הנס גל

הנס גל (בגרמנית: Hans Gál; 5 באוגוסט 1890 – 3 באוקטובר 1987) היה מלחין, מורה למוזיקה ופסנתרן יהודי-אוסטרי-בריטי.

== קורות חיים ==
גל נולד במשפחה יהודית בכפר הקטן בְּרוּן אַם גֶבִּירְגֶה (Brunn am Gebirge) שבאוסטריה תחתית, סמוך לווינה. הוא התחנך בקונסרבטוריון החדש של וינה (Neues Wiener Konservatorium), שם אף לימד תקופת מה. בעודו תלמיד זכה בפרס המלכותי והאימפריאלי האוסטרי להלחנה. בשנת 1928 זכה במקום שני בין המלחינים מאוסטריה בתחרות לכבוד מאה שנה למותו של פרנץ שוברט במימונה של חברת התקליטים קולומביה רקורדס, על סינפונייטה שחיבר. שנה אחר כך, בתמיכת מוזיקאים בולטים דוגמת וילהלם פורטוונגלר, ריכרד שטראוס ואחרים, הוא קיבל את ניהול הקונסרבטוריון של מיינץ. גל הלחין כמעט בכל סוגה והאופרות שלו היו אהודות במיוחד בשנות ה-20. בשנת 1933, לאחר עליית הנאצים לשלטון, פוטר גל ממשרתו במיינץ (בהתאם לחוק לשיקום שירות המדינה המקצועי) והשמעת יצירותיו נאסרה.

גל נאלץ לעזוב את גרמניה והיגר לבסוף לבריטניה, שם לימד באוניברסיטת אדינבורו משך שנים ארוכות. סגנונו נטוע במסורת המוזיקלית האוסטרו-גרמנית של שלהי המאה ה-19, ובצעירותו הושפע מיצירות יוהנס ברהמס, אולם לקראת סוף מלחמת העולם הראשונה הוא פיתח שפה ייחודית במוזיקה. הוא לא אימץ את מאפייני האסכולה הווינאית השנייה, או את שיטת שנים-עשר הטונים. יצירותיו המאוחרות הן בעלות מבנה פוליפוני ואינן במלודיה מסורתית.

לצד יצירות האופרה, גל כתב אף יצירות לתזמורת ומוזיקה קאמרית, אשר רבים רואים בהן את שיא יצירתו. מבקר המוזיקה הקאמרית הנודע וילהלם אלטמן (Altmann) כתב על רביעיית המיתרים הראשונה של גל, משנת 1916, ב"ספר עזר לנגני רביעיות מיתרים" (Handbuch für Streichquartettspiele):

==כתבים==
*Anleitung zum Partiturlesen. Vienna: Philharmonischer Verlag, 1923. English edition: Directions for Score Reading. London, 1924.
*The Golden Age of Vienna. London: Parish, 1948.
*Johannes Brahms. Werk und Persönlichkeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2nd edn. 1980. English edition: Brahms: his Work and Personality. New York: Knopf, 1963 / London: Severn House, 1975.
*Richard Wagner. Versuch einer Würdigung. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1963. English edition: Richard Wagner. London: Gollancz / New York: Stein & Day, 1976.
*The Musician's World. Great Musicians in their Letters. London: Thames & Hudson, 1965.
*Franz Schubert oder die Melodie. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1970. English edition: Franz Schubert and the Essence of Melody. London: Gollancz, 1974.
*Drei Meister – drei Welten. Brahms, Wagner, Verdi. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1975.
*Brahms: Briefe. Ed. by Hans Gál. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1979.
*Schumann Orchestral Music. London: BBC, 1979.
*Giuseppe Verdi und die Oper. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1982.
*Musik hinter Stacheldraht (Music behind Barbed Wire), edited by Eva Fox-Gál. Bern: Peter Lang, 2003. (Hans Gál's internment diary from summer 1940. In German – includes CD of the Huyton Suite and What a Life!. English translation in press.)

== מבחר מיצירותיו ==

===Operas===
*Op. 4 Der Arzt der Sobeide (Sobeide's Doctor) (1917–18)
*Op. 15 Die heilige Ente (The Sacred Duck) (1920–1)
*Op. 23 Das Lied der Nacht (The Song of the Night) (1924–5)
*Op. 42 Die beiden Klaas (Rich Claus, Poor Claus) (1932–3)

===Orchestral works===
*Op. 3b Serbische Weisen (Serbian Dances) (1937)
*Op. 20 Ouvertüre zu einem Puppenspiel (Overture to a puppet play) (1923)
*Op. 30 Symphony No. 1 in D major (1927)
*Op. 36 Ballet Suite Scaramuccio (1929)
*Op. 38 Der Zauberspiegel (The Magic Mirror). Suite for orchestra (1930)
*Op. 42b Burleske (Burlesque). From Die beiden Klaas: intro. to Act 3. (1933)
*Op. 45 A Pickwickian Overture (1939–44)
*Op. 46 Serenade for string orchestra (1937)
*Op. 48 Lilliburlero. Improvisations on a martial melody (1945)
*Op. 53 Symphony No. 2 in F major (1942–3)
*Op. 54 Kaledonische Suite (Caledonian Suite). Scottish tunes for small orchestra (1949)
*Op. 62 Symphony No. 3 in A major (1951–2)
*Op. 66 Biedermeiertänze (Biedermeier Dances) four pieces in 3/4 time for large mandolin orchestra (1954)
*Op. 69 Mäander (Meanders) suite for orchestra (1954–5)
*Op. 73 Music for String Orchestra (1957)
*Op. 79 Idyllikon four movements for small orchestra (1958–9)
*Op. 81 Sinfonietta No. 1 for mandolin orchestra, guitar & bass (1961)
*Op. 86 Sinfonietta No. 2 for mandolin orchestra (1966)
*Op. 100 Triptych three movements for orchestra (1970)
*Op. 105 Symphony No. 4, sinfonia concertante for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and orchestra (1974)
*Promenadenmusik for military band (1926)
*Capriccio for mandolin orchestra (1973)
*Hugo Wolf: Corregidor, Suite for orchestra, arranged by Hans Gál

===Concertos===
*Op. 39 Concerto for Violin and small orchestra (1932)
*Op. 43 Concertino for Piano and string orchestra (1934)
*Op. 52 Concertino for Violin and string orchestra (1939)
*Op. 55 Concertino for Organ and string orchestra (1948)
*Op. 57 Concerto for Piano and orchestra (1948)
*Op. 67 Concerto for Cello and orchestra (1944–49)
*Op. 82 Concertino for Treble Recorder/Flute and string quartet
*Op. 87 Concertino for Cello and string orchestra (1966)
*Op. 102a/b Suite for Alto Saxophone/Viola and Piano or Orchestra (1949–50)
*Op. 105 Symphony No. 4 Sinfonia concertante for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and orchestra (1974)

===Works for solo instrument with or without keyboard===
*Op. 6 Suite for Cello and Piano (1919)
*Op. 17 Sonata in B-flat minor for Violin and Piano (1920)
*Op. 56 Suite for Violin and Piano (1942)
*Op. 56a Partita for Mandolin and Piano (1935)
*Op. 71 Three Sonatinas for Violin and Piano (1956–7)
*Op. 84 Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1964)
*Op. 85 Sonata for Oboe and Piano (1965)
*Op. 89 Sonata for Cello and Piano (1953)
*Op. 101 Sonata in A major for Viola and Piano (1941)
*Op. 102a/b Suite for Viola/Alto Saxophone and Piano or Orchestra (1949–50)
*Op. 103 Three Intermezzi for Treble Recorder/Flute and Harpsichord/Piano (1974)
*Op. 109a Sonata for Solo Cello (1982)
*Op. 109b Suite for Solo Cello (1982)
*Sonata in D for Violin and Piano (1933)
*Two Scottish Rhapsodies for Cello and Piano (1960)

===Chamber music for strings===
*Op. 10 Five intermezzi for string quartet (1914)
*Op. 16 String Quartet I in F minor (1916)
*Op. 35 String Quartet II in A minor (1929)
*Op. 41 Serenade for Violin, Viola and Cello (1932)
*Op. 60b Improvisation, Variations and Finale on a theme by Mozart for string quartet (1934)
*Op. 90(2) Divertimento for Violin and Cello (1967)
*Op. 90(3) Divertimento for Violin and Viola (1969)
*Op. 95 String Quartet III (1969)
*Op. 99 String Quartet IV (1970)
*Op. 104 Trio in F-sharp minor for violin, viola d'amore (viola) and cello (1971)

===Other chamber music===
*Op. 9 Variationen über eine Wiener Heurigenmelodie (Variations on a Viennese Heurigen melody) for Violin, Cello and Piano (1914)
*Op. 13 Piano Quartet (B-flat major) (1914)
*Op. 18 Piano Trio (E major). For Violin, Cello and Piano (1923)
*Op. 22 Divertimento for Flute, Oboe, two Clarinets, Trumpet, two Horns and Bassoon (1924)
*Op. 49a Little Suite for 2 violins and cello (piano ad lib.) (1947–8)
*Op. 49b Trio for violin (flute, oboe), cello and piano (1949)
*Op. 59a Sonatina for 2 mandolins (1952)
*Op. 59b Suite for 3 mandolins (1952)
*Op. 60 Improvisation, Variations and Finale on a theme by Mozart for mandolin, violin, viola and liuto (1934)
*Op. 68a Suite for recorder and violin (1964–5)
*Op. 68b Six two-part inventions for descant and treble recorder (1957)
*Op. 68c Divertimento for 2 treble recorders and guitar (1957)
*Op. 78 Quartettino for recorder quartet (2 descant, treble (or tenor), tenor (or bass)) (1960)
*Op. 80 Divertimento for mandolin with harp or piano (1957)
*Op. 80b Divertimento for flute, viola and harp. (1967)
*Op. 82 Concertino for treble recorder (flute) and string quartet (1961)
*Op. 88 Trio-Serenade for treble recorder/flute, violin and cello (1966)
*Op. 90(1) Divertimento for bassoon and cello (1958)
*Op. 92 Huyton Suite for flute and 2 violins (1940)
*Op. 93 Serenade for clarinet, violin and cello (1935)
*Op. 94 Trio for oboe, violin and viola (1941)
*Op. 96 Sonata for two violins and piano (1941)
*Op. 97 Trio for violin, clarinet and piano (1950)
*Op. 98 Divertimento for three recorders (1970)
*Op. 107 Quintet for clarinet and string quartet (1977)
*Quartet in A for violin, viola, violoncello and piano (left hand) for Paul Wittgenstein (1926)

===Vocal works – solo voice===
*Op. 21 Zwei geistliche Gesänge (Two sacred songs) for soprano, organ and viola da gamba or cello (1923)
*Op. 33 Five songs for middle voice and piano (or harp nos. 4 & 5) (1917–21)
*Op. 44 Nachtmusik (Night Music) for soprano solo, male voices (TTBB), flute, cello and piano (Grimmelshausen) (1933)

===Vocal works – mixed voices===
*Op. 19 Motette (Motet) for mixed choir (SSAATTBB) a cappella (1914)
*Op. 26 Requiem for Mignon for baritone, 2 choirs (SA, SATB), organ and orchestra (1922)
*Op. 27 Epigrams 5 madrigals for mixed choir (8 parts) a cappella (1926)
*Op. 37 Drei Gesänge (Three songs) for mixed choir a cappella (1929–30)
*Op. 50 De Profundis cantata to German barock poems, for four soloists (SATB), mixed choir and orchestra (1936–7)
*Op. 51 Four Madrigals to Elizabethan poems for mixed choir (SATB) a cappella (Nos.1, 2, 3 also for female choir a cappella Op. 51a) (1939)
*Op. 61 Four part-songs for mixed choir a cappella (1953)
*Op. 70 Lebenskreise (Life Cycles). Symphonic cantata to poems by Hölderlin and Goethe, for 4 soloists, mixed choir and orchestra (1955)
*Four British folk-songs arr. for mixed choir (SATB) a cappella (English/German)

===Vocal works – female choir===
*Op. 1 Von ewiger Freude (Of Eternal Joy) cantata for four female voices and double female choir, with organ and two harps (1912)
*Op. 2 Vom Bäumlein, das andere Blätter hat gewollt (The Tree that Wanted Different Leaves) (Friedrich Rückert) for alto solo, six-part female choir and small orchestra (1916)
*Op. 5 Phantasien (Fantasies): three songs to poems by Rabindranath Tagore for alto solo, female choir, clarinet, horn, harp (piano) and string quartet (string orchestra) (1919)
*Op. 12 Three Songs for 3- and 4-part women's choir with Piano (1910–13)
*Op. 25 Herbstlieder (Autumn Songs) five songs for 4-part women's choir (SSAA) a cappella (1918–25)
*Op. 31 Three Songs to poems by R.M.Rilke for three female voices or 3-part women's choir with piano (1928)
*Op. 47 Summer Idylls (Stille Lieder) four songs for women's choir a cappella (1935)
*Op. 75 Jugendlieder (Songs of Youth) five songs for female voices a cappella (1959)
*Op. 76 A Clarion Call for double female choir a cappella (1959)
*Op. 77 Of a Summer Day lyrical suite for 3-part female choir with (mezzo)soprano solo and string orchestra (1951)

===Vocal works – male choir===
*Op. 11 Three Songs for 3- and 4-part Male-Voice Choir with piano (or small orchestra) (1910–11)
*Op. 34 Drei Porträtstudien (Three Portrait Studies). (Wilhelm Busch). For 4-part male voice choir with piano (1929)
*Op. 40 Three Idylls (Wilhelm Busch). For 4-part male-voice choir (TTBB) with piano (1934)
*Op. 44 Nachtmusik (Night Music). (Grimmelshausen). For soprano solo, male voices (TTBB), flute, cello and piano (1933)
*Op. 63 Two songs for 4-part male-voice choir a cappella (1954)
*Op. 72 Satirikon four aphorisms for 4 male voices (TTBB) a cappella (1937–58)
*Op. 91 Spätlese six songs for male-voice choir (TTBB) a cappella (1966/67)
*Drei deutsche Volkslieder (Three German folksongs) arr. for male-voice choir (TTBB) a cappella

===Keyboard works===
*Op. 3 Serbische Weisen (Serbian Dances) for piano duet (4 hands) (1916)
*Op. 7 Drei Skizzen (Three sketches) for piano (1910–11)
*Op. 24 Suite for piano (1922)
*Op. 28 Sonata for piano (1927)
*Op. 29 Toccata for organ (1928)
*Op. 43 Concertino for piano and string orchestra (1934)
*Op. 55 Concertino for organ and string orchestra (1948)
*Op. 57 Concerto for piano and orchestra (1948)
*Op. 58 Two Sonatinas for piano (1951, 1949)
*Op. 64 Three Small Pieces for piano (1933)
*Op. 65 Three Preludes for piano (1944)
*Op. 74 Drei Marionetten (Three Marionettes)
*Op. 83 Twenty-four Preludes for piano (1960)
*Op. 108 Twenty-four Fugues for piano (1979–80)
*A Pastoral Tune for piano (6 hands) (1953–54)
*Kleine Suite (Little Suite) for harpsichord or piano (1962)
*Phantasia, Arioso and Capriccio for organ
*Prelude and Fugue in A-flat for organ
*Three Impromptus for two pianos (1940)

===Works for recorder===
*Op. 68a Suite for recorder and violin (1954–5)
*Op. 68b Six two-part inventions for descant and treble recorder (1957)
*Op. 68c Divertimento for 2 treble recorders and guitar (1957)
*Op. 78 Quartettino for recorder quartet: 2 descant, treble (or tenor), tenor (or bass) (1960)
*Op. 82 Concertino for treble recorder/flute and string quartet (string orchestra or piano) (1961)
*Op. 88 Trio-Serenade for treble recorder/flute, violin and cello (1966)
*Op. 98 Divertimento for 3 recorders (descant, treble and tenor) (1970)
*Op. 103 Three Intermezzi for treble recorder/flute and harpsichord or piano (1974)
*Op. 110a Four Bagatelles for treble recorder solo (1983)
*Intrata Giocosa for descant, treble and tenor recorders, two violins and cello (double bass ad lib) (1958

===Works for mandolin===
*Op. 56a Partita for mandolin and piano (1935)
*Op. 59a Sonatina for 2 mandolins (1952)
*Op. 59b Suite for 3 mandolins (1952)
*Op. 60 Improvisation, Variations and Finale on a theme by Mozart For mandolin, violin, viola and liuto (1934)
*Op. 66 Biedermeiertänze (Biedermeier Dances). Four pieces in 3/4 time for large mandolin orchestra (1954)
*Op. 80 Divertimento for mandolin and harp (1967)
*Op. 81 Sinfonietta No. 1 for mandolin orchestra, guitar & bass (1961)
*Op. 86 Sinfonietta No. 2 (E minor) for mandolin orchestra. (1966)
*Capriccio for mandolin orchestra (1973)
*Lyrical Suite for soprano solo, flute and string quartet (flute, mandolin and string trio) to Browning's Pippa Passes (1934)

==קישורים חיצוניים==

* 

* 
* [http://www.hansgal.com/ אתר המוקדש להנס גל] 
* [http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2003/Mar03/gal.htm זכרונות אישיים על הנס גל], מאת הצ'לנית הסקוטית מרגרט מונקריף 
* 

קטגוריה:מלחינים יהודים אוסטרים
קטגוריה:מלחינים יהודים בריטים
קטגוריה:מלחינים יהודים גרמנים
קטגוריה:פסנתרנים יהודים אוסטרים
קטגוריה:פסנתרנים יהודים בריטים
קטגוריה:פסנתרנים יהודים גרמנים
קטגוריה:מורים למוזיקה יהודים
קטגוריה:אוסטרים שנולדו ב-1890
קטגוריה:בריטים שנולדו ב-1890
קטגוריה:בריטים שנפטרו ב-1987