, merchandise, and arms. It was no pleasure trip; twice they\nwere swamped, and nearly lost the contents of their canoes, as well\nas their lives: drenched, cold, and without provisions, they suffered\nmuch, and distrust of the Indians with whom they met on shore increased\ntheir sufferings. But steadily he pushed on along the western coast of\nLake Michigan, and circled around its southern end until he reached the\nmouth of the St. Joseph, called by him the Miami. Here he had expected\nto meet Tonti with twenty men, coming along the eastern shore of the\nlake from Michilimackinac. But no Tonti was there. It was the 1st of\nNovember, the streams were freezing over, and their provisions were\nfailing. Unless they could reach the villages of the Illinois before\nthe Indians left for their winter hunt, starvation might be their\nfate. The dissatisfaction of his men presaged mutiny and desertion,\nbut La Salle firmly refused to remove from the place where they were,\nand affirmed his intention, if they should desert, to remain with his\nMohegan hunter and the three friars of his party until the arrival of\nTonti. Then, the better to occupy their thoughts, he set them to work\non the building of a timber fort. Twenty days later, and when this work\nwas well under way, Tonti appeared, but with only half of his men.\nProvisions having failed, he had left the remainder thirty leagues\nbehind, to get their living as best they might, by hunting. But La\nSalle sent him back, with two men, to find and bring them forward. On\nthis return trip, their canoe was swamped in a violent gale, and guns,\nbaggage, and provisions were lost and they returned to the fort on the\nMiami, subsisting on acorns by the way. The balance of Tonti\u2019s party,\nexcept a couple of deserters, came into camp a few days after.\nBut the _Griffin_ came not back to the waiting party. Nor was her fate\never known; whether she was lost by stress of storm, by Indian attack,\nor (as La Salle always thought) by treachery of her pilot. Longer\ndelay, however, was impossible: and so, after sending back two of his\nmen to Michilimackinac, and to pilot her, if she still existed, to\nthe Miami fort, his party, numbering 33 in all, was re-embarked, 3rd\nDecember, 1679, on the St. Joseph, keeping a sharp lookout along the\nright-hand shore for the path or portage leading to the headwaters of\nthe Illinois river. This, owing to the absence of the Mohegan hunter,\nthey missed, and La Salle went on shore to look it up, lost his way,\nand passed a dismal night in a thick snowstorm. Meantime Tonti and\nHennepin, growing uneasy, also landed, ordered guns to be fired, and\nsent out men to find their lost commander, if possible. He was found\nnear morning, and, with the aid of the Mohegan, who had returned, the\nportage was also found and La Salle, excessively fatigued, turned in,\nwith Hennepin, for a little rest in a wigwam which was covered with\nmats made of reeds. During the night the cold forced them to kindle a\nfire, from which the mats caught ablaze, so that before daybreak they\nwere turned out into the cold again, having barely escaped being burned\nwith their shelter. In the morning, shouldering their canoes, they\nstarted across the portage to the headwaters of the Illinois\u2014distant\nsome five miles. As the party filed along on their way, a disgruntled\nman, who walked behind La Salle, raised his gun to shoot him in the\nback, but was prevented by a companion. Reaching the Kankakee, one of\nthe sources of the Illinois, they floated their canoes on its thin\nand sluggish stream; and passing through wide areas of swamps, and\nprairies, glided along at the base of \u201cStarved Rock\u201d near the great\ntown of the Illinois, and on New Year\u2019s Day, 1680, reached the head of\nthe Illinois river, where they landed, and Father Hennepin celebrated\nthe Mass. Four days later they had reached the long expansion\u2014the river\nnow called Peoria Lake, and near its southern end they came upon a\nlarge camp of Indians, who received them at first with surprise and\nenmity. But La Salle and his men leaped ashore, and by his bravery and\nknowledge of Indian character quelled their fears, so that Frenchmen\nand Indians were soon seated together at a feast such as the former\nhad not for some time seen. The calumet of peace was exchanged and La\nSalle explained to his hosts his object and his wish for peace, so that\nthey all retired to sleep in amity. In the morning, however, La Salle\nfound that he was regarded with distrust, and soon learned that Indian\nemissaries from another tribe had been tampering, over-night, with his\nhosts\u2014who now appeared quite indisposed to friendship. He saw, in this\nsudden change of front, the hand of the Jesuits, and when, at a second\nfeast, tendered by one of the chiefs, he was urged to desist from\nhis plan of descending the Mississippi, by arguments of the number,\nvalor, and ferocity of the tribes inhabiting its valley, the terrors\nof alligators, serpents, and unnatural monsters, and the fearful\nnature of the river itself, he was fully confirmed in his opinion. In\na strong, but temperate address, La Salle declared his disbelief in\nthose marvelous tales, and affirmed that they were lies, inspired by\nFrench jealousy of his project, and sent them through Iroquois sources.\nA few days later, a band of Mississippi Indians visited the camp, from\nwhom he learned the utter falsity of these stories and also had the\nassurance that the tribes along that river would receive the white men\nwith favor. On this he took the first opportunity, at another feast, of\nconfronting the Illinois chiefs with so full a description of the river\n(which he said had been communicated to him by \u201cthe Great Spirit\u201d) its\ncourse and its final meeting with the sea, that his savage hearers\n\u201cclapped their hands to their mouths,\u201d in astonishment, and conceiving\nhim to be a sorcerer, confessed that what they had said was false and\ninspired only by their desire to retain him amongst them.\nMeanwhile, he had determined to fortify himself for the winter (it\nwas now the middle of January) in a position where he could face an\nIllinois outbreak, or an Iroquois invasion, better than he could do in\nthe Indian camp where he was then a guest. Taking advantage of a thaw,\nwhich temporarily reopened the frozen river, he with Hennepin, in a\ncanoe, sought and soon found the site he had chosen. on a low hill,\nor knoll, half a league from the camp and about 200 yards from the\nsouthern bank. In front of this knoll was a marsh, overflowed at high\ntide, and on either side a ravine. A ditch was dug behind this knoll,\nconnecting these two ravines, and thus isolating it from the mainland.\nOn each side of the hill, which was nearly square, an embankment was\nthrown up and its sloping sides were guarded by _chevaux-de-frise_,\nand a 25-foot palisade surrounded the whole. The buildings within this\narea were of musket-proof timber. This fort, the first civilized act of\noccupation in the present State of Illinois, he named Fort Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur.\n\u201cLa Salle\u2019s men,\u201d says Parkman, \u201cwere for the most part raw hands,\nknowing nothing of the wilderness, and easily alarmed at its dangers,\n* * * it was to the last degree difficult to hold men to their duty.\nOnce fairly in the wilderness, completely freed from the sharp\nrestraints of authority in which they had passed their lives, a spirit\nof lawlessness broke out among them with a violence proportioned to the\npressure which had hitherto suppressed it. Discipline had no resources\nand no guarantee; while these outlaws of the forest, the _courriers des\nbois_, were always before their eyes, a standing example of unbridled\nlicense.\u201d Desertions and disaffections among his followers were, at\nthis time, a heavy burden to La Salle; and he even barely escaped from\nanother attempt to poison him. Finally, however, having apparently\nplacated the Indians of the vicinity, and checked, as he hoped, the\ndisposition to mutiny and desertion among his men, which had been a\nconstant menace to his plans,[14] he built, in an incredibly short\ntime, a vessel of 40 tons\u2019 burden with which to descend the river to\nthe Mississippi. He also sent Hennepin and two others in a canoe to\nexplore the Illinois to its junction with the larger river. He himself,\nhaving now given up all hopes of the _Griffin_, began a return to\nCanada, for needed supplies, in canoes, with four Frenchmen and an\nIndian hunter, leaving the faithful Tonti, with a dozen or so men to\nhold the fort and guard the half-finished ship. It was a desperate\njourney, but he felt that unless the articles lost in the _Griffin_\nwere replaced without delay, the expedition would be retarded for a\nfull year, and probably utterly foiled by the additional expense which\nwould be incurred for the support of his men. On the way he met the\ntwo men whom he had sent back to Michilimackinac in search of the\n_Griffin_, but they brought him no tidings of her fate, and ordering\nthem to join Tonti at Fort Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur, he pressed firmly on. He also\ntook occasion to examine the capabilities of the \u201cStarved Rock\u201d upon\nthe Illinois, and sent back word to Tonti to make it a stronghold of\ndefense in case of necessity. His journey occupied sixty-five days\nof incessant toil, danger, and accidents that rendered it \u201cthe most\nadventurous one ever made by a Frenchman in America;\u201d he himself was\nthe only one of the party who did not break down, either from fatigue\nor illness, and when Lake Erie was reached, it was his arm alone which\nferried their canoe over to the blockhouse at Niagara. They reached\nFort Frontenac on the 6th of May, and he pushed on directly to Montreal.\nHis sudden reappearance there caused the greatest astonishment; and\nhe was met on every hand with news of disaster. Both Man and Nature\nseemed in arms against him; his agents had plundered him, creditors\nhad seized upon his property, a vessel from France, laden with stores\nvalued at over 10,000 crowns, had been lost at the mouth of the St.\nLawrence, and of twenty men hired in Europe, some had been detained by\nthe Intendant Duchesneau, and all but four of the remainder had been\ntold that he was dead, and had returned home. Yet, undaunted by these\nstaggering blows of Fortune, he went vigorously to work; and, within\na week, succeeded in gaining the supplies he so much needed for the\nforlorn band he had left behind him on the Illinois. Finally, on the\nvery eve of his embarkation from Fort Frontenac, a letter from Tonti\ninformed him that most of the men left at Fort Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur had deserted,\nplundered the fort, and destroyed all the arms, goods, etc., which they\ncould not carry away with them; and this was followed by a letter from\ntwo friendly lake traders which told him that the deserters had also\ndestroyed his fort at St. Joseph, seizing a quantity of furs belonging\nto him at Michilimackinac,[15] and plundered the magazine at Niagara;\nand that, largely reinforced by others, they were seeking him along\nthe northern shore of Lake Ontario, with the design of killing him, if\nthey met, in order to escape punishment for their misdeeds. La Salle\u2019s\ncourage rose promptly to the occasion. Choosing nine of his trustiest\nmen, he started out, in canoes, to face them, met and captured four of\nthem in one canoe and killed two and captured three others in another\ncanoe. His prisoners he placed in custody at Fort Frontenac, to await\nthe coming of Governor-General Frontenac; and immediately put out on\nhis return to the Illinois, and the relief of his gallant lieutenant\nTonti. He took with him a new lieutenant, one La Forest, a surgeon,\nship-carpenter, joiners, masons, soldiers, voyageurs and laborers, 25\nmen in all, with full outfits of all needed tools for the building of\nthe vessel and a new fort. By a shorter route than that of the previous\nyear, they arrived at Michilimackinac, pushed on with 12 men to the\nruined fort at St. Joseph, where he left the heavy stores, under a\nsmall guard, to await the arrival of La Forest. His anxiety to reach\nTonti, of whom, thus far, he had heard nothing, was greatly increased\nby a rumor of an impending invasion of the Illinois country, by the\nIroquois, which foreboded a new disaster to his enterprise. And as the\nparty passed down the Illinois, it met with evidences everywhere that\nthe two savage tribes had indeed met in combat, to the utter rout of\nthe Illinois; but their anxiety in regard to Tonti was not relieved by\nany word or sign. The vessel, however, which he had left unfinished\nat Fort Cr\u00e8vec\u0153ur was still entire, and but slightly damaged. Once\nmore taking to their canoes, they descended the river (250 miles) to\nits junction with the Mississippi, which they first saw about the 7th\nof December, 1681.[16] There was now nothing left for him, except to\nretrace his way up the Illinois to relieve the men whom he had left at\nthe fort on the St. Joseph.[17] And, though to his surprise he learned\nno tidings of Tonti, he found that his men under La Forest\u2019s orders\nhad restored the fort, cleared a place for planting, and prepared the\ntimber and plank for a new vessel.\nTonti, meanwhile, finding himself caught in the very midst of the\nterrible war between the Iroquois and the Illinois\u2014from which he\nextricated himself and his party only by the supreme exercise of his\nwisdom and courage, against odds almost unsurmountable, had reached\nLake Michigan, near Chicago, and following its borders northward had\nreached Green Bay, in a starved and half-frozen condition, from which\nthey were relieved by a friendly tribe of Pottawatomies. In March, La\nSalle heard of the safety of Tonti, and in May, to their great joy,\nthese two brave men were reunited.[18]\nLa Salle passed the winter at his fort on the Miami, on the St.\nJoseph, by the border of Lake Michigan, planning how to meet the old\ndisappointments and difficulties which still surrounded him, as well\nas the new contingencies which he foresaw would soon arise. Of these\nlatter, the most formidable was the enmity of the ferocious Iroquois\nnation, which had already terrorized the Illinois, and shown a\ndisposition to interfere with his own plans. To this end, he conceived\nthe idea of a confederation of the Illinois with some of the Western\ntribes, and some from the New England, and Atlantic borders of the\nEast, which, under his leadership and the protection of France, would\nbe a mutual defense against the incursions of the Iroquois. This bold\nproject he speedily carried into effect, by his tact, personal address,\nand superb oratory\u2014for he was a natural-born diplomat, especially in\nall his dealings with Indians. This done he returned to Canada, to\ncompose his own disturbed affairs, collect his scattered resources,\nand placate his creditors. By the beginning of autumn he was again on\nhis way to complete the task\u2014already twice defeated\u2014of discovering the\nmouth of the Mississippi. For, though he had satisfied himself that it\nreally existed, he had still to determine its course, and navigability,\nand the nature of its exit into the ocean[19] as well as to acquaint\nhimself with its resources, and its savage inhabitants. When he reached\nhis fort at the Miami in October, he found there some of his new Indian\nallies from the East, and with 18 of them and 23 of his own Frenchmen,\nstarted for the headwaters of the Illinois\u2014dragging their canoes and\nbaggage on sledges, as the streams were frozen. They reached the\nMississippi on the 6th of February, launched their little fleet of\ncanoes, and\u2014delayed a few days by floating ice\u2014resumed their course,\npassing successively the mouths of the Missouri, the Ohio, and the\nArkansas rivers, and making visits to many tribes along their course,\nby whom they were well received. As they reached the end of their\njourney, on the 6th of April, sixty-two days from the time of entering\nthe river, they saw that the river divided into three broad channels,\nor mouths, of which La Salle followed the western one, Dautray the\neastern, and Tonti the middle one.\nAfter La Salle had located, in his canoe, the nearby borders of the\ngreat sea, or gulf (of Mexico) which spread before them, the three\nparties reassembled (April 9th, 1682) at a spot where a column was\nerected and near it a plate was buried bearing the arms inscribed\nwith the words of France, and \u201c_Louis Le Grande, Roy de France et de\nNavarre, R\u00e8gne, Le Neuvi\u00e8me, Avril, 1682_.\u201d Then while the _Te Deum_,\nthe _Exaud\u00e9at_ and the _Domine Salvum fac Regem_ were chanted, the\nvolleys of musketry discharged by the men under arms, with cries of\n\u201cVive le Roi;\u201d a cross was planted beside the column and Le Sieur\nde Salle, sword in hand, proclaimed the new-found territory as\n_Louisiana_, and Louis XIV as its King and rightful Lord.\nThe vast domain thus secured, after the manner of those times, to the\nFrench Crown, extended from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains, and\nfrom the Rio Grande and the Gulf of Mexico to the farthest springs of\nthe Missouri; but the name\u2014Louisiana\u2014which he gave it is now confined\nto a single commonwealth in the great sisterhood of states forming the\nUnited States of America.\nNow, in the culmination of his triumph he was seized by an illness so\nsevere as to threaten his life; and was unable to reach Fort Miami,\neven by slow stages, before August, and to rejoin Tonti, whom he had\ndispatched with news of his success to Canada. It seems to have been\nabout this time that he began to abandon the difficult access which he\nhad hitherto found, through Canada, with all its dangers and enemies,\nboth whites and Indians; and to reach the region of his hopes and\ntoils more directly by way of the Gulf of Mexico and the mouth of the\nMississippi. His plans of descending that river by means of a vessel\nhad twice been thwarted by disasters which proved its futility; and to\nattempt his purpose with canoes would be fraught with much difficulty\nand an enormous expense. He purposed now, in view of all his past\nexperiences, to form on the banks of the Illinois a colony of French\nand Indians, as a place of storage of the furs which could be gathered\nby the various Western tribes; and as a defense against the Iroquois,\nwho were alike inimical to the French and their Illinois allies. And\nrumors of an impending renewal of attack upon these allies urged him\nto greater speed; so he and Tonti repaired at once to \u201cStarved Rock,\u201d\nbefore mentioned.[20] This was a cliff, rising to a height of 125 feet,\non the southern bank of the Illinois, presenting on three sides a sheer\nperpendicular wall, and on its other side a deep ravine; and it was\naccessible only by a difficult climb from behind. Its area was about an\nacre. This rock, in December, 1662, they cleared of the forest which\ncrowned it, dragged timber up the ragged pathway, built storehouses and\ndwellings, and surrounded the summit with palisades. In this eyrie,\nwhich he christened Fort St. Louis of the Illinois, the winter was\npassed by La Salle\u2019s company, and by tactful management he secured the\nfriendship of the neighboring tribes.[21]\nAround and under the protection of this fortification was soon gathered\na motley gathering of the Illinois, and fragments of other tribes, all\nlooking to him as their feudal lord; and to these followers, by virtue\nof his seigniorial rights, he began to grant parcels of land, and soon\nhad the _nucleus_ of a colony of some 20,000 souls, numbering about\n4,000 warriors.\nBut, while thus engaged in the wilderness, matters in Canada were\nlooming up adversely to his interests. His friend and patron, Count\nFrontenac, had been recalled to France, and the man who succeeded\nhim as Governor-General, one de La Barre, was prejudiced against the\nexplorer and constantly misrepresenting him to the home government\nin France. Furthermore, emboldened by the tone of the King\u2019s letter,\nwho had been led to condemn La Salle\u2019s doings and plans, La Barre,\nwith other associates, seized Fort Frontenac (which was La Salle\u2019s\nproperty), despite the remonstrances of the creditors and mortgagees;\nsold his stores for their own benefit, and turned his cattle to\npasture on the growing crops. The position of La Salle became\nintolerable, cut off from his supplies, for which he entreated Governor\nLa Barre in vain, threatened with an onslaught of the Iroquois, and\nunable to afford his own Indian allies the help which he had promised\nthem, he had no other resource than to leave his wilderness colony in\nfaithful Tonti\u2019s care, and cross the ocean again to face his enemies\nbefore the Court and King.\n_La Salle\u2019s third return visit to France._ So, early in the autumn of\n1683, he again turned his face homeward. Quite to his surprise, as\nwe may well imagine, La Salle found that the time of his return was\nfortuitous. His old friends rallied around him; his enemies seemed, for\nthe moment, to have lost their influence against him. Best of all, both\nthe King and his Ministers were in better humor with him than, from\nthe tone of recent home correspondence, he had reason to expect. The\ncountry was now at war with Spain, and the trend of official opinion\nchimed in very happily with the proposals which he had to offer for the\nconsideration of King and Ministry.\nThese proposals were (1) to establish a fortified post upon the Gulf of\nMexico, within one year after his arrival there; (2) to fortify on the\nMississippi, about fifty leagues above its mouth, and there collect an\narmy of over 15,000 Indians; thus commanding the whole river valley,\nand forming a base for military operations against the Spaniards in\nthe most northern province of Mexico. His plan also embraced the\nadding (on his way) 50 buccaneers at St. Domingo, and 4,000 Indian\nwarriors from his Fort St. Louis on the Illinois. For this design, he\nasked for a vessel of 30 guns, a few cannon for the forts, and 200\nmen, to be raised in France, armed, paid, and maintained at the King\u2019s\nexpense. If, by peace with Spain, he was prevented for more than three\nyears from the full execution of this contract, he bound himself to\nrefund to the Crown all the costs of the enterprise, or forfeit the\ngovernment of the posts thus established. The scheme which he thus\noutlined to the French monarch and his Minister Seignelay, of bidding\ndefiance to Spanish incursions, and of controlling the entire trade\nand colonization of the entire Mississippi valley, was most gladly and\npromptly accepted by them. La Forest, La Salle\u2019s lieutenant, being then\nin Paris, was dispatched to Canada, empowered to recover and reoccupy,\nin La Salle\u2019s name, the Forts Frontenac and St. Louis of the Illinois,\nfrom which he had been dispossessed by Governor La Barre; and to the\nlatter the King personally wrote, ordering him to restore to La Salle,\nor his representative, all the property of which he had been unjustly\ndeprived. As to the equipment of the expedition, he was given four\nvessels, instead of the two for which he had asked, viz., the _Joly_,\na 36-gun ship of the royal navy, a 6-gun ship, a store-ship, and a\nketch. Soldiers were enrolled, besides 30 volunteers, many of whom were\ngentlemen and of the better class of the bourgeois; several families,\nand girls matrimonially inclined, as colonists; together with pilots,\nmechanics, laborers, and six friars and priests of the Sulpitian and\nR\u00e9collet orders.[22]\nUnfortunately, the expedition, from the first, was hampered with a\ndivided command. La Salle\u2019s request had been for its sole command,\nwith a subaltern officer, one or two pilots, and entire control of\nthe route they should take, and of the troops and colonists on land.\nBut the command of the ships was given, by the Minister, to one\nBeaujeu, an old and experienced officer of the royal navy\u2014and even\nbefore the expedition set sail, a collision of opinions and authority\narose between the two heads of the expedition, which imperiled its\nsuccess.[23]\nFinally, on the 24th of July, 1684, the expedition sailed, from\nRochelle. Its further history is to be found in the following pages of\nJoutel\u2019s Journal.\nHENRI JOUTEL, the writer of this narrative, was a native of Rouen, in\nFrance. His father had formerly been head-gardener to Henri Cavelier,\nthe uncle of Ren\u00e9 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, the explorer,\nwhose presence and projects for a new voyage to the Mississippi were\nthe engrossing subjects of interest to his fellow townsmen of Rouen\njust at the time of Joutel\u2019s return from a seventeen years\u2019 service in\nthe army.[24]\nBeing then in the prime of his young manhood, of an adventurous\nspirit, unhampered by family responsibilities, and free for any new\nemployment, he very naturally became a volunteer in the enterprise\nof his distinguished fellow-townsman. He evidently possessed a fair\neducation for that day, and a character for reliability and experience,\nwhich, together with his personal and business qualifications, rendered\nhim most acceptable to La Salle\u2019s projected undertaking. His social\nposition in his native town, if we may infer from the title of \u201cMr.\u201d\nusually prefixed to his name, was that of a _bourgeois_\u2014that class in\nthe community which for centuries has been the mainstay and source of\nFrance\u2019s stability and prosperity. In the mixed military and naval\nexpedition which sailed under La Salle\u2019s orders, his position seems\nnot to have been that of a commissioned officer, though he styles\nhimself in his Journal, \u201ca Commander,\u201d but rather that of a personal\nlieutenant and confidant[25] of the Commander-in-Chief\u2014in other words,\na superintendent of such matters as pertained to the provisioning,\nsheltering, and general care and regulation of the interests and\ncomfort of the settlers, both male and female, who formed a part of the\nexpedition.\nHis services to the enterprise of which he, fortunately, became the\nhistorian, as they are simply and circumstantially narrated in this\nJournal, and corroborated by contemporary evidence, prove that La\nSalle\u2019s choice of him, as \u201cthe man of affairs\u201d of the expedition was\nwell-founded and fortunate. Practical, methodical, resourceful in\nevery emergency, tactful in his dealings with all the members of the\nheterogeneous company with whom he was associated, and inflexibly loyal\nto his Chief, Joutel fully proved his worth.\nTwice, at least, his life was in danger, from the machinations of\nmutineers. The first time, the plot was discovered in time, and, having\nreceived an order to join La Salle with all his force, he delivered\nthe criminals to the latter. And again, being left in charge of the\nFort St. Louis, with 34 men, Joutel was disturbed by a plot to kill\nhim or deprive him of his office\u2014from which once more his life, which\nultimately proved so valuable to the party, was preserved.\nHis Journal, here printed, is valuable from its exactness of detail,\nand the fact that, in many places, it corrects the careless or\nmisleading statements of others, and it is remarkably free from the\negotism which disfigures or weakens the narratives of some early\ntravelers in America. Parkman, comparing it with other accounts written\nby survivors of the expedition, says emphatically, \u201cIt gives the\nimpression of sense, intelligence and candor, throughout.\u201d\nNo shadow of complicity in the murder of La Salle attaches to\nJoutel. That he did not more strongly assert himself in the critical\nemergencies which succeeded that tragical event, was due, probably, to\na combination of circumstances. The mutineers who had accomplished the\ndeed were overwhelmingly dominant, and the lives of the whole party\ntrembled in the balance. Joutel was no coward; but the situation in\nwhich they found themselves called for the exercise of that prudence\nwhich is ofttimes the better part of valor. Neither was he ambitious,\nso that, when the little band of seven who sought to separate\nthemselves from the assassins, finally started upon their long and\nperilous journey toward the North, we find, as if by common consent,\nthat the Abbe Cavelier figures as the nominal leader. Undoubtedly, this\nwas due partly to the respect felt by Joutel for the aged ecclesiastic\nby virtue of his sacred office, as well as by his own life-long\nassociation, at Rouen, with the family of Cavelier; and also by motives\nof policy in thus securing for the party the _prestige_ of being headed\nby a La Salle\u2014a \u201cname to conjure with\u201d amid the savage tribes through\nwhom they must pass.\nYet, undoubtedly, it was mainly to Joutel\u2019s prudence, courage, and\npractical knowledge that the little band of survivors\u2014after their\nmarvelous journey of over 800 miles through trackless wilds, and amid\ninnumerable dangers from flood, disease, and savages\u2014finally reached\nQuebec, and ultimately their beloved France, in October, 1688.\nThe motives previously alluded to as influencing Joutel in waiving his\nright to the leadership of the party, on its return to civilization,\nmay, probably, sufficiently account for (even if they do not fully\ncondone) his connivance (as also that of Father Douay) in the\nconcealment, for over two years, of the fact of La Salle\u2019s death\u2014a\ndeception undoubtedly originating with the Abbe Cavalier, who desired\nthereby to get possession of property which might otherwise have been\nseized by creditors of his deceased brother the Sieur Robert La Salle,\nthe explorer. Parkman says (_note_ to p. 207, vol. ii, _La Salle\u2019s\nVoyages_, Champlain edition) that \u201cthe prudent Abbe died rich and very\nold, at the home of a relative, having inherited a large estate after\nhis return from America.\u201d\nJoutel appears to have spent the rest of his life at Rouen, where\nCharlevoix says he saw him in 1723; and speaks of him as a very upright\nman, and evidently the only trustworthy member of La Salle\u2019s party. Of\nJoutel\u2019s _Journal_ he also speaks in the same strain.[26]\n[Illustration: Original Title Page in facsimile\n || An Account of the Settlements he endeavour\u2019d to make on the      ||\n ||   Coa\u017ft of the afore\u017faid _Bay_, his unfortunate Death, and the   ||\n ||   Travels of his Companions for the Space of Eight Hundred       ||\n ||   Leagues acro\u017fs that Inland Country of _America_. now call\u2019d    ||\n ||   _Loui\u017fiana_, (and given by the King of _France_ to M.          ||\n ||            _Written in_ French _by Mon\u017fieur_ Joutel,             ||\n ||    _And Tran\u017flated from the Edition ju\u017ft publi\u017fh\u2019d at_ Paris.    ||\n ||    With an exact Map of that va\u017ft Country, and a Copy of the     ||\n || _Letters Patents_ granted by the K. of _France_ to M. _Crozat_.  ||\n ||     _LONDON_, Printed for _A. Bell_ at the _Cro\u017fs-Keys_ and      ||\n ||_Bible_ in _Cornhill_, _B. Lintott_ at the _Cro\u017fs Keys_ in _Fleet-||\n ||       \u017ftreet_, and _J. Baker_ in _Pater-No\u017fter-Row_, 1714.       ||\n_The Manuscript of this Journal hapning to fall into my Hands, and\nhaving shewn it to some Persons well vers\u2019d in these Affairs, they were\nof Opinion it deserv\u2019d to be printed; especially at this Time, when\ntravels are so much in Request, and in regard this is now seasonable,\non Account of the Description it gives of the famous River_ Missisipi\n_and of the Country of_ Louisiana, _where it is intended to make great\nSettlements. Besides, this Relation is uncommon, curious and ingaging,\nboth in Regard to the Honour and Advantage of the Nation, for as much\nas it contains the Attempts and the bold and glorious Undertakings\nof our_ French _Adventurers, who not satisfied, like others, with\ndiscovering the Borders and Coasts of unknown Countries, proceed to\npenetrate into the Inland, through a thousand Dangers and Hazards of\ntheir Lives. Is it not very commendable in them, to make us fully\nacquainted with that great remaining Part of the World, which for so\nmany Ages continued unknown to our Forefathers, till about two hundred\nYears ago_ Christopher Columbus _discover\u2019d it, and_ Americus Vespusius\n_going over soon after, gave it his Name, causing it to be call\u2019d_\nAmerica? _One of those whom I desired to peruse this Manuscript, has a\nlittle polish\u2019d it, pursuant to the Orders I receiv\u2019d; and he having\nbeen a considerable Traveller, was a proper Person to judge of and put\nit into a Dress fit to appear in publick. The Letter he writ to me,\nbeing not only instructive, in Relation to the Journal, but of Use as\na curious Supplement to it, I thought the inserting of it would be\nacceptable. It is as follows._\n_SIR_,\nI Return you your Manuscript; the Reading of it has reviv\u2019d the\nSatisfaction I once took in my Travels; it has oblig\u2019d me to read over\nagain those of several Persons, who have writ of _Canada_, and carry\u2019d\nme in Imagination through those vast, barbarous and unknown Countries,\nwith much more Ease and less Danger than was done by the Hero of this\nRelation. He certainly deserves that honourable Title, and having read\nhis Adventures, I could not forbear saying with the Poet\n        _Illi robur & \u00e6s triplex\n  Circa Pectus erat_.\nFor what an extraordinary Strength, what a Vigour of Body and Mind\nwas requisite for him to project, to undertake and to go thro\u2019 with\nso unusual, so bold and so difficult an Enterprize. A Discovery of\nabove eight hundred Leagues of barbarous and unknown Countries,\nwithout any beaten Roads, without Towns, and without any of those\nConveniencies, which render Travelling more easy in all other Parts.\nAll the Land-Carriage is reduc\u2019d to walking afoot; being often without\nany other Shoes but a Piece of a Bullock\u2019s Hide wrapp\u2019d about the Feet;\ncarrying a Firelock, a Snapsack,[27] Tools and some Commodities to\nbarter with the Natives. It is true that accidentally and but very\nrarely a Horse is found to help out a little.\nIf they must venture upon the Water, there are only some wretched\nCanoes, made either of the Barks of Trees or of Bullocks Hides, and\nthose they must often carry or drag along the Land, when the Falls of\nthe Rivers obstruct making use of them. All the Bed is lying on the\nbare Ground, exposed to the Inclemencies of the Air, to be devour\u2019d by\nAlligators and bit by Rattle Snakes; without Bread, Wine, Salt and all\nother Comforts of Life, and this for some Years. The Diet altogether\nconsists in a poor Pap or Hasty-Pudding made of the Meal of _Indian_\nCorn, Fish half broil\u2019d or ill boil\u2019d, and some Beef or wild Goats\nFlesh, dry\u2019d in the Air and Smoke. Besides, what a Trouble is it to\ninvent Signs to be understood by so many several Nations, each of which\nhas it\u2019s peculiar Language? All this an Adventurer must resolve with\nhimself to go through, who designs to make Discoveries in _Canada_; and\nit would be hard to believe this, did not all those who write of it\nexactly agree in this Particular.\nHowever that Country is good and pleasant, at least towards the South,\nwhich is what is here spoken of. The Temperature of the Climate is\nadmirable, the Soil excellent for Tillage, and it is extraordinary\nfertil in all Sorts of Grain and Fruit; which appears by those the Land\nproduces of it self in great Plenty. The Hills and Woods produce Timber\nfor all Uses and Fruit Trees, as well of cold as hot Countries. There\nare Vines which want but little Improvement; there are Sugar-Canes,\nlarge Meadows, and navigable Rivers full of Fish. It is true they\nare infested with Alligators, but with a little Care they are to be\navoided; as may the Rattle-Snakes, which are extraordinary venomous,\nbut never bite unless they are hurt. There are thousands of wild\nBullocks, larger than ours, their Flesh good, and instead of Hair,\nthey have a Sort of curl\u2019d Wool extraordinary fine. There are Abundance\nof Deer, wild Goats and all Sorts of wild Fowl, and more especially of\nTurkeys. As there are Poisons and Venoms, so there are immediate and\nwonderful Antidotes.\nWe must not look there for rich and stately Cities, or lofty\nStructures, or any of those Wonders of Architecture, or the Remains and\nancient Monuments of the Vanity of great Men; but we may there admire\nNature in its beautiful Simplicity, as it came from the Hands of its\nCreator; without having been alter\u2019d or depraved by Ambition or Art.\nBut is so vast and so beautiful a Country only for Beasts, Birds and\nFishes! O inconceivable Wonder! There is an infinite Number of People,\ndivided into Nations, living in Cottages made of the Barks of Trees,\nor cover\u2019d with Reeds or Hides, when they are not abroad at War,\nor Hunting, or Fishing, almost naked, without any other Bed but a\nBullock\u2019s Hide, or any Houshold-Stuff but a Pot or Kettle, an Axe and\nsome Platters made of Bark. They take their Sustenance, as it comes\nin their Way, and like the Beasts; they have no Care, do not value\nWealth, sing, dance, smoke, eat, sleep, hunt, fish; are independent,\nmake War, and when an Opportunity offers, take Revenge of any Injury\nin the most cruel Manner they are able. Such is the Life of those\nSavages. Tho\u2019 there be some in the Southern Parts, not quite so stupid\nand brutal as those in the North, yet they are both Savages, who think\nof Nothing but what is present, love Nothing but what is obvious to the\nSenses, incapable of comprehending any Thing that is Spiritual; sharp\nand ingenious in what is for their own Advantage, without any Sense of\nHonour or Humanity; horribly cruel, perfectly united among themselves\nto their Nation and their Allies; but revengeful and merciless towards\ntheir Enemies. To conclude, their Shape, tho\u2019 hideous, shews they are\nMen; but their Genius and Manners render them like the worst of Beasts.\n[Sidenote: _La_ Hontan\u2019s _forged Discourse with a Savage, wherein he\nrenders himself ridiculous_.]\nA modern Author, who has liv\u2019d in _Canada_, and in other Respects has\nwrit well enough, has perhaps fancy\u2019d, he might distinguish himself,\nand be thought more understanding than other Men in discovering the\nGenius of those People, by assigning more Ingenuity and Penetration to\nthe Savages, than is generally allow\u2019d them. He sometimes makes them to\nargue too strongly and too subtilely against the Mysteries of Christian\nReligion, and his Relation has given just Occasion to suspect, that he\nis himself the Libertine and Talking Savage, to whom he has given the\nartful Malignity of his Notions and Arguments.\n[Sidenote: _The Natives of_ Canada _brutal_.]\nAs for the Genius of the Savages, I am of Opinion, we ought to believe\nthe Missioners; for they are not less capable than other Men to\ndiscover the Truth, and they have at least as much Probity to make it\nknown. It is likely, that they, who have for an hundred Years past,\nwholly apply\u2019d themselves, according to the Duty of their Function, to\nstudy those poor Images of Men, should not be acquainted with them?\nOr would not their Conscience have check\u2019d them, had they told a Lye\nin that Particular? Now all the Missioners agree, that allowing there\nare some Barbarians less wicked and brutal than the rest; yet there\nare none good, nor thoroughly capable of such Things as are above\nthe Reach of our Senses; and that whatsoever they are, there is no\nrelying on them; there is always cause to suspect them, and in short,\nbefore a Savage can be made a Christian, it is requisite to make him a\nMan; and we look upon those Savages as Men, who have neither King nor\nLaw, and what is most deplorable, no God; for if we rightly examine\ntheir Sentiments and their Actions, it does not appear that they have\nany Sort of Religion, or well form\u2019d Notion of a Deity. If some of\nthem, upon certain Occasions, do sometimes own a First or Sovereign\nBeing, or do pay some Veneration to the Sun. As to the first Article,\nthey deliver themselves in such a confuse Manner, and with so many\nContradictions and Extravagancies, that it plainly appears, they\nneither know nor believe anything of it; and as for the second, it is\nonly a bare Custom, without any serious Reflection on their Part.\nA miserable Nation, more void of the Light of Heaven, and even that\nof Nature, than so many other Nations in the _East Indies_, who, tho\u2019\nbrutal and stupid as to the Knowledge of the Deity, yet are not without\nsome Sort of Worship, and have their Hermits and _Fakirs_ who endeavour\nby the Practice of horrid Penances, to gain the Favour of that Godhead,\nand thereby shew they have some real Notion of it. Nothing of that Sort\nis to be found among our _American_ Savages, and in Conclusion, it may\nbe said of them in General, that they are a People without a God.\nOur _French_, who are born in Canada all of them well shap\u2019d, and\nMen of Sense and Worth, cannot endure to have their Savages thus run\ndown. They affirm they are like other Men, and only want Education\nand being improv\u2019d; but besides that we may believe they say so to\nsave the Honour of their Country, we advance nothing here but what\nis grounded on the Report of many able and worthy Persons, who have\nwrit of it, after being well inform\u2019d on the Spot. We are therefore\napt to believe, that there is a Distinction to be made at present\nbetween two Sorts of Savages in _Canada_, _viz._ those who have been\nconversant among the Europeans for sixty or eighty Years past, and the\nothers who are daily discover\u2019d; and it is of the latter that we speak\nhere more particularly, and to whom we assign all those odious and\nwretched Qualities of the Savages of _North America_; for it is well\nknown, that the first Sort of them, as for Instance, the _Hurons_, the\n_Algonquins_, the _Iroquois_, the _Illinois_ and perhaps some others\nare now pretty well civiliz\u2019d, so that their Reason begins to clear up,\nand they may become capable of Instruction.\n[Sidenote: _Strong Women._]\nAmazing and incomprehensible, but at the same Time adorable Disposition\nof Divine Providence! We see here a vast Tract of the Earth, of an\nimmense Extent, of a wonderful Soil for Tillage and Fertility in all\nSorts of Fruit and Grain; of an admirable Temperature as to the Air,\nwhich appears by the very numerous Inhabitants being scarce subject to\nany Diseases, and in that the Sex, which among us is weak, is there\nStrong and Vigorous, bringing forth their Children with little or no\nPain, and suckling them amidst Labour and Fatigues, without any of\nthose Miseries they are liable to in our Countries. Yet that vast and\nbeautiful Country, describ\u2019d in this Journal, so much favour\u2019d with\nWorldly Blessings, has been for so many Ages destitute of the Heavenly.\nThe infinite Numbers of People inhabiting it are Men, and have scarce\nany thing but the Shape; they are God\u2019s Creatures, and do not so much\nas know, much less serve him. Those who have the Courage and Boldness\nto travel through the Countries of such Savages, and those who read\nthe Relations of such Travellers, ought to take Care how they make\nany rash Reflections upon this Point, or pry too deeply into it; for\nthey may chance to lose themselves in their Thoughts. The shortest\nand the safest Course is, in such Cases, to adore the inconceivable\nProfoundness of the Creator\u2019s Wisdom; to give a Check to all our\nEnquiries and Curiosities, with the Apostle\u2019s Exclamation, _O the Depth\nof the Riches both of the Wisdom and Knowledge of God! How unsearchable\nare his Judgments and his Ways past finding out!_ And never ceasing to\nreturn Thanks to his Goodness, for having so abundantly supply\u2019d us\nwith his Light and Grace, to conjure him to impart the same to those\npoor distress\u2019d _Americans_, and that he who is Almighty, will of those\nStones make Children of _Abraham_. This all Christians are oblig\u2019d\nincessantly to pray for, because as Brutish and Stupid as those Savages\nare, they are still our Brethren, since like us descended from _Adam_\nand _Noah_.\nHow much are we then oblig\u2019d to those bold Travellers, who undertake\nnew Discoveries, who to the Hazard of their Lives, at their own\nExpence, and with such extraordinary Toils, go to find out for us,\nnot only numerous Objects of our Curiosity and Admiration, which\nwere before unknown to us, but who also discover to us a numerous\nKindred, which is not ever the less such, for having been so long\nunknown to us. What if it be brutal and indocible, it will be the\nmore Meritorious to Labour at Civilizing of and making it capable of\nreceiving the Lights of Reason and of Faith. We can never sufficiently\nexpress our Gratitude to those who apply themselves to the making of\nnew Discoveries; the more Difficulties that attend them, the more we\nare beholding to those who undertake them. Supposing that Avarice,\nAmbition, a restless Temper, or a desperate Fortune, are very often the\nOccasions of such Undertakings; yet God, who can draw Good out of Evil,\nmakes all those Passions subservient to his Glory, and the Salvation\nof his Elect, and if long Travels do not commonly make Saints of the\nTravellers, it is their own Fault. However, they at least prepare the\nWay to the Sanctification of so many Barbarians, beating a Road for\nthe Missioners, who go to instruct those People. Thus all the World is\nbeholden to them; the Savages for the Knowledge of God that is procur\u2019d\nthem; and we for finding by their Means an infinite Number of People\nbefore unknown, who will join with us in Serving and Glorifying the\nCreator of the Universe.\nGranting that the said Travellers are not sometimes exact, or agree\namong themselves in their Relations, their Descriptions and their\nMaps; this must be an unavoidable Fault in Discoverers; but even that\nis advantageous to the Publick, for as much as their Successors are\nexcited to examine those Points more strictly, to correct, explain and\nascertain those Mistakes.\nIn acknowledgment therefore of the Service done us by those Illustrious\nAdventurers and to make them some Sort of Amends for their Sufferings,\nlet us transmit their Names to Posterity in our Writings; let us\napplaud their Actions when we read them, and let us commend their\nRelations. This here, most certainly deserves to be read and commended,\nfor it is Curious, Extraordinary and Tragical. It is also, as has been\nsaid before, ingaging, at this Conjuncture, when there is a Design of\nmaking Settlements in those Countries, it mentions, the Consequence\nwhereof may be most Honourable and Advantageous to the Nation. The\nTravel thro\u2019 that Country is one of the greatest and most full of\nDifficulties that has been perform\u2019d; the Relation of it being made\nby an Eye Witness, and in a natural, plain and particular Manner,\ndeserves to be credited; but being only a Journal, it is not capable of\nadmitting of Ornaments or Embellishments. The Reader will be pleas\u2019d\nto excuse the Repetition of the same Words in it, on Account of the\nImpossibility of doing otherwise, and will think it enough that the\nBarrenness of the Narration is made Amends for by the Curiosity of the\nSubjects. I am of Opinion the small Notes I have added will not be\ndispleasing, because they explain some Particulars, which are not very\nintelligible to such as are not us\u2019d to read many Travels.\nAfter having said the Good and the Bad of this _North America_,\nmentioning the Beauty and Excellency of its Climate and the Brutality\nof its People, and recited the infinite Hardships, those who design to\ntravel must resolve to undergo, I am of Opinion it will be proper to\nsay something of the late Monsieur _de la Sale_, who is the principal\nPerson, and as it were, the Hero of this Relation, tho\u2019 having been\nmurdered by his own Men, he fell the unfortunate Victim of the\nDiscovery here treated of. It is also convenient to make known what\nwent before that, which is contain\u2019d in this Journal, and the present\nhappy Consequence of that fatal Enterprize. Here follows what I have of\nmy own particular Knowledge, and by what has been written.\n[Sidenote: _Account of Monsieur_ de la Sale.]\n_Robert Cavelier_, commonly call\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_, a Native of\n_Roan_, of a good Family, having been educated in Piety and Learning,\nwent over very young into _Canada_ and took Delight in Trade, but more\nin Projects of new Discoveries up the Inland of those vast Countries.\nIntending to settle there and make that his Country, he purchased an\nHabitation in the Island of _Mont-real_, where has been built the\nsecond Town of _Canada_, sixty Leagues above _Quebeck_, which is the\nCapital, being also a Bishoprick, and the Residence of the Governor,\nthe Intendant and the supreme Council. There are but only those two\nTowns in the Country, besides some Villages. They are both seated on\nthe great River of St. _Laurence_, which coming from the S. W. is\nform\u2019d or increased by the Waters of five prodigious fresh Water Lakes,\nrunning out one into another, and through them it passes to run down to\ndischarge itself in the Ocean, at a very spacious Mouth, making Way for\nthe Ships that design to penetrate into _Canada_.\nMany Discoveries had been made to the Northward, before Monsieur _de la\nSale\u2019s_ Time; because there being Plenty of very good Furs, the Traders\nof _Quebeck_ and _Mont-real_, by Means of the Adventurers call\u2019d\n_Wood-Men_,[28] from their traveling thro\u2019 the Woods, had penetrated\nvery far up the Country that Way; but none had advanc\u2019d far towards\nthe South or South-West, beyond Fort _Frontenac_, which is on the Lake\n_Ontario_, the nearest this Way of the five great Lakes. However, upon\nthe Report of the Natives, it was supposed, that great and advantageous\nDiscoveries might be made. There had been much Talk of the rich Mines\nof St. _Barbara_, in the Kingdom of _Mexico_, and some were tempted to\ngive them a Visit.\n[Sidenote: _His Character_.]\nSomething was known of the famous River _Missisipi_, which it was\nsupposed might fall into the South Sea, and open a Way to it. These\nConjectures working upon Monsieur _de la Sale_, who being zealous for\nthe Honour of his Nation, designed to signalize the _French_ Name,\non Account of extraordinary Discoveries, beyond all that went before\nhim; he form\u2019d the Design and resolv\u2019d to put it in Execution. He was\ncertainly very fit for it, and succeeded at the Expense of his Life;\nfor no Man has done so much in that Way as he did for the Space of\ntwenty Years he spent in that Employment. He was a Man of a regular\nBehaviour, of a large Soul, well enough learned, and understanding in\nthe Mathematicks, designing, bold, undaunted, dexterous, insinuating,\nnot to be discourag\u2019d at any Thing, ready at extricating himself out\nof any Difficulties, no Way apprehensive of the greatest Fatigues,\nwonderful steady in Adversity, and what was of extraordinary Use, well\nenough versed in several Savage Languages. M. _de la Sale_ having such\nextraordinary Talents, whereof he had given sufficient Proofs upon\nseveral Occasions, gain\u2019d the Esteem of the Governors of _Canada_; and\nMessieurs _de Courcelles_, _Talon_ and _de Frontenac_ successively\nexpress\u2019d the same, by often employing him in Affairs for the Honour\nand Advantage of the Colony.\n[Sidenote: _Is made Proprietor of Fort_ Frontenac.]\nThe Government of the Fort of _Frontenac_, which is the Place farthest\nadvanc\u2019d among the Savages, was committed to him, and he going over\ninto _France_, in the Year 1675, the King made him Proprietor of it,\nupon Condition he should put it into a better Condition than it was,\nwhich he did, as soon as return\u2019d to _Canada_. Then came back again\nto _Paris_, full of the new Informations he had gain\u2019d touching the\nRiver _Missisipi_, the Country runs through, the Mines, especially\nthose of Lead and Copper, the navigable Rivers, and the Trade that\nmight be carried on of Furs and the fine Wooll of those wild Bullocks,\nwhereof there are infinite Numbers in the Forests. Being also furnish\u2019d\nwith better Accounts of that Country, than the Fables that were then\npublish\u2019d, by the Name of a Voyage of the Sieur _Joliet_, he was\nwell receiv\u2019d at Court, and dispatch\u2019d with the necessary Orders for\nproceeding on his Discoveries.\n[Sidenote: _His Reputation makes Enemies._]\nThe great Reputation Monsieur _de la Sale_ had gain\u2019d, and his mighty\nProjects, occasion\u2019d a Jealousy in some and Envy in others. His own\nCountrymen thwarted his Designs; but he surmounted all those Obstacles\nand return\u2019d into _Canada_, about the Year 1678, with the Chevalier\n_Tonty_, an _Italian_ Gentleman, a Person of Worth and that had serv\u2019d,\nwhom he gain\u2019d to his Enterprize. He also pick\u2019d up in the Country\nforty or fifty Persons fit for that Expedition, and among them were\nthree Recolets, whom he carry\u2019d over to try what might be done as to\nChristianity among the Savages; he was well acquainted with, and had a\njust Esteem for the Virtue, the Capacity and the Zeal of those good,\nreligious Men, who alone first undertook the Mission into that new\nWorld, and who being seconded by others, have carry\u2019d it on there, with\nso much Edification.\n[Sidenote: _Source of the_ Missisipi.]\n[Sidenote: Islinois _River_.]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ having spent two Years in going and coming, still\nthwarted by those who envy\u2019d him in the Country, to such a Degree,\nthat had it not been for an Antidote, he must have dy\u2019d of Poison\ngiven him by some Villains, could not order his Affairs and begin his\nExpedition till the Year 1682. He set out at length, and to the End\nhis Discovery of the _Missisipi_ might be compleat, he caus\u2019d Father\n_Hennepin_, a Recolet, with some others, to travel to the Northward,\nthat they might find out the Source of that River, and they found it,\nabout the 50th Degree of North Latitude. For his own Part, he proceeded\nto the Westward and found the River of the _Islinois_, which he call\u2019d\nthe River of _Seignelay_, and following its Course, came into the\n_Missisipi_, where the other discharges it self. He then concluded\nhe had no more to do, but to run down to its Mouth, whether in the\nSouth Sea or the Gulph of _Mexico_. All along its Banks he found many\nSavage Nations, with whom, by Means of his Presents, he enter\u2019d into\nAlliances, and gave the Country the Name of _Louisiana_, to honour the\nName and Memory of our August Monarch, in whose Reign those Discoveries\nwere made. At length, the Course of the _Missisipi_ convey\u2019d Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ to its Mouths, as falling into the Gulph of _Mexico_ in\ntwo Streams, and he arriv\u2019d there in the Month of _April_ 1682 or 1683,\nfor the Dates of those who have writ concerning it, make either of\nthose Years. He stay\u2019d there some Days, to take Observations and place\nsome Marks which he might know again, when he return\u2019d. Being satisfied\nwith having found some Part of what he sought, he return\u2019d the same Way\nhe had gone, and came again to _Quebeck_ in _Canada_, in order to go\nover to _France_, and thence to make a Tryal to find that Mouth of the\n_Missisipi_ by the Gulph of _Mexico_, which he had already discover\u2019d\nby the Way of _Canada_, and to secure it; for he thought it much more\nadvantageous to know it by the Way of the Sea, than to go thither by\nLand, because the Voyage through _Canada_ is much longer and more\ntroublesome, and can be perform\u2019d but once a Year, whereas by the Way\nof the Bay of _Mexico_ it is not longer, but is much more commodious,\nand may be perform\u2019d in all Seasons, either going or coming. He was\nalso sensible that the said Mouth being once discover\u2019d by Sea,\nafforded an easier and safer Communication with _Canada_, running up\nthat noble River, the Navigation whereof is not interrupted by Falls,\nnor Torrents for above sixty Leagues towards its Source.\nThese Considerations mov\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_ to take another\nVoyage into _France_, where his Expedition having been commended and\nhis new Project approv\u2019d of, the King order\u2019d him Vessels to return\nand carry on his Enterprize, the Particulars whereof are to be found\nin this Journal. That Affair, so well begun, seem\u2019d to promise very\nadvantageous Consequences; but it miscarried through the Perfidiousness\nand Villany of that noble Adventurer\u2019s own People.\n[Sidenote: _The other Part here mention\u2019d is at the End of the\nJournal_.]\nThis is what I have judg\u2019d might serve as an Introduction to your\nJournal, if it shall not be thought to dishonour it, you may place\nit before the said Journal, and that which follows at the End of it,\nwhich will shew how far that great Enterprize of the Discovery of the\n_Missisipi_ has been carried.\n                     Who Methodiz\u2019d this Journal.\n_Notwithstanding the late Monsieur_ de la Sale\u2019s _Voyage had a most\nunfortunate End, as to his own Person, yet that will not hinder\nPosterity, from ever allowing him the Title of a most renowned\nTraveller_.\n_The History of his Enterprize will be acceptable to future Ages, for\nlaying before them, the extraordinary Genius, the invincible Courage,\nand the undaunted Resolution of such a Man, who could contrive and\nexecute the Means for discovering the remaining Part of the World._\n_And in regard that the Particulars of the Discovery of those large\nand immense Provinces, will always be the Object of curious and\nunderstanding Persons, it is not to be wonder\u2019d, that after what has\nbeen writ by Father_ Hennepin, _a Recolet, the Chevalier_ Tonty _and\nsome others, we here now publish an Historical Journal of the last\nVoyage Monsieur_ de la Sale _undertook into the Gulf of_ Mexico, _to\nthe Country of_ Louisiana, _to finish what he had projected at his\nformer Voyage, had not the Treachery of his own Men cut him off_.\n_This Journal of Monsieur_ Joutel, _whereof Monsieur_ Tonty _makes\nmention in the Book that has been printed of the last Discoveries in_\nAmerica, _Folio 319, has this peculiar, that it exactly contains what\nhap\u2019ned to Monsieur_ de la Sale, _Day by Day, in that fatal Voyage,\nsince his Departure from_ Rochelle _to his death, and till the Return\nof his Brother Monsieur_ Cavelier _the Priest, Monsieur_ Cavelier _his\nNephew, the Reverend Father_ Anastasius, _the Recolet, and the said\nSieur_ Joutel, _who in Order to return to_ France, _took that long\nJourney by Land, from the Gulf of_ Mexico _to_ Canada, _being a Tract\nof above 800 Leagues_.\n_Many Adventures of all Sorts, most of which are Tragical, will please\nthe curious Reader; and above all he will admire the Protection of\nDivine Providence, in Conducting and Preserving that small Company\nthroughout those vast Regions, and among so many barbarous Nations._\n_We do not here pretend to Criticise upon the Work of Father_ Hennepin,\n_or that of Monsieur_ Tonty; _but even their own Favourers cannot take\nit ill, that this Author does not sometimes say as they do; that he\nplainly delivers what he saw, and that he exposes to publick View all\nthe Truths he was an Eye Witness to, without magnifying or inventing_.\n_It is nevertheless true, that they may be all excus\u2019d as to some\nParticulars; Father_ Hennepin _and Monsieur_ Tonty _may have seen some\nThings, that did not come to the Knowledge of Monsieur_ Joutel; _but\nthere is a Fact of great Consequence in the History of Monsieur_ de la\nSale, _which must not be pass\u2019d over in Silence_.\n_It is, that Monsieur_ Tonty, _in his Book affirms, that Monsieur_ de\nla Sale _at length found the Mouth of the_ Missisipi, _and Monsieur_\nJoutel _asserts the contrary, and says, that is so far from being\ntrue, that during his last Progress towards the_ Cenis, _when the said\nSieur_ Joutel _was with him, and had never been parted, Monsieur_ de\nla Sale\u2019s _principal Care was to enquire of all the Nations they pass\u2019d\nthrough, where the_ Missisipi _was, and could never hear any thing of\nit; that this is evidently made out, because if Monsieur_ de la Sale\n_had found the Mouth of that River, he would infallibly have taken\nanother Way, and other Measures, and all the Appearances are on this\nSide, as may be seen in this Relation_.\n_However, this must be said in Behalf of Monsieur_ Tonty, _that he\ndeliver\u2019d it upon the Report of Monsieur_ Cavelier _the Priest, and\nBrother to Monsieur_ de la Sale; _which Monsieur_ Cavelier _might have\nReasons to give out they had discover\u2019d the_ Missisipi, _upon the same\nViews as oblig\u2019d him to conceal his Brother\u2019s Death_.\n_Now in regard we shall see Monsieur_ de la Sale, _for some time\nranging along the Coasts of North America, to find out the Mouth of\nthat River, it will be proper to inform those who have not seen his\nfirst Voyage, and shew them how it hap\u2019ned that his Search prov\u2019d in\nvain, and he was oblig\u2019d to land in another Place_.\n_After Monsieur_ de la Sale _had discover\u2019d that vast Continent, which\nis a Part of_ North America, _from_ Canada, _by the Way of_ Montreal,\n_going up the River of St._ Laurence, _then through the Country of the_\nIroquois, _the_ Islinois _and others, all which he call\u2019d_ Louisiana,\n_his Design was to find a shorter and a safer Way, than that he had\nTravell\u2019d by Land_.\n_For this Reason it was, that having upon his first Discovery found\nthe great River, call\u2019d by the Barbarians_ Missisipi _or_ Mechasipi,\n_according to Father_ Hennepin, _and to which he gave the Name of_\nColbert, _guessing by its Course that it fell into the Bay of_ Mexico,\n_he resolved with himself to find out the Mouth of it_.\n_In short, he ran down that River, with more Danger and Toil than can\nbe imagin\u2019d, found it parted into two Streams and follow\u2019d that which\nwas most to the Northward, to the Place where it is lost in the Sea.\nHe took the Latitude that Mouth lay in, and found it was between 28\nand 29 Degrees North, as Monsieur_ Joutel _affirms he heard him say. He\nleft Marks there, return\u2019d the same Way to_ Canada _and thence into_\nFrance, _well pleased with his Discovery, which would have been very\nglorious, had he succeeded in his second Voyage_.\n_But whether he did not take his Measures right, when he made his\nObservations ashore, or whether that River disgorges it self at a flat\nCoast, and only leaves some inconsiderable Mark of its Channel for such\nas come by Sea; it is most certain, that when he came into the Bay of_\nMexico, _he sought for the same Mouth in Vain, during the Space of\nthree Weeks, and was oblig\u2019d to go ashore to the S. W. of the Place,\nwhere it really was_.\n_Monsieur_ Tonty, _in his Book, Fol. 192, tells us, that he was present\nwhen Monsieur_ de la Sale _took the Latitude of the Mouth of the_\nMissisipi, _at his first Voyage, and says it was between twenty two\nand twenty three Degrees North; but that is a Mistake, which must be\nassigned either to the Printer, or Transcriber, for in the Map the\nsaid Monsieur_ Tonty _has added to his Book, he places the said Mouth\nin about twenty six Degrees and a Half of North Latitude, and there is\nReason to believe he errs in that too_.\n_Monsieur_ Joutel _and some others are of Opinion, that the Mouth of\nthat Branch Monsieur_ de la Sale _went down, is in the Bay of the_ Holy\nGhost, _and actually between the twenty eighth and twenty ninth Degrees\nof North Latitude, as Monsieur_ de la Sale _found it. As for the other\nChannel, the same Sieur_ Joutel _believes it is farther towards the\nS. W. and about the Shoals they met with about the 6th of_ January,\n1685, _between the twenty seventh and twenty eighth Degrees of North\nLatitude, when they were sailing along the Coast of the Bay of_ Mexico,\n_and that those Shoals were the Marks of a River discharging it self\nthere, which they neglected to inquire into. If that be so, Monsieur_\nde la Sale _was very near it, and even pass\u2019d along before both the\nMouths, but unfortunately, without perceiving them, which was the main\nCause of his Death and the Ruin of his Enterprize_.\n_To conclude, it must be granted, that as the Return of that small\nNumber of Persons from a Country so remote and through so many Dangers,\nis a visible Effect of the Divine Protection; so it is also an Effect\nof Heavenly Justice to have preserv\u2019d those Witnesses, and to have\nbrought them Home into Monsieur_ de la Sale\u2019s _Country, to retrieve his\nReputation, which had been sully\u2019d by his Enemies_.\n_Monsieur_ de la Sale _would have been taken for a Dreamer, and\neven for an Impostor; his Enterprize had been condemn\u2019d, and his\nMemory blasted; but God would not permit the Honour of a Man of such\nsingular Merit to suffer; it pleas\u2019d him to preserve and bring Home\nunquestionable Witnesses, who, by Word of Mouth and other undoubted\nProofs of the notable Discoveries made by Monsieur_ de la Sale, _have\nstopp\u2019d the Mouths of his Enemies, and made out the Truth of what has\nbeen asserted at the Beginning of this Discourse_, viz. _that Monsieur_\nde la Sale _only wanted good Fortune to secure him the Title of a great\nMan and a renowned Traveller_.\n                Advertisement, _to the British Gentry_.\nWhereas all Gentlemen ought to fit themselves betimes for those\nEmployments which naturally fall to their Share, preferable to their\nFellow Subjects; and that they who design in particular to serve\ntheir Prince Abroad, are obliged to understand the Interests and\nPretentions of Foreign States, as well as the Laws and Constitution of\ntheir own Country: It has been judg\u2019d very serviceable, by Persons of\ngreat Experience, to have the most celebrated Monsieur Wicquefort\u2019s\nAmbassador translated into the English Tongue, as being the only Book\nthat perfectly exhausts this Matter, little being written on the\nSubject by other Nations in Comparison of the Italians, whose Books\nare too defective and abstracted for common Practice. Proposals will\nshortly be published, for printing the said Book by Subscription, by\nthe Undertaker Bernard Lintott between the two Temple-Gates.\nThe Tragedy of Jane Shore, written in Shakespear\u2019s Style, by Nicholas\nRow Esq; as it is acted at the Queen\u2019s Theatre in the Hay-Market. pr. 1\nThe Rape of the Lock, an heroick comical Poem, in 5 Canto\u2019s, with 6\nCopper Plates, by Mr. Pope. pr. 1 s.\nThe Works of Monsieur de Moliere, translated, in 6 Vols. 12s. printed\non fine Paper and new Elziver Letter.\nThe Clergy-man\u2019s Recreation, shewing the Pleasure and Profit of the\nArt of Gard\u2019ning. By John Lawrence. A. M. Rector of Yelvertost in\nNorthamptonshire, and sometime Fellow of Clare-Hall in Cambridge.\nMiscellaneous Poems and Translations by several Hands, particularly,\nthe first Book of Statius his Thebais translated. The Fable of\nVertumnus and Pomoua, from the 14th Book of Ovid\u2019s Metamorphosis. To\na young Lady; with the Works of Voiture. On Silence. To the Author of\na Poem entitled Successio. The Rape of the Lock. An Ode for Musick on\nSt. Cecilia\u2019s Day. Windsor Forest. To the Right Honourable George Ld.\nLansdown. An Essay on Criticism. An Epigram upon Two or Three. All\nwritten by Mr. Pope.\n                     Late Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_\n[Sidenote: _It is Mr._ Joutel _that speaks in this Journal_.]\nAt the Time when Monsieur _de la Sale_ was preparing for his last\nVoyage into _North America_, I happen\u2019d to be at _Roan_, the Place\nwhere he and I were both born, being return\u2019d from the Army, where I\nhad serv\u2019d sixteen or seventeen Years.\nThe Reputation gain\u2019d by Monsieur _de la Sale_, the Greatness of\nhis Undertaking, the Natural Curiosity which all men are possess\u2019d\nwith, and my Acquaintance with his Kindred, and with several of the\nInhabitants of that City, who were to bear him Company, easily\nprevail\u2019d with me to make one of the Number, and I was admitted as a\nvolunteer.\n[Sidenote: _July 1684_]\nOur Rendezvous was appointed at _Rochel_, where we were to imbark.\nMessieurs _Cavelier_, the one Brother, the other Nephew to Monsieur _de\nla Sale_,[29] Messieurs _Chedeville_, _Planteroze_, _Thibault_, _Ory_,\nsome others and I, repair\u2019d thither in _July 1684_.\n[Sidenote: _Departure from_ Rochel.]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ having provided all Things necessary for his\nVoyage, surmounted all the Difficulties laid in his Way by several\nill-minded Persons, and receiv\u2019d his Orders from Monsieur _Arnoult_,\nthe Intendant at _Rochel_, pursuant to those he had receiv\u2019d from the\nKing, we sail\u2019d on the _24th of July, 1684_,[30] being twenty four\nVessels, four of them for our Voyage, and the others for the Islands\nand _Canada_.\n[Sidenote: _Persons that went._]\nThe four Vessels appointed for Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Enterprize, had\non Board about two hundred and eighty persons, including the Crews; of\nwhich Number there were one hundred Soldiers, with their Officers, one\n_Talon_, with his _Canada_ Family, about thirty Volunteers, some young\nWomen, and the rest hired People and Workmen of all Sorts, requisite\nfor making of a Settlement.\n[Sidenote: _Ships._]\nThe first of the four Vessels was a Man of War, call\u2019d _le Joly_, of\nabout thirty six or forty Guns, commanded by Monsieur _de Beaujeu_,\non which Monsieur _de la Sale_, his Brother the Priest, two Recolet\nFryars, Messieurs _Dainmaville_ and _Chedeville_, Priests, and I\nimbark\u2019d. The next was a little Frigate, carrying six Guns, which the\nKing had given to Monsieur _de la Sale_, commanded by two Masters; a\nFlyboat of about three hundred Tuns Burden, belonging to the Sieur\n_Massiot_, Merchant at _Rochel_, commanded by the Sieur _Aigron_, and\nladen with all the Effects Monsieur _de la Sale_ had thought necessary\nfor his Settlement, and a small Ketch, on which Monsieur _de la Sale_\nhad imbark\u2019d thirty Tuns of Ammunition, and some Commodities design\u2019d\nfor _Santo Domingo_.[31]\n[Sidenote: _Boltsprit lost._]\nAll the Fleet, being under the Command of Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, was\norder\u2019d to keep together as far as _Cape Finisterre_, whence each was\nto follow his own Course; but this was prevented by an unexpected\nAccident. We were come into 45 Degrees 23 Minutes of North Latitude,\nand about 50 Leagues from _Rochel_, when the Boltsprit of our Ship, the\n_Joly_, on a sudden, broke short, which oblig\u2019d us to strike all our\nother Sails, and cut all the Rigging the broken Boltsprit hung by.\n[Sidenote: _Return to_ Rochfort.]\n[Sidenote: _Aug. 1684_]\nEvery man reflected on this Accident according to his Inclination. Some\nwere of Opinion it was a Contrivance; and it was debated in Council,\nWhether we should proceed to _Portugal_, or return to _Rochel_, or\n_Rochfort_; but the latter Resolution prevail\u2019d. The other Ships\ndesign\u2019d for the Islands and _Canada_, parted from us, and held on\ntheir Course. We made back for the River of _Rochfort_, whither the\nother three Vessels follow\u2019d us, and a Boat was sent in, to acquaint\nthe Intendant with this Accident. The Boat returned some Hours after,\ntowing along a Boltsprit, which was soon set in its Place, and after\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ had confer\u2019d with the Intendant, he left that\nPlace on the first of _August, 1684_.\n[Sidenote: Cape Finisterre.]\n[Sidenote: Madera.]\nWe sail\u2019d again, steering _W._ and by _S._ and on the 8th of the same\nMonth weather\u2019d _Cape Finisterre_, which is in 43 Degrees of North\nLatitude, without meeting any Thing remarkable. The 12th, we were in\nthe Latitude of _Lisbon_, or about 39 Degrees North. The 16th, we\nwere in 36 Degrees, the Latitude of the _Streights_, and the 20th,\ndiscover\u2019d the Island _Madera_, which is in 32 Degrees, and where\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_ propos\u2019d to Monsieur _de la Sale_ to anchor, and\ntake in Water and some Refreshments.\n[Sidenote: _Difference between the Commanders._]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was not of that Mind, on Account that we had\nbeen but twenty one Days from _France_, had sufficient Store of Water,\nought to have taken aboard Refreshments enough, and it would be a Loss\nof eight or ten Days[32] to no Purpose; besides, that our Enterprize\nrequir\u2019d Secrecy, whereas the _Spaniards_ might get some Information,\nby Means of the People of that Island, which was not agreeable to the\nKing\u2019s Intention.\nThis Answer was not acceptable to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, or the other\nOfficers, nor even to the Ships Crew, who mutter\u2019d at it very much,\nand it went so far, that a Passenger, call\u2019d _Paget_, a _Hugonet_\nof _Rochel_, had the Insolence to talk to Monsieur _de la Sale_ in\na very passionate and disrespectful Manner, so that he was fain to\nmake his Complaint to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, and ask of him, Whether\nhe had given any Incouragement to such a Fellow to talk to him after\nthat Manner. Monsieur _Beaujeu_ made him no Satisfaction. These\nMisunderstandings, with some others which happen\u2019d before, being no Way\nadvantageous to his Majesty\u2019s Service, laid the Foundation of[33] those\ntragical Events, which afterwards put an unhappy End to Monsieur _de la\nSale\u2019s_ Life and Undertaking, and occasion\u2019d our Ruin.\n[Sidenote: _Flying Fish._]\n[Sidenote: _Sept. 1684_]\nHowever, it was resolv\u2019d not to come to an Anchor at that Island,\nwhereupon Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ said, That since it was so, we should\nput in no where but at the Island of _Santo Domingo_. We held on our\nCourse, weather\u2019d the Island of _Madera_, and began to see those little\nflying Fishes, which to escape the _Dorados_, or Gilt-Heads, that\npursue them, leap out of the Water, take a little Flight of about a\nPistol Shot, and then fall again into the Sea, but very often into\nShips, as they are sailing by. That Fish is about as big as a Herring,\nand very good to eat.\n[Sidenote: _Trade Wind._]\nOn the 24th, we came into the Trade Wind, which continually blows\nfrom East to West, and is therefore call\u2019d by some Authors _Ventus\nsubsolanus_, because it follows the Motion of the Sun. The 28th, we\nwere in 27 Degrees 44 Minutes[34] of North Latitude, and in 344 of\nLongitude. The 30th, we had a Storm, which continu\u2019d violent for two\nDays, but being right astern of us, we only lost Sight of the Ketch,\nfor want of good Steering, but she join\u2019d us again a few Days after.\n[Sidenote: _Ducking._]\nThe 6th of _September_, we were under the Tropic of _Cancer_, in 23\nDegrees 30 Minutes of North Latitude and 319 of Longitude. There Mons.\n_de la Sale\u2019s_ Obstructing the Ceremony the Sailors call Ducking, gave\nthem Occasion to mutter again, and render\u2019d himself privately odious.\nSo many have given an Account of the Nature of that Folly, that it\nwould be needless to repeat it here; it may suffice to say, that there\nare three things to authorize it, 1. Custom. 2. The Oath administer\u2019d\nto those who are duck\u2019d, which is to this Effect, _That they will not\npermit any to pass the Tropics or the Line, without obliging them to\nthe same Ceremony_. And 3, which is the most prevailing Argument,\nthe Interest accruing to the Sailors upon that Occasion, by the\nRefreshments, Liquors or Money given them by the Passengers to be\nexcus\u2019d from that Ceremony.\nMonsr. _de la Sale_, being inform\u2019d that all Things were preparing for\nthat Impertinent Ceremony of Ducking, and that a Tub full of Water\nwas ready on the Deck (_the French Duck in a great Cask of Water, the\nEnglish in the Sea, letting down the Person at the Yard Arm_)[35] sent\nWord, that he would not allow such as were under his Command to be\nsubject to that Folly, which being told to Monsr. _de Beaujeu_, he\nforbid putting of it in Execution, to the great Dissatisfaction of\nthe inferior Officers and Sailors, who expected a considerable Sum of\nMoney and Quantity of Refreshments, or Liquors, because there were many\nPersons to Duck, and all the Blame was laid upon Monsr. _de la Sale_.\n[Sidenote: Hispaniola _Island_.]\nOn the 11th of _September_, we were in the Latitude of the Island of\n_Santa Domingo_, or _Hispaniola_, being 20 Degrees North, and the\nLongitude of 320 Degrees. We steer\u2019d our Course West, but the Wind\nflatting, the ensuing Calm quite stopp\u2019d our Way. That same Day Monsr.\n_Dainmaville_, the Priest,[36] went aboard the Bark _la Belle_, to\nadminister the Sacraments to a Gunner, who died a few Days after.\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ went to see him, and I bore him Company.\nThe 21st,[37] the Ketch, which we had before lost sight of, join\u2019d\nus again; and some Complaints being made to Monsr. _de la Sale_, by\nseveral private Persons that were aboard the Flyboat, he order\u2019d me to\ngo thither to accomodate those Differences, which were occasion\u2019d only\nby some Jealousies among them.\n[Sidenote: Sombrero _Island_.]\nThe 16th, we sail\u2019d by the Island _Sombrero_, and the 18th had hard\nblowing Weather, which made us apprehensive of a Hurracan. The foul\nWeather lasted two Days, during which Time, we kept under a main Course\nand lost Sight of the other Vessels.\nA Council was call\u2019d aboard our Ship, the _Joly_, to consider whether\nwe should lie by for the others, or hold on our Course, and it was\nresolv\u2019d, that, considering our Water began to fall short, and there\nwere above five Persons[38] sick aboard, of which Number Monsr. _de la\nSale_ and the Surgeon[39] were, we should make all the Sail we could,\nto reach the first Port[40] of the Island _Hispaniola_, being that\ncall\u2019d _Port de Paix_, or Port Peace, which Resolution was accordingly\nregister\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Cape_ Samana.]\nThe 20th, we discover\u2019d the first Land of _Hispaniola_, being Cape\n_Samana_, lying in 19 Degrees of North Latitude, and of Longitude\n308. The 25th we should have put into _Port de Paix_, as had been\nconcerted, and it was not only the most convenient Place for us to get\nRefreshments, but also the Residence of Monsr. _de Cussy_, Governor\nof the Island _Tortuga_, who knew that Monsr. _de la Sale_ carried\nparticular Orders for him to furnish such Necessaries as he stood in\nNeed of.\n[Sidenote: Tortuga _Island_.]\nNotwithstanding these cogent Reasons, Mr. _de Beaujeu_ was positive to\npass further on in the Night, weathering the Island _Tortuga_, which is\nsome Leagues distant from _Port de Paix_ and the Coast of _Hispaniola_.\nHe also pass\u2019d Cape St. _Nicolas_, and the 26th[41] of the said Month,\nwe put into the Bay of _Jaguana_, coasting the Island _Guanabo_, which\nis in the Middle of that Great Bay or Gulph, and in Conclusion, on the\n27th we arriv\u2019d at _Petit Gouave_, having spent 58 Days in our Passage\nfrom the Port of _Chef de Bois_, near _Rochel_.\nThis Change of the Place for our little Squadron to put into, for\nwhich no Reason could be given, prov\u2019d very disadvantageous; and\nit will hereafter appear, as I have before observ\u2019d, that those\nmisunderstanding among the Officers insensibly drew on the Causes from\nwhence our Misfortune proceeded.\n[Sidenote: _Oct. 1684._]\nAs soon as we had dropt Anchor, a _Piragua_, or great Sort of _Canoe_,\ncame out from the Place, with Twenty Men, to know who we were, and\nhail\u2019d us. Being inform\u2019d that we were _French_, they acquainted us,\nthat Monsieur _de Cussy_ was at _Port de Paix_ with the Marquis\n_de St. Laurent_, Lieutenant General of the _American_ Islands, and\nMonsieur _Begon_ the Intendant, which very much troubled Monsieur _de\nla Sale_, as having Affairs of the utmost Consequence to concert with\nthem; but there was no remedy, and he was oblig\u2019d to bear it with\nPatience.\nThe next Day, being the 28th, we sang _Te Deum_, in Thanksgiving for\nour prosperous Passage. Monsieur _de la Sale_ being somewhat recover\u2019d\nof his Indisposition, went Ashore with several of the Gentlemen of his\nRetinue, to buy some Refreshments for the Sick, and to find Means to\nsend Notice of his Arrival, to Messieurs _de St. Laurent_, _de Cussy_,\nand _Begon_, and signify to them, how much he was concern\u2019d that we\nhad not put into _Port de Paix_. He writ particularly to Monsieur _de\nCussy_, to desire he would come to him, if possible, that he might be\nassisting to him, and take the necessary Measures for rendering his\nEnterprize successful, that it might prove to the King\u2019s Honour and\nService.\nIn the mean Time, the Sick suffering very much Aboard the Ships,[42] by\nReason of the Heat, and their being too close together, the Soldiers\nwere put Ashore, on a little Island, near _Petit Gouaves_, which\nis the usual Burial-Place of the People of the pretended Reformed\nReligion,[43] where they had fresh Provisions, and Bread baked on\nPurpose, distributed to them. As for the Sick, I was order\u2019d by\nMonsieur _de la Sale_, to provide a House for them, whither they were\ncarry\u2019d, with the Surgeons, and supply\u2019d with all that was requisite\nfor them.\n[Sidenote: _Nov. 1684_]\nSome Days after, Monsieur _de la Sale_ fell dangerously ill, most\nof his Family were also sick. A violent Fever, attended with\nLightheadedness, brought him almost to Extremity. The Posture of his\nAffairs, Want of Money, and the Weight of a mighty Enterprize, without\nknowing whom to trust with the Execution of it, made him still more\nsick in Mind, than he was in his Body, and yet his Patience and\nResolution surmounted all those Difficulties. He pitch\u2019d upon Monsieur\n_le Gros_ and me to act for him, caus\u2019d some Commodities he had Aboard\nthe Ships to be sold, to raise Money; and through our Care, and the\nexcellent Constitution of his Body, he recover\u2019d Health.\n[Sidenote: _Ketch taken by the Spaniards._]\nWhilst he was in that Condition, two of our Ships, which had been\nseparated from us on the 18th of _September_, by the stormy Winds,\narriv\u2019d at _Petit Gouave_ on the 2d of _October_. The Joy conceiv\u2019d on\nAccount of their Arrival, was much allay\u2019d by the News they brought of\nthe Loss of the Ketch, taken by two _Spanish Piraguas_; and that Loss\nwas the more grievous, because that Vessel was laden with Provisions,\nAmmunition, Utensils and proper Tools for the settling of our new\nColonies; a Misfortune which would not have happen\u2019d, had Monsieur _de\nBeaujeu_ put into _Port de Paix_, and Messieurs _de St. Laurent_, _de\nCussy_, and _Begon_ who arrived at the same Time, to see Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ did not spare to signify as much to him, and to complain of\nthat Miscarriage.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ being recover\u2019d had several Conferences with\nthese Gentlemen, relating to his Voyage. A Consult of Pilots was called\nto resolve where he should touch before we came upon the Coast of\n_America_, and it was resolved to steer directly for the Western Point\nof the Island of _Cuba_, or for _Cape_ St. _Antony_, distant about 300\nLeagues from _Hispaniola_, there to expect the proper Season, and a\nfair Wind to enter the Gulph or Bay, which is but Two hundred Leagues\nover.\nThe next Care was to lay in Store of other Provisions, in the Room of\nthose which were lost, and Monsieur _de la Sale_ was the more pressing\nfor us to imbark, because most of his Men deserted, or were debauch\u2019d\nby the Inhabitants of the Place; and the Vessel call\u2019d _l\u2019 Aimable_,\nbeing the worst Sailer of our little Squadron, it was resolv\u2019d that\nshould carry the Light, and the others to follow it. Monsieur _de la\nSale_, Monsieur _Cavelier_ his Brother, the Fathers _Zenobius_[44] and\n_Anastasius_, both Recolets, Monsieur _Chedeville_ and I imbark\u2019d on\nthe said _Aimable_ and all sail\u2019d the 25th of _November_.\nWe met with some Calms, and some violent Winds, which nevertheless\ncarry\u2019d us in Sight of the Island of _Cuba_, on the 30th of the same\nMonth, and it then bore from us _N. W._ There we alter\u2019d our Course and\nsteer\u2019d _W._ and by _N._ The 31st, the Weather being somewhat close, we\nlost Sight of that Island, then stood _W. N. W._ and the Sky clearing\nup, made an Observation at Noon, and found we were in 19 Degrees, 45\nMinutes of North Latitude: by which we judg\u2019d that the Currents had\ncarry\u2019d us off to Sea from the Island of _Cuba_.\n[Sidenote: _Dec. 1684_]\n[Sidenote: Cayman _Island_.]\n[Sidenote: _Island of_ Pines.]\nOn the first of _December_ we discovered the Island _Cayman_. The 2d\nwe steer\u2019d _N. W._ and by _W._ in order to come up with the Island of\n_Cuba_ in the Northern Latitude of 20 Degrees 32 Minutes. The 3d we\ndiscovered the little Island of _Pines_, lying close to _Cuba_. The\n4th, we weather\u2019d a Point of that Island, and the Wind growing scant,\nwere forc\u2019d to ply upon a Bowling, and make several Trips till the\n5th at Night, when we anchor\u2019d in a Creek, in 15 Fathom Water, and\ncontinued there till the 8th.\nDuring that short Stay, Monsieur _de la Sale_ went Ashore with\nseveral Gentlemen of his Retinue on the Island of _Pines_, shot an\nAlligator dead, and returning Aboard, perceiv\u2019d he had lost two of his\nVoluntiers, who had wander\u2019d into the Woods, and perhaps lost their\nWay. We fired several Musquet Shots to call them, which they did not\nhear, and I was order\u2019d to expect them ashore, with 30 Musquetiers to\nattend me. They return\u2019d the next Morning with much Trouble.\n[Sidenote: _Alligator eaten._]\n[Sidenote: _Wild Swine._]\nIn the mean Time, our Soldiers, who had good Stomachs, boil\u2019d and\neat the Alligator, Monsieur _de la Sale_ had kill\u2019d. The flesh of it\nwas white and had a Taste of Musk, for which Reason I could not eat\nit. One of our Hunters kill\u2019d a wild Swine, which the Inhabitants\nof those Islands call _Maron_. There are of them in the Island of\n_Santo Domingo_, or _Hispaniola_, they are of the Breed of those the\n_Spaniards_ left in the Islands when they first discover\u2019d them,\nand run wild in the Woods. I sent it to Monsieur _de la Sale_, who\npresented the one Half to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_.\n[Sidenote: _Island of_ Pines.]\nThat Island is all over very thick wooded, the Trees being of several\nSorts, and some of them bear a Fruit resembling the Acorn, but harder.\nThere are Abundance of Parrots, larger than those at _Petit Gouave_, a\ngreat Number of Turtle Doves and other Birds, and a Sort of Creatures\nresembling a Rat, but as big as a Cat, their Hair reddish. Our Men\nkill\u2019d many of them and fed heartily on them, as they did on a good\nQuantity of Fish, wherewith that Coast abounds.\n[Sidenote: _The Capes_ Corrientes _and St._ Antony.]\nWe imbark\u2019d again, as soon as the two Men who had stray\u2019d were\nreturn\u2019d, and on the 8th; being the Feast of the _Conception_ of the\nBlessed Virgin, sail\u2019d in the Morning, after having heard Mass, and\nthe Wind shifting were forc\u2019d to steer several Courses. The 9th we\ndiscover\u2019d Cape _Corrientes_, of the Island of _Cuba_; where we were\nfirst becalm\u2019d; and then follow\u2019d a stormy Wind, which carried us away\nfive Leagues to the Eastward. The 10th we spent the Night, making\nseveral Trips. The 11th, the Wind coming about, we weather\u2019d Cape\n_Corrientes_, to make that of St. _Antony_; and at length, after plying\na considerable Time, and sounding, we came to an Anchor the 12th, upon\ngood Ground, in fifteen Fathom Water, in the Creek form\u2019d by that Cape,\nwhich is in 22 Degrees of North Latitude and 288 Degrees 35 Minutes of\nLongitude.\nWe stay\u2019d there only till next Day, being the 13th,[45] when the Wind\nseem\u2019d to be favourable to enter upon the Bay of _Mexico_. We made\nready and sail\u2019d, steering _N. W._ and by _N._ and _N. N. W._ to\nweather the said Cape and prosecute our Voyage: But by that Time we\nwere five Leagues from the Place of our Departure, we perceiv\u2019d the\nWind shifted upon us, and not knowing which Way the Currents sate,\nwe stood _E._ and by _N._ and held that Course till the 14th, when\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_, who was aboard the _Joly_, join\u2019d us again,\nand having confer\u2019d with Monsieur _de la Sale_ about the Wind\u2019s\nbeing contrary, proposed to him to return to Cape St. _Antony_, to\nwhich Monsieur _de la Sale_ consented, to avoid giving him any Cause\nto complain, tho\u2019 there was no great Occasion for so doing, and\naccordingly we went and anchor\u2019d in the Place from whence we came.\nThe next Day, being the 15th, Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent some Men\nashore, to try whether we could fill some Casks with Water. They\nbrought Word, they had found some in the Wood, which was not much\namiss, but that there was no Conveniency for rowling of the Casks; for\nwhich Reason Rundlets were sent, and as much Water brought in them, as\nfill\u2019d six or seven of our Water Casks.\n[Sidenote: _Mistake in Monsieur_ Tonti\u2019s _Account of the Voyage_.]\nThe same Men reported, that they had found a glass Bottle, and in\nit a little Wine, or some other Liquor, almost dead. This was all\nthe Provision we found in that Place, by which it appears, how much\nMonsieur _Tonti_ was misinform\u2019d, since in his Book, _Pag._ 242, he\nsays, we found in that Island several Tun of _Spanish_ Wine, good\nBrandy and _Indian_ Wheat, which the _Spaniards_ had left or abandon\u2019d;\nand it is a meer Invention without any Thing of Truth.\nThe 16th, the Weather being still Calm, the Men went ashore again for\nfive or six more Casks of Water. I was to have gone with them, had not\nan Indisposition, which I first felt in the Island of _Pines_, and\nafterwards turn\u2019d to a tertian Ague, prevented me. Therefore I can give\nno Account of that Island, any further than what I could see from the\nShips, which was Abundance of that Sort of Palm-Trees, in French call\u2019d\n_Lataniers_, fit for nothing but making of Brooms, or scarce any other\nUse. That day we saw some Smoaks, far within the Island, and guess\u2019d\nthey might be a Signal of the Number of our Ships, or else made by some\nof the Country Hunters, who had lost their Way.\nThe next Night preceding the 17th, the Wind freshning from the _N.\nW._ and starting up all on a sudden, drove the Vessel call\u2019d _la\nBelle_ upon her Anchor, so that she came foul of the Boltsprit\nof the _Aimable_, carrying away the Spritsail-Yard and the\nSpritsail-Top-Sail-Yard, and had not they immediately veer\u2019d out the\nCable of the _Aimable_, the Vessel _la Belle_ would have been in danger\nof perishing, but escap\u2019d with the Loss of her Mizen, which came by the\nBoard, and of about a hundred Fathoms of Cable and an Anchor.\nThe 18th, the Wind being fresh, we made ready, and sail\u2019d about Ten in\nthe Morning, standing _North_ and _N._ and by _W._ and held our Course\ntill Noon; the Point of Cape St. _Anthony_ bearing _East_ and _West_\nwith us, and so continu\u2019d steering _North-West_, till the 19th at Noon,\nwhen we found our selves in the Latitude of 22 Degrees 58 minutes\n_North_, and in 287 Degrees 54 Minutes Longitude.\nFinding the Wind shifting from one Side to another, we directed our\nCourse several Ways, but that which prov\u2019d advantageous to us, was the\nfair Weather, and that was a great Help, so that scarce a Day pass\u2019d\nwithout taking an Observation.\nThe 20th, we found the Variation of the Needle was 5 Degrees _West_,\nand we were in 26 Degrees 40 Minutes of North Latitude and 285\nDegrees 16 Minutes Longitude. The 23th it grew very cloudy,[46] which\nthreaten\u2019d stormy Weather, and we prepar\u2019d to receive it, but came off\nonly with the Apprehension, the Clouds dispersing several Ways, and we\ncontinu\u2019d till the 27th in and about 28 Degrees 14 Minutes, and both\nby the Latitude and Estimation it was judg\u2019d, that we were not far from\nLand.\nThe Bark call\u2019d _la Belle_ was sent out to discover and keep before,\nsounding all the Way; and half an Hour before Sun-set, we saw the\nVessel _la Belle_ put out her Colours and lie by for us. Being come up\nwith her, the Master told us, he had found an Owzy Bottom at thirty\ntwo Fathom Water. At eight of the Clock we sounded also, and found\nforty Fathom, and at ten, but twenty five. About Midnight, _la Belle_\nsounding again, found only seventeen, which being a Demonstration\nof the Nearness of the Land, we lay by for the _Joly_, to know what\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_ design\u2019d, who being come up, lay by with us.\nThe 27th, Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ sent the _Chevalier d\u2019Aire_, his\nLieutenant, and two Pilots to Monsieur _de la Sale_, to conclude upon\nthe Course we were to steer, and it was agreed we should stand West\nNorth West till we came into six Fathom Water; that then we should run\nWest, and when we had discover\u2019d the Land, Boats should be sent to view\nthe Country. Matters being thus agreed on, we sail\u2019d again, sounding\nall the Way for the more Security, and about ten, were in ten or eleven\nFathom Water, the Bottom fine greyish Sand and owzy. At Noon, were in\n26 Degrees[47] 37 Minutes of North Latitude.\nThe 28th, being in eight or nine Fathom Water, we perceiv\u2019d the Bark\n_la Belle_, which kept a Head of us, put out her Colours, which was the\nSignal of her having discover\u2019d Something. A Sailor was sent up to the\nMain-Top, who descry\u2019d the Land, to the N. E. not above six Leagues\nDistance from us, which being told to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, he thought\nfit to come to an Anchor.\n[Sidenote: _Jan. 1685_]\nThere being no Man among us who had any Knowledge of that Bay, where\nwe had been told the Currents were strong, and sate swiftly to the\n_Eastward_, it made us suspect that we were fallen off, and that the\nLand we saw must be the Bay of _Apalache_, which oblig\u2019d us on the 29th\nto steer _W. N. W._ still keeping along the Land, and it was agreed\nthat the _Joly_ should follow us in six Fathom Water.\n[Sidenote: _Currents._]\nThe 30th, the _Chevalier d\u2019 Aire_ and the second Pilot of the _Joly_\ncame aboard us to confer and adjust by our Recknings what Place we\nmight be in, and they all agreed, according to Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_\nOpinion, that the Currents had set us to the _Eastward_, for which\nReason we held on our Course, as we had done the Day before to the _N.\nW._ keeping along the Shore till the first of _January 1685_, when we\nperceiv\u2019d that the Currents forc\u2019d us towards the Land, which oblig\u2019d\nus to come to an Anchor in six Fathom Water.\nWe had not been there long, before the Bark _la Belle_ made a Signal\nthat she had discover\u2019d Land, which we descry\u2019d at about 4 Leagues\nDistance from us. Notice was given to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, who drew\nnear to us, and it was resolv\u2019d to send some Person to discover and\ntake an Account of the Land that appear\u2019d to us.\nAccordingly a Boat was man\u2019d, and into it went Monsieur _de la Sale_,\nthe _Chevalier d\u2019 Aire_ and several others; another Boat was also put\nout, aboard which I went with Ten or Twelve of our Gentlemen, to join\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ and the Bark _la Belle_ was order\u2019d to follow\nalways keeping along the Shore; to the End that if the Wind shou\u2019d\nrise, we might get aboard her, to lose no Time.\n[Sidenote: _First Landing._]\nSome of those who were in Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Boat, and the\nforemost,[48] went ashore and saw a spacious plain Country of much\nPasture Ground; but had not the Leisure to make any particular\nDiscovery, because the Wind freshning, they were oblig\u2019d to return to\ntheir Boat, to come aboard again; which was the Reason why we did not\ngo quite up to the Shore, but return\u2019d with them to our Ship. All\nthat could be taken Notice of was a great Quantity of Wood along the\nCoast. We took an Observation and found 29 Degrees 10 Minutes of North\nLatitude.\nThe Second, there arose a Fog, which made us lose Sight of the _Joly_.\nThe next Day, the Weather clearing up, we fir\u2019d some Cannon-shot and\nthe _Joly_ answer\u2019d, and towards the Evening we perceiv\u2019d her to the\nWindward of us. We held on our Course, making several Trips till the\nFourth in the Evening, when being in Sight and within two Leagues of\nthe Land, we came to an Anchor to expect the _Joly_, for which we were\nin Pain.\n[Sidenote: _Monsieur_ Joutel _believes here was one of the Mouths of\nthe_ Missisipi. _See the Pref. and what follows._]\nThe Fifth, we set Sail and held on our Course _W. S. W._ keeping along\nthe Shore till about Six in the Evening, when we stood away to the\n_Southward_ and anchor\u2019d at Night in six Fathom Water. The Sixth, we\nwould have made ready to sail, but the Pilot perceiving, that the Sea\nbroke astern of us, and that there were some Shoals, it was thought\nproper to continue at Anchor, till the Wind chang\u2019d, and we accordingly\nstaid there the Sixth and all the Seventh. The Eighth the Wind veering\nabout, we stood out a little to Sea, to avoid those Shoals, which are\nvery dangerous, and anchor\u2019d again a League from thence. Upon Advice,\nthat the Bark _la Belle_ had discover\u2019d a small Island, which appear\u2019d\nbetween the two Points of a Bay, Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent a Man up\nto the round Top, from whence both the one and the other were plainly\nto be seen, and according to the Sea Charts we had with us, that was\nsuppos\u2019d to be the Bay of the _Holy Ghost_.\nThe Ninth, Monsieur _de la Sale_, sent to view those Shoals. Those who\nwent reported there was a sort of Bank, which runs along the Coast;\nthat they had been in one Fathom Water and discover\u2019d the little Island\nbeforemention\u2019d, and as for the Sand Bank there is no such thing\nmark\u2019d down in the Charts. Monsieur _de la Sale_ having examin\u2019d the\nRecknings, was confirm\u2019d in his Opinion, that we were in the Bay of\n_Apalache_, and caus\u2019d us to continue the same Course.\nThe Tenth, he took an Observation and found 29 Degrees 23 Minutes North\nLatitude. The eleventh, we were becalm\u2019d, and Monsieur _de la Sale_\nresolv\u2019d to go ashore, to endeavour to discover what he was looking\nfor; but as we were making ready, the Pilot began to mutter because\nfive or six of us were going with Monsieur _de la Sale_, who too\nlightly alter\u2019d his Design, to avoid giving Offence to brutish People.\nIn that Particular he committed an irretrieveable Error; for it is\nthe Opinion of Judicious Men, who, as well as I, saw the rest of that\nVoyage, that the Mouth of one of the Branches of the _Missisipi_ River,\nand the same whose Latitude Monsieur _de la Sale_ had taken, when he\ntravell\u2019d to it from _Canada_, was not far from that Place, and that we\nmust of Necessity be near the Bay of the _Holy Ghost_.[49]\n[Sidenote: _Monsieur_ de la Sale\u2019s _Mistake_.]\nIt was Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Design to find that Bay, and having\nfound it, he had resolv\u2019d to have set ashore about thirty Men, who\nwere to have follow\u2019d the Coast on the Right and Left, which would\ninfallibly have discover\u2019d to him that fatal River, and have prevented\nmany Misfortunes; but Heaven refus\u2019d him that Success, and even made\nhim regardless of an Affair of such Consequence, since he was satisfy\u2019d\nwith sending thither the Pilot, with one of the Masters of the Bark\n_la Belle_, who return\u2019d without having seen any Thing, because a fog\nhappen\u2019d to rise; only the Master of the Bark said he believ\u2019d there\nwas a River opposite to those Shoals, which was very likely, and yet\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ took no Notice of it, nor made any Account of\nthat Report.\nThe Twelfth, the Wind being come about we weigh\u2019d and directed our\nCourse _S. W._ to get further from the Land. By an Observation found\n25[50] Degrees 50 Minutes North Latitude, and the Wind shifting, and\nthe Currents, which set from the Seaward driving us ashore, it was\nfound convenient to anchor in four or five Fathom Water, where we spent\nall the Night.\nThe Thirteenth, we perceiv\u2019d our Water began to fall short, and\ntherefore it was requisite to go ashore to fill some Casks. Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ propos\u2019d it to me to go and see it perform\u2019d, which I\naccepted of, with six of our Gentlemen who offer\u2019d their Service. We\nwent into the Boat, with our Arms, the Boat belonging to the Bark _la\nBelle_ follow\u2019d ours, with five or six Men, and we all made directly\nfor the Land.\nWe were very near the Shoar, when we discover\u2019d a number of naked Men\nmarching along the Banks, whom we suppos\u2019d to be native Savages. We\ndrew within two Musket Shots of the Land, and the Shore being flat,\nthe Wind setting from the Offing, and the Sea running high, dropt our\nAnchors, for Fear of staving our Boats.[51]\n[Sidenote: _Savages came to the Boat._]\nWhen the Savages perceiv\u2019d we had stopp\u2019d, they made Signs to us with\nSkins, to go to them, shew\u2019d us their Bows, which they laid down upon\nthe Ground, and drew near to the Edge of the Shore; but because we\ncould not get Ashore, and still they continued their Signals, I put my\nHandkerchief on the End of my Firelock, after the Manner of a Flag, and\nmade Signs to them to come to us. They were some Time considering of\nit, and at last some of them ran into the Water up to their Shoulders,\ntill perceiving that the Waves overwhelm\u2019d them, they went out again,\nfetch\u2019d a large Piece of Timber, which they threw into the Sea, plac\u2019d\nthemselves along both Sides of it, holding fast to it with one Arm, and\nswimming with the other; and in that Manner they drew near to our Boat.\n[Sidenote: _Carryed Aboard._]\nBeing in Hopes that Monsr. _de la Sale_, might get some Information\nfrom those Savages, we made no Difficulty of taking them into our Boat,\none after another, on each Side, to the Number of five, and then made\nSigns to the rest to go to the other Boat, which they did, and we\ncarry\u2019d them on Board.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was very well pleas\u2019d to see them, imagining\nthey might give him some Account of the River he sought after; but to\nno Purpose, for he spoke to them in several of the Languages of the\nSavages, which he knew, and made many Signs to them, but still they\nunderstood not what he meant, or if they did comprehend any thing, they\nmade Signs, that they knew nothing of what he ask\u2019d; so that having\nmade them smoak and eat, we shewed them our Arms and the Ship, and when\nthey saw at one End of it some Sheep, Swine, Hens and Turkeys, and the\nHide of a Cow we had kill\u2019d, they made Signs that they had of all those\nSorts of Creatures among them.\n[Sidenote: _Return Ashore with Gifts._]\nWe gave them some Knives and Strings of Beads, after which, they were\ndismiss\u2019d, and the Waves hindring us from coming too near the Shore,\nthey were oblig\u2019d to leap into the Water, after we had made fast about\ntheir Necks, or to the Tuft of Hair they have on the Top of the Head,\nthe Knives and other small Presents Monsieur _de la Sale_ had given\nthem.\nThey went and join\u2019d the others who expected them, and were making\nSigns to us to go to them; but not being able to make the Shore, we\nstood off again and return\u2019d to our Ship. It is to be observed, that\nwhen we were carrying them back, they made some Signs to us, by which\nwe conceiv\u2019d they would signify to us that there was a great River that\nWay we were pass\u2019d, and that it occasion\u2019d the Shoals we had seen.\nThe Wind changing, the same Day, we weigh\u2019d Anchor and stood to the\nSouthward, to get into the Offing, till the 14th in the Morning, when\nwe were becalm\u2019d. At Noon, we were in 28 Degrees 51 Minutes of North\nLatitude. The Wind freshned, and in the Evening we held on our Course,\nbut only for a short Time, because the Wind setting us towards the\nShore, we were obliged to anchor again, whereupon Monsieur _de la\nSale_ again resolved to send Ashore, and the same Persons imbark\u2019d in\nthe same Boats to that effect.\n[Sidenote: _Goats and Bullocks._]\nWe met with the same Obstacles, that had hinder\u2019d us the Day before,\nthat is, the High-Sea, which would not permit us to come near the\nShore, and were obliged to drop Anchor in fourteen Foot Water.[52] The\nSight of Abundance of Goats and Bullocks, differing in Shape, from\nours, and running along the Coast, heighten\u2019d our Earnestness to be\nAshore. We therefore sounded to see whether we might get to Land by\nStripping, and found we were on a Flat, which had four Foot Water, but\nthat beyond it there was a deep Channel. Whilst we were consulting what\nto do, a Storm arose, which oblig\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_ to fire a Gun\nfor us to return Aboard, which we did against our Inclination.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was pleas\u2019d with the Report we made him, and by\nit, several were encouraged to go Ashore to hunt, that we might have\nsome fresh Meat. We spent all that Night, till the next Morning, in\nHopes of returning soon to that Place; but the Wind changing, forc\u2019d us\nto weigh and sail till the Evening, when we drop\u2019d Anchor in six Fathom\nWater. The Land which we never departed from very far, appear\u2019d to us\nvery pleasant, and having lain there till the 16th, that Morning we\nsail\u2019d _W. S. W._ We weather\u2019d a Point, keeping a large Offing, because\nof the Sea\u2019s beating upon it, and stood to the Southward. At Noon,\nwe were in 28 Degrees 20 Minutes of North Latitude, and consequently\nfound the Latitude declin\u2019d, by which we were sensible, that the Coast\ntendered to the Southward. At Night we anchor\u2019d in six Fathom Water.\nThe 17th, the Wind continuing the same, we held on our Course _S. W._\nand having about Ten discover\u2019d a Sort of River, Monsieur _de la Sale_\ncaus\u2019d Ten of us to go into a Boat, to take a View of that Coast, and\nsee whether there was not some Place to land. He order\u2019d me, in Case we\nfound any convenient Place, to give him Notice either by Fire or Smoke.\n[Sidenote: _Second landing._]\nWe set out, and found the Shoals obstructed our Descent. One of our Men\nwent naked into the Water to sound that Sand Bank, which lay between us\nand the Land; and having shewn us a Place where we might Pass, we, with\nmuch Difficulty, forc\u2019d our Boat into the Channel, and six or seven\nof us landed, after ordering the Boat to go up into that which had\nappeared to us to be a River, to see whether any fresh Water could be\nfound.\nAs soon as we were landed, I made a Smoke to give Notice to Monsieur\n_de la Sale_, and then we advanc\u2019d both Ways, without straggling too\nfar, that we might be ready to receive Monsr. _de la Sale_, who was\nto come, as he did, soon after, but finding the Surges run high, he\nreturn\u2019d, and our Boat finding no fresh Water, came back and anchor\u2019d\nto wait for us.\nWe walked about every Way, and found a dry Soil, tho\u2019 it seem\u2019d to be\noverflow\u2019d at some Times; great Lakes of salt Water, little Grass, the\nTrack of Goats, on the Sand, and saw Herds of them, but could not come\nnear them, however we kill\u2019d some Ducks and Bustards. In the Evening,\nas we were returning, we miss\u2019d an English Seaman, fir\u2019d several Shots\nto give him Notice, searched all about, waited till after Sunset, and\nat last hearing no Tidings of him, we went into the Boat to return\nAboard.\nI gave Monsieur _de la Sale_ an Account of what we had seen, which\nwould have pleas\u2019d him, had the River we discover\u2019d, afforded fresh\nWater: He was also uneasy for the lost Man; but about Midnight we saw a\nFire Ashore, in the Place we came from, which we suppos\u2019d to be made by\nour Man, and the Boat went for him as soon as it was day on the 18th.\nAfter that, we made several Trips, still steering towards the _S. W._\nand then ensued a Calm, which oblig\u2019d us to come to an Anchor. Want\nof Water made us think of returning towards the River, where we had\nbeen the Day before. Monsr. _de la Sale_ resolved to set a considerable\nNumber of Men Ashore, with sufficient Ammunition, and to go with them\nhimself, to discover and take Cognizance of that Country, and order\u2019d\nme to follow him. Accordingly we sail\u2019d back, and came to an Anchor in\nthe same Place.\nAll things necessary for that end being order\u2019d on the 19th, Part of\nthe Men were put into a Boat;[53] but a very thick Fog rising, and\ntaking away the Sight of Land, the Compass was made use of, and the\nfog dispersing as we drew near the Land, we perceiv\u2019d a Ship making\ndirectly towards us, and that it was the _Joly_, where Monsr. _de\nBeaujeu_ commanded, which rejoic\u2019d us, but our Satisfaction was not\nlasting, and it will appear by the Sequel, that it were to have been\nwished, that Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ had not joyn\u2019d us again, but that he\nhad rather gone away for _France_, without ever seeing of us.\nHis Arrival disconcerted the Execution of our Enterprize. Monsr. _de\nla Sale_, who was already on his Way, and those who were gone before\nhim, return\u2019d Aboard, and some Hours after, Monsr. _de Beaujeu_ sent\nhis Lieutenant, Monsr. _de Aire_, attended by several Persons, as well\nClergymen as others, among whom was the Sieur _Gabaret_, second Pilot\nof the _Joly_.\n[Sidenote: _Commanders at Variance._]\nMonsieur _d\u2019 Aire_ complain\u2019d grievously to Monsieur _de la Sale_, in\nthe Name of Monsr. _de Beaujeu_, for that said he, we had left him\ndesignedly; which was not true, for as I have said, the _Joly_ lay at\nAnchor A-head of us, when we were separated from her; we fired a Gun to\ngive her Notice of our Departure, as had been concerted, and Monsr. _de\nBeaujeu_ answer\u2019d it; besides that, if we had intended to separate from\nhim, we should not have always held our Course in Sight of Land, as we\nhad done, and that had Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ held the same Course, as\nhad been agreed, he had not been separated from us.\nThere were afterwards several Disputes between the Captains and the\nPilots, as well Aboard Monsieur _de la Sale_, as Aboard Monsieur _de\nBeaujeu_, when those Gentlemen return\u2019d, about settling exactly the\nPlace we were in, and the Course we were to steer; some positively\naffirming we were farther than we imagin\u2019d, and that the Currents had\ncarry\u2019d us away; and others, that we were near the _Magdalen_ River.\n[Sidenote: _They pass the Mouth of the_ Missisipi.]\nThe former of those Notions prevail\u2019d, whence, upon Reflection,\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ concluded, that he must be past his River, which\nwas but too true; for that River emptying it self in the Sea by two\nChannels, it follow\u2019d that one of the Mouths fell about the Shoals\nwe had observ\u2019d the sixth of the Month; and the rather because those\nShoals were very near the Latitude that Monsieur _de la Sale_ had\nobserv\u2019d, when he came by the way of _Canada_ to discover the Mouth of\nthat River, as he told me several Times.\nThis Consideration prevail\u2019d with Monsieur _de la Sale_ to propose\nhis Design of returning towards those Shoals. He gave his Reasons for\nso doing and exposed his Doubts; but his ill Fortune made him not be\nregarded. Our Passage had taken up more Time than had been expected,\nby Reason of the Calms; there was a considerable Number of Men aboard\nthe _Joly_, and Provisions grew short, insomuch that they said it would\nnot hold out to return, if our Departure were delay\u2019d. For this Reason\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_ demanded Provisions of Monsieur _de la Sale_;\nbut he asking enough for a long Time, Monsieur _de la Sale_ answer\u2019d,\nhe could only give him enough for a Fortnight, which was more Time\nthan was requisite to reach the Place he intended to return to; and\nthat besides he could not give him more Provisions, without rummaging\nall the Stores to the Bottom of the Hold, which would endanger his\nbeing cast away. Thus nothing was concluded, and Monsieur _de Beaujeu_\nreturn\u2019d to his own Ship.\n[Sidenote: _Third Landing._]\nIn the mean Time, Want of Water began to pinch us, and Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ resolv\u2019d to send to look for some about the next River.\nAccordingly he order\u2019d the two Boats that had been made ready the Day\nbefore, to go off. He was aboard one of them himself, and directed me\nto follow him. Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ also commanded his Boat to go\nfor Wood. By the Way we met the said Sieur _de Beaujeu_ in his Yaul,\nreturning from Land, with the Sieur _Minet_, an Ingenier, who told us,\nthey had been in a Sort of salt Pool, two or three Leagues from the\nPlace where the Ships were at Anchor, we held on our Way and landed.\nOne of our Boats, which was gone ahead of us, had been a League and a\nhalf up the River, without finding any fresh Water in its Channel; but\nsome Men wandering about to the right and left, had met with divers\nRivulets[54] of very good Water, wherewith many Casks were fill\u2019d.\nWe lay ashore, and our Hunters having that Day kill\u2019d good Store of\nDucks, Bustards and Teal, and the next Day two Goats, Monsieur _de la\nSale_ sent Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ Part. We feasted upon the rest, and\nthat good Sport put several Gentlemen that were then aboard Monsieur\n_de Beaujeu_, among whom were Monsieur _du Hamel_, the Ensign and the\nKing\u2019s Clerk, upon coming ashore to partake of the Diversion; but they\ntook much Pains and were not successful in their Sport.\nIn the mean Time many Casks were fill\u2019d with Water, as well for our\nShip as for Monsieur _de Beaujeu\u2019s_. Some Days after Monsieur _d\u2019\nAire_ the Lieutenant, came ashore to confer with Monsieur _de la\nSale_, and to know how he would manage about the Provisions; but both\nof them persisting in their first Proposals and Monsieur _de la Sale_\nperceiving that Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ would not be satisfied with\nProvisions for 15 Days, which he thought sufficient to go to the Place\nwhere he expected to find one of the Branches of the _Missisipi_,\nwhich he with good Reason believ\u2019d to be about the Shoals, I have\nbefore spoken of, nothing was concluded as to that Affair. Monsieur\n_d\u2019 Aire_ return\u2019d to his Captain, and Monsieur _de la Sale_ resolv\u2019d\nto land his Men; which could not be done for some Days, because of the\nfoul Weather; but in the mean Time we kill\u2019d much Game.\nDuring this little Interval, Monsieur _de la Sale_ being impatient to\nget some Intelligence of what he sought after, resolv\u2019d to go himself\nupon Discovery, and to seek out some more useful and commodious River\nthan that where they were. To this Purpose he took five or six of us\nalong with him. We set out one Morning in so thick a Fog, that the\nhindmost could not perceive the Track of the foremost, so that we lost\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ for some Time.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Country._]\nWe travel\u2019d till about three in the Afternoon, finding the Country\nfor the most Part Sandy, little Grass, no fresh Water, unless in some\nSloughs,[55] the Track of abundance of wild Goats, Lakes full of Ducks,\nTeals, Water-Hens, and having taken much Pains return\u2019d without Success.\nThe next Morning, Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ _Indian_, going about to find\nwild Goats, came to a Lake, which had a little Ice upon it, the Weather\nbeing cold, and Abundance of Fish dying about the Edges of it. He came\nto inform us, we went to make our Provision of them, there were some of\na prodigious Magnitude, and among the rest extraordinary large Trouts,\nor else they were some Sort of Fish very like them. We caused some of\neach of a Sort to be boil\u2019d in salt Water, and found them very good.\nThus having Plenty of Fish and Flesh, we began to use ourselves to eat\nthem both, without Bread.\n[Sidenote: _Feb. 1685_]\nWhilst we liv\u2019d thus easy enough, Monsieur _de la Sale_ expected with\nImpatience to know what Resolution Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ would take;\nthat he might either go to the Place, where he expected to find the\n_Missisipi_, or follow some other Course; but at last, perceiving\nthat his Affairs did not advance, he resolv\u2019d to put his own Design in\nExecution, the Purport whereof was to land one hundred and twenty, or\none hundred and thirty Men to go along the Coast and continue it, till\nthey had found some other River, and that at the same Time the Bark\n_la Belle_ should hold the same Course at Sea, still keeping along the\nCoast, to relieve those Ashore in Time of Need.\nHe gave me and Monsieur _Moranget_, his Nephew, the Command of that\nsmall Company, he furnish\u2019d us with all Sorts of Provisions for eight,\nor ten Days, as also Arms, Tools and Utensils we might have Occasion\nfor, of which every Man made his Bundle. He also gave us written\nInstructions of what we were to do, the Signals we were to make; and\nthus we set out on the Fourth of _February_.\n[Sidenote: _Men sent by Land to discover._]\nWe took our Way along the Shore. Our first Day\u2019s Journey was not long,\nwe encamp\u2019d on a little rising Ground, heard a Cannon shot, which made\nus uneasy, made the Signals that had been appointed, and the next Day,\nbeing the 5th, we held on our March, Monsieur _Moranget_ bringing up\nthe Rear, and I leading the Van.\nI will not spend Time in relating several personal Accidents,\ninconsiderable in themselves, or of no Consequence, the most\nconsiderable of them being the Want of fresh Water; but will proceed\nto say, that after three Days March we found a great River, where we\nhalted and made the Signals agreed on, encamping on a commodious Spot\nof Ground till we could hear of the Boat, which was to follow us, or of\nour Ships.\nBut our Provisions beginning to fall short, and none of our Ships\nappearing, being besides apprehensive of some unlucky Accident\noccasion\u2019d by the Disagreement between Monsieur _de la Sale_ and\nMonsr. _de Beaujeu_, the Chief of our Company came together to know\nwhat Resolution we should take. It was agreed, that we should spare\nour Provisions to endeavour to go on to some Place where we might\nfind Bullocks; but it was requisite to cross the River, and we knew\nnot how, because we were too many of us, and therefore it was decreed\nto set some Carpenters there were among-us at Work to build a little\nBoat,[56] which took them up the eleventh and twelfth of _February_.\nThe 13th, we were put out of our Pain by two Vessels we discover\u2019d at\nSea, which we knew to be the _Joly_ and _la Belle_, to whom we made\nour Signals with Smoke. They came not in then, because it was late,\nbut the next Day being the 14th in the Morning, the Boat, with the\nSieur _Barbier_ and the Pilot of the Bark _la Belle_ come up, and both\nsounded the Mouth of the River.\n[Sidenote: _A fine River._]\nThey found on the Bar, from ten to twelve Foot Water, and within it\nfrom five to six Fathom; the Breadth of the River being about half a\nQuarter of a League. They sounded near the Island, which lies between\nthe two Points of the Bay, and found the same Depth. The Boat of\nthe _Joly_ came and sounded on the other Side of the Channel, and\nparticularly along the Shoals, I know not to what Purpose. The same\nDay, Monsieur _de la Sale_, for whom we were much in Pain, came also,\nand as soon as he arrived, he caus\u2019d the Boat to be laden with such\nProvisions as we stood in Need of, but the Wind being contrary, it\ncould not come to us till the next Day, being the 15th.\nThat same Day, Monsr. _de la Sale_ came Ashoar to view the Place and\nexamine the Entrance into the River, which he found to be very good.\nHaving consider\u2019d all Particulars, he resolv\u2019d to send in the Bark _la\nBelle_ and _l\u2019 Aimable_, that they might be under Shelter, to which\nPurpose, he order\u2019d to sound, and to know whether those two Vessels\ncould both come in that same Day. Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ caus\u2019d also the\nPlace to be sounded, and lay Ashoar on the other Side of the River,\nwhere he took Notice there were Vines which run up the Trees, like\nour Wall Vines, some Woods and the Carcasses of Bullocks, which he\nsupposed to have died with Thirst.\nThe 16th, the Pilots of the _Joly_, _l\u2019 Aimable_ and _la Belle_, went\nagain to sound, they found the Entrance easy, and gave it under their\nHands. The 17th, they fix\u2019d Stakes to mark out the Way, that the\nVessels might come safe in. All Things seem\u2019d to promise a happy Event.\nThe 18th, the Chevalier _d\u2019 Aire_ came ashore, to confer with Monsieur\n_de la Sale_, who being desirous to have the Fly-boat _l\u2019 Aimable_ come\nin that Day, order\u2019d the most weighty Things in her to be unloaded, as\nthe Cannon, the Iron and some other Things. It was my good Fortune that\nmy Chest stood in the Way, and was also unloaded, but that Unlading\ncould not be done till the next Day, being the 19th. That being\nperform\u2019d, the Captain affirm\u2019d it would go in at 8 Foot Water.\n[Sidenote: _A Company of Savages._]\nThe 20th, Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent Orders to that Captain to draw\nnear the Bar, and to come in at high Water, of which a Signal should\nbe given him; he also order\u2019d the Pilot of the Bark _la Belle_ to go\naboard the Flyboat, to be assisting when it came in. The Captain would\nnot receive him aboard, saying, he could carry in his Ship without his\nHelp. All these Precautions prov\u2019d of no Use; Monsieur _de la Sale_\ncould not avert his ill Fate. He having taken Notice of a large Tree on\nthe Bank of the River, which he judg\u2019d fit to make a Canoe, sent 7 or\n8 Workmen to hew it down, two of whom return\u2019d some Time after, in a\ngreat Fright, and told him, they had narrowly escap\u2019d being taken by a\nCompany of Savages, and that they believ\u2019d the others had fallen into\ntheir Hands. Monsieur _de la Sale_ order\u2019d us immediately to handle our\nArms, and to march with Drums beating towards the Savages, who seeing\nus in that Posture, fac\u2019d about and went off.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ being desirous to join those Savages, to\nendeavour to get some Information from them, order\u2019d Ten of us to lay\ndown our Arms and draw near them, making Signs to them, at the same\nTime, to come to us.\n[Sidenote: _Their Friendly Behaviour._]\nWhen they saw us in that Posture and unarm\u2019d, most of them also laid\ndown their Bows and Arrows and came to meet us, caressing us after\ntheir Manner, and stroking first their own Breasts and then ours, then\ntheir own Arms and afterwards ours. By these Signs they gave us to\nunderstand that they had a Friendship for us, which they express\u2019d by\nlaying their Hands on their Hearts, and we did the same on our Part.\nSix or seven of those Savages went along with us, and the rest kept\nthree of our Men, in the Nature of Hostages. Those who went with us\nwere made much of, but Monsieur _de la Sale_ could learn nothing of\nthem, either by Signs or otherwise; all they could make us understand\nwas, that there was good hunting of Bullocks in the Country. We\nobserv\u2019d, that their _Yea_ consisted in a Cry, fetch\u2019d from the Bottom\nof the Throat, not unlike the Call of a Hen to gather her Chickens.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ gave them some Knives, Hatchets and other\nTrifles, with which they seem\u2019d well pleased, and went away.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was glad to be rid of those People, because he\nwas willing to be present when the Flyboat came in; but his ill Fate\nwould not permit it. He thought fit to go himself along with those\nSavages, and we follow\u2019d him, thinking to have found our Men in the\nsame Place where we left them; but perceiv\u2019d on the Contrary, that the\nSavages had carried them away to their Camp, which was a League and\nhalf from us, and Monsieur _de la Sablonniere_. Lieutenant of Foot,\nbeing one of those the Savages had taken with them. Monsieur _de la\nSale_ resolved to go himself to fetch him away, an unhappy Thought\nwhich cost him dear.\n[Sidenote: _Their Camp._]\nAs we were on our Way towards the Camp of the Savages, happening to\nlook towards the Sea, we saw the Flyboat _l\u2019 Aimable_ under Sail,\nwhich the Savages who were with us admir\u2019d, and Monsieur _de la Sale_\nobserving it narrowly, told us, those People steer\u2019d wrong, and were\nstanding towards the Shoals, which made him very uneasy, but still we\nadvanc\u2019d. We arriv\u2019d at the Camp of the Savages, which stood upon an\nEminence, and consisted of about Fifty Cottages made of rush Mats, and\nothers of dry\u2019d Skins, and built with long Poles, bow\u2019d round at the\nTop, like great Ovens, and most of the Savages sitting about, as if\nthey were upon the Watch.\nWe were still advancing into the Village, when he heard a Cannon Shot,\nthe Noise whereof struck such a Dread among the Savages, that they all\nfell flat upon the Ground; but Monsieur _de la Sale_ and we were too\nsensible it was a Signal that our Ship was aground, which was confirm\u2019d\nby seeing them furl their Sails; However we were gone too far to\nreturn; our Men must be had, and to that Purpose, we must proceed to\nthe Hut of the Commander in Chief.[57]\nAs soon as we arrived there, Monsr. _de la Sale_ was introduc\u2019d; many\nof the _Indian_ Women came in, they were very deform\u2019d[58] and all\nnaked, excepting a Skin girt about them, which hung down to their\nKnees. They would have led us to their Cottages, but Monsr. _de la\nSale_ had order\u2019d us not to part, and to observe whether the _Indians_\ndid not draw together, so that we kept together, standing upon our\nGuard, and I was always with him.\n[Sidenote: _Their Entertainment._]\nThey brought us some Pieces of Beef, both fresh and dry\u2019d in the Air\nand Smoke, and Pieces of Porpois, which they cut with a Sort of Knife,\nmade of Stone, setting one Foot upon it, and holding with one Hand,\nwhilst they cut with the other. We saw nothing of Iron among them.\nThey had given our Men, that came with them, to eat, and Monsr. _de la\nSale_ being extraordinary uneasy, we soon took Leave of them to return.\nAt our going out, we observ\u2019d about forty Canoes, some of them like\nthose Monsr. _de la Sale_ had seen on the _Missisipi_, which made him\nconclude he was not far from it.\n[Sidenote: L\u2019 Aimable _cast away_.]\nWe soon arrived at our Camp, and found the Misfortune, Monsr. _de la\nSale_ had apprehended, was but too certain. The Ship was stranded on\nthe Shoals. The ill Management of the Captain, or of the Pilot, who\nhad not steer\u2019d by the Stakes placed for that Purpose; the Cries of a\nSailor posted on the Main-top, who cry\u2019d amain, _Loof_, which was to\nsteer towards the Passage marked out, whilst the wicked Captain cry\u2019d,\n_Come no nearer_, which was to steer the contrary Course; the same\nCaptain\u2019s Carelesness in not dropping his Anchor, as soon as the Ship\ntouch\u2019d, which would have prevented her sticking aground; the Folly of\nlowering his Main-Sheet and hoisting out his Sprit-Sail, the better to\nfall into the Wind, and secure the Shipwreck; the Captain\u2019s refusing\nto admit the Pilot of the Bark _la Belle_, whom Monsieur _de la Sale_\nhad sent to assist him; the sounding upon the Shoals to no Purpose,\nand several other Circumstances reported by the Ship\u2019s Crew and those\nwho saw the Management, were infallible Tokens and Proofs, that the\nMischief had been done designedly and adviseably, which was one of the\nblackest and most detestable Actions that Man could be guilty of.\nThis Misfortune was so much the greater, because that Vessel contain\u2019d\nalmost all the Ammunition, Utensils, Tools and other Necessaries for\nMonsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Enterprize and Settlement. He had need of all\nhis Resolution to bear up against it; but his Intrepidity did not\nforsake him, and he apply\u2019d himself, without grieving, to Remedy what\nmight be. All the Men were taken out of the Ship; he desir\u2019d Monsieur\n_de Beaujeu_ to lend him his long Boat, to help save as much as might\nbe. We began with Powder and Meal. About thirty Hogsheads of Wine and\nBrandy were saved, and Fortune being incens\u2019d against us, two Things\ncontributed to the total Loss of all the rest:\nThe first was, that our Boat, which hung at the Stern of the Ship run\nA-ground, was maliciously stav\u2019d in the Night, so that we had none left\nbut Monsieur _de Beaujeu\u2019s_. The second, that the Wind blowing in from\nthe Offing, made the Waves run high, which beating violently against\nthe Ship, split her, and all the light Goods were carry\u2019d out at the\nopening, by the Water. This last Misfortune happen\u2019d also in the Night.\nThus every Thing fell out most unhappily, for had that befallen in the\nDay, Abundance of Things might have been saved.\nWhilst we were upon this melancholy Employment, about an hundred, or an\nhundred and twenty of the Natives came to our Camp, with their Bows and\nArrows. Monsieur _de la Sale_ order\u2019d us to handle our Arms, and stand\nupon our Guard. About twenty of those _Indians_ mix\u2019d themselves among\nus, to observe what we had saved of the Shipwreck, upon which, there\nwere several Sentinels,[59] to let none come near the Powder.\nThe rest of the _Indians_ stood in Parcels, or Pelotons. Monsr. _de la\nSale_, who was acquainted with their Ways, order\u2019d us to observe their\nBehaviour, and to take Nothing from them, which nevertheless did not\nhinder some of our Men from receiving some Pieces of Meat. Some Time\nafter, when the _Indians_ were about departing, they made Signs to\nus to go a Hunting with them; but besides that, there was sufficient\nCause to suspect them, we had enough other Business to do. However we\nask\u2019d, whether they would barter for any of their Canoes, which they\nagreed to. The Sieur _Barbier_ went along with them, purchas\u2019d two for\nHatchets and brought them.\nSome Days after, we perceiv\u2019d a Fire in the Country, which spread it\nself and burnt the dry Weeds, still drawing towards us; whereupon,\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ made all the Weeds and Herbs that were about us, be\npull\u2019d up, and particularly all about the Place where the Powder was.\nBeing desirous to know the Occasion of that Fire, he took about twenty\nof us along with him, and we march\u2019d that Way, and even beyond the\nFire, without seeing any Body. We perceiv\u2019d that it run towards the _W.\nS. W._ and judg\u2019d it had begun about our first Camp, and at the Village\nnext the Fire.[60]\n[Sidenote: _Odd Salutation._]\nHaving spy\u2019d a Cottage near the Bank of a Lake, we drew towards it,\nand found an old Woman in it, who fled as soon as she saw us; but\nhaving overtaken and given her to understand, that we would do her no\nHarm, she return\u2019d to her Cottage, where we found some Pitchers of\nWater, of which we all drank. Some Time after we saw a Canoe coming,\nin which were two Women and a Boy, who being landed, and perceiving\nwe had done the old Woman no Harm, came and imbraced us in a very\nparticular Manner, blowing upon our Ears and making Signs to give us to\nunderstand, that their People were a hunting.\nA few Minutes after, seven or eight of the _Indians_ appeared, who, it\nis likely, had hid themselves among the Weeds when they saw us coming.\nBeing come up they saluted us, after the same Manner, as the Women had\ndone, which made us laugh. We staid there some Time with them. Some of\nour Men barter\u2019d Knives for Goats Skins, after which we return\u2019d to\nour Camp; Being come thither, Monsieur _de la Sale_ made me go aboard\nthe Bark _la Belle_, where he had imbark\u2019d Part of the Powder, with\npositive Orders not to carry, or permit any Fire to be made there,\nhaving sufficient Cause to fear every thing, after what had hapned. For\nthis Reason they carry\u2019d me and all that were with me, our Meat every\nDay.\nDuring this time it was that _l\u2019 Aimable_ opening in the Night, the\nnext Morning we saw all the light Things that were come out of it\nfloating about, and Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent Men every Way, who\ngather\u2019d up about 30 Casks of Wine and Brandy, and some of Flesh, Meal\nand Grain.\nWhen we had gather\u2019d all, as well what had been taken out of the\nShip-wreck\u2019d Vessel as what could be pick\u2019d up in the Sea, the next\nThing was to regulate the Provisions we had left proportionably to\nthe Number of Men we were; and there being no more Bisket, Meal was\ndeliver\u2019d out, and with it we made Hasty Pudding with Water, which was\nnone of the best; some large Beans and _India_ Corn, part of which had\ntaken wet; and every thing was distributed very discreetly. We were\nmuch incommoded for want of Kettles, but Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ gave\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ one, and he order\u2019d another to be brought from\nthe Bark _la Belle_, by which means we were well serv\u2019d.\nWe were still in want of Canoes. Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent to the\nCamp of the _Indians_ to barter for some, and they who went thither\nobserv\u2019d, that those People had made their Advantage of our Ship-wreck,\nand had some Bales of _Normandy_ Blankets, and they saw several Women\nhad cut them in two and made Petticoats of them. They also saw Bits of\nIron of the Ship that was cast away, and return\u2019d immediately to make\ntheir Report to Monsieur _de la Sale_, who said we must endeavour to\nget some Canoes in Exchange, and resolv\u2019d to send thither again the\nnext Day. Monsieur _du Hamel_, Ensign to Monsr. _de Beaujeu_, offer\u2019d\nto go up in his Boat, which Monsieur _de la Sale_ agreed to, and\norder\u2019d Messieurs _Moranget_, his Nephew, _Desloges_, _Oris_, _Gayen_,\nand some others to bear him Company.\n[Sidenote: _Indiscretion of an Ensign._]\nNo sooner were those Gentlemen, who were more Hot than Wise, landed,\nbut they went up to the Camp of the _Indians_, with their Arms in their\nHands, as if they had intended to force them, whereupon several of\nthose People fled. Going into the Cottages, they found others, to whom\nMonsieur _du Hamel_ endeavor\u2019d to signify by Signs, that he would have\nthe Blankets they had found restor\u2019d; but the Misfortune was, that none\nof them understood one another. The _Indians_ thought it their best Way\nto withdraw, leaving behind them some Blankets and Skins of Beasts,\nwhich those Gentlemen took away, and finding some Canoes in their\nReturn they seiz\u2019d two, and got in, to bring them away.\n[Sidenote: _March 1685_]\nBut having no Oars, none of them knowing how to manage those Canoes,\nand having only some pitiful Poles, which they could not tell the right\nUse of, and the Wind being also against them, they made little Way;\nwhich the Sieur _du Hamel_, who was in his Boat perceiving, and that\nNight drew on, he made the best of his Way, forsook them and return\u2019d\nto the Camp.\n[Sidenote: _The_ Indians _take Revenge_.]\nThus Night came upon them, which oblig\u2019d those unexperienc\u2019d Canoe Men,\nbeing thoroughly tir\u2019d, to go ashore to take some Rest, and the Weather\nbeing cold, they lighted a Fire, about which they laid them down and\nfell asleep; the Sentinel they had appointed doing the same. The\n_Indians_ returning to their Camp, and perceiving our Men: had carry\u2019d\naway two Canoes, some Skins and Blankets, took it for a Declaration\nof a War, resolv\u2019d to be reveng\u2019d, and discovering an unusual Fire,\npresently concluded that our men had halted there. A considerable\nNumber of them repair\u2019d to the Place, without making the least Noise,\nfound our careless People fast asleep, wrap\u2019d up in their Blankets, and\nshot a full Volley of their Arrows upon them all together on a Sudden,\nhaving first given their usual Shout before they fall on.\n[Sidenote: _Sieurs_ Oris _and_ Desloges _kill\u2019d._]\nThe Sieur _Moranget_ awaking with the Noise, and finding himself\nwounded, started up and fir\u2019d his Piece successfully enough, some\nothers did the like, whereupon the Natives fled. The Sieur _Moranget_\ncame to give us the Alarm, though he was shot through one of his Arms,\nbelow the Shoulder, and had another slanting Wound on the Breast.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ immediately sent some arm\u2019d Men to the Place, who\ncould not find the _Indians_, but when Day appear\u2019d, they found the\nSieurs _Oris_ and _Desloges_ dead upon the Spot, the Sieur _Gayen_ much\nhurt, and the rest all safe and sound.\nThis Disaster, which happen\u2019d the Night of the 5th of _March_, very\nmuch afflicted Monsieur _de la Sale_; but he chiefly lamented Monsieur\n_Desloges_ a sprightly Youth, who serv\u2019d well; but in short, it was\ntheir own Fault, and contrary to the Charge given them, which was to\nbe watchful and upon their Guard. We were under Apprehensions for\nMessieurs _Moranget_ and _Gayen_, lest the Arrows should be poison\u2019d.\nIt afterwards appear\u2019d they were not, however Monsieur _Moranget\u2019s_\nCure prov\u2019d difficult, because some small Vessel was cut.\nThe Consequences of this Misfortune, together with the Concern, most of\nthe best Persons who had follow\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_ were under,[61]\nsupported the Design of those who were for returning to _France_ and\nforsaking him, of which Number were Monsieur _Dainmaville_, a Priest\nof the Seminary of St. _Sulpice_, the Sieur _Minet_, Engineer and\nsome others. The common Discourses of Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Enemies\ntending to discredit his Conduct, and to represent the pretended\nRashness of his Enterprize, contributed considerably towards the\nDesertion; but his Resolution prevailing, he heard and waited all\nEvents with Patience, and always gave his Orders, without appearing the\nleast discompos\u2019d.\nHe caus\u2019d the Dead to be brought to our Camp, and bury\u2019d them\nHonourably, the Cannon supplying the Want of Bells, and then consider\u2019d\nof making some safer Settlement. He caus\u2019d all that had been sav\u2019d\nfrom the Shipwreck, to be brought together into one Place, threw up\nIntrenchments about it, to secure his Effects, and perceiving that the\nWater of the River, where we were, roul\u2019d down violently into the Sea,\nhe fancy\u2019d that might be one of the Branches of the _Missisipi_, and\npropos\u2019d to go up it, to see whether he could find any Tokens of it, or\nof the Marks he had left, when he went down by Land to the Mouth of it.\n[Sidenote: _Debates between the Commanders._]\nIn the mean Time, Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ was preparing to depart: The\nChevalier _de Aire_ had many Conferences with Monsieur _de la Sale_\nabout several things, the latter demanded of Monsieur _de Beaujeu_,\nparticularly the Cannon and Ball which were aboard the _Joly_, and had\nbeen design\u2019d for him; which Monsieur _de Beaujeu_ refus\u2019d, alledging\nthat all those things lay at the Bottom of the Hold, and that he could\nnot rummage it without evident Danger of perishing; tho\u2019, at the same\ntime, he knew we had Eight Pieces of Cannon and not one Bullet.\n[Sidenote: _Mr._ de la Sale _much wrong\u2019d_.]\n[Sidenote: _Mr._ de Beaujeu _leaves him_.]\nI know not how that Affair was decided between them; but am sure he\nsuffer\u2019d the Captain of the Flyboat _l\u2019Aimable_ to imbark aboard\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_, tho\u2019 he deserv\u2019d to be most severely punish\u2019d,\nhad Justice been done him. His Crew follow\u2019d him, contrary to what\nMonsieur _de Beaujeu_ had promis\u2019d, that he would not receive a Man of\nthem. All that Monsieur _de la Sale_ could do, tho\u2019 so much wrong\u2019d,\nwas to write to _France_, to Monsieur _de Seignelay_, Minister of\nState, whom he acquainted with all the Particulars, as I was inform\u2019d,\nwhen I return\u2019d, and he gave the Packet to Monsieur _de Beaujeu_, who\nsail\u2019d away for _France_.[62]\nHaving lost the Notes I took at that time, and being forc\u2019d to rely\nmuch upon Memory for what I now write, I shall not pretend to be any\nlonger exact in the Dates, for fear of mistaking, and therefore I\ncannot be positive as to the Day of Monsieur _de Beaujeu\u2019s_ Departure,\nbut believe it was the 14th of _March_, 1685.\n[Sidenote: _A Fort built._]\nWhen Monsr. _de Beaujeu_ was gone, we fell to Work to make a Fort,\nof the Wreck of the Ship that had been cast away, and many Pieces of\nTimber the Sea threw up; and during that Time, several Men deserted,\nwhich added to Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Affliction. A _Spaniard_ and a\n_French_ Man stole away and fled, and were never more heard of. Four or\nfive others follow\u2019d their Example, but Monsieur _de la Sale_ having\ntimely Notice, sent after them, and they were brought back. One of them\nwas condemn\u2019d to Death, and the others to serve the King ten Years in\nthat Country.\n[Sidenote: _Monsr._ de la Sale _goes to discover up the River_.]\nWhen our Fort was well advanc\u2019d, Monsr. _de la Sale_ resolv\u2019d to clear\nhis Doubts, and to go up the River, where we were, to know whether it\nwas not an Arm of the _Missisipi_, and accordingly order\u2019d fifty Men\nto attend him, of which Number were Monsr. _Cavelier_, his Brother,\nand Monsr. _Chedeville_, both Priests, two Recolet Fryars, and several\nVoluntiers, who set out in five Canoes we had, with the necessary\nProvisions. There remain\u2019d in the Fort about an hundred and thirty\nPersons, and Monsr. _de la Sale_ gave me the Command of it, with Orders\nnot to have any Commerce with the Natives, but to fire at them if they\nappear\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Returns._]\nWhilst Monsr. _de la Sale_ was absent, I caus\u2019d an Oven to be built,\nwhich was a great Help to us, and employ\u2019d my self in finishing the\nFort, and putting it in a Posture to withstand the _Indians_, who\ncame frequently in the Night to range about us, howling like Wolves\nand Dogs; but two or three[63] Musquet Shots put them to Flight. It\nhappen\u2019d one Night, that having fir\u2019d six or seven Shot, Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ who was not far from us, heard them, and being in Pain about\nit, he return\u2019d with six or seven Men, and found all Things in a good\nPosture.\n[Sidenote: _Sets out again._]\nHe told us he had found a good Country, fit to sow and plant all Sorts\nof Grain, abounding in Beeves and wild Fowl; that he design\u2019d to erect\na Fort farther up the River,[64] and accordingly, he left me Orders to\nsquare out as much Timber as I could get, the Sea casting up much upon\nthe Shore. He had given the same Orders to the Men he had left on the\nSpot, seven or eight of whom, detach\u2019d from the rest, being busy at\nthat Work, and seeing a Number of the Natives, fled, and unadviseably\nleft their Tools behind them. Monsieur _de la Sale_ returning thither,\nfound a Paper made fast to a Reed, which gave him Notice of that\nAccident, which he was concern\u2019d at, because of the Tools, not so much\nfor the Value of the Loss, as because it was furnishing the Natives\nwith such Things as they might afterwards make Use of against us.\n[Sidenote: _Apr. 1685_]\n[Sidenote: _A Spanish Vessel appears._]\nAbout the Beginning of _April_ we were alarm\u2019d by a Vessel which\nappear\u2019d at Sea, near enough to discern the Sails, and we supposed they\nmight be _Spaniards_, who had heard of our Coming and were ranging the\nCoast to find us out. That made us stand upon our Guard, to keep within\nthe Fort, and see that our Arms were fit for Service. We afterwards saw\ntwo Men in that Vessel, who[65] instead of coming to us, went towards\nthe other Point, and by that Means pass\u2019d on, without perceiving us.\n[Sidenote: _Plenty of Fish taken._]\nHaving one Day observ\u2019d, that the Water work\u2019d and bubbled up, and\nafterwards perceiving it was occasion\u2019d by the Fish skipping from\nPlace to Place, I caused a Net to be brought, and we took a prodigious\nQuantity of Fish, among which were many _Dorado\u2019s_ or Gilt-Heads,\nMullets and others about as big as a Herring, which afforded us good\nFood for several Days. This fishery, which I caused to be often\nfollow\u2019d, was a great Help towards our Subsistance.\n[Sidenote: _Rattle Snake bites Mr._ le Gros.]\nAbout that Time, and on _Easter-day_ that Year, an unfortunate Accident\nbefell Monsieur _le Gros_. After Divine Service he took a Gun to go\nkill Snipes about the Fort. He shot one, which fell into a Marsh;\nhe took off his Shoes and Stockings to fetch it out, and returning,\nthrough Carelessness trod upon a Rattle Snake, so call\u2019d, because it\nhas a Sort of Scale on the Tail, which makes a Noise. The Serpent bit\nhim a little above the Ankle, he was carefully dress\u2019d and look\u2019d\nafter, yet after having endur\u2019d very much, he dy\u2019d at last, as I shall\nmention in its Place. Another more unlucky Accident befell us, one of\nour Fishermen swimming about the Net to gather the Fish, was carry\u2019d\naway by the Current, and could not be help\u2019d by us.\n[Sidenote: _May 1685_]\n[Sidenote: _Salt found in Pools._]\nOur Men sometimes went about several little Salt Water Lakes, that\nwere near our Fort, and found on the Banks a Sort of flat Fishes, like\nTurbots asleep, which they struck with sharp pointed Sticks, and they\nwere good Food. Providence also shew\u2019d us that there was Salt made by\nthe Sun, upon several little Salt Water Pools there were in divers\nPlaces, for having observ\u2019d that there grew on them a Sort of white\nSubstance, like the Cream upon Milk, I took care every Day to send and\nfetch that Scum off, which prov\u2019d to be a very white and good Salt,\nwhereof I gather\u2019d a Quantity, and it did us good Service.\n[Sidenote: Indians _come to the Fort_.]\nSome of our Hunters having seen a Parcel of wild Goats running as if\nthey were frighted, judg\u2019d they were pursued by the _Indians_, and\ncame for Refuge to the Fort, and to give me Notice. Accordingly some\nTime after, we discover\u2019d a Parcel of Natives, who came and posted\nthemselves on an Eminence, within Cannon Shot, some of them drew\noff from the rest and approach\u2019d the Fort by the Way of the Downs.\nI caused our Men immediately to handle their Arms, and wet Blankets\nto be laid on our Huts, to prevent their being burnt by the Fire the\nSavages sometimes shoot with their Arrows. All this Time those who had\nseparated themselves from the rest, being three in Number, still drew\nnearer, making Signs for us to go to them; but Monsieur _de la Sale_\nhad forbid me having any Commerce with them; however, since they had\nneither Bows nor Arrows, we made signs to them to draw near, which they\ndid without hesitating.\nWe went out to meet them. Monsieur _Moranget_ made them sit down, and\nthey gave us to understand by Signs, that their People were hunting\nnear us; being able to make no more of what they said. Monsieur\n_Moranget_ was for knocking out their Brains, to revenge their having\nmurder\u2019d our Companions, but I would not consent to it, since they had\ncome confiding in us. I made Signs to them to be gone, which they did\nas fast as they could, some small Shot we fir\u2019d into the Air making\nthem run, and a Cannon Shot, I pointed towards the rising Ground, where\nthe rest were, put them all to Flight.\nThese Accidents made us double our Guards, since we were at open War\nwith that crafty Nation, which let slip no Opportunity to surprize us,\nand therefore Penalties were appointed for such as should be found\nasleep upon Sentinel; the Wooden-Horse was set up for them without\nRemission; and by Means of such Precautions we sav\u2019d our Lives.\n[Sidenote: _June 1685_]\n[Sidenote: _Second Settlement._]\nThus we spent the rest of the Month, till the Beginning of _June_.\nIn the mean Time, Monsieur _de la Sale_ had begun to make another\nSettlement, in the Place he before told us of, looking upon it as\nbetter, because it was further up the Country.[66] To that Purpose\nhe sent to us the Sieur _de Villeperdry_ with two Canoes and Orders\nfor the Sieur _Moranget_ to repair to him, if he were recover\u2019d, and\nthat all the Men should march, except 30 of the ablest to make a\ngood Defence, who were to stay with me in the Fort. The rest being\nseventy Persons, as well Men and Women as Children, set up with the\nSieur _Moranget_; and we being but a small Number remaining, I caused\nthe Fort to be brought into a less Compass, to save posting so many\nSentinels.\n[Sidenote: _A Conspiracy discover\u2019d._]\n[Sidenote: _July 1685_]\nOur little Company began to take Satisfaction in the Ease of getting\nand the Nature of our Provisions, which a greater Number has more\nDifficulty to be supply\u2019d with, and which we had Plenty of, by Means\nof Hunting and Fishing, those being our principal Employments, and we\nliv\u2019d well enough contented, expecting to be remov\u2019d. However there\nwere some Malcontents, who resolv\u2019d to desert; but finding a Difficulty\nto put it in Execution, for that they could neither get Arms, nor\nPowder nor Ball, because the Sieur _le Gros_ and I kept all lock\u2019d up,\nand were very vigilant, that none might be lavishly spent, they took\nthe cruel Resolution to rid themselves of us.\nThat bloody Massacre was to begin by me, when I was asleep, and then to\nproceed to the Sieur _le Gros_, who lay in the Magazine, or Warehouse,\nand was in no Condition to defend himself, because his Leg was still\nswollen, and put him to much Pain. The Execution was to be by stabbing.\nOne of the Conspirators reveal\u2019d this to the Sieur _Devault_, a Hunter,\nwho immediately came and acquainted me. I did not just then take Notice\nof what I had been told; but in the Evening, when they return\u2019d from\nhunting, I caused one to be secur\u2019d, who presently confess\u2019d all. His\nAccomplice was also seiz\u2019d, and it was very troublesome to secure them\ntill the Time when we should remove.\nAbout the Middle of _July_, the Bark _la Belle_ came and anchor\u2019d near\nus. An Order was brought me from Monsieur _de la Sale_, directing me to\nput aboard it all the Effects that were in our Fort, to make a Float\nof the Timber I had caused to be squar\u2019d, if Time would permit, if not\nto bury it in the Ground. Every Man set his Hand to the Work, with all\npossible Diligence, and our two Prisoners were put aboard, as was also\nMonsieur _le Gros_ and his Surgeon, with all our Effects.\nThe Float was begun with immense Labour; but the Weather proving very\nStormy, and holding very long, I was oblig\u2019d to cause what had been\ndone to be taken in Pieces, and to bury the Timber in the Sand, the\nbest we could, that the Natives might not find it.\n[Sidenote: _The First Fort abandon\u2019d._]\nWe then set out towards the Place where the _Indians_ had been\nencamp\u2019d, when Monsieur _de la Sale_ went the first time to see them.\nWe found no Creature, and lay there that Night, and so proceeded along\nthe Sea Coast, without any Accident, to the Camp of the Sieur _Hurie_,\nwhich was a Post in the Way, where Monsieur _de la Sale_ had order\u2019d\nall our Effects to be laid up. It had no other Inclosure but Chests and\nBarrels; but there was nothing to fear from the _Europeans_.\n[Sidenote: _Ill posture of the 2d. Settlement._]\nWe spent the Night at that Post, and two Canoes coming thither the\nnext Morning, I went aboard one of them, with Part of my Company, and\njoin\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_ the next Day, at the Place where he had\nresolv\u2019d to make his new Settlement. I gave him an Account of all\nthat had happen\u2019d, and was amaz\u2019d to see Things so ill begun and so\nlittle advanc\u2019d. As for the Plantation, the Seed and Grain put into the\nGround, was either lost through Drought, or eaten by Birds or Beasts.\nThere were several Dead, and among them the Sieur _de Villeperdry_;\nmany sick, and of that Number Monsieur _Cavalier_ the Priest; no\nShelter but a little square Place stak\u2019d in, where the Powder was and\nsome Casks of Brandy; many other Inconveniences there were, which made\nall Things appear in a miserable Condition.\n[Sidenote: _Hard Labour._]\nIt was requisite to think of building a large Lodgement, Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ design\u2019d it, but the Difficulty was to get proper Timber for\nBuilding. There was a little Wood, where a good Quantity might be\nhad, but it was a League up the Country, and we had neither Carts nor\nHorses to carry it; however Monsr. _de la Sale_ sent Workmen thither,\nwith others to guard them. The Trees were cut down and squar\u2019d, but\nthe Carpenters were so ignorant, that Monsr. _de la Sale_ was forc\u2019d\nto act the Master Builder, and to mark out the Pieces for the Work he\ndesign\u2019d. Some of those Pieces of Timber were dragg\u2019d to the Camp, over\nthe Grass and Weeds the Plain was cover\u2019d with; afterwards the Carriage\nof a Gun was made use of; but all cost so much Labour, that the ablest\nMen were quite spent.\n[Sidenote: _Aug. 1685_]\n[Sidenote: _Carpenter lost._]\nThis excessive Toil, the poor Sustenance the labouring Men had, and\nthat often retrench\u2019d as a Penalty for having fail\u2019d in doing their\nDuty; the Uneasiness Monsieur _de la Sale_ was under to see nothing\nsucceed as he had imagin\u2019d, and which often made him insult the\nMen, when there was little Reason for it; All these things together\nafflicted very many so sensibly, that they visibly declin\u2019d, and above\nthirty dy\u2019d. The Loss of so many Men was follow\u2019d by that of the Master\nCarpenter, who was returning one Evening with me; but I happening to\nstep aside to kill some wild Fowl, when I came to our Habitation I\nfound him not, and it was never known what became of him; an Accident\nwhich added to our Vexation, for tho\u2019 he had but little Skill at his\nTrade, yet we stood in Need of him.\nNotwithstanding all those Disappointments, enough Timber was carry\u2019d\nor rather dragg\u2019d, to build the House Monsieur _de la Sale_ designed,\nand he was himself the Architect. He mark\u2019d out the Lengths, the\nTenants and Mortises, and made good the Defect of the Workmen and\ncalling to Mind that I had bury\u2019d several Pieces of Timber at our first\nHabitation, which might be of Use, he order\u2019d me to take two Canoes and\n20 men, to go fetch them, in the Bark _la Belle_, which was with us.\nBeing come to the Place, we found the Natives had discover\u2019d our\nTimber, and carry\u2019d away some Planks, to pick out the Nails there were\nin them, which they value very much, to point their Arrows. We labour\u2019d\nto make a Float, loaded the Bark _la Belle_ with the rest of the Planks\nand other Effects, and set out again. Some of the Natives appear\u2019d\nwhilst we were at Work, but seeing us advance towards them, with our\nArms in our Hands, they fled.\n[Sidenote: _Second Settlement._]\n[Sidenote: _Sep. 1685_]\nWe return\u2019d safe to Monsieur _de la Sale_, who was glad to see us, tho\u2019\nwe had lost one of the Canoes, for want of its being well made fast to\nthe Float; but the Timber we brought was a mighty help towards carrying\non his Design, and much fitter than that we had hew\u2019d in the Wood, with\nso much Labour; so that this Timber occasion\u2019d the raising another\nStructure contiguous to the former. All was cover\u2019d with Planks, and\nBullocks Hides over them. The Apartments were divided, and all of them\nwell cover\u2019d. The Stores had a Place apart, and that Dwelling had the\nname of St. _Lewis_ given it, as well as the Neighbouring Bay.[67]\n[Sidenote: _Mr._ le Gros _dies and others_.]\nThe Sieur _le Gros_, who had remain\u2019d aboard the Bark _La Belle_, ever\nsince the first Voyage she made to our former Habitation, was carry\u2019d\nashore to the new One, and his Leg still swelling, the Surgeon was\napprehensive of a Mortification, and advis\u2019d him to consent to have\nit cut off. He did so, tho\u2019 with Regret, the Operation was made, but\na Fever follow\u2019d immediately, and he liv\u2019d but two Days, dying on the\nFeast of the Decollation of St. _John Baptist_, much lamented by all\nMen, and particularly by Monsieur _de la Sale_, to whom he was very\nserviceable, by reason of his general Knowledge, and his particular\nFidelity towards him. Monsieur _Carpentier_, Son to the Master of the\nWorks and the Sieur _Thibault_, both of Roan, and some others, dy\u2019d\nabout the same time.\n[Sidenote: _River of Bullocks._]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ being desirous to take a Progress, to find his\nfatal _Missisipi_ River, and only expecting the Recovery of his Brother\nMonsieur _Cavalier_, who was to bear him Company, he began to make some\nPreparations towards it, and in the mean time, took some small Journeys\nof four or five Leagues about, but could learn nothing further, than\nthat it was a very fine Country, hem\u2019d in on one Side by a small\nMountain, which appear\u2019d at about Fifteen or Twenty Leagues distance;\nbeautify\u2019d with very fine Trees, and water\u2019d by many little Rivers,\nwhereof that, on which we had built our Habitation was the least. We\ncall\u2019d it _la Rivi\u00e8re aux B\u0153ufs_, that is the River of Bullocks, by\nreason of the great Number of them there was about it. These Bullocks\nare very like ours, there are Thousands of them, but instead of Hair\nthey have a very long curl\u2019d Sort of Wool.[68]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ Studying all Ways to find out the River\n_Missisipi_, imagin\u2019d it might fall into the adjacent Bay, and resolv\u2019d\nto go view all the Coasts about it, and to make use of the Bark _la\nBelle_. Accordingly he order\u2019d me to repair to the said Bark, with five\nMen and a Canoe, into which he put his Cloaths, and other Effects in\nseveral Chests.\nThat short Voyage was very troublesome to us, by reason of the foul\nWeather, with contrary Winds and Storms, which had like to have\noverwhelm\u2019d us, and what was still worse, we did not find the Bark,\nwhere we had left her. We went on a League further, to no Purpose, and\nProvisions beginning to fall short, because we had been six Days on the\nWay, instead of three, we resolv\u2019d to return to the Place from whence\nwe came.\n[Sidenote: _Boat of the Bark lost._]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ seeing us return at a distance, came to meet us.\nOur Report troubled him for the Bark, which he stood in need of, so\nthat he resolv\u2019d to go himself to seek her, imbark\u2019d in a Canoe, and\nsent me another Way, in another. After having wander\u2019d about all that\nDay, the next Night and the Day following, we at last perceiv\u2019d her,\nwhere she lay under Shelter in a little Creek, having been in Danger of\nPerishing by the foul Weather we had been in, and had lost her Boat,\nwhich was not well made fast.\n[Sidenote: _Oct. 1685_]\nThe Bark was also discover\u2019d by Monsieur _de la Sale_, who was on the\nother side, which made him draw near and land, whence he sent his Canoe\nto the said Bark, and Monsieur _Moranget_ who commanded it, went aboard\nto meet him. The Loss of the Boat troubled Monsieur _de la Sale_, I\nsent a Canoe to bring him, but to no Purpose; however the Trunks were\nput aboard the Bark.\n[Sidenote: _What Stores they had._]\n[Sidenote: _Nov. 1685_]\nMonsieur _Cavalier_ the Priest, being recover\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_\nprepar\u2019d to set out with all Speed. He was pleas\u2019d to Honour me with\nthe Command, during his Absence, and left me an Inventory of all that\nwas in our Habitation, consisting of Eight Pieces of Cannon, two\nHundred Firelocks, as many Cutlaces, an Hundred Barrels of Powder,\nthree Thousand Weight of Ball, about three Hundred Weight of other\nLead, some Bars of Iron, twenty Packs of Iron to make Nails, some Iron\nWork and Tools, as Hatchets and the like.\nAs for Provisions, all that were left me amounted to twenty Casks of\nMeal, one Cask and a half of Wine, three Quarters of a Cask of Brandy,\nand for living Creatures some few Swine, a Cock and a Hen; which is\nvery short of what has been Publish\u2019d by the Author of a Book entitled,\n_The first Establishment in New France_: but the Reason of it is, that\nhe compiled his Work upon the Credit of Relations, which were as false\nas to the Point of the Ammunition and Provisions, remaining in our\nHabitation, when Monsieur _de la Sale_ set out that Time, as concerning\nthe Fort well condition\u2019d, and the Magazines or Storehouses under\nGround, which are all imaginary, there being Nothing but the House I\nhave mention\u2019d, pallisado\u2019d, with some old Stakes.\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ farther order\u2019d me not to receive any Men of those\nhe took along with him, unless they brought an Order from him in\nWriting; nor to hold or admit of any Communication with the Natives,\nbut rather to fire upon them, and some other Particulars he thought fit\nto be observ\u2019d. He had made himself a Coat of Mail with small Laths,\nto secure himself against the Arrows, which he took along with him, he\nalso took the Canoes, and promis\u2019d to send me one back. Five Cannon\nShot were the Signal of his Departure.\n[Sidenote: _Monsr._ de la Sale _goes out to discover_.]\n[Sidenote: _St._ Lewis_\u2019s Bay_.]\nHe took his Way along the lower Part of the River, to march by Land\nalong the neighbouring Bay, which was call\u2019d of St. _Lewis_, the\nCanoes keeping within Sight. I was left in the Habitation with thirty\nfour Persons, Men, Women and Children, and of that Number were three\n_Recolet_ Friars, the Sieur _Hurie_, who was to command in my Absence,\none of the Sieurs _Duhaut_, the Sieurs _Thibault_ and a Surgeon.\nOur Provisions being very small, and it being requisite to spare them,\nfor the Sick, we were oblig\u2019d to apply our selves to Fishing and\nShooting. Both of them at first prov\u2019d very unsuccessful, especially\nthe latter; because we were not yet well vers\u2019d in them, and Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ had taken our Huntsman along with him; but at length,\nNecessity made us more expert. We kill\u2019d Beeves, some of which I caus\u2019d\nto be dry\u2019d, and they were a considerable Help to subsist us.\n[Sidenote: _Hunter dies with Cold._]\nSome Days after, the Canoe Monsieur _de la Sale_ had promis\u2019d me,\narrived with three Soldiers, who brought us the News of the Loss of the\nHuntsman Monsieur _de la Sale_ had taken along with him, and who had\nbeen found dead with Cold in a Ditch, where he had lain down to rest\nafter hunting, which troubled us all very much. They also inform\u2019d us,\nthat Monsr. _de la Sale_ advancing towards some Dwellings the Natives\nhad abandon\u2019d, after a small Resistance, some of whom had been wounded\nas they fled, they had taken and brought a Girl and a Woman, who was\nshot thro\u2019 the Thigh, of which she dy\u2019d.[69]\n[Sidenote: _Dec. 1685_]\nThe Canoe was a great Help to us to carry what we kill\u2019d, which being\nbrought to our Habitation, found Employment for all Persons, some to\nflea, others to cut up, and others to dry it. At other Times, I set\nsome of our men to throw up a Trench about our Habitation.\n[Sidenote: _Jan. 1686_]\n[Sidenote: Duhaut _returns from Mr._ de la Sale.]\nThus we spent our Time, till about the Middle of _January, 1686_,\nwhen being all, one Evening, in our Mansion, the Sentinel came in to\nacquaint me, that he heard a Voice towards the River; some men ran\nthither immediately, and found a Man in a Canoe, crying, _Dominick_,\nwhich was the Name of young _Duhaut_, who was with us. The Sight of\nthat made me apprehensive lest some Disaster was befallen Monsr. _de la\nSale_. I drew near, and perceiv\u2019d it was _Duhaut_ the Elder, that was\nreturn\u2019d.\nI ask\u2019d, him whether he had any Letters from Monsieur _de la Sale_,\nhe answer\u2019d he had not. It gave me some Uneasiness, considering I was\nforbid admitting any Man without an Order in Writing, and I was almost\nresolv\u2019d to secure him; but the Account he gave me of the Occasion of\nhis returning wholly clear\u2019d him. I admitted him, and he told me the\nwhole Matter as follows.\nMonsr. _de la Sale_, having staid some Time on the Sea Shore, near the\nPlace where the Bark was at Anchor he resolv\u2019d to try the Anchoring\nPlaces of the Coasts round about, to know how near the Bark _la Belle_\nmight come. To that Purpose he sent the Pilot with 5 of the best Men to\nsound.\n[Sidenote: _Six Men killed by Natives._]\nThe Pilot did as he was order\u2019d, he sounded and observed the proper\nPlaces to come near several Coasts. At Night he and his Men being in\nall likelyhood tir\u2019d, they thought fit to go Ashore and lie upon the\nLand. They made a Fire, perhaps to dress some Meat; but neglecting\nto stand upon their Guard, they were surpriz\u2019d, and all six of them\nkill\u2019d by the Savages; who also broke their Canoe, and thus reveng\u2019d\nthemselves for the Irruption Monsr. _de la Sale_ had lately made among\nthem.\nMore Time being elaps\u2019d than Monsieur _de la Sale_ had allotted those\nMen to return, he grew uneasy, and went himself along the Coast, to\nsee if any News could be had of them, and keeping along the Shore, he\nfound the sad Remains of those unfortunate Wretches, whose Carcasses\nscatter\u2019d about, were torn and almost devour\u2019d by Wolves or Wild Dogs,\na Spectacle which went to his Heart.\nHowever this Loss, which afflicted him, and particularly for the Sake\nof the Pilot, who was an able Man, did not quite cast him down; but\nexerting himself against his Misfortunes, he caus\u2019d Flesh to be dry\u2019d,\nand with that and the other Provisions he victuall\u2019d the Bark _la\nBelle_. He caus\u2019d it to advance into the Bay, put a good Number of\nMen on Board to secure it, among whom were Monsieur _Chedeville_, the\nPriest, and _Planterose_ of _Roan_, and order\u2019d them not to stir from\nthat Place till they heard from him, and not to go Ashore, unless with\na good Guard and necessary Precautions.\nNext, he chose out Twenty Men, imbark\u2019d on two Canoes he had left, and\nbeing come Ashore, caus\u2019d the Canoes to be sunk in the River, and every\nMan to take up his Bundle, consisting of Arms, Tools, some Utensils for\nthe Kitchin, a few Goods, to trade with the Natives, if he should find\nany sociable, and so advanc\u2019d into the Country, to try if any Notice\ncould be had of the _Missisipi_.\n[Sidenote: La Maligne _River_.]\nAfter several Days March, they came to a good pleasant River, which\nthey afterwards call\u2019d _la Maligne_. Monsieur _de la Sale_ marching\nat the Head of the Company, and having order\u2019d Monsieur _Moranget_\nto keep in the Rear; it happen\u2019d that _Duhaut_ stopping to mend his\nSnapsack[70] and his Shoes, which were in a bad Condition; the Sieur\n_Moranget_ coming up, commanded him to March, he desired him to stay a\nlittle. _Moranget_ would not, but held on his Way; _Duhaut_ follow\u2019d\nsome Time after, but having stay\u2019d too long, he could not overtake the\nCompany, and found himself about Night fall in a Plain full of Weeds,\nwhere there were several Tracks of the Way Cattle had gone, but knew\nnot which of them to take. He fir\u2019d his Piece several Times, without\nhearing any thing of his Company, and was oblig\u2019d to pass the Night in\nthat same Place.\n[Sidenote: _Strange Adventure._]\n[Sidenote: _Feb. 1686_]\nIn the Morning he shot again, spent the Day and Night again in that\nPlace, so that not knowing what to do, he return\u2019d the same Way he had\ngone, and after a Month\u2019s March, for he travell\u2019d only by Night, for\nFear of meeting with the Savages, living upon what he kill\u2019d with much\nDifficulty and Danger, having before spent all his own Provisions; at\nlength after most unaccountable Hardships and Sufferings, he arriv\u2019d\nat the Place where the Canoes had been sunk. He took one of them up,\nwith incredible Labour, and too long to relate, and so came to our\nHabitation of St. _Lewis_. Thus it pleas\u2019d God that he who was to be\none of the Murderers of Monsieur _de la Sale_, should come off safe,\nand surmount almost infinite Dangers.\nThis Account, which seem\u2019d to carry the Face of Probability, prevail\u2019d\nwith me to receive the Sieur _Duhaut_, and in Reality I could do no\notherwise, and I made it my Business to examine into his Behaviour, but\ncould find Nothing to lay to his Charge. We continued some Time longer\nas we had been before; during the which, I caus\u2019d another little Wooden\nStructure to be made, of Timber, I had got together, and in it I lodg\u2019d\nthe Women and Maidens by themselves. Having hitherto said Nothing of\nthe Situation of our Dwelling of St. _Lewis_, nor of the Nature of\nthe Country we were in, I will here venture upon a plain but true\nDescription.\n[Sidenote: _Description of the Country and Dwelling at St._ Lewis.]\nWe were in about the 27th Degree of North Latitude, two Leagues up the\nCountry, near the Bay of St. _Lewis_ and the Bank of the River _aux\nB\u0153ufs_, on a little Hillock, whence we discover\u2019d vast and beautiful\nPlains, extending very far to the Westward, all level and full of\nGreens, which afford Pasture to an infinite Number of Beeves and other\nCreatures.\n[Sidenote: _The Land._]\nTurning from the West to the Southward, there appear\u2019d other Plains\nadorn\u2019d with several little Woods of several Sorts of Trees. Towards\nthe South and East was the Bay, and the Plains that hem it in from\nthe East; to the Northward, was the River running along by a little\nHill,[71] beyond which there were other large Plains, with some little\nTufts of Wood at small Distances, terminating in a Border of Wood,\nwhich seem\u2019d to us to be very high.\n[Sidenote: _Living Creatures._]\nBetween that little Hill and our Dwelling, was a Sort of Marsh, and in\nit Abundance of wild Fowl, as Curlies, Water-Hens and other Sorts. In\nthe Marsh there were little Pools full of Fish. We had also an infinite\nNumber of Beeves, wild Goats, Rabbits, Turkeys, Bustards, Geese, Swans,\nFeldifares, Plovers, Teal, Partridges and many other Sorts of Fowl fit\nto eat, and among them one call\u2019d _le grand Gosier_, or, the great\nGullet, because it has a very large one; another as big and Fleshy as a\nPullet, which we called the _Spatula_, because it\u2019s Beak is shap\u2019d like\none, and the Feathers of it being of a pale Red, are very beautiful.\n[Sidenote: _Fish._]\nAs for Fish, we had several Sorts in the River and in the Lakes I have\nmention\u2019d. The River afforded a Sort of Barbles, differing from ours in\nRoundness, in their having three Bones sticking out, one on the Back,\nthe others on each Side of the Head, and in the Flesh, which is like\nCod, and without Scales. The River supply\u2019d us with Abundance of other\nFishes, whose Names we know not. The Sea afforded us Oysters, Eeles,\nTrouts, a Sort of red Fishes and others whose long, sharp and hard Beak\ntore all our Nets.\n[Sidenote: _Tortoises._]\n[Sidenote: _Venomous Creatures._]\nWe had Plenty both of Land and Sea Tortoises, whose Eggs serv\u2019d to\nseason our Sauces. The Land Tortoises differ from those of the Sea,\nas being smaller, round, and their Shell more beautiful. They hide\nthemselves in Holes they find or make in the Earth. It was looking for\nthese Tortoises, that one of our Surgeons, thrust his Arm into a Hole,\nand was bit by some venomous Creature, which we suppos\u2019d to be a Sort\nof Toad, having four Feet, the Top of his Back sharp and very hard,\nwith a little Tail. Whether it was this Creature, or a Snake, his Arm\nswelled very much, however he was cured by such Applications as were\nmade Use of; but it cost him a Finger was cut off.\n[Sidenote: _Rattle-Snakes._]\nAmong the venomous Sorts of Snakes, as Vipers, Asps and others, whereof\nthere are many, those call\u2019d Rattle-Snakes are the most common. They\ngenerally lye among the Brambles, where they make a Noise by the Motion\nof two Scales they have at the End of their Tail, which is heard at a\nconsiderable Distance, and therefore they are call\u2019d Rattle-Snakes.\nSome of our Men had eaten of them and found their Flesh was not amiss,\nand when we had kill\u2019d any of them, our Swine made a good Meal.\n[Sidenote: _Alligators._]\nThere are also many Alligators in the Rivers, some of them of a\nfrightful Magnitude and Bulk. I kill\u2019d one that was between four and\nfive Foot about, and twenty Foot in Length, on which our Swine feasted.\nThis Creature has very short Legs, insomuch that it rather drags along\nthan walks, and it is easy to follow the Tract of it, either among the\nWeeds or on the Sands, where it has been. It is very ravenous, and\nattacks either Men or Beasts, when they are within Reach in the River,\nand comes also ashore to seek for Food. It has this particular Quality,\nthat it flies from such as pursue, and pursues those who fly from it. I\nhave shot many of them dead.\n[Sidenote: _Trees._]\nThe Woods are composed of Trees of several Sorts. There are Oaks,\nsome of them ever green and never without Leaves; others like ours in\n_Europe_, bearing a Fruit much like our Galls, and lose their Leaves in\nWinter, and another Sort not unlike ours in _France_, but the Bark of\nthem thicker, these as well as the second Sort bear an Acorn, differing\nfrom ours both in Taste and Bigness.\n[Sidenote: _Dangerous Fruit._]\nThere is a Sort of Tree, which bears small Berries, which, when ripe,\nare red, and indifferent pleasant. It bears twice a Year, but the\nsecond Crop never ripens. There is another Tree, bearing a Fruit not\nunlike _Cassia_, in Taste and Virtue.\nThere are others of the Sort I had seen in the Islands, whose Leaves\nare like Rackets, whence the Tree bears the Name. The Blossoms grow\nout about the Leaves, and of them comes a Fruit somewhat resembling\nFigs, but the Leaves and the Fruit are full of Prickles, which must\nbe carefully rubb\u2019d and taken off, before it is eaten, else they\ndangerously inflame the Mouth and the Throat, and may prove mortal, as\nhappen\u2019d to one of our Soldiers, who had eaten of them too greedily,\nand without that Precaution.\nI have seen some Trees resembling the Palm, whose lofty and long\nBranches spread like that call\u2019d the _Latanier_, bearing a Fruit, said\nto be indifferent good. Others the same Sort, but whose Leaves are like\nGutters, harsh and so sharp pointed, that they will pierce the thickest\nStuffs. This Tree has a Sprout on the Top, which shoots out Flowers\nin the Shape of a Nosegay, of a whitish yellow, and some of them at\nthe Top of that Sprout have sixty or eighty Flowers hanging down, not\nunlike the Flower de Luce, and after those Flowers follows a Fruit as\nlong as a Man\u2019s Finger, and thicker than the Thumb, full of little\nSeeds, so that there is scarce any Thing but the Rhind fit to eat, the\nTaste whereof is sweet and delicate.\n[Sidenote: _Vines._]\nThere are Abundance of creeping Vines and others, that run up the\nBodies and to the Tops of Trees, which bear plenty of Grapes, fleshy\nand sharp, not to compare to the Delicacy of ours in _Europe_; but we\nmade Verjuice of them, which was very good in Sauce. Mulberry Trees are\nnumerous along the Rivers, their Fruit is smaller, but sweeter and more\ndelicious than ours; their Leaves are beautiful and large, which would\nbe of good Use for feeding of Silk-worms.\n[Sidenote: _Plants._]\n[Sidenote: _March 1686_]\nThe Plains are strew\u2019d with a Sort of small Sorrel, the Leaf whereof is\nlike Trefoil, and the Taste of it sharp like ours. There are Abundance\nof small Onions, no bigger than the Top of a Man\u2019s Finger, but very\nwell tasted, and when the Heat has scorch\u2019d up the Plains, that Plant\nshoots out first, and produces Flowers which look like an agreeable\nEnamel. Nothing is more beautiful than to behold those vast Plains,\nwhen the Blossoms appear; a thousand Sorts of different Colours,\nwhereof many[72] have an agreeable Scent, adorn those Fields, and\nafford a most charming Object to the Eye. I have observed some that\nsmelt like a Tuberose, but the Leaf resembles our Borage. I have seen\nPrimroses, having a Scent like ours, _African_ Gilliflowers, and a\nSort of purple wind Flowers. The Autumn Flowers are almost all of them\nyellow, so that the Plains look all of that Colour.\nThe Climate is mild and temperate, tho\u2019 we were in about 27 Degrees\nof North Latitude, and yet the Seeds I caused to be sow\u2019d did not\nthrive; whether it was because they had been soak\u2019d in the Sea Water,\nor for any other Reason. Some came up pretty well, as Pompions, Melons,\nParsnips and Endive; but the Beasts and the Insects, left us not much.\nWhen we come to the _Cenis_ and have travers\u2019d so many Nations as lay\nbetween us and them, I shall speak of the Religion, Manners, Cloathing,\nHouses and Customs of the Natives, wherein they differ but little from\none another, tho\u2019 of several Countries.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ had been now long gone, and we began to be in\nPain for him, when about the Middle of _March 1686_, hapning to be on\nthe Top of the House, I spied seven or eight Persons coming towards us.\nI presently ordered eight arm\u2019d Men to follow me, to go meet them; and\nas soon as we drew near them, we knew Monsieur _de la Sale_, Monsieur\n_Cavelier_, his brother, Monsieur _Moranget_, his Nephew and five or\nsix Men with them, the rest being gone another Way to find out the Bark\n_la Belle_, to give Notice of Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Arrival.\n[Sidenote: _Monsieur_ de la Sale _returns_.]\nThey were in a bad Condition, their Cloaths ragged, Monsieur\n_Cavelier\u2019s_ short Cassock hung in Tatters; most of them had not Hats,\nand their Linen was no better; however the Sight of Monsieur _de la\nSale_ rejoyc\u2019d us all. The Account he gave us of his Journey reviv\u2019d\nour Hopes, tho\u2019 he had not found the fatal River, and we thought only\nof making ourselves as merry as we could. Only the Sight of the Sieur\n_Duhaut_ interrupted it for some Time. Monsieur _de la Sale_ ask\u2019d me\nin an angry Manner, why I had receiv\u2019d him, and _Duhaut_ having given\nhis Reasons, as I and my Men did,[73] we were all satisfy\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _The Bark_ la Belle _lost_.]\nThe next Day, the Sieurs _le Barbier_, _Bihorel_, _le Petit_,\n_Cavelier_, the Nephew, the Surgeon and others, whom Monsieur _de la\nSale_ had sent to find out and carry Advice to the Bark _la Belle_,\nreturn\u2019d, and said they could not find her, which was another fresh\nCause of Much Uneasiness to Monsieur _de la Sale_. He had been guilty\nof the Fault of putting aboard her, his Cloaths, his Linen, his Papers\nand all his best Effects, of all which he was then in the utmost Need.\nBesides, that Loss broke all the Measures he had concerted during his\nlast Expedition, because he had resolv\u2019d to cause the said Bark to\ngo up one of the Rivers he had discover\u2019d, to advance towards those\nNations with whom he had contracted some Friendship, and to send me in\nthe same Bark, with his Nephew _Moranget_, to the Islands to seek for\nsome Assistance, or else to return by Sea to look for his River.\n[Sidenote: _Apr. 1686_]\nAll these Designs being disappointed, he resolv\u2019d to set out a second\nTime, and travel by Land, to find out his River.[74] He staid to rest\nhim a while, and to provide for his Departure, but having neither Linen\nnor Cloaths, I supply\u2019d him with some I had; I also afforded some\nLinen to Monsieur _Cavelier_, his Brother and Monsieur _Moranget_, his\nNephew. All I had was at their Service, and I depriv\u2019d myself of all\nthat was fit for them, even to ten or twelve Pounds of strings of\nBeads and some Knives and Nails,[75] which Monsieur _de la Sale_ took.\nThe Sieur _Duhaut_, having several Effects, as Linen, Hatchets and\nother Tools and Commodities, which had been sav\u2019d from the Shipwreck,\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ took Linen to make Shirts, for such as wanted,\nas also the Tools they stood in Need of. The Cloaths belonging to\nMessieurs _Thibault_, _le Gros_ and _Carpentier_, who were dead, were\nalso distributed. A great Belt I had, serv\u2019d to make Shoes for Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ and Monsieur _Cavelier._\n[Sidenote: _Monsieur_ de la Sale _sets out upon another Expedition_.]\nAll Things being thus provided, Monsieur _de la Sale_ took twenty Men\nalong with him, among whom were Monsieur _Cavelier_ his Brother, F.\n_Anastasius_ a Recolet, Monsieur _Moranget_ his Nephew, the Sieurs\n_Bihorel_, _le Clerk_, _Hurier_, _Duhaut_ the younger, _Hiens_ his\nSurgeon, and his Servants. He left behind those, who were not fit\nto undertake that second Journey, among whom were little Monsieur\n_Cavelier_[76] his Nephew, the Sieur _Barbier_, _Canadien_ and some\nothers. Each of the Travellers made up his Pack, and they set out\ntowards the latter End of _April 1686_,[77] after having given me the\nnecessary Orders, and we parted without Ceremony, Monsieur _de la Sale_\ndesiring it should be so.\n[Sidenote: _What was saved of the Bark_ la Belle.]\n[Sidenote: _May 1686_]\nSome Days after he was gone, I heard a Voice towards the lower Part of\nthe River, crying twice _Qui vive_, or who are you for. I made that\nWay, and perceiv\u2019d the Sieur _Chedeville_ a Priest, the Sieur _de la\nSablonniere_, and some others of those who had been put aboard the\nBark _la Belle_, and were now in a Canoe. I ask\u2019d abruptly what was\nbecome of the Bark, and was inform\u2019d, our continual Misfortunes still\npursuing us, that it had run aground on the other Side of the Bay. I\ncaused the Canoe to be unloaded, there being in it, among other Things,\nMonsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Cloaths, Part of his Papers, some Linen, a\nsmall Quantity of Beads and thirty or forty Pound of Meal, which was\nall they had left.\n[Sidenote: _How the Bark was lost._]\nThe next Day, Monsieur _de Chedeville_ told me the Particulars of that\nMisfortune, and said, That having been some Time with the Bark, in the\nPlace where Monsieur _de la Sale_ had appointed them to wait, their\nWater falling short, they had thought fit to send the Boat ashore, with\nfour or five Casks to fill; that the Sieur _Planterose_ went in it with\nsix of the best Men. That towards the Evening they saw the Boat coming\nback, but the Wind being contrary and Night coming on, they put out a\nLight, which going out and the Captain neglecting to put up another, in\nall Likelyhood the Boat could not see the Bark, and they never heard\nof it after, nor of any of those in it, who it was probable had all\nperish\u2019d.\nThat nevertheless, they continued some Days in the same Place, during\nwhich Time three or four of their Men died; and at last, having no\nWater, they eat up their Swine, before they died with Thirst, and\nresolv\u2019d to weigh Anchor and draw near to the Dwelling; but having few\nHands and those spent, and to add to their Misfortune the Wind proving\ncontrary, they were drove to the other Side of the Bay, where they ran\naground.\n[Sidenote: _June 1686_]\nThat having no Boat, nor Men enough to land their Effects, they had\nendeavour\u2019d to make a Float with some Casks and Planks, but that being\nill made and join\u2019d together, the first that went upon it had perish\u2019d.\nThat having made another Float better fastened together than the\nfirst, they had by that Means saved some Sails and Rigging, several\ninconsiderable Things, Linen, Cloaths and Papers belonging to Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ and others, and then stay\u2019d Ashore, expecting to hear some\nNews, and had found a Canoe, being the same that was before lost on\nthe Edge of the Bay, which had been drove to the other Side; and that\nProvisions at last beginning to fall short, they went aboard the said\nCanoe and came to us; fortunate in that they had not been discover\u2019d\nby the Natives, during their Stay Ashore, which was for the Space of\nthree Months, and in finding the Canoe to bring them back.\nWhen Monsieur _de la Sale_ went away, the Sieur _Barbier_ had taken\nupon him to go a hunting, as also to provide Bark to cover our Houses,\ninstead of Hides, because the Sun drying and contracting them, Part\nof the Top of our Buildings was uncover\u2019d. I farther enjoyn\u2019d him\nto cut Stakes, to make a Palisade about our Dwelling, and the Sieur\n_Chedeville_ having told me they had bury\u2019d several Things they could\nnot bring away, I sent the Sieur _Barbier_ with two Canoes and fifteen\nMen to the Place, where they found some Pedreroes,[78] Rigging and\nSails. The Natives having discover\u2019d the Concealment, had taken away\nsome Pieces of Linen and Iron Tools, which they very much covet.\n[Sidenote: _Encounter with the Natives._]\nThe Sieur _Barbier_ after his Return, continuing his Exercise of\nhunting, happen\u2019d to meet with a Parcel of the Natives, some of whom\nhad Firelocks, which they had taken from our Men, and with which they\nmade some Shots at him, but very weak; and he firing three or four\nShot at them they retir\u2019d. He was then in a Canoe on the River, and\ndesign\u2019d to have gone upwards; but that Rancounter having oblig\u2019d him\nto take another Way, and the Savages perceiving it, eight of them swam\nover the River, hastening to get before the Canoe, hid themselves among\nthe Weeds, near the Way he was to pass, and when he was near enough,\nlet fly their Arrows, which wounded several Men. One Shot the Sieur\n_Barbier_ made, put them all to Flight again; he held on his Way and\nreturn\u2019d to our Habitation.\nSome Days after, we perceiv\u2019d a Herd of Bullocks flying, and guess\u2019d\nthey were pursu\u2019d by the Savages, which afterwards appear\u2019d to be true.\nSome of them drew near to our Habitation, but a Cannon Shot, I pointed\ntowards the Gang of them, and a Musket-shot Monsieur _Barbier_ fired at\nthe nearest, made them all fly farther off.\n[Sidenote: _The Sieur_ Barbier _marries_.]\nWhen the Sieur _Barbier_ went out a Hunting, I commonly sent with\nhim some Women and Maids, to help the Hunters to dress and dry the\nFlesh; but being inform\u2019d that he us\u2019d to slip aside from the Company,\nwith a young Maid he had a Kindness for, and which gave Occasion to\nsome well-grounded Railleries; the said _Barbier_ being told I was\nacquainted with that Affair, came and spoke to me in private, desiring\nLeave to marry that young Woman. I made some Difficulty of it at first,\nadvising him to stay till Monsieur _de la Sale_ return\u2019d; but at last,\nconsidering they might have anticipated upon Matrimony, I took the\nAdvice of the Recolet Fathers, and of Monsieur _Chedeville_ the Priest,\nand allowed them to marry. Monsieur _le Marquis de la Sabloniere_\nfollowing this Example, ask\u2019d the same Liberty, being in Love with a\nyoung Maid, which I absolutely refus\u2019d, and forbid them seeing one\nanother.\n[Sidenote: _Accidents concerning the Recolets._]\nSome Time pass\u2019d in which Nothing happen\u2019d to us worth observing;\nhowever, I will mention two Things which befell our Recolet Fathers.\nOne was, That Father _Anastasius_, being a hunting Bullocks with me,\nand coming too near one I had shot, and was fallen, the Beast, as much\nhurt as he was, started up, attack\u2019d and threw him down; he had much\nado to get off, and I to rescue him, because I durst not shoot for\nFear of killing him. The Bullock being weak, fell again; the Father\nwas deliver\u2019d, but lay ill some Months. The other was, That Father\n_Maximus_ had writ some Memoirs concerning Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_\nConduct, condemning him upon several Occasions. I was told of it, found\nMeans to get those Memoirs, threw them into the Fire, and so the Father\ncame off.\n[Sidenote: Duhaut _Endeavours to occasion a Mutiny_.]\nAbout the same Time, most of our Men seeing Monsieur _de le Sale_ did\nnot return, began to mutter. The Sieur _Duhaut_, who perhaps had been\nthe first Fomenter of those Discontents, back\u2019d the Complaints of the\ndisgusted Party, promis\u2019d them great Matters under his Conduct, and\noffer\u2019d to supply them with such Effects as he had in Possession,\nendeavouring, as I suppose, by those Means, to gain their Affections,\nfor a mischievous Design, which it is likely he had even then conceiv\u2019d.\nIt was not long before, I had Intimation of the whole Affair, and I had\ndone Monsieur _de la Sale_ a singular Piece of Service, had I then put\nto Death the Person, who was to be his Murderer; but I rested satisfy\u2019d\nwith giving him a severe Reprimand, and threat\u2019ning to cause him to be\nsecur\u2019d if he persisted, being able to do no other under my present\nCircumstances. However, I talk\u2019d to all concern\u2019d, and put them in such\nHopes of Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Return, and that Things would soon\nchange to their Satisfaction, that they were all pacify\u2019d.\nBut in Regard, that Idleness often occasions Uneasiness and Impatience,\nI us\u2019d all possible Means to keep them employ\u2019d, in the most obliging\nManner I could, setting some to cut down the Bushes about our Dwelling,\nothers to hew down Trees, that hinder\u2019d the Prospect, others mow\u2019d the\nGrass, that fresh might grow up for our Cattle, and at Night I made\nthem divert themselves with Dancing and Singing.\n[Sidenote: M. de la Sale_\u2019s Discoveries_.]\nWhilst we thus pass\u2019d away the Time the best we could, Monsieur _de la\nSale_ had penetrated very far up into the Country, inclining towards\nthe Northern Part of _Mexico_. He had travell\u2019d through several\nNations, the Inhabitants whereof were, for the most Part, sociable,\nand had concluded a Sort of Alliance with them, and particularly with\nthe _Cenis_ and others whose names I shall mention. He had discover\u2019d\ncharming Countries abounding in all Things that could be wish\u2019d, as\nwell for Sustenance, as for making of easy Settlements, and after he\nand his Nephew _Moranget_ had escap\u2019d two Dangerous Sicknesses, he\nreturn\u2019d to our Habitation, with five Horses he had purchas\u2019d, and\narriv\u2019d at it in _August 1686_.\n[Sidenote: _His Return._]\n[Sidenote: _Sept. 1686_]\nHearing of his Voice, I was one of the first that ran towards the\nRiver: We took our Canoes to bring him, his Luggage and some Provisions\nover, and the Horses swam. We were extraordinary glad to see our\nCommander in Chief return safe, tho\u2019 his Journey had not advanc\u2019d his\nDesign. Monsieur _de la Sale_ had not found out his River, nor been\ntowards the _Islinois_ as we had hoped. Only eight Men return\u2019d with\nhim of twenty he carry\u2019d out, and all the visible advantage of that\nJourney consisted in five Horses, laden with Indian Wheat, Beans and\nsome other Grain, which was put into the Store.\n[Illustration: _7 Men lost and 4 desert._]\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ ask\u2019d me, as soon as he came, whether the Sieurs\n_Clerc_, _Hurie_, _Duhaut_ the younger and two others were come,\nbecause they not being able to endure the Fatigue of the Journey, he\nhad given them Leave to return, and hearing they were not, he concluded\nthe Savages had killed them. We were also inform\u2019d, that the Sieur\n_Bihorel_, had stray\u2019d and was lost, so that there had been no News of\nhim since; that one of Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Servants had been dragg\u2019d\ndown to the Bottom of the Water and devour\u2019d by an Alligator, and that\nfour others had deserted and abandon\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_, when he\nwas about the Country of the _Cenis_.\n[Sidenote: _M._ de la Sale _resolves upon a third Expedition_.]\nThis was a very dismal and deplorable Account; but the even Temper of\nour Chief made all Men easy, and he found, by his great Vivacity of\nSpirit, Expedients, which reviv\u2019d the lowest Ebb of Hope. He rejoiced\nat the Return and Sight of M. _Chedeville_, he was pleas\u2019d at the\nRecovering of his Cloaths and Part of his Papers; and after some Time\nof Rest, he propos\u2019d to undertake a Journey towards the _Islinois_,\nand to make it the main Business, by the Way, to find the _Missisipi_;\nbut it was thought proper to let the great Heats pass, before that\nEnterprize was taken in Hand.\n[Sidenote: _Oct. 1686_]\n[Sidenote: _Two Men kill\u2019d._]\nIn the mean Time, he gave Orders to stake about a Place to make a New\nMagazine, or Storehouse. He put to that Use the Timber I had caus\u2019d\nto be cut, and would have more provided for the same Use. Detachments\nbeing sent to work, seven or eight of our Men, who were sent with the\nSieur _Barbier_, were discover\u2019d by the Savages, who being superior in\nNumber, made as if they would hem them in; but each of our Men having\ntaken a Tree upon their Shoulders and fir\u2019d their Pieces, which made\none of the Natives drop, the others took him up and withdrew. Yet it\nwas not long before they were reveng\u2019d, for they kill\u2019d us two Men, one\nof them close by our Dwelling, and the other, who had separated from\nthe rest of the Company to gather Purslain, and could not be reliev\u2019d.\nThere being every Day some Discourse of the Journey to the _Islinois_,\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ ask\u2019d me one Day, whether I would make one of\nthe Company, and go by the Way of _Canada_ to _France_ for Succours. I\nassured him I was entirely devoted to his Will, and would faithfully\nattend him. Then he began by Degrees to provide what he thought\nnecessary for that Expedition. I had two Pair of Sheets, which he took,\nto make him Linen. Canvas Cloaths were made of the Sails of the Bark\n_la Belle_. The Sieur _Duhaut_ having Linen, he took some to distribute\namong several Persons. Thus he hasted on the Expedition of his Design,\nbut an Accident put it off.\n[Sidenote: _Nov. 1686_]\nIt was occasion\u2019d by a Flux which troubled Monsieur _de la Sale_,\nwho having told me he could not perform that Journey, as long as he\ncontinued in such condition, I offer\u2019d to undertake it for him, if he\nwould allow me his _Indian_, and about fifteen Men; but he answer\u2019d,\nThat his Presence was requisite among the _Islinois_, and that it was\nrequisite his Brother should go to _France_. Thus he refus\u2019d my Offer,\nand could not shun the ill Fate of that Journey.\n[Sidenote: _Dec. 1686_]\n[Sidenote: _Controversy about Privilege._]\nWe spent some Time longer after this Manner, during the which,\nthere arose a Controversy about the Privileges the King grants to\nthe First-born of the _French_ Colonies in _America_. The Sieur\n_Barbier\u2019s_ wife was with Child, and he claim\u2019d the Privilege granted\nfor that Child. The Widow _Talon_ had a Child born in the Passage from\n_France_ to _America_, and alledg\u2019d, that her Child, tho\u2019 born before\nour Arrival, ought to be preferr\u2019d; but the Sieur _Barbier\u2019s_ Wife\nmiscarrying, the Dispute was not decided.\n[Sidenote: _Jan. 1687_]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ being recover\u2019d of his Indisposition,\nPreparations were again made for his Journey; but we first kept the\n_Christmas_ Holy-Days. The Midnight Mass was solemnly sung, and on\n_Twelve-Day_, we cry\u2019d, _The King drinks_, (_according to the Custom\nof_ France) tho\u2019 we had only Water: When that was over we began to\nthink of setting out. Monsieur _de la Sale_ gave the Command of the\nSettlement to the Sieur _Barbier_, directing him what he was to do and\nobserve in his Absence.\n[Sidenote: _Who were left in the Settlement when M._ de la Sale\n_departed_.]\nThere remain\u2019d in that Habitation, the Fathers _Maximus_ and\n_Zenobius_, Recolets, Monsieur _Chedeville_, the Priest, the Marquis\n_de la Sablonniere_, the Sieur _Barbier_, Commander, his Wife, a\nSurgeon and others, to the Number of twenty, among whom were seven\nWomen, or Maids, and only the Sieur _Barbier_ marry\u2019d; which is much\nshort of the Number some have given out remain\u2019d in the Dwelling,\nwithout any Ground; for the Truth is, there were no more, and\nparticularly no Natives, Monsieur _de la Sale_ having absolutely forbid\nholding any Communication with them. As for Beasts, they amounted to\nseventy, or seventy five Swine, great and small, which was a good\nStock; for Fowl, eighteen or twenty Hens; some Casks of Meal, which was\nkept for the Sick; Powder, Ball, and eight Pieces of Cannon, without\nany Bullets.\n[Sidenote: _Persons that set out with M._ de la Sale.]\nWe set out the 12th of _January_, in the Year 1687, being seventeen in\nNumber, _viz._ Monsieur _de la Sale_, Monsieur _Cavelier_, the Priest,\nhis Brother, Father _Anastasius_, the Recolet, Messieurs _Moranget_ and\n_Cavelier_, Nephews to Monsieur _de la Sale_, the Sieurs _Duhaut_, the\nElder, _l\u2019Arcleveque_,[79] _Hiens_, _Liotot_, Surgeon, young _Talon_,\nan _Indian_, and a Footman belonging to Monsieur _de la Sale_. We\ncarried along with us Part of the best Things every Man had, and what\nwas thought would be of Use, wherewith the five Horses were loaded, and\nwe took our Leaves with so much Tenderness and Sorrow, as if we had all\npresaged, that we should never see each other more. Father _Zenobius_\nwas the Person who express\u2019d it to me most significantly, saying, He\nhad never been so sensibly touch\u2019d at parting with any Body.\n[Sidenote: _The Way they travell\u2019d._]\nWe went that Day to the Place we call\u2019d _le Boucon_, because there, we\nhad often dry\u2019d Flesh, (_which the French call_ Boucanner _from the\nIndian Word_). This Place was not far from our Habitation. The 13th, we\ncross\u2019d a Plain, about two Leagues over, where we saw several Herds of\nBeeves and Flocks of Goats, Turkeys, Bustards, and other Sorts of Wild\nFowl. We met with Marshy Lands, which tired our Horses, and came to a\nWood that terminates the Plain, across which, runs a Branch of a River,\nfull of Reeds, by Monsieur _de la Sale_ call\u2019d the _Princess\u2019s_ River.\nThat Branch joins the other, and they both fell together into the Bay\nof St. _Lewis_.\nWe kill\u2019d five Beeves at the Entrance into the Wood, forded the River,\nand incamp\u2019d Half a League beyond it, whence Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent\nMen with Horses, to bring the Flesh of the Bullocks we had kill\u2019d; the\nHides of them, which serv\u2019d to cover us, being very useful against a\nviolent Shower of Rain that fell.\nThe 14th, the Rain ceasing, we travell\u2019d over another spacious Plain,\nwhere there is a Multitude of Beeves and Wild Fowl. We saw several\nTracks, leading every Way, made by the Bullocks, of which we saw\nseveral Herds, some moving on hastily, and others running out-right,\nwhich made us suppose they were drove by the Natives. In short, having\nhalted to help up one of our Horses that was fallen, we saw an _Indian_\nfollowing them very close. Monsieur _de la Sale_ caus\u2019d a Horse to be\nimmediately unloaded, which a Man mounting, rode after, overtook and\nbrought the _Indian_.\nWhen the Savage saw himself among us, he concluded he was a lost Man,\nhe quak\u2019d for Fear, and not without Reason, for most of our Men had\nresolv\u2019d to kill him; Monsieur _de la Sale_ oppos\u2019d it, alledging,\nthat we were but a small Number, that very few were left behind at\nthe Habitation, and therefore we ought not to render our selves odious\nto the Natives, but to use them kindly, that we might have Peace; an\ninfallible Maxim, the Practice of which might have been fortunate to\nhim, had he follow\u2019d it sooner.\nHe therefore caus\u2019d a Fire to be made, gave him to Eat and Smoke, and\nafterwards a Bit of Roll-Tabacco, and some other Trifles. Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ gave him to understand, that he came not to hurt any Man,\nbut to settle Peace in all Places, and so dismissed him. The _Indian_\nrecover\u2019d himself a little of his Fright; but being still dubious, what\nhis Fate might be, he at first walk\u2019d away gently, still looking about\nhim, and when at a good Distance, made off as fast as he could. We\nheld on our Way, and soon after saw another _Indian_ running after the\nBullocks. Monsieur _de la Sale_ caus\u2019d him to be taken, brought to us,\nand treated as the first had been.\nWe had not gone far before we spy\u2019d a Company of Natives coming towards\nus, on our left, but we held on our Way, till they were over against\nus, when Monsieur _de la Sale_ caus\u2019d us to halt. The Savages seeing\nus halt, stood still also, which Monsieur _de la Sale_ perceiving, he\nlaid his Firelock on the Ground, and advanc\u2019d towards them, making\nsigns to him that Commanded them, who was a handsome Man, to draw near.\nThat _Indian_ came forward, and was follow\u2019d by the rest, all of them\nCaressing us after their Manner, which we return\u2019d the best we were\nable, and then made them Smoak.\n[Sidenote: _Natives entertain\u2019d._]\nNext Monsieur _de la Sale_ gave them to understand, that we were going\ntowards the _Cenis_, that we desir\u2019d to be at Peace with them all, and\nthat we would return to our own Country, whence we would bring them\nall they had Occasion for. Then we distributed among them some Bits of\nRoll-Tabacco, some Strings of Beads and Knives, which they seem\u2019d to be\npleas\u2019d with, and all this was done by Signs. Then every Man went his\nown Way: We advanc\u2019d half a League farther, to get into a Wood, where\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ had encamp\u2019d when he went that Way before; we cut\ndown Trees to secure our Post, and lay there that Night.\nBefore our Intrenchment was finish\u2019d, we discover\u2019d, first one\n_Indian_, then two, and afterwards three, coming one after another;\nwhich giving Monsieur _de la Sale_ some Jealousy, he caus\u2019d us to\nhandle our Arms, with Orders to stand upon our Guard, for fear of being\nsurpriz\u2019d, and went towards them. They signify\u2019d to him, that their\nPeople had told them, we did not hurt any Body, which was very well,\nand that they were come to see us. They were entertain\u2019d as the others\nhad been, and then Signs were made them to withdraw, because Night drew\non, and having observ\u2019d, that they took Notice of our fortifying our\nselves, we kept a good Guard all the Night, without any Disturbance.\n[Sidenote: _A fine Country._]\nThe Fifteenth, we march\u2019d on, intending to find out a Ford, in the\nRiver call\u2019d of the _Princess_, where Monsieur _de la Sale_ had pass\u2019d\nbefore; but missing of it, and the River being swollen, we were oblig\u2019d\nto go up higher, sometimes crossing curious[80] Meadows, and sometimes\nWoods of tall Trees[81] of several Sorts, but all Young of the same\nThickness and strait, looking as if they had been planted by a Line.\nThe River running through the midst of those curious shady Groves,[82]\nwhich were also water\u2019d by several little Brooks of very clear and good\nWater, afforded a most delightful Landskip.\n[Sidenote: _Thick Woods._]\nWe also met with some Woods so thick, that it was requisite to hew a\nPassage for the Horses. Towards the Evening we kill\u2019d a Bullock, and\nwent to incamp in a little Coppice, with our usual Precautions.\n[Sidenote: _Wild Fowl._]\nThe 16th, we continued our Journey, still following the River upwards,\nand from Time to Time meeting the same Sort of Pasture Grounds[83]\nand the Obstacles of Woods, where we were fain to cut our Way through,\nwhich fatigued us very much; but the Plenty of wild Fowl, and\nparticularly of Turkeys, whereof we killed many, was an Ease to our\nSufferings, and Help to bear our Toil with more Satisfaction.\n[Sidenote: _An Indian Village abandon\u2019d._]\nThe 17th, was a very toilsome Day\u2019s Journey, by Reason of the Woods and\nRivulets we were to cross; after which we came to a little Hill, on\nwhich there were 2 or 300 Cottages of the Natives. Those Huts were like\nlarge Ovens, consisting of long Poles stuck in the Earth in a Circle,\nand joyning above to make the Dome or round Top.[84] They had been a\nDwelling of the Natives, who being gone, had carry\u2019d away the Hides\nthat cover\u2019d them, and the Mats which are us\u2019d to hang the Insides, and\nto make their beds of.\nAfter a March of some Hours, our _Indian_ having found a Herd of\nBeeves, we kill\u2019d seven or eight, took the best of the Meat, and\nheld on our Way across a Wood. We ford\u2019d a Branch of the River, and\nproceeded to the Bank of another, the Bottom whereof being foul,\nwe incamp\u2019d on the Edge of it, and the Rain falling at Night and\ncontinuing all the next Day, were oblig\u2019d to stay there.\nThe 19th, the Rain ceasing, we proceeded through a thick Fog, and over\nPlaces where the Water was often up to our Knees, and sometimes higher;\nwhich, together with our being forc\u2019d to cut the Way athwart the\nBushes, with our Hatchets, gave us inexpressible Trouble, and it had\nbeen much greater, had we not resolv\u2019d to follow the Ways beaten by the\nBullocks, whom a natural Instinct always leads to those Parts which are\neasiest to pass.\n[Sidenote: _Buskins of raw Hides instead of Shoes._]\nWe were not free from another Inconveniency in those Tracks, which was\ntheir being full of Water and very rugged, a Thing no Way agreeable to\nour Shoes, which were no other than a Piece of Bullocks Hide or Goats\nSkin quite green, whereof we made a sort of Buskins, to serve instead\nof Shoes, but when those wretch\u2019d Boots were dry\u2019d by the Heat, upon\nour Feet, they hurt us very much, and we were often oblig\u2019d to set our\nFeet in the Water to soften those Buskins. However, we march\u2019d all the\nDay, notwithstanding all those Inconveniences, without finding a proper\nPlace to incamp, and at last came to a River, whose high Bank afforded\nus a Spot to rest on.\nThe 20th, a small Rain did not obstruct our March, and having cross\u2019d\na Wood, half a League athwart, and a Marsh of the same Extent, we came\ninto a large Plain, cut across by great Tracks of Bullocks, which\nwent towards the River, and made us suppose there might be a Ford. We\nfollow\u2019d that Way, but found the River so swollen, and its Stream so\nrapid, that it was impossible to cross it, but were oblig\u2019d to halt\nupon its Bank, whence we went to hunt Bullocks, whereof we had no want,\nnor of Turkeys and other wild Fowl.\nThe 21th, we proceeded up that River, and found a narrow deep Place,\nnear which we hew\u2019d down a Tree, making it fall so as to reach from the\none Bank to the other, in the Nature of a Plank, and handed our Baggage\nfrom one to another over it. The Horses swam over and we incamp\u2019d on\nthe other Side, near a very beautiful Plain.\n[Sidenote: Hebahamo, _Indian Nation_.]\nWhilst we were hewing down some little Wood to intrench ourselves,\nwe heard a Voice, whereupon handling our Arms and going to the Place\nwhere we heard it, we saw a Company of fifteen Savages, who were coming\ntowards us, and made Signs to us to go to them, laying down their Bows,\nin Token of Peace. We also made our Sign to them to draw near, they did\nso and caress\u2019d us after their Manner. We made them sit down and smoke,\nafter which, Monsr. _de la Sale_ began to converse with them by Signs,\nand by Help of some Words of the Language of the _Cenis_, which he was\nskilful in, he understood, that these were their Neighbours and Allies;\nthat their Village was not far off, and that their Nation was call\u2019d\n_Hebahamo_. Some small Presents were given them, and they withdrew,\npromising to return the next Day.\nThe 22th, our Horses being spent and hurt, and we much tir\u2019d, the Day\nwas given to Rest, and the Natives did not fail to come, being twenty\nfive in Number, some of whom had Bucklers or Targets made of the\nstrongst Part of the Bullocks Hides. They gave us to understand, that\nthey were ingag\u2019d in War towards the _N. W._ and told us, they had\nseen Men like us, who were but ten Days Journey from that Place. Other\nTokens they gave, made us suppose it was _New Spain_ that they talk\u2019d\nof.\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ took several Words of their Language, which is very\ndifferent from that of the _Cenis_, and more difficult. As for their\nCustoms, they are much alike. In fine, having shewn us, that towards\nthe _N. W._ we should meet with Plains, where the Way would be easier,\nand we should shun the Woods, we gave them to eat, and some Presents,\nand they took Leave of us. A Rain falling and holding all the Night,\nwe did not march the 24th. The 25th, we travell\u2019d not far, by Reason\nof the Rains continuing, and that there were several Rivers in the Way\nmuch swollen.\nThe 26th, we proceeded on our Journey, and came to the River call\u2019d _la\nSabloniere_, from the many Sand Banks there are in it. The 27th,[85]\ndeparting from it, we came to another little narrow River, but very\ndeep; going up higher we found a Ford, and went to incamp beyond it,\nin a little Wood, where we had a very bad Night, because of the Rain\nwhich fell again, and the overflowing of the River, which oblig\u2019d us to\nmake a little Sort of Scaffold, to lay our Powder and Cloaths on, that\nthey might not be wet. The next Day being the 28th,[86] observing that\nthe Water was still rising, we decamp\u2019d to go a League farther, to a\nhigher Ground, where we made a great Fire to warm and dry us.\nWe took Notice the Country was very good, the Plains extending as\nfar as the Eye could reach, and adorn\u2019d with many little Coppices,\naffording a very agreeable Prospect. We march\u2019d over Part of them the\n29th and 30th, after 3 Hours Travel, found a Way full of Water, which\noblig\u2019d us to incamp on the Bank of a River; pass\u2019d it the 31th, and\nincamp\u2019d in a Wood close by.\n[Sidenote: _Feb. 1687_]\n[Sidenote: _Village inhabited._]\nThe next Day, being the First of _February 1687_, Monsieur _de la Sale_\nleft me to guard the Camp, and took along with him, Monsieur _Cavelier_\nhis Brother and seven Men, to go see whether he could find any Body in\nseveral Cottages our Hunters had discover\u2019d. He found twenty four or\ntwenty five of them, built round like those I have before mention\u2019d,\nstanding on a rising Ground, almost encompass\u2019d by the River, in each\nof which there were four or five Men, and several Women and Children.\nThe Savages were somewhat surpriz\u2019d at Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ coming;\nhowever they receiv\u2019d him in friendly Manner, and conducted him to\ntheir Commander\u2019s Hut, which was immediately fill\u2019d with People, who\ncame to see him. The Elders came together there, Bullocks Hides were\nlaid upon the Ground, on which they made Monsieur _de la Sale_ and\nhis Company sit. They gave them hung Beef to eat, and then signify\u2019d\nto them that some of their Allies had given them Notice of our being\nin the Country, and that we were going to the _Cenis_, and they had\nimagin\u2019d that we would pass thro\u2019 their Country.\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ present\u2019d them with some Knives and Bits of\nTabacco, and they gave him Bullocks Hides, very well dress\u2019d with the\nHair, they gave one for a Knife, and would have given many more, but\nthat we told to them, that we had no Conveniency to carry them and\nthat if they had any Horses, he would give them Axes in Exchange. They\nanswer\u2019d, they had but two, which they could not part with. It being\nlate when Monsieur _de la Sale_ return\u2019d, we staid there the rest of\nthe Day, and several _Indians_ came to see us, in Hopes of receiving\nsome Present, offering us Bullocks Hides dressed, which we would not\nburden our selves with.\nThe Second, we set out again, and halted some Time in that Village,\nwhere by the Way we barter\u2019d for some Collars, or a Sort of Knots[87]\nmade of Bullocks Hides well dress\u2019d, which the Natives make Use of to\ncarry their Burdens, whether of Wood, Utensils, or the Meat they kill.\nThey prov\u2019d of Use both to us and our Horses, because the Thongs of\nthose Collars serv\u2019d to make fast our Burdens.\n[Sidenote: la Maligne _River_.]\nWe proceeded on our Journey, through a Country pleasant enough, but\nSandy, and having cross\u2019d a large Plain, came to the Bank of a fine\nRiver, call\u2019d _la Maligne_, or the Mischievous, because in Monsieur _de\nla Sale\u2019s_ former Journey, an Alligator devour\u2019d one of his Servants,\nwho was swimming over it. This River is as wide as the _Seine_ at\n_Roan_, seems to be very navigable and has a very pleasant Country\nabout it. We incamp\u2019d in a little Wood adjoining to it, and bark\u2019d the\nAspen Trees to hut.\n[Sidenote: Indian _Rats_.]\nOur Hunters kill\u2019d Beeves, wild Goats, Turkeys and other Wild-Fowl, and\namong the rest some Creatures as big as an indifferent Cat, very like a\nRat, having a Bag under their Throat, in which they carry their Young.\nThey feed upon Nuts and Acorns, are very fat, and their Flesh is much\nlike Pig.\nHard by there, we found a Place where Monsieur _de la Sale_, in his\nformer Journey had hid some Parcels of Strings of Beads in the Trunks\nof Trees, and we rested there till the Eighth of the Month. During that\nTime, no Day pass\u2019d without seeing some of the Natives, who sometimes\nspent the whole Day with us, and said they were of several Nations.\nWe made them smoke, and always gave them some small Presents. They\nadmir\u2019d that after we had writ down some Words they spoke to us, we\nrepeated them, looking on the Paper.\n[Sidenote: _Portable Canoe._]\nWhilst we staid, Monsieur _de la Sale_ set Men at Work to make a\nportable Canoe, of long Poles, hew\u2019d and joyn\u2019d and then cover\u2019d with\nBullocks Hides sew\u2019d together, having pull\u2019d off the Hair or Wooll, as\nit may be call\u2019d there. That Canoe was of great Use to us, to cross\nRivers as well for our selves as for our Baggage, but the Horses swam\nover.\nThe Ninth, we put our Canoe into the Water, and pass\u2019d the River in it,\nand incamp\u2019d half a League from thence, on Account of the Grass, which\nour Horses stood in Need of to recover themselves a little. The Tenth,\nwe held on our Journey, crossing several spacious Plains, the Grass\nwhereof was burnt, whence Monsieur _de la Sale_ concluded, that there\nwere many Natives thereabouts. He thought it convenient to provide\nStore of dry\u2019d Flesh, for Fear we should not find Game in the Country\nwe were going to enter upon, and accordingly caused several Beeves to\nbe kill\u2019d for that Purpose.\nFor that Reason, we continued there till the 12th, when we went and\nincamped on the Bank of a River, which Monsieur _de la Sale_ had in his\nformer Journey call\u2019d _d\u2019Eure_. At Night there arose a storm, follow\u2019d\nby Thunder and Rain, which swell\u2019d the Streams, and obliged us to\nstay there. The 13th and 14th we cross\u2019d four or five large Rivulets,\nand then a fine curious Country,[88] diversify\u2019d with several little\nWoods, Hills and small Brooks, affording a delightful Prospect. That\npleasant Country was terminated by a Wood, which we were to cross, and\nwere favour\u2019d in it by a Way beaten by the Bullocks, and at Night we\nincamped there.\nThe 15th, we travel\u2019d along a fine Meadow, then over Plains that had\nbeen burnt, and at Night went to take our Rest on the Bank of a small\nRivulet, about which we saw several Footsteps of Natives, which made us\nconclude we were not far from them; and therefore we doubled our Guard,\nto prevent being surpriz\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _A Village._]\nThe 16th, Monsieur _de la Sale_ left me at the Guard of the Camp, and\ntook Monsieur _Cavelier_ his Brother, and seven Men with him, to go\nfind out the _Indians_. They had not gone half a League before they\nspied Horses and a Number of Cottages, without being themselves seen by\nthe Savages. That Village stood on the Side of a Hill, and contain\u2019d\nabout forty Huts, standing together, besides several others straggling.\n[Sidenote: _Monsieur_ de la Sale _well receiv\u2019d by the Natives_.]\nWhen Monsieur _de la Sale_ enter\u2019d the Village, the Savages seeing him,\ncame to meet and conduct him to the Cottage of their Chief, where he\nand his Company were seated on Bullocks Hides. The Elders being come,\nhe signify\u2019d to them the Occasion of his Coming, as he had done to the\nother Nations, with which they seem\u2019d to rest satisfy\u2019d. Some Presents\nwere made them, according to Custom, and they offer\u2019d him a Quantity\nof Hides, which he refus\u2019d, telling them, that when he return\u2019d from\nthe _Cenis_ he would trade with, and furnish them with all they had\nOccasion for. They confirm\u2019d what the others had told us, concerning\na Nation, where some of them had been, the Men whereof were like us,\nmeaning the _Spaniards_. He nam\u2019d to them the Nations we had pass\u2019d\nthrough from our Dwelling of St. _Lewis_, to the River _Maligne_, which\nwe had lately pass\u2019d. The Names of those Nations are as follows.\n[Sidenote: _Names of Nations or Tribes._]\nThe _Spicheats_, _Kabayes_, _Thecamons_, _Theauremets_, _Kiahoba_,\n_Choumenes_, _Kouans_, _Arhan_, _Enepiahe_, _Ahonerhopiheim_,\n_Korenkake_, _Korkone_, _Omcaosse_, _Keremen_, _Ahehoen_, _Maghai_,\n_Thecamenes_, _Otenmarhem_, _Kavagan_ and _Meracouman_. These are the\nNations that lay on our Road; those on the West and North West of the\nsaid River were the _Kannehonan_, _Tohaka_, _Pehir_, _Coyabegux_,\n_Onapien_, _Pichar_, _Tohan_, _Kiasses_, _Chanzes_, _Tsera_,\n_Bocrettes_, _Tsepehoen_, _Fercouteha_, _Panego_, _Petao_, _Petzares_,\n_Peisacho_, _Peihoum_ and _Orcampion_.[89]\nThose we were with then, were call\u2019d _Teao_, whom we had not before\nhear\u2019d nam\u2019d. They talk\u2019d of a great Nation call\u2019d _Ayona_ and\n_Canohatino_, who were at War with the _Spaniards_, from whom they\nstole Horses, and told us, that one hundred _Spaniards_ were to have\ncome to join the _Cenis_, to carry on that War, but that having heard\nof our March, they went back. Monsieur _de la Sale_ gave them to\nunderstand, that we were at War with the _Spaniards_, and that we\nfear\u2019d them not; and that he was sent on their Account by the great\ncaptain of the World, who had charg\u2019d him to do them all Good, and to\nassist them in their Wars against such Nations as were their Enemies.\nThose Savages gave Monsieur _de la Sale_ Notice, that he would find\nthree of our Men among the _Cenis_, which put him in Hopes they were\nthose he had given Leave to depart at his former Journey, and of whom\nhe had never since heard. He propos\u2019d to them to barter for Horses; but\nthey had caus\u2019d them to be convey\u2019d out of the Way, for Fear we should\ntake them away, excepting only one Bay, which Monsieur _de la Sale_\nagreed for and return\u2019d to us.\nThe 17th, we pass\u2019d a small River, with some Difficulty, and incamp\u2019d\nbeyond it. The 18th, one of our Horses going along the Edge of an\nupright Bank, fell into the Water, and came off with only a Hurt on the\nShoulder; but we were fain to unload him, and distribute his Burden\namong us, every one making a Pack; and thus we cross\u2019d a curious\nPlain,[90] diversify\u2019d with Woods, Hills, Rivulets, and delightful\nMeadows.\nThe 19th, we travell\u2019d along the Tops of those Hills, to avoid the\nBottoms, and found a Difficulty to get down, by reason of the Rocks we\nmet with at the End of them, and a River we were to cross. Whilst we\nwere passing that River, we heard Dogs hunting the Bullocks, two of\nwhich coming near us, one of them was shot dead. The Natives who were\nhunting spying us, sent out two of their Number, who creeping from Tree\nto Tree, drew near, and then stood still, without daring to proceed any\nfarther. We made Signs to them to come, which they did, and we made\nthem smoke, till Monsieur _de la Sale_ return\u2019d, being gone a little\nWay to observe the Body of those People.\nWhen come, he told them, he would entertain Peace with them, that we\nwere going to the _Cenis_, and he believ\u2019d, that these very Men were of\ntheir Nation, because they had their Accent and some of their Words.\nThey told him their Village was near that Place, and bore us Company\nto our Camp, where after some small Presents given them, they were\ndismiss\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Account given by a Native._]\nThe 20th, Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent Monsieur _Moranget_ and some\nothers to the Village of those Natives, to try whether they could\nbarter with them for some Horses. In the mean Time two Savages came to\nus, one of them being the same that was with us the Night before, and\nthey express\u2019d much Friendship for us. That particular _Indian_ told\nus, his name was _Palaquechaune_, that they were Allies to the _Cenis_,\nthat their Chief had been among the _Choumans_, with the _Spaniards_;\nthat the _Choumans_ were Friends to the _Spaniards_, from whom they got\nHorses, and added some farther Particulars, which the others had before\nsignify\u2019d to us; so that we had good Reason to judge we were not far\nfrom _North Mexico_.\nHe also told us, that the _Choumans_ had given their Chief some\nPresents, to perswade him to conduct us to them; that most of the said\nNation had flat Heads; that they had _Indian_ Corn, which gave Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ Ground to believe, that those People were some of the same\nhe had seen upon his first Discovery. That same Native had a very fine\nGoat\u2019s Skin, which I purchas\u2019d of him for four Needles, after I had\nshewn him how to use them, and that Skin was of good Use to make us\nShoes instead of raw Bullocks Hides.\n[Sidenote: _M._ Moranget_\u2019s Account_.]\nSome Time after, Monsieur _Moranget_ return\u2019d, gave Monsieur _de la\nSale_ an Account of his short Journey, and said, That one of the\nNatives, who saw us the Night before, came to meet and conduct him to\nthe Chief\u2019s Cottage, where forty Ancient[91] _Indians_ were, by whom he\nhad been kindly receiv\u2019d. That the Chief had in his Hand a Reed, at the\nend whereof was made fast a Leaf of a _French_ Book, which he had an\nextraordinary Respect for. That they had been made to sit on Bullocks\nHides, and treated with dry\u2019d Beef.\nThat after these first Ceremonies, the Chief had given them to\nunderstand, that some of their People had been conducted by a Man like\nus, to our Habitation, and that the said Man had promis\u2019d to bring them\nto talk with us, in order to treat of Peace; but that on the Contrary,\nwe had fired on them and kill\u2019d one of their Men, which had oblig\u2019d\nthem to kill the Man that led them, and that then they return\u2019d. It\nis not improper here to put the Reader in Mind, that I have before\nmention\u2019d this Accident, when the Sieur _Barbier_ crossing the River\nin a Canoe, was call\u2019d upon by some Person, who was among the Natives\non the Bank of the River, who had made two Shots, as it had been only\nthe Priming of a Piece, which the Sieur _Barbier_ had look\u2019d upon\nas an Insult, and therefore he had also fir\u2019d, with all the other\nParticulars, as mention\u2019d before; an Accident that happen\u2019d for want of\nunderstanding one another; which, together with Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_\nforbidding us to have any Communication with the Natives, was very\nprejudicial to us afterwards.\nAfter much other Discourse, Monsieur _Moranget_ having given them\nsome small Presents, they made their return in Bullocks Hides, and\nGoat Skins well dress\u2019d. He ask\u2019d them for some Horses to barter;\nthey answer\u2019d, they had no more than what they stood in Need of. We\nimmediately proceeded on our Journey, and that day being the 21st, went\nto incamp at the Edge of a Wood.\nThe 22d, we went up to an Eminence terminated by a Rock, at the Foot\nwhereof ran a little River, the bottom whereof was all of flat Rocks,\nfit for Building.[92] Thence we descry\u2019d two Natives driving of\nBullocks, which made us stand upon our Guard, and it appear\u2019d to be our\n_Indian_, who had met another, with whom he had been acquainted among\nthe _Cenis_, and whom he had brought along with him.\n[Sidenote: _Three lost_ French _Men heard of_.]\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was very glad to see him, and remember\u2019d he\nwas one of those of whom he had purchas\u2019d a Horse. He ask\u2019d several\nQuestions of him, and among the rest, whether he had not seen the\nfour Men who deserted in his former Journey, or heard any Talk of\nthe others, to whom he had given Leave to return to our Dwelling. He\nanswer\u2019d, he had seen one among the _Cenis_, and two others among the\n_Assonis_; but that he had not heard of any more, and that they must\nneeds be dead; as also the Sieur _Bihorel_, who was likewise mention\u2019d\nto him.\nHe further told us, that there were four or five Cottages thereabouts,\nin which about Fifteen Men resided. At Night he went away. Our\n_Indian_ had kill\u2019d a Cow at a great Distance and shot her quite\nthrough, at which the other, who had been an Eye Witness to it, stood a\nlong Time amaz\u2019d, without speaking one Word, admiring the Effect of our\nPieces. That Cow was sent for, and the Flesh brought to our Camp.\nThe 23d, we pass\u2019d by the Cottages we had been told of, where the\nNatives were with their Wives and Children. Monsr. _de la Sale_ caus\u2019d\nus to halt in the Village. We were well receiv\u2019d, they presented us\nwith dry\u2019d Beef, and we return\u2019d it in some Knives. We saw two Horses,\none of them a little grey, indifferent handsome. They told us they\nwould soon depart that Place, to go join their Companions, who were in\nWar with their Enemies. The rest of our Men being come up, we went on\nto incamp a League from thence, on the Bank of a Rivulet, and at the\nFoot of one of the highest Mountains in the Country.\nUnloading our Horses, we perceiv\u2019d there wanted a large Axe, which\nserv\u2019d us for hewing down of Trees. Monsieur _de la Sale_ sent his\n_Indian_ to demand it, at the Village we came from last, the Savages\nsaid they had not seen it, and it was lost. He brought back Word, that\nthe Savages had told him, that if we would stay for them, they would go\nalong with, and shew us the Way.\nHowever, we went on the 24th, and incamp\u2019d on the Edge of a Marsh.\nThe 25th, the Rain hinder\u2019d us from Marching. The 26th, Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ perceiving how difficult and dangerous it was to cross that\nMarsh, sent his _Indian_ to the others, to know whether they really\ndesign\u2019d to go with us. They answer\u2019d, we must return thither to join\nthem. The 27th. we decamp\u2019d, in order to it; but took another Way to go\nmeet the _Indians_. The 28th. we saw them marching at a Distance. One\nof them was detach\u2019d to come tell us, that he would shew us the Way to\ncross the Marsh, and we went on and incamp\u2019d at the Foot of the high\nMountain I have spoken of.\n[Sidenote: _Mar. 1687_]\nThe first of _March_, we join\u2019d the _Indians_, on the Edge of the\nMarsh, which we had just cross\u2019d, where the Rains kept us till the\nFifth, during which Time we went to find out where we might pass\na rapid Torrent, that discharges it self into the River call\u2019d of\n_Canoes_, which we pass\u2019d the 6th, in the Canoe we had made, and which\ndid us good Service, to pass other Rivers we met with the 7th and the\n8th on our Way.\n[Sidenote: _River of Canoes._]\nThe 9th, we did not stir, because of the Rain. The 10th, incamp\u2019d on\nthe Bank of a small River, which we cross\u2019d the 11th, and the same Day\nanother River, and incamp\u2019d on the Bank of it, and found it adorn\u2019d\nwith very fine Mulberry Trees. The 12th we cross\u2019d another River, and\nincamp\u2019d near it. The 13th, came again to the River of _Canoes_, so\ncalled by Monsieur _de la Sale_, because he the first Time put Canoes\ninto it, at his former Journey. We pass\u2019d it the 14th, and incamp\u2019d on\nthe other Side where we again join\u2019d the _Indians_.\n[Sidenote: _Provisions hid, spoilt._]\nThe 15th, we held on our Journey with them, and found a pleasanter\nCountry than that we had pass\u2019d thro\u2019; and Monsieur _de la Sale_ having\nin his former Journey hid some Indian Wheat and Beans, two or three\nLeagues from that Place, and our Provisions beginning to fall short, it\nwas thought fit to go to that Place. Accordingly he order\u2019d the Sieurs\n_Duhaut_, _Hiens_, _Liotot_ the Surgeon, his own _Indian_, and his\nFootman, whose Name was _Saget_, who were followed by some Natives, to\ngo to the Place he described to them, where they found all rotten and\nquite spoilt.\nThe 16, in their Return, they met with two Bullocks, which Monsieur\n_de la Sale\u2019s_ _Indian_ kill\u2019d, whereupon they sent back his Footman,\nto give him Notice of what they had kill\u2019d, that if he would have the\nFlesh dry\u2019d, he might send Horses for it. The 17th, Monsieur _de la\nSale_ had the Horses taken up, and order\u2019d the Sieurs _Moranget_ and\n_de Malre_ and his Footman, to go for that Meat, and send back a Horse\nLoad immediately, till the rest was dry\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Discontent occasion\u2019d by Monsr._ Moranget.]\nMonsieur _Moranget_, when he came thither, found they had smoak\u2019d\nboth the Beeves, tho\u2019 they were not dry enough; and the said\nSieurs _Liotot_, _Hiens_, _Duhaut_ and the rest had laid aside the\nMarrow-Bones and others to roast them, and eat the flesh that remain\u2019d\non them, as was usual to do. The Sieur _Moranget_ found fault with it,\nhe in a Passion seiz\u2019d not only the Flesh that was smoak\u2019d and dry\u2019d,\nbut also the Bones, without giving them any Thing; but on the contrary,\nthreat\u2019ning they should not eat so much of it, as they had imagin\u2019d,\nand that he would manage that Flesh after another Manner.\n[Sidenote: _Conspiracy to murder Monsr._ de la Sale.]\nThis passionate Behaviour, so much out of Season, and contrary to\nReason and Custom, touch\u2019d the Surgeon _Liotot_, _Hiens_ and _Duhaut_\nto the Quick, they having other Causes of Complaint against _Moranget_.\nThey withdrew, and resolv\u2019d together upon a bloody Revenge; they agreed\nupon the Manner of it, and concluded they would murder the Sieur\n_Moranget_, Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Footman and his _Indian_, because\nhe was very faithful to him.\n[Sidenote: _Bloody Murderers._]\nThey waited till Night, when those unfortunate Creatures had supp\u2019d\nand were asleep. _Liotot_ the Surgeon was the inhuman Executioner, he\ntook an Ax, began by the Sieur _Moranget_, giving him many Strokes on\nthe Head; the same he did by the Footman and the _Indian_, killing them\non the Spot, whilst his Fellow Villains, _viz._ _Duhaut_, _Hiens_,\n_Teissier_ and _Larcheveque_ stood upon their Guard, with their Arms,\nto fire upon such as should make any Resistance. The _Indian_ and the\nFootman never stir\u2019d, but the Sieur _Moranget_ had so much Vigour as\nto sit up, but without being able to speak one Word, and the Assasins\nobliged the Sieur _de Marle_ to make an End of him, tho\u2019 he was not in\nthe Conspiracy.\n[Sidenote: _Consult to murder Monsr._ de la Sale.]\nThis Slaughter had yet satisfy\u2019d but one Part of the Revenge of those\nMurderers. To finish it and secure themselves it was requisite to\ndestroy the Commander in Chief. They consulted about the safest Method\nto effect it, and resolved to go together to Monsieur _de la Sale_,\nto knock out the Brains of the most resolute immediately, and then it\nwould be easier to overcome the rest. But the River, which was between\nthem and us, being much swollen, the Difficulty of passing it made them\nput it off the 18th and 19th. On the other Hand Monsieur _de la Sale_\nwas very uneasy, on Account of their long Stay. His Impatience made him\nresolve to go himself to find out his People and to know the Cause of\nit.\n[Sidenote: _He goes to seek them._]\nThis was not done without many previous Tokens of Concern, and\nApprehension. He seem\u2019d to have some Presage of his Misfortune,\nenquiring of some, whether the Sieur _Liotot_, _Hiens_ and _Duhaut_\nhad not express\u2019d some Discontent; and not hearing any Thing of it, he\ncould not forbear setting out the 20th, with Father _Anastasius_ and\nan _Indian_, leaving me the Command in his Absence, and charging me\nfrom Time to Time to go the Rounds about our Camp, to prevent being\nsurpriz\u2019d, and to make a Smoke for him to direct his Way in Case of\nNeed. When he came near the Dwelling of the Murderers, looking out\nsharp to discover something, he observed Eagles fluttering about a\nSpot, not far from them, which made him believe they had found some\nCarrion about the Mansion, and he fired a Shot, which was the signal of\nhis Death and forwarded it.\n[Sidenote: _Is murder\u2019d._]\nThe Conspirators hearing the Shot, concluded it was Monsieur _de\nla Sale_, who was come to seek them. They made ready their Arms\nand provided to surprize him. _Duhaut_ passed the River, with\n_Larcheveque_. The first of them spying Monsieur _de la Sale_ at a\nDistance, as he was coming towards them, advanc\u2019d and hid himself\namong the high Weeds, to wait his passing by, so that Monsieur _de la\nSale_ suspecting nothing, and having not so much as charg\u2019d his Piece\nagain, saw the aforesaid _Larcheveque_ at a good Distance from him, and\nimmediately ask\u2019d for his Nephew _Moranget_, to which _Larcheveque_\nanswer\u2019d, That he was along the River. At the same Time the Traitor\n_Duhaut_ fired his Piece and shot Monsr. _de la Sale_ thro\u2019 the\nHead, so that he dropp\u2019d down dead on the Spot, without speaking one\nWord.[93]\nFather _Anastasius_, who was then by his Side, stood stock still in a\nFright, expecting the same Fate, and not knowing whether he should go\nforwards or backwards; but the Murderer _Duhaut_ put him out of that\nDread, bidding him not to fear, for no Hurt was intended him; that it\nwas Despair that had prevail\u2019d with him to do what he saw; that he had\nlong desir\u2019d to be revenged on _Moranget_, because he had designed to\nruin him, and that he was partly the Occasion of his Uncle\u2019s Death.\nThis is the exact Relation of that Murder, as it was presently after\ntold me by F. _Anastasius_.\n[Sidenote: _His Character._]\nSuch was the unfortunate End of Monsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Life, at a\nTime when he might entertain the greatest Hopes, as the Reward of\nhis Labours.[94] He had a Capacity and Talent to make his Enterprize\nsuccessful; his Constancy and Courage and his extraordinary Knowledge\nin Arts and Sciences, which render\u2019d him fit for any Thing, together\nwith an indefatigable Body, which made him surmount all Difficulties,\nwould have procur\u2019d a glorious Issue to his Undertaking, had not\nall those excellent Qualities been counterbalanced by too haughty a\nBehaviour, which sometimes made him insupportable, and by a Rigidness\ntowards those that were under his Command, which at last drew on him an\nimplacable Hatred, and was the Occasion of his Death.\n[Sidenote: _Barbarity towards the dead Body._]\nThe Shot which had kill\u2019d Monsieur _de la Sale_, was also a Signal\nof the Murder to the Assassins for them to draw near. They all\nrepair\u2019d to the Place where the wretched dead Corps lay, which they\nbarbarously strip\u2019d to the Shirt, and vented their Malice in vile and\nopprobrious Language. The Surgeon _Liotot_ said several Times in Scorn\nand Derision, _There thou liest, Great Bassa, there thou liest._ In\nConclusion, they dragged it naked among the Bushes, and left it exposed\nto the ravenous Wild Beasts. So far was it from what a certain Author\nwrites, of their having bury\u2019d him and set up a cross on his Grave.[95]\n[Sidenote: _Murderers return to the Camp._]\nWhen those Murderers had satiated their Rage, they set out to come\nto us at our Camp, with the dry\u2019d Flesh, which they had caus\u2019d to be\nbrought over the River by the _Indians_, who had been Spectators of\nthe Murder and of all the inhuman Actions that had been committed,\nwith Amazement and Contempt of us. When they were come to the Camp,\nthey found Messieurs _Cavelier_, the one Brother, the other Nephew to\nthe murder\u2019d Commander, whom Father _Anastasius_ acquainted with the\ndismal End of our Chief, and enjoyn\u2019d them Silence, which it is easy to\nimagine was very hard upon them; but it was absolutely necessary.\nHowever, Monsieur _Cavelier_ the Priest, could not forbear telling\nthem, that if they would do the same by him, he would forgive them\nhis Murder, and only desir\u2019d them to give him a Quarter of an Hour to\nprepare himself: They answer\u2019d, They had Nothing to say to him; that\nwhat they had done was the Effect of Despair, to be reveng\u2019d for the\nill Usage they had receiv\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _The Author sav\u2019d by a Friend._]\nI was absent at that Time; he they call\u2019d _Larcheveque_, who, as I\nhave said, was one of the Conspirators, had some Kindness for me, and\nknowing they design\u2019d to make me away too, if I stood upon my Defence,\nhe parted from them, to give me Notice of their Mischievous Resolution.\nHe found me on a little rising Ground, where I was looking upon our\nHorses as they graz\u2019d in a little adjacent Bottom. His Intelligence\nstruck me to the Heart, not knowing whether I should fly or stay; but\nat length, having neither Powder nor Shot, nor Arms, and the said\n_Larcheveque_ giving me Assurances of my Life, provided I was quiet and\nsaid Nothing, I committed my self to God\u2019s Protection, and went to\nthem, without taking any Notice of what had been done.\n[Sidenote: Duhaut, _the Murderer, usurps the Command_.]\n_Duhaut_, puff\u2019d up with his new gotten Authority, procur\u2019d him by his\nVillany, as soon as he saw me, cry\u2019d out, Every Man ought to command\nin his Turn; to which I made no Answer; and we were all of us oblig\u2019d\nto stifle our Resentment, that it might not appear, for our Lives\ndepended on it. However, it was easy to judge with what Eyes Father\n_Anastasius_, Messieurs _Cavelier_ and I beheld these Murderers, to\nwhom we expected every Moment to fall Sacrifices. It is true, we\ndissembled so well, that they were not very suspicious of us, and\nthat the Temptation we were under of making them away in Revenge for\nthose they had murder\u2019d, would have easily prevail\u2019d and been put in\nExecution, had not Monsieur _Cavelier_, the Priest, always positively\noppos\u2019d it, alledging, that we ought to leave Vengeance to God.\n[Sidenote: _March continued._]\n[Sidenote: Cenis _River_.]\nHowever the Murderers seiz\u2019d upon all the Effects, without any\nOpposition, and then we began to talk of proceeding on our Journey. We\ndecamp\u2019d the 21st, with our _Indians_, and march\u2019d with such a heavy\nRain, that we were oblig\u2019d to halt on the Bank of a great Stream, where\none of the Natives that had left us, arriv\u2019d with his Wife. We went\non the 22d and 23d, and pass\u2019d the River, where Father _Anastasius_,\nMonsieur _Cavelier_ and I, who could not swim, had been drown\u2019d, but\nthat the Natives assisted and sav\u2019d us. The 24th, we went on thro\u2019 a\nmarshy Country, never quitting a small Path which led to the Village of\nthe _Cenis_, till the 28th, when we rested on the Bank of a River of\nthe same Name, tho\u2019 about ten Leagues distant from the Village.\nWe had hop\u2019d to ford that River, as Monsieur _de la Sale_ had done,\nwhen he return\u2019d from that Country; but it was so swollen, that there\nwas no doing it, and we were forced to make a Canoe of Bullocks Hides.\nWhilst we were employ\u2019d at that Work, the _Indians_ swam over and went\nto give Notice to the _Cenis_ of our Arrival.\n[Sidenote: Copal _Tree_.]\nWe found the Country pleasant enough about that River, tho\u2019 the Land\ndid not seem to be any of the best; but still it was delightful to the\nEye, well planted with fine Trees of several Sorts, among which, is one\nthat Monsieur _de la Sale_ had nam\u2019d _Copal_, being very beautiful,\nthe Leaves of it between those of the Maple and the lime[96] Trees in\nResemblance, and from it comes a Gum, of a very agreeable Scent. In the\nsame Place we saw a great Tree, on which the late Monsieur _de la Sale_\nhad caus\u2019d Crosses and the Arms of _France_ to be carv\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _The Author sent to the_ Cenis _for Provisions_.]\nThe Hunting of Bullocks had fail\u2019d us, and we had seen none from the\nPlace where our late Leader had been murder\u2019d. Thus our Provisions\nbegan to fall short, and it was resolv\u2019d on the 29th, to send some Men\nbefore, to the Village of the _Cenis_, to know, whether they had any\n_Indian_ Corn, and were willing to barter for it. I was appointed,\nwith the Surgeon _Liotot_, the _Teisieers_, and _Hiens_, who was a\nBuccanier, Monsieur _de la Sale_ had taken up at _Petit Gouave_, to\ngo with him upon this Expedition. I was very unwilling to undertake\nthat Journey, with a Murderer and two of his Companions, of whom I was\nsuspicious; but it was very requisite to obey, and _Duhaut_ having all\nthe Effects in his Possession, alledging, that a great part of them\nbelong\u2019d to him, he gave us some Axes and Knives to barter for _Indian_\nCorn, as also for Horses, if any were to be had, and accordingly we\npass\u2019d the River.\n[Sidenote: _The Country describ\u2019d._]\nWe found the Country made up of several little Hills, of an indifferent\nHeight, on which there are Abundance of Wallnut-Trees and Oaks, not so\nlarge as what we had seen before, but very agreeable. The Weeds which\nhad been some Time before burnt by the Natives, began to spring up\nagain, and discover\u2019d large green Fields very pleasing to the Sight.\n[Sidenote: _A Man clad like a Spaniard._]\nWhen we had travell\u2019d some Time, we discover\u2019d three Men a Horseback,\ncoming towards us from the Village, and being come near them, saw one\ndress\u2019d after the _Spanish_ Fashion, with a little Doublet, the Body\nwhereof was of blue, and the Sleeves of white Fustian, as it were\nimbroider\u2019d, with very streight Breeches, white worsted Stockings,\nWoollen-Garters, a broad-brim\u2019d, flat-crown\u2019d Hat, and long Hair. We\npresently concluded he was a _Spaniard_, and the rather because we\nhad been told, that some of them were to come to join in League with\nthe _Cenis_, against an Enemy nation, and we were at a Nonplus; for\nif we fell into their Hands, we must never expect to get away, but be\ncondemn\u2019d to serve either in the Mines, or in the Quarries, in the\nKingdom of _Mexico_, for which Reason we provided to give the pretended\n_Spaniard_ an unkind Reception, and then to make the best of our Way\nback.\nBeing come up to him, I spoke some Words of _Spanish_ and _Italian_, to\nwhich he return\u2019d no Answer; but on the contrary, made use of the Word\n_Coussica_, which in the Language of the _Cenis_, signifies, _I do not\nunderstand you_; which Answer of his remov\u2019d our Apprehensions. The\ntwo others were quite naked, one of them being mounted on a fine grey\nMare, and on her were besides two Panniers, handsomely made of Reeds,\nfull of very fine Meal parch\u2019d, or roasted. After several Questions, to\nwhich we had no very satisfactory Answers, we lighted Fire to make them\nsmoke, and then they presented us with the two Panniers full of Meal,\ngiving us to understand, that their Chief expected us in the Village,\nand having signify\u2019d, that they were sent to meet us, we gave them some\nKnives and Strings of Beads.\nWe ask\u2019d them, whether they had any Men among them like him that was\na Horseback in the _Spanish_ Habit, they answer\u2019d, there were two in\na Neighboring Nation, call\u2019d _Assony_, and that he who was clad, had\nbeen in their Country, and brought thence the Cloaths we saw him wear.\nThat Man then shew\u2019d us a _Spanish_ printed Paper, containing the\nIndulgences granted to the Missioners of _New Mexico_. After this they\nleft us to go on, to our People, for which Reason I writ a Note, giving\nan Account of our having met them.\nWe alighted to eat, and let our Horses graze on the Bank of a Rivulet;\nbut it was not long before the same Natives, who had been with us\nbefore, appear\u2019d again hard by us. We made Signs to them to draw near\nand eat with us; which they did, and then went along with us towards\nthe Village, which we would not go into, because it was Night. The\n_Indian_ that was clad, stay\u2019d all Night with us, and the two others\nwent away.\n[Sidenote: _The_ Cenis _meet the French in solemn Manner_.]\nWhen it was Day, we held on our Way to the Village; the _Indian_ that\nwas with us conducting us to their Chief\u2019s Cottage. By the Way, we\nsaw many other Cottages, and the Elders coming to meet us in their\nFormalities,[97] which consisted in some Goats Skins dress\u2019d and\npainted of several Colours, which they wore on their Shoulders like\nBelts, and Plumes of Feathers of several Colours, on their Heads,\nlike Coronets. Six or seven of them had square Sword Blades, like the\n_Spanish_, on the Hilts whereof they had fasten\u2019d great Plumes of\nFeathers, and several Hawks Bells; some of them had Clubs, which they\ncall Headbreakers, some only their Bows and Arrows;[98] others, Bits of\nWhite Linen, reaching from Shoulder to Shoulder. All their Faces were\ndaub\u2019d with black or red. There were twelve Elders, who walk\u2019d in the\nMiddle, and the Youth and Warriors in Ranks, on the Sides of those old\nMen.\n[Sidenote: _A French Man among the Indians._]\nBeing come up to us in that Manner, he that conducted us, made a Sign\nfor us to halt, which when we had done, all the old Men lifted up their\nRight Hands above their Heads, crying out in a most ridiculous Manner;\nbut it behov\u2019d us to have a Care of laughing. That done, they came and\nimbrac\u2019d us, using all Sorts of Endearments. Then they made us smoke,\nand brought to us a French Man of _Provence_, who was one of those that\nhad forsaken the late Monsieur _de la Sale_, at his first Journey.[99]\n[Sidenote: _Indian Entertainment._]\nThe whole Company conducted us after the same Manner, to their Chief\u2019s\nCottage; and after we had staid there a short Time, they led us to a\nlarger Cottage, a Quarter of a League from thence, being the Hut in\nwhich they have their publick Rejoycings, and the great Assemblies.\nWe found it furnish\u2019d with Mats for us to sit on. The Elders seated\nthemselves round about us, and they brought us to eat, some _Sagamite_,\nwhich is their Pottage, little Beans, Bread made of _Indian_ Corn, and\nanother Sort they make with boil\u2019d Flower, and at last they made us\nsmoke.\nDuring our Repast, they entertain\u2019d us with the Discourse of their\nDesign to make War on a Nation, who were their Enemies, and whom they\ncall\u2019d _Cannohantimo_. When it was over, we presented them, according\nto Custom, with some Knives and Strings of Beads for their Wives. We\ndesir\u2019d them to afford us some _Indian_ Corn, in Exchange for other\nThings, which they promis\u2019d, and the French Man who was with them,\nhaving told us, that there was a District, which afforded more Corn,\nthan that where we were, and where his Cottage was, we resolv\u2019d to go\nthither. We propos\u2019d it to the Elders, who would needs go along with\nus, attended by a great Number of Youth, and having got ready our\nHorses, we set out for that Place.\nBy the Way, we saw several Cottages at certain Distances, straggling up\nand down,[100] as the Ground happens to be fit for Tillage. The Field\nlies about the Cottage, and at other Distances,[101] there are other\nlarge Huts, not inhabited, but only serving for publick Assemblies,\neither upon Occasion of Rejoycings, or to consult about Peace and War.\n[Sidenote: _Huts and Families in them._]\nThe Cottages that are inhabited, are not each of them for a private\nFamily, for in some of them there are fifteen or twenty, each of which\nhas its Nook or Corner, Bed and other Utensils to its self; but without\nany Partition to separate it from the rest: However, they have Nothing\nin Common besides the Fire, which is in the Midst of the Hut, and\nnever goes out. It is made of great Trees, the Ends whereof are laid\ntogether, so that when once lighted, it lasts a long Time, and the\nfirst Comer takes Care to keep it up.\n[Sidenote: _Manner of Building._]\nThe Cottages are round at the Top, after the Manner of a Bee-Hive, or\na Reek of Hay. Some of them are sixty Foot Diameter. In Order to build\nthem, they plant Trees as thick as a Man\u2019s Thigh, tall and strait,\nand placing them in a Circle, and joyning the Tops together, form the\nDome, or round Top, then they lath and cover them with Weeds. When they\nremove their Dwellings, they generally burn the Cottages they leave,\nand build new on the Ground they design to inhabit.\n[Sidenote: _Their moveables._]\n[Sidenote: _Beds._]\nTheir Moveables are some Bullocks Hides and Goats Skins well cur\u2019d,\nsome Mats close wove, wherewith they adorn their Huts, and some Earthen\nVessels, which they are very skilful at making, and wherein they boil\ntheir Flesh or Roots, or _Sagamite_, which, as has been said, is their\nPottage. They have also some small Baskets made of Canes, serving to\nput in their Fruit and other Provisions. Their Beds are made of Canes,\nrais\u2019d two or three Foot above the Ground, handsomely fitted with\nMats and Bullocks Hides, or Goats Skins well cur\u2019d, which serve them\nfor Feather Beds, or Quilts and Blankets cured with the hair on, to\nserve as mattresses and bedclothes; and those Beds are parted one from\nanother by Mats hung up.\n[Sidenote: _Tillage._]\nWhen they design to Till the Ground, they give one another Notice, and\nvery often above an Hundred of each Sex meet together. When they have\ntill\u2019d that Piece of Land, after their Manner, and spent part of the\nDay, those the Land belongs to, give the others to Eat, and then they\nspend the rest of the Day in Dancing and Merry Making. This same is\npractis\u2019d from Canton to Canton, and so they till Land all together.\n[Sidenote: _Instrument for Tilling._]\n[Sidenote: _Women sow._]\nThis Tillage consists in breaking up just the Surface of the Earth with\na Sort of Wooden Instrument, like a little Pick-axe, which they make by\nsplitting the End of a thick Piece of Wood, that serves for a Handle,\nand putting another Piece of Wood sharp Pointed at one End into the\nSlit. This Instrument serves them instead of a Hoe, or Spade, for they\nhave no Iron Tools. When the Land has been thus till\u2019d or broke up, the\nWomen Sow and Plant the _Indian_ Corn, Beans, Pompions, Water Melons,\nand other Grain and Garden Ware, which is for their Sustenance.\n[Sidenote: Indians _disfigure themselves_.]\nThe _Indians_ are generally Handsom, but disfigure themselves by making\nScores, or Streaks on their Faces, from the Top of the Forehead down\nthe Nose to the Tip of the Chin; which is done by pricking the Skin\nwith Needles, or other sharp Instruments, till it bleeds, whereon\nthey strew fine Powder of Charcoal, and that sinks in and mixes with\nthe Blood within the Skin. They also make after the same Manner, the\nFigures of living Creatures, of Leaves and Flowers on their Shoulders,\nThighs, and other Parts of their Bodies, and Paint themselves, as has\nbeen said before, with Black or Red, and sometimes both together.\n[Sidenote: _Women._]\nThe Women are generally well Shap\u2019d, and would not be disagreeable, did\nthey adhere to Nature; but they Disguise themselves as ridiculously as\nthe Men, not only with the Streak they have like them down their Face,\nbut by other Figures they make on it, at the Corners of their Eyes, and\non the other Parts of their Bodies; whereof they make more particular\nShow on their Bosom, and those who have the most, are reckoned the\nhandsomest; tho\u2019 that pricking in that Part be extremely painful to\nthem.\n[Sidenote: _They do the Work at Home._]\nIt is they that do all the Work[102] in the Cottage, either in\nPounding the _Indian_ Corn and Baking the Meal, or making the Pottage\nof the said Meal, by them call\u2019d _Sagamite_, or in dressing their other\nProvisions, or drying or parching, or smoaking their Flesh, fetching\nthe Wood they have Occasion for, or the Flesh of Bullocks, or other\nBeasts kill\u2019d by their Husbands in the Woods, which are often at a\ngreat Distance, and afterwards Dressing them as has been said. They Sow\nand Plant, when the Land has been broke up, and in short, do almost all\nthat is requisite for the Support of Life.\n[Sidenote: _Their Behaviour._]\nI did not observe that those Women were naturally given to Lewdness;\nbut their Virtue is not Proof against some of our Toys, when presented\nthem, as Needles, Knives, and more particularly Strings of Beads,\nwhereof they make Necklaces and Bracelets, and that Temptation is\nrarely resisted by them, and the less because they have no Religion\nor Law to prohibit that vile Practice. It is true their Husbands,\nwhen they take them in the Fact, sometimes do punish them, either by\nSeparation or otherwise; but that is rare.\n[Sidenote: _Habits._]\nThe Country of those _Indians_ being generally subject to no Cold,\nalmost all of them go naked; unless when the _North_ Wind blows, then\nthey cover themselves with a Bullock\u2019s Hide, or Goat\u2019s Skin cur\u2019d. The\nWomen wear nothing but a Skin, Mat, or Clout, hanging round them like\na Petticoat, and reaching down half way their Legs, which hides their\nNakedness before and behind. On their Heads they have nothing but their\nHair platted and knotted behind.\n[Sidenote: _Manners._]\nAs for their Manners, it may be said of these as of all other _Indians_\nof that great Continent, that they are not Mischievous, unless wrong\u2019d\nor attack\u2019d; in which Case they are all Fierce and Revengeful. They\nWatch all Opportunities to be Reveng\u2019d, and never let any slip, when\noffer\u2019d, which is the Cause of their being continually at War with\ntheir Neighbours, and of that Martial Humour, so Predominant among\nthem.\n[Sidenote: _Religion._]\nAs to the Knowledge of a God, they did not seem to us to have any fix\u2019d\nNotion of Him; it is true, we met with some on our Way, who as far as\nwe could judge, believ\u2019d, there was some Superior Being, which was\nabove all Things, and this they testify\u2019d by lifting up their Hands and\nEyes to Heaven, yet without any Manner of Concern, as believing that\nthe said exalted Being does not regard at all, what is done here below.\nHowever none of them having any Places of Worship, Ceremonies, or\nPrayers, to denote the divine Homage, it may be said of them all, that\nthey have no Religion, at least those that we saw.\n[Sidenote: _Ceremonies._]\nHowever, they observe some Ceremonies; but whether they have any\nRegard to a real or pretended Superior Being, or whether they are\nonly popular, and proceeding from Custom, is what we were not able to\ndiscover. Those Ceremonies are as follows. When the Corn is ripe, they\ngather a certain Quantity in a Maund or Basket, which is placed on a\nSort of Seat or Stool, dedicated to that Use, and serving only upon\nthose misterious Occasions, which they have a great Veneration for.\nThe Basket with the Corn being placed on that honour\u2019d Stool, one of\nthe Elders holds out his Hands over it, and talks a long Time; after\nwhich, the said old Man distributes the Corn among the Women, and no\nPerson is allow\u2019d to eat of the new Corn, till eight Days after that\nCeremony. This seems to be in the Nature of Offering up or Blessing the\nfirst Fruits of their Harvest.\nAt their Assemblies, when the _Sagamite_, or Pottage, which is the most\nessential Part of their meal, is boil\u2019d in a great Pot, they place that\nPot on the Stool of Ceremony above mention\u2019d, and one of the Elders\nstretches out his Hands over it, muttering some Words between his Teeth\nfor a considerable Time, after which, they fall to eat.\n[Sidenote: _Tabacco._]\nWhen the young Folks are grown up to be fit to go to the Wars, and\ntake upon them to be Soldiers, their Garment, consisting of some Skin,\nor Clout, together with their Bow, Quiver and Arrows, is placed on\nthe aforesaid Stool, an old Man stretches out his Hands over them,\nmutters the Words as above, and then the Garments, Bows, Quivers, and\nArrows are given to the Persons they belong to. This may be compar\u2019d to\nSomething of a Ceremony of Knighting among them. The same Ceremonies\nare us\u2019d by them in the cultivating of their Grain and Product, but\nparticularly of the Tabacco, whereof they have a Sort, which has\nsmaller Leaves than Ours; it is almost ever green and they use it in\nLeaves.\nThis is what we observ\u2019d among the _Cenis_, whose Customs and Manners\ndiffer very little from those of other Nations, which we had seen\nbefore, and saw afterwards. As to the Point of Religion, it is not to\nbe infer\u2019d from what I have said above, that there is none throughout\nthat vast Continent: The Account I have given only regards those\nNations we saw; there may be others that have some Worship, and I\nremember I have heard Monsieur _de la Sale_ say, that the Nation call\u2019d\n_Takensa_, neighbouring on the _Islinois_, ador\u2019d the Fire, and that\nthey had Cottages which they made use of, as Temples.\n[Sidenote: _Nation, what is meant here by it._]\nBefore I conclude this short Account of the Religion, Customs and\nManners of the _Cenis_, which belong\u2019d properly to this Place, it\nis fit here also to observe, that the Word Nation, is not to be\nunderstood, among those _Indians_, to denote a People possessing a\nwhole Province, or vast Extent of Land. Those Nations are no other than\na Parcel of Villages, dispers\u2019d for the Space of fifteen, of twenty or\nof thirty Leagues at most, which compose a distinct People or Nation;\nand they differ from one another rather in Language than in Manners,\nwherein they are all much alike, or at least they vary but little, as\nhas been mention\u2019d above. As for the Names of them, here follow those\nof such as we travel\u2019d through, or were near the Way we held from our\nleaving our Habitation near the Bay of the Holy Ghost, till we came\namong the _Cenis_.\n[Sidenote: _Names of Nations._]\nThe _Spicheats_, _Kabayes_, _Thecamons_, _Theauremets_, _Kiabaha_,\n_Chaumenes_, _Kouans_, _Arhau_, _Enepiahe_, _Ahonerhopiheim_,\n_Koienkahe_, _Konkone_, _Omeaosse_, _Keremen_, _Ahekouen_, _Meghty_,\n_Tetamenes_, _Otenmarhem_, _Kouayon_ and _Meracouman_. All these\nNations are on the North of the River called _la Maligne_. Those that\nfollow, are on the West and North-West of the same River.\nThe _Kannehouan_, _Tohaha_, _Pehir_, _Cagabegux_, _Onapien_, _Pickar_,\n_Tokau_, _Kuasses_, _Chancres_, _Teserabocretes_, _Tsepehoen_,\n_Fercouteha_, _Panego_, _Petao_, _Petzare_, _Peisacho_, _Peihoun_,\n_Orcan_ and _Piou_.[103] This last Nation borders upon the _Cenis_,\nat the Entrance into whose first Village I left my Reader, to give an\nAccount of the Inhabitants, and thither I return, to proceed with my\nRelation and our Journey to the Village, the _French_ Man who liv\u2019d\namong the Natives was to conduct us to.\nWe arriv\u2019d there at Night, and found other Elders coming out to meet\nus, much after the same Manner as the others mention\u2019d before. They led\nus to their Cottage, made us sit down on Mats and smoke, but not with\nso much Ceremony as the others. That done, it was Time for us to take\nour Rest, having given them to understand that we were weary.\n[Sidenote: French _Entertained by the Natives_.]\nThe _French Provencal_ would needs have us go to his Cottage, that is\nto the Hut where he had his Dwelling; for, as I have said, there are\nseveral Families in one of them, and that was one of the greatest in\nthe Canton, having been the Habitation of one of their Chief\u2019s, lately\ndeceased.\nThey allotted us a Place there, for our Goods and Packs, the Women\nimmediately made _Sagamite_ or Pottage, and gave it us. Having eaten,\nwe ask\u2019d the _French_ Man whether we were safe, and he answering we\nwere, we lay down, but yet could not sleep sound.\n[Sidenote: _Apr. 1687_]\n[Sidenote: _A Horse sold for an Ax._]\nThe next Day, being the first of _April_, the Elders came to receive\nand conducted us to the Cottage where we had been the Day before. After\nthe usual Ceremonies, we traded with them for Corn, Meal and Beans,\ngiving in Exchange for the same, Needles, Knives, Rings and other Toys.\nWe also purchased a very fine Stone Horse,[104] that would have been\nworth twenty Pistoles in _France_, for an Ax.\nThe Day was spent in driving our small Bargains and gathering\nProvisions, which the Women brought. When that was done, it was agreed,\nthat I should remain there, to lay up more Store, and that the others\nshould return to our Company, which we had left near the River, to\ncarry the Provisions and satisfy them they might come safely.\nTho\u2019 I thought my self not over secure among the _Indians_, and besides\nhad the Dissatisfaction of understanding none of their Language; yet\nwas I not unwilling to stay, that I might have an Opportunity of seeing\nthe two other _French_ Men, who had forsaken the late Monsieur _de la\nSale_, when he first travell\u2019d into that Country, that I might enquire\nof them, whether they had heard no talk of the _Missisipi_ River, for I\nstill held my Resolution of parting from our wicked Murderers.\nAs soon as they were gone, I gave a young _Indian_ a Knife, to go bid\nthose two other _French_ Men come to me, and whilst he was going I\ndrove on my little Trade for Provisions, and had frequent Visits from\nthe Elders, who entertain\u2019d me by Signs, with an Account of their\nintended War; to which I still answer\u2019d, nodding my Head, tho\u2019 very\noften I knew not what they meant. It was some Difficulty to me to\nsecure my small Merchandize, especially at Night, for the Natives were\ncovetous of them.\n[Sidenote: _The Author meets another French Man among the Indians._]\nThis Care, which kept me from Sleeping sound, was the Occasion, that\none Night I heard some Body moving near my Bed, and opening my Eyes,\nby the Light of the Fire, which never goes out in those Cottages,\nperceiv\u2019d a Man stark naked, with a Bow and two Arrows in his Hand,\nwho came and sat down by me, without saying any Thing. I view\u2019d him\nfor some Time, I spoke to him, he made me no Answer, and not knowing\nwhat to think of it, I laid hold of my two Pistols and my Firelock,\nwhich the Man perceiving, he went and sat by the Fire. I follow\u2019d, and\nlooking steadfastly on him, he knew and spoke to me, throwing his Arms\nabout and embracing me, and then made himself known to be one of the\nFrench Men I had sent for.\n[Sidenote: _French turn\u2019d savage._]\nWe fell into Discourse, I ask\u2019d him for his Comrade, he told me, he\ndurst not come, for Fear of Monsieur _de la Sale_. They were both\nSailors, this Man, who was of _Britany_, was call\u2019d _Ruter_; the other,\nof _Rochelle_, _Grollet_. They had, in that short Space of Time, so\nperfectly enur\u2019d themselves to the Customs of the Natives, that they\nwere become meer Savages. They were naked, their Faces and Bodies with\nFigures wrought on them, like the rest. They had taken several Wives,\nbeen at the Wars and kill\u2019d their Enemies with their Firelocks, which\nhad gain\u2019d them Reputation; but having no more Powder nor Ball, their\nArms were grown useless, and they had been forc\u2019d to learn to shoot\nwith Bows and Arrows. As for Religion, they were not troubled with much\nof it, and that Libertine Life they led, was pleasing to them.\nI acquainted this Man with the unfortunate Death of Monsr. _de la\nSale_, his Nephew and the rest, at which, he was surpris\u2019d and\nconcern\u2019d, at least in outward Appearance. I ask\u2019d him, whether he had\nnot heard talk of the _Missisipi_; he told me he had not; but only\nthat there was a great River forty Leagues from thence towards the _N.\nW._[105] where the Natives said there were many Nations along its\nBanks. That made me believe, it was the very River we were in Search\nof, or at least that it must be the Way to come at it. I gave him to\neat, and we went to Rest.\nThe next and the following Days, I continu\u2019d trading, and the Elders\ntheir Visits, and their Discourse by Signs, concerning their intended\nWar. Some of them gave me to understand, that they had been among the\n_Spaniards_, who are nevertheless about two hundred Leagues from them.\nThey spoke some Words of broken _Spanish_, as _Capita_, instead of\n_Capitan_, a Captain, and _Cohavillo_ instead of _Cavallo_, a Horse,\nand so of some others. _Ruter_, the _French_ Man return\u2019d to his\nDwelling, I gave him some Strings of Beads for his Wives, and desir\u2019d\nhim to send the other _French_ Man to me.\n[Sidenote: _Indian Maid brought to the Author._]\nIn the mean Time my being alone, as to any Person I could converse\nwith, grew very irksome to me, and I know not whether an old Man\ndid not perceive it; for he thought it would be proper to bring a\nCompanion, to divert me, and at Night I was surpris\u2019d to see a young\nMaid come sit down by me, and to hear the old Man tell me, he had\nbrought her to be my Wife, and gave her to me; but I had far different\nThoughts to disturb me. I spoke not one Word to that poor Maid; she\nstay\u2019d some Time expecting I would take notice of her, and perceiving I\ndid not stir, or speak one Word, she withdrew.\n[Sidenote: French _Men like_ Indians.]\nThus I continu\u2019d, without hearing any News, till the Sixth of _April_,\nwhen the two _French_ Men, I have spoken of, came both, in the _Indian_\nDress, each of them having only a Clout about him, some Turky Feathers\non their Shoulders, their Heads and Feet bare. The latter of them whose\nname was _Grollet_, had not consented to have his Face mark\u2019d like the\nother, nor to cut his Hair after the _Indian_ Manner; for those People\ncut off all theirs, except a small Lock on the Crown of the Head, like\nthe Turks, only some of them have small Tresses on the Temples.\nI repeated to them the Narrative of Monsieur _de la Sale_\u2019s unfortunate\nStory. They confirm\u2019d what I had been told before, that the Natives had\ntalk\u2019d to them of the great River, which was forty Leagues off, towards\nthe N. E. and that there were People like us, that dwelt on the Banks\nof it. This confirm\u2019d me in the Opinion, that it was the River so much\nsought after, and that we must go that Way to return to _Canada_ or\ntowards _New England_. They told me, they would willingly go with us. I\ndesired them to keep it secret, which they did not, for being inform\u2019d\nthat Monsieur _Cavelier_ and the others were coming, they went to meet\nthem, and I was again left alone.\n[Sidenote: _The Murderers resolve to return to the Habition of_ St.\nLewis.]\nThe 8th, three Men came to me, one of which was the _French_ Man of\n_Provence_, with each of them a Horse, sent by our People to carry\naway all the Provisions I had got together, having taken a Resolution,\nas those Persons they had sent told us, to return to the Dwelling of\nSt. _Lewis_, about the Bay of the same Name, from whence we came;\ndesigning, as they pretended, to build a Boat there, to carry them\nover to the Islands of _America_; an impracticable Notion, for all\nour Carpenters were dead, and tho\u2019 they had been alive, they were so\nignorant, that none of them would have known which Way to go about\nthat Work; besides that, we were destitute of all Necessaries for that\nEffect. However we must obey, and set out with our Provisions. The Rain\nhaving detain\u2019d us the 9th on the Way, we could not come up to them\ntill the next Day, being the Tenth.\nFather _Anastasius_ gave me the Confirmation of that Design, and\nfarther told me how roughly they had been treated by those Murderers\nsince my Departure. I know not what it was that mov\u2019d them to it, but\nthey had resolved to separate themselves from those Villains, and\nthat we should eat apart, _viz._ Monsieur _Cavelier_ the Priest, F.\n_Anastasius_, young _Cavelier_ and I, which was very agreeable to us,\nbecause at least we could talk freely, which we durst not do before;\nbut at the same Time they allow\u2019d us no more Provisions than would\nsuffice to keep us from starving, without giving us Share of any Flesh,\ntho\u2019 they often kill\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _The Author and others resolve to part from the Murderers._]\nOur Tyrants still holding their Resolution to return to their former\nHabitation, thought they had not Horses enough, and therefore deputed\nfour of their Number, one of which was the _French_ Man half turn\u2019d\n_Indian_, to return to the Village of the _Cenis_ and endeavour to\nbarter for some. At the same Time we agreed together to let those\nGentlemen know, that we were too much fatigued to return with them to\nthe said Habitation, and were resolved to remain in the Village of the\n_Cenis_. Monsieur _Cavelier_ undertook to be our Speaker, and to desire\n_Duhaut_, who was Master of all, to give us some Axes, Knives and\nStrings of Beads, Powder and Shot, offering to give him a Note of his\nHand for the same.\n[Sidenote: _Design of the Murderers._]\nTo conclude, Monsieur _Cavelier_ made the Proposal to _Duhaut_,\ndisguis\u2019d it the best he was able, and _Duhaut_ took till the next Day\nto return his answer. He consulted with his Companions, and acquainted\nus, that they would deal handsomely by us, and give us half the Effects\nand all the Axes, intending to make the most Speed they could, to get\nto our former Dwelling, and to put in Execution what they had before\ndesign\u2019d, as to the Building of a Bark. But in Case they could not\nsucceed, for want of Necessaries, they would immediately return to\nus and bring F. _Zenobius_ along with them, who would be serviceable\nto us, because, having been with Monsieur _de la Sale_ upon his\nfirst Discovery, he understood the Language of the Nations about the\n_Missisipi_ River. That whilst they were upon that Journey, we should\ntake Care to gather a Stock of Provisions, and that if they succeeded\nin building the Bark, they would send us Word, that we might repair to\nthem. Monsieur _Cavelier_ approv\u2019d of all they said, tho\u2019 we had other\nDesigns. However it prov\u2019d we were all Mistaken, for Providence had\norder\u2019d Affairs otherwise.\n[Sidenote: _May 1687_]\nWe stay\u2019d there some Time, expecting those who were gone to the\n_Cenis_, they staying longer than was requisite for that Journey.\nThe overflowing of the River was their Pretence, but the true Reason\nwas the Women, who as I have said, are not so forward as to offer\nthemselves, but on the other Hand will not be over difficult in\ncomplying for some little Present, and those who were sent did not\ngrudge their Time. In the mean while the Posture of our Affairs\nchanged, as follows.\n[Sidenote: _Murderers change their Mind._]\nOne of our half Savage _French_ Men, whom I had acquainted with our\nDesign to go find the _Missisipi_, communicated it to _Hautot_,[106]\ntelling him all the particulars he had before acquainted me with;\nwhereupon _Duhaut_ chang\u2019d his Mind, as to the Design of going to the\nHabitation of St. _Lewis_, resolving to follow our intended Way and\nexecute our Project. He imparted his Thoughts to his Companions, who\nwere of the same Opinion, and all of them acquainted us, that they were\nready to put in Execution the Enterprize we had form\u2019d.\nThis Change troubled us very much, there being nothing we coveted more\nthan to part with those Miscreants, from whom we could at a long Run\nexpect no better Usage than they had afforded our Commander and his\nFriends. However, it was still requisite to dissemble, there being no\nother Remedy at that Time: But God\u2019s Justice provided for and rescued\nus. We continued in that Camp all the remaining part of _April_,\nexpecting the Persons that had been sent to the _Cenis_, and _Duhaut_\nintending to begin to put in Execution his Design of going to find out\nthe _Missisipi_, with us, made us advance towards the River that was\nnear, in order to pass it as soon as fallen, and repair to the Village\nof the _Cenis_.\n[Sidenote: _Murderers differ in Opinion._]\nWe staid three Days longer in that Post, at the End whereof, he we\ncall\u2019d _Larcheveque_, one of those that had been sent out, cross\u2019d the\nRiver. He was _Duhaut\u2019s_ Creature, and an Accomplice in the Murder of\nMonsieur _de la_ _Sale_. He inform\u2019d[107] _Duhaut_, that one they\ncall\u2019d _Hiens_, who was also one of our Messengers, and had stayed\non the other Side of the River, had heard of _Duhaut_ and the rest\naltering their Resolution, and that he was not of their Mind. _Hiens_\nwas a _Buccanier_, and by Birth a German. Monsieur _de la Sale_ had\nbrought him from _Petit Gouave_, and he was also accessory to the late\nMurders.\n[Sidenote: Hiens _kills_ Duhaut, _and_ Ruter Liotot.]\nAfter we had been some Days longer in the same Place, _Hiens_ arriv\u2019d\nwith the two half Savage _French_ Men and about twenty Natives. He went\nimmediately to _Duhaut_, and after some Discourse, told him, he was not\nfor going towards the _Missisipi_, because it would be of dangerous\nConsequence for them, and therefore demanded his Share of the Effects\nhe had seiz\u2019d upon. _Duhaut_ refusing to comply, and affirming, that\nall the Axes were his own; _Hiens_, who it is likely had laid the\nDesign before to kill him, immediately drew his Pistol, and fired it\nupon _Duhaut_, who stagger\u2019d about four Paces from the Place and fell\ndown dead. At the same Time _Ruter_, who had been with _Hiens_, fired\nhis Piece upon _Liotot_, the Surgeon, and shot him thro\u2019 with three\nBalls.\nThese Murders committed before us, put me into a terrible\nConsternation; for believing the same was design\u2019d for me, I laid hold\nof my Fire-Lock to defend my self; but _Hiens_ cry\u2019d out to me, to fear\nnothing, to lay down my Arms, and assur\u2019d me he had no Design against\nme; but that he had reveng\u2019d his Master\u2019s Death. He also satisfy\u2019d\nMonsieur _Cavelier_ and Father _Anastasius_, who were as much frighted\nas my self, declaring he meant them no Harm, and that tho\u2019 he had been\nin the Conspiracy, yet had he been present at the Time when Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ was kill\u2019d, he would not have consented, but rather have\nobstructed it.\n_Liotot_ liv\u2019d some Hours after, and had the good Fortune to make his\nConfession; after which, the same _Ruter_, put him out of his Pain,\nwith a Pistol-Shot. We dug a Hole in the Earth, and bury\u2019d him in it\nwith _Duhaut_, doing them more Honour than they had done to Monsieur\n_de la Sale_ and his Nephew _Moranget_, whom they left to be devour\u2019d\nby wild Beasts. Thus those Murderers met with what they had deserv\u2019d,\ndying the same Death they had put others to.\n[Sidenote: _More Mischief prevented._]\nThe Natives, _Hiens_ had brought with him, having been Spectators of\nthat Murder, were in a Consternation, and that Affair was of dangerous\nConsequence to us, who stood in Need of them. It was therefore\nrequisite to make the best of it, giving them to understand, that\nthere had been Reason for so punishing those dead Persons, because\nthey had all the Powder and Ball, and would not give any to the rest.\nThey remain\u2019d satisfy\u2019d with that Excuse, and he who was called\n_Larcheveque_, and who was entirely devoted to _Duhaut_, being Abroad a\nhunting since the Morning, and not knowing what Misfortune had hapned\nhis Protector, and _Hiens_ being resolv\u2019d to make away with him, Father\n_Anastasius_ and Monsieur _Cavelier_ took so much Pains, that they\ndisswaded him from it, and I went out and met _Larcheveque_, to give\nhim Notice of that Disaster, and to inform him, how he was to behave\nhimself. Thus I requited him for having come to give me Notice of\nMonsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Death. I brought him to _Hiens_, who declar\u2019d\nhe design\u2019d him no Harm, and _Larcheveque_ gave him the same Assurances\non his Part. Thus all Things are again compos\u2019d, and nothing remain\u2019d,\nbut for us to set out, but first to know what we were to do, and which\nWay to direct our Course.\nHereupon, _Hiens_ took upon him to speak, and said, he had promis\u2019d\nthe Natives to go to the War with them, and design\u2019d to be as good as\nhis Word; that if we would expect his Return, we might by that Time\nconsider which Way he would move,[108] and that in the mean Time we\nmight stay in the Village among the _Cenis_. This was resolv\u2019d on;\nwe loaded all our Effects on our Horses, and repair\u2019d to the same\nPlace and the same Cottage, where we had been before, the Chief of it\nassigning us the one Half to lodge and lay up our Baggage.\n[Sidenote: _Six French Men go to the Wars with the Natives._]\nWhen the Day for setting out for the War was come, _Hiens_ departed\nwith the Natives, four of our Comrades and the two half Savage _French_\nMen going along with him; so that there were six of them, and each took\na Horse. _Hiens_ left us all the Effects, and desir\u2019d we would stay\nfor him, which we promis\u2019d, not knowing how to avoid it, considering,\nthat the _Indians_ might have done us Harm, and even have obstructed\nour Departure. Thus we resign\u2019d ourselves to Providence, and remain\u2019d\nsix of us together, _viz._ Father _Anastasius_, Monsieur _Cavelier_,\nhis Nephew young _Cavelier_, young _Talon_, another Youth of _Paris_,\nand I. There also remain\u2019d some old Men, who could not go to the War,\nand the Women. We were also join\u2019d by two other _French_ Men, who had\nbeen left on the other Side the River, being the _Provencal_ and one\n_Teissier_.\n[Sidenote: _Bewailing the Memory of Men kill\u2019d._]\nDuring our Stay, and our Warriors being abroad upon that Expedition,\nthe old Men often visited us, and told us News from the Army by Signs,\nwhich we understood nothing of. We were from Time to Time alarm\u2019d,\nseeing the Women weep, without any visible cause. The late Monsieur _de\nla Sale_ had often told us, that the Women bewail\u2019d those that were to\nbe kill\u2019d; but we were inform\u2019d, that they did so, when they call\u2019d to\nMind some who had been slain in the former Wars; which dispell\u2019d our\nApprehensions. However we were uneasy, because those old Men and Women\nexamined us every Morning and Evening when we perform\u2019d our Devotions.\nWe laid hold of that Opportunity to give them to understand, that we\npaid our Duty to one God, the only Supreme Sovereign of all Things,\npointing to Heaven, and endeavouring in the best Manner we were able,\nto signify to them that he was Almighty, that he had made all Things,\nthat he caus\u2019d the Earth to produce, it\u2019s Fruits to prosper, and the\nGrowth of it, which maintain\u2019d them to thrive; but this being only by\nSigns, they did not understand us, and we labour\u2019d in vain.\n[Sidenote: _Women rejoice at Victory._]\nThe 18th, we were surpriz\u2019d to see several Women come into our Cottage,\ntheir Faces all besmear\u2019d with Earth, and they set up their Throats,\nsinging several Songs as loud as they were able,[109] whereof we\nunderstood not one Word. That done, they fell a Dancing in a Ring, and\nwe could not tell, what to think of that Rejoicing, which lasted full\nthree Hours; after which we were inform\u2019d, they had receiv\u2019d Advice of\nthe Victory obtain\u2019d by their Warriors over their Enemies. The Dance\nconcluded, those in the Cottage gave some Bits of Tobacco to those\nwithout.\nThe same Day, about Noon, we saw him that had brought the News, who\naffirm\u2019d they had kill\u2019d at least Forty of their Enemies. After the\nRejoicing, all the Women apply\u2019d themselves to make ready their\nProvisions, some to pound _Indian_ Corn, others to boil Meal, which\nthey call _Grouller_, and others to bake Bread, to carry to the\nWarriors. They all set out the 19th to meet them, and we thought it\nin policy convenient to send Meat to our Men which was done by the\n_French_ Man of _Provence_, who went with the Women.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Battle fought by the_ Cenis.]\nThat same Day, at Night, the Victorious Army returned, and we were\ninformed, that their Enemies whom they call _Cannohatinno_, had\nexpected them boldly, but that having heard the Noise, and felt the\nEffects of our Mens Fire Arms, they all fled, so that the _Cenis_\nhad either kill\u2019d or taken Forty Eight Men and Women. They had slain\nseveral of the latter, who fled to the Tops of Trees, for want of Time\nto make their Escape otherwise; so that many more Women had perish\u2019d\nthan Men.\n[Sidenote: _Barbarity of the Men towards a Woman taken._]\nThey brought Home two of those Women alive, one of whom had her Head\nflead for the Sake of her Hair and Skin. They gave that wretched\nCreature a Charge of Powder and a Ball, and sent Her home, bidding her\ncarry that Present to her Nation, and to assure them, they should be\nagain treated after the same Manner, that is, kill\u2019d with Fire Arms.\n[Sidenote: _Of the Women._]\nThe other Woman was kept to fall a Sacrifice to the Rage and Vengeance\nof the Women and Maids; who having arm\u2019d themselves with thick Stakes,\nsharp Pointed at the End, Conducted that Wretch to a By-Place, where\neach of those Furies began to torment her, sometimes with the Point\nof their Staff, and sometimes laying on her with all their Might. One\ntore off her Hair, another cut off her Finger, and every one of those\noutrageous Women endeavour\u2019d to put her to some exquisite Torture, to\nrevenge the Death of their Husbands and Kinsmen, who had been kill\u2019d in\nthe former Wars; so that the unfortunate Creature expected her Death\nStroke, as Mercy.\n[Sidenote: _Inhumanity._]\nAt last, one of them gave her a Stroke with a heavy Club on the Head,\nand another run her Stake several Times into her Body, with which she\nfell down Dead on the Spot. Then they cut that Miserable Victim into\nMorsels, and oblig\u2019d some Slaves of that Nation, they had been long\npossess\u2019d of to eat them.\n[Sidenote: _Cruel Trophies._]\nThus our Warriors return\u2019d Triumphant from that Expedition. They spar\u2019d\nnone of the Prisoners they had taken, except two little Boys, and\nbrought Home all the Skins of their Heads, with the Hair, to be kept as\nTrophies and glorious Memorials of their Victory.\nThe next Day all those Savages met in their Chief\u2019s Cottage, whither\nall the abovemention\u2019d Heads of Hair were carry\u2019d in State. Then they\nmade extraordinary Rejoicings in that Cottage, whence they went to\nthe Huts of the other Prime Men, to perform the same Ceremony. This\nRejoicing lasted three Days, our _French_ Companions, who had been the\nCause of their Victory, being call\u2019d to it, and highly entertain\u2019d,\nafter their Manner. It will not be disagreeable to the Reader, that\nI here particularly describe that Ceremony, which after having been\nperform\u2019d in the Cottages of the Chief Men, was repeated in ours.\n[Sidenote: _Ceremony of Rejoicing._]\nIn the first Place, the Cottage was made very clean, adorn\u2019d, and\nabundant of Mats laid on the Floor, on which the Elders, and the most\nconsiderable Persons sate; after which, one of them, who is in the\nNature of an Orator, or Master of the Ceremonies stood up and made a\nSpeech, of which we understood not a Word. Soon after that Discourse\nwas ended, the Warriors arriv\u2019d, who had slain any in Battle, marching\nin their proper Order, each of them carrying a Bow and two Arrows, and\nbefore every one of them went his Wife, carrying the Enemies Head of\nHair. Two little Boys, whose Lives they had spar\u2019d, as has been said\nbefore, one of them who was wounded being a Horseback, clos\u2019d the\nprocession; at the Head whereof, was a Woman carrying a large Reed, or\nCane in her Hand.\nAs they came up to the Orator, the Warrior took the Head of Hair his\nWife had brought, and presented it to him, which the said Orator\nreceiv\u2019d with both his Hands, and after having held it out towards the\nfour Quarters of the World, he laid it down on the Ground, and then\ntook the next, performing the same Ceremony, till he had gone over them\nall.\nWhen the Ceremony was ended, they serv\u2019d up the _Sagamite_, in the\nNature of Hasty Pudding, which those Women had provided, and before any\none touch\u2019d it, the Master of the Ceremonies took some in a Vessel,\nwhich he carry\u2019d as an Offering to those Heads of Hair. Then he\nlighted a Pipe of Tabacco, and blow\u2019d the Smoke upon them. That being\nperform\u2019d, they all fell to the Meat, _Bits of the Woman that had been\nsacrific\u2019d were served up to the two Boys of her Nation_. They also\nserv\u2019d up dry\u2019d Tongues of their Enemies, and the whole concluded with\nDancing and Singing after their Manner: After which, they went to other\nCottages to repeat the same Ceremony.\nThere was no talk of our Design till those Rejoycings were over, and\nI began to conceive good Hopes of our Success. The two Murderers,\n_Teissier_ and _Larcheveque_, who had both a Hand in the Death of\nMonsr. _de la Sale_, had promis\u2019d to go along with us, provided Monsr.\n_Cavelier_ would pardon them, and he had given them his Word so to do.\nIn this Expectation we continu\u2019d till the 25th, when our French Men,\nwho had been at the War, repair\u2019d to our Cottage, and we consulted\nabout our Business.\n_Hiens_ and others of his Gang, disapproving of our Design, represented\nto us such Difficulties as they look\u2019d upon to be unsurmountable, under\nwhich we must inevitably perish, or at least be oblig\u2019d to return to\nthe same Place. _Hiens_ told us, that for his own Part, he would not\nhazard his Life to return into _France_, only to have his Head chopp\u2019d\noff, and perceiving we answer\u2019d Nothing to that, but that we persisted\nin our Resolution, _It is requisite then_, said he, _to divide what\nEffects remain._\n[Sidenote: Hiens _gives the others what he pleases, and seizes the rest\nof the Effects_.]\nAccordingly he laid aside, for F. _Anastasius_, Messieurs _Cavelier_,\nthe Uncle and the Nephew,[110] thirty Axes, four or five Dozens of\nKnives, about thirty Pounds of Powder and the like Quantity of Ball.\nHe gave each of the others two Axes, two Knives, two or three Pounds\nof Powder, with as much Ball, and kept the rest. As for the Horses, he\nkept the best and left us the three least. Monsieur _Cavelier_ ask\u2019d\nhim for some Strings of Beads, which he granted, and seiz\u2019d upon all\nthe late Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Cloaths, Baggage and other Effects,\nbesides above a thousand Livres in Money, which belong\u2019d to the late\nMonsr. _le Gros_, who dy\u2019d at our Dwelling of St. _Lewis_. Before our\nDeparture, it was a sensible Affliction to us, to see that Villain walk\nabout, in a scarlet Coat, with Gold Galons, which had belong\u2019d to the\nlate Monsr. _de la Sale_, and which, as I have said, he had seiz\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Mr._ Cavelier _and his Company part from the others_.]\nAfter that, _Hiens_ and his Companions withdrew to their own Cottage,\nand we resolv\u2019d not to put off our Departure any longer. Accordingly,\nwe made ready our Horses, which much alarm\u2019d the Natives, and\nespecially the Chief of them, who said and did all he could to obstruct\nour Journey, promising us Wives, Plenty of Provisions, representing to\nus the immense Dangers, as well from Enemies, who surrounded them, as\nfrom the bad and impassable Ways and the many Woods and Rivers we were\nto pass. However, we were not to be moved, and only ask\u2019d one Kindness\nof him, in obtaining of which, there were many difficulties, and it\nwas, that he would give us Guides to conduct us to _Cappa_; but at\nlength, after much Trouble and many Promises of a good Reward, one was\ngranted, and two others went along with him.\n[Sidenote: French _Men stay with the_ Indians.]\n[Sidenote: _Only seven set out for_ Canada.]\nAll Things being thus order\u2019d for our Departure, we took Leave of our\nHosts, pass\u2019d by _Heins_\u2019s Cottage and embrac\u2019d him and his Companions.\nWe ask\u2019d him for another Horse, which he granted. He desired an\nAttestation in _Latin_ of Monsieur _Cavelier_, that he had not been\nconcern\u2019d in the Murder of Monsieur _de la Sale_, which was given\nhim, because there was no refusing of it; and we set forward without\n_Larcheveque_ and _Meunier_, who did not keep their Word with us, but\nremain\u2019d among those Barbarians, being infatuated with that Course\nof Libertinism they had run themselves into. Thus there were only\nseven of us that stuck together to return to _Canada_, _viz._ Father\n_Anastasius_, Messieurs _Cavelier_ the Uncle and the Nephew, the Sieur\n_de Marle_, one _Teissier_, a young Man born at _Paris_, whose Name\nwas _Bartholomew_ and I, with six horses and the three _Indians_, who\nwere to be our Guides; a very small Number for so great an Enterprize,\nbut we put ourselves entirely into the Hands of Divine Providence,\nconfiding in God\u2019s Mercy, which did not forsake us.\nAfter the first Day\u2019s Journey we incamp\u2019d on the Bank of the River, we\nhad left not long before, lay there that Night, and the next Day, cut\ndown Trees to make a Sort of Bridge or Planks to pass over it; handing\nover our Goods from one to another, and swimming over our Horses;\nwhich Work we were frequently oblig\u2019d to repeat, and as often as we had\nafterwards Occasion to pass Rivers on our Way, which we held on till\nthe 29th, every Day meeting with some Cottage, and at last, a Hamlet or\nVillage, into which we went, and the _Indian_ Inhabitants told us, they\nwere call\u2019d _Nahordikhe_,[111] and that they were Allies to the _Cenis_.\n[Sidenote: Nahordikhes _and_ Assony.]\nWe barter\u2019d with them for some Provisions, and their Chief offer\u2019d to\ngo with us as far as the _Assonys_, who were not farther off than about\nthree Leagues, which he accordingly did; but it happening to rain when\nwe came thither, and the _Assonys_ having had no Notice before hand, we\nfound but indifferent Reception.\nHowever, we were conducted to the Chief\u2019s Cottage; the Elders had\nNotice given them, they resorted thither, and when our Horses were\nunloaded, and our Goods plac\u2019d in a Corner of the Cottage, which the\nChief had allotted us, we gave them to understand, that our Intention\nwas to go farther, to fetch Commodities to trade with them, at which\nthey were pleas\u2019d. They gave us to eat, and the Elders stay\u2019d some Part\nof the Evening with us, which made us somewhat Uneasy, and oblig\u2019d us\nto be upon our Guard; however the Night pass\u2019d without any Disturbance.\nThe next Morning the Elders came to us again. They had provided Mats\nwithout the Cottage, and made Signs to us to go thither and sit down\nupon them, as we did, leaving two of our Company to guard the Baggage.\nWe repeated to them what we had said the Night before, and made them\nsome Presents of Axes, Knives, Strings of Beads and Rings. They\nsignify\u2019d they were sorry we would go away, and endeavour\u2019d the best\nthey could, to make us sensible of the same Obstacles the others had\nsignify\u2019d to us; but it was all in Vain; however, we stay\u2019d till the\nfirst of _June_, all the while bartering and gathering the best stock\nof Provisions we could.\n[Sidenote: _June 1687_]\n[Sidenote: _Good Entertainment._]\nThe Second, we remov\u2019d from that Cottage, where we had some Jealousy,\nand went to another, a Quarter of a League from it, where the Chief\nof it gave us a very good Reception. An old Woman, who was either his\nMother, or Governess of the Cottage, took particular Care of us: We\nwere first serv\u2019d at eating, and to keep her in that good Mind, we now\nand then made her some little Presents, whilst she, by her Care and\nKindness, spar\u2019d our Provisions, which were necessary for our Journey.\nA continual Rain oblig\u2019d us to stay there till the 13th. During our\nStay, the Natives made several Feasts, to which we were always invited;\nand at length the Rain ceasing, we resolv\u2019d to set out, notwithstanding\nall Monsieur _Cavelier_ the Priest\u2019s Apprehensions, which we\nsurmounted, and directed our Course towards the _N. E._ with two\n_Indians_, who were to conduct us only a small Way, and who accordingly\nsoon left us, whatsoever Promises we could make them. They departed to\nreturn Home, promising they would come to us again. We encamp\u2019d that\nNight on the Bank of a Rivulet.\n[Sidenote: _Bad Ways._]\nThe 14th and 15th, we held on our Way, frequently meeting with Sloughs,\nwhich very much fatigued us, because we were oblig\u2019d to unload our\nHorses for them to pass, and prevent their sticking in the Mire and fat\nSoil, whence we could not have drawn them out, and consequently we were\nfain to carry all our Luggage on our own Backs.\nWhilst we halted about Noon, that our Horses might graze, as was\nusually done by us, we discover\u2019d our two _Assony Indians_ returning\ntowards us, at which we were much rejoiced, because they had a better\nNotion than ourselves of the Way we were to go. We made them eat and\nsmoke, and then set out again.\nThe 16th, we came to a great River, which we pass\u2019d as we had done the\nfirst, and after that, met with very bad Ways.\n[Sidenote: _Art to Kill Goats and Wild Fowl._]\nThe 17th, one of our Company being indispos\u2019d, we could not set out\ntill Noon, and held on till the 21st, crossing several Sloughs and\nRivers, and then one of our _Indians_ being out of Order, it oblig\u2019d us\nto stay on the Bank of a River we had pass\u2019d. The other _Indian_ seeing\nhis comrade sick, went a Hunting, and brought a wild Goat; for there\nare many in that Country. The _Indians_ have the Art of dressing the\nHeads of those Creatures, which they put upon their own, and imitate\nthem so exactly, that they can come very near to them, and then seldom\nfail of killing. The same Method they use for Turkeys and other wild\nFowl, and so draw them close to themselves.\n[Sidenote: _Fine Meadows._]\nThe 22d, our _Indian_ being somewhat recover\u2019d we decamp\u2019d and\nproceeded along a better Way and Pleasanter Country, than that we\nhad left behind, and as we enquir\u2019d the best we could of those our\n_Indians_, concerning the Neighbouring Nations and those we were going\ntowards, among others they nam\u2019d to us, that they call\u2019d _Cappa_.\nM. _Cavelier_ told us, he remember\u2019d he had heard his late Brother\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ name that Nation, and say he had seen it as he\nwent from _Canada_ towards the _Missisipi_. This put us in Hopes, that\nwe should succeed in our Discovery.\nThe 23d, being near a Village, we had been in Search of, one of our\n_Indians_ went before, to give Notice of our Arrival. In the mean Time\nwe cross\u2019d most lovely Plains and Meadows, border\u2019d with fine Groves\nof beautiful Trees, where the Grass was so high, that it hinder\u2019d our\nHorses going, and were oblig\u2019d to clear the Passage for them.\nWhen we were within Half a League of the Village, we saw an _Indian_,\nmounted on a large grey Mare, coming along with our Native, to meet us,\nand were told, that Horseman was the Chief of the Village, attended by\nsome others of the same Place. As soon as that Chief came up to us, he\nexpress\u2019d very much Kindness and Affection; we gave him to understand,\nthat we did no Body any Harm, unless we were first attack\u2019d. Then we\nmade him smoke, and when that was done, he made Signs to us to follow\nhim, which we did, till we came to the Bank of a River, where he again\ndesir\u2019d us to stay, whilst he went to give Notice to the Elders.\n[Sidenote: M. Cavelier _and the rest carry\u2019d on the Backs of Indians_.]\nSoon after, a Number of them came, and having join\u2019d us, signify\u2019d,\nthat they were come to carry us to their Village. Our _Indians_ made\nSigns, that it was the Custom of the Country, and we must submit, and\nlet them do as they thought fit. Tho\u2019 we were much out of Countenance\nat that Ceremony, seven of the prime Men among them would have us mount\non their Backs or Shoulders. Monsieur _Cavelier_ being our Chief,\nmounted first, and then the rest did the same.\nAs for my own Part, being of a pretty large Size and loaded with\nCloaths, a Firelock, a Case of Pistols, Powder and Ball, a Kettle and\nother Implements, there is no Doubt but I made a sufficient Burden\nfor him that carry\u2019d me, and because I was taller than he and my Feet\nwould have hung upon the Ground, two other _Indians_ held them up for\nme; so that I had three to carry me. Other _Indians_ took hold of our\nHorses to lead them, and in that ridiculous Equipage we arriv\u2019d at the\nVillage. Our Carriers, who had gone a long Quarter of a League, had\nneed enough to rest, and we to be set down, that we might laugh in\nprivate, for it behov\u2019d us to take Care not to do it before them.\n[Sidenote: _Ceremonies at their Reception._]\nAs soon as we were come to the Chief\u2019s Cottage, where we found above\ntwo hundred Persons, who were come to see us, and that our Horses were\nunloaded, the Elders gave us to understand, that it was their Custom\nto wash Strangers at their first Coming; but that we being clad, they\nwould only wash our Faces; which one of those elders did, with fair\nWater they had in a Sort of Earthen Vessel, and he only wash\u2019d our\nForehead.\n[Sidenote: _Speeches made to them._]\nAfter this second Ceremony, the Chief made Signs to us, to sit down on\na Sort of little Scaffold, rais\u2019d about 4 Foot above the Ground, and\nmade of Wood and Canes, where when we were plac\u2019d, the Chiefs of the\nVillages being four in Number, came and made Speeches to us, one after\nanother. We listened to them with Patience, tho\u2019 we understood not one\nWord of what they said to us; being tir\u2019d with the Length of their\nHarangues, and much more with the violent Heat of the Sun, which was\njust over our Heads.\nWhen the Speeches were ended, the Purport whereof, as near as we could\nguess, was only to assure us, that we were very welcome; we gave them\nto understand, that we were going into our own Country, designing to\nreturn speedily, to bring them several Sorts of Commodities and such\nThings as they should stand in need of.\nNext, we made them the usual Presents of Axes, Knives, Strings of\nBeads, Needles and Pins, for their Wives, telling them, that when we\nreturn\u2019d we would give them more.\n[Sidenote: _Their Entertainment._]\nWe farther signify\u2019d to them, that if they would afford us some Corn or\nMeal, we would give them other Things in Exchange, which they agreed\nto. After this they made us eat _Sagamite_, or Hasty-pudding, Bread,\nBeans, Pompions and other Things, which we had sufficient Need of.\nMost of us having scarce eaten any Thing all that Day, some for Want,\nand others out of Devotion, as Monsr. _Cavelier_, who would observe\nthe Fast of St. _John Baptist_\u2019s Eve, whose Name he bore. It is to be\nobserv\u2019d, that the Pompions are incomparably better there, than with us.\nThe 24th, the Elders met again in our Cottage. We gave them to\nunderstand, they would oblige us,[112] in furnishing Guides to conduct\nus to the Village of _Cappa_, which was in our Way; but instead of\ngranting it, they earnestly intreated us, to stay with them and go\nto the Wars against their Enemies, having been told Wonders of our\nFirelocks, which we promis\u2019d to do when we return\u2019d, and that it should\nbe shortly, and they seem\u2019d to rest satisfy\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Mr._ de Marle _drown\u2019d_.]\nThus our Hopes increas\u2019d, but the Joy it occasion\u2019d was allay\u2019d by a\ndismal Accident that befell us. Monsieur _de Marle_, one of the prime\nMen of our Company, having Breakfasted, would needs go Bath himself in\nthe River we had pass\u2019d the Day before, and not knowing how to swim,\nhe went too far and step\u2019d into a Hole, whence he could not recover\nhimself, but was unfortunately drowned. Young Monsieur _Cavelier_,\nhaving been told that Monsieur _de Marle_ was going to Bath himself,\nran after him, and coming to the River, saw he was drowning, he ran\nback to acquaint us: We hasted thither with a Number of _Indians_, who\nwere there before us; but all too late, some of them div\u2019d, and brought\nhim up dead from the Bottom of the Water.\n[Sidenote: _His Funeral._]\nWe carry\u2019d him to the Cottage, shedding many Tears, the _Indians_ bore\nPart in our Sorrow, and we paid him the last Duties, offering up the\nusual Prayers; after which he was buryed in a small Field, behind the\nCottage; and whereas, during that doleful Ceremony, we pray\u2019d, reading\nin our Books, particularly Monsieur _Cavelier_, the Priest and Father\n_Anastasius_, the _Indians_ gaz\u2019d on us with Amazement, because we\ntalk\u2019d, looking upon the Leaves, and we endeavour\u2019d to give them to\nunderstand, that we pray\u2019d to God for the dead Man, pointing up to\nHeaven.\n[Sidenote: _Humanity of the Indians._]\nWe must do this Right to those good People, as to declare, that they\nexpress\u2019d singular Humanity upon that doleful Accident, as appear\u2019d by\nthe sensible Testimony of their Actions, and all the Methods they us\u2019d\nto let us understand how great a Share they bore in our Sorrow; which\nwe should not have found in several Parts of _Europe_.\n[Sidenote: _Indian Ceremony to the Dead._]\n[Sidenote: _Indian Nations._]\nDuring our short Stay in that Place, we observ\u2019d a Ceremony that was\nperform\u2019d by the Chief\u2019s Wife, _viz._ that every Morning she went to\nMonsieur _de Marle\u2019s_ Grave, and carry\u2019d a little Basket of parch\u2019d\nEars of Corn to lay on it, the meaning whereof we could not understand.\nBefore our Departure, we were inform\u2019d, that the Villages belonging\nto our Hosts, being four in Number, all ally\u2019d together were call\u2019d,\n_Assony_, _Natsohsos_, _Nachitos_ and _Cadodaquio_.\nOn the 27th, having been inform\u2019d by the Natives, that we should find\nCanoes, to pass a River that was on our Way, Father _Anastasius_\nand I went to see whether, what they told us was true. We found that\nRiver was a Branch of the same we had already pass\u2019d, the Channel of\nit being pleasant and navigable, and saw some Canoes, in one of which\nthe _Indians_ carry\u2019d us over to the other Side, whether we went to\nsee what convenient Place there was for our Horses to come ashore. We\nfound a very proper Place, and returning, made our Report to Monsieur\n_Cavelier_, who being then much out of Order with Pains in his Feet, we\nwere oblig\u2019d to stay there, till the 30th.\n[Sidenote: Janiquo _Nation_.]\n[Sidenote: _Doleful Entertainment._]\nDuring that Time, we were frequently visited by the _Indians_, both\nOld and Young, and of both Sexes, and even the Chiefs of the Nation,\ncall\u2019d _Janiquo_, came to see us, and with them we often convers\u2019d\nin dumb Show, and every Evening the Women, attended by the Warriors,\nwith their Bows and Arrows, resorted to our Cottage, to sing a doleful\nSort of Song, shedding Tears at the same Time. This would have given\nus some Uneasiness, had we not before seen the same Ceremony, and\nbeen inform\u2019d, that those Women repair in that Manner to the Chief\u2019s\nCottage, to intreat him, singing and weeping, to take Revenge on those,\nwho have kill\u2019d their Husbands, or Relations, in former Wars, as I have\nobserv\u2019d before. In all other Respects, the Manners and Customs of this\nNation, being much the same as those of the _Cenis_, I shall add no\nmore concerning them.\nThe 29th, at Night, we gave Notice to the Chief, that we would set out\nthe next Day, we made him some Presents in particular, and the like to\nhis Wife, because she had taken special Care of us, and departed on the\n30th. The Chief, attended by many other _Indians_, whom we found in the\nCottages on our Way, went to Conduct us as far as the River, which we\ncross\u2019d in Canoes, and swam over our Horses. There we took Leave of our\nConductors, to whom we gave some Strings of Beads for their Wives, and\ntheir Chief would needs Conduct us to the next Village.\n[Sidenote: Cadodaquio _Village_.]\nBy the Way we came to a Cottage, where our Guide made us halt, and\nthere they gave us to eat. Then we held on our Journey to a Village\ncall\u2019d _Cadodaquio_, and were conducted to the Chief\u2019s Cottage, who\nreceiv\u2019d us courtiously, being a Friend to him that went with us. It\nwas requisite to unload our Horses to lie there, and we signified to\nthe Chief, that we stood in Need of Provisions. He spoke to the Women,\nwho brought us some Meal, which we purchased with Strings of Beads, and\nthe Chief, who conducted us thither, took his Leave.\nHaving no Design to stay there any Time, we had desired the Chief to\nappoint some Person to guide us to the Village call\u2019d _Cahainiho\u00fca_,\nwhich was in our Way. It happen\u2019d by good Fortune, that there were then\nin that Place some Men and Women of the said Village, who were come to\nfetch some Wood, fit to make Bows, there being Plenty of that Sort of\nTrees they make them of, about the Village we were in. We signify\u2019d\nour Design to them and they gave us to understand they would be glad\nto bear us Company. In the Conversation we had with them, they made us\ncomprehend, that they had seen People like us, who had Firelocks and a\nHouse, and that they were acquainted with the _Cappa\u2019s_, which was very\npleasing to us. Because they were not to depart till two Days after, we\nresolv\u2019d to stay for them.\n[Sidenote: _Peculiar Custom._]\nWe observ\u2019d, that there was a Difference between the Language of those\nPeople and the Inhabitants of the Village we were in, from that of the\n_Cenis_, and that they had some peculiar Ceremonies, one whereof is,\nthat when the Women have their Terms, they leave the Company of their\nHusbands and withdraw into other Cottages appointed for that Purpose,\nwhich no Person is to come near, upon Pain of being reputed unclean.\n[Sidenote: _Ornaments of Women._]\n[Sidenote: _July 1687_]\nThose Women have their Faces still more disfigur\u2019d, than the others\nwe had seen before; for they make several Streaks, or Scores on them,\nwhereas the others had but one. They adorn themselves with little Locks\nof fine red Hair; which they make fast to their Ears in the Nature of\nPendants. In other Respects they are not disagreeable, and neither\nWomen nor Maids are so ill-natur\u2019d as to make their Lovers pine for\nthem. They are not difficult of Access, and they soon make a Return for\na small Present.\n[Sidenote: _The Men._]\nThe Men wear their Hair short, like our _Capucins_, they anoint it\nwith a sort of Oyl, or Grease, and curl it like snails, after which\nthey strew on it a Sort of Down, or Lint, died red, as we do Powder,\nwhich is done when they design to be very fine, in order to appear in\ntheir Assemblies. They are very fond of their Children, and all the Way\nof chastising them they use, is to throw Water at them, without ever\nbeating or giving them ill Words.\nThe _Indians_ that were of the Village of _Cohainihoua_[113] and to\nconduct us thither, not being ready to set out on _Wednesday_ the 2d\nof _July_, as they had promis\u2019d, a young _Indian_ offer\u2019d himself,\nsaying, he would conduct us safe thither, and we set out with him,\nstill directing our Course towards the _N. E._ We kept close along the\nsame River we had cross\u2019d, and found it very pleasant and navigable,\nthe Banks of it cover\u2019d with fine Trees of several Sorts.\nWe had not travell\u2019d above a League, before our Guide gave us to\nunderstand, that he had forgot a Piece of hard dry\u2019d Skin he had to\nmake him Shoes, which he would go fetch and return to us, pointing to\nus with his Hand, which Way we were to go, and telling us we should\nsoon come to a River.\nThis sudden Change in the _Indian_ was somewhat surprizing and very\nmuch perplex\u2019d us; however we held on our Way, and soon came to the\nRiver he had mention\u2019d to us, which was very pleasant and deep. We\ncross\u2019d it the next Day, on a Sort of Float, which we made with much\nToil and Labour, and our Horses swam over. Some Time after we were\npassed, we saw the _Indians_ coming, who had promised to bear us\nCompany, and were glad to find our Float, to cross the same River, as\nthey did, and proceeded on our Journey all together.\n[Sidenote: _Plenty of Game._]\nThe 4th, 5th and 6th, we did the same, crossing a very fine Country,\nbut water\u2019d by many Brooks, Streams and Rivers. We found Abundance of\nwild Goats, Turkeys and other wild Fowl, whereof our _Indians_ kill\u2019d\nmany.\nOn the 6th, whilst we halted on the Bank of a River to eat, we heard\nthe Tingling of some small Bells; which making us look about, we spy\u2019d\nan _Indian_ with a naked Sword-Blade in his Hand, adorned with Feathers\nof several Colours, and two large Hawks Bells, that occasion\u2019d the\nNoise we had heard.\nHe made Signs for us to come to him, and gave us to understand, that he\nwas sent by the Elders of the Village, whither we were going, to meet\nus, caressing us after an extraordinary Manner. I observ\u2019d that it was\na Spanish Blade he had, and that he took Pleasure in ringing the Hawks\nBells.\n[Sidenote: _Kind Reception._]\nHaving travell\u2019d about half a League with him, we discover\u2019d a Dozen of\nother _Indians_ coming towards us, who made very much of and conducted\nus the Village, to the Chief\u2019s Cottage, where we found dry\u2019d Bear-Skins\nlaid on the Ground, and they made us sit on them, where we were treated\nwith Eatables, as were the Elders after us, and a Throng of Women came\nto see us.\n[Sidenote: _Presents._]\nThe 7th, the Elders came to give us a Visit, bringing us two Bullocks\nHides, four Otters Skins, one white Wild-Goat\u2019s Skin, all of them well\ndry\u2019d, and 4 Bows, in Return for the Present we had before made them.\nThe Chief and another came again some Time after, bringing two Loaves,\nthe finest and the best we had yet seen. They look\u2019d as if they had\nbeen bak\u2019d in an Oven, and yet we had not observ\u2019d, that there were\nOvens among any of them. That Chief stay\u2019d with us some Hours, he\nseem\u2019d to be very ingenious and discreet, and easily understood our\nSigns, which were most of the Language we had. Having order\u2019d a little\nBoy to bring us all we had Occasion for, he withdrew.\n[Sidenote: _The Ceremony of the Pipe._]\nTowards the Evening, we were entertain\u2019d with a Ceremony we had not\nseen before. A Company of Elders, attended by some young Men and Women\ncame to our Cottage in a Body, singing as loud as they could roar.\nThe foremost of them had a _Calumet_, so they call a very long Sort\nof Tabacco Pipe, adorn\u2019d with several Sorts of Feathers. When they\nhad sung a while, before our Cottage, they enter\u2019d it, still singing\non, for about a Quarter of an Hour. After that, they took Monsieur\n_Cavelier_ the Priest, as being our Chief, led him in solemn Manner out\nof the Cottage, supporting him under the Arms. When they were come to\na Place they had prepared, one of them laid a great Handful of Grass\nunder his feet, two others brought fair Water in an Earthen Dish, with\nwhich they wash\u2019d his Face, and then made him sit down on a Skin,\nprovided for that Purpose.\nWhen Monsieur _Cavelier_ was seated, the Elders took their Places,\nsitting round about him, and the Master of the Ceremonies fix\u2019d in the\nGround two little wooden Forks, and having laid a Stick across them,\nall being painted red, he placed on them a Bullock\u2019s Hide, dryed, a\nGoat\u2019s Skin over that, and then laid the Pipe thereon.\nThe Song was begun again, the Women mixing in the Chorus, and the\nConcert was heightned by great hollow Calabashes or Gourds, in which\nthere were large Gravel Stones, to make a Noise, the _Indians_\nstriking on them by Measure, to answer the Tone of the Choir; and the\npleasantest of all was, that one of the _Indians_ plac\u2019d himself behind\nMonsieur _Cavelier_ to hold him up, whilst at the same Time he shook\nand dandled him from Side to Side, the Motion answering to the Musick.\nThat Concert was scarce ended, when the Master of the Ceremonies\nbrought two Maids, the one having in her Hand a Sort of Collar, and\nthe other an Otter\u2019s Skin, which they plac\u2019d on the wooden Forks\nabovemention\u2019d, at the Ends of the Pipe. Then he made them sit down, on\neach Side of Monsieur _Cavelier_, in such a Posture, that they look\u2019d\none upon the other, their Legs extended and intermix\u2019d, on which the\nsame Master of the Ceremonies laid Monsieur _Cavelier\u2019s_ Legs, in such\nManner, that they lay uppermost and across those of the two Maids.\nWhilst this Action was performing, one of the Elders made fast a dy\u2019d\nFeather to the back Part of Monsieur _Cavelier\u2019s_ Head, tying it to\nhis Hair. The Singing still continu\u2019d all that Time, so that Monsieur\n_Cavelier_ grown weary of its Tediousness, and asham\u2019d to see himself\nin that Posture between two Maids, without knowing to what Purpose,\nmade Signs to us to signify the same to the Chief, and having given him\nto understand, that he was not well, two of the _Indians_ immediately\ntook hold of him under the Arms, conducted him back to the Cottage and\nmade Signs to him to take his Rest. This was about Nine in the Evening,\nand the _Indians_ spent all the Night in Singing, insomuch that some of\nthem could hold out no longer.\nIn the Morning they return\u2019d to Monsieur _Cavelier_, conducted him\nagain out of the Cottage, with the same Ceremony and made him sit\ndown, still singing on. Then the Master of the Ceremonies took the\nPipe, which he fill\u2019d with Tabacco, lighted and offered it to Monsieur\n_Cavelier_, but drawing back and advancing six Times before he gave it\nhim. Having at last put it into his Hands, Monsieur _Cavelier_ made as\nif he had smok\u2019d and return\u2019d it to them. Then they made us all smoke\nround, and every one of them whiff\u2019d in his Turn, the Musick still\ncontinuing.\n[Sidenote: Cahaynohoua _Nation_.]\nAbout Nine in the Morning, the Sun growing very hot, and Monsieur\n_Cavelier_ being bare Headed, made Signs that it did him Harm. Then at\nlast they gave over singing, and conducted him back into the Cottage,\ntook the Pipe, put it into a Case, made of a Wild-Goat\u2019s Skin, with\nthe two wooden Forks and the red Stick that lay across them, all which\none of the Elders offer\u2019d to Monsieur _Cavelier_, assuring him that he\nmight pass thro\u2019 all the Nations that were ally\u2019d to them by Virtue of\nthat Token of Peace, and should be every where well receiv\u2019d. This was\nthe first Place where we saw the _Calumet_, or Pipe of Peace, having\nno Knowledge of it before, as some have writ. This Nation is call\u2019d\n_Cahaynohoua_.\n[Sidenote: Indians _expect Presents_.]\nThis Sort of Ceremonies being never perform\u2019d among the _Indians_\nwithout the Expectation of receiving some Present, and we having\nbesides observ\u2019d, that some of them had withdrawn themselves, with\nTokens of Dissatisfaction, perhaps because we had interrupted their\nCeremony, we thought it convenient to give them something more, and\nI was appointed to carry them an Ax, four Knives and some Strings of\nBeads, with which they were satisfied.\nWe afterwards shew\u2019d them an Experiment of our Arms, the Noise and Fire\nwhereof frighted them. They earnestly press\u2019d us to stay with them,\noffering us Wives and whatsoever else we should want. To be the better\nquit of them, we promis\u2019d to return, saying we were going to fetch\nCommodities, Arms and Tools, which we stood in Need of, that we might\nafterwards stay with them.\nThe 9th and 10th were spent in Visits, and we were inform\u2019d by one\nof the _Indians_ that we were not far from a great River, which he\ndescrib\u2019d with a Stick on the Sand, and shew\u2019d it had two Branches, at\nthe same Time pronouncing the word _Cappa_, which, as I have said, is\na Nation near the _Missisipi_. We then made no longer Question, that\nwe were near what we had been so long looking after. We entreated the\nElders to appoint some men to conduct us, promising to reward them\nwell, which they granted, and we set out the 11th, to the great Sorrow\nof those good People, who had entertain\u2019d us so courteously.\n[Sidenote: _The Journey prosecuted._]\nWe travell\u2019d several different Ways, which we could never have found,\nhad we wanted Guides, and so proceeded till on the 12th, one of our\nGuides pretended to be sick, and made Signs that he would go back;\nbut observing, that we seem\u2019d to be no Way concern\u2019d, which we did on\nPurpose, he consulted with his Companion, and then came to tell us, he\nwas recover\u2019d. We made him eat and smoke, and continued our Journey\nthe 13th, finding the Way very bad and difficult.\nThe 14th, our _Indians_, having seen the Track of Bullocks, signify\u2019d\nthey would go kill some, to eat the Flesh, which made us halt for two\nor three Hours. Whilst we stay\u2019d for our Hunters, we prepar\u2019d some\n_Sagamite_, or their Sort of Hasty-Pudding. They return\u2019d loaded with\nFlesh, Part whereof we dress\u2019d, and eat it with very good Stomachs.\nThen we proceeded on our Journey till the 18th, and by the Way kill\u2019d\nthree Bullocks and two Cows, which oblig\u2019d us to halt, that we might\nuse of our Flesh, drying it.\n[Sidenote: _Indians with Axes._]\nThe Night between the 19th and the 20th, one of our Horses breaking\nloose, was either taken away by the Natives, or lost in the Woods. That\ndid not obstruct our Departure, tho\u2019 the Loss was grievous to us, and\nwe held on our Way till the 24th, when we met a Company of _Indians_,\nwith Axes, going to fetch Barks of Trees, to cover their Cottages. They\nwere surpriz\u2019d to see us, but having made Signs to them to draw near,\nthey came, caress\u2019d and presented us with some Water Melons they had.\nThey put off their Design of going to fetch Bark till another Time,\nand went along with us, and one of our Guides having gone before in\nthe Morning to give Notice of our coming at the next Village, met with\nother Parcels of _Indians_, who were coming to meet us, and express\u2019d\nextraordinary Kindness.\nWe halted in one of their Cottages, which they call _Desert_, because\nthey are in the Midst of their Fields and Gardens. There we found\nseveral Women who had brought Bread, Gourds, Beans and Water Melons, a\nSort of Fruit proper to quench Thirst, the Pulp of it being no better\nthan Water.\n[Sidenote: _A Cross by a River and a French built House._]\nWe set out again to come to the Village, and by the Way, met with very\npleasant Woods, in which, there were Abundance of stately Cedars. Being\ncome to a River, that was between us and the Village, and looking\nover to the further Side, we discover\u2019d a great Cross, and at a small\nDistance from it, a House, built after the _French_ Fashion.\nIt is easy to imagine what inward Joy we conceiv\u2019d at the Sight of\nthat Emblem of our Salvation. We knelt down, lifting up our Hands and\nEyes to Heaven, to return Thanks to the Divine Goodness, for having\nconducted us so happily; for we made no Question of finding _French_ on\nthe other Side of the River, and of their being Catholicks, since they\nhad Crosses.\nIn short, having halted some Time on the Bank of that River, we spy\u2019d\nseveral Canoes making towards us, and two Men cloath\u2019d, coming out of\nthe House we had discover\u2019d, who, the Moment they saw us, fir\u2019d each\nof them a Shot to salute us. An _Indian_ being Chief of the Village,\nwho was with them, had done so before, and we were not backward in\nreturning their Salute, by discharging all our Pieces.\n[Sidenote: _Dwelling of French._]\nWhen we had pass\u2019d the River, and were all come together, we soon knew\neach other to be _French_ Men. Those we found were the Sieurs _Couture\nCharpantier_ and _de Launay_, both of them of _Roan_, whom Monsieur _de\nTonty_, Governor of Fort St. _Lewis_ among the _Islinois_, had left at\nthat Post, when he went down the _Missisipi_ to look after Monsr. _de\nla Sale_; and the Nation we were then with, was call\u2019d _Accancea_.\n[Sidenote: _The Travellers come to the French Habitation._]\nIt is hard to express the Joy conceiv\u2019d on both Sides; ours was\nunspeakable, for having at last found, what we had so earnestly\ndesired, and that the Hopes of returning to our dear Country, was in\nsome Measure assured by that happy Discovery. The others were pleased\nto see such Persons as might bring them News of that Commander, from\nwhom they expected the Performance of what he had promis\u2019d them; but\nthe Account we gave them of Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ unfortunate Death,\nwas so afflicting, that it drew Tears from them, and the dismal History\nof his Troubles and Disasters render\u2019d them almost inconsolable.\nWe were conducted to the House, whither all our Baggage was honestly\ncarry\u2019d by the _Indians_. There was a very great Throng of those\nPeople, both Men and Women, which being over, we came to the Relation\nof the particular Circumstances of our Stories. Ours was deliver\u2019d by\nMonsieur _Cavelier_, whom we honour\u2019d as our Chief, for being Brother\nto him, who had been so.\n[Sidenote: _Who the Frenchmen were._]\nWe were inform\u2019d by them, that they had been Six, sent by Monsr.\n_Tonty_, when he return\u2019d from the Voyage he had made down the\n_Colbert_ or _Missisipi_ River, pursuant to the Orders sent him by the\nlate Monsr. _de la Sale_, at his Departure from _France_, and that the\nsaid Sieur _Tonty_ had commanded them to build the aforesaid House.\nThat having never since receiv\u2019d any News from the said Monsr. _de la\nSale_, Four of them were gone back to Monsr. _Tonty_, at the Fort of\nthe _Islinois_.\nIn Conclusion, it was agreed among us, to go away as soon as possible,\ntowards the _Islinois_, and conceal from the _Indians_, the Death of\nMonsieur _de la Sale_, to keep them still in Awe and under Submission,\nwhilst we went away with the first Ships that should happen to sail\nfrom _Canada_ for _France_, to give an Account at Court of what had\nhappen\u2019d, and to procure Succours. In the mean Time, the Chief of the\n_Indians_ came to invite us to eat. We found Mats laid on the Ground\nfor us to sit on, and all the Village met to see us.\n[Sidenote: _Kind_ Indians.]\nWe gave them to understand, that we came from Monsieur _de la Sale_,\nwho had made a Settlement on the Bay of _Mexico_; that we had pass\u2019d\nthro\u2019 many Nations, which we nam\u2019d, and that we were going to _Canada_\nfor Commodities, and would return down the River; that we would bring\nMen to defend them against their Enemies and then settle among them;\nthat the Nations we had pass\u2019d through had appointed Men to guide\nus, and we desired the same Favour of them, with some Canoes and\nProvisions, and that we would reward our Guides and pay for what they\nfurnish\u2019d us.\nThe Conveniency of an Interpreter, we then had, gave us the Opportunity\nof making ourselves be easily understood, and the Chief answer\u2019d to our\nProposals, that he would send Men to the other Villages to acquaint\nthem with our Demands, and to consult with them what was to be done\nin that Case; that as for the rest, they were amaz\u2019d at our having\npass\u2019d thro\u2019 so many Nations, without having been detain\u2019d, or kill\u2019d,\nconsidering what a small Number we were.\nWhen the Discourse was ended, that Chief caus\u2019d Meat to be set before\nus, as dry\u2019d Flesh, Bread made of _Indian_ Corn of several Sorts, and\nWater Melons; after which he made us smoke, and then we return\u2019d to\nour House, where being eas\u2019d of all those Impediments, we gave each\nother an Account of our Affairs, at Leisure, and were inform\u2019d, that\nthose People impatiently expected[114] the Return of Monsieur _de la\nSale_, which confirm\u2019d us in the Resolution of concealing his Death. We\nobserv\u2019d the Situation of that Post, and were made acquainted with the\nNature of the Country and the Manners of those People, of which I shall\ngive the following Remarks.\n[Sidenote: French _House among the_ Acconcea\u2019s _describ\u2019d_.]\nThe House we were then in, was built of Pieces of Cedar laid one upon\nanother, and rounded away at the Corners; its roof is of bark. It is\nseated on a small Eminency, half a Musket-shot from the Village, in a\nCountry abounding in all Things. The Plains lying on one Side of it,\nare stor\u2019d with Beeves, wild Goats, Deer, Turkeys, Bustards, Swans,\nDucks, Teal and other Game.\n[Sidenote: _Product of the Country_.]\nThe Trees produce plenty of Fruit, and very good, as Peaches, Plumbs,\nMulberries, Grapes, and Wallnuts. They have a Sort of Fruit they\ncall _Piaguimina_, not unlike our Medlars, but much better and more\ndelicious. Such as live near the Rivers, as that House is, do not want\nfor Fish of all Sorts, and they have _Indian_ Wheat, whereof they make\ngood Bread. There are also fine Plains diversify\u2019d with several Sorts\nof Trees, as I have said before.\n[Sidenote: _Nation of the_ Accancea\u2019s.]\nThe Nation of the _Accancea\u2019s_ consists of four Villages. The first is\ncall\u2019d _Otsotchove_, near which we were; the second _Toriman_, both\nof them seated on the River; the third _Tonginga_; and the fourth\n_Cappa_, on the Bank of the _Missisipi_. These Villages are built after\na different Manner from the others we had seen before, in this Point,\nthat the Cottages, which are alike as to their Materials and Rounding\nat the Top, are long, and cover\u2019d with the Bark of Trees, and so very\nlarge, that several of them can hold two hundred Persons, belonging to\nseveral Families.\n[Sidenote: _Household Stuff._]\nThe people are not so neat as the _Cenis_, or the _Assonis_ in their\nHouses, for some of them lie on the Ground, without any Thing under\nthem but some Mats, or a dress\u2019d Hide. However, some of them have more\nConveniencies, but the Generality has not.[115] All their Moveables\nconsist in some Earthen Vessels and oval wooden Platters, which are\nneatly made, and with which they drive a Trade.\n[Sidenote: _Shape._]\nThey are generally very well shap\u2019d and active; the Women are handsome,\nor at least have a much better Presence than those of the other\nVillages we pass\u2019d thro\u2019 before. They make Canoes all of one Piece,\nwhich are well wrought. As for themselves they are very faithful, good\nnatur\u2019d, and Warriors like the rest.\n[Sidenote: _The Ceremony of the Pipe perform\u2019d to M._ Cavelier.]\nThe 25th, the Elders being assembled, came to see us, and told the\nSieur _Couture_, that they design\u2019d to sing and dance the _Calumet_,\nor Pipe; because the others had sung it, some of them to the late\nMonsieur _de la Sale_, and the rest to Monsieur _Tonty_, and therefore\nit was but reasonable they should do the same to get a Firelock, as\nwell as the others. Monsieur _Cavelier_ was inform\u2019d of it, and it was\nrequisite to consent to it, to please those _Indians_, because we stood\nin need of them.\n[Sidenote: _Ceremony of the Pipe._]\nThe Ceremony began with Monsieur _Cavelier_, who was led under the Arms\nand seated on a Hide, without the Cottage. The Forks, the Skins laid on\nit in Honour of the Pipe, the Singing as loud as they cou\u2019d roar, both\nby Men and Women, and all the other Ceremonies were observ\u2019d, as I have\nmention\u2019d them before; so that Monsieur _Cavelier_ being weary of them,\nhe caus\u2019d the Chief to be told, that he was out of Order, and desir\u2019d\nhis Nephew might be put in his Place, which was done accordingly, and\nthey spent the whole Night in Singing. In the Morning they perform\u2019d\nsome other Ceremonies, not worth relating.\nThe Solemnity being ended, by every Man\u2019s smoking of the Pipe, the\n_Indians_ took it, with some Bullocks Hides, and Goats and Otters\nSkins, and a Collar made of Shells, all which they carry\u2019d to our\nHouse, and we gave them a Firelock, two Axes, six Knives, one hundred\nCharges of Powder, as much Ball, and some Strings of Beads for their\nWives. The Chief having given Notice of our coming to the other\nVillages, their Deputies came to see us; we entertain\u2019d them in the\nHouse, and propos\u2019d to them our Designs, as had been done to the Chief.\nThey stood considering a While, then held a Sort of Consultation among\nthemselves, which held not long without talking, and then agreed to\ngrant us what we ask\u2019d, which was a Canoe and a Man of each Village to\nconduct us, upon the promis\u2019d Consideration, and so they went away to\nthe Cottage of the Chief of the Village.\n[Sidenote: _The Journey continued._]\nThe 27th, the Chief and the Elders met again to consult about what we\ndemanded of them; the Length of the Journey made them apprehensive for\nthose, who were to conduct us; but, at Length, we having dispell\u2019d\ntheir Fears by our Arguments, and they having again deliberated some\nTime, agreed to our Request. We again made them a Present, promising a\ngood Reward to our Guides, and so we prepar\u2019d to set forwards. Little\n_Bartholomew_ the _Parisian_, having intimated to us, that he would\nwillingly stay in that House, because he was none of the ablest of\nBody, we recommended him to the Sieur _Couture_. We desir\u2019d those that\nremain\u2019d there, to keep the Secret of Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Death,\npromis\u2019d to send them Relief, left them our Horses, which were of\ngreat Use to go a Hunting, and gave them fifteen or sixteen Pounds of\nPowder, eight hundred Balls, three hundred Flints, twenty-six Knives,\nand ten Axes, two or three Pounds Weight of Beads; Monsr. _Cavelier_\nleft them Part of his Linen, hoping we should soon be in a Place where\nwe should get more; and all of them having made their Peace with God,\nby Means of the Sacrament of Penance, we took Leave of them, excepting\nthe Sieur _Couture_, who went to conduct us Part of the Way.\n[Sidenote: Toriman _Village_.]\nWe imbark\u2019d on a Canoe belonging to one of the Chiefs, being at least\ntwenty Persons, as well Women as Men, and arriv\u2019d safe, without any\nTrouble, at a Village call\u2019d _Toriman_, for we were going down the\nRiver. We were well received in the Chief\u2019s wigwam, and were treated as\nwe had been when among the others. We propos\u2019d it to these People, or\nrather demanded it of them to confirm what had been granted us by the\nothers, and they deferr\u2019d giving us their Answer till the next Day; for\nthey do Nothing without consulting about it, and we having brought a\nSack of _Indian_ Wheat, from the _French_ Mens House, desir\u2019d the Chief\nto cause Women to pound it, for which we would give \u2019em Something.\nImmediately he made a Sign to his Officers to go call them, and they\nwent as readily.\n[Sidenote: _Officers._]\nThere were seven or eight of those Officers always about him, stark\nnaked and besmear\u2019d, some after one Fashion, and others after another.\nEach of them had three or four Calabashes or Gourds, hanging at a\nLeather Girdle about their Wastes, in which there were several Pebbles,\nand behind them hung a Horse\u2019s Tail, so that when they ran, the Gourds\nmade a ratling Noise, and the Tail being born up by the Wind, stood out\nat its full Length, so that Nothing could be seen more ridiculous; but\nit behooved us to take Heed of shewing the least Smile.\n[Sidenote: _The River_ Missisipi _found at last_.]\nThe remaining Part of the Day was spent in going with the Sieur\n_Couture_ to see the fatal River so much sought after by us, called\n_Colbert_, when first discover\u2019d, and _Missisipi_, or, _Mechasipi_ by\nthe Natives that were near us. It is a very fine River and deep, the\nBreadth of it about a Quarter of a League, and the Stream very rapid.\nThe Sieur _Couture_ assur\u2019d us, that it has two Branches or Channels,\nwhich parted from each other above us, and that we had pass\u2019d its other\nBranch, when we came to the first Village of the _Accancea\u2019s_, with\nwhich Nation we still were.\n[Sidenote: _Particular Ceremonies._]\nThe 28th, the Chief and the Elders being assembled, they granted our\nRequests. We were to part, in order to be entertain\u2019d in several\nPlaces, where we took Notice of some particular Ceremonies, which we\nhad not seen among the other Nations. One of them is, that they serve\nup their Meat in two or four large Dishes, which are first set down\nbefore the two principal Guests, who are at one End, and when they\nhave eaten a little, those Dishes are shov\u2019d down lower and others are\nserved up in their Place, in the same Manner; so that the first Dishes\nare serv\u2019d at the upper End and thrust down lower as others come in.\nHe who treats, does not sit down with the Company, nor does he eat, but\nperforms the Part of a Steward, taking Care of the Dressing and of the\nPlacing of the Meat serv\u2019d up; and to the End he may appear the finer,\nhe never fails to besmear himself with Clay, or some red or black\nColouring they make use of.\n[Sidenote: Tonningua _Village_.]\nThe 29th, we set out from that Village, and imbark\u2019d on two Canoes to\ncross the _Missisipi_. The Chief and about a Score of young Folks bore\nus Company to the next Village call\u2019d _Tonningua_, seated on the Bank\nof that River, where we were receiv\u2019d in the Chief\u2019s Cottage, as we\nhad been in the others. The Elders treated us in their Turns, and the\nDescriptions before given will serve for this Place, there being but\nlittle Difference between them and their Neighbours.\n[Sidenote: Cappa _Village_.]\n[Sidenote: _Aug. 1687_]\nThe 30th, we set out for _Cappa_, the last Village of the _Accancea\u2019s_,\neight Leagues distant from the Place we had left. We were obliged to\ncross the River _Missisipi_ several Times in this Way; because it winds\nvery much, and we had some foul Weather, which made it late before we\ncould reach _Cappa_. A great Number of Youth came to meet us, some of\nthem conducted us to the Chief\u2019s Cottage, and others took Care of our\nBaggage, which was restor\u2019d to us very honestly. We found the Elders\nwaiting for us; a great Fire was kindled to dry us, and the Cottage was\nlighted by several burning Reeds,[116] which they make use of instead\nof Flambeaus; after which we were serv\u2019d as in other Places.\nThe 31st, we receiv\u2019d Visits from the Elders. Their Discourse ran upon\nthe War they design\u2019d to make, thinking to ingage us in it, and we\nreturn\u2019d the same Answer as we had done to the others, that we would\nsoon return with all Things we stood in Need of. We ask\u2019d a Man of\nthem, which was granted, and the Day ended in Feasting.\n[Sidenote: _Entertainment given by the Indians._]\nWe would willingly have set out the First of _August_; but the Chief\ncame and told us, it could not be, because the Women had not pounded\nour Corn, which however was done; but they made use of that Pretence\nto oblige us to stay, and to have Leisure to give us some Diversion,\nafter their Manner. Accordingly, about Ten in the Morning, the Warriors\nand Youth came together to Dance. They were dress\u2019d after their best\nManner, some of them wearing Plumes of several Colours, wherewith\nthey adorn their Heads, others, instead of Feathers, had two Bullocks\nHorns, and were all besmear\u2019d with Clay, of Black or of Red, so that\nthey really look\u2019d like a Company of Devils or Monsters, and in those\nFigures they danc\u2019d, as I have describ\u2019d it, speaking of the other\nNations.\n[Sidenote: Machigamea _Nation_.]\nThe Second, we made ready to be going. The _Indian_ given by the first\nVillage for our Guide, would not go any farther. A Man, said to be an\nHermaphrodite, offer\u2019d to supply his Place, saying, he was willing to\ngo to the _Islinois_. We took Leave of the Sieur _Couture_, to whom\nMonsr. _Cavelier_ made an Exhortation, encouraging him to persevere\nand have Patience, in Hopes of the Relief we wou\u2019d send him, and so\nwe imbark\u2019d on the _Missisipi_ in a Canoe, being Nine in Number, that\nis, five of us, and the four _Indians_ that were our Guides. We were\noblig\u2019d to cross that River very often, and no less frequently to\ncarry our Canoe and Goods, as well on Account of the Rapidity of the\nRiver, and to find it slacker on the one or the other Side of it, which\nwas very troublesome to our Guides, as because of the little islands\nwe met with, which are form\u2019d by the impetuous beating of the Water\nupon the Banks, that oppose its Course, where the Channels happen not\nto lie strait; there it washes away the Earth and bears down great\nTrees, which in Process of Time form little Islands, that divide the\nChannel. At Night we incamp\u2019d in one of those small Islands, for our\ngreater Safety, for we were then come into an Enemy\u2019s Nation, call\u2019d\n_Machigamea_, which put our _Indians_ into great Frights.\nIt is certain our Toil was very great, for we were oblig\u2019d to row in\nthe Canoe, to help our _Indians_ to stem the Current of the River,\nbecause we were going up, and it was very strong and rapid; we were\noften necessitated to land, and sometimes to travel over miry Lands,\nwhere we sunk up half way the Leg; other Times over burning Sands,\nwhich scorch\u2019d our Feet, having no Shoes, or else over Splinters of\nWood, which ran into the Soles of our Feet, and when we were come to\nthe resting Place, we were to provide Fuel to dress our Meat, and\nprovide all Things for our _Indians_, who would not have done so much\nas go fetch a Cup of Water, tho\u2019 we were on the Bank of the River, and\nyet we were happy enough in having them.\nWe proceeded on, continually undergoing the same Toil, till the\nSeventh, when, we saw the first Bullock, we had met on our Way, since\nour coming among the _Accancea\u2019s_. The _Indians_, who had a great Mind\nto eat Flesh, made a Sign to me, to go kill it. I pursu\u2019d and Shot, but\nit did not fall, the _Indians_ ran after, kill\u2019d, and came to tell us\nit must be parch\u2019d, or dry\u2019d, which was accordingly done. I must here\ntake Notice of a Ceremony our _Indians_ perform\u2019d, when they came near\nthe Bullock, before they flead him.\n[Sidenote: _Ceremony at dressing a Bullock._]\nIn the first Place, they adorn\u2019d his Head with some Swans and Bustards\nDown, dy\u2019d red, and put some Tabacco into his Nostrils, and between\nthe Clefts of the Hoofs. When they had flead him, they cut out the\nTongue, and put a Bit of Tabacco into its Place; then they stuck two\nWooden Forks into the Ground, laid a Stick across them, on which they\nplac\u2019d several Slices of the Flesh, in the Nature of an Offering. The\nCeremony being ended, we parch\u2019d or dry\u2019d the best Parts of the Beast\nand proceeded on our Journey.\n[Sidenote: _Banks of several Colours._]\nThe 9th, we found the Banks of the River very high, and the Earth of\nthem Yellow, Red and White, and thither the Natives came to furnish\nthemselves with it, to adorn their Bodies, on Festival Days. We held\non our Way till the 14th, when we met a Herd of Bullocks, whereof we\nkill\u2019d five, dry\u2019d Part of them, and proceeded till the 18th.\n[Sidenote: Houabache _River_.]\nThe 19th, we came to the Mouth of the River, call\u2019d _Houabache_, said\nto come from the Country of the _Iroquois_, towards _New England_. That\nis a very fine River, its Water extraordinary clear, and the Current of\nit, gentle. Our _Indians_ offer\u2019d up to it, by Way of Sacrifice, some\nTabacco and Beef Steaks, which they fix\u2019d on Forks, and left them on\nthe Bank, to be dispos\u2019d of as the River thought fit. We observ\u2019d some\nother Superstitions among those poor People, one whereof was as follows.\n[Sidenote: _Indian Fast._]\nThere were some certain Days, on which they Fasted, and we knew them,\nwhen as soon as they awak\u2019d, they besmear\u2019d their Faces and Arms, or\nother Parts of their Bodies, with a slimy Sort of Earth, or pounded\nCharcoal; for that Day they did not eat till Ten or Eleven of the Clock\nat Night, and before they did eat they were to wipe off that Smearing,\nand had Water brought them for that Purpose. The Occasion of their\nFasting was, as they gave us to understand, that they might have good\nSuccess in Hunting, and kill Abundance of Bullocks.\n[Sidenote: _Salt Water Spring._]\n[Sidenote: _Wild Fruit._]\nWe held on our Way till the 25th, when the _Indians_ shew\u2019d us a Spring\nof Salt Water, within a Musket Shot of us, and made us go ashore to\nview it. We observ\u2019d the Ground about it was much beaten by Bullocks\nFeet, and it is likely they love that Salt Water. The Country about,\nwas full of Hillocks, cover\u2019d with Oaks and Wallnut-Trees, Abundance\nof Plum-Trees, almost all the Plums red and pretty good, besides great\nStore of other Sorts of Fruits, whose Names we know not, and among\nthem one shap\u2019d like a midling Pear, with Stones in it as big as large\nBeans. When ripe it peels like a Peach, the Taste is indifferent good,\nbut rather of the Sweetest.\nThe 27th, having discover\u2019d a Herd of Beeves, we went ashore to kill\nsome; I shot a Heifer, which was very good Meat, we put a Board the\nbest of it, and held on our Way till the Evening, when we encamp\u2019d on\nan Island, where we observ\u2019d an alteration in the Humour and Behaviour\nof our _Indians_. This put us under some Apprehension, and the more,\nfor that he who was reckon\u2019d an Hermaphrodite, told us, they intended\nto leave us, which oblig\u2019d us to secure our Arms and double our Watch\nduring the Night, for Fear they should forsake us.\n[Sidenote: Missouris _River_.]\nWith that Jealousy we proceeded on our Journey the 28th and 29th,\ncoasting along the Foot of an upright Rock, about sixty, or eighty Foot\nhigh, round which the River glides. Held on the 30th and 31st, and the\nfirst of _September_ pass\u2019d by the Mouth of a River call\u2019d _Missouris_,\nwhose Water is always thick, and to which our _Indians_ did not forget\nto offer Sacrifice.\n[Sidenote: _Figure of a pretended Monster._]\n[Sidenote: _Sept. 1687_]\n[Sidenote: _River of the_ Islinois.]\nThe 2d, we arriv\u2019d at the Place, where the Figure is of the pretended\nMonster spoken of by Father _Marquet_. That Monster consists of\ntwo scurvy Figures drawn in red, on the flat Side of a Rock, about\neight or ten Foot high, which wants very much of the extraordinary\nHeight that Relation mentions. However our _Indians_ paid Homage, by\noffering Sacrifice to that Stone; tho\u2019 we endeavour\u2019d to give them to\nunderstand, that the said Rock had no Manner of Virtue, and that we\nworship\u2019d something above it, pointing up to Heaven; but it was to\nno Purpose, and they made Signs to us, that they should die if they\ndid not perform that Duty. We proceeded, coasting along a Chain of\nMountains, and at length, on the 3d, left the _Missisipi_, to enter the\nRiver of the _Islinois_.\nWe found a great Alteration in that River, as well with Respect to its\nCourse, which is very gentle, as to the Country about it, which is much\nmore agreeable and beautiful than that about the great River, by Reason\nof the many fine Woods and Variety of Fruit its Banks are adorn\u2019d with.\nIt was a very great comfort to us, to find so much Ease in going up\nthat River, by Reason of its gentle Stream, so that we all stay\u2019d in\nthe Canoe and made much more Way.\n[Sidenote: Indian _dies of eating raw Suet_.]\nThus we went on till the 8th, without stopping any longer than to kill\na Bullock, and one of our _Indians_, who had a craving Stomach, having\neaten some of its Suet hot and raw, was taken very ill, and died of it,\nas I shall mention in its Place.\nThe 9th, we came into a Lake, about half a League over, which we\ncross\u2019d, and return\u2019d into the Channel of the River, on the Banks\nwhereof we found several Marks of the Natives having been incamp\u2019d\nthere, when they came to fish and dry what they caught. The 10th, we\ncross\u2019d another Lake, call\u2019d _Primitehouy_, return\u2019d to the River, and\nthe 11th, saw _Indians_ before us, incamp\u2019d on the Bank of a River,\nwhereupon we stop\u2019d and made ready our Arms. In the mean Time, one of\nthem came towards us by Land, and we put on our Canoe towards him.\n[Sidenote: _Meeting with_ Islinois.]\nWhen that _Indian_ was near, he stood gazing on us, without speaking a\nWord, and then drawing still nearer, we gave him to understand, that\nwe were sent by Monsieur _de la Sale_, and came from him. Then he made\nSigns to us, to advance towards his People, whom, he went before to\nacquaint with what he had said to him, so that when we were come near\nthem they fired Several Shot to salute us, and we answer\u2019d them with\nour Firelocks.\nAfter that mutual Salutation, they came into our Canoe, to signify,\nthey were glad to hear News of Monsieur _de la Sale_. We ask\u2019d them,\nWhat Nation they were of; they answer\u2019d, They were _Islinois_, of a\nCanton call\u2019d _Cascasquia_. We enquir\u2019d whether Monsieur _Tonty_ was\nat Fort _Lewis_; they gave us to understand, that he was not, but that\nhe was gone to the War against the _Iroquois_. They invited us Ashore,\nto go with them to eat of such as they had, we thank\u2019d them, and they\nbrought us some Gourds and Water Melons, in Exchange for which, we gave\nthem some parch\u2019d Flesh.\nWe had not by the Way taken Notice of a Canoe, in which was a Man\nwith two Women, who, being afraid of us, had hid themselves among the\nReeds, but that man seeing us stop among his Countrymen, took Heart,\ncame to us, and having told us, that he belong\u2019d to a Village near Fort\n_Lewis_, we set out together, and one of our _Indians_ went into that\nCanoe, to help them to shove, so they call the Way of pushing on the\nCanoe with Poles instead of rowing.\n[Sidenote: _Fort_ Lewis _among the_ Islinois.]\nOn _Sunday_, the 14th of _September_, about two in the Afternoon, we\ncame into the Neighbourhood of Fort _Lewis_. Drawing near, we were met\nby some _Indians_ that were on the Bank, who having view\u2019d us well, and\nunderstanding we came from Monsr. _de la Sale_, and that we belong\u2019d\nto him, ran to the Fort to carry the News, and immediately we saw a\n_French_ Man come out, with a Company of _Indians_, who fir\u2019d a Volley\nof several Pieces, to salute us. Then the _French_ Man drew near, and\ndesir\u2019d us to come Ashore, which we did, leaving only one in the Canoe,\nto take Care of our Baggage; for the _Islinois_ are very sharp at\ncarrying off anything they can lay their Hands on, and consequently,\nnothing near so honest as the Nations we had pass\u2019d thro\u2019.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at Fort_ Lewis.]\nWe all walk\u2019d together towards the Fort, and found three _French_ Men\ncoming to meet us, and among them a Clerk, who had belong\u2019d to the late\nMonsr. _de la Sale_, nomme Boisrondet. They immediately ask\u2019d us, where\nMonsr. _de la Sale_ was, we told them, he had brought us Part of the\nWay, and left us at a Place about forty Leagues beyond the _Cenis_, and\nthat he was then in good Health. All that was true enough; for Monsr.\n_Cavelier_ and I, who were the Persons, that then spoke, were not\npresent at Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Death; he was in good Health when he\nleft us, and I have told the Reasons we had for concealing his Death,\ntill we came into _France_.\nIt is no less true, that Father _Anastasius_, and he they call\u2019d\n_Teissier_, could have given a better Account, the one as an Eye\nWitness, and the other, as one of the Murderers, and they were both\nwith us; but to avoid lying, they said Nothing. We farther told them,\nwe had Orders to go over into _France_, to give an Account of the\nDiscoveries made by Monsieur _de la Sale_, and to procure the sending\nof Succours.\n[Sidenote: _Reception._]\nAt length, we enter\u2019d the Fort, where we found and surpriz\u2019d several\nPersons who did not expect us. All the _French_ were under Arms and\nmade several Discharges to welcome us. Monsieur _de Belle Fontaine_\nLieutenant to Monsr. _Tonty_, was at the Head of them and complimented\nus. Then we were conducted to the Chappel, where we return\u2019d Thanks to\nGod, from the Bottom of our Hearts, for having preserv\u2019d and conducted\nus in Safety; after which we had our Lodgings assigned us, Monsr.\n_Cavelier_ and Father _Anastasius_ had one Chamber, and we were put\ninto the Magazine, or Warehouse. All this While, the Natives came by\nIntervals, to fire their Pieces, to express their Joy for our Return,\nand for the News we brought of Monsieur _de la Sale_, which refresh\u2019d\nour Sorrow for his Misfortune; perceiving that his Presence would have\nsettled all Things advantageously.\nThe Day after our Arrival, one of the _Indians_, who had conducted us,\nhaving been sick ever since he eat the raw Beef Suet, I mention\u2019d\nbefore, died, and his Companions took away and bury\u2019d him privately. We\ngave them the promis\u2019d Reward, and the Part belonging to the Dead Man,\nto be deliver\u2019d to his Relations. They stay\u2019d some Time in the Fort,\nduring the which, we took extraordinary Care of them, and at last they\nreturn\u2019d to their own Homes.\nAs far as we could gather by half Words dropp\u2019d there by one or other\nat the Fort, Something had been done there prejudicial to the Service\nof Monsr. _de la Sale_, and against his Authority, and therefore\nsome dreaded his Return, but more especially a _Jesuit_ was in great\nConsternation. He was sick, Monsieur _Cavelier_, Father _Anastasius_\nand I went to visit him. He enquired very particularly of all Points,\nand could not conceal his Trouble, which we would not seem to take\nNotice of.\n[Sidenote: _Falls in the River._]\nOur Design being to make the best of our way to _Canada_, in Order to\nset out Aboard the first _French_ Ships that should Sail for _France_,\nwe enquired how we were to proceed, and met with several Difficulties.\nThe Navigation on that River was very Dangerous,[117] by Reason of the\nFalls there are in it, which must be carefully avoided, unless a Man\nwill run an inevitable Hazard of perishing. There were few Persons\ncapable of managing that Affair, and the War with the _Iroquois_ made\nall Men afraid.\n[Sidenote: _Oct. 1687_]\nHowever the Sieur _Boisrondet_, Clerk to the late Monsr. _de la Sale_,\nhaving told us he had a Canoe, in which he design\u2019d to go down to\n_Canada_, we prepared to make use of that Opportunity. Care was taken\nto gather Provisions for our Voyage, to get Furs to barter as we pass\u2019d\nby _Micilimaquinay_. The Visits of two Chiefs of Nations, call\u2019d\n_Cascasquia_ _Peroueria_ and _Cacahouanous_ discover\u2019d by the late\nMonsieur _de la Sale_, did not interrupt our Affairs, and all things\nbeing ready on the 1st, we took Leave on the 18th, of those we left in\nthe Fort. Monsieur _Cavelier_ writ a Letter for Monsieur _Tonty_, which\nhe left there to be delivered to him, and we repair\u2019d to the Lake to\nimbark.\n[Sidenote: _M._ Cavelier, _&c. set out and returns again_.]\nIt would be needless to relate all the Troubles and Hardships we met\nwith, in that Journey, it was painful and fruitless, for having gone\nto the Bank of the Lake, in very foul Weather, after waiting there\neight Days, for that foul Weather to cease, and after we had imbark\u2019d,\nnotwithstanding the Storm, we were oblig\u2019d to put Ashore again, to\nreturn to the Place where we had imbark\u2019d, and there to dig a Hole in\nthe Earth, to bury our Baggage and Provisions, to save the Trouble of\ncarrying them back to Fort _Lewis_, whither we return\u2019d and arrived\nthere the 7th of _October_; where they were surpriz\u2019d to see us come\nback.\nThus were we oblig\u2019d to continue in that Fort all the rest of _Autumn_\nand Part of the _Winter_, to our great Sorrow, and not so much for\nour own Disappointment, as for being, by that Means, obstructed from\nsending of Succours, as soon as we had expected, as well to the said\nFort, as to those _French_ of our own Company, whom we had left on the\nCoast of the Bay of _Mexico_.\nIt was then the good Season for shooting. Those Gentlemen at the Fort\nhad secur\u2019d two good _Indian_ Sportsmen, who never let us want for Wild\nFowl of all Sorts; besides we had good Bread, and as good Fruit, and\nhad there been any Thing to drink besides Water, we had far\u2019d well. The\nLeisure we had during our Stay there, gave me an Opportunity of making\nthe following Remarks, as well of my own Observation, as what I learn\u2019d\nof the _French_ residing there.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Fort_ Lewis _and the Country about it_.]\nFort _Lewis_ is in the Country of the _Islinois_ and seated on a steep\nRock, about two hundred Foot high, the River running at the Bottom of\nit. It is only fortified with Stakes and Palisades, and some Houses\nadvancing to the Edge of the Rock. It has a very spacious Esplanade,\nor Place of Arms. The Place is naturally strong, and might be made so\nby Art, with little Expence. Several of the Natives live in it, in\ntheir Huts. I cannot give an Account of the Latitude it stands in,\nfor Want of proper Instruments to take an Observation, but Nothing can\nbe pleasanter; and it may be truly affirm\u2019d, that the Country of the\n_Islinois_ enjoys all that can make it accomplish\u2019d, not only as to\nOrnament, but also for its plentiful Production of all Things requisite\nfor the Support of human Life.\n[Sidenote: _Lime and Clay for Bricks, &c._]\nThe Plain, which is water\u2019d by the River, is beautified by two small\nHills, about half a League distant from the Fort, and those Hills are\ncover\u2019d with Groves of Oaks, Walnut-Trees and other Sorts I have named\nelsewhere. The Fields are full of Grass, growing up very high. On the\nSides of the Hills is found a gravelly Sort of Stone, very fit to make\nLime for Building. There are also many Clay Pits, fit for making of\nEarthen Ware, Bricks and Tiles, and along the River there are Coal\nPits, the Coal whereof has been try\u2019d and found very good.\n[Sidenote: _Mines._]\nThere is no Reason to question, but that there are in this Country,\nMines of all Sorts of Metals, and of the richest, the Climate being the\nsame as that of _New Mexico_. We saw several Spots, where it appeared\nthere were Iron Mines, and found some Pieces of it on the Bank of the\nRiver, which Nature had cleansed. Travellers who have been at the upper\nPart of the _Missisipi_, affirm that they have found Mines there, of\nvery good Lead.\n[Sidenote: _Product._]\nThat Country is one of the most temperate in the World, and\nconsequently whatsoever is sow\u2019d there, whether Herbs, Roots, _Indian_\nand even _European_ Corn thrives very well, as has been try\u2019d by the\nSieur _Boisrondet_, who sow\u2019d of all Sorts, and had a plentiful Crop,\nand we eat of the Bread, which was very good. And whereas we were\nassured, that there were Vines which run up, whose Grapes are very good\nand delicious, growing along the River, it is reasonable to believe,\nthat if those Vines were transplanted and prun\u2019d, there might be very\ngood Wine made of them. There is also Plenty of wild Apple and Pear\nTrees, and of several other Sorts, which would afford excellent Fruit,\nwere they grafted and transplanted.\nAll other Sorts of Fruit, as Plumbs, Peaches and others, wherewith the\nCountry abounds, would become exquisite, if the same Industry were\nus\u2019d, and other Sorts of Fruit we have in _France_ would thrive well,\nif they were carry\u2019d over. The Earth produces a Sort of Hemp, whereof\nCloth might be made and Cordage.\n[Sidenote: _Manners and Customs of the_ Islinois.]\n[Sidenote: _Women do all Labour._]\nAs for the Manners and Customs of the _Islinois_, in many Particulars\nthey are the same as those of the other Nations we have seen. They are\nnaturally fierce and revengeful, and among them the Toil of Sowing,\nPlanting, carrying of Burdens, and doing all other Things that belong\nto the Support of Life, appertains peculiarly to the Women. The Men\nhave no other Business but going to the War and hunting, and the women\nmust fetch the Game when they have kill\u2019d it, which sometimes they are\nto carry very far to their Dwellings, and there to parch, or dress it\nany other Way.\nWhen the Corn or other Grain is sow\u2019d, the Women secure it from the\nBirds till it comes up. Those Birds are a sort of Starlings, like ours\nin _France_, but larger and fly in great Swarms.\n[Sidenote: _Children._]\nThe _Islinois_ have but few Children, and are extremely fond of them;\nit is the Custom among them, as well as others I have mentioned, never\nto chide, or beat them, but only to throw Water at them, by Way of\nChastisement.\n[Sidenote: _Thieving._]\n[Sidenote: _Boasting._]\nThe Nations we have spoken of before, are not at all, or very little,\naddicted to Thieving; but it is not so with the _Islinois_, and it\nbehoves every Man to watch their Feet as well as their Hands, for they\nknow how to turn any Thing out of the Way most dexterously. They are\nsubject to the general Vice of all the other _Indians_, which is to\nboast very much of their Warlike Exploits, and that is the main Subject\nof their Discourse, and they are very great Lyars.\n[Sidenote: _Care of the Dead._]\nThey pay a Respect to their Dead, as appears by their special Care of\nburying them, and even of putting into Coffins placed high above the\nground, the Bodies of such as are considerable among them, as their\nChiefs and others, which is also practiced among the _Accancea\u2019s_, but\nthey differ in this Particular, that the _Accancea\u2019s_ weep and make\ntheir Complaints for some Days, whereas the _Chahouanous_ and other\nPeople of the _Islinois_ Nation do just the Contrary; for when any of\nthem die, they wrap them up in Skins, and then put them into Coffins\nmade of the Barks of Trees, then sing and dance about them for twenty\nfour Hours. Those Dancers take Care to tie Calabashes, or Gourds about\ntheir Bodies, with some _Indian_ Wheat in them, to rattle and make a\nNoise, and some of them have a Drum, made of a great Earthen Pot, on\nwhich they extend a wild Goat\u2019s Skin, and beat thereon with one Stick,\nlike our Tabors.\n[Sidenote: _Presents to the Dead._]\nDuring that Rejoicing, they throw their Presents on the Coffin, as\nBracelets, Pendants, or Pieces of Earthen Ware, and Strings of Beads,\nencouraging the Singers to perform their Duty well. If any Friend\nhappens to come thither at that Time, he immediately throws down his\nPresent and falls a singing and dancing like the rest. When that\nCeremony is over, they bury the Body, with Part of the Presents, making\nchoice of such as may be most proper for it. They also bury with it,\nsome Store of _Indian_ Wheat, with a Pot to boil it in, for fear the\ndead Person should be hungry on his long Journey; and they repeat the\nsame Ceremony at the Year\u2019s End.\n[Sidenote: _Game of the Stick._]\nA good Number of Presents still remaining, they divide them into\nseveral Lots, and play at a Game, call\u2019d of the Stick, to give them to\nthe Winner. That Game is play\u2019d, taking a short Stick, very smooth and\ngreas\u2019d, that it may be the Harder to hold it fast. One of the Elders\nthrows that Stick as far as he can, the young Men run after it, snatch\nit from each other, and at last, he who remains possess\u2019d of it, has\nthe first Lot. The Stick is then thrown again, he who keeps it then\nhas the second Lot, and so on to the End. The Women, whose Husbands\nhave been slain in War, often perform the same Ceremony, and treat the\nSingers and Dancers whom they have before invited.\n[Sidenote: _Marriages._]\nThe Marriages of the _Islinois_ last no longer, than the Parties agree\ntogether; for they freely part after a Hunting Bout, each going which\nWay they please, without any Ceremony. However, the Men are jealous\nenough of their Wives, and when they catch them in a Fault, they\ngenerally cut off their Noses, and I saw one who had been so serv\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _Adultery._]\nNevertheless, Adultery is not reckon\u2019d any great Crime among them, and\nthere are Women who make no Secret of having had to do with _French_\nMen. Yet are they not sufficiently addicted to that Vice to offer\nthemselves, and they never fall, unless they are sued to, when, they\nare none of the most difficult in the World to be prevail\u2019d on. The\nrest I leave to those who have liv\u2019d longer there than I.\n[Sidenote: _How the Travellers liv\u2019d._]\nWe continu\u2019d some Time in Fort _Lewis_, without receiving any News. Our\nBusiness was, after having heard Mass, which we had the good Fortune\nto do every Day, to divert our selves the best we could. The _Indian_\nWomen daily brought in something fresh, we wanted not for Water Melons,\nBread made of _Indian_ Corn, bak\u2019d in the Embers, and other such\nThings, and we rewarded them with little Presents in Return.\n[Sidenote: _M._ Tonty _comes to Fort_ Lewis.]\n[Sidenote: _War with the_ Iroquois.]\nOn the 27th of _October_, of the same Year, Monsieur _Tonty_ return\u2019d\nfrom the War with the _Iroquois_.[118] Our Embraces and the Relation\nof our Adventures were again repeated; but still concealing from him,\nthe Death of Monsieur _de la Sale_. He told us all the Particulars of\nthat war, and said, That the _Iroquois_ having got Intelligence of\nthe March of the _French_ Forces and their Allies, had all come out\nof their Villages and laid themselves in Ambush by the Way; but that\nhaving made a sudden and general Discharge upon our Men, with their\nusual Cries, yet without much Harm done, they had been repuls\u2019d with\nLoss, took their Flight, and by the Way burnt all their own Villages.\nThat Monsieur _d\u2019Hennonville_[119] chief Governor of _New France_,\nhad caus\u2019d the Army to march, to burn the rest of their Villages, set\nFire to their Country and Corn, but would not proceed any farther.\nThat afterwards he had made himself Master of several Canoes belonging\nto the _English_, most of them laden with Brandy, which had been\nplunder\u2019d; that the _English_ had been sent Prisoners to _Montreal_,\nthey being come to make some Attempt upon the _Islinois_.\n[Sidenote: _Dec. 1687_]\nWe continued after this Manner, till the Month of _December_, when\ntwo Men arrived, from _Montreal_. They came to give Notice to Monsr.\n_Tonty_, that three Canoes, laden with Merchandize, Powder, Ball and\nother Things, were arriv\u2019d at _Chicagou_, that there being two little\nWater in the River, and what there was being frozen, they could come\ndown no lower; so that it being requisite to send Men to fetch those\nThings, Monsr. _Tonty_ desir\u2019d the Chief of the _Chahouanous_ to\nfurnish him with People. That Chief accordingly provided forty, as well\nMen as Women, who set out with some _French_ Men. The Honesty of the\n_Chahouanous_ was the Reason of preferring them before the _Islinois_,\nwho are naturally Knaves.\n[Sidenote: _Feb. 1688_]\nThat Ammunition and the Merchandize were soon brought, and very\nseasonably, the Fort being then in Want. We stay\u2019d there till the End\nof _February_, 1688, at which Time we fix\u2019d our Resolution to depart,\ntho\u2019 we had no News from _Canada_, as we expected. We found there were\nsome Canoes ready to undertake that Voyage, and we laid hold of that\nOpportunity to convoy each other to the _Micilimaquinay_, where we\nhop\u2019d to meet some News from _Canada_.\n[Sidenote: _Mar. 1688_]\nMonsieur _Cavelier_ the Priest, had taken Care, before the Death of\nM. _de la Sale_, his Brother, to get of him a Letter of Credit, to\nreceive either a Sum of Money or Furs in the Country of the _Islinois_.\nHe tender\u2019d that Letter to M. _Tonty_, who believing M. _de la Sale_\nwas still alive, made no Difficulty of giving him to the Value of\nabout 4000 Livres in Furs, Castors and Otter Skins, a Canoe and other\nEffects, for which, the said Monsr. _Cavelier_ gave him his Note,[120]\nand we prepar\u2019d for our Journey.\nI have before observed, that there was a _Jesuit_, whose name was\n_Dalouez_[121] at Fort _Lewis_, and who had been very much surpriz\u2019d\nto hear that Monsr. _de la Sale_ was to come in a short Time, being\nunder great Apprehensions on Account of a Conspiracy intended to\nhave been carry\u2019d on, against Monsr. _de la Sale\u2019s_ Interest. That\nFather perceiving our Departure was fix\u2019d, mov\u2019d first, and went away\nforemost, to return to _Micilimaquinay_;[122] so that they were left\nwithout a Priest at Fort _Lewis_, which was a great Trouble to us,\nbecause we were the Occasion of it, and therefore those, who were to\nremain in the Fort, anticipated the Time, and made their _Easter_,\ntaking the Advantage of the Presence of F. _Anastasius_ and M.\n_Cavelier_.\n[Sidenote: _The Travel continued._]\nAt length, we set out the 21st of _March_, from Fort _Lewis_. The Sieur\n_Boisrondet_, who was desirous to return to _France_, join\u2019d us, we\nimbark\u2019d on the River, which was then become navigable, and before we\nhad advanc\u2019d five Leagues, met with a rapid Stream, which oblig\u2019d us to\ngo Ashore, and then again into the Water, to draw along our Canoe. I\nhad the Misfortune to hurt one of my Feet against a Rock that lay under\nWater, which troubled me very much for a long Time; and we being under\na Necessity of going often into the Water, I suffer\u2019d extreamly, and\nmore than I had done since our Departure from the Gulph of _Mexico_.\nWe arriv\u2019d at _Chicagou_ the 29th of _March_, and our first Care was\nto go seek what we had conceal\u2019d at our former Voyage, having, as was\nthere said, bury\u2019d our Luggage and Provisions. We found it had been\nopen\u2019d, and some Furs and Linen taken away, almost all which belong\u2019d\nto me. This had been done by a _French_ Man, whom M. _Tonty_ had sent\nfrom the Fort, during the Winter Season, to know whether there were any\nCanoes at _Chicagou_, and whom he had directed to see whether any Body\nhad medled with what we had conceal\u2019d, and he made Use of that Advice\nto rob us.\n[Sidenote: _Sweet Water from a Tree._]\nThe bad Weather oblig\u2019d us to stay in that Place, till _April_. That\nTime of Rest was advantageous for the Healing my Foot; and there being\nbut very little Game in that Place, we had Nothing but our Meal or\n_Indian_ Wheat to feed on; yet we discover\u2019d a Kind of _Manna_,[123]\nwhich was a great Help to us. It was a Sort of Trees, resembling our\nMaple, in which we made Incisions, whence flow\u2019d a sweet Liquor, and in\nit we boil\u2019d our _Indian_ Wheat, which made it delicious, sweet and of\na very agreeable Relish.\nThere being no Sugar-Canes in that Country, those Trees supply\u2019d that\nLiquor, which being boil\u2019d up and evaporated, turn\u2019d into a Kind of\nSugar somewhat brownish, but very good. In the Woods we found a Sort\nof Garlick, not so strong as ours, and small Onions very like ours in\nTaste, and some Charvel[124] of the same Relish as that we have, but\ndifferent in the Leaf.\n[Sidenote: Quinetanan _River_.]\nThe Weather being somewhat mended, we imbark\u2019d again and enter\u2019d upon\nthe Lake on the 8th of _April_, keeping to the North Side to shun the\n_Iroquois_. We had some Storms also, and saw swelling Waves like those\nof the Sea; but arriv\u2019d safe the 15th at a River call\u2019d _Quinetanan_,\nnear a Village whence, the Inhabitants depart during the Winter Season,\nto go a Hunting, and reside there all the Summer.\nThe Sport is not there as in those Countries from whence we came; but\non the Contrary, very poor, and we found Nothing but some very lean\nWild Goats, and even those very rarely, because the Wolves, which are\nvery numerous there, make great Havock of them, taking and devouring\ngreat Numbers after this Manner.\n[Sidenote: _Apr. 1688_]\n[Sidenote: _How Wolves catch Goats._]\nWhen the Wolves have discover\u2019d a Herd of Wild Goats, they rouse and\nset them a running. The Wild Goats never fail to take to the first Lake\nthey meet with. The hunting Wolves, who are used to that, guard the\nBanks carefully, moving along the Edges of them. The poor Goats being\npierc\u2019d by the Cold of the Lake, grow weary and so get out, or else the\nRiver swelling forces them out with its Waves, quite benumm\u2019d, so that\nthey are easily taken by their Enemies, who devour them. We frequently\nsaw those Wolves watching along the Side of the Lake, and kept off to\navoid frightning them, to the End the Wild Goats might not quit their\nSanctuary, that we might catch some of them, as it sometimes fell out.\n[Sidenote: Poutouatanni _Nation_.]\nThe 28th, we arriv\u2019d among the _Poutouatannis_, which is half Way to\n_Micilimaquinay_, where we purchas\u2019d some _Indian_ Corn for the rest of\nour Voyage. We left there on the last of the month, and we arrived on\nthe 10th of May at the said place of _Michilimackinac_. We found no\nNews there from _Montreal_, and were forc\u2019d to stay some Time to wait\nan Opportunity to go down the River; No Man daring to venture, because\nof the War with the _Iroquois_.\n[Sidenote: Hurons _and_ Outahouacs _Nations_.]\n[Sidenote: _May 1688_]\nThere are some _French_ Men in that Place, and four _Jesuits_, who have\na House well built with Timber, inclosed with Stakes and Palisades.\nThere are also some _Hurons_ and _Outahouacs_, two Neighbouring\nNations, whom those Fathers take Care to instruct, not without very\nmuch Trouble, those People being downright Libertines, and there are\nvery often none but a few Women in their Churches. Those Fathers have\neach of them the Charge of instructing a Nation, and to that Effect\nhave translated the Prayers into the Language peculiar to each of them,\nas also all other Things relating to the Catholick Faith and Religion.\n[Sidenote: _June 1688_]\nThey offer\u2019d Father _Anastasius_ and Monsieur _Cavelier_ a Room, which\nthey accepted of, and we took up our Lodging in a little Hovel some\nTravellers had made. There we continued the rest of _May_ and Part\nof _June_, till after the Feast of _Whitsontide_. The Natives of the\nCountry about, till the Land and sow _Indian_ Corn, Melons and Gourds,\nbut they do not thrive so well as in the Country we came from. However\nthey live on them, and besides they have Fish they catch in the Lake,\nfor Flesh is very scarce among them.\nOn the 4th of _June_, there arriv\u2019d four Canoes, commanded by Monsieur\n_de Porneuf_, coming from _Montreal_, and bringing News from the\nMarques _d\u2019Hennonville_, and Orders to send to the Settlements which\nwere towards the Lake _des Puans_ and others higher up, towards the\nSource of the River _Colbert_, to know the Posture and Condition\nof Affairs. We prepar\u2019d to be gone with the two Canoes. Monsieur\n_Cavelier_ bought another, to carry our Baggage, and left Part of\nhis Furs with a Merchant, who gave him a Note to receive Money at\n_Montreal_. I did the same with those few Furs I had, the rest of them\nhaving been left at _Micilimaquinay_.\n[Sidenote: Islinois _and_ Hurons.]\nWe took Leave of the _Jesuits_, and set out in four Canoes, _viz._ two\nbelonging to Monsieur _de Porneuf_, and two to Monsieur _Cavelier_, one\nof which had been brought from Fort _Lewis_, and the other bought, as\nI have just now said, we being twenty-nine of us in those four Canoes.\nWe sail\u2019d on till the 24th, when Monsieur _de Porneuf_ left us to go to\nSt. _Mary\u2019s_ Fall, to carry the Orders given him. The 25th, we got out\nof the Lake of the _Islinois_, to enter that of the _Hurons_, on the\nBanks whereof stands the Village, call\u2019d _Tessalon_, where Monsieur _de\nPorneuf_ came again to us, the 27th, with a Canoe of the Natives, and\nwith him we held on our Way.\n[Sidenote: _July 1688_]\n[Sidenote: French _River_.]\nWe proceeded to _Chebonany_ the 30th of _June_, and the 3d of _July_,\nenter\u2019d the _French_ River, where we were forc\u2019d several Times to carry\nour Canoes to avoid the Falls and the rapid Streams, observing as we\nwent a barren and dry Country, full of Rocks, on which there grow\nCedars and Fir Trees, which take Root in the Clefts of those Rocks.\n[Sidenote: _Aug. 1688_]\n[Sidenote: Nipicingue _Lake_.]\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at_ Montreal.]\nThe 5th, we enter\u2019d upon the little Lake of _Nipicingue_, adjoining to\na Nation of that Name. We got out of it again the 7th, and enter\u2019d upon\nthe great River, where, after having pass\u2019d the great Fall, we arriv\u2019d\nthe 13th, at the Point of the Island of _Montreal_. We landed at a\nVillage call\u2019d _la Chine_, which had belong\u2019d to the late Monsr. _de\nla Sale_. Monsr. _Cavelier_ set out the 14th, for _Montreal_, where we\ncame to him the 17th.\nAt _Montreal_ we found the Marques _d\u2019 Hennonville_, Monsieur _de\nNoroy_ the Intendant and other Gentlemen, to whom we gave an Account\nof our long and painful Travels, with the Particulars of what we had\nseen, which they listned to with Satisfaction, but without mentioning\nMonsieur _de la Sale\u2019s_ Death. We told them the Occasion of our going\nover into _France_, and they approv\u2019d of it, being of Opinion with us,\nthat we ought to hasten our Departure as much as possible.\nWe made us some Cloaths, whereof we stood in Need. The Sieur\n_Teissier_, who came along with us, and was of the Reform\u2019d Religion,\nknowing the Exercise of it was forbid in _France_, abjur\u2019d it in the\ngreat Church of _Montreal_.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at_ Quebec.]\nThe 27th, we went aboard a Bark to go down the River to _Quebec_, where\nwe arriv\u2019d the 29th, Father _Anastasius_ carry\u2019d us to the Monastery\nof the Fathers of his Order, seated half a League from the Town, on a\nlittle River, where we were most kindly receiv\u2019d by the Father Guardian\nand the other Religious Men, who express\u2019d much Joy to see us, and we\nstill more for being in a Place of Safety, after so many Perils and\nToils, for which we return\u2019d our humble Thanks to Almighty God, our\nProtector.\nWe chose rather to take up our Lodging there than in the Town, to\navoid the Visits and troublesome Questions every one would be putting\nto us with much Importunity, which we must have been oblig\u2019d to bear\npatiently. Monsieur _Cavelier_ and his Nephew, whom we had left\nat _Montreal_, arriv\u2019d some Days after us, and were lodg\u2019d in the\nSeminary.\nWe stay\u2019d in that Monastery till the 21st of _August_, when we imbark\u2019d\non a large Boat, eighteen Persons of us, to go down the River of St.\n_Lawrence_, a Board a Ship, that was taking in and fishing of Cod, in\norder to reach _France_. We went a Board it the 30th of the same Month,\nand after hearing Mass, made ready and sail\u2019d for our dear Country,\narriv\u2019d safe at _Rochelle_ on _Saturday_ the 9th of _October_ 1688,\nwhence, setting out by Land, _Friday_ the 15th, the same Providence,\nwhich had protected and conducted us, brought us without any Misfortune\nto _Roan_, the 17th of _October_, the same Year.\n  _The Remainder of the_ LETTER, _written by him who revis\u2019d\n    this_ JOURNAL, _the other Part whereof is at the Beginning\n    of it, this being the_ Sequel _to the said_ JOURNAL.\n[Sidenote: Note, _That these have writ of those Parts, but none of this\nparticular Voyage_.]\nThree several Authors have given an Account of this Voyage; _First_,\nFather _le Clerk_, upon the Relations he had from the Fathers\n_Zenobius_ and _Anastasius_, Recolets, as he was himself and both of\nthem Eye-Witnesses: _Secondly_, The Chevalier _Tonty_, who was also\na Witness to a considerable Part of those Adventures: And, _Lastly_,\nFather _Hennepin_, a _Flemming_, of the same Order of the Recolets, has\ndone it more largely; he seems to be well acquainted with the Country,\nand had a Share in great Discoveries; but the Truth of his Relations is\nmuch controverted. It was he who went to the Northward, and towards the\nSource of the _Missisipi_, which he calls _Mechasipi_, and who printed,\nat _Paris_, an Account of the Country about the River, giving it the\nName of _Louisiana_. He ought to have stopp\u2019d there, and not to have\ngone, as he did, into _Holland_, to set forth another Edition, very\nmuch enlarg\u2019d, and perhaps not so true, which he dedicated to _William_\nthe Third, Prince of _Orange_, and afterwards King of _Great Britain_.\nAn Action for a Religious Man no less ridiculous than extravagant, not\nto give it a worse Name; for after many great and tedious Encomiums\ngiven that Protestant Prince, he exhorts and conjures him to turn his\nThoughts towards those vast Countries, as yet unknown, to conquer\nthem and send Colonies thither, to make known to those Savage Nations\nthe true God and his Worship, and to preach the Gospel. That good\nReligious Man, whom many have falsly thought, on Account of that\nExtravagancy, to have renounc\u2019d his Religion, did not consider what he\nsaid, and consequently has scandaliz\u2019d the Catholicks, and furnish\u2019d\nthe _Hugonots_ with Matter of Laughter; for it is likely, that they\nbeing Enemies to the _Roman_ Church, would employ Recolets to go preach\nup _Popery_, as they call it in _Canada_? Or would they introduce any\nother Religion than their own? Can Father _Hennepin_ be excuseable in\nthis Point?\n[Sidenote: M. de la Sale\u2019s _Fort taken by the_ Spaniards.]\n[Sidenote: M. de Hiberville\u2019s _Expedition for the_ Missisipi.]\nIn fine it appears, by all that has been writ by those several Persons\nconcerning that Enterprize, that the Murder committed on the Person of\nMonsieur _de la Sale_ was the Occasion of its miscarrying; but that\nwhich obstructed the making of some Provision in that Case was, the\nsaid Murders being conceal\u2019d for the Space of two Years, and that the\n_Spaniards_ of _Mexico_ having been inform\u2019d of all the Affair, sent\nMen, who carry\u2019d off the weak Garrison Monsieur _de la Sale_ had left\nin the Fort built by him, near the Place of his Landing, before he\npenetrated into the Country, to find out the _Missisipi_. They also\nentirely raz\u2019d that Fort, so that Seven or Eight Years elaps\u2019d, till\nMonsieur _de Hiberville_, a Gentleman of _Canada_, and a Person of\nCapacity and Courage, famous for his notable Expeditions to _Hudson_\u2019s\nBay and other Parts, resolv\u2019d to reassume and revive that Project. He\ncame over into _France_ upon that Design, and made an Armament about\nthe Year 1698, set out and sail\u2019d to the Gulf of _Mexico_. Being an\nable Seaman, he search\u2019d along the Coast so narrowly, that he found\nthe Mouth of that fatal _Missisipi_ and built a Fort on it, leaving\nMen there, with a good Quantity of Ammunition and Provisions, and\nreturn\u2019d to _France_, intending to go back with a Reinforcement, as he\ndid, and having penetrated far into the Country, discover\u2019d several\nSavage Nations, and join\u2019d Friendship and Alliance with them, as also\nbuilt another Fort, which he left well stor\u2019d with Men and Necessaries,\nreturn\u2019d into _France_; but attempting a third Voyage, he dy\u2019d by the\nWay, and thus, for want of Relief and Support, that noble Enterprize\nmiscarry\u2019d again.\n[Sidenote: M. Crozat _only to plant Colonies and Trade in_ Louisiana.]\nBut God has now provided for it, and it is the Concern of Heaven, for\nif _France_ is interested on Account of the Temporal Advantages it\nexpects, the Church is so in like Manner, for the Conversion of the\n_Indians_ it hopes will follow. Accordingly, Providence has taken the\nAffair in Hand, having rais\u2019d the Man, who is the fittest to revive and\nsupport so important a Project. This is _Monsieur Crozat_, Secretary to\nthe King, a Man of singular Worth, very Intelligent, Well-meaning, and\nprodigiously Rich, who without going out of his Closet, has been the\nOccasion of many notable Voyages by Sea, and all of them successful.\nTo him, his Majesty, by his Letters Patent, bearing Date the _14th of\nSeptemb. 1712_, has granted the sole Power to trade and settle Colonies\nin the Countries describ\u2019d in this Journal, and which are known to\nus by the Name of _Louisiana_ and the River _Missisipi_, from hence\nforward to be call\u2019d the River of St. _Lewis_. The Grant is made\nto him for 15 Years, under several Conditions mention\u2019d in the said\nLetters Patent, which have been made publick.\n[Sidenote: _A Black bred in_ France _turns to his Native Customs_.]\nAnd whereas such a Grant cannot subsist without Blacks, he is also\nallow\u2019d to send a Ship to _Guinea_ to purchase them. They may perhaps\nfind there the famous Black _Aniaga_, Brother to a King of _Guinea_,\nwhom Captain _Delbee_ brought over into _France_, above Thirty Years\nago. The King was pleas\u2019d to have him Educated, Instructed and\nBaptiz\u2019d, the _Dauphin_[126] being his Godfather; then put him into\nhis Troop of Musquetiers, and afterwards made him a Captain in his own\nRegiment, where he serv\u2019d Honourably. Being desirous to see his own\nCountry again, where he promis\u2019d to promote the _French_ Trade, and\nthe settling of Missioners, his Majesty loaded him with Presents, and\norder\u2019d a Ship to carry him back to _Guinea_; but as soon as he was\nthere, he no longer remember\u2019d he had been baptiz\u2019d, and turn\u2019d again\nas perfect a Black, as he had been before. A Friend of mine, who was an\nOfficer aboard a Ship, and hapned to be on that Coast in the Year 1708,\nhad two or three Interviews with that Black, who came aboard him. He\nwas a great Man in that Country, for his Brother was King. He express\u2019d\nmuch Gratitude for the Kindness that had been shewn him in _France_,\nand was extraordinary Courteous, and made great Offers to those aboard\nthe Ship, and to all such of the Nation as would go into _Guinea_.\nThis Navigation to _Louisiana_ will farther procure us a free Resort to\nthe two famous Ports of the Gulf of _Mexico_, _viz._ The _Havana_ and\n_Veracruz_, where Strangers did not use to be admitted, and which we\nknew only by their Names and their Situation in our Maps.\n[Sidenote: Veracruz _in New_ Spain.]\nThe latter of those Towns is the Port of _New Spain_, at the Bottom\nof the Bay or Gulf, in 18 Degrees of _North_ Latitude, Seated in a\nSandy Plain, encompass\u2019d with Mountains; beyond which there are\nWoods and Meadows, well Stock\u2019d with Cattle and wild Fowl: the flesh\nwhereof is stringy and tasteless. The Air is very Hot, and not Healthy,\nwhen any Winds blow, except the _North_, which rises commonly once\nin Eight or Fifteen Days, and holds for the Space of Twenty Four\nHours, blowing so hard, that there is no going ashore from the Ships,\nand then the Cold is very piercing. When the Weather is clear there\nplainly appear, on the Road to _Mexico_, two Mountains rising above\nthe Clouds, and forty Leagues distant, all cover\u2019d with Snow. The\nStreets of _Veracruz_ are streight as a Line; the Houses are handsome\nand regular; the Fortifications next the Land inconsiderable, but the\nFront of the Town next the Sea forms a Semicircle, with a little Fort\nat each End. Directly before that Front, a Quarter of a League out at\nSea, there stands, on a Spot of Ground, inaccessible, by Reason of the\nBreaking of the Sea, a strong Citadel, well built and furnished with\nall Necessaries, a good Garrison and double Batteries of two hundred\nPieces of brass Cannon. Ships cannot anchor any where, but between that\nCitadel and the Town; besides that, it requires several Precautions,\nbecause it is difficult coming to an Anchor.\nMost of the Inhabitants are _Mulattoes_, that is of a tawny dark\nColour, who live most upon Chocolate and Sweetmeats, extraordinary\nsober, and eating little Flesh. The Men are haughty, the Women keep\nretired above Stairs, not to be seen by Strangers, and seldom going\nabroad, and then in Coaches or Chairs, and those who cannot reach\nto it, cover\u2019d with fine silk Veils, which reach from the Crown of\ntheir Heads to their Feet, leaving only a small Opening on the Right\nSide,[127] for them to see their Way. In their own Apartments they wear\nnothing but a Smock and a silk Petticoat, with gold or silver Laces,\nwithout any Thing on their Heads, and their Hair platted with Ribbons,\na gold Chain about their Neck, Bracelets of the same and Pendants of\nEmeralds in their Ears. They could well enough like the Behaviour and\nCompany of the French, but that the jealous Temper of the Men obstructs\nthem. There being a Picture of _Philip_ King of _Spain_, now reigning,\naboard the Ship in which my Friend was, who gave me this Account, the\nPeople swarm\u2019d aboard to see it, they were never satisfy\u2019d with gazing\nat it, and there was a most magnificent Festival kept in the Town, on\nAccount of the Birth of the Prince of _Asturias_.\nThey understand Trade very well, but are sloathful and averse to\nLabour, fond of State and Ease. They wear great Strings of Beads about\ntheir Necks, their Houses are full of Pictures and Images of Devotion,\nand they have little that is real. They are decently furnish\u2019d with\nPurceline and _China_ Goods. The Churches are magnificently adorned\nwith Plate. But the Lives and Manners of the Clergy are not Edifying.\nOn Holidays and _Sundays_ there is no Thought of Matins, of Sermon, or\nof Vespers: People chat and laugh in the Churches as well as in the\nProcessions, which are often at Night by the Light of Torches.\nAll Strangers are forbid Trading there, yet some come by Stealth and\ndeal Underhand, by Means of Presents made to such Persons as can favour\nthem. If those Mulattoes call themselves white, it is only to honour\nthemselves and by Way of Distinction from their Slaves, who are all\nBlacks, and having got much Mony by their Labour, ransome themselves\nand sometimes become considerable Merchants.\n[Sidenote: Mexico _City_.]\nThe City of _Mexico_, Capital of the Country and the Residence of the\nVice-roy, is about eighty Leagues distant from _Veracruz_, to the\nWestward, the Way to it very bad and ill furnish\u2019d with Provisions.\nThat Country would be better in some Parts, if the people had the\nskill and energy to till it. They sow but little of our Wheat, and are\nsatisfied with _Indian_ Corn[128] and _Cassabi_ Root, whereof they\nmake Cakes, as is practis\u2019d in the Islands. Their Trees and Fruits\nare the same as in other hot Countries. About the Town of _Veracruz_,\nthere are Bushes of a Sort of Thorn, without Leaves, among which grows\nan extraordinary Plant; for tho\u2019 it has but a small Stem, it shoots\nout Leaves of a Cabbage Green, as thick as a Man\u2019s Finger, which grow\nout, one at the End of another, in the Shape of a Racket, and the Plant\nitself is so call\u2019d. From those Leaves there grows out a Sort of red\nFigs, very juicy, with Seeds like those of the Pomgranate; the Juice\nis of a Violet Colour, but unsavoury. There is a Sort of Flies that\ncleave to it and are so fond of the Taste of the Fruit, that they burst\nand drop down dead. They are carefully gather\u2019d and dry\u2019d, and are the\nScarlet Dye, call\u2019d Cochinilla, which is brought into _Europe_, and\nmakes that beautiful Colour. The Birds and Beasts are much the same\nas in other Countries of _America_. There is a Sort of Bird, all red,\nwhich for that Reason is call\u2019d the _Cardinal_; this they often tame\nand teach to sing like a _Canary_ Bird. This is what I have been told\nconcerning the Town of _Veracruz_.\n[Sidenote: Havana.]\nAs for the _Havana_, a Town and Port no less famous, in the Island of\n_Cuba_, belonging as well as the other to the Crown of _Spain_, it\nstands towards the Western End, and on the North Side of that Island,\nalmost under the Tropick of _Cancer_, and about four or five hundred\nLeagues on this Side of _Veracruz_. It is large and beautiful; the Port\ngood, secur\u2019d by two Forts on the two Sides, and good artillery, from\ntwenty four to thirty six Pounds, the Entrance so narrow, that only\none Vessel can go in at once. The Town is encompass\u2019d by a good Wall,\nfortify\u2019d with five Bastions, furnish\u2019d with Cannon. The Streets are\nall as strait as a Line, and level, the Houses very handsome, but ill\nfurnish\u2019d. In the Midst of it is a fine Square, the Buildings about\nall uniform. The Churches are magnificent, and enrich\u2019d with Gold and\nSilver, Lamps, Candlesticks, and Ornaments for the Altars. There are\nsome Lamps curiously wrought, which weigh two hundred Marks of Silver,\n[each Mark being half a Pound.][129] The Revenue of the Bishoprick\namounts to more than fifty thousand Crowns, and he who enjoy\u2019d it in\nthe Year 1703, as I was inform\u2019d by my Friend, who gave me this Account\nof what he had seen, was the greatest Ornament of that City, for his\nVirtues and Charity, being satisfy\u2019d with Necessaries, and spending\nall the rest upon the Poor, and in repairing decay\u2019d Churches. Tho\u2019\nStrangers are prohibited to trade there, yet it is easier carried on\nthan at _Veracruz_. The Inhabitants are more familiar; the Women have\nmore Liberty, yet they do not go Abroad without their Veils to wrap and\nhide them. Many of them speak _French_, and dress after the _French_\nFashion, and some of our Nation have settled themselves there. When my\nFriend was there, a magnificent Festival was celebrated for fifteen\nDays successively, in Honour of K. _Philip_ the Fifth, and Monsieur\n_du Casse_ being then there, with his Squadron, the City desir\u2019d him\nto join with them. To that Purpose, he set ashore five hundred Men,\nwho perform\u2019d the Martial Exercise in the great Square, which was much\nadmir\u2019d. The _Havana_ is the Place, where the Galeons meet. By this\nword should not be understood ships of extraordinary size; for most of\nthem are but very inconsiderable craft which _Spanish_ vanity strives\nto magnify by a swelling name. But if these ships are not great, their\nprecious freight is so. For all that, this city, the gateway to the\ntreasures of the _West Indies_, is full of beggars\u2014but it is by their\nown fault, and by their idleness that they are such. Provisions are\ndear there, especially Bread; but the Wine is not, tho\u2019 it is good.\nFish and Flesh there, are unsavory. The Inhabitants are _Spaniards_.\nWe have thought fit to describe those two famous Ports of the Bay of\n_Mexico_, as well because it has not been so exactly done before, as in\nRegard that the Settlement which is going to be made in _Louisiana_,\nmay have some Dependance on them; for the _Havana_ lying in the Way,\nthose who perform the Voyage may have the Conveniency of taking in\nRefreshments there, of putting in for Shelter in foul Weather, and of\ncareening or refitting. As for the _Veracruz_, tho\u2019 farther out of the\nWay, the Correspondence there may be advantagious for the Securing of\nthe Colony of _Louisiana_.\nBut how can that fail of succeeding, under the Conduct of _Monsieur\nCrozat_, who has the Charge of that Enterprize, and whom Providence\nseems to have in a Manner ingag\u2019d to advance in Wealth and Honour, to\nthe Amazement of the World, and yet free from Envy, from Jealousy, and\nfrom any Sort of Complaints. There is therefore no Reason to presage\notherwise than well of the Event of this Affair; the Blessings God has\npour\u2019d down upon all his former Undertakings, seem to be a Security for\nwhat is to follow. There is Reason to hope for still greater Blessings\non this Project of a Settlement in _Louisiana_, as being equally\nadvantagious to Religion and the State; for the propagating of the\nKnowledge and Service of God among an infinite Number of Savages, by\nMeans of the Missioners, who are to be sent to and maintain\u2019d in those\nvast Countries; the Planting of the Faith in that New World, only the\nName whereof is known to us, and the Reducing of it to be a Christian\nand a _French_ Province, under the Dominion of our August Monarch,\nand to the eternal Memory of his Reign, will be the Consequences and\nthe Fruits of _Monsieur Crozat_\u2019s Care and Expence, the Glory of his\nEnterprize, the Security of the large Fortune he has made in this Life,\nand what is rare among such rich Men, the Earnest of much better in the\nNext. Heaven grant our Hopes and Wishes may be answer\u2019d.\n  _The Letters Patent granted by the King of_ France _to M._ Crozat.\n_Louis_, by the Grace of God, King of _France_ and _Navarre_: To\nall who shall see these present Letters, Greeting. The Care we have\nalways had to procure the Welfare and Advantage of our Subjects having\ninduced us, notwithstanding the almost continual Wars which we have\nbeen obliged to support from the Beginning of our Reign, to seek for\nall possible Opportunities of enlarging and extending the Trade of\nour American Colonies, _We did in the Year 1683 give our orders to\nundertake a Discovery of the Countries and Lands which are situated\nin the Northern Part of America_, between New France and New Mexico:\n_And the Sieur_ de la Sale, _to whom we committed that Enterprize,\nhaving had Success enough to confirm a Belief that a Communication\nmight be settled_ from New France to the Gulph of Mexico by Means of\nlarge Rivers; _This obliged us immediately after the Peace of_ Ryswick\n_to give Orders for the establishing a Colony there, and maintaining\na Garrison which has kept and preserved_ the Possession, we had taken\n_in the very Year 1683 of the Lands, Coasts and Islands which are\nsituated in the Gulph of Mexico, between Carolina on the East, and Old\nand New Mexico on the West_. But a new War having broke out in Europe\nshortly after, there was no Possibility, till now, of reaping from that\nnew Colony the Advantages that might have been expected from thence,\nbecause the private Men, who are concerned in the Sea Trade, were all\nunder Engagements with other Colonies, which they have been obliged to\nfollow: And whereas upon the Information we have received concerning\nthe Disposition and Situation of the said Countries known at present by\nthe Name of the Province of _Louisiana_, we are of Opinion that there\nmay be established therein a considerable Commerce, so much the more\nadvantageous to our Kingdom in that there has hitherto been a Necessity\nof fetching from Foreigners the greatest Part of the Commodities which\nmay be brought from thence, and because in Exchange thereof we need\ncarry thither nothing but Commodities of the Growth and Manufacture of\nour own Kingdom; we have resolved to grant the Commerce of the Country\nof _Louisiana_ to the _Sieur Anthony Crozat_ our Councellor, Secretary\nof the Household, Crown and Revenue, to whom we entrust the Execution\nof this Project. We are the more readily inclined hereunto, because his\nZeal and the singular Knowledge he has acquired in maritime Commerce,\nencourage us to hope for as good Success as he has hitherto had in the\ndivers and sundry Enterprizes he has gone upon, and which have procured\nto our Kingdom great Quantities of Gold and Silver in such Conjunctures\nas have rendered them very welcome to us.\nFOR THESE REASONS being desirous to shew our Favour to him, and to\nregulate the Conditions upon which we mean to grant him the said\nCommerce, after having deliberated this Affair in our Council, Of\nour certain Knowledge, full Power and Royal Authority, We by these\nPresents, signed by our Hand, have appointed and do appoint the said\n_Sieur Crozat solely to carry on a Trade in all the Lands_ possessed\nby Us, and bounded by New Mexico, and by the Lands of the English\nof Carolina, _all the Establishment, Ports, Havens, Rivers, and\nprincipally the Port and Haven of the Isle_ Dauphine, _heretofore\ncalled_ Massacre; _the River of_ St. Lewis, _heretofore called_\nMissisipi, _from the Edge of the Sea as far as the_ Illinois; _together\nwith the River of_ St. Philip, _heretofore called the_ Missourys, _and\nof_ St. Jerome, _heretofore called_ Ovabache, _with all the Countries,\nTerritories, Lakes within Land, and the Rivers which fall directly or\nindirectly into that Part of the River of_ St. Lewis.\nI. Our Pleasure is, that all the aforesaid Lands, Countries, Streams,\nRivers and Islands be and remain comprised under the Name of _The\nGovernment of_ Louisiana, _which shall be dependant upon the General\nGovernment of New France_, to which it is subordinate; and further,\nthat all the Lands which we possess from the _Islinois_ be united, so\nfar as Occasion requires, to the General Government of _New France_,\nand become Part thereof, reserving however to Ourselves the Liberty of\nenlarging as We shall think fit the Extent of the Government of the\nsaid Country of _Louisiana_.\nII. We grant to the said _Sieur Crozat_ for Fifteen successive Years,\nto be reckon\u2019d from the Day of Inrolling these presents, a Right and\nPower to transport all Sorts of Goods and Merchandize from _France_\ninto the said Country of _Louisiana_, and to traffick thither as he\nshall think fit. We forbid all and every Person and Persons, Company\nand Companies of what Quality or Condition soever, and under any\nPretence whatever, to trade thither, under Penalty of Confiscation of\nGoods, Ships, and other more severe Punishments, as Occasion shall\nrequire; for this Purpose we order our Governours and other Officers\ncommanding our Troops in the said Country forcibly to abet, aid and\nassist the Directors and Agents of the said _Sieur Crozat_.\nIII. We permit him to search for, open and dig all Sorts of Mines,\nVeins and Minerals throughout the whole Extent of the said Country of\n_Louisiana_, and to transport the Profits thereof into any Port of\n_France_ during the said Fifteen Years; and we grant in Perpetuity to\nhim, his Heirs, and others claiming under him or them, the Property of,\nin and to the Mines, Veins and Minerals which he shall bring to bear,\npaying us, in Lieu of all Claim, the Fifth Part of the Gold and Silver\nwhich the said _Sieur Crozat_ shall cause to be transported to _France_\nat his own Charges into what Port he pleases, (of which Fifth we will\nrun the Risque of the Sea and of War,) and the Tenth Part of what\nEffects he shall draw from the other Mines, Veins and Minerals, which\nTenth he shall transfer and convey to our Magazines in the said Country\nof _Louisiana_.\nWe likewise permit him to search for precious Stones and Pearls, paying\nus the Fifth Part in the same Manner as is mention\u2019d for the Gold and\nSilver.\nWe will that the said _Sieur Crozat_, his Heirs, or those claiming\nunder him or them the perpetual Right, shall forfeit the Propriety\nof the said Mines, Veins and Minerals, if they discontinue the Work\nduring three Years, and that in such Case the said Mines, Veins and\nMinerals shall be fully reunited to our Domaine, by Virtue of this\npresent Article, without the Formality of any Process of Law, but only\nan Ordinance of Re-union from the Subdelegate of the Intendant of _New\nFrance_, who shall be in the said Country, nor do we mean that the said\nPenalty of Forfeiture in Default of working for three Years, be reputed\na Comminatory Penalty.\nIV. The said _Sieur Crozat_ may vend all such Merchandize, Goods,\nWares, Commodities, Arms, and Ammunition as he shall have caused to be\ntransported into the said Country and Government of _Louisiana_, as\nwell to the _French_, as _Savages_ who are or shall be there setled;\nnor shall any Person or Persons under any Pretence whatsoever be\ncapable of doing the like without his Leave expressed in Writing.\nV. He may purchase in the said Country, all Sorts of Furs, Skins,\nLeather, Wool, and other Commodities and Effects of the said Country,\nand transport them to _France_ during the said Fifteen Years: And as\nour Intention is to favour, as much as we can, our Inhabitants of\n_New France_, and to hinder the Lessening of their Trade, we forbid\nhim Trafficking for Castor in the said Country under any Pretence\nwhatsoever; nor to Convey any from thence into our Kingdom or Foreign\nCountries.\nVI. We Grant to the _Sieur Crozat_, his Heirs or those claiming\nunder him or them, the Property of, in and to all Settlements and\nManufactories which he shall erect or set up in the said Country for\nSilk, Indigo, Wooll, Leather, Mines, Veins and Minerals, as likewise\nthe Property of, in and to the Lands which he shall cause to be\nCultivated, with the Mansions, Mills, and Structures which he shall\ncause to be built thereon, taking Grants thereof from Us, which Grants\nhe shall obtain upon the Verbal Process and Opinion of our Governor\nand of the Subdelegate of the Intendant of _New France_ in the said\nCountry, to be by him Reported unto Us.\nWe will that the said _Sieur Crozat_, his Heirs, or those claiming\nunder him or them, shall keep in Repair the said Settlements,\nManufactures, Lands and Mills; and in Default thereof during the Space\nof three Years, he and they shall Forfeit the same, and the said\nSettlements, Manufactories, Lands and Mills shall be Reunited to our\nDomaine fully and amply, and in the same Manner as is mentioned above\nin the Third Article concerning the Mines, Veins and Minerals.\nVII. Our Edicts, Ordinances and Customs, and the Usages of the\nMayoralty and Shreevalty of _Paris_, shall be observed for Laws and\nCustoms in the said Country of _Louisiana_.\nVIII. The said _Sieur Crozat_ shall be oblig\u2019d to send to the said\nCountry of _Louisiana_ Two Ships every Year, which he shall cause to\nset out in the proper Season, in each of which Ships he shall cause to\nbe imbark\u2019d, without paying any Freight, 25 Tun of Victuals, Effects\nand necessary Ammunition, for the Maintenance of the Garrison and Forts\nof the _Louisiana_; and in Case we should cause to be laden above the\nsaid 25 Tun in each Ship, we consent to pay the Freight to the said\n_Sieur Crozat_, at the common Merchantile Rates.\nHe shall be oblig\u2019d to convey our Officers of _Louisiana_ in the Ships\nwhich he shall send thither, and to furnish them with Subsistance and a\nCaptain\u2019s Table for 30 Sols per Day, which we will cause to be paid for\neach.\nHe shall likewise give Passage in the said Ships, to the Soldiers,\nwhich we shall please to send to the said Country; and we will cause\nthe necessary Provisions for their Subsistance to be furnish\u2019d to\nhim, or will pay him for them at the same Price as is paid to the\nPurveyor-General of our Marine.\nHe shall be furthermore oblig\u2019d to send on Board each Ship, which he\nshall cause to set out for the said Country, Ten young Men or Women, at\nhis own Election.\nIX. We will cause to be deliver\u2019d out of our Magazines to the said\n_Sieur Crozat_, 10000 Weight of Gunpowder every Year, which he shall\npay us for at the Price that it shall cost us, and this for so long\nTime as the present Privilege shall last.\nX. The Wares and Merchandize which the said _Sieur Crozat_ shall\nconsign to the said Country of _Louisiana_ shall be exempt from all\nDuties of Exportation, laid or to be laid, on Condition, that his\nDirectors, Deputies or Clerks, shall engage to give within the Space of\na Year, to be reckon\u2019d from the Date thereof, a Certificate of their\nUnlading in the said Country of _Louisiana_; under Penalty, in Case\nof Contravention, to pay the Quadruple of the Duties, reserving to\nour selves the Power of giving him a longer Respite in such Cases and\nOccurrences as we shall think proper.\nXI. And as for the Goods and Merchandize, which the _Sieur Crozat_\nshall cause to be brought from the said Country of _Louisiana_, and\nupon his Account, into the Ports of our Kingdom, and shall afterwards\ncause to be transported into Foreign Countries, they shall pay no\nDuties either of Importation or Exportation, and shall be deposited\nin the Custom-House, Warehouses of Ports where they shall arrive,\nuntil they be taken away; and when the Deputies and Clerks of the said\n_Sieur Crozat_ shall be minded to cause them to be transported in\nForeign Countries, either by Sea or Land, they shall be oblig\u2019d to give\nSecurity to bring within a certain Time, a Certificate from the last\nOffice, containing what they Exported there, and another Certificate\nof their unlading in Foreign Countries.\nXII. In Case the said _Sieur Crozat_ be obliged, for the furtherance of\nhis Commerce to fetch from Foreign Countries some Goods and Merchandize\nof Foreign Manufacture, in order to TRANSPORT them into the said\nCountry of _Louisiana_. He shall make Us Acquainted therewith, and\nlay before Us States thereof; upon which we, if we think fit, will\nGrant him our Particular Permission with Exemptions from all Duties of\nImportation and Exportation, Provided the said Goods and Merchandize\nbe Deposited afterwards in our Custom-House Ware-houses until they be\nLaden in the Ships of the said _Sieur Crozat_, who shall be obliged\nto bring in one Year, to be reckoned from the Day of the Date hereof,\na Certificate of their unlading in the said Country of _Louisiana_,\nunder Penalty, in Case of Contravention, to pay quadruple the Duties:\nReserving to our selves, in like Manner, the Liberty of granting to the\nsaid _Sieur Crozat_, a longer Respite, if it be necessary.\nXIII. The Feluccaes, Canoes, and other Vessels belonging to us, and\nwhich are in the said Country of _Louisiana_, shall serve for loading,\nunloading and transporting the Effects of the said _Sieur Crozat_, who\nshall be bound to keep them in good Condition, and after the Expiration\nof the said Fifteen Years shall restore them, or a like Number of equal\nBulk and Goodness, to our Governor in the said Country.\nXIV. If for the Cultures and Plantations which the said _Sieur Crozat_\nis minded to make he finds it proper to have Blacks in the said\nCountry of the _Louisiana_, he may send a Ship every Year to trade for\nthem directly upon the Coast of _Guinea_, taking Permission from the\n_Guinea_ Company so to do, he may sell those Blacks, to the Inhabitants\nof the Colony of _Louisiana_; and we forbid all other Companies and\nPersons whatsoever, under any Pretence whatsoever, to introduce Blacks\nor Traffick for them in the said Country, nor shall the said _Sieur\nCrozat_ carry any Blacks else where.\nXV. He shall not send any Ships into the said Country of _Louisiana_\nbut directly from _France_, and he shall Cause the said Ships to Return\nthither again; the whole under Pain of Confiscation and Forfeiture of\nthe Present Priviledge.\nXVI. The said _Sieur Crozat_ shall be obliged, after the Expiration\nof the first nine Years of this Grant, to Pay the Officers and the\nGarrison which shall be in the said Country. During the Six last Years\nof the Continuance of this Present Priviledge: The said _Sieur Crozat_\nmay in that Time propose and nominate the Officers, as Vacancies shall\nfall, and such Officers, shall be Confirmed by us, if we approve of\nthem.\nGiven at _FONTAINBLEAU_ the Fourteenth Day of September in the Year of\nGrace 1712. And of Our Reign the 70th.\n  SIGNED _LOUIS_\n    By the KING\n  Registered at _PARIS_ in the Parliament, the Four and Twentieth of\n    September, 1712.\n                    _Discovery of the Mississippi._\n      BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF THE TRAVELS OF NICOLET, ALLO\u00dcEZ,\n     MARQUETTE, HENNEPIN, AND LA SALLE IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.\nThe pioneer of French travellers to the country west of the great\nlakes, and the first white man who is reputed to have reached a\nnorthern tributary of the Mississippi, was Jean Nicolet, who in 1634,\nor thereabouts, made treaties with the Indians at Green Bay, and\nascended Fox River.\nThe \u201cRelation de ce qui s\u2019est pass\u00e9 en la Nouvelle France, 1640,\u201d\nParis, 1641, gives the earliest indication of this voyage, and a\nsummary description is given in the Relation of 1642\u201343. These reports\nare reprinted in the \u201cRelation des J\u00e9suites,\u201d vol. i., Qu\u00e9bec, 1858.\nMargry\u2019s \u201cD\u00e9couvertes et \u00e9tablissements des Fran\u00e7ais,\u201d vol. i., pp.\n47\u201353, contains the portions of the above which refer to Nicolet,\nand a translation of the account in the Relation of 1640 is printed\nin Smith\u2019s \u201cHistory of Wisconsin,\u201d vol. iii. Du Creux\u2019s \u201cHistoria\nCanadensis,\u201d Paris, 1664, gives the first connected history of the life\nand exploits of this explorer. A translation of Du Creux\u2019s narrative is\nappended to Butterfield\u2019s \u201cHistory and Discovery of the Northwest, by\nJohn Nicolet,\u201d Cincinnati, 1881.\nShea states, in his \u201cDiscovery and Exploration of the Mississippi,\u201d\nthat Nicolet descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. This opinion\nwas adopted by Parkman in his \u201cJesuits in North America,\u201d p. 166, but\nhis later judgment is given in the \u201cDiscovery of the Great West.\u201d A\nmore careful examination of the evidence demonstrates the improbability\nthat his travels extended farther than the Wisconsin, and in the\nopinion of Butterfield, the latest writer upon this voyage, he did not\nreach that river, but stopped at the country of the Mascoutins upon Fox\nRiver.\nBenjamin Sult\u00e9, a Canadian historical writer, in writing upon Nicolet,\nin his \u201cM\u00e9langes d\u2019Histoire et de Litt\u00e9rature,\u201d Ottawa, 1876, shows,\nfor the first time, that this journey was probably made in 1634,\ninstead of 1638 or 1639, as before thought.\nSult\u00e9\u2019s article with notes by L. C. Draper, is printed in the\n\u201cWisconsin Historical Society Collections,\u201d vol. viii., pp. 188\u2013194;\nalso in the \u201cCanadian Antiquarian,\u201d vol. viii., pp. 157\u2013164.\nButterfield, who has carefully investigated the records, agrees with\nSult\u00e9 in assigning 1634 as the true date, and brings out additional,\nif not conclusive evidence to support this theory, in his monograph\ncited above. Margry, in the \u201cJournal de l\u2019Instruction publique,\u201d 1862,\nunder the caption, \u201cLes Normands dans les Vall\u00e9es de l\u2019Ohio et du\nMississipi,\u201d describes Nicolet\u2019s travels and Gravier\u2019s \u201cD\u00e9couvertes et\n\u00e9tablissements de la Salle;\u201d Harrisse\u2019s \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0 l\u2019Histoire\n[etc.] de la Nouvelle France,\u201d and Parkman\u2019s \u201cLa Salle,\u201d also give some\naccount of the expedition.\nIn 1642 Jogues and Raymbault, two missionaries, penetrated as far west\nas Sault Ste. Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior. See account of\nthis mission in the Jesuit Relation of 1642. Margry\u2019s Collection, vol.\ni., pp. 45\u201347, contains a reprint of the narrative of this journey. See\nalso Shea\u2019s Charlevoix, vol. i., p. 137, for notice of the undertaking.\nThe next recorded visit to the West is that of two French traders,\nwho wintered upon the shores of Lake Superior in 1658. See the Jesuit\nRelation of 1659\u201360, and the extract in Margry\u2019s Collection, vol. i.,\npp. 53\u201355, and translation in Smith\u2019s Wisconsin, vol. iii., p. 20.\nFather M\u00e9nard began a mission at St. Theresa Bay, Lake Superior, in\n1661. See Lallemant\u2019s letter in the Relation of 1662\u201363. A translation\nof this letter is in Smith\u2019s Wisconsin, vol. iii. See also Perrot\u2019s\n\u201cM\u00e9moire sur les m\u0153urs des sauvages,\u201d Paris, 1864; Shea\u2019s Charlevoix,\nvol. i., p. 49, and a note by Shea in _Historical Magazine_, vol.\nviii., p. 175. M\u00e9nard\u2019s letter, written just before his departure\nfor Lake Superior, with notes by E. D. Neill, may be found in the\n\u201cMinnesota Historical Society Collections,\u201d vol. i., pp. 135\u2013138.\nIn 1665, Claude Allo\u00fcez, another missionary, began a mission at\nChegoimegon, Lake Superior. See the journal of his travels in Le\nMercier\u2019s Relation of 1666\u201367, a translation of which is in Smith\u2019s\nWisconsin, vol. iii. Marquette took charge of this mission in 1669, and\nAllo\u00fcez went to the Baie des Puantes (Green Bay), and in 1670 made a\nvisit to the Mascoutins on Fox River. Harrisse thinks he crossed to the\nWisconsin at this time. In reporting his operations, Allo\u00fcez describes\nthe \u201cMessi-sipi\u201d from information given by the Indians. See Dablon\u2019s\nRelation of 1669\u201370, p. 100. Translation in Smith\u2019s \u201cWisconsin,\u201d vol.\niii.\nAllo\u00fcez spent many years among the Indians upon Green Bay, and in the\nIllinois country. See the Jesuit Relations covering the years 1669\u201379.\nThe full titles of these Relations are given in chronological order\nin Harrisse\u2019s \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0 l\u2019Histoire [etc.] de la Nouvelle\nFrance.\u201d Dr. Shea printed in the Cramoisy series the abridged Relations\nfor 1672\u201379, and Martin\u2019s \u201cMission du Canada\u201d prints them for the\nfirst time in full. Shea gives a life of Allo\u00fcez in his \u201cDiscovery and\nExploration of the Mississippi.\u201d See also notes upon him in Margry\u2019s\nD\u00e9couvertes, etc., vol. i., pp. 57\u201372; also in Bancroft, in Shea\u2019s\nCharlevoix, vol. iii., and in Shea\u2019s \u201cCatholic Missions in the United\nStates.\u201d Gravier and Parkman also give some account of his travels.\nIn June, 1671, St. Lusson, in the presence of a large number of\nIndians, took possession of the country on the lakes in the name of\nFrance. The \u201cProc\u00e8s verbal\u201d of the ceremony is in Margry, vol. i., pp.\n96 _et seq._\nPerrot, a noted Canadian _voyageur_, in 1670\u201371 travelled along the\nshores of Green Bay. Perrot\u2019s journal, which records the daily events\nof his life among the Indians from 1665 to 1726, was edited for the\nfirst time at Paris, in 1864, by Father Tailhan. It is entitled\n\u201cM\u00e9moires sur les m\u0153urs et coustumes et relligion [sic] des sauvages de\nl\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale.\u201d Tailhan\u2019s notes add value to the work. See\nregarding Perrot, Shea\u2019s Charlevoix, vol. iii., p. 165, and _Historical\nMagazine_, vol. ix., p. 205.\nA description of the geography of the country as known previous to\nthe exploration of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette is given\nby Dablon in the \u201cRelation de la Nouvelle France, les ann\u00e9es 1670 et\n1671,\u201d Paris, 1672. See the Quebec reprint in \u201cRelation des J\u00e9suites,\u201d\nvol. iii. The Relation, as printed in 1672, gave a map of the great\nlakes; for a description of which see Parkman\u2019s \u201cLa Salle,\u201d p. 450.\nIn 1673 Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet navigated the Mississippi\nin canoes to the Arkansas. Father Marquette\u2019s narrative of the voyage,\nin an imperfect form, was published by Thevenot in his \u201cRecueil de\nVoyages,\u201d Paris, 1681. Thevenot also published it as an independent\nwork, with the title, \u201cVoyage et d\u00e9couverte de quelques pays et\nnations de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale.\u201d In this latter shape it was\nreproduced by Rich, at Paris, in 1845. The map accompanying this\nversion, and which is inserted in fac-simile in Bancroft, is said not\nto be by Marquette. The authentic map was first published in Shea\u2019s\n\u201cDiscovery and Exploration of the Mississippi,\u201d where the two maps are\ncompared. The Thevenot text appears translated in French\u2019s \u201cHistorical\nCollections of Louisiana,\u201d pt. 2, pp. 279\u2013297, and Spark\u2019s \u201cLife of\nMarquette,\u201d in the \u201cLibrary of American Biography,\u201d vol. x., is, in a\nmeasure, a translation of it.\nMarquette\u2019s complete journal, prepared for publication, in 1678,\nby Claude Dablon, Superior of the Canadian Missions, remained\ninedited until Shea published it in his \u201cDiscovery and Exploration\nof the Mississippi,\u201d New York, 1853, giving the original text and\na translation. This version, known as the _Ste. Marie_ text, was\nreprinted in 1855, with important annotations, by Shea, under the\ntitle, \u201cR\u00e9cit des voyages et des d\u00e9couvertes du R. P. J. Marquette,\nen l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1673, et aux suivantes; la continuation de ses voyages\npar C. Allo\u00fcez, et le journal autographe, du P. Marquette en 1674 et\n1675.\u201d [Albanie: Imprimerie de Weed, Parsons et Cie.] 1855 (10), 169\n(2), pp. Map, 12mo. Martin\u2019s \u201cMission du Canada, Relations in\u00e9dites\n(1672\u20131679),\u201d vol. ii., contains a modified version of the _Ste. Marie_\ntext. Hennepin\u2019s spurious \u201cNew Discovery,\u201d London, 1698 and 1699, has,\nas an appendix, a poor translation of the Thevenot production.\nJoliet, while on his way to Montreal to report his discoveries, lost\nhis memoranda and maps. He was enabled, however, to draw up a brief\nrecital from memory, which, with a map, he presented to Frontenac in\nTwo versions of this narrative are printed in Margry\u2019s Collection, vol.\ni., pp. 259\u2013270. Dablon despatched to his Superior at Paris an account\nderived from Joliet\u2019s verbal testimony, which may be found printed in\nMartin\u2019s \u201cMission du Canada,\u201d vol. i., pp. 193\u2013204. A translation is\ngiven in the _Historical Magazine_, vol. v., pp. 237\u2013239. A letter\nsent by Joliet from Quebec, October 10, 1674, briefly recounts his\nlate adventures. It may be found in Harrisse\u2019s \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0\nl\u2019Histoire [etc.] de la Nouvelle France,\u201d pp. 322 and 323. A narrative\nbased upon Joliet\u2019s report is appended to Hennepin\u2019s \u201cNew Discovery,\u201d\nLondon, 1698.\nJoliet made several maps, showing his discoveries, only one of which\nhas been edited. Gravier\u2019s \u201c\u00c9tude sur une carte inconnue, la premi\u00e8re\ndress\u00e9e par L. Joliet en 1674,\u201d contains a fac-simile of the map in\nquestion. A letter from the discoverer to Frontenac is inscribed upon\nit. Gravier considers this map, apparently with good reason, to be the\nearliest representation of the course of the Mississippi from personal\nknowledge.\nFrontenac\u2019s letter announcing the successful result of Joliet\u2019s mission\nis printed in Margry, vol. i., p. 257, and a translation is inserted in\nthe \u201cNew York Colonial Documents,\u201d vol. ix., p. 116. See the following\nfor notices of Joliet: Faillon\u2019s \u201cHistoire de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise en\nCanada,\u201d vol. iii.; Ferland\u2019s \u201cNotes sur les r\u00e9gistres de Notre-Dame;\u201d\nMargry\u2019s articles in the _Revue Canadienne_, December, 1871, January,\nMarch, 1872. French\u2019s Historical Collections, second series, has a\nbrief biography. The works hereafter cited upon the history of the\ndiscovery of the Mississippi necessarily include a history of the\nMarquette-Joliet expedition.\nWe now come to La Salle, Hennepin, and Tonty, 1669\u201387. Margry\u2019s\n\u201cD\u00e9couvertes et \u00e9tablissements des Fran\u00e7ais dans l\u2019Ouest et dans le sud\nde l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale, 1614\u20131698,\u201d Paris, 1879\u201381, contains the\ndocuments which the editor collected in the archives of France. This\nwork now comprises four large octavo volumes, three of which are mainly\ndevoted to documents upon La Salle\u2019s explorations. The contents of\nthese three volumes are arranged under the following heads: 1re partie,\n\u201cVoyages des Fran\u00e7ais sur les grands lacs et D\u00e9couverte de l\u2019Ohio et du\nMississipi (1614\u20131684);\u201d 2me partie, \u201cLettres de La Salle;\u201d 3me partie,\n\u201cRecherche des bouches du Mississipi (1669\u20131698).\u201d The more important\nof these papers are indicated hereafter in their chronological order.\nThe fourth volume of this collection embraces the documents relating to\nD\u2019Iberville\u2019s colony, at the mouth of the Mississippi, 1698\u20131703.\nIn 1669 La Salle, accompanied by Dollier and Gallin\u00e9e, set out from\nMontreal to discover the Mississippi. They proceeded in company\nto the western extremity of Lake Ontario. At this place La Salle,\nprofessing illness, parted from the missionaries, ostensibly to\nreturn to Montreal. Dollier and Gallin\u00e9e continued their journey\nalong the northern shores of Lake Erie, thus taking a course hitherto\nuntravelled, and reached Sault Ste. Marie in May, 1670, having spent\nthe winter on the shores of Lake Erie. Gallin\u00e9e\u2019s journal, entitled\n\u201cR\u00e9cit de ce qui s\u2019est pass\u00e9 de plus r\u00e9marquable dans le voyage de MM.\nDollier et Gallin\u00e9e,\u201d is printed in Margry, vol. i., pp. 112\u2013166. The\nAbb\u00e9 Faillon, who first discovered the records of this journey, gives\na synopsis of Gallin\u00e9e\u2019s recital, with a fac-simile of his map, in the\nthird volume of his \u201cHistoire de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise en Canada.\u201d\nO. M. Marshall\u2019s pamphlet, entitled \u201cThe First Visit of La Salle to\nthe Senecas,\u201d Buffalo, 1874, contains a textual translation of this\ndocument. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 historique, of Montreal, published in 1875 an\nedition of this journal, with notes by the Abb\u00e9 Verreau. Margry prints\nin his collection, vol. i., pp. 342\u2013402, a narrative which he calls\n\u201cR\u00e9cital d\u2019un ami de l\u2019Abb\u00e9 de Gallin\u00e9e.\u201d This purports to be notes,\ntaken by the writer, who Margry thinks was the Abb\u00e9 Renaudot, of\nconversations had with La Salle at Paris in 1678, in which he recounted\nhis adventures in Canada from 1667 to 1678. In it is stated that after\nleaving Dollier and Gallin\u00e9e, instead of going to Montreal, La Salle\nkept on until he reached the Ohio, and later went to the Mississippi\nby way of the Illinois. Parkman prints extracts from this paper in\nhis \u201cDiscovery of the Great West,\u201d but does not credit it wholly; he,\nhowever, admits that La Salle discovered the Ohio, and most likely the\nIllinois. It is upon this document, that Margry bases his claim that La\nSalle was the first to reach the Mississippi.\nThe following writers take issue with Margry: Brucker, \u201cJ. Marquette\net la D\u00e9couverte du Mississipi,\u201d Lyon, 1880, and in the \u201c\u00c9tudes\nreligieuses,\u201d vol. v.; Harrisse, in \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0 l\u2019Histoire\n[etc.] de la Nouvelle France,\u201d Paris, 1872; in an article entitled\n\u201cHistoire critique de la D\u00e9couverte du Mississipi,\u201d in the _Revue\nmaritime et coloniale_, vol. xxxii, pp. 642\u2013663.\nShea, in whom Margry finds perhaps his most strenuous opponent,\ndiscusses the question in an address read on the bi-centennial of\nMarquette\u2019s voyage, published in the \u201cWisconsin Historical Society\nCollections,\u201d vol. vii., pp. 111\u2013122. He has, however, published a\npamphlet, in which he examines the matter more in detail, entitled \u201cThe\nBursting of P. Margry\u2019s La Salle Bubble,\u201d New York, 1879. Tailhan, in\nnotes to Perrot, and the Abb\u00e9 Verreau in his edition of Gallin\u00e9e\u2019s\njournal, also refute Margry. Colonel Whittlesey\u2019s tract, forming No.\n38 of the Western Reserve Historical Society\u2019s publications, entitled\n\u201cDiscovery of the Ohio by La Salle, 1669\u201370,\u201d is an inquiry upon the\nsubject. Margry presents his arguments in full, in articles upon \u201cLes\nNormands dans les vall\u00e9es de l\u2019Ohio et du Mississippi,\u201d published\nin the _Journal g\u00e9neral de l\u2019Instruction publique_, Paris, 1862.\nSee also a paper by him in the _Revue maritime et coloniale_, vol.\nxxxiii., pp. 555\u2013559; his pamphlet, \u201cLa Priorit\u00e9 de La Salle sur le\nMississipi,\u201d Paris, 1873; a letter in the _American Antiquary_, vol.\ni., pp. 206\u2013209, Chicago, 1880, and in remarks in the preface to his\n\u201cD\u00e9couvertes et \u00e9tablissements des Fran\u00e7ais,\u201d vol. i.\nGravier in his \u201cD\u00e9couvertes de La Salle,\u201d Paris, 1870, in the \u201cCompte\nrendu of the Congr\u00e8s des Am\u00e9ricanistes,\u201d 1877, pt. i., pp. 237\u2013312, and\nin _The Magazine of American History_, vol. viii., p. 305, supports the\nMargry theory.\nIn August, 1679, La Salle having completed his arrangements and\nobtained letters patent from the king for another attempt upon the\nMississippi, set sail in the Griffon, upon Lake Erie, and arrived at\nMichilimackinac about two weeks later. The Illinois was reached in\nJanuary, 1680, but owing to adverse circumstances, La Salle being\ncompelled, for want of supplies and other causes, to make twice the\njourney between the Illinois and Canada, the exploration of the\nMississippi was not accomplished until April, 1682. The adventures of\nLa Salle\u2019s party upon the great lakes and in the Illinois country,\nprevious to the voyage down the Mississippi in 1682, are recounted with\nminute detail in the \u201cRelation des Descouvertes et des Voyages du Sieur\nde La Salle, 1679\u201381,\u201d printed in Margry\u2019s Collection, vol. i., pp.\nMargry considers this paper to be the official report drawn up by the\nAbb\u00e9 Bernou from La Salle\u2019s letters. The account of the journey to Fort\nCrevec\u0153ur in 1679\u201380, given in this narrative, is nearly identical\nwith the description of the same voyage in Hennepin\u2019s \u201cDescription de\nla Louisiane.\u201d For this reason Margry charges Hennepin with plagiary,\nwhich calls out a defence of the latter by Shea, in his edition of\nHennepin\u2019s \u201cLouisiana,\u201d where the two narratives are compared. Membr\u00e9\u2019s\njournal in Le Clercq\u2019s \u201cPremier \u00c9tablissement de la Foy,\u201d Paris, 1691,\nwhich is reproduced in English in Shea\u2019s \u201cDiscovery and Exploration\nof the Mississippi,\u201d and Tonty\u2019s Memoirs, which will be more fully\ndescribed farther on, also report this stage of the explorations.\nHennepin\u2019s spurious \u201cNouvelle D\u00e9couverte\u201d also contains an account,\nwhich does not differ materially from that given in the \u201cDescription de\nla Louisiane.\u201d\nMathieu S\u00e2gean, who claimed to have been with La Salle in 1679\u201380,\ndictated from memory, in 1701, a report of his adventures in Canada.\nSee Parkman\u2019s La Salle, p. 658, concerning S\u00e2gean\u2019s pretensions. Shea\npublished S\u00e2gean\u2019s narrative in 1863, with the title, \u201cExtrait de la\nRelation des avantures et voyage de M. S\u00e2gean.\u201d\nIn February, 1680, Hennepin, by La Salle\u2019s orders, set out from Fort\nCrevec\u0153ur for the upper Mississippi. He ascended that river to the\nSioux country, and discovered St. Anthony\u2019s Falls. Hennepin\u2019s first\nwork, \u201cDescription de la Louisiane,\u201d Paris, 1683, relates the events\nof this expedition, and also gives an account of La Salle\u2019s journey\nfrom Canada to the Illinois in 1679\u201380. Shea gives in his \u201cDiscovery\nand Exploration of the Mississippi\u201d the portion of this work relating\nthe voyage to the upper Mississippi. Hennepin\u2019s works are held in\ndisrepute, owing to undoubted plagiarisms and falsifications which\ncharacterize some of them. Shea, however, shows in the preface to\nhis edition of the \u201cDescription of Louisiana,\u201d New York, 1880, that\nthis charge applies only to the \u201cNouvelle D\u00e9couverte\u201d and \u201cNouveau\nVoyage,\u201d and other works made up from these two last, and that they\nwere probably published without Hennepin\u2019s sanction. Parkman agrees\nwith Shea in considering the \u201cDescription de la Louisiane\u201d to be an\nauthentic work.\nFor criticisms upon Hennepin, see Sparks\u2019 \u201cLa Salle;\u201d Parkman\u2019s\n\u201cDiscovery of the Great West;\u201d Harrisse\u2019s \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0\nl\u2019Histoire [etc.] de la Nouvelle France,\u201d p. 145; and the preface to\nMargry\u2019s D\u00e9couvertes, etc. Shea\u2019s early judgment upon Hennepin, which\nhe has modified as indicated above, is given in his \u201cDiscovery and\nExploration of the Mississippi.\u201d E. D. Neill, in a pamphlet entitled\n\u201cThe Writings of L. Hennepin,\u201d lately published by the Minnesota\nHistorical Society, dissents from Shea\u2019s exculpation of Hennepin, and\ndeclares that no evidence has been produced to clear him from the\ncharge of plagiary.\nThe bi-centenary of Hennepin\u2019s discovery of St. Anthony\u2019s Falls was\ncelebrated by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1880, and the\nproceedings on the occasion will be reported in the next volume of its\ncollections. The account of a pretended voyage by Hennepin down the\nMississippi, taken from the spurious \u201cNew Discovery,\u201d London, 1698, is\ninserted in \u201cFrench\u2019s Historical Collections,\u201d part i., pp. 195\u2013222;\nalso in volume one of the \u201cArch\u00e6ologia Americana,\u201d published by the\nAmerican Antiquarian Society. The latter work also contains an account\nof La Salle\u2019s last voyage, taken from the same unreliable source.\nShea\u2019s edition of Hennepin\u2019s \u201cLouisiana\u201d contains a bibliography of\nthe numerous memoirs, issued under Hennepin\u2019s name, where also may be\nfound a translation of La Salle\u2019s letter of August, 1682, reporting\nthe voyage on the upper Mississippi. Du L\u2019hut, who, in 1679, visited\nthe Sioux near Lake Superior, and later descended the St. Croix to the\nMississippi and rescued Hennepin from the Sioux, gives an account of\nhis adventures in a \u201cM\u00e9moire sur la D\u00e9couverte du pays des Nadouecioux\ndans le Canada,\u201d which is printed in Harrisse\u2019s Notes, pp. 177\u2013181, and\ntranslated in Shea\u2019s Hennepin.\nThe \u201cProc\u00e8s verbal de prise de possession de la Louisiane, \u00e0\nl\u2019embouchure de la mer ou Golphe du Mexique, 9 avril, 1682,\u201d in Margry,\nvol. ii., pp. 186\u2013193, gives the principal incidents of the voyage down\nthe Mississippi from the Illinois. This document may also be found in\nGravier\u2019s \u201cLa Salle,\u201d and in English in Sparks\u2019 \u201cLife of La Salle,\u201d\nalso in French\u2019s \u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d part i., and with the title,\n\u201cNarrative of the Expedition of La Salle to explore the (Mississippi)\nColbert River, in 1682,\u201d in French\u2019s Historical Collections, second\nseries, pp. 17\u201327, New York, 1875.\nLa Salle\u2019s letter, written at the junction of the Missouri and\nMississippi Rivers, printed in Margry, vol. ii., pp. 164\u2013180, a\ntranslation of which is given in _The Magazine of American History_,\nvol. ii., pp. 619\u2013622, describes the journey to the Missouri.\nThe proc\u00e8s verbal of the act of taking possession at the Arkansas,\nMarch 13 and 14, 1682, in Margry, vol. ii., p. 181, reports another\nstage of the voyage. Membr\u00e9\u2019s journal of the entire expedition, first\nprinted in Le Clercq\u2019s \u201c\u00c9tablissement de la Foy,\u201d Paris, 1691, is\nreproduced in English in Shea\u2019s \u201cDiscovery of the Mississippi.\u201d Shea\nhas lately brought out an English translation of Le Clercq under\nthe title, \u201cFirst Establishment of the Faith in New France,\u201d New\nYork, 1881, two vols. 8vo. He there compares Membr\u00e9\u2019s narrative with\nHennepin\u2019s \u201cNouvelle D\u00e9couverte\u201d and \u201cNouveau Voyage,\u201d and also points\nout the variations between it and the account published by Thomassy in\nhis \u201cG\u00e9ologie pratique de la Louisiane.\u201d\nThomassy\u2019s document is entitled, \u201cRelation de la D\u00e9couverte de\nl\u2019embouchure de la Rivi\u00e8re Mississipi.\u201d Parkman considers it to be the\n\u201cofficial report of the discovery made by La Salle, or perhaps for him\nby Membr\u00e9,\u201d and says that the Le Clercq narrative is based upon it.\nTo which Shea replies, that it \u201cseems strange to assume that the fuller\ndocument given by Le Clercq must be drawn from a shorter form.\u201d\nThe two documents are essentially identical, and afford trustworthy\ndata upon the voyage.\nAccording to Boimare, a manuscript copy of Membr\u00e9\u2019s journal exists in\nthe library at Baton Rouge, Louisiana.\nHenri de Tonty, who was with La Salle from 1678\u201383, reports the\nexplorations during that time, in a memoir written at Quebec in\n1684, which is published for the first time in Margry, vol. i., pp.\n571\u2013616. Another narrative by him, entitled \u201cM\u00e9moire envoy\u00e9 en 1693\nsur la D\u00e9couverte du Mississipi, par de La Salle en 1678, et depuis sa\nmort par le sieur de Tonty,\u201d is printed in its integrity in Margry\u2019s\n\u201cRelations et M\u00e9moires in\u00e9dits,\u201d pp. 1\u201336, Paris, 1867. A translation\nof it is included in French\u2019s \u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d part i., pp.\n52\u201383, and also in Falconer\u2019s \u201cMississippi,\u201d London, 1844. These two\nmemoirs formed the basis of the work published under Tonty\u2019s name, but\nwhich he disavowed, entitled \u201cDernieres d\u00e9couvertes dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique\nseptentrionale de M. de La Salle,\u201d Paris, 1697.\nThis work was reproduced under the title of \u201cRelation de la Louisianne\u201d\nin Bernard\u2019s \u201cRecueil de voyages au Nord,\u201d Amsterdam, 1720 and 1724.\nAn English translation was published at London in 1698, with the title,\n\u201cAn Account of La Salle\u2019s Last Expedition and Discoveries,\u201d and is\nreproduced in part in the New York Historical Society Collections, vol.\nParkman says that the \u201cDernieres d\u00e9couvertes\u201d is \u201ca compilation full of\nerrors.\u201d\nMargry prints in vol. i., pp. 547\u2013570, of his Collection, a memoir\nentitled \u201cR\u00e9cit de la descouverte que M. de La Salle a faite de la\nrivi\u00e8re de Mississipi en 1682.\u201d The author of the paper was Nicolas\nde La Salle, who wrote it in 1699, at the request of the French\nauthorities, to serve as a guide to D\u2019Iberville in his search for the\nMississippi. Margry says that the writer bore no relationship to the\ndiscoverer.\nLa Salle\u2019s memorial of 1684, proposing an expedition to the Gulf of\nMexico, printed in Margry, vol. iii., pp. 17\u201330, and in French\u2019s\n\u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d part i., pp. 37\u201344, also in the second series\nof French\u2019s publication, and in Falconer\u2019s \u201cMississippi,\u201d briefly\nindicates his discoveries up to that time.\nThe French documents, collected by Brodhead in the archives of the\nDepartments of Marine and of War, and printed in the ninth volume of\nthe \u201cDocuments relative to the Colonial History of New York,\u201d Albany,\n1855, include official correspondence which reports the movements of\nthe explorers from time to time.\nShea promises an edition of a journal by Pe\u00f1alossa, which will show the\nmercenary motives which inspired La Salle. Margry prints some documents\nconcerning Pe\u00f1alossa\u2019s propositions to lead a party of buccaneers from\nSt. Domingo to unite with La Salle in an attack on the Spanish mines in\nNew Mexico.\n  LA SALLE\u2019S VOYAGE TO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER THE\nIn 1683 La Salle returned to France and presented, in two memorials to\nthe king, propositions for an expedition to colonize the Mississippi,\nand take possession of the Spanish mines in New Mexico. The first\nmemorial, which gives a brief account of his previous achievements,\nis in Margry\u2019s Collection, vol. iii., pp. 17\u201330. A translation is in\nFrench\u2019s \u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d part i., pp. 37\u201344; also in the\nsecond series, pp. 1\u201315, of the same publication, and in Falconer\u2019s\n\u201cMississippi.\u201d The second, which defines his schemes at greater length,\nis printed in Margry, vol. ii., pp. 359\u2013369; in English, in French\u2019s\n\u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d part i., pp. 25\u201334. The accessory official\ndocuments relating to various features and stages of the expedition\nare included in the second and third volumes of Margry\u2019s Collection.\nWe have two narratives by members of this expedition, which relate its\nhistory from the time of departure from France down to and after the\ndeath of La Salle. The first to appear in print was Douay\u2019s, which\nwas published by Le Clercq in his \u201cPremier \u00c9tablissement de la Foy,\u201d\nParis, 1691. Shea printed a translation of it in the \u201cDiscovery and\nExploration of the Mississippi,\u201d New York, 1853.[130] A comparison of\nDouay\u2019s journal with Joutel\u2019s narrative is made by Shea in his edition\nof Le Clercq, published at New York in 1881.\nJoutel, who seems to have been next in command to La Salle, kept a\njournal, which is published for the first time in its integrity in\nMargry\u2019s Collection, vol. iii., pp. 89\u2013534. An abridged and modified\nversion of this narrative was published at Paris in 1713, under the\ntitle, \u201cJournal historique due dernier Voyage que feu M. de La Salle,\nfit dans le Golfe du Mexique.\u201d Joutel complained that changes were\nmade by the editor in retouching the work for publication. The text\npublished by Margry is much fuller than the printed edition. An English\ntranslation of the Paris production, under the title, \u201cJournal of the\nLast Voyage performed by M. de La Salle,\u201d etc., was published at London\nin 1714, and in 1719 another edition was brought out as \u201cJoutel\u2019s\nJournal of his Voyage to Mexico and Canada.\u201d An edition in Spanish was\npublished at New York in 1831, with the title, \u201cDario hist\u00f3rico del\n\u00faltimo Viaje que M. de la Salle hijo para descubrir el desembocadero\ny curso del Mississipi.\u201d Charlevoix says that Joutel was the most\nreliable of La Salle\u2019s followers, and Parkman thinks that he \u201cgives the\nimpression of sense, intelligence, and candor throughout,\u201d while Douay,\nin the latter\u2019s opinion, did not always write honestly. Jean Cavelier,\nan older brother of La Salle\u2019s, who, after the latter\u2019s assassination,\nescaped to Canada in company with Joutel and Douay, is said to have\ndrawn up a report of the expedition for M. de Seignelay, the Minister\nof Marine.\nParkman possesses a manuscript which he says is a portion of the first\ndraft of this report. Dr. Shea edited Parkman\u2019s document under the\ntitle, \u201cRelation du voyage entrepris par feu M. Robert Cavelier, sieur\nde La Salle, pour d\u00e9couvrir dans le golfe du Mexique, l\u2019embouchure du\nfleuve de Missisipy. Par son fr\u00e8re, M. Cavelier\u201d A Manate [N. Y.] 1858,\n54 pp. 16mo, and printed a translation in his collection of \u201cEarly\nVoyages up and down the Mississippi,\u201d Albany, 1861.[131]\nMargry gives in his Collection, vol. ii., pp. 501\u2013509, a portion of\na journal kept by Cavelier. Both these narratives from Cavalier\u2019s\npen are very imperfect, the former failing for the latter part of\nthe expedition, and the journal stops before the landing in Texas.\nLa Salle\u2019s assassination, which took place in 1687, was witnessed by\nDouay, who gives an account in his journal. Joutel relates the event\nfrom the testimony of eye-witnesses, and Tonty states what he learned\nfrom the survivors of La Salle\u2019s party. See also \u201cRelation de la mort\ndu Sr. de La Salle, suivant le rapport d\u2019un nomm\u00e9 Couture \u00e0 qui M.\nCavelier l\u2019apprit en passant aux Akansas,\u201d in Margry, vol. iii., pp.\nA letter written by La Salle, March 4, 1685, erroneously dated at the\nmouth of the Mississippi, is in Margry, vol. ii., pp. 559\u2013563, and a\ntranslation is appended to Shea\u2019s \u201cEarly Voyages.\u201d The \u201cProc\u00e8s verbal\nfait par La Salle avant de conduire son fr\u00e8re au Mississipi, 18. avril\n1686,\u201d in Margry, vol. iii., pp. 535\u2013549. relates La Salle\u2019s operations\nin Texas, including his first two journeys from the Texas colony to\nfind the Mississippi by land.\nThe Spaniards, in 1689, visited the site of La Salle\u2019s colony, and made\nprisoners of the survivors whom they found among the Indians. Two of\nthese captives escaped to France, and their testimony in regard to the\nfate of the colony is given in Margry, vol. iii., pp. 610\u2013621.\nParkman cites the official journal of this Spanish expedition, which is\ninedited. It is entitled \u201cDerrotero de la jornada que hizo el General\nAlonzo de Leon para el descubrimiento de la Bahia del Esp\u00edrit\u00f9 Santo,\ny problacion de Franceses.\u201d Buckingham Smith\u2019s \u201cColleccion de varios\ndocumentos para la historia de la Florida,\u201d pp. 25\u201328, contains a\nnarrative by a member of the Spanish company, entitled \u201cCarta en que\nse da noticia de un viaje hecho \u00e1 la Bahia de Esp\u00edrit\u00f9 Santo, y de\nla poblacion que tenian ah los Franceses,\u201d which is also inserted in\nFrench\u2019s \u201cHistorical Collections,\u201d second series, pp. 293\u2013295. Barcia,\nin his \u201cEnsayo chronol\u00f3gico para la historia general de la Florida,\u201d\nMadrid, 1723, gives an account, from an unknown source, which is\ntranslated in Shea\u2019s \u201cDiscovery of the Mississippi.\u201d\nThis closes the list of principal contemporary narratives of the first\nexplorations by the French of western territory. Margry\u2019s Collection\ncontains many documents of minor interest, but important, which have\nnot been noted. A journal by Minet, the engineer who returned to France\nwith Beaujeu in 1686, in Margry, vol. II, pp. 589\u2013601, and Tonty\u2019s\n\u201cLettres sur ce qu\u2019il a appris de La Salle, le voyage qu\u2019il a fait pour\nl\u2019aller chercher,\u201d 1686\u20131689, in Margry, vol. iii., pp. 551\u2013564, must,\nhowever, be mentioned.\n                        SECONDARY AUTHORITIES.\nCharlevoix\u2019s \u201cHistoire et Description g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Nouvelle France,\u201d\nParis, 1744, is the first historical work of value to treat of the\nearly explorations. Charlevoix was familiar with the country traversed\nby Marquette and La Salle, having, in 1721, followed the latter\u2019s route\nto the Mississippi. Shea published at New York, in 1866\u201367, an English\ntranslation of this work, and in the notes which he added, embodied the\nresults of his extensive studies upon the early history of America,\nshowing the latest knowledge possessed of the first travellers.\nIn 1844 Sparks issued his \u201cLife of La Salle,\u201d for the materials of\nwhich he depended upon the printed narratives of Hennepin, Joutel,\nTonty, and the recitals in Le Clercq\u2019s \u201cPremier \u00c9tablissement,\u201d etc.,\nbeing unable to obtain any of the MSS. which are now accessible.\nSparks\u2019 \u201cLife of Marquette\u201d appeared in 1845, and soon after\nFalconer\u2019s work \u201cOn the Discovery of the Mississippi,\u201d which contained\ntranslations of important MSS., was published at London.\nIn 1853, Shea\u2019s valuable \u201cDiscovery and Exploration of the Mississippi\u201d\nwas brought out at New York.[132] The contents of this work have been\nperhaps sufficiently indicated in the notices of contemporary journals,\nwhich are reproduced in it. In 1860 Thomassy published \u201cG\u00e9ologie\npratique de la Louisiane,\u201d in which he presented some important\ninedited documents. This writer contemplated writing a history of\nLa Salle\u2019s exploits from the MSS. in the French archives, and, as\na preliminary, issued in separate form the documents which he had\ncollected, under the title, \u201cDe La Salle et ses relations in\u00e9dites,\u201d\nParis, 1860. In 1869 Parkman published the first edition of his\n\u201cDiscovery of the Great West,\u201d forming the third volume of the series\nof historical narratives upon \u201cFrance and England in North America.\u201d\nIn the latest edition, published in 1879, the title was changed to \u201cLa\nSalle and the Discovery of the Great West.\u201d In the writing of the later\nedition the author had the use of additional documentary material,\nsince printed by Margry, which caused a revision of some portion of\nthe work. Gravier\u2019s \u201cD\u00e9couvertes [etc.] de La Salle,\u201d Paris, 1870, and\nthe supplementary monograph published by him in 1871, add little that\nis not in Parkman\u2019s work. The later publication corrects some errors\nand deficiencies in the first. Dr. Shea\u2019s contributions to the history\nof the first explorations of the West, beside his \u201cDiscovery of the\nMississippi,\u201d New York, 1853, consist mainly of notes to the many\nimportant original narratives which he has edited, notably those of\nHennepin, Le Clercq, and Charlevoix.\nThe following works contain among the first travellers, accounts of the\ncountry traversed by Marquette, Hennepin, and La Salle:\nLa Hontan, who travelled in 1689 and subsequent years, wrote \u201cNouveaux\nVoyages,\u201d Paris, 1703. This work passed through several editions.\nAlthough adventures related by La Hontan are in many cases imaginary,\nyet, says Parkman, he \u201chad seen much, and portions of his story have a\nsubstantial value.\u201d J. Gravier, in 1700, went from the Illinois country\nto D\u2019Iberville\u2019s colony in Louisiana. See \u201cRelation de Voyage en 1700\ndepuis le Ilinois jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019embouchure du Mississipi,\u201d New York, 1859\n(_Shea\u2019s Cramoisy Press_). The \u201cRelation de la Mississipi en 1700, par\nMM. de Montigny, De St. Cosme et Thaumur de la Source,\u201d New York, 1861\n(_Shea\u2019s Cramoisy Press_), narrates the experiences of a party of the\nmissionaries under the guidance of Tonty. An extract from Gravier is\ngiven in French\u2019s Historical Collections, second series, pp. 79\u201393. St.\nCosme\u2019s and Gravier\u2019s narratives are also included in Shea\u2019s collection\nof \u201cEarly Voyages up and down the Mississippi,\u201d Albany, 1861, where\nalso may be found Le Seuer\u2019s journal of a voyage from Louisiana to the\nSioux country in 1699\u20131700. An extract from Le Seuer is given in La\nHarpe\u2019s \u201cJournal Historique,\u201d Paris, 1831, and in French\u2019s Historical\nCollections, pt. 3. A journal by P\u00e9nicaut, who accompanied Le Seuer, is\nincluded in his \u201cAnnals of Louisiana, from 1698 to 1722,\u201d in French\u2019s\nHistorical Collections, new series, pp. 33\u2013162, New York, 1869. The\nmemoirs of D\u2019Iberville\u2019s expedition to the Mississippi, in 1699\u20131700,\ncontain descriptions of the lower Mississippi and throw light upon La\nSalle\u2019s movements in that region. The principal documents concerning\nD\u2019Iberville\u2019s enterprises are printed in the fourth volume of Margry. A\nbrief report by D\u2019Iberville of his voyage on the Mississippi in 1699,\nis printed in French\u2019s Historical Collection, second series, pp. 19\u201331.\nAn anonymous narrative entitled, \u201cHistorical Journal; or, Narrative of\nthe Expedition under D\u2019Iberville, to explore the Colbert (Mississippi)\nRiver, 1698\u201399,\u201d is published in French\u2019s Historical Collection, second\nseries, pp. 29\u2013119. Both of these papers are included in Margry\u2019s\ncollection, volume iv. Sauvole was a member of D\u2019Iberville\u2019s company;\nsee his \u201cJournal Historique\u201d in French\u2019s Historical Collections, pt. 3,\nFather Marest\u2019s letter on his mission at the Illinois, dated 1712,\npublished in the \u201cLettres \u00e9difiantes,\u201d vol. ii., and reprinted in Kip\u2019s\n\u201cEarly Jesuit Missions,\u201d pp. 191\u2013227, New York, 1846, describes the\nscenes of his labors.\nIn 1721, Charlevoix, the historian, made a journey from Canada across\nthe lakes to the Illinois, and thence down the Mississippi to the Gulf\nof Mexico. He was requested by the King of France, to write an account\nof his travels. The descriptions of the country published in vol. iii.\nof his \u201cHistoire et Description g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Nouvelle France,\u201d Paris,\n1744, afford perhaps the best views of the primitive West which we have.\nThe English editions of his travels are entitled \u201cJournal of a Voyage\nto North America,\u201d London, 1761, and \u201cLetters to the Duchess of\nLesdigui\u00e8res,\u201d London, 1763. See also French\u2019s Historical Collection,\npt. 3, pp. 119\u2013196, where his journal is reprinted from the English\neditions.\nOn reaching the subject of _Maps_, we find that Harrisse\u2019s Notes\nsur-la Nouvelle France contains a section upon the \u201cCartographie de la\nNouvelle France, depuis la d\u00e9couverte jusqu\u2019en 1700,\u201d which affords an\nextensive list of published and inedited maps.\nParkman gives a descriptive account of \u201cEarly unpublished maps of the\nMississippi and the great lakes,\u201d in the appendix to his \u201cDiscovery\nof the Great West.\u201d Thomassy\u2019s \u201cG\u00e9ol. pr. de la Louisiane,\u201d has an\nappendix upon the \u201cCartographie de la ancienne Louisiane, 1544\u20131858.\u201d\nBaldwin\u2019s \u201cEarly maps of Ohio and the West,\u201d Cleveland, 1875, and\nPeet\u2019s article, \u201cThe discovery of the Ohio, Early maps,\u201d in Amer.\nAntiquarian, vol. I., pp. 21\u201335, Cleveland, 1878, are useful studies\nof some early maps in the possession of Western historical societies.\nHurlbut\u2019s \u201cChicago Antiquities,\u201d Chicago, 1881, contains a chapter upon\nthe first maps representing that place.\nThe following printed works contain some of the more important edited\nmaps, bearing date in the original previous to 1700: Champlain\u2019s\n\u201cVoyages,\u201d Paris, 1632, is accompanied by a map upon which Lake\nSuperior is shown, and a \u201cgrande rivi\u00e8re qui vient du midy\u201d is\nrepresented as flowing into the lake from the south. This map, which is\nreproduced in the later editions of Champlain, is of little value in a\ngeographical sense for the western country. A map of \u201cNouvelle France,\u201d\nshowing the great lakes, is in Sanson d\u2019Abbeville\u2019s \u201cL\u2019Am\u00e9rique en\nplusieurs cartes,\u201d Paris, 1656. Du Creux\u2019s \u201cHistoria Canadensis.\u201d\nParisiis, 1664, contains a map dated 1660, which shows the outlines\nof the great lakes. Bressani\u2019s \u201cRelation abr\u00e9g\u00e9e de quelques missions\ndans la Nouvelle France,\u201d Montreal, 1852, contains a reproduction.\nDollier and Gallin\u00e9e\u2019s map of 1670, showing their course in travelling\nto Ste. Marie, is reproduced in Faillon\u2019s Historic de la col. fr., vol.\niii., p. 305 (see Parkman\u2019s La Salle, p. 449, for description); Claude\nDablon\u2019s \u201cRelation de la Nouvelle France, 1670\u20131671,\u201d Paris, 1672,\ncontains a map made about 1670 (see Parkman, p. 450); a reproduction\nis published in Foster and Whitney\u2019s \u201cReport on the Geology of Lake\nSuperior,\u201d Washington, 1850; Marquette\u2019s map of 1674 accompanies the\nvarious editions of his narrative. The map in Thevenot\u2019s \u201cRecueil\u201d\nis by Liebaux, and not by Marquette. Gravier\u2019s \u201c\u00c9tude sur une carte\ninconnue\u201d contains a fac-simile of a map by Joliet, probably in\n1674. This map is the first published map showing the great lakes in\nconnection with the Mississippi.\nShea\u2019s edition of Dablon\u2019s \u201cRelation de la Nouvelle France, 1673\n\u00e0 1679,\u201d New York, 1860, has a reproduction of a map made by the\nJesuits in 1673, showing the missions upon Lake Michigan. Hennepin\u2019s\n\u201cDescription de la Louisiane,\u201d Paris, 1683, contains a map made\nupon data by Hennepin. The later editions of this work are also\naccompanied by a map. Parkman gives a reproduction of the portion\nof Franqulin\u2019s famous map, which shows La Salle\u2019s colony on the\nIllinois, and that portion showing the lower part of the Mississippi\nis reproduced in Thomassy\u2019s \u201cG\u00e9ologie de la Louisiane.\u201d A map made\nby Minet, the engineer of La Salle\u2019s last expedition, which gives\ntwo separate views of the mouth of the Mississippi, is given in a\nreduced size in Gravier\u2019s \u201cLa Salle,\u201d and in Thomassy\u2019s \u201cG\u00e9ologie\nde la Louisiane.\u201d Le Clercq\u2019s \u201cPremier \u00e9tablissement de la foy,\u201d\nParis, 1691; Hennepin\u2019s \u201cNouvelle d\u00e9couverte,\u201d and \u201cNouveau Voyage;\u201d\nLa Hontan\u2019s \u201cNouveaux Voyages dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique,\u201d La Haye, 1703;\nCoxe\u2019s \u201cDescription of Carolana,\u201d London, 1742, and Charlevoix\u2019s\n\u201cHistoire de la Nouvelle France,\u201d Paris, 1744, are accompanied by\nmaps made nearly contemporaneously with the publication of the works\nin question. A facsimile De Lisle\u2019s map of 1700, which indicates the\ncourse of the early explorers, is in Gravier\u2019s \u201cLa Salle\u201d and in\nFrench\u2019s Collections, pt. 2. A map by Joutel, dated 1713, accompanies\nthe printed editions of his journal. Margry\u2019s \u201cD\u00e9couvertes et\n\u00e9tablissements des Fran\u00e7ais,\u201d when completed, will include a volume\ndevoted to maps now inedited. The third volume of this collection\ncontains an outline sketch, representing La Salle\u2019s discoveries. A\nmodern map, representing countries traversed by Marquette, Hennepin,\nand La Salle, is given in Parkman\u2019s \u201cLa Salle.\u201d\nWe next give a list of publications which treat of the explorations of\nthe Mississippi valley, arranged in chronological order. Works which\nhave been cited under different headings of this article are, in most\ncases, not included in this enumeration.\nLa Hontan, \u201cNouveaux voyages dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale,\u201d Paris,\n1703. This work passed through several editions. Bacqueville de la\nPotherie, \u201cHistoire de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale,\u201d Paris, 1722.\nEditions were also published in 1723 and 1753. Has some account of\nLa Salle\u2019s travels in 1682. Barcia, \u201cEnsayo cronologico para la\nHistoria General de Florida,\u201d Madrid, 1723. The author relied upon\nthe memoirs of Marquette, Joutel, and Tonty for the portion of his\nwork relating to the French explorations. Lafitau, \u201cM\u0153urs des Sauvages\nAm\u00e9riquains,\u201d Paris, 1724. Coxe, \u201cDescription of the English province\nof Carolana, by the Spaniards called Florida; by the French, La\nLouisiane,\u201d London, 1742. The author disparages the French discoveries,\nand urges the English right to the country. Dumont, \u201cM\u00e9moire sur la\nLouisiane, contenant ce qui y est arriv\u00e9 de plus r\u00e9marquable depuis\n1687 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 present,\u201d Paris, 1753, 2 vols. Bellin, \u201cRemarques sur\nla carte de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale, comprise entre le 28e et le\n72e degr\u00e9 de latitude,\u201d Paris, 1755, gives some account of La Salle\u2019s\nestablishments. Le Page du Pratz, \u201cHistoire de la Louisiane,\u201d Paris,\n1758, 3 vols.; English translations were published in 1763 and 1774.\nGayarr\u00e9 \u201cEssai historique sur la Louisiane,\u201d Nouvelle Orl\u00e9ans, 1830,\n2 vols.; La Harpe, \u201cJournal historique de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des Fran\u00e7ais\n\u00e0 la Louisiane,\u201d Paris, 1831. This work is reproduced in French\u2019s\nHistorical Collections, vol. iii. Conover, \u201cOration on the History of\nthe First Discovery and Settlement of the New World, with especial\nreference to the Mississippi Valley,\u201d Cincinnati, 1835. Perkins, \u201cEarly\nFrench Travellers in the West,\u201d in _North American Review_, vol.\nxlviii., pp. 63\u2013108. A review of Spark\u2019s \u201cLa Salle\u201d and \u201cMarquette.\u201d\nColt, \u201cThe Devil\u2019s Hole, with an account of a visit made to it by\nLa Salle,\u201d Lockport, N. Y., 44 pp., the third edition appeared in\n1851. Gayarr\u00e9, \u201cHistoire de la Louisiane,\u201d Nouvelle Orl\u00e9ans, 1846\u201347.\nGu\u00e9rin, \u201cLes navigateurs Fran\u00e7ais,\u201d Paris, 1846. Bradford, \u201cNotes on\nthe Northwest,\u201d New York, 1846. Kip, \u201cEarly Jesuit Missions in North\nAmerica,\u201d New York, 1846, contains letters by missionaries giving\ndescriptions of the newly discovered country. Monette, \u201cHistory of the\nDiscovery and Settlement of the Mississippi,\u201d New York, 1846. Gayarr\u00e9,\n\u201cRomance of the History of Louisiana,\u201d New York, 1848. Foster and\nWhitney, \u201cReport on the Geology and Topography of a Portion of the\nLake Superior Land District,\u201d Washington, 1850\u201351, 2 vols., contains\nan account of the first Jesuit missions on Lake Superior. Gayarr\u00e9,\n\u201cLouisiana: its Colonial History,\u201d New York, 1851, and \u201cLouisiana\nand its History as a French Colony,\u201d New York, 1852. Hart, \u201cHistory\nof the Discovery of the Valley of the Mississippi,\u201d St. Louis, 1852;\n\u201cHistory of the Valley of the Mississippi,\u201d New York, 1853. Gayarr\u00e9,\n\u201cHistory of Louisiana,\u201d New York, 1854. W. R. Smith, \u201cHistory of\nWisconsin,\u201d Madison, 1854; only volumes one and three were published\nof this valuable work; volume three contains translations of the\nJesuit relations, which describe the operations of the Jesuits in\nWisconsin territory. Shea, \u201cHistory of the Catholic Missions among\nthe Indian Tribes of the United States, 1529\u20131854,\u201d New York, 1855.\nE. D. Neill, \u201cMaterials for the future History of Minnesota,\u201d St.\nPaul, 1856, also in the \u201cAnnals of Minnesota,\u201d 1856, and reprinted in\nMinnesota Historical Society Collection, vol. i. Law, \u201cJesuit Missions\nin the Northwest,\u201d in the Wisconsin Historical Society Collections,\nvol. iii., pp. 89\u2013111, 118\u2013121, Madison, 1857. The author of this\narticle makes the erroneous statement that missionaries had reached\nthe Mississippi several years before Marquette\u2019s visit. Shea disproves\nthis in an article entitled \u201cJustice to Marquette,\u201d in pp. 111\u2013117 of\nthe same volume of the Wisconsin collections. Shea, \u201cIndian Tribes\nof Wisconsin,\u201d in the Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, vol.\niii., pp. 125\u2013128. Ferland, \u201cCours d\u2019Histoire du Canada, 1534\u20131759,\u201d\nQu\u00e9bec, 1859. This author is highly esteemed as an historical writer.\nShea, \u201cEarly Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi,\u201d Albany, 1861.\nFerland, \u201cNotes sur les r\u00e9gistres de Notre Dame de Qu\u00e9bec,\u201d Qu\u00e9bec,\n1863. Neill, \u201cEarly French Forts and Footprints in the Valley of the\nUpper Mississippi,\u201d in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, 1864,\npp. 9\u201320. Faillon, \u201cHistoire de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise en Canada,\u201d\nVillemarie [Montreal], 1865, 3 vols.; this work comes down only to\n1671, but is of value for period covered.\nFrench, \u201cBiographical Sketch of La Salle,\u201d in Historical Collections of\nLouisiana, new series, pp. 4\u20137, New York, 1869. Gallaud, \u201cMississippi:\na Brief History of its Discovery,\u201d in \u201cAnnals of Iowa,\u201d vol. vii.,\npp. 194\u2013201, Davenport, 1869. Van Fleet, \u201cOld and New Mackinac; with\ncopious extracts from Marquette, Hennepin, La Hontan, and others,\u201d\nAnn Arbor, 1870; Brodhead, \u201cHistory of New York,\u201d New York, 1871; the\nauthor gives briefly the latest knowledge upon the first explorations.\nThe _Revue Maritime et Coloniale_, Paris, 1872, contains controversial\narticles by Harrisse and Margry, both with the title \u201cHistoire critique\nde la d\u00e9couverte du Mississippi.\u201d Harrisse, \u201cNotes pour servir \u00e0\nl\u2019Histoire [etc.] de la Nouvelle France, 1545\u201372,\u201d Paris, 1872. In\naddition to the bibliographical matter in this work there is a brief\nhistorical summary of the early explorations. Neill, \u201cFrench Voyageurs\nto Minnesota,\u201d in the Annals of Minnesota, 1850, pp. 10\u201328, reprinted\nin Minnesota Historical Society Collections, vol. i., pp-17\u201336. Durrie,\n\u201cEarly Outposts of Wisconsin,\u201d Madison, 1873, contains notices of the\nvisits of Perrot, Allo\u00fcez, Marquette, and others. \u201cLaval universit\u00e9,\nQu\u00e9bec, 200e anniversaire de la d\u00e9couverte du Mississipi par Joliet\net le P. Marquette, Soir\u00e9e litt\u00e9raire et musicale, 17 Juin, 1873,\u201d\nQu\u00e9bec, 1873, 54 pp., contains a discourse by the Abb\u00e9 Verreau. Parry,\n\u201cHistorical Address on the Early Exploration of the Mississippi\nValley,\u201d Davenport, Iowa, 1873, 36 pp. Salter, \u201cAddress commemorative\nof the 200th Anniversary of the Discovery of Iowa by Marquette and\nJoliet,\u201d in the \u201cAnnals of Iowa,\u201d vol. ii., pp. 501\u2013515. Shea, \u201cAddress\non Discovery of the Mississippi, read on the bi-centennial of said\nDiscovery, June 17, 1873,\u201d published in Wisconsin Historical Society\nCollections, vol. vii., pp. 111\u2013122. Marshall, \u201cThe First Visit of La\nSalle to the Senecas in 1669,\u201d Buffalo, 1874, 45 pp. Baldwin, \u201cEarly\nmaps of Ohio and the West,\u201d Cleveland, 1875, 25 pp.; this forms one of\nthe Western Reserve Historical Society tracts. French, \u201cBiographical\nSketch of L. Joliet,\u201d in his Historical Collections, second series, pp.\n\u201cMemoir sent by the King to M. Denonville, explanatory of the French\nPossessions in North America,\u201d in French\u2019s Historical Collections,\nsecond series, pp. 123\u2013142. This document briefly recapitulates the\nFrench discoveries. Baldwin, \u201cMargry Papers, vol. ii.,\u201d in Western\nReserve Historical Society tracts. United States Annual Report\nof the Chief of Engineers, Washington, 1876. Volume iii. of this\nreport contains an extract from Marquette\u2019s journal, and a reduced\nreproduction of his map. Gravier, \u201cLa route du Mississipi,\u201d in the\ncompte-rendu of the second session of the Congr\u00e8s des Am\u00e9ricanistes,\n1877, vol. i., pp. 237\u2013312. Whittlesey, \u201cDiscovery of the Ohio River\nby La Salle,\u201d 1669\u201370, one of the Western Reserve Historical Society\ntracts.\nHurlbut, \u201cFather Marquette at Mackinaw and Chicago,\u201d Chicago, 1878.\nJacker, \u201cLa Salle and the Jesuits,\u201d in _American Catholic Quarterly\nReview_, vol. iii., pp. 404\u2013426, Philadelphia, 1878. Peet, \u201cDiscovery\nof the Ohio,\u201d in _American Antiquarian_, vol. i., pp. 21\u201335. Shea,\n\u201cAddress before the Missouri Historical Society at the celebration of\nthe 250th anniversary of Marquette\u2019s Voyage, July 20, 1878; _same_.\n\u201cRomance and Reality of the Death of Marquette, and the recent\nDiscovery of his Remains,\u201d in _Catholic World_, vol. ii., pp. 267\u2013281.\nC. C. Baldwin, \u201cIndian Migration in Ohio,\u201d Western Reserve Historical\nSociety tract No. 47; also in _American Antiquarian_, April, 1879. M.\nF. Force, \u201cSome Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio,\u201d Cincinnati,\n1879. Margry, \u201cWas La Salle the Discoverer of the Mississippi,\u201d in\n_American Antiquarian_, vol. ii., pp. 206\u2013209, Chicago, 1879\u201381. O. H.\nMarshall, \u201cBuilding and Voyage of the Griffon in 1679,\u201d Buffalo, 1879.\nBlanchard, \u201cDiscovery and Conquests of the Northwest,\u201d Chicago, 1880;\ngives a brief account of Joliet\u2019s and La Salle\u2019s voyages.\nBrucker, \u201cJ. Marquette et la d\u00e9couverte de la vall\u00e9e du Mississipi,\u201d\nLyon, 1880. Thoulet \u201cCavelier de La Salle et la d\u00e9couverte du\nMississipi, d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019ouvrage de M. Margry,\u201d in Bulletin de la\nSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 de la G\u00e9ographie, 6e s\u00e9rie, tome xx., pp. 435\u2013454, 534\u2013556,\nParis, 1880. Hurlbut\u2019s \u201cChicago Antiquities,\u201d Chicago, 1881, contains\ntranslations from the journals of Marquette, Hennepin, La Salle, and\nof other travellers, which relate the incidents of visits made to the\nsite of the present city. Neill, \u201cMinnesota Explorers and Pioneers from\n1659 to 1858,\u201d Minneapolis, 1881. J. Fiske, \u201cRomance of the Spanish and\nFrench Explorers,\u201d in _Harper\u2019s Magazine_, February, 1882. An article\nby the editor in _The Magazine of American History_, March, 1882.\nGravier\u2019s \u201cSketch of La Salle,\u201d in same magazine, May, 1882. Hurlbut,\n\u201cReview of Gravier\u2019s Article,\u201d in same for September, 1882. Butler,\n\u201cFirst French Foot-prints beyond the Lakes\u201d [Madison, 1882], closes the\nlist of the writings up to the present time. It has not been thought\nnecessary to include general histories of the United States, such as\nBancroft\u2019s and Hildreth\u2019s, and others.\nBIBLIOGRAPHY.\u2014The principal bibliographical works used in the\ncompilation of this note are Boimare\u2019s \u201cNotes bibliographiques et\nraisonn\u00e9s sur les principaux ouvrages publi\u00e8s sur la Floride et\nl\u2019ancienne Louisiane\u201d [Paris, 1855]; Faribault\u2019s \u201cCatalogue d\u2019ouvrages\nsur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique,\u201d Qu\u00e9bec, 1837; \u201cField\u2019s Essay toward\nan Indian Bibliography,\u201d New York, 1875, and Harrisse\u2019s \u201cNotes pour\nservir \u00e0 l\u2019historie, la bibliographic [etc.] de la Nouvelle France,\u201d\nParis, 1872. O\u2019Callaghan\u2019s \u201cJesuit Relations of Discoveries in Canada,\n1632\u20131672,\u201d New York, 1847, has been used for the titles of the Jesuit\nreports.\nThe references in Parkman\u2019s \u201cLa Salle\u201d have indicated many authorities,\nand the author\u2019s characterizations have been helpful. Gravier\u2019s \u201cLa\nSalle,\u201d Paris, 1871, contains a list of eighty-nine articles upon La\nSalle. The compiler of this article was unable to examine a copy until\nafter completion of the list. The essential works in it were found to\nhave been noted. Sabin\u2019s \u201cBibliography\u201d is indispensable in verifying\ntitles.\n  A fine river, 79\n  Accancea Indians, 176, 179, 182\n    Household Stuff, 179\n    Particular Ceremonies, 182\n    Country, Product of, 178\n  Account of Country, 77\n    given by a native, 128\n  Ahehoen Indians, 126\n  Ahonerhopiheim Indians, 126\n  Aigron, Sieur, 55\n  Algonquin Indians, 3, 38\n  Alleghany, Valley of the, 4\n  Alleghanies, 23\n  Alligator eaten, 62\n  Allouez, Father, 13, 22, 197\n  America, 2\n    North, 6\n  American Savages, 38\n  Apalache, Bay of, 67, 68\n  Arhan Indians, 126\n  Arkansas Country, 203\n    Indians, 202\n  Arrival at Quebec, 201\n  Art to kill goats and wild fowl, 164\n  Author meets another Frenchman among Indians, 149\n    and others resolve to part from murderers, 152\n    saved by a friend, 136\n    sent to the Cenis for provisions, 138\n  Ayona Indians, 127\n    Command of Settlement given to, 116\n    Marries, 112\n  Barbier\u2019s wife gives birth to child, 115\n    leaves La Salle, 89\n  Begon, Intendant, 60, 61\n  Bihorel, Sieur, 114, 130\n  Boat of Bark lost, 98\n  Bocrettes Indians, 127\n  Boisrondet, Sieur, 189, 190, 197\n  Buskins of rawhides instead of shoes, 120\n  Cacahouanous Indians, 190\n  Caddoes Indians, 202\n  Cadodaquio Village, 169\n  Cahamihona Village, 169, 170\n  Cahaynohoua Indians, 173, 174\n  California, Gulf of, 3, 4\n    Natives of, Brutal, 37\n  Canohatino Indians, 127\n  Cannohantimo Indians, 141, 157\n  Cape Corrientes, 63\n    St. Nicholas, 59\n    Samana, 59\n  Capucins, 170\n  Carpenter lost, 96\n  Cascasquina Peroneria Indians, 190\n  Caveliers, The, 2\n  Cavelier Family, 29\n  Cavelier, Jean, 2\n    Robert (See La Salle), 2\n    Abbe and his company part from others, 160\n    Abbe and others carried on backs of Indians; Ceremonies at their\n      reception; Speeches made to them; Their entertainment, 165, 166\n      set out and return again, 191\n  Cayman Island, 62\n    Account of Battle fought by, 157\n    Country of, 114\n      Described, 138\n    Meet French in Solemn Manner, 140\n  Ceremony of Pipe, 171, 179\n    Performed to M. Cavelier, 179\n    of Sailors Called \u201cDucking\u201d, 57\n  Chahouanous Indians, 196\n  Champlain, 1, 22\n  Chanzes Indians, 127\n  Charleroix, 30\n  Charpantier, Sieur, 176\n  Chautauqua Lake, 4\n  Chebonany, 200\n  Chef de Bois, Port of, 59\n  Chickasaw Indians, 203\n  Choumans Indians, 128, 129\n  Choumenes Indians, 126\n  Clerk, Sieur, 114\n  Colbert, French Minister of State, 8\n  Columbus, Christopher, 33\n  Commanders at variance, 74\n  Conspiracy discovered, 93\n    revealed, 94\n  Controversy about privilege of first born, 115\n  Copal tree, 138\n  Courcelle, Governor, 3, 43\n  Coyabegux Indians, 126\n  Cross by a river and a French built house, 176\n    to plant colonies in Louisiana, 205\n    letters patent to, 212\n  Currents, 67\n  Dablon, Father, 13, 22\n  Dainmaville, 54, 88\n  Dautray, 22\n  d\u2019 Eure River, 125\n  D\u2019Iberville, 203\n    Expedition, 205\n  De Baugis, 20\n  de Belle Fontaine, 189\n  de Cussy, Governor, 59, 60, 61\n  de Launay, Sieur, 176\n  de Leon, Alonzo, 203\n  de la Sablonniere, 81, 109, 112\n  De Luna, 22\n    drowned, 166\n    funeral, 167\n  de Porneuf, M., 200\n  De Soto, 22\n  de Villeperdry, Sieur, 93, 95\n  Debates between commanders, 88\n  Departure from Rochel, 54\n  Desloges, 86\n    killed, 87\n  des Puans Lake, 200\n  Detroit River, 5\n    Straits of, 12\n  Devault, Sieur, 94\n  Difference between commanders, 56\n  Discontent occasioned by Moranget, 133\n    account of murder, 134\n  Duchesneau, Intendant, 19\n    endeavors to occasion a mutiny, 112\n    mutiny revealed, 113\n    returns from La Salle, 100\n    the murderer usurps command, 137\n    killed, 154\n  Duromtage, 195\n  Du Shut, 195\n  Dutch and English at Albany, 12\n  East Indies, 37\n  Encounter with natives, 111\n  Enepiahe Indians, 126\n  English, 6\n  Entertainment given by the Indians, 183\n  Esp\u00edritu Bay, 97\n  Fercoutcha Indians, 127\n  Figure of a pretended monster, 186\n  Fine meadows, 164\n  Finisterre Cape, 55\n  First landing, 67\n  First fort abandoned, 94\n  Fish taken in plenty, 91\n  Fiske, John, 1\n  Flying fish, 56\n  Fort built, 88\n      among the Illinois, 188\n    reception, 189\n      description of country, 191\n      lime and clay, mines, product, etc., 192\n    St. Lewis of Illinois, 203\n      Louis in Texas, 203\n    King of, 6\n  French habitation, travellers come to the, 176\n    men, who they were, 177\n    house among the Acconceas described, 178\n    entertained by natives, 147\n    turned savage, 149\n    man among Indians, 141\n    men go to the wars with natives, 156\n      stay with Indians, 161\n  Gabaret, Sieur, 74\n  Galveston Bay, 103\n  Game, Plenty of, 171\n  Garay, 22\n  Gayen; hurt, 86, 87\n  Goats and bullocks, 72\n  Good entertainment, 163\n  Guanabo Island, 59\n  Guinea, 206\n  Habitation of St. Lewis, 103, 151, 153\n    description of country at, 103\n    the land, 103\n    living creatures: Fish, tortoises, venomous creatures,\n      rattle-snakes, 104\n    Alligators, trees, dangerous fruit, 105\n    vines, plants, 106\n    of St. Lewis. Who were left there when La Salle departed, 116\n  Hard labor, 95\n  Hebahamo Indian Village, 121\n    kills Duhaut, 154\n    gives others what he pleases and seizes rest of effects, 160\n  Hispaniola Island, 58, 59, 61, 63\n  Holy Ghost, Bay of, 50, 68, 69\n  Horse sold for an ax, 148\n  Houabache River, 184\n  How the travellers lived, 195\n  Hudson\u2019s Bay, 205\n  Hunter dies with cold, 100\n  Huron, Lake, 5, 12\n  Illinois allies, 24\n      adultery, 195\n      boasting, 193\n    chiefs, 16\n    children, 193\n    care of dead, 193\n    presents to, 195\n    game of stick, 195\n    great town of, 15\n    manners and customs, 193\n    marriages, 195\n    meeting with, 187\n    outbreak, 16\n    thieving, 193\n    women do all labor, 193\n    lake of the, 200\n      headwaters of, 22\n    State of, 17\n  Indiscretion of an ensign, 86\n  Indian, bad ways, 163\n    bewailing memory of men killed, 156\n    ceremonies, 145\n    ceremony to the dead, 167\n      of dressing a bullock, 185\n      of rejoicing, 159\n    come to fort, 92\n    cruel trophies of, 158\n    dies of eating raw suet, 187\n    doleful entertainment, 168\n    entertainment, 141\n    expect presents, 174\n    humanity of the, 167\n    huts and families in them, 142\n    inhumanity, 158\n    maid brought to author, 150\n    manners, 144\n    manner of building, 142\n    their moveables, 142\n      barbarity of towards a woman taken, 157\n    nations, 167\n    peculiar custom, 169\n    religion, 145\n    tillage, 142\n    tilling, instrument for, 143\n    tobacco, 146\n    take revenge, 87\n      barbarity of, 158\n      their behavior, 144\n      disfigure themselves, 143\n      ornaments of, 169\n      rejoice at victory, 157\n    with axes, 175\n    village abandoned, 120\n      inhabited, 123\n  Irondequoit (Seneca village), 4\n    invasion, 16\n    war with, 195\n  Janiquo Indians, 168\n    mission among Hurons re-established by Marquette, 19\n  Jogues, 22\n    believes Mississippi passed, 68\n  Journey prosecuted, 174\n    continued, 181\n    boltsprit of lost, 55\n  Kabayes Indians, 126\n  Kannehonan Indians, 126\n  Kavagan Indians, 126\n  Keremen Indians, 126\n  Ketch taken by the Spaniards, 61\n  Kiahoba Indians, 126\n  Kiasses Indians, 127\n  Kind Indians, 177\n    reception, 171\n  Korenkake Indians, 126\n  Korkone Indians, 126\n  Kouans Indians, 126\n    cast astray, 83\n  La Barre, Governor, 24, 25, 26\n    how lost, 110\n    what was saved from, 109\n  La Chine (China), 2, 3, 201\n  Le Clerc, Father, 26, 203\n  La Hontan\u2019s forged discourse with a savage, wherein he renders\n      himself ridiculous, 36\n  La Motte de Sussi\u00e8re, 10, 11\n  la Sabloniere River, 122\n    account of, 41\n    barbarity towards body of, 135\n    character, 42, 135\n    conspiracy to murder, 133\n    consult to murder, 133\n    is murdered, 134\n    first voyage of exploration, 3\n      return to France, 8\n    footman killed, 133\n    fort taken by Spaniards, 204\n    goes to discover the river, 90\n    returns; sets out again, 90\n    goes out to discover, 99\n    returns, 107\n    goes to seek conspirators, 134\n    Indian killed, 132\n    made proprietor of Ft. Frontenac, 43\n    mistake, 69\n    much wronged, 89\n    patent of nobility, 8\n    resolves on third expedition, 114\n    persons with him, 116\n      the way they traveled, 117\n    Royal patent to explore Mississippi country, 10\n    reputation makes enemies, 43\n    second return visit to France, 10\n      voyage of exploration (1678\u20139), 11\n    sets out on another expedition, 108\n    discoveries; return, 113\n    seven men lost and four desert, 114\n    third return visit to France, 25\n    well received by natives, 126\n  Le Gros, 61\n    bitten by snake, 91\n    and others die, 97\n    killed, 154\n  Lisbon, 55\n  Lost Frenchmen heard of, 130\n  Louis XIV, 23\n  Louisville, 4\n  Machigamea Indians, 184\n  Madera Island, 55, 56\n  Magdalen River, 75\n  Maghai Indians, 126\n  Man clad like Spaniard, 139\n  March continued, 137\n  Mark, Friar, 22\n  Massiot, 54\n  Matagorda Bay, 89, 97\n  Maximus, Father, 112\n  Membre, Father, 26\n  Men sent by land to discover, 78\n  Meracouman Indians, 126\n  Miami, Fort, 15\n  Mines of St. Barbara, 42\n  Minet, Sieur, 76, 88\n    River, Banks of many colors, 185\n    Branches of, 88\n  Mississippi found at last, 181\n    mouth of, 21\n    Indians, 16\n    Valley, 26\n  Missouri River, 22, 186, 213\n  Mitchell, Sieur, 47\n    Discontent occasioned by, 133\n  More mischief prevented, 155\n  Murderers change their mind, 153\n    differ in opinion, 153\n    design of, 152\n    resolve to return to habitation of St. Lewis, 151\n    return to camp, 151\n  Nahordikhes Indians, 162\n  Nations, Names, 126, 146\n  Nation, What is meant here by it, 146\n  Natives entertained, 118\n  New England, 21, 151\n  New Mexico, 140\n  New Spain, 122\n  Nicolet, 1\n  Nipicingue Lake, 201\n  Odd Salutation, 85\n  Ohio Project, 4\n  Omeaosse Indians, 126\n  Onapien Indians, 126\n  Outahouacs Indians, 199\n  Onondaga, 8\n  Orcampion Indians, 127\n  Oris killed, 87\n  Otenmarhem Indians, 126\n  Paget, 56\n  Palaquechaune Indians, 128\n  Panego Indians, 127\n  Pehir Indians, 126\n  Peihoum Indians, 127\n  Peisacho Indians, 127\n  Peoria Lake, 15\n  Persons that went, 54\n  Petao Indians, 127\n  Petzares Indians, 127\n  Pichar Indians, 127\n  Pines, Island of, 62, 63, 64\n  Plenty of game, 171\n  Portable Canoe, 125\n  Poutouanni Indians, 199\n  Pottawatomies, 4, 21\n  Presents, 171\n  Primitehouy Lake, 187\n  Princess\u2019s River, 117, 119\n  Provisions hid spoilt, 132\n  Ptolomy, 22\n  Quintonan River, 198\n    Accidents concerning, 112\n  Red River, 202\n  Richelieu (Cardinal), 2\n  Rio Grande River, 23, 202\n  River aux B\u0153ufs, 103\n    of Bullocks, 97\n    of Canoes, 132\n  Rochelle, 26, 202\n    return to, 55\n  Rocky Mountains, 23\n    Kills Liotot, 154\n  Santo Domingo, 25, 56\n  Salt found in pools, 92\n    water spring, 186\n  Sault Ste. Marie, 13\n  Savages, A company of, 80\n    come to the boat, 70\n    carryed aboard, 71\n    return ashore with gifts, 71\n    friendly behaviour, 81\n    their camp, 81\n    their entertainment, 82\n  Second Landing, 73\n    settlement, 93, 96\n      ill posture of, 95\n  Seignelay, Marquis de, 10, 25\n  Senecas, 3, 195\n    Village (Irondequoit), 4\n  Seven set out for Canada, 161\n  Shea, Dr. John Gilmary, 22\n  Ships, 54\n  Six men killed by natives, 101\n  Sombrero Island, 58\n  South Sea, 42\n  Spain, 25\n  Spanish, 6\n    Incursions, 26\n    Vessel appears, 91\n  Spicheats Indians, 126\n  St. Bernard\u2019s Bay, 97\n  St. Barbara, Mines of, 42\n  St. Cosmo, 203\n  St. Jerome River, 213\n  St. Joseph River, 14, 15, 19\n  St. Lewis River, 206, 213\n  St. Laurent, Marquis de, 60, 61\n  St. Lawrence River, 19, 41, 49, 202\n  St. Mary\u2019s Fall, 200\n  St. Philip River, 213\n  Stores they had, 98\n  Strange adventure, 102\n  Superior, Lake, 4, 12\n  Sweet water from a tree, 198\n  Teao Indians, 127\n  Tessalon, Village of, 200\n  Texas, 108\n  Theauremets Indians, 126\n  Thecamenes Indians, 126\n  Thibault, Sieur, 54, 99\n  Thick woods, 119\n  Third landing, 76\n    comes to Fort Lewis, 195\n    \u2019s mistake in account of voyage, 64\n  Tohaka Indians, 126\n  Tohan Indians, 127\n  Tonningua, Village, 182\n  Toriman officers, 181\n    Village, 181\n  Tortuga Island, 59\n  Trade Wind, 57\n  Travel continued, 197\n  Tsepehoen Indians, 127\n  Tsera Indians, 127\n  Two men killed, 115\n  West Indies, 210\n  Wild fowl, 120\n  Vermilion Sea, 3\n  Vespusius, Americus, 23\n[Illustration: (Map)]\n| [1] \u201cThe Romance of the French and Spanish Explorers;\u201d an article  |\n| in _Harper\u2019s Magazine_, for February, 1882, by John Fiske.         |\n| [2] \u201cThe Great La Salle,\u201d an article in _Harper\u2019s Magazine_, for   |\n| February, 1905, by Henry Loomis Nelson, L. H. D. Also Parkman\u2019s    |\n| _Pioneers of New France_, Champlain edition, ii, 258, 260.         |\n| [3] This feudal estate, some eight miles from Montreal, bears at   |\n| the present day the name of La Chine (China), modernly spelled     |\n| Lachine, which was said to have been applied to it in derision of  |\n| [4] It must be remembered that the voyage of the priest            |\n| Marquette, and the fur-trader Joliet, in 1673, had reached the     |\n| Mississippi, down which they sailed as far as the mouth of the     |\n| Arkansas. At that point, thinking that they had sufficiently       |\n| established the fact that the waters of the Mississippi            |\n| discharged, not into the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf of  |\n| Mexico (although they were then really only within seven hundred   |\n| miles of its mouth) they returned to Canada and so reported.       |\n| [5] One account describes his route as being by way of Lake        |\n| Chautauqua into the valley of the Alleghany, thence _via_ the      |\n| Ohio river to Louisville; and, in the following year, the          |\n| crossing of Lake Erie, from south to north, and _via_ the Detroit  |\n| river to Lake Huron; thence into Lake Michigan and the Chicago     |\n| river, and across the short portage to the Illinois river.         |\n| [6] La Salle had, in the parlance of the present day, \u201cmade        |\n| himself solid\u201d with the Governor, by his active participation      |\n| in Frontenac\u2019s plans for the enlargement of the French power in    |\n| Canada; especially in the matter of holding a council with the     |\n| Iroquois, at Onondaga, where a treaty of peace was secured from    |\n| that powerful and warlike tribe, which seemed to ensure peace for  |\n| [7] La Salle\u2019s Patent of Nobility is given in the second volume    |\n| of this series, \u201cShea\u2019s Discovery and Exploration of the           |\n| Mississippi Valley,\u201d from Paris Doc. in Sec\u2019y\u2019s Office, Albany,    |\n| [8] Capt. Tonti (or Tonty, as he signed his name in its            |\n| Gallicized form) was an Italian (the son of the financier who      |\n| instituted that form of life-insurance known as the Tontine),      |\n| an ex-officer in the Sicilian wars, where, by the explosion of     |\n| a grenade, he lost one of his hands. This loss was supplied, in    |\n| some measure, by an artificial hand of iron, or some other metal,  |\n| over which he always wore a glove, and the weight of which was,    |\n| in one or two instances at least, felt by the savages who tried    |\n| to intimidate him. Tonti\u2019s name will survive in history as that    |\n| of La Salle\u2019s most faithful and courageous friend and lieutenant,  |\n| and one who, by reason of his noble qualities is entitled to our   |\n| admiration and respect. See also Parkman\u2019s _La Salle_ (Champlain   |\n| [9] Hennepin was a Jesuit priest, a courageous and rather able     |\n| man, to whose memoirs we are indebted for much information         |\n| concerning La Salle\u2019s and other early explorations; though the     |\n| value of his writings is much impaired by his tendency to tell     |\n| large stories, and to claim for himself the credit which belonged  |\n| to others; a tendency which seemed to increase more and more with  |\n| each successive edition of his book.                               |\n| [10] The animus of this enmity, which persistently followed La     |\n| Salle for the rest of his life, is fully explained on pp. 101\u2013104  |\n| of Parkman\u2019s _La Salle_, Champlain edition, vol. i.                |\n| [11] La Salle often prophesied, says Parkman (_La Salle_, i,       |\n| 149), that he \u201cwould make the griffin fly above the crows,\u201d _i.    |\n| e._, that he would make the influence of Frontenac triumph over    |\n| [12] Green Bay was a mission among several Indian tribes of Lake   |\n| Michigan, established by the Jesuit fathers, Allouez and Dablon,   |\n| [13] By the terms of his patent from the King, this was clearly    |\n| an infringement of the monopoly belonging to the Montreal colony,  |\n| and was subsequently used against him by his enemies, as well as   |\n| being the primal cause of his loss of the _Griffin_.               |\n| [14] He clearly foresaw what this journey involved, for as he      |\n| wrote to one of his associates in his enterprise, \u201cthough the      |\n| thaws of approaching Spring greatly increased the difficulty of    |\n| the way, interrupted as it was everywhere by marshes and rivers,   |\n| to say nothing of the length of the journey, which is about 500    |\n| leagues in a direct line, and the danger of meeting Indians of     |\n| four or five different nations through whose country we were       |\n| to pass, as well as an Iroquois army which we knew was coming      |\n| that way; though we must suffer all the time from hunger, sleep    |\n| on the open ground, and often without food; watch by night and     |\n| march by day, loaded with baggage such as blankets, clothing,      |\n| kettle, hatchet, gun, powder, lead, and skins to make moccasins;   |\n| sometimes pushing through thickets, sometimes climbing rocks       |\n| covered with ice and snow, sometimes wading whole days through     |\n| marshes where the water was waist-deep, or even more, at a         |\n| season when the snow was not entirely melted\u2014though I knew of      |\n| this, it did not prevent me from resolving to go on foot to Fort   |\n| Frontenac, to learn for myself what had become of my vessel, and   |\n| bring back the things we needed.\u201d\u2014Parkman\u2019s _La Salle_ (Champlain  |\n| [15] A Jesuit mission, established among the Hurons, 1670\u201372, by   |\n| [16] The white man\u2019s name, \u201cThe Father of Waters,\u201d applied to      |\n| this river, is a rather grandiloquent paraphrase of the Indian\u2019s   |\n| \u201cAll Water,\u201d but seems to apply only to one feature of its         |\n| greatness\u2014viz., its size. The Indian name, however, compounded     |\n| of _Missi_, whole, and _sipi_, river, more nearly describes its    |\n| _collective_ character, as the great irrigating system of this     |\n| vast region, receiving many tributaries, both great and small.     |\n| [17] Fortunately, his fort and colony were not attacked at         |\n| that time; but later it withstood a six-days\u2019 siege, under the     |\n| combined command of Tonti (as La Salle\u2019s representative) and De    |\n| Baugis, a French officer, representing the Governor-General. The   |\n| attack, however, was unsuccessful.                                 |\n| [18] The account of these evidences and of La Salle\u2019s consequent   |\n| anxiety as to Tonti\u2019s fate, are well described by Parkman (_La     |\n| Salle_, i, pp. 205\u2013213, Champlain edit.). The record of Tonti\u2019s    |\n| tribulations in this invasion of the Iroquois into the Illinois    |\n| town, and his heroic conduct, is given in chapter XVI of same      |\n| [19] For, it must be remembered, the fact of the existence of      |\n| this great river was known to the European world long before       |\n| La Salle\u2019s time. Its three mouths are shown in the edition of      |\n| Ptolomy, printed at Venice in 1513\u2014wherein the delta of the        |\n| Mississippi is traced with more accuracy than in the maps of the   |\n| next century. Dr. J. G. Shea, in the Introduction (pp. x-lxxv)     |\n| to the volume of this series (_The Discovery and Exploration of    |\n| the Mississippi Valley, 1903_) has very carefully and clearly      |\n| epitomized the results of the earliest explorations down to those  |\n| of La Salle, viz., that of Garay (1578); of De Vaca (\u2014\u2014); of       |\n| Friar Mark (1539); and of De Soto (1539); of Muscoso (1539\u201343);    |\n| of De Luna (1557); of other missionary efforts (1580); and of      |\n| others of less account, which all kept alive the knowledge of the  |\n| great river of the North American continent called by the Spanish  |\n| Then early in the seventeenth century, came the French explorers;  |\n| Champlain and the Jesuits (1608); Nicolet (1639); Jogues (1641);   |\n| Allouez (1669); Dablon (1670); Marquette (1673), and Joliet\u2014all    |\n| of whom, by observation or report, confirmed the existence of the  |\n| All of these were influenced in their labors by greed, by the      |\n| spirit of commercialism and adventure, or by a sublime faith and   |\n| religious zeal. It was reserved for La Salle to enter this region  |\n| with the _distinct idea of colonization_, and of making it a       |\n| source of revenue and a glory to the land which he represented.    |\n| [20] This place, of which a view is given at p. 168 of Parkman\u2019s   |\n| _La Salle_, vol. i, Champlain edition, is about six miles below    |\n| [21] La Salle\u2019s estimate of the number of these Indians was about  |\n| 20,000, or a fighting capacity of 4,000 warriors.                  |\n| [22] La Salle\u2019s brother, the Abbe Cavelier, Fathers Membre, Douay  |\n| and Le Clerc, all more or less afterward associated with American  |\n| exploration, were among this clerical contingent.                  |\n| [23] Most interesting as to these troubles, and La Salle\u2019s mental  |\n| condition at this critical point, are the pages 97\u2013109, vol. II    |\n| of Parkman\u2019s _La Salle_ (Champlain edition).                       |\n| [24] \u201cSixteen or seventeen years,\u201d as he says in his Journal,      |\n| under date of July, 1684; \u201cso that, as he could hardly have        |\n| entered the service before the age of 18 or 20, he must have       |\n| been, at the time he linked his fortunes to those of La Salle,     |\n| about 35 or 37 years old\u2014hence born, probably, about 1643\u20135.\u201d      |\n| [25] \u201cIntendant\u201d is the official French term.                      |\n| [26] His words are \u201cun fort honn\u00eate homme, et seul delatroupe de   |\n| M. de La Salle, sur qui c\u00e9l\u00e8bre voyageur p\u00fbt compter.\u201d             |\n| [29] The _Fr._ reads thus, \u201cl\u2019un fr\u00e8re & les autres neveus de      |\n| ...\u201d\u2014the one a brother of M. de La Salle, the others his nephews.  |\n| There evidently were _two_ nephews, named Cavalier\u2014the name of     |\n| La Salle\u2019s family; although in this journal the elder nephew is    |\n| [30] Cavalier gives the date as 23d or 24th July.                  |\n| [31] _Fr._ \u201c30 tonneux des Munitiens ou Marchandises, qui estoit   |\n| fret\u00e9e pour S. Domingae\u201d\u2014thirty casks of munitions or commodities  |\n| which were intended for Santo Domingo.                             |\n| [32] _Fr._ \u201csept ou huit jours.\u201d\u2014seven or eight days.              |\n| [33] _Fr._ \u201cfurent les secrettes semences, que ...\u201d\u2014which were     |\n| [35] The parenthesis does not appear in the French original.       |\n| [36] In the original _Fr._ \u201cthe missionary priest.\u201d                |\n| [38] The French original says \u201cplus de malades\u201d\u2014_i. e._ more than  |\n| [40] Tr. \u201cFrancois\u201d\u2014the first French port.                         |\n| [45] Corrects the _Fr._ original, which reads \u201c12th.\u201d              |\n| [46] The _Fr._ reads, \u201cil s\u2019\u00e9leva un gros meage au nord\u201d\u2014_i. e._   |\n| there arose a great cloud to the northward.                        |\n| [48] In the _Fr._ \u201cqui estoient devant nous\u201d\u2014and who were ahead    |\n| [49] They must have already passed the mouth of the Mississippi    |\n| (owing to La Salle\u2019s having failed to determine its longitude,     |\n| in 1682, when he had taken its latitude), and were then sailing    |\n| along the Texas coast, probably near Galveston Bay, more than 400  |\n| miles westward of their desired objective. See _note_ to p. 120,   |\n| vol. ii, _Parkman\u2019s La Salle_ (Champlain edition).                 |\n| [52] _Fr._ \u201ca quatre piez d\u2019eau\u201d\u2014_i. e._ in four feet of water.    |\n| [53] _Fr._ \u201cune partie s\u2019embarqua\u201d\u2014a party embarked.               |\n| [56] _Fr._ \u201ccanot\u201d [thus explained in a marginal note: \u201cCanot;     |\n| _est un petit batteau fait de bois, ou d\u2019 \u00e9corces, ou de           |\n| peau_\u201d\u2014_i. e._ Canoe, is a little boat made of wood, or bark, or   |\n| [59] _Fr._ \u201cquatre sentinelles\u201d\u2014four sentinels.                    |\n| [60] _Fr._ \u201cvillage porchain du lieu\u201d\u2014_i. e._ near the place.      |\n| [61] _Fr._ \u201cjointes au d\u00e9go\u00fbt qui la perte de n\u00f4tre navire avoit   |\n| caus\u00e9 parmi la pluspart des honnestes gens qui avoient suivi M.    |\n| de la Salle\u201d\u2014together with the anxiety which the loss of our ship  |\n| had occasioned among most of the people of respectability who had  |\n| [62] Though evidently not altogether satisfied in his own mind     |\n| that he had reached the mouth of the Mississippi, La Salle,        |\n| desirous to relieve himself of the many complications and          |\n| annoyances arising from the strained relations between himself     |\n| and Beaujeu, decided to land his soldiers at a place which he      |\n| named St. Louis Bay (now known as Matagardu Bay), thinking to      |\n| send them northward along the coast until they should come to the  |\n| principal outlet of the \u201cfatal river\u201d as Joutel frequently calls   |\n| the Mississippi. While here the loss of the _Amiable_ and its      |\n| valuable stores, the sickness of many of the company, and finally  |\n| the departure of the _Joly_ with Beaujeu, left La Salle in a sad   |\n| plight. (See _note_ concerning the relations between La Salle and  |\n| Beaujeu, in Parkman\u2019s _La Salle_, ii, 133 Champlain edition).      |\n| [64] _Fr._ \u201cvouloit faire un Fort plus avant dans le               |\n| pays\u201d\u2014designed to establish a fortified post farther inland. _C.   |\n| [66] This was on the river Lavaca (La Vache) at the head of        |\n| Matagorda Bay, and called by Joutel _Rivi\u00e8re aux B\u0153ufs_.           |\n| [67] St. Louis Bay, St. Bernard\u2019s Bay, Matagorda Bay, Esp\u00edritu     |\n| Bay\u2014are all names by which this Bay has been known. La Salle had   |\n| a peculiar _penchant_ for naming his forts, and after his royal    |\n| master, Louis XIV; New Fort, St. Louis of the Illinois, Fort St.   |\n| [68] In the _Fr._ this sentence is a marginal note.                |\n| [69] The construction of this sentence, leaves us somewhat in      |\n| doubt, as to whether the girl and the woman were not one and the   |\n| same person. In the _Fr._ it reads \u201cune fille, une femme bless\u00e9e   |\n| \u00e0 la cuisse d\u2019un coup de fusil, dont elle mourut\u2014a girl, a woman   |\n| wounded in the thigh by a gun-shot, who died of the wound.\u201d _C.    |\n| [71] _Fr._ \u201cOn voyoit du C\u00f4t\u00e9 du midy, & vers l\u2019Orient, la Baye,   |\n| & les campagnes qui la bordent, de l\u2019Orient au Septentrion,        |\n| la Rivi\u00e8re se presentoit le long d\u2019un petit costan,\u201d\u2014To the        |\n| southward and eastward stretched the Bay and the fields which      |\n| border it, from the east to the north, the river appeared along a  |\n| gentle slope,\u2014[The phrase, \u201cFrom the east to the north\u201d squints    |\n| both ways; the reader must determine the meaning. Perhaps, in      |\n| the editor\u2019s translation, the comma after the words \u201cborder it\u201d    |\n| should be removed, so as to make the phrase \u201cfrom the east to the  |\n| north\u201d qualify the verb \u201cborder.\u201d Although the editor\u2019s studies    |\n| have not qualified him to express an authoritative opinion upon    |\n| this point of historical geography, he hazards the guess that      |\n| this river is one of those flowing into Galveston Bay.] _C. C.     |\n| [72] [The ascription of an agreeable odor to the colors is found   |\n| in the original. Perhaps the _Fr._ \u201ccouleurs\u201d is a misprint for    |\n| [73] The original _Fr._ expression seems preferable: viz., \u201c&      |\n| Duhaut ayant dit ses raisons, & moy les miennes, ...\u201d\u2014and Duhaut   |\n| having given his reasons, and I mine. _C. C. edit._                |\n| [74] La Salle, now apparently convinced that in his approach       |\n| by sea, he had missed the mouth of the Mississippi which he so     |\n| eagerly sought, determined to retrace, by land, the long route     |\n| to Canada, in order to secure supplies and succor for the little   |\n| colony in Texas, and to report their state to France. In this      |\n| design, he appears to have been even more reticent than usual;     |\n| since few, if any, seem to have been informed of the real extent   |\n| Almost at the outset of their undertaking, the little frigate      |\n| _Belle_, which was to have accompanied them\u2014as far as              |\n| possible\u2014along the coast\u2014was lost, and all of her crew perished,   |\n| except three or four, who were washed ashore, and rejoined         |\n| Joutel\u2019s party, only after three months\u2019 absence.                  |\n| [80] _Fr._ \u201cbelles prairies\u201d\u2014meaning, in this case, fine or        |\n| [86] _Fr._ \u201cle lendemain 27.\u201d [The original appears to be wrong,   |\n| and the correction extends to the three following dates.] M. B. A. |\n| [87] _Fr._ \u201cbretelles\u201d\u2014carriers\u2019 or porters\u2019 knots.                |\n|   _Ahonerhopiheim_,     \u201e   _Ahouerhopiheim_                       |\n| [91] _Fr._ \u201cquarante anciens Sauvages\u201d\u2014forty old Indians. [Later,  |\n| the translator uses the proper word \u201cElders.\u201d] _C. C. edit._       |\n| [92] The Eng. translator here omits the words in the _Fr._         |\n| original \u201c& to make lime\u201d (\u201c& \u00e0 fair de la chaux\u201d).                |\n| [93] This occurred, according to Douay\u2019s account, on the 19th      |\n| [94] _Fr._ \u201cdans le temps qu\u2019il y avait tout \u00e0 esperer des ses     |\n| grands travaux\u201d\u2014at a time when there was the greatest hopes of     |\n| the success of his enterprise. _C. C. edit._                       |\n| [95] The author referred to here, is Father Douay, whose           |\n| statement to this effect may be doubted, as Parkman observes that  |\n| he did not \u201calways write honestly,\u201d and that he probably invented  |\n| the story of the burial, to cover his own dereliction in having    |\n| failed (through terror) to discharge this duty. See Parkman\u2019s _La  |\n| Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_, ii, 176, 178, note,    |\n| Champlain edition. This assassination occurred in a southern       |\n| [97] Trappings. The _Fr._ word used here is \u201cajustemens.\u201d          |\n| [98] _Fr._ \u201cd\u2019autre leurs arcs & deux fl\u00e9ches seulement,\u201d\u2014\u201cothers  |\n| their bows & two arrows only.\u201d [d\u2019autre is a misprint for          |\n| [99] _Fr._ \u201cIl nous fit bien des caresses, il estoit tout nud,     |\n| comme eux, & ce qui est surprenant, il avoit presque oubli\u00e9 son    |\n| langage naturel.\u201d\u2014\u201cHe gave us many caresses; he was, like them,    |\n| quite naked; and what is remarkable, he had almost forgotten his   |\n| [100] _Fr._ \u201cpav halneaux\u201d\u2014probably a misprint for                 |\n| [101] _Fr._ \u201cd\u2019espace en espace\u201d\u2014at intervals.                     |\n| [102] _Fr._ \u201cpresque tout le travail\u201d\u2014almost all the work.         |\n|   _Ahonerhopiheim_,      \u201e       _Ahouerhopiheim_                  |\n| [104] _Fr._ \u201cun cheval entier et fort beau\u201d\u2014a very handsome        |\n| _entire_ horse. _C. C. edit._: _i. e._, a stallion.                |\n| [106] This name, although same in French original, is probably a   |\n| [107] _Fr._ \u201cIl apprit de Duhaut\u201d\u2014He learned from Duhaut.          |\n| [108] That we might see what direction we could take [_i. e._,     |\n| take information as to their future line of march]. M. B. A.       |\n| [109] _Fr._ \u201cqui se mirent \u00e2 chanter \u00e2 pleine gorge des chansons   |\n| differentes\u201d\u2014who began loudly to sing various songs. _C. C. edit._ |\n| [110] M. Moranget. Following the word \u201cnephew,\u201d in the _Fr._ are   |\n| [112] In _Fr._ original, this sentence is in a marginal note. _C.  |\n| [113] _Fr._ Cahainiho\u00fca. [Cf. pp. 90 and 44, and the notes. A      |\n| marginal note in the _Fr._ calls this tribe _Cahaynaho_.] _C. C.   |\n| [114] _Fr._ \u201caspiroient grandement\u201d\u2014ardently longed for.           |\n| [115] _Fr._ \u201cQuelques une cependant sont plus proprement; mais     |\n| generalement, non\u201d\u2014Some nevertheless are more cleanly, but         |\n| [116] _Fr._ \u201cdes Cannes seiches allum\u00e9es\u201d\u2014dry reeds aflame.        |\n| [118] This was the famous expedition of the Marquis de Nonville    |\n| against the Senecas, in which Tonty, Du Shut and Duromtage, came   |\n| to the aid of the Governor, with 180 French _coureurs de bois_     |\n| [119] The Marquis De Nonville, Governor General of Canada.         |\n| [120] _Fr._ \u201cbillet & reconnoissance\u201d\u2014_i. e._, note and receipt.   |\n| [125] The concealment of the fact of La Salle\u2019s death, which       |\n| was maintained by this party of survivors, until, and for some     |\n| time after, their return to France, gave rise to an heroic         |\n| manifestation of courage and friendship, by the Chevalier Tonti,   |\n| who had been left in charge of Fort Louis on the Illinois.         |\n| Although they had been, on their journey northward, to Canada,     |\n| the guests of that officer at Fort St. Louis, from September,      |\n| 1687, till the end of February, 1688, they had made no disclosure  |\n| of that fact. And, it was not until some months later, that Tonti  |\n| heard of it, from the lips of one of his own men, Couture by       |\n| name, who had been left at the Arkansas, and who had been told     |\n| of it by the Abbe Cavelier himself. Meanwhile Tonti had received   |\n| from and paid over to his reverend guest an order from La Salle    |\n| for over 2,500 livres in beaver and supplies, on which money the   |\n| party had made their further journey homeward.                     |\n| Learning now, for the first time, with what grief and indignation  |\n| we may well imagine, of the death of his beloved friend and        |\n| chief; and also that the Arkansas Indians were anxious to join     |\n| with the French in an invasion of Mexico\u2014which information was     |\n| also followed by an official notification from the Governor of     |\n| Canada, that war had again been declared against Spain, Tonti      |\n| decided to rescue, if possible, the remaining members of La        |\n| Salle\u2019s party on the Gulf coast; and, by making them the nucleus   |\n| of a small army, to cross the Rio Grande, and thus win a new       |\n| Leaving the fort early in December, in a canoe, with five          |\n| Frenchmen, an Indian warrior and two other Indians, he reached     |\n| the home of the Caddoes in Red River, by the last of March, 1688,  |\n| and was preparing to push on to a village eighty miles distant     |\n| in search of Hiens and his companions, when he was left almost     |\n| helpless by the refusal of all his men, except one Frenchman and   |\n| the Indian warrior, to longer pursue the tiresome journey they     |\n| had thus far made. But, with the two faithful ones, he pushed      |\n| on, losing nearly all their ammunition in crossing a river,        |\n| and finding, upon reaching the village where he had expected       |\n| to find them, that they had been killed. As his ammunition was     |\n| lost, and the Indians refused to furnish him guides, he could      |\n| only return to the Arkansas country which he only reached by the   |\n| end of July, after traversing a flooded country, in a ceaseless    |\n| rain, sometimes by wading, sometimes by rafts, breaking their      |\n| way with hatchets through the inundated cane brakes, and finally   |\n| having to kill and eat their dogs. Even Tonti, the hero of many    |\n| such emergencies of travel, confessed, \u201cI never in my life         |\n| suffered so much.\u201d Then followed an attack of fever, after the     |\n| abatement of which he arrived at his fort, in September, 1689.     |\n| This heroic attempt marks, more distinctly than any other, the     |\n| character of Tonti, who, in the language of the missionary, St.    |\n| Cosmo, who traveled under his escort in 1699, was \u201cbeloved by      |\n| all voyageurs\u2014the man who best knows the country\u2014he is loved and   |\n| feared everywhere.\u201d Tonti was a robust man in appearance, and had  |\n| (as has been already said) but one hand, but he truly had a great  |\n| soul within him\u2014Courageous, generous and loyal. Though holding a   |\n| captain\u2019s commission, he had, as late as 1690, never received any  |\n| pay; but in that year the proprietorship of the Fort St. Louis     |\n| of the Illinois was granted to him jointly with La Forest, La      |\n| Salle\u2019s then lieutenant\u2014and there they carried on a fur trade;     |\n| and in 1699, they were granted further privileges of trade, by a   |\n| royal proclamation. In 1702, a royal order assigned La Forest to   |\n| Canada, and Tonti to residence on the Mississippi. Tonti, in that  |\n| year, joined D\u2019Iberville in Lower Louisiana, and was by him sent   |\n| to secure the alliance of the Chickasaws. His after career or the  |\n| Never were mutiny, conspiracy and assassination more signally      |\n| and justly followed by retribution than in the fate of these       |\n| miscreants who had murdered La Salle\u2014as graphically portrayed by   |\n| Parkman (_La Salle & the Discovery of the Great West_, ii, pp.     |\n| 212\u2013216. _Champlain edition._) Exiled, by their own deeds, from    |\n| Canada; in fear of their Spanish neighbors, whose dominion they    |\n| had invaded, they were finally overwhelmed by an Indian attack,    |\n| many of them butchered and the fort laid waste. Compulsory         |\n| domestication among their savage captors was the fate of the       |\n| rest; and when, in 1689 the Spanish general Alonzo de Leon         |\n| visited the ruined fort of St. Louis in Texas, they were handed    |\n| over to him, and expiated their sins in the naval service or       |\n| [126] The eldest son of Louis XIV, who had died a year or two      |\n| before the publication of the _Fr._ original of this Journal. _C.  |\n| [127] _Fr._ \u201coverture au droit de l\u2019\u0153il\u201d\u2014opening opposite the eye. |\n| [129] Bracketed words not in the French original.                  |\n| [130] Reprinted, Albany, 1903, edition of five hundred copies.     |\n| [131] Reprinted, Albany, 1902, five hundred copies.                |\nTranscriber\u2019s Notes:\n  - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).\n  - Blank pages have been removed.\n  - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected,\n    otherwise archaic or inconsistent spelling was left as-is.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Joutel's Journal of La Salle's Last Voyage 1684-7\n"},
{"content": "THE SIGHTS RETREAT A POEM BY H.W. GARNET\n\nSir,\nThe following poem, entitled \"The Sight's Retreat,\" being the offspring of an obscure Muse, is, with all deference, dedicated by the author himself to your discreet compassion. I, with humble submission, take leave of you on a just consideration of your manifold virtues and perfections, to illuminate the same and light it again at your honor's altar. I am, with all due submission,\nYour honor's unfortunate, but dark and dutiful servant. Henry Ware\n\nDark in a closet all alone,\n(But not to muse on pelf,\nNor any man's business, but my own\nBewail I will my soul.\nI who have seen and likewise gone\nAs far, 'twixt shore and shore,\nAs most have done, except the sun,\nAm like to see no more.\n\nFor as the earth doth intervene\n'twixt Sol and Luna's light,\nSo by a turn of Fortune's spleen,\nEclipsed is my sight:\nFor what's the world without a sun,\nBut chaos as at first?\nAnd what is a man, when sight is gone,\nbut a mere lump of dust?\nI have eyes but cannot see,\nso blind I have become,\nThat all, but sad obscurity,\nhas left my estate.\nBut God is good as well as just,\nHe disregards the distressed;\nFor what we think to be the worst,\nmay prove, hereafter, best,\nEclipsed from me are all good things\ncontained in nature's fold;\nThe sun, nor moon, nor courts of kings,\nNo more! must I behold.\nBut all is best from Him that's blessed,\nto you no harm can fall;\nFor if his grace shines in your breast,\nyou are not blind at all.\nNo need in heaven of carnal sight,\nthe eye of man can't bear\nOne glimpse of the eternal light;\nfor God Himself is there.\nTobit was blind, but not in mind,\nWithin he had his sight.\nSo he who is to God resigned,\nis always in the light.\nSensual Saul (but now St. Paul)\nhad not his sight so well\nBefore his visionary fall,\nas after him befell.\nHe in the dark mistook the mark,\nfor want of inner sight,\nBut when his dove had reached the ark,\nhe then beheld the light.\nFrom whose false zeal was no appeal,\nso headstrong was his sin,\nUntil Jesus revealed himself,\nAnd then he saw within.\nBut when from his obscured sight\nThe scales of sin did fall,\nHe then became a shining light,\nAnd burning lamp to all.\nDark in his sight but not in mind,\nPerhaps he then might be;\nBut who can say that he was blind,\nWho did our Savior see.\nWho is the light and supreme light,\nOn whom we should depend,\nWhich yet no light nor sensual sight,\nCould ever comprehend.\nAnd this is truth, that light divine,\nWhich light itself begot,\nWhich here in darkness once did shine,\nAnd darkness knew it not,\nThis is the light and perfect light,\nThe Ignis of the mind;\nFor though your sight be never so bright,\nWithout it you are blind.\nGive me this light, oh, heavenly light!\nThat I the light may see,\nAnd in thy bright, celestial sight,\nBe always lauding thee.\nWhose heavenly goodness I'll adore,\nIn thee will put my trust,\nBefore I leave this sinful shore,\nAnd turn to natal dust.\nBut while I'm fated here to stay,\nAnd seek my sight in vain,\nInstruct me goodness how I may\nLost charity regain.\nFor how can he be contented\nwhose sight and wealth is flown,\nUnless he find out charity\nhis trouble to bemoan.\nO Charity, thou heavenly fire,\nwhose absence breeds debate,\nOh! Where from hence dost thou retire,\nwhen thou absconds the state?\nOh! Where art thou at present gone,\nso far from my distress?\nTo what remote province flown,\nand where is thy recess?\nIf still on earth we were to be,\nmore prone to dole relief,\nMore prone to show humanity,\nand ease each other's grief.\nA helpless friend would not forsake,\nbut vile ambition curb,\nWhich does in state bring false faction,\nthe nation to disturb.\nBut thou art gone where none does know,\nlong since from hence art fled;\nFor if thou wert with us below,\nthou couldst not hide thy head.\nFor as the sun is often hid\nby mist or else by rain;\nBut when those mists are vanished,\nthe sun appears again.\nBut she seems gone for good and all,\nhas taken from hence her flight.\nAbove the Reach of Human Call,\nso wretched is our plight. But yet, I think some part of thee,\nmust still on earth remain; For if there was no charity,\nthe world would drown again. But where that part does here abide,\ncomes not within my view. In court she seems not to reside,\nnor with the common crew. Where then must I her footsteps trace,\nsome one to me declare,\nThat I may to that sacred place\nwith my complaint repair.\nWhere or where she here doth dwell,\nthere's no man can decipher,\nUnless the mendicant can tell,\nwho cannot live beside her.\nBut where she's not we all may guess,\nall may suppose in part,\nThat with the rich she seldom is,\nnor with the proud of heart.\nWith such she has not much to do,\nnor they with her the same,\nShe is as much above their view,\nas they beneath my theme.\nThe proud in purse and person too,\nher business is to shun,\nAs they from her here daily do,\nso she from them doth run.\nGood God! to what a height of pride,\nand latitude of sin,\nAre they that won't in her confide.\nDayly involved in?\nYou may find an Honest Man as soon as you find this precept:\nIt is not hidden in Wealth,\nNor with a Jew and Miser Crew,\nNor such as Worship Pelf.\nIn Skellum Land where Boors abound,\nThe Cinnique might as well\nSeek her there (where she was never found),\nAs with these sordid Wights.\nTell me, Dear Charity, since you are here,\nAs well on Earth as in Heaven,\nWhere do you dwell Below?\nFor if the Court or Town conceals you,\nI do not know where to resort\nTo bring in my appeal.\nIf I steer my course to the fields,\nAnd search the distant plains,\nShe seldom appears among the Rural Swains.\nFrom Nabal's Breed she flees with speed,\nAnd from all Churlish Elves,\nWho in their neighbors' greatest need\nOnly regard themselves.\nAs well I may in every part,\nWhere she could never rest,\nGo seek her in a Miser's Heart,\nOr in an Atheist's Breast.\nThen, since my search is in vain here,\nI will to Heaven by prayer.\nAscend and mount the starry wane,\nAnd strive to find her there.\nBut hold, methinks I hear some say,\nMy friend, thou art too bold;\nYou must in course quite lose your way\nIf you this method hold.\n'Tis good, indeed, what you intend,\n'Tis good to practice prayer;\nBut she must first be here your friend,\nEre you can well get there.\nIn me 'tis base then to comply\nWith every false negation,\nAnd slight the rule of charity,\nWhich leadeth to salvation.\n'Tis she, unless you'd go aside,\nAnd wander in the dark,\nThat in your way must be your guide,\nOr you will miss the mark.\nPatience she gives to them that toil,\nFrom no man's wants e'er fled;\nThe virgins lamps she feeds with oil,\nThe hungry with bread.\n'Tis she prevents our second fall,\nSaves us from one another:\n'Tis she that does preserve us all\nFrom ruining each other.\nAs Satan was to Tophet hurled\nFor practicing sedition;\nSo charity props up the world\nFrom sinking to perdition.\nGood God! Let him who cannot see,\nfrom hence all vice detest,\nAnd all who slight not charity\nbe at her altar blest.\n\nBavus the rich scorned Belus poor,\nbecause Belus hat he did not bow,\nHe being better born. But this is pride, not charity;\nfor charity will bend,\nShow courtesy with cap and knee,\neither to foe or friend.\n\nTo Jesus then the God of light,\nmy soul I will display,\nAnd to his name, with all my might,\nsing anthems all the day.\n\nBut charity to seek indeed,\nno place more proper here\nThan in the creed or pilgrim's weed,\nand you will find her there.\n\nWhere in the church militant below,\ncommunes with the church above,\nAnd daily does on both bestow\nthe sacred band of love.\n\nSacred indeed! though by some deemed\nto be but common food.\nA sign-post is as much esteemed,\nas is the holy rood.\n\nYet I with heart and suppliant knee\nto this blessed cross will creep,\nAnd there absorbed, as I should be,\nanother deluge weep.\n\nWhere to the good of the first class,\nto whom these lines I send.\nShe may prefer a pauper's case, and raise him up as a friend. For if we all were in one state, and she should forgo, who could prevent a Sodom fate from burning all below? From woes present and to come, destruction, death and hell, and all the plagues abroad or home, or ever yet befell. What will ye do, oh! Sons of men, when Christ returns with ire, to visit Jacob's race again, and judge the world by fire: then shall we wish, as all will do, that charity had stayed, and that to her we'd been more true, and in her robe arrayed. When trembling from the grave you must, like a poor wretch dismayed, once more put on your native dust, and quit the nuisance shade; instead of being then a friend, will aggravate your case, no more will I attend on your state, but stand between you and grace. Occult and hid then will she be, will leave you to your fate, to God's decisive equity, and heaven's impending hate. Therefore, in closet dark, I once more in this sad state, will recount my obscurity, and my dark lantern fate.\nWhen Sol withdraws his splendid ray, and rain on Earth has power,\nWhen clouds screen us from the day, and heaven above lowers,\nBut worse it is in my dark way; now quite deprived of light,\nIn Greenland, bears see more of day, and less than I of night.\nBut 'tis not so with my blind fate, devoid of earthly bliss,\nFor whilst I'm in this gloomy state, the world a dungeon is,\nCemerian darkness is my lot, with me in this Tereen,\nThough wonders more I have forgot\nThan half the world has seen.\nWretched and sad is that man's case,\nWho nothing here can spy,\nIn this confused wretched place,\nBut his own misery.\nBut what avails wonders here,\nOn sea or yet on shore,\nTo one whose sight does disappear,\nAnd is to see no more.\nHelpful are all things in their kind,\nThat are to care allay'd,\nExcept the sick that nothing can mind,\nNor for themselves provide,\nBefore the Great Fiat was said,\nAnd sin did grace invade,\nApollo slept in Thetis bed,\nAnd all the world was shade.\nThen sinful manhood came in play.\nWhose utmost care has been,\nTo betray my souls to damnation,\nAnd draw me more and more to sin,\nWith this contaminating vice,\nUnraveled was the human race,\nAnd with the same sin in an instant,\nI myself was made blind.\nGreat is that darkness Christ proclaims,\nSurprises every part,\nOf this transient clay, as well as the heart:\nThe eye of heaven or Phoebus bright,\nHis beams to all reveal,\nBut if man's sight saw not his light,\nWhat good would the sun provide?\nFor any good that can descend from thence,\nRedemption for the blind,\nHaving no other providence,\nTo keep the mind in check,\nThe carnal eye is useless there,\nWhere this true light is found,\nNo pearls nor charms are there,\nSuch radiance abounds.\nFaith is my eye and heaven my hope,\nWith faith instead of sight,\nTo paradise I'll grope my way,\nAnd there enjoy the light,\nBut darkness proves my fatal share,\nWith me to live in sorrow,\nAnd for a life to day take care,\nWhich may be gone tomorrow.\nBut since I'm here constrained to dwell,\nNor any good thing to behold,\nGod keep me from the path to hell.\nAnd let what ensues,\nAll others may behold and state their greedy eyes,\nThe avaricious man with gold,\nAs fools and fops with toys.\nSo may they still, but let my heart,\nO God, be thine,\nFor thee alone be set apart,\nAnd in thy law delight,\nBut since from sin we should live clear,\nAnd keep ourselves from strife,\nI shall not fancy here,\nBut in another life.\nWhere chaff from the good seed is fanned,\nAnd piety sits crowned,\nWhere Christ is placed at God's right hand,\nAnd triumphs abound,\nIn which blessed mansion may the just,\nWho here do vice detest,\nAnd in the Lord do put their trust,\nRest with my good reader.\nFINIS.", "creation_year": 1715, "creation_year_earliest": 1715, "creation_year_latest": 1715, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "By a Young Nobleman of the University of Oxford:\n\nIf men are deemed traitors to their prince for loyalty,\nNo wonder impiety gains preeminence.\nWhen those of merit are displaced,\nAnd worthless wretches rise,\nVirtue will soon be in disgrace,\nAnd vice assume the prize.\n\nGreat Ormond, who of late did shine\nLike Sol in this our sphere,\nSeems now eclipsed for a time,\nTo shine again more clear.\n\nThese earth-born sons may interpose,\nAnd cloud this orb awhile,\nBut heaven will all the cheat disclose,\nAnd on this planet smile.\n\nOrmond, who no addition wants,\nTo make his soul complete,\nWon't basely cringe for further grants,\nTo make himself less great.\n\nPoor minds may stoop to things that are base,\nBut this heroic soul\nDerives its greatness from its race,\nTrained up in honor's school.\n\nHe always fought with a design\nTo do his country right,\nHis sovereign would not undermine,\nTo heap up millions by it.\n\nHis prince's councils never betrayed,\nTo please a Dalela\nNor other provinces invade,\nTo rise by infamy.\nHe never voted for a bill to please bring forty votes against it, because it should not pass. No British tycoon ever made to magnify the Dutch, and he cared not, or sent his haughty wife to closet members for voting him general for life. He never opposed Her Majesty, whose right it was to fill a regimental vacancy, when she declared for Hill. No base deductions were ever made from foreign troops abroad, nor did he feed on his soldiers' bread, such baseness he abhorred. He never robbed a general of his right, honor, or fame, to load a fawning parasite who could not act the same. Contingent monies he applies to its proper uses, not letting the French decamp for want of spies and then form excuses. No foreign banks maintained his ill-gotten wealth, nor did he sneak abroad to screen himself and save his sinking fame. Ingratitude never filled his breast, nor found an entrance there, nor did he rob his monarch of her rest in hopes to fill the chair. No vile tumultuous monsters bent on chaos.\nTo show their rage and spleen,\nMade up of Nature's sediment,\nWere led in pomp by him.\nTo trample on that royal dust,\nWhich made him what he is,\nNor ever betrayed his nation's trust,\nTo raise its enemies.\nNo righteous judges ever displaced,\nFor voting once against His Grace,\nMust now be laid aside.\nLet souls depraved thus grasp the air,\nThe empty bubble prize,\nORMOND moves in a nobler sphere,\nHis actions reach the sky.", "creation_year": 1715, "creation_year_earliest": 1715, "creation_year_latest": 1715, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}
]