OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Preface
Authors: P. Giannini, E. Vink
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

The second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first have been characterized by the most impressive industrial revolution ever seen. In approximately 40 years, the complexity of integrated circuits (ICs) has increased by a factor of 10, with a corresponding reduction of the cost per bit by eight orders of magnitude. Not only has this evolution allowed dramatic progress in all scientific fields (large computers, space probes, etc.), but also has fueled the economic development with the raise of new markets (personal computers, cellular phones, etc.) and even social revolutions (world wide web, global village, etc.). In last years, however, the situation has significantly changed: the continuous scaling down of device size has eventually brought the IC major technique, photolithography, to its limits. Overcoming its original limits has been proved to be possible, but the price to pay for that has changed the playing rules – while at the beginning of the IC history the evolution was driven by technology, now it is driven by economy, the cost of a medium size production plant being in the range of a few billion dollars. The predicted evolution is based on the assumption that future ICs will be based on the same basic constituent, the MOS-FET (metal–oxide–semiconductor fieldeffect transistor), suitably scaled to smaller and smaller sizes. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (the “Roadmap”) has thus identified which progress is necessary to allow the increase of IC complexity to continue with the current exponential growth. The number of researchers involved in the actions identified by the Roadmap is huge (about 10) and it is certainly possible that the limits it has identified will be beaten, but the cost of IC production plants is expected to increase by one order in a decade, putting it beyond the economic possibilities of most players. In the light of these considerations, alternative solutions to the current topdown evolution of ICs have been considered. In particular, the fast development of nanotechnology (permitting the control of size effect, self-assembly, hydrophobic– hydrophilic properties, etc.) and the discovery of exploitable conformation, charge storage, and conduction properties of single molecules ( -conjugated moieties, rotaxanes, proteins, etc.) have attracted a large interest, suggesting the possibility of developing nanoelectronics in a different fashion – bottom-up.
Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: Ghana/Kenya
Authors: A. Gage, W. Njogu
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

Ghana and Kenya were the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa whose governments recognized the potentially detrimental effects of rapid population growth on economic development and, as a result, adopted and implemented national population policies. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice that was prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of the relationship between gender inequality and demographic behavior in three demographically significant, culturally distinct parts of the developing world: Egypt, India, and Ghana and Kenya. Their purpose is to help governments and international agencies design and implement policies that are affirmative of women, sensitive to the family’s central role in resource allocation and distribution, and effective in achieving broad-based population and development goals.
A new generalized mechanism of secure internetworked information service creation for future personal communication networks .II
Authors: G. Kuo, Jing-Pei Lin
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

For pt. I see Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Networking, San Francisco, California, USA, July 13-14, 1994. The main purpose of this paper is to finish the construction of a new generalized mechanism of secure internetworked information service creation on future BISDN and wireless network-based PCN, to analyze the protocols of our mechanism, and to prove their correctness. The mechanism can be considered as a general approach for creating many different kinds of information services for PCS. In addition, this new generalized mechanism associated with the information management system on the user-side end system proposed by Kuo (see NAB HDTV World Conference Proceedings, Las Vegas, Nevada, Apr. 15-18, 1991, and Apr. 13-16, 1992) as a whole can provide secure PCS universally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conference Report...
Authors: Patrizia Sambuco
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

On 1 May 2004, ten additional countries (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Malta and Cyprus) became members of the EU. Very different expectations were – and still are – connected to the new situation, which naturally also applies to the tourism sector. To analyse the impact of the EU-enlargement on tourism, academics and practitioners from all over the world met at the international conference ‘‘A New Tourism for a New Europe’’, during the ITB in Berlin in March 2004. This was the twelfth annual conference organised by the Institute of Tourism and Recreational Research in Northern Europe and Berlin Trade Fair Ltd. The panel of experts consisted of representatives from the Tourism Unit of the European commission, the National Tourist Boards in the new EU countries, tourism organisations and companies as well as tourism researchers. They agreed that tourism flows would not change overnight, but through intensified media attention, simplified border crossing and money from the European structural funds, there will be good possibilities for growth in tourism. The attending stakeholders expressed their intention to use these options as efficiently as possible. ‘‘The new countries do not belong to the top-ranking destinations in tourism, the EU-enlargement will not change this situation much’’, said Reinhard Klein, head of the tourism unit of the European Commission in Brussels. ‘‘But, due to the existing suppressed demand, all new EU countries will experience remarkable growth, significantly above that of the old EU destinations’’. ‘‘A prerequisite for an increase in guest nights from abroad is better marketing of what we have to offer’’ Dr. Adam Zaborowski, vice president of the Polish Tourism Organisation said. Prof. Travis, England, who has more than 30 years’ of experience as a tourism consultant in the Middleand East-European countries emphasised the role of communication: ‘‘There are many prejudices that can only be overcome with intense marketing. Most people in the old EU countries have stereotype pictures of the new member states and no idea about the wide range of landscapes and products’’. This problem is even more significant in markets outside Europe. The discussions at the conference showed that incoming and outgoing tourism is an exciting topic. However domestic tourism also is of great importance for the new EU-countries right now, just as it is for the old ones. The tourism representatives from the new EU-countries want to utilize the new opportunities brought by the EU-membership in the best possible way. ‘‘We expect an increase of about 10% of guest nights during the first year, and annually about 9000 new jobs in tourism’’ Miroslav Rončák, head of Czech Tourism in
Workplace Skill Accumulation and its Impact on Earnings and Labor Mobility: The U.S. Experience
Authors: L. Lynch
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

This paper shifts the discussion in this conference from issues related to human capital creation provided by formal education, to the determinants and outcomes of human capital accumulation that occurs in the workplace after formal schooling has been completed. In recent years this type of human capital creation has received an increasing amount of attention in the U.S. for three main reasons. First, growing international competition has forced firms around the world to identify ways in which they can increase the productivity of their labor inputs. Since labor productivity growth has been much slower in the U.S. than in other countries policies which might stimulate higher productivity growth in the U.S. are viewed as crucial for economic competitiveness. Second, rapid changes in technology, especially in the area of information technology, have resulted in the massive retraining of workers and substantial changes in the skill requirements of workers. This has been felt in all sectors but particularly in industries such as telecommunications. Finally, changing work organizations associated with the switch to “just-in-time” production from “just-in-case” production has resulted in workers rotating through a wider number of jobs. Consequently, they are being trained on-the-job in a wider set of skills. In addition, as firms decrease the number of layers within the organization and push more decisions down on to the line, workers need to have broader abilities to take on these new responsibilities.
The South at the End of the Twentieth Century: An Overview
Authors: L. Swatuk, T. Shaw
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

This collection is concerned with revisiting and redefining the political economy — both empirical and theoretical — of foreign policy in the South as we approach the twenty-first century: the position of post-colonial states in the post-Bretton Woods and post-Cold War world. Neither this volume nor the interaction upon which it is based could have proceeded over the last five years without timely financial support from several funding agencies and genuine intellectual commitment and integrity from many colleagues. Generous financial assistance has been provided since the late 1980s by the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada for research and workshop support on 'Surviving at the Margins', 'The Political Economy of Security and Democracy in the Third World', and 'The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in the Third World in the 1990s', respectively. Amongst the products of this continuing international and interdisciplinary collaboration are Swatuk and Shaw (eds) Prospects for Peace and Development in Southern Africa in the 1990s (1991), Shaw and Korany (eds), 'Special Issue: The South in the New World (Dis)Order', and Shaw and Okolo (eds), The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS (1994). Together these interrelated projects on comparative regions in the South have also generated conference panels and papers at ASA, BISA, CAAS, CASID and ISA and a series of individual and joint articles.
16th Nordic Semiconductor Meeting
Authors: H. Gíslason, Viðar Guðmundsson.
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

Some 30 years ago an informal meeting of the few Nordic specialists in semiconductor physics marked the beginning of what has become a biannual meeting of some hundred physicists and physics students from all the Nordic countries. The 16th Nordic Semiconductor Meeting took place at Laugarvatn, Iceland, June 12–15,1994.
Genetic Diversity Among Jews . Edited by B. Bonne-Tamir & A. Adam. Pp. 460. (Oxford University Press, 1992.) £50.00.
Authors: D. Roberts
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

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A successful model for creating internet awareness on your campus
Authors: S. Nanis, Evelyn V. Stevens, J. D. Vry
Venue: WWW
Year: 1994

Article Free Access Share on A successful model for creating internet awareness on your campus Authors: Suzanne Nanis University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DE University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DEView Profile , Evelyn V. Stevens University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DE University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DEView Profile , Janet de Vry University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DE University of Delaware, Smith Hall, Newark, DEView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGUCCS '94: Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User servicesOctober 1994 Pages 261–266https://doi.org/10.1145/196355.196506Online:16 October 1994Publication History 0citation180DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads180Last 12 Months1Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
"Drop-In" Publishing with the World Wide Web
Authors: James R. Davis, Carl Lagoze
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Abstract The goal of drop-in publishing is to simplify digital publishing over the Internet. We would like digital publishing of non-commercial matter (e.g. technical reports, course notes, brochures) be as easy as sending e-mail is now, but with the virtues of archival storage and easy searching that we associate with electronic libraries. We propose a protocol, Dienst, to allow communication between clients and document servers by encoding object-oriented messages within URL's. A preliminary version of this protocol now runs at eight sites, and we deseribe some of its features. Next we present tools for automating the maintenance of document collections. Finally, we discuss the problems we've had with the Web as it stands, hoping to motivate changes that would improve performance of digital library systems such as ours.
Beyond the Web: Manipulating the Real World
Authors: Kenneth Y. Goldberg, Michael Mascha, Steve Gentner, Jürgen Rossman, Nick Rothenberg, Carl Sutter, Jeff Wiegley
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Abstract This paper describes a WWW site that allows users to “leave the Web” and interact with the real world. An interdisciplinary team of anthropologists, computer scientists and electrical engineers collaborated on the project, desigining a system which consists of a robot arm fitted with a CCD camera and a pneumatic system. By clicking on an ISMAP control panel image, the operator of the robot directs the camera to move vertically or horizontally in order to obtain a desired position and image. The robot is located over a dry-earth surface allowing users to direct short bursts of compressed air onto the surface using the pneumatic system. Thus robot operators can “excavate” regions within the environment by positioning the arm, delivering a burst of air, and viewing the image of the newly cleared region. This paper describes the system in detail, addressing critical issues such as robot interface, security measures, user authentication, and interface design. We see this project as a feasibility study for a broad range of WWW applications.
Some FAQs about Usage-Based Pricing
Authors: Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason, Hal R. Varian
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This is a list of Frequently Asked Questions about usage-based pricing of the Internet. We argue that usage-based pricing is likely to come sooner or later and that some serious thought should be devoted to devising a sensible system of usage-based pricing.
Real-Time Video and Audio in the World Wide Web
Authors: Zhigang Chen, See-Mong Tan, Roy H. Campbell, Yongcheng Li
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The architecture of World Wide Web (WWW) browsers and servers supports full-file transfer for document retrieval. TCP is used for data transfers by Web browsers and their associated Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) servers. Full-file transfer and TCP are unsuitable for continuous media, such as realtime audio and video. In order for the WWW to support continuous media, we require the transmission of video and audio on demand and in real time, as well as new protocols for real-time data. We extend the architecture of the WWW to encompass the dynamic, real-time information space of video and audio. Our WWW browser Vosaic, short for Video Mosaic, incorporates real-time video and audio into standard hypertext pages that are displayed in place. Video and audio transfers occur in real time; there is no file-retrieval latency. The video and audio result in compelling Web pages. Real-time video and audio data can be effectively served over the present day Internet with the proper transmission protocol. We have developed a real-time protocol called VDP that we specialized for handling real-time video over the WWW. VDP reduces inter-frame jitter and dynamically adapts to the client CPU load and network congestion. Our WWW server dynamically changes transfer protocols, adapting to the request stream and the metainformation in requested documents. Experiments show a 44-fold increase in received video-frame rate (0.2 frames-per-second (fps) to 9 fps) with the use of VDP in lieu of TCP, with a commensurate improvement in observed video quality. Our work enables a video-enhanced Web.
Caching Proxies: Limitations and Potentials
Authors: Marc Abrams, Charles R. Standridge, Ghaleb Abdulla, Stephen M. Williams, Edward A. Fox
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

As the number of World Wide Web users grows, so does the number of connections made to servers. This increases both network load and server load. Caching can reduce both loads by migrating copies of server files closer to the clients that use those files. Caching can either be done at a client or in the network (by a proxy server or gateway). We assess the potential of proxy servers to cache documents retrieved with the HTTP, GOPHER, FTP, and WAIS protocols using World Wide Web browsers. We monitored traffic corresponding to three types of educational workloads over a one-semester period, and used this as input to a cache simulation. Our main findings are (1) that with our workloads a proxy has a 30--50% maximum possible hit rate no matter how it is designed; (2) that when the cache is full and a document is replaced, classic least recently used (LRU) is a poor policy, but simple variations can dramatically improve hit rate and reduce cache size; (3) that a proxy server really functions as a second-level cache, and its hit rate may tend to decline with time after initial loading, given a more or less constant set of users; and (4) that certain modifications to proxy-server configuration parameters for a cache may have little benefit.
Polymap: A Versatile Client-Side Image Map for the Web
Authors: Cheong S. Ang, Peter Brantley, Michael D. Doyle
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Image mapping techniques have been used to improve the interactivity of graphics-based content on the World Wide Web (WWW). However, the current WWW image-mapping technique requires a very cumbersome setup: a client-server architecture with the server acting as a point-in-polygon decoding engine to the inert client. While the advantages of having the server participate in the client/WWW browser users' activities are controversial, the need to move the decoding task to the browser is apparent, especially when better interactivity is desired. We propose a mechanism (Polymapping) that stores the hotspot information in an otherwise unessential part of the image file---the comment field of existing common image formats. Since adding data in the comment field does not violate most image format standards, this mechanism provides Polymap-enabled WWW browsers the information needed to achieve client-side hotspot decoding while allowing nonenabled clients to remain dependent on the servers.
A WWW Learning Environment for Mathematics
Authors: Kostadin Antchev, Markku Luhtalahti, Jari Multisilta, Seppo Pohjolainen, Kari Suomela
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper discusses the components and implementation of a hypermedia-based educational system for the mathematical sciences. Existing (RTF, LaTeX) lecture notes are converted into HTML documents, and hypertext links are generated automatically into them. The hypertext courses contain hypertext, problems and examples with hints, and interactive exercises. A computer algebra system is used to generate and randomize exercises and to check the students' answers. Email, bulletin boards, and videoconferencing software are available on the system to enhance interaction between the teacher and the distance learners.
Introducing CandleWeb and Å (awe), Bringing Animation Power to the World Wide Web
Authors: Kjell Øystein Arisland, Svein Ame Johansen, Gunnar Rønning
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The World Wide Web has limited interactive capabilities, and does not support animated graphics well. To allow real-time interaction and animated graphics that are both pedagogically and commercially motivating, we must extend the Web. A new tool called CandleWeb is presented. CandleWeb works together with standard HTML browsers, and uses the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP). The tool has been implemented for X11, and interprets a language called Å (awe) which combines a simple C-like syntax with standardized graphics objects to provide a programming environment in which presentations including animation can be produced efficiently. An authoring tool called Å (awe) Composer allows programmers to save considerable time in implementing animated presentations, compared to text-based programming, using graphics libraries. The CandleWeb client for X11 V1.0beta and the Å (awe) language are openly available on the Internet at the site http://www.oslonett.no/~candle/.
Using Graphic History in Browsing the World Wide Web
Authors: Eric Z. Ayers, John T. Stasko
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Users of hypertext systems often find themselves eagerly following hypertext links deeper and deeper into a hypertext web, only to find themselves "lost" and unable find their way back to previously visited pages. As navigation aids to help users orient themselves in the Web, browsers often provide a list of the documents a user has visited, a way to move forward and backward along previously traversed links, and a quick way to return to a home document. Still, users often have trouble revisiting a page that was previously viewed in a session, especially after many invocations of the backtracking shortcuts. MosaicG is derivative work of NCSA Mosaic version 2.5 which enhances the history-keeping facility of the browser by providing a two-dimensional view of the documents a user has visited in a session. It is intended as an easy-to-use aid in navigating a collection of hypertext documents. By presenting titles, URLs, and thumbnail images of the documents a user has visited in a session, the Graphic History View allows a user to easily recognize a previously visited document and provides an easy way for the user to revisit that document and analyze the structure of a set of hypertext documents.
Local Control over Filtered WWW Access
Authors: Brenda S. Baker, Eric Grosse
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper describes a software system called Signet that provides local control over restricting access to resources on the World Wide Web (WWW). The strategy is to make it easy for a parent or teacher to rate WWW resources and place the tables of ratings into a proxy server designed to restrict Internet access according to the access permissions of the users. Ratings can be made dynamically as the rater browses, so that the rater can insert new ratings into the ratings database at any time. Ratings can also be shared by different raters or organizations so that rating of WWW materials can proceed in a distributed fashion.