OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Image Encryption Using DNA Encoding, Snake Permutation and Chaotic Substitution Techniques
Venue: arXiv cs.CR 2025
Year: 2025

Securing image data in IoT networks and other insecure information channels is a matter of critical concern. This paper presents a new image encryption scheme using DNA encoding, snake permutation and chaotic substitution techniques that ensures robust security of the image data with reduced computational overhead. The DNA encoding and snake permutation modules ensure effective scrambling of the pixels and result in efficient diffusion in the plaintext image. For the confusion part, the chaotic substitution technique is implemented, which substitutes the pixel values chosen randomly from 3 S-boxes. Extensive security analysis validate the efficacy of the image encryption algorithm proposed in this paper and results demonstrate that the encrypted images have an ideal information entropy of 7.9895 and an almost zero correlation coefficient of -0.001660. These results indicate a high degree of randomness and no correlation in the encrypted image.
A Hybrid Neural Network with Smart Skip Connections for High-Precision, Low-Latency EMG-Based Hand Gesture Recognition
Venue: arXiv cs.CR 2025
Year: 2025

Electromyography (EMG) is extensively used in key biomedical areas, such as prosthetics, and assistive and interactive technologies. This paper presents a new hybrid neural network named ConSGruNet for precise and efficient hand gesture recognition. The proposed model comprises convolutional neural networks with smart skip connections in conjunction with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). The proposed model is trained on the complete Ninapro DB1 dataset. The proposed model boasts an accuracy of 99.7\% in classifying 53 classes in just 25 milliseconds. In addition to being fast, the proposed model is lightweight with just 3,946 KB in size. Moreover, the proposed model has also been evaluated for the reliability parameters, i.e., Cohen's kappa coefficient, Matthew's correlation coefficient, and confidence intervals. The close to ideal results of these parameters validate the models performance on unseen data.
Adaptive Backdoor Attacks with Reasonable Constraints on Graph Neural Networks
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

Recent studies show that graph neural networks (GNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor attacks against GNNs use fixed-pattern triggers and lack reasonable trigger constraints, overlooking individual graph characteristics and rendering insufficient evasiveness. To tackle the above issues, we propose ABARC, the first Adaptive Backdoor Attack with Reasonable Constraints, applying to both graph-level and node-level tasks in GNNs. For graph-level tasks, we propose a subgraph backdoor attack independent of the graph's topology. It dynamically selects trigger nodes for each target graph and modifies node features with constraints based on graph similarity, feature range, and feature type. For node-level tasks, our attack begins with an analysis of node features, followed by selecting and modifying trigger features, which are then constrained by node similarity, feature range, and feature type. Furthermore, an adaptive edge-pruning mechanism is designed to reduce the impact of neighbors on target nodes, ensuring a high attack success rate (ASR). Experimental results show that even with reasonable constraints for attack evasiveness, our attack achieves a high ASR while incurring a marginal clean accuracy drop (CAD). When combined with the state-of-the-art defense randomized smoothing (RS) method, our attack maintains an ASR over 94%, surpassing existing attacks by more than 7%.
TreeX: Generating Global Graphical GNN Explanations via Critical Subtree Extraction
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

The growing demand for transparency and interpretability in critical domains has driven increased interests in comprehending the explainability of Message-Passing (MP) Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Although substantial research efforts have been made to generate explanations for individual graph instances, identifying global explaining concepts for a GNN still poses great challenges, especially when concepts are desired in a graphical form on the dataset level. While most prior works treat GNNs as black boxes, in this paper, we propose to unbox GNNs by analyzing and extracting critical subtrees incurred by the inner workings of message passing, which correspond to critical subgraphs in the datasets. By aggregating subtrees in an embedding space with an efficient algorithm, which does not require complex subgraph matching or search, we can make intuitive graphical explanations for Message-Passing GNNs on local, class and global levels. We empirically show that our proposed approach not only generates clean subgraph concepts on a dataset level in contrast to existing global explaining methods which generate non-graphical rules (e.g., language or embeddings) as explanations, but it is also capable of providing explanations for individual instances with a comparable or even superior performance as compared to leading local-level GNN explainers.
TSConnect: An Enhanced MOOC Platform for Bridging Communication Gaps Between Instructors and Students in Light of the Curse of Knowledge
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2025
Year: 2025

Knowledge dissemination in educational settings is profoundly influenced by the curse of knowledge, a cognitive bias that causes experts to underestimate the challenges faced by learners due to their own in-depth understanding of the subject. This bias can hinder effective knowledge transfer and pedagogical effectiveness, and may be exacerbated by inadequate instructor-student communication. To encourage more effective feedback and promote empathy, we introduce TSConnect, a bias-aware, adaptable interactive MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) learning system, informed by a need-finding survey involving 129 students and 6 instructors. TSConnect integrates instructors, students, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) into a cohesive platform, facilitating diverse and targeted communication channels while addressing previously overlooked information needs. A notable feature is its dynamic knowledge graph, which enhances learning support and fosters a more interconnected educational experience. We conducted a between-subjects user study with 30 students comparing TSConnect to a baseline system. Results indicate that TSConnect significantly encourages students to provide more feedback to instructors. Additionally, interviews with 4 instructors reveal insights into how they interpret and respond to this feedback, potentially leading to improvements in teaching strategies and the development of broader pedagogical skills.
Probing Network Decisions: Capturing Uncertainties and Unveiling Vulnerabilities Without Label Information
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

To improve trust and transparency, it is crucial to be able to interpret the decisions of Deep Neural classifiers (DNNs). Instance-level examinations, such as attribution techniques, are commonly employed to interpret the model decisions. However, when interpreting misclassified decisions, human intervention may be required. Analyzing the attribu tions across each class within one instance can be particularly labor intensive and influenced by the bias of the human interpreter. In this paper, we present a novel framework to uncover the weakness of the classifier via counterfactual examples. A prober is introduced to learn the correctness of the classifier's decision in terms of binary code-hit or miss. It enables the creation of the counterfactual example concerning the prober's decision. We test the performance of our prober's misclassification detection and verify its effectiveness on the image classification benchmark datasets. Furthermore, by generating counterfactuals that penetrate the prober, we demonstrate that our framework effectively identifies vulnerabilities in the target classifier without relying on label information on the MNIST dataset.
The effect of intelligent monitoring of physical exercise on executive function in children with ADHD
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2025
Year: 2025

Children with ADHD often struggle with executive function (EF) and motor skills, impacting their academics and social life. While medications are commonly used, they have side effects, leading to interest in non-drug treatments. Physical activity (PA) has shown promise in improving cognitive and motor skills in children with ADHD. This study examined the short- and long-term effects of three PA interventions: a specific skill training group (EG1), a low-demand exercise group (EG2), and a control group (CG) over 12 weeks. EG1 showed significant improvements in motor tasks and working memory (15\% improvement, p<0.05), while EG2 and CG showed smaller changes. Long-term PA improved working memory, but short-term PA had limited effects on balance and manual dexterity. These findings suggest that skill training has an immediate impact on motor performance, while more complex motor skills require longer interventions. Smart devices tracked progress, confirming sustained engagement and improvement in EG1. This research highlights PA as a promising non-pharmacological treatment for ADHD, warranting further exploration of its effects on other cognitive domains.
Multi-Modal Foundation Models for Computational Pathology: A Survey
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Foundation models have emerged as a powerful paradigm in computational pathology (CPath), enabling scalable and generalizable analysis of histopathological images. While early developments centered on uni-modal models trained solely on visual data, recent advances have highlighted the promise of multi-modal foundation models that integrate heterogeneous data sources such as textual reports, structured domain knowledge, and molecular profiles. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of multi-modal foundation models in CPath, with a particular focus on models built upon hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained whole slide images (WSIs) and tile-level representations. We categorize 32 state-of-the-art multi-modal foundation models into three major paradigms: vision-language, vision-knowledge graph, and vision-gene expression. We further divide vision-language models into non-LLM-based and LLM-based approaches. Additionally, we analyze 28 available multi-modal datasets tailored for pathology, grouped into image-text pairs, instruction datasets, and image-other modality pairs. Our survey also presents a taxonomy of downstream tasks, highlights training and evaluation strategies, and identifies key challenges and future directions. We aim for this survey to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of pathology and AI.
The Shape of Attraction in UMAP: Exploring the Embedding Forces in Dimensionality Reduction
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) is among the most popular neighbor embedding methods. The method relies on attractive and repulsive forces among high-dimensional data points to obtain a low-dimensional embedding. In this paper, we analyze the forces to reveal their effects on cluster formations and visualization and compare UMAP to its contemporaries. Repulsion emphasizes differences, controlling cluster boundaries and inter-cluster distance. Attraction is more subtle, as attractive tension between points can manifest simultaneously as attraction and repulsion in the lower-dimensional mapping. This explains the need for learning rate annealing and motivates the different treatments between attractive and repulsive terms. Moreover, by modifying attraction, we improve the consistency of cluster formation under random initialization. Overall, our analysis makes UMAP and similar embedding methods more interpretable, more robust, and more accurate.
InteractEdit: Zero-Shot Editing of Human-Object Interactions in Images
Venue: arXiv cs.GR 2025
Year: 2025

This paper presents InteractEdit, a novel framework for zero-shot Human-Object Interaction (HOI) editing, addressing the challenging task of transforming an existing interaction in an image into a new, desired interaction while preserving the identities of the subject and object. Unlike simpler image editing scenarios such as attribute manipulation, object replacement or style transfer, HOI editing involves complex spatial, contextual, and relational dependencies inherent in humans-objects interactions. Existing methods often overfit to the source image structure, limiting their ability to adapt to the substantial structural modifications demanded by new interactions. To address this, InteractEdit decomposes each scene into subject, object, and background components, then employs Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and selective fine-tuning to preserve pretrained interaction priors while learning the visual identity of the source image. This regularization strategy effectively balances interaction edits with identity consistency. We further introduce IEBench, the most comprehensive benchmark for HOI editing, which evaluates both interaction editing and identity preservation. Our extensive experiments show that InteractEdit significantly outperforms existing methods, establishing a strong baseline for future HOI editing research and unlocking new possibilities for creative and practical applications. Code will be released upon publication.
Investigation of Frame Differences as Motion Cues for Video Object Segmentation
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Automatic Video Object Segmentation (AVOS) refers to the task of autonomously segmenting target objects in video sequences without relying on human-provided annotations in the first frames. In AVOS, the use of motion information is crucial, with optical flow being a commonly employed method for capturing motion cues. However, the computation of optical flow is resource-intensive, making it unsuitable for real-time applications, especially on edge devices with limited computational resources. In this study, we propose using frame differences as an alternative to optical flow for motion cue extraction. We developed an extended U-Net-like AVOS model that takes a frame on which segmentation is performed and a frame difference as inputs, and outputs an estimated segmentation map. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves performance comparable to the model with optical flow as an input, particularly when applied to videos captured by stationary cameras. Our results suggest the usefulness of employing frame differences as motion cues in cases with limited computational resources.
Efficient UAV Swarm-Based Multi-Task Federated Learning with Dynamic Task Knowledge Sharing
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

UAV swarms are widely used in emergency communications, area monitoring, and disaster relief. Coordinated by control centers, they are ideal for federated learning (FL) frameworks. However, current UAV-assisted FL methods primarily focus on single tasks, overlooking the need for multi-task training. In disaster relief scenarios, UAVs perform tasks such as crowd detection, road feasibility analysis, and disaster assessment, which exhibit time-varying demands and potential correlations. In order to meet the time-varying requirements of tasks and complete multiple tasks efficiently under resource constraints, in this paper, we propose a UAV swarm based multi-task FL framework, where ground emergency vehicles (EVs) collaborate with UAVs to accomplish multiple tasks efficiently under constrained energy and bandwidth resources. Through theoretical analysis, we identify key factors affecting task performance and introduce a task attention mechanism to dynamically evaluate task importance, thereby achieving efficient resource allocation. Additionally, we propose a task affinity (TA) metric to capture the dynamic correlation among tasks, thereby promoting task knowledge sharing to accelerate training and improve the generalization ability of the model in different scenarios. To optimize resource allocation, we formulate a two-layer optimization problem to jointly optimize UAV transmission power, computation frequency, bandwidth allocation, and UAV-EV associations. For the inner problem, we derive closed-form solutions for transmission power, computation frequency, and bandwidth allocation and apply a block coordinate descent method for optimization. For the outer problem, a two-stage algorithm is designed to determine optimal UAV-EV associations. Furthermore, theoretical analysis reveals a trade-off between UAV energy consumption and multi-task performance.
Charting 5G Energy Efficiency: Flexible Energy Modeling for Sustainable Networks
Venue: arXiv cs.NI 2025
Year: 2025

Despite the rapid advancements in 5G technology, accurately assessing the energy consumption of its Radio Access Networks (RANs) remains a challenge due to the diverse range of applicable technologies and implementation solutions. Designing a versatile power model for estimating the 5G RANspecific power consumption requires extensive data collection and experimental studies to capture the diverse range of technologies and implementation solutions. The objective is to outline a versatile energy model capable of estimating RAN-specific energy consumption, encompassing both mobile terminals and the physical layer (PHY) of base stations. In this paper, we focus on the computational complexity of the baseband part of the model. The developed (part of the) model is compared with the estimation of the number of cycles (and energy per cycle) used by a specific implementation (here a Matlab code ported on an Intel target), enabling the assessment of the model with the estimation of energy consumed on a real target. The study's results show a good agreement between the model and the implementation, even if some parts need to be refined to take specific algorithms into account. The key contribution is the development of an initial flexible energy model with finer granularity, enabling comparisons of energy use across various applications and contexts, and offering a comprehensive tool for optimizing 5G network energy consumption.
Generative Frame Sampler for Long Video Understanding
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Despite recent advances in Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs), effectively understanding long-form videos remains a significant challenge. Perceiving lengthy videos containing thousands of frames poses substantial computational burden. To mitigate this issue, this paper introduces Generative Frame Sampler (GenS), a plug-and-play module integrated with VideoLLMs to facilitate efficient lengthy video perception. Built upon a lightweight VideoLLM, GenS leverages its inherent vision-language capabilities to identify question-relevant frames. To facilitate effective retrieval, we construct GenS-Video-150K, a large-scale video instruction dataset with dense frame relevance annotations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GenS consistently boosts the performance of various VideoLLMs, including open-source models (Qwen2-VL-7B, Aria-25B, VILA-40B, LLaVA-Video-7B/72B) and proprietary assistants (GPT-4o, Gemini). When equipped with GenS, open-source VideoLLMs achieve impressive state-of-the-art results on long-form video benchmarks: LLaVA-Video-72B reaches 66.8 (+4.3) on LongVideoBench and 77.0 (+2.7) on MLVU, while Aria obtains 39.2 on HourVideo surpassing the Gemini-1.5-pro by 1.9 points. We will release all datasets and models at https://generative-sampler.github.io.
AdaptAI: A Personalized Solution to Sense Your Stress, Fix Your Mess, and Boost Productivity
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2025
Year: 2025

Personalization is a critical yet often overlooked factor in boosting productivity and wellbeing in knowledge-intensive workplaces to better address individual preferences. Existing tools typically offer uniform guidance whether auto-generating email responses or prompting break reminders without accounting for individual behavioral patterns or stress triggers. We introduce AdaptAI, a multimodal AI solution combining egocentric vision and audio, heart and motion activities, and the agentic workflow of Large Language Models LLMs to deliver highly personalized productivity support and context-aware well-being interventions. AdaptAI not only automates peripheral tasks (e.g. drafting succinct document summaries, replying to emails etc.) but also continuously monitors the users unique physiological and situational indicators to dynamically tailor interventions such as micro-break suggestions or exercise prompts, at the exact point of need. In a preliminary study with 15 participants, AdaptAI demonstrated significant improvements in task throughput and user satisfaction by anticipating user stressors and streamlining daily workflows.
SwapAnyone: Consistent and Realistic Video Synthesis for Swapping Any Person into Any Video
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Video body-swapping aims to replace the body in an existing video with a new body from arbitrary sources, which has garnered more attention in recent years. Existing methods treat video body-swapping as a composite of multiple tasks instead of an independent task and typically rely on various models to achieve video body-swapping sequentially. However, these methods fail to achieve end-to-end optimization for the video body-swapping which causes issues such as variations in luminance among frames, disorganized occlusion relationships, and the noticeable separation between bodies and background. In this work, we define video body-swapping as an independent task and propose three critical consistencies: identity consistency, motion consistency, and environment consistency. We introduce an end-to-end model named SwapAnyone, treating video body-swapping as a video inpainting task with reference fidelity and motion control. To improve the ability to maintain environmental harmony, particularly luminance harmony in the resulting video, we introduce a novel EnvHarmony strategy for training our model progressively. Additionally, we provide a dataset named HumanAction-32K covering various videos about human actions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) performance among open-source methods while approaching or surpassing closed-source models across multiple dimensions. All code, model weights, and the HumanAction-32K dataset will be open-sourced at https://github.com/PKU-YuanGroup/SwapAnyone.
Effective Feature Selection for Predicting Spreading Factor with ML in Large LoRaWAN-based Mobile IoT Networks
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

LoRaWAN is a low-power long-range protocol that enables reliable and robust communication. This paper addresses the challenge of predicting the spreading factor (SF) in LoRaWAN networks using machine learning (ML) techniques. Optimal SF allocation is crucial for optimizing data transmission in IoT-enabled mobile devices, yet it remains a challenging task due to the fluctuation in environment and network conditions. We evaluated ML model performance across a large publicly available dataset to explore the best feature across key LoRaWAN features such as RSSI, SNR, frequency, distance between end devices and gateways, and antenna height of the end device, further, we also experimented with 31 different combinations possible for 5 features. We trained and evaluated the model using k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), Decision Tree Classifier (DTC), Random Forest (RF), and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) algorithms. The combination of RSSI and SNR was identified as the best feature set. The finding of this paper provides valuable information for reducing the overall cost of dataset collection for ML model training and extending the battery life of LoRaWAN devices. This work contributes to a more reliable LoRaWAN system by understanding the importance of specific feature sets for optimized SF allocation.