OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
ASDL: a wide spectrum language for designing web services
Authors: Monika Solanki, Antonio Cau, Hussein Zedan
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

A Service oriented system emerges from composition of services. Dynamically composed reactive Web services form a special class of service oriented system, where the delays associated with communication, unreliability and unavailability of services, and competition for resources from multiple service requesters are dominant concerns. As complexity of services increase, an abstract design language for the specification of services and interaction between them is desired. In this paper, we present ASDL (Abstract Service Design Language), a wide spectrum language for modelling Web services. We initially provide an informal description of our computational model for service oriented systems. We then present ASDL along with its specification oriented semantics defined in Interval Temporal Logic (ITL): a sound formalism for specifying and reasoning about temporal properties of systems. The objective of ASDL is to provide a notation for the design of service composition and interaction protocols at an abstract level.
Invisible participants: how cultural capital relates to lurking behavior
Authors: Vladimir Soroka, Sheizaf Rafaeli
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

The asymmetry of activity in virtual communities is of great interest. While participation in the activities of virtual communities is crucial for a community's survival and development, many people prefer lurking, that is passive attention over active participation. Lurking can be measured and perhaps affected by both dispositional and situational variables. This work investigates the concept of cultural capital as situational antecedent of lurking and de-lurking (the decision to start posting after a certain amount of lurking time). Cultural capital is defined as the knowledge that enables an individual to interpret various cultural codes. The main hypothesis states that a user's cultural capital affects her level of activity in a community and her decision to de-lurk and cease to exist in very active communities because of information overload. This hypothesis is analyzed by mathematically defining a social communication network (SCN) of activities in authenticated discussion forums. We validate this model by examining the SCN using data collected in a sample of 636 online forums in Open University in Israel and 2 work based communities from IBM. The hypotheses verified here make it clear that fostering receptive participation may be as important and constructive as encouraging active contributions in online communities.
Model-directed web transactions under constrained modalities
Authors: Zan Sun, Jalal Mahmud, Saikat Mukherjee, I. V. Ramakrishnan
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Online transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech interfaces - the primary mode of communication for visually impaired individuals - is a strenuous, fatigue-inducing activity. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to perform a transactional step such as a form fillout, selecting an item from a search results list, etc. We exploit this observation to develop an automata-based process model that delivers only the "relevant" page fragments at each transactional step, thereby reducing information overload on such narrow interaction bandwidths. We realize this model by coupling techniques from content analysis of Web documents, automata learning and statistical classification. The process model and associated techniques have been incorporated into Guide-O, a prototype system that facilitates online transactions using speech/keyboard interface (Guide-O-Speech), or with limited-display size handhelds (Guide-O-Mobile). Performance of Guide-O and its user experience are reported.
Mining clickthrough data for collaborative web search
Authors: Jian-Tao Sun, Xuanhui Wang, Dou Shen, Hua-Jun Zeng, Zheng Chen
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper is to investigate the group behavior patterns of search activities based on Web search history data, i.e., clickthrough data, to boost search performance. We propose a Collaborative Web Search (CWS) framework based on the probabilistic modeling of the co-occurrence relationship among the heterogeneous web objects: users, queries, and Web pages. The CWS framework consists of two steps: (1) a cube-clustering approach is put forward to estimate the semantic cluster structures of the Web objects; (2) Web search activities are conducted by leveraging the probabilistic relations among the estimated cluster structures. Experiments on a real-world clickthrough data set validate the effectiveness of our CWS approach.
Why is connectivity in developing regions expensive: policy challenges more than technical limitations?
Authors: Rahul Tongia
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

I present analysis examining some of the causes of poor connectivity in developing countries. Based on a techno-economic analysis and design, I show that technical limitations per se are not the bottleneck for widespread connectivity; rather, design, policy, and regulatory challenges dominate.
What's really new on the web?: identifying new pages from a series of unstable web snapshots
Authors: Masashi Toyoda, Masaru Kitsuregawa
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Identifying and tracking new information on the Web is important in sociology, marketing, and survey research, since new trends might be apparent in the new information. Such changes can be observed by crawling the Web periodically. In practice, however, it is impossible to crawl the entire expanding Web repeatedly. This means that the novelty of a page remains unknown, even if that page did not exist in previous snapshots. In this paper, we propose a novelty measure for estimating the certainty that a newly crawled page appeared between the previous and current crawls. Using this novelty measure, new pages can be extracted from a series of unstable snapshots for further analysis and mining to identify new trends on the Web. We evaluated the precision, recall, and miss rate of the novelty measure using our Japanese web archive, and applied it to a Web archive search engine.
Behavior-based web page evaluation
Authors: Ganesan Velayathan, Seiji Yamada
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper describes our efforts to factor in a user's browsing behavior to automatically evaluate web pages that the user shows interest in, based on user browsing behaviors while browsing. To evaluate a webpage automatically, we have developed a client-side logging tool: the GINIS Framework. We do not focus just on clicking, scrolling, navigation, or duration of visit alone, but we propose integrating these patterns of interaction to recognize and evaluate a user's response to a given web page.
GoGetIt!: a tool for generating structure-driven web crawlers
Authors: Márcio L. A. Vidal, Altigran Soares da Silva, Edleno Silva de Moura, João M. B. Cavalcanti
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

We present GoGetIt!, a tool for generating structure-driven crawlers that requires a minimum effort from the users. The tool takes as input a sample page and an entry point to a Web site and generates a structure-driven crawler based on navigation patterns, sequences of patterns for the links a crawler has to follow to reach the pages structurally similar to the sample page. In the experiments we have performed, structure-driven crawlers generated by GoGetIt! were able to collect all pages that match the samples given, including those pages added after their generation.
Semantic Wikipedia
Authors: Max Völkel, Markus Krötzsch, Denny Vrandecic, Heiko Haller, Rudi Studer
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Wikipedia is the world's largest collaboratively edited source of encyclopaedic knowledge. But in spite of its utility, its contents are barely machine-interpretable. Structural knowledge, e.,g. about how concepts are interrelated, can neither be formally stated nor automatically processed. Also the wealth of numerical data is only available as plain text and thus can not be processed by its actual meaning.We provide an extension to be integrated in Wikipedia, that allows the typing of links between articles and the specification of typed data inside the articles in an easy-to-use manner.Enabling even casual users to participate in the creation of an open semantic knowledge base, Wikipedia has the chance to become a resource of semantic statements, hitherto unknown regarding size, scope, openness, and internationalisation. These semantic enhancements bring to Wikipedia benefits of today's semantic technologies: more specific ways of searching and browsing. Also, the RDF export, that gives direct access to the formalised knowledge, opens Wikipedia up to a wide range of external applications, that will be able to use it as a background knowledge base.In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and possible uses of this extension.
The impact of online music services on the demand for stars in the music industry
Authors: Ian Pascal Volz
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

The music industry's business model is to produce stars. In order to do so, musicians producing music that fits into well defined clusters of factors explaining the demand of the majority of music consumers are disproportionately promoted. This leads to a limitation of available diversity and therefore of a limitation of the end user's benefit from listening to music. This paper analyses online music consumer's needs and preferences. These factors are used in order to explain the demand for stars and the impact of different online music services on promoting a more diverse music market.
Using proportional transportation similarity with learned element semantics for XML document clustering
Authors: Xiaojun Wan, Jianwu Yang
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper proposes a novel approach to measuring XML document similarity by taking into account the semantics between XML elements. The motivation of the proposed approach is to overcome the problems of "under-contributionö and "over-contributionö existing in previous work. The element semantics are learned in an unsupervised way and the Proportional Transportation Similarity is proposed to evaluate XML document similarity by modeling the similarity calculation as a transportation problem. Experiments of clustering are performed on three ACM SIGMOD data sets and results show the favorable performance of the proposed approach.
Topic-oriented query expansion for web search
Authors: Shao-Chi Wang, Yuzuru Tanaka
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

The contribution of this paper includes three folders: (1) To introduce a topic-oriented query expansion model based on the Information Bottleneck theory that classify terms into distinct topical clusters in order to find out candidate terms for the query expansion. (2) To define a term-term similarity matrix that is available to improve the term ambiguous problem. (3) To propose two measures, intracluster and intercluster similarities, that are based on proximity between the topics represented by two clusters in order to evaluate the retrieval effectiveness. Results of several evaluation experiments in Web search exhibit the average intracluster similarity was improved for the gain of 79.1% while the average intercluster similarity was decreased for the loss of 36.0%.
Image annotation using search and mining technologies
Authors: Xin-Jing Wang, Lei Zhang, Feng Jing, Wei-Ying Ma
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

In this paper, we present a novel solution to the image annotation problem which annotates images using search and data mining technologies. An accurate keyword is required to initialize this process, and then leveraging a large-scale image database, it 1) searches for semantically and visually similar images, 2) and mines annotations from them. A notable advantage of this approach is that it enables unlimited vocabulary, while it is not possible for all existing approaches. Experimental results on real web images show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Adaptive web sites: user studies and simulation
Authors: Doug Warner, Stephen D. Durbin, J. Neal Richter, Zuzana Gedeon
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Adaptive web sites have been proposed to enhance ease of navigation and information retrieval. A variety of approaches are described in the literature, but consideration of interface presentation issues and realistic user studies are generally lacking. We report here a large-scale study of sites with dynamic information collections and user interests, where adaptation is based on an Ant Colony Optimization technique. We find that most users were able to locate information effectively without needing to perform explicit searches. The behavior of users who did search was similar to that on Internet search engines. Simulations based on site and user models give insight into the adaptive behavior and correspond to observations.
Context-orientated news riltering for web 2.0 and beyond
Authors: David Webster, Weihong Huang, Darren Mundy, Paul Warren
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

How can we solve the problem of information overload in news syndication? This poster outlines the path from keyword-based body text matching to distance-measurable taxonomic tag matching, on to context scale and practical uses.
Off the beaten tracks: exploring three aspects of web navigation
Authors: Harald Weinreich, Hartmut Obendorf, Eelco Herder, Matthias Mayer
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper presents results of a long-term client-side Web usage study, updating previous studies that range in age from five to ten years. We focus on three aspects of Web navigation: changes in the distribution of navigation actions, speed of navigation and within-page navigation. “Navigation actions��? corresponding to users’ individual page requests are discussed by type. We reconfirm links to be the most important navigation element, while backtracking has lost more than half of its previously reported share and form submission has become far more common. Changes of the Web and the browser interfaces are candidates for causing these changes. Analyzing the time users stayed on pages, we confirm Web navigation to be a rapidly interactive activity. A breakdown of page characteristics shows that users often do not take the time to read the available text or consider all links. The performance of the Web is analyzed and reassessed against the resulting requirements. Finally, habits of within-page navigation are presented. Although most selected hyperlinks are located in the top left corner of the screen, in nearly a quarter of all cases people choose links that require scrolling. We analyzed the available browser real estate to gain insights for the design of non-scrolling Web pages.
Broken links on the web: local laws and the global free flow of information
Authors: Daniel J. Weitzner
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Across the World Wide Web there is government censorship and monitoring of political messages and morally-corrupting material. Google have been in the news recently for capitulating to the Chinese government's demands to ban certain kinds of content, and also for refusing topass logs of browsing habits to the US government (while Microsoft and Yahoo complied wth the request). How can the Web survive as a unified, global information environment in the face of government censorship? Can governments and the private sector come to an agreement on international legal standards for the free flow of information and privacy.
Tables and trees don't mix (very well)
Authors: Erik Wilde
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

There are principal differences between the relational model and XML's tree model. This causes problems in all cases where information from these two worlds has to be brought together. Using a few rules for mapping the incompatible aspects of the two models, it becomes easier to process data in systems which need to work with relational and tree data. The most important requirement for a good mapping is that the conceptual model is available and can thus be used for making mapping decisions.
Merging trees: file system and content integration
Authors: Erik Wilde
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

XML is the predominant format for representing structured information inside documents, but it stops at the level of files. This makes it hard to use XML-oriented tools to process information which is scattered over multiple documents within a file system. File System XML (FSX) and its content integration provides a unified view of file system structure and content. FSX's adaptors map file contents to XML, which means that any file format can be integrated with an XML view in the integrated view of the file system.
On a service-oriented approach for an engineering knowledge desktop
Authors: Sylvia C. Wong, Richard M. Crowder, Gary B. Wills
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Increasingly, manufacturing companies are shifting their focus from selling products to providing services. As a result, when designing new products, engineers must increasingly consider the life cycle costs in addition to any design requirements. To identify possible areas of concern, designers are required to consult existing maintenance information from identical products. However, in a large engineering company, the amount of information available is significant and in wide range of formats. This paper presents a prototype knowledge desktop suitable for the design engineer. The Engineering Knowledge Desktop analyses and suggests relevant information from ontologically marked-up heterogeneous web resources. It is designed using a Service-Oriented Architecture, with an ontology to mediate between Web Services. It has been delivered to the user community for evaluation.
The credibility of the posted information in a recommendation system based on a map
Authors: Koji Yamamoto, Daisuke Katagami, Katsumi Nitta, Akira Aiba, Hitoshi Kuwata
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

We propose a method for estimating the credibility of the posted information from users. The system displays these information on the map. Since posted information can include subjective information from various perspectives, we can't trust all of the postings as they are. We propose and integrate factors of the user's geographic posting tendency and votes by other users.
Finding visual concepts by web image mining
Authors: Keiji Yanai, Kobus Barnard
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

We propose measuring "visualness" of concepts with images on the Web, that is, what extent concepts have visual characteristics. This is a new application of "Web image mining". To know which concept has visually discriminative power is important for image recognition, since not all concepts are related to visual contents. Mining image data on the Web with our method enables it. Our method performs probabilistic region selection for images and computes an entropy measure which represents "visualness" of concepts. In the experiments, we collected about forty thousand images from the Web for 150 concepts. We examined which concepts are suitable for annotation of image contents.
Retroactive answering of search queries
Authors: Beverly Yang, Glen Jeh
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Major search engines currently use the history of a user's actions (e.g., queries, clicks) to personalize search results. In this paper, we present a new personalized service, query-specific web recommendations (QSRs), that retroactively answers queries from a user's history as new results arise. The QSR system addresses two important subproblems with applications beyond the system itself: (1) Automatic identification of queries in a user's history that represent standing interests and unfulfilled needs. (2) Effective detection of interesting new results to these queries. We develop a variety of heuristics and algorithms to address these problems, and evaluate them through a study of Google history users. Our results strongly motivate the need for automatic detection of standing interests from a user's history, and identifies the algorithms that are most useful in doing so. Our results also identify the algorithms, some which are counter-intuitive, that are most useful in identifying interesting new results for past queries, allowing us to achieve very high precision over our data set.
Finding advertising keywords on web pages
Authors: Wen-tau Yih, Joshua Goodman, Vitor R. Carvalho
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

A large and growing number of web pages display contextual advertising based on keywords automatically extracted from the text of the page, and this is a substantial source of revenue supporting the web today. Despite the importance of this area, little formal, published research exists. We describe a system that learns how to extract keywords from web pages for advertisement targeting. The system uses a number of features, such as term frequency of each potential keyword, inverse document frequency, presence in meta-data, and how often the term occurs in search query logs. The system is trained with a set of example pages that have been hand-labeled with "relevant" keywords. Based on this training, it can then extract new keywords from previously unseen pages. Accuracy is substantially better than several baseline systems.
Finding specification pages according to attributes
Authors: Naoki Yoshinaga, Kentaro Torisawa
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper presents a method for finding a specification page on the web for a given object (e.g."Titanic ö)and its class label (e.g."film ö). A specification page for an object is a web page which gives concise attribute-value information about the object (e.g."director ö-"James Cameron öfor "Titanic ö). A simple unsupervised method using layout and symbolic decoration cues was applied to a large number of web pages to acquire the class attributes. We used these acquired attributes to select a representative specification page for a given object from the web pages retrieved by a normal search engine. Experimental results revealed that our method greatly outperformed the normal search engine in terms of specification retrieval.
Symmetrically exploiting XML
Authors: Shuohao Zhang, Curtis E. Dyreson
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

Path expressions are the principal means of locating data in a hierarchical model. But path expressions are brittle because they often depend on the structure of data and break if the data is structured differently. The structure of data could be unfamiliar to a user, may differ within a data collection, or may change over time as the schema evolves. This paper proposes a novel construct that locates related nodes in an instance of an XML data model, independent of a specific structure. It can augment many XPath expressions and can be seamlessly incorporated in XQuery or XSLT.
Mining search engine query logs for query recommendation
Authors: Zhiyong Zhang, Olfa Nasraoui
Venue: WWW
Year: 2006

This paper presents a simple and intuitive method for mining search engine query logs to get fast query recommendations on a large scale industrial strength search engine. In order to get a more comprehensive solution, we combine two methods together. On the one hand, we study and model search engine users' sequential search behavior, and interpret this consecutive search behavior as client-side query refinement, that should form the basis for the search engine's own query refinement process. On the other hand, we combine this method with a traditional content based similarity method to compensate for the high sparsity of real query log data, and more specifically, the shortness of most query sessions. To evaluate our method, we use one hundred day worth query logs from SINA' search engine to do off-line mining. Then we analyze three independent editors evaluations on a query test set. Based on their judgement, our method was found to be effective for finding related queries, despite its simplicity. In addition to the subjective editors' rating, we also perform tests based on actual anonymous user search sessions.