ISO 259

ISO 259 היא סדרה של תקני ISO לליטון (רומניזציה) של תווי האלפבית העברי לתווים לטיניים. התקן הראשון ראה אור בשנת 1984, עבר ב-1994 עדכון לגרסה ISO 259-2, שכללה פישוט, תוך התעלמות מכמה סימני תנועה, ובשנת 1999 הוכנס לשימוש עדכון לגרסה ISO 259-3, הכולל המרה פונמית.

== ISO 259 ==
ISO 259, שראה אור בשנת 1984, הוא תעתיק של הכתב העברי, הכולל סימנים דיאקריטיים וניקוד המשמשים את העברית המקראית.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%; margin:0 auto; width:90%; border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ id="18" |<span style="font-size:80%">ISO 259: ליטון של עברית</span>
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">א</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ב</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ג</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ד</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ה</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ו</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ז</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ח</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ט</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">י</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">כ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ך</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ל</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">מ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ם</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">נ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ן</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ס</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ע</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">פ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">ף</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">צ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ץ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ק</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ר</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ש</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">שׂ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">שׁ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ת</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">׳</span>
|-
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
|<big>ʾ</big>
|b
|g
|d
|h
|w
|z
|ḥ
|ṭ
|y
|k
|l
|m
|n
|s
|<big>ʿ</big>
|p
|ṣ
|q
|r
|s̀
|ś
|š
|t
|’
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טַ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טָ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֵ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֶ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טִ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֹ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוֹ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֻ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוּ</span></big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טְ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֲ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֳ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֱ</span></big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
| colspan="2" |a
| colspan="2" |å
| colspan="2" |e
| colspan="2" |ȩ
| colspan="2" |i
| colspan="2" |o
| colspan="2" |ŵ
| colspan="2" |u
| colspan="2" |ẇ
|°
| colspan="2" |ă
| colspan="2" |ŏ
| colspan="2" |ḝ
|}
הדגש (נקודה בתוך האות) תמיד מתועתק עם נקודת עילית (overdot): ḃ, ġ, ż וכו'. ה"אפוסטרוף" (') בטבלה לעיל הוא סימן גֵרֵשׁ בעברית, המשמש אחרי אותיות מסוימות לכתיבת הגאים שאינם עבריים:<big> ג</big>-d͡ʒ ,<big> ז</big>-ʒ ,<big> צ</big>-t͡ʃ ועוד<ref name="ksng">.</ref>.

== ISO 259-2 ==
ISO 259-2 מפשט את הסימנים הדיאקריטיים של תנועות ISO 259, ומיועד לעברית מודרנית.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%; margin:0 auto; width:90%; border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ id="240" |<span style="font-size:80%">ISO 259-2: ליטון מפושט של עברית</span>
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">א</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ב</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">בּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ג</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ד</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ה</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">הּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ו</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ז</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ח</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ט</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">י</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">כ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ך</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">כּ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ךּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ל</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">מ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ם</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">נ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ן</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ס</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ע</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">פ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">ף</span>
|<span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">פּ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">ףּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">צ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ץ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ק</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ר</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ש</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">שׂ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">שׁ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ת</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">׳</span>
|-
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
|<big>ʾ</big>
|b
|ḃ
|g
|d
|h
|ḣ
|w
|z
|ḥ
|ṭ
|y
|k
|k̇
|l
|m
|n
|s
|<big>ʿ</big>
|p
|ṗ
|ṣ
|q
|r
|s̀
|ś
|š
|t
|<nowiki/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טַ</span></big>&#x200E; <big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טָ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֵ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֶ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טִ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֹ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוֹ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֻ</span></big>
| colspan="3" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוּ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טְ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֲ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֳ</span></big>
| colspan="2" |<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֱ</span></big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
| colspan="3" |a
| colspan="3" |e
| colspan="3" |i
| colspan="3" |o
| colspan="3" |ŵ
| colspan="3" |u
| colspan="3" |ẇ
| colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:80%">none</span>
| colspan="2" |a
| colspan="2" |o
| colspan="2" |e
|}
הדגש אינו מתעתק למעט המקרים שצוין. האפוסטרוף (') בטבלה לעיל הוא הסימן העברי גֵרֵשׁ המשמש אחרי אותיות מסוימות לרשום צלילים שאינם עברים.<ref name="ksng" />

== ISO 259-3 ==
ISO 259-3 הוא הרומניזציה של עוזי אורנן, שהגיעה לשלב של טיוטת ISO סופית (FDIS)<ref></ref> אך לא של תקן בינלאומי שפורסם, IS (ראשי תיבות International Standard).<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/search/extendedsearchstandards.htm?from_js=true&type=adv&displayResult=true&published=on&development=on&withdrawn=on&deleted=on&formKeyword=&formISO_number=259&formPart_number=&formDocument_type=ALL&formDocument_lang=ALL&formSupp_type=&formICS=&formStage_code=&repost=1&formDate_stage=0&formOther_date=&formCommittee=&formSub_committee=&formSubmit=Search Search for ISO 259] on the ISO website.</ref> הוא נועד למסור את המבנה המשותף של המילה העברית בכל הדיאלקטים השונים או סגנונות ההגייה של העברית, באופן שניתן יהיה לשחזר אותו לדמויות העבריות המקוריות על ידי אדם והמכונה.

הוא אינו תעתיק אופי או תו או תמלול פונטי של סגנון הגייה אחד של עברית, אלא הוא פונמי מנקודת המבט כי ניתן להתייחס לכל הניבים וההגויות השונות של העברית לאורך הדורות כמציאות שונה של אותו המבנה, ועל ידי כללי קריאה מוגדרים מראש ניתן להפיק ממנו ישירות כל סגנון הגייה.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%; margin:0 auto; width:90%; border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ id="479" |<span style="font-size:80%">ISO 259-3: ליטון של עברית – פונמטי</span>
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">א</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ב</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">בּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ג</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">גּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ד</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">דּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ה</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ו</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ז</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ח</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ט</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">י</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">כ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ך</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">כּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ל</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">מ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ם</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">נ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ן</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ס</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ע</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">פ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">ף</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">פּ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">צ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ץ</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ק</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ר</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ש</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ת</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ג׳</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">ז׳</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">צ׳</span>
|<span lang="he" dir="rtl" title="Hebrew-language text">שׂ</span>
|-
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
|<big>ʾ</big> <span style="font-size:80%">or</span> <big>ˀ</big>
|b
|g
|d
|h
|w
|z
|ḥ
|ṯ
|y
|k
|l
|m
|n
|s
|<big>ʿ</big> <span style="font-size:80%">or</span> <big>ˁ</big> 
|p
|c
|q
|r
|š
|t
|ǧ
|ž
|č
|ś
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%; margin:0 auto; width:90%; border-collapse:collapse;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">עברית</span>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֲ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טַ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טָ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טָה</span>-</big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֱ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֶ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֵ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֶה</span>-&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֵה</span>-</big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טִ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טִי</span></big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">חֳ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טָ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֹ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוֹ</span></big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֻ</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טוּ</span></big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֶי</span>&#x200E; <span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טֵי</span></big>
|<big><span lang="he" title="Hebrew-language text">טְ</span></big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |<span style="font-size:80%">לטינית</span>
|a
|e
|i
|o
|u
|ei
|<span style="font-size:80%">none</span>
|}
כל תו עיצור בכתב העברי הופך לתו הלטיני הייחודי. יש ל-ISO 259-3 חמש תנועות, המתאימות לחמש פונמות של עברית מודרנית : A, E, I, O, U. בנוסף יש סימן שישי לציון התנועה או /e / שכתוב על ידי אות "יוד" עוקבת באיות עברי נפוץ: ei.

הדגש חזק (הכפלת עיצור בעברית תנ"כית) מתועתק עם עיצור כפול. יש התעלמות מתנועות לא פונמיות, כגון:
* שווא<big>טְ</big> אשר מתועתק עם קו תחתון (_) בין שני עיצורים זהים כדי להבדיל בינו לבין הכפלת עיצור: <big>יְלָדִים = </big>yladim, <big>הַלְלוּיָהּ</big> = hal_luyah,
* משקלים סגוליים (בעיצור השני עד האחרון תנועה ללא מבטא אשר יכולה גם להיות תנועה <big>טֶ</big> כמה עיצורים גרוניים, או <big>חַ</big> וכו'): <big>גֹּלֶם = </big>golm, <big>צֹהַר</big> = COHR,
* פתח (furtive) (צליל לא מוטעם לפני כמה עיצורים סופיים): <big>רוּחַ</big> = "breeze, spirit". אבל ISO 259-3 גם מאפשר - (בסעיף 5 "גרסה מפושטת"<ref name="259-3" />) - תעתיק למטרות שאינן לשוניות: ruaḥ.<ref name="259-3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220411015713/http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~ornan/maamarim/taatiq-latini/ISO.doc ISO 259-3]</ref>

== הערות שוליים ==

קטגוריה:תקני ISO
קטגוריה:אלפבית עברי