OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
An HTTP-Based Infrastructure for Mobile Agents
Authors: Anselm Lingnau, Oswald Drobnik, Peter Dömel
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Mobile agents are an emerging technology attracting interest from the fields of distributed systems, information retrieval, electronic commerce, and artificial intelligence. We present an infrastructure for mobile agents based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which provides for agent mobility across heterogeneous networks as well as communications among agents. Our infrastructure supports the implementation and interoperation of agents written in various languages and takes advantage of current research in HTTP and the World Wide Web in general.
Omniware: A Universal Substrate for Web Programming
Authors: Steven Lucco, Oliver Sharp, Robert Wahbe
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper describes Omniware, a system for producing and executing mobile code. Next generation Web applications will use mobile code to specify dynamic behavior in Web pages, implement new Web protocols and data formats, and dynamically distribute computation between servers and browsers, Like all mobile code systems, Omniware provides portability and safety. The same compiled Omniware module can be executed transparently on different machines, and a module's access to host resources can be precisely controlled. In addition to portability and safety, Omniware has two unique features. First, Omniware is open. Omniware uses software fault isolation (SFI) to enforce safe execution of standard programming languages, enabling Web developers to leverage the vast store of existing software and programming expertise. For example, Omniware developers can use C++ to create programs for Web pages. Second, Omniware is fast. We evaluated Omniware under the Solaris 2.4 operating system on a SPARCstation 5 using eight C benchmark programs, including five programs from the C SPEC92 benchmark suite. We evaluated the performance of Omniware in two ways. First, we showed that Omniware modules can be represented compactly, reducing the space consumption compared to Sun-Pro cc shared object files by an average of 38%. Second, we showed that Omniware modules execute at near native speeds. Including the runtime overhead necessary to ensure that Omniware modules are both portable and safe, our benchmark programs ran within 6% of native performance.
Making World Wide Web Caching Servers Cooperate
Authors: Radhika Malpani, Jacob R. Lorch, David Berger
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Due to its exponential growth, the World Wide Web is increasingly experiencing several problems, such as hot spots, increased network bandwidth usage, and excessive document retrieval latency. The standard solution to these problems is to use a caching proxy. However, a single caching proxy is a bottleneck; there is a limit to the number of clients that can use the same cache, and thereby the effectiveness of the cache is limited. Also, a caching proxy is a single point of failure. We address these problems by creating a protocol that allows multiple caching proxies to cooperate and share their caches, thus increasing robustness and scalability. This scalability, in turn, gives each client an effectively larger cache with a higher hit rate. This paper describes a prototype implementation of this protocol that uses IP multicast to communicate between the servers.
Classifying Internet Objects
Authors: F. Luis Neves, José N. Oliveira
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Navigation across the Internet may be an arduous task. Although bookmark and history mechanisms, available in browsers like Netscape and Mosaic, are a help, there is an absence of a classification scheme for the enormous amount of information available through billions of URLs. This paper presents a new approach for this problem based on the reuse methodology developed in the SOUR project. Internet links are seen as reusable objects, stored and maintained in a generalize/specialize structure based on a comparison-metrics algorithm. On the implementation side, SOUR is extended by making use of Netscape's OLE and Automation DDE interprocess communication mechanisms; these allow third party applications to remotely control the Netscape navigator client.
DynaWeb: Integrating Large SGML Repositories and the WWW
Authors: Gavin Thomas Nicol
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Many companies are now establishing a presence on the World Wide Web, and are facing the problem of how to make their data available in an efficient, cost effective, and presentable manner. For large documents in non-HTML formats, the traditional approach has been to convert the data to a large number of small HTML pages. These pages are then made available on the WWW; however, this process results in lost information fidelity, and increased costs due to double-handling. DynaWeb is an HTTP 1.0 compatible server and CGI script that performs the conversion and the fragmentation at runtime, and uses the very same data used for publishing in other media. The rationale for this is that it dramatically simplifies the information management process, and thereby reduces the costs of publishing on the Internet. This paper discusses the design of DynaWeb, and the concepts behind it.
Bringing Music to the Web
Authors: Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Anton Eliëns
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

To reduce the number of resources needed for high quality music on the WWW, we advocate the use of client-side sound synthesis techniques. This paper discusses techniques extending the functionality of Web browsers and describes the design of the hymne class library, which is used by the hush Web widget to synthesize the sound of musical scripts embedded in HTML pages.
Rules for Extending a WWW Client: The Symposia API
Authors: Jean Paoli
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

There is a great need for WWW clients to be extensible. The availability of the source code of some popular browsers (such as Mosaic) led many people to slice the original Mosaic or CERN code and to add diverse custom code for specific applications. In our view, a WWW authoring/viewing environment must be extensible enough to allow the building of interactive document authoring environments in which the user is able to access all relevant documentary information on the Web and incorporate it directly in to his/her document. Symposia (shipping since March 1995) is a joint INRIA/GRIF S.A. project for building a cooperative WYSIWYG authoring tool for the WWW. Symposia will soon be shipped with an API that we have developed that presents a set of solid principles for extending the user interface, document management, network extensibility, and interactive behavior of document fragments in a WWW client. In this paper we will discuss the advantages gained from basing the extensibility of a WWW client on a generic structured environment. We will present different ways proposed today to extend WWW clients: Forms/CGI and Java, and will compare them with the Symposia API.
A World Wide Web Telerobotic Remote Environment Browser
Authors: Eric Paulos, John F. Canny
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Robots provide us with a means to move around in, visualize, and interact with a remote physical world. We have exploited these physical properties coupled with the growing diversity of users on the World Wide Web (WWW) [1] to create a WWW-based active telerobotic remote environment browser. This browser, called Mechanical Gaze, allows multiple remote WWW users to actively control up to six degrees of freedom of a robot arm with an attached camera to explore a real remote environment. The initial environment is a collection of physical museum exhibits which WWW users can view at various positions, orientations, and levels of resolution.
Scalable, Secure Cash Payment for WWW Resources with the PayMe Protocol Set
Authors: Michael Peirce, Donal O&apos, Mahony
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The use of the WWW as an electronic marketplace is increasing, and there is a need for a cash payment system that is scalable, anonymous, and secure. In this paper we examine two existing systems, Ecash and NetCash, discuss their strengths and weaknesses and propose a new system called the PayMe Transfer Protocol (PMTP). We show how it improves on existing systems and illustrate its use with an example based on purchase of goods across the WWW.
Results from the Third WWW User Survey
Authors: James E. Pitkow, Colleen M. Kehoe
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The tremendous success of the World Wide Web has led to an ever-increasing user base. Intuitively, one would expect this base to change over time as more people from different segments of the population become Web users and advocates. What exactly have these changes been? How do the original Web users differ from the new users from major online service providers like Prodigy? What trends exist and what picture do they paint for the future of the Web user population? This paper, drawing on results from three User Surveys spanning over a year and a half, attempts to answer these and other questions about who is using the Web and why. Additionally, a review of the methodology, questionnaires, and new architectural enhancements is presented. Although the surveys lack the scientific rigor of controlled and accepted methods of surveying, we discuss analyses that help us understand the limitations and process of this new type of surveying. Finally, new quantitative analysis techniques are presented based upon post-hoc log file analysis, yielding guidelines for Web-based survey design.
Requirements for Taking Applications Beyond the Enterprise
Authors: Graeme S. Port, Clifford Heath, Phillip Merrick, Tim Segall
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper presents the main facilities that are required or highly desirable for organizations using the Web to deploy their applications beyond the enterprise. Some of these facilities have not been getting sufficient attention from the Web community. We highlight a number of important issues in relation to these facilities. In many cases, these facilities are well understood by the User Interface Management System vendors who have developed specialized front-end systems for the development of internal corporate applications. We believe that these systems will play an important role in the deployment of Web applications.
A Web of Distributed Objects
Authors: Owen Rees, Nigel Edwards, Mark Madsen, Mike Beasley, Ashley McClenaghan
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper describes work on interoperability between the World Wide Web and Distributed Object systems being carried out under the ANSA workprogramme, using the Object Management Group's CORBA architecture. The approach described offers the opportunity to bring the benefits of distributed object technology to the Web by using the CORBA infrastructure. This also offers a way to solve the current engineering problems by using available industry standard technology.
WWW Meets Linda: Linda for Global WWW-Based Transaction Processing Systems
Authors: Werner J. Schönfeldinger
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

World Wide Web (W3) is a fast-growing tool for providing information globally. To cope with HTML it makes applications independent from the operating system and provides them a standard interface. Because there are limitations in the application structure of CGI scripts, we introduce Linda: a language that coordinates the cooperation of several processes. Including Linda in W3-based applications allows a separation of input/output processing and data processing. This new application structure creates the possiblility of W3-based front-ends for stateful transaction systems, distributed applications, and different programming languages. To demonstrate how easily Linda can be included in W3-based applications, we show code samples in Perl and two example applications that have already been inplemented with Linda and W3.
A Modular Training System for Education in the WWW Environment
Authors: Ulrik Schroeder, Bernhard Tritsch, Anette Knierriem-Jasnoch
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper presents the architecture and WWW-independent implementation of a Modular Training System for networked workstations and personal computers. The emphasis of this system is on telecommunication-centred interactive multimedia technology, extending training beyond individual classrooms. The media representation in a client/server environment, the person-to-person communication needs of such a system, and the dynamic flow control of educational courses are addressed. This training system is compared to the existing WWW environment and its extensions for educational uses, giving hints for new functionality to be incorporated into the individual WWW components.
Multi-Engine Search and Comparison Using the MetaCrawler
Authors: Erik Selberg, Oren Etzioni
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Standard Web search services, though useful, are far from ideal. There are over a dozen different search services currently in existence, each with a unique interface and a database covering a different portion of the Web. As a result, users are forced to repeatedly try and retry their queries across different services. Furthermore, the services return many responses that are irrelevant, outdated, or unavailable, forcing the user to manually sift through the responses searching for useful information. This paper presents the MetaCrawler, a fielded Web service that represents the next level up in the information "food chain." The MetaCrawler provides a single, central interface for Web document searching. Upon receiving a query, the MetaCrawler posts the query to multiple search services in parallel, collates the returned references, and loads those references to verify their existence and to ensure that they contain relevant information. The MetaCrawler is sufficiently lightweight to reside on a user's machine, which facilitates customization, privacy, sophisticated filtering of references, and more. The MetaCrawler also serves as a tool for comparison of diverse search services. Using the MetaCrawler's data, we present a "Consumer Reports" evaluation of six Web search services: Galaxy [5], InfoSeek [1], Lycos [15], Open Text [20], WebCrawler [22], and Yahoo [9]. In addition, we also report on the most commonly submitted queries to the MetaCrawler.
Translating ISO 12083 Mathematical Markup for Electronic Documents
Authors: Keith Shafer, Roger Thompson
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

In this paper, we describe a general translation tool that can transform tagged text into arbitrary output formats. Specifically, we describe how OCLC makes scientific documents containing mathematical markup available on the World Wide Web. The translation capabilities we developed to do this help realize the potential of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) to provide users with a single, non-proprietary document representation that can be translated on demand to other output formats. This enables publishers who target the WWW as a delivery medium to use the latest advances in HTML without constant revision of their document archives.
Linking in a Global Information Architecture
Authors: Karen R. Sollins, Jeffrey R. Van Dyke
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

As network-based applications and knowledge-based systems become more prevalent and useful, it will become increasingly important to provide a common, long-lived model of the infrastructure on top of which such applications will exist. Not only does the longevity and evolvability of the infrastructure have a direct impact on the value of the information in it, but also the provisioning of a meta-level infrastructure capable of defining relationships among the pieces of information become increasingly important. In this paper, we first examine a general, flexible information architecture and then enhance it with an extensible, simple model of linking, recommended as a component of the substrate of network-based applications and knowledge-based systems of the future.
DB: Browsing Object-Oriented Databases over the Web
Authors: Carlos A. Varela, D. Nekhayev, P. Chandrasekharan, C. Krishnan, V. Govindan, D. Modgil, S. Siddiqui, D. Lebedenko, Marianne Winslett
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

In this paper, we present critical issues that arise when users browse object-oriented databases over the World Wide Web, and performance results for the Database Browser (DB) implementation. Initially, given the statelessness of HTTP, we introduced a dispatcher-script architecture. In this architecture, a CGI script communicates with an intermediate data server connected to the database application, which keeps the database open for faster future transactions. Second, we used ODL, a standard object-definition language, and defined a simple intermediate data format for moving database objects across the network. Lastly, we defined generic hypertext interfaces for five distinct purposes: a database schema, a class definition, a class query form, a class extent, and a set of class instances. Our implementation used ObjectStore and two database applications: university registration and electronic mailboxes. The DB architecture provided dramatic improvements in performance.
Constellation: A Web-Based Design Framework for Developing Network Applications
Authors: Nino Vidovic, Dalibor F. Vrsalovic
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

Constellation is a Web-based design framework for developing distributed applications which allows a single user or group of users to concurrently access and manipulate different aspects of a distributed application from a simple Mosaic-like front-end tool. Users can edit and build programs and documents, manage source code, debug and instrument running distributed programs, read manual pages and other documents, browse through source code and much, much more from a simple yet powerful front-end tool. Constellation is designed to work in a heterogeneous networked environment. It works with different host types and different OS environments, and supports different communication protocols. It is designed to work with hybrid client/server applications that consist of new as well as legacy code. Constellation is easily extensible to support new protocols, hosts, servers, services and back-end tools.
Using Versioning to Provide Collaboration on the WWW
Authors: Fabio Vitali, David G. Durand
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

This paper proposes a new content type for communicating version information between Web browsers and clients. This is an enabling technology for a variety of possible WWW applications, including very flexible annotation and collaboration facilities. The relation of version management to consistency in hypertext systems is discussed in terms of how it meets some basic requirements for collaborative systems.
CCI-Based Web Security: A Design Using PGP
Authors: Judson D. Weeks, Adam Cain, Briand Sanderson
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

We describe several ways of using the general-purpose Common Client Interface (CCI) for enhancing the security of communications on the World Wide Web (WWW). In this approach, the Web browser communicates with an external CCI application that handles the processing of digitally-signed and/or encrypted data. Our particular design uses the popular Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) software for all cryptographic operations. We define a PGP-CCI protocol which can be used to protect any HTTP message exchange, and we also describe a simpler scheme for PGP-protected form submissions (HTTP POSTs) which may be implemented without modifying web servers. Additionally, we point out the advantage of using a PGP-CCI application to handle pre-encrypted/signed Web documents in a user-friendly manner.
Group Asynchronous Browsing on the World Wide Web
Authors: Kent Wittenburg, Duco Das, William C. Hill, Larry Stead
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The goal of our Group Asynchronous Browsing (GAB) research is to provide tools for people to leverage the information hunting and gathering activities of other people or groups of people on the World Wide Web. To date we have focused on taking advantage of the personal subject indices that are being constructed today with bookmarks or hotlists of widely available browsers. We have also concentrated on monitoring URLs that may themselves serve as living resources on particular subject areas. In support of the former, we have created a server that collects and merges bookmark/hotlist files of participating users. The server can serve subsets of these merged bookmark files to either standard HTML client browsers or to a client built with the multiscale visualization tool Pad++. For the latter, we have built a tool called WebWatch that can monitor URLs of interest and alert users when significant updates appear.
Low Level Security in Java
Authors: Frank Yellin
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

The Java(tm) language allows Java-compatible Web browsers to download code fragments dynamically and then execute those code fragments locally. However, users must be wary of executing any code that comes from untrusted sources or that passes through an insecure network. This paper presents the details of the lowest-levels of the Java security mechanism. Before any downloaded code is executed, it is scanned and verified to ensure that it conforms to the specifications of the virtual machine.
A World Wide Web Resource Discovery System
Authors: Budi Yuwono, Savio L. Y. Lam, Jerry H. Ying, Dik Lun Lee
Venue: WWW
Year: 1995

As the WWW grows at an increasing rate, efforts to make the technology more manageable are in great demand. Applying advanced information retrieval techniques is one approach to such efforts. Despite the potential benefit of these techniques in reducing users information overload and improving the effectiveness of access to online information, little research has been done on applying them to the WWW environment. In this paper, we present our attempt to apply the vector space retrieval model, relevance feedback mechanisms and a hypertext mapping technique as an integrated resource discovery system to the WWW. This paper discusses some design issues involved, as well as practical issues such as retrieval effectiveness, usability, and scalability.
Grassroots: A System Providing a Uniform Framework for Communicating, Structuring, Sharing Information, and Organizing People
Authors: Kenichi Kamiya, Martin Röscheisen, Terry Winograd
Venue: WWW
Year: 1996

People keep pieces of information in diverse collections such as folders, hotlists, e-mail inboxes, newsgroups, and mailing lists. These collections mediate various types of collaborations including communicating, structuring, sharing information, and organizing people. Grassroots is a system that provides a uniform framework to support people''s collaborative activities mediated by collections of information. The system seamlessly integrates functionalities currently found in such disparate systems as e-mail, newsgroups, shared hotlists, hierarchical indexes, hypermail, etc. Grassroots co-exists with these systems in that its users benefit from the uniform image provided by Grassroots, but other people can continue using other mechanisms, and Grassroots leverages from them. The current Grassroots prototype is based on an http-proxy implementation, and can be used with any Web browser. In the context of the design of a next-generation version of the Web, Grassroots demonstrates the utility of a uniform notification infrastructure.