" or typology) of three potential interpretive references.

First frame of reference: Antiochus IV Epiphanes as per the Book of Daniel.

Given that many historians, critics, and many Jewish and Christian scholars believe that the Book of Daniel is about the events in Israel from the beginning of the Babylonian Captivity to the end of the Maccabean Revolt, they would say that the Old Testament reference is to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the man who attacked the Temple in Jerusalem and defiled it by sacrificing a pig on the altar, erecting a statue of Zeus as himself in the temple, raiding the Temple treasury and minting coins saying ""Theos Epiphanes"" (God manifest), etc.

In Revelation, John borrowed the ""Son of Perdition"" concept from the prophecies of Daniel, relating them by language. He refers to ""the star that fell from heaven"" by two names, one Greek, and the other Hebrew. The Greek name is ""Appolyon,"" from the Greek root word ""apolumi."" It refers to utter loss, eternal destruction, and disassociation."" The Hebrew name is ""Abaddon,"" from the Hebrew root word ""'abad,"" which means the same thing as the Greek root word. In the Book of Daniel, the interpreter says that the eventual destiny of the ""great beast"" is to be ""destroyed"" ('abad), and given to the eternal flames (i.e. hell).

Second frame of reference: Judas Iscariot

In John , Jesus says that of all his disciples, none has been lost except the ""son of perdition"". The New International Version translates the phrase as ""the one doomed to destruction."" D. A. Carson suggests that this verse refers both to Judas' character and to his destiny.D. A. Carson, The Gospel According to John (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), 563."