OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Labeling Free-text Data using Language Model Ensembles
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

Free-text responses are commonly collected in psychological studies, providing rich qualitative insights that quantitative measures may not capture. Labeling curated topics of research interest in free-text data by multiple trained human coders is typically labor-intensive and time-consuming. Though large language models (LLMs) excel in language processing, LLM-assisted labeling techniques relying on closed-source LLMs cannot be directly applied to free-text data, without explicit consent for external use. In this study, we propose a framework of assembling locally-deployable LLMs to enhance the labeling of predetermined topics in free-text data under privacy constraints. Analogous to annotation by multiple human raters, this framework leverages the heterogeneity of diverse open-source LLMs. The ensemble approach seeks a balance between the agreement and disagreement across LLMs, guided by a relevancy scoring methodology that utilizes embedding distances between topic descriptions and LLMs' reasoning. We evaluated the ensemble approach using both publicly accessible Reddit data from eating disorder related forums, and free-text responses from eating disorder patients, both complemented by human annotations. We found that: (1) there is heterogeneity in the performance of labeling among same-sized LLMs, with some showing low sensitivity but high precision, while others exhibit high sensitivity but low precision. (2) Compared to individual LLMs, the ensemble of LLMs achieved the highest accuracy and optimal precision-sensitivity trade-off in predicting human annotations. (3) The relevancy scores across LLMs showed greater agreement than dichotomous labels, indicating that the relevancy scoring method effectively mitigates the heterogeneity in LLMs' labeling.
Causal vs. Anticausal merging of predictors
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

We study the differences arising from merging predictors in the causal and anticausal directions using the same data. In particular we study the asymmetries that arise in a simple model where we merge the predictors using one binary variable as target and two continuous variables as predictors. We use Causal Maximum Entropy (CMAXENT) as inductive bias to merge the predictors, however, we expect similar differences to hold also when we use other merging methods that take into account asymmetries between cause and effect. We show that if we observe all bivariate distributions, the CMAXENT solution reduces to a logistic regression in the causal direction and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) in the anticausal direction. Furthermore, we study how the decision boundaries of these two solutions differ whenever we observe only some of the bivariate distributions implications for Out-Of-Variable (OOV) generalisation.
Jochre 3 and the Yiddish OCR corpus
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

We describe the construction of a publicly available Yiddish OCR Corpus, and describe and evaluate the open source OCR tool suite Jochre 3, including an Alto editor for corpus annotation, OCR software for Alto OCR layer generation, and a customizable OCR search engine. The current version of the Yiddish OCR corpus contains 658 pages, 186K tokens and 840K glyphs. The Jochre 3 OCR tool uses various fine-tuned YOLOv8 models for top-down page layout analysis, and a custom CNN network for glyph recognition. It attains a CER of 1.5% on our test corpus, far out-performing all other existing public models for Yiddish. We analyzed the full 660M word Yiddish Book Center with Jochre 3 OCR, and the new OCR is searchable through the Yiddish Book Center OCR search engine.
Instruction-Guided Fusion of Multi-Layer Visual Features in Large Vision-Language Models
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of multimodal tasks by integrating pre-trained vision encoders and large language models. However, current LVLMs primarily rely on visual features extracted from the final layers of the vision encoder, overlooking the complementary information available in shallower layers. While recent approaches have explored the use of multilayer visual features in LVLMs, they tend to be task-agnostic and fail to examine the dependencies of hierarchical visual features on specific tasks. To address these gaps, we systematically investigate the contributions of visual features from different encoder layers using 18 benchmarks spanning 6 task categories. Our findings reveal that multilayer features provide complementary strengths with varying task dependencies, and uniform fusion leads to suboptimal performance. Building on these insights, we propose the instruction-guided vision aggregator, a module that dynamically integrates multi-layer visual features based on textual instructions, without increasing the number of visual tokens. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of our method. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of the aggregator's behavior highlights the dominance of mid-to-high-level features in semantic-rich tasks and the critical role of low-level features in fine-grained perception.
Active Sampling for Node Attribute Completion on Graphs
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2025
Year: 2025

Node attribute, a type of crucial information for graph analysis, may be partially or completely missing for certain nodes in real world applications. Restoring the missing attributes is expected to benefit downstream graph learning. Few attempts have been made on node attribute completion, but a novel framework called Structure-attribute Transformer (SAT) was recently proposed by using a decoupled scheme to leverage structures and attributes. SAT ignores the differences in contributing to the learning schedule and finding a practical way to model the different importance of nodes with observed attributes is challenging. This paper proposes a novel AcTive Sampling algorithm (ATS) to restore missing node attributes. The representativeness and uncertainty of each node's information are first measured based on graph structure, representation similarity and learning bias. To select nodes as train samples in the next optimization step, a weighting scheme controlled by Beta distribution is then introduced to linearly combine the two properties. Extensive experiments on four public benchmark datasets and two downstream tasks have shown the superiority of ATS in node attribute completion.
Tag&Tab: Pretraining Data Detection in Large Language Models Using Keyword-Based Membership Inference Attack
Venue: arXiv cs.CR 2025
Year: 2025

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools for digital task assistance. Their training relies heavily on the collection of vast amounts of data, which may include copyright-protected or sensitive information. Recent studies on detecting pretraining data in LLMs have primarily focused on sentence- or paragraph-level membership inference attacks (MIAs), usually involving probability analysis of the target model's predicted tokens. However, these methods often exhibit poor accuracy, failing to account for the semantic importance of textual content and word significance. To address these shortcomings, we propose Tag&Tab, a novel approach for detecting data used in LLM pretraining. Our method leverages established natural language processing (NLP) techniques to tag keywords in the input text, a process we term Tagging. Then, the LLM is used to obtain probabilities for these keywords and calculate their average log-likelihood to determine input text membership, a process we refer to as Tabbing. Our experiments on four benchmark datasets (BookMIA, MIMIR, PatentMIA, and the Pile) and several open-source LLMs of varying sizes demonstrate an average increase in AUC scores ranging from 5.3% to 17.6% over state-of-the-art methods. Tag&Tab not only sets a new standard for data leakage detection in LLMs, but its outstanding performance is a testament to the importance of words in MIAs on LLMs.
Large Language Models For Text Classification: Case Study And Comprehensive Review
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

Unlocking the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in data classification represents a promising frontier in natural language processing. In this work, we evaluate the performance of different LLMs in comparison with state-of-the-art deep-learning and machine-learning models, in two different classification scenarios: i) the classification of employees' working locations based on job reviews posted online (multiclass classification), and 2) the classification of news articles as fake or not (binary classification). Our analysis encompasses a diverse range of language models differentiating in size, quantization, and architecture. We explore the impact of alternative prompting techniques and evaluate the models based on the weighted F1-score. Also, we examine the trade-off between performance (F1-score) and time (inference response time) for each language model to provide a more nuanced understanding of each model's practical applicability. Our work reveals significant variations in model responses based on the prompting strategies. We find that LLMs, particularly Llama3 and GPT-4, can outperform traditional methods in complex classification tasks, such as multiclass classification, though at the cost of longer inference times. In contrast, simpler ML models offer better performance-to-time trade-offs in simpler binary classification tasks.
Towards Zero-Shot & Explainable Video Description by Reasoning over Graphs of Events in Space and Time
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

In the current era of Machine Learning, Transformers have become the de facto approach across a variety of domains, such as computer vision and natural language processing. Transformer-based solutions are the backbone of current state-of-the-art methods for language generation, image and video classification, segmentation, action and object recognition, among many others. Interestingly enough, while these state-of-the-art methods produce impressive results in their respective domains, the problem of understanding the relationship between vision and language is still beyond our reach. In this work, we propose a common ground between vision and language based on events in space and time in an explainable and programmatic way, to connect learning-based vision and language state of the art models and provide a solution to the long standing problem of describing videos in natural language. We validate that our algorithmic approach is able to generate coherent, rich and relevant textual descriptions on videos collected from a variety of datasets, using both standard metrics (e.g. Bleu, ROUGE) and the modern LLM-as-a-Jury approach.
Time series forecasting for multidimensional telemetry data using GAN and BiLSTM in a Digital Twin
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

The research related to digital twins has been increasing in recent years. Besides the mirroring of the physical word into the digital, there is the need of providing services related to the data collected and transferred to the virtual world. One of these services is the forecasting of physical part future behavior, that could lead to applications, like preventing harmful events or designing improvements to get better performance. One strategy used to predict any system operation it is the use of time series models like ARIMA or LSTM, and improvements were implemented using these algorithms. Recently, deep learning techniques based on generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been proposed to create time series and the use of LSTM has gained more relevance in time series forecasting, but both have limitations that restrict the forecasting results. Another issue found in the literature is the challenge of handling multivariate environments/applications in time series generation. Therefore, new methods need to be studied in order to fill these gaps and, consequently, provide better resources for creating useful digital twins. In this proposal, it is going to be studied the integration of a BiLSTM layer with a time series obtained by GAN in order to improve the forecasting of all the features provided by the dataset in terms of accuracy and, consequently, improving behaviour prediction.
Detecting Contextual Anomalies by Discovering Consistent Spatial Regions
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

We describe a method for modeling spatial context to enable video anomaly detection. The main idea is to discover regions that share similar object-level activities by clustering joint object attributes using Gaussian mixture models. We demonstrate that this straightforward approach, using orders of magnitude fewer parameters than competing models, achieves state-of-the-art performance in the challenging spatial-context-dependent Street Scene dataset. As a side benefit, the high-resolution discovered regions learned by the model also provide explainable normalcy maps for human operators without the need for any pre-trained segmentation model.
The Impact of AI-Driven Tools on Student Writing Development: A Case Study From The CGScholar AI Helper Project
Venue: arXiv cs.CY 2025
Year: 2025

The case study examines the impact of the CGScholar (Common Ground Scholar) AI Helper on a pilot research initiative involving the writing development of 11th-grade students in English Language Arts (ELA). CGScholar AI Helper is an evolving and innovative web-based application designed to support students in their writing tasks by providing specified AI-generated feedback. This study is one of six interventions. It involved one teacher and six students in a diverse school with low income students and explored to what extent customized AI-driven feedback can support students' writing development. The findings suggest that the implementation of AI Helper supported the development of students' writing in a number of ways. It also elicited suggestions from the teacher and students about ways of improving the still in development tool.
FLAVARS: A Multimodal Foundational Language and Vision Alignment Model for Remote Sensing
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Remote sensing imagery is dense with objects and contextual visual information. There is a recent trend to combine paired satellite images and text captions for pretraining performant encoders for downstream tasks. However, while contrastive image-text methods like CLIP enable vision-language alignment and zero-shot classification ability, vision-only downstream performance tends to degrade compared to image-only pretraining, such as MAE. In this paper, we propose FLAVARS, a pretraining method that combines the best of both contrastive learning and masked modeling, along with geospatial alignment via contrastive location encoding. We find that FLAVARS significantly outperforms a baseline of SkyCLIP for vision-only tasks such as KNN classification and semantic segmentation, +6\% mIOU on SpaceNet1, while retaining the ability to perform zero-shot classification, unlike MAE pretrained methods.
Exploring the Efficacy of Meta-Learning: Unveiling Superior Data Diversity Utilization of MAML Over Pre-training
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

Currently, data and model size dominate the narrative in the training of super-large, powerful models. However, there has been a lack of exploration on the effect of other attributes of the training dataset on model performance. We hypothesize that dataset diversity can impact the performance of vision models. Our study shows positive correlations between test set accuracy and data diversity, providing an argument for furthering the research of dataset attributes beyond size. We analyzed pre-training and model-agnostic meta-learning methods on twelve popular visual datasets (e.g., Omniglot, CIFAR-FS, Aircraft) and five model configurations, including MAML variants with different numbers of inner gradient steps and supervised learning. We show moderate to strong positive correlations (R-squared: 0.15-0.42) between accuracy and data diversity and weaker but significant correlations (R-squared: ~0.2) between loss and diversity. These findings support our hypothesis and demonstrate a promising way for a deeper exploration of how formal data diversity influences model performance. This initial study highlights the potential of (Task2Vec) data diversity as a valuable measure in the rapidly evolving field of large-scale learning and emphasizes that understanding the dataset is key to building more powerful and generalizable models.
Multimodal Fake News Video Explanation: Dataset, Analysis and Evaluation
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Multimodal fake news videos are difficult to interpret because they require comprehensive consideration of the correlation and consistency between multiple modes. Existing methods deal with fake news videos as a classification problem, but it's not clear why news videos are identified as fake. Without proper explanation, the end user may not understand the underlying meaning of the falsehood. Therefore, we propose a new problem - Fake news video Explanation (FNVE) - given a multimodal news post containing a video and title, our goal is to generate natural language explanations to reveal the falsity of the news video. To that end, we developed FakeVE, a new dataset of 2,672 fake news video posts that can definitively explain four real-life fake news video aspects. In order to understand the characteristics of fake news video explanation, we conducted an exploratory analysis of FakeVE from different perspectives. In addition, we propose a Multimodal Relation Graph Transformer (MRGT) based on the architecture of multimodal Transformer to benchmark FakeVE. The empirical results show that the results of the various benchmarks (adopted by FakeVE) are convincing and provide a detailed analysis of the differences in explanation generation of the benchmark models.
Research on stock price forecast of general electric based on mixed CNN-LSTM model
Venue: arXiv cs.CE 2025
Year: 2025

Accurate stock price prediction is crucial for investors and financial institutions, yet the complexity of the stock market makes it highly challenging. This study aims to construct an effective model to enhance the prediction ability of General Electric's stock price trend. The CNN - LSTM model is adopted, combining the feature extraction ability of CNN with the long - term dependency handling ability of LSTM, and the Adam optimizer is used to adjust the parameters. In the data preparation stage, historical trading data of General Electric's stock is collected. After cleaning, handling missing values, and feature engineering, features with strong correlations to the closing price are selected and dimensionality reduction is performed. During model training, the data is divided into training, validation, and testing sets in a ratio of 7:2:1. The Stochastic Gradient Descent algorithm is used with a dynamic learning rate adjustment and L2 regularization, and the Mean Squared Error is used as the loss function, evaluated by variance, R - squared score, and maximum error. Experimental results show that the model loss decreases steadily, and the predicted values align well with the actual values, providing a powerful tool for investment decisions. However, the model's performance in real - time and extreme market conditions remains to be tested, and future improvements could consider incorporating more data sources.
Formal Model Guided Conformance Testing for Blockchains
Venue: arXiv cs.CR 2025
Year: 2025

Modern blockchains increasingly consist of multiple clients that implement a single blockchain protocol. If there is a semantic mismatch between the protocol implementations, the blockchain can permanently split and introduce new attack vectors. Current ad-hoc test suites for client implementations are not sufficient to ensure a high degree of protocol conformance. As an alternative, we present a framework that performs protocol conformance testing using a formal model of the protocol and an implementation running inside a deterministic blockchain simulator. Our framework consists of two complementary workflows that use the components as trace generators and checkers. Our insight is that both workflows are needed to detect all types of violations. We have applied and demonstrated the utility of our framework on an industrial strength consensus protocol.
LAMS: LLM-Driven Automatic Mode Switching for Assistive Teleoperation
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2025
Year: 2025

Teleoperating high degrees-of-freedom (DoF) robotic manipulators via low-DoF controllers like joysticks often requires frequent switching between control modes, where each mode maps controller movements to specific robot actions. Manually performing this frequent switching can make teleoperation cumbersome and inefficient. On the other hand, existing automatic mode-switching solutions, such as heuristic-based or learning-based methods, are often task-specific and lack generalizability. In this paper, we introduce LLM-Driven Automatic Mode Switching (LAMS), a novel approach that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically switch control modes based on task context. Unlike existing methods, LAMS requires no prior task demonstrations and incrementally improves by integrating user-generated mode-switching examples. We validate LAMS through an ablation study and a user study with 10 participants on complex, long-horizon tasks, demonstrating that LAMS effectively reduces manual mode switches, is preferred over alternative methods, and improves performance over time. The project website with supplementary materials is at https://lams-assistance.github.io/.
ANSR-DT: An Adaptive Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning Framework for Digital Twins
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2025
Year: 2025

In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning Framework for digital twin technology called "ANSR-DT." Digital twins in industrial environments often struggle with interpretability, real-time adaptation, and human input integration. Our approach addresses these challenges by combining CNN-LSTM dynamic event detection with reinforcement learning and symbolic reasoning to enable adaptive intelligence with interpretable decision processes. This integration enhances environmental understanding while promoting continuous learning, leading to more effective real-time decision-making in human-machine collaborative applications. We evaluated ANSR-DT on synthetic industrial data, observing significant improvements over traditional approaches, with up to 99.5% accuracy for dynamic pattern recognition. The framework demonstrated superior adaptability with extended reinforcement learning training, improving explained variance from 0.447 to 0.547. Future work aims at scaling to larger datasets to test rule management beyond the current 14 rules. Our open-source implementation promotes reproducibility and establishes a foundation for future research in adaptive, interpretable digital twins for industrial applications.
Image-to-Force Estimation for Soft Tissue Interaction in Robotic-Assisted Surgery Using Structured Light
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2025
Year: 2025

For Minimally Invasive Surgical (MIS) robots, accurate haptic interaction force feedback is essential for ensuring the safety of interacting with soft tissue. However, most existing MIS robotic systems cannot facilitate direct measurement of the interaction force with hardware sensors due to space limitations. This letter introduces an effective vision-based scheme that utilizes a One-Shot structured light projection with a designed pattern on soft tissue coupled with haptic information processing through a trained image-to-force neural network. The images captured from the endoscopic stereo camera are analyzed to reconstruct high-resolution 3D point clouds for soft tissue deformation. Based on this, a modified PointNet-based force estimation method is proposed, which excels in representing the complex mechanical properties of soft tissue. Numerical force interaction experiments are conducted on three silicon materials with different stiffness. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.