OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Instruct or Interact? Exploring and Eliciting LLMs' Capability in Code Snippet Adaptation Through Prompt Engineering
Venue: arXiv cs.SE 2024
Year: 2024

Code snippet adaptation is a fundamental activity in the software development process. Unlike code generation, code snippet adaptation is not a "free creation", which requires developers to tailor a given code snippet in order to fit specific requirements and the code context. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have confirmed their effectiveness in the code generation task with promising results. However, their performance on adaptation, a reuse-oriented and context-dependent code change prediction task, is still unclear. To bridge this gap, we conduct an empirical study to investigate the performance and issues of LLMs on the adaptation task. We first evaluate the adaptation performances of three popular LLMs and compare them to the code generation task. Our result indicates that their adaptation ability is weaker than generation, with a nearly 15% decrease on pass@1 and more context-related errors. By manually inspecting 200 cases, we further investigate the causes of LLMs' sub-optimal performance, which can be classified into three categories, i.e., Unclear Requirement, Requirement Misalignment and Context Misapplication. Based on the above empirical research, we propose an interactive prompting approach to eliciting LLMs' adaptation ability. Experimental result reveals that our approach greatly improve LLMs' adaptation performance. The best-performing Human-LLM interaction successfully solves 159 out of the 202 identified defects and improves the pass@1 and pass@5 by over 40% compared to the initial instruction-based prompt. Considering human efforts, we suggest multi-agent interaction as a trade-off, which can achieve comparable performance with excellent generalization ability. We deem that our approach could provide methodological assistance for autonomous code snippet reuse and adaptation with LLMs.
Uplink Multiple Access with Heterogeneous Blocklength and Reliability Constraints: Discrete Signaling with Treating Interference as Noise
Venue: arXiv cs.IT 2024
Year: 2024

We consider the uplink multiple access of heterogeneous users, e.g., ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) users. Each user has its own reliability requirement and blocklength constraint, and users transmitting longer blocks suffer from heterogeneous interference. On top of that, the decoding of URLLC messages cannot leverage successive interference cancellation (SIC) owing to the stringent latency requirements. This can significantly degrade the spectral efficiency of all URLLC users when the interference is strong. To overcome this issue, we propose a new multiple access scheme employing discrete signaling and treating interference as noise (TIN) decoding, i.e., without SIC. Specifically, to handle heterogeneous interference while maintaining the single-user encoding and decoding complexities, each user uses a single channel code and maps its coded bits onto sub-blocks of symbols, where the underlying constellations can be different. We demonstrate theoretically and numerically that the proposed scheme employing quadrature amplitude modulations and TIN decoding can perform very close to the benchmark scheme based on Gaussian signaling with perfect SIC decoding. Interestingly, we show that the proposed scheme does not need to use all the transmit power budget, but also can sometimes even outperform the benchmark scheme.
That Flick is Sick: Gyroscope Integration in Xbox Controllers
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2024
Year: 2024

Gyroscope integration in Xbox controllers offers new possibilities for enhancing gaming experiences, particularly in first-person shooter (FPS) games. To investigate its potential, we conducted an empirical study with 11 participants, comparing aim precision and reaction times across three input methods: a computer mouse, a standard Xbox controller, and a gyroscope-enabled controller. Participants completed an aim training task, revealing the mouse as the most accurate device, followed by the standard controller. Interestingly, the gyroscope-enabled controller showed reduced accuracy and slower reaction times, attributed to challenges in sensitivity and control. Participant feedback highlighted areas for improvement, including refined sensitivity settings, control stability, and software design. These findings underscore the need for design innovations, such as camera rotation limits and optimized sensitivity thresholds, to make gyroscope-enabled controllers more competitive. Future work should consider diverse gamer profiles and extended evaluation contexts to better understand the role of gyroscopes in gaming interfaces.
Navigating Fog Federation: Classifying Current Research and Identifying Challenges
Venue: arXiv cs.DC 2024
Year: 2024

Fog computing has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance resource management and service delivery by bringing computation closer to the network edge.While numerous surveys have explored various aspects of fog computing, there is a distinct gap in the literature when it comes to fog federation, a crucial extension that enables collaboration and resource sharing across multiple fog environments, enhancing scalability, service availability, and resource optimization.This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the existing work on fog federation, classifying the contributions from its inception to the present.We analyze the various approaches, architectures, and methodologies proposed for fog federation and identify the primary challenges addressed in this field.In addition, we explore the simulation tools and platforms utilized in evaluating fog federation systems.Our survey uniquely contributes to the literature by addressing the specific topic of fog federation, offering insights into the current state of the art and highlighting open research gaps and future directions.
Chatting with a Learning Analytics Dashboard: The Role of Generative AI Literacy on Learner Interaction with Conventional and Scaffolding Chatbots
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2024
Year: 2024

Learning analytics dashboards (LADs) simplify complex learner data into accessible visualisations, providing actionable insights for educators and students. However, their educational effectiveness has not always matched the sophistication of the technology behind them. Explanatory and interactive LADs, enhanced by generative AI (GenAI) chatbots, hold promise by enabling dynamic, dialogue-based interactions with data visualisations and offering personalised feedback through text. Yet, the effectiveness of these tools may be limited by learners' varying levels of GenAI literacy, a factor that remains underexplored in current research. This study investigates the role of GenAI literacy in learner interactions with conventional (reactive) versus scaffolding (proactive) chatbot-assisted LADs. Through a comparative analysis of 81 participants, we examine how GenAI literacy is associated with learners' ability to interpret complex visualisations and their cognitive processes during interactions with chatbot-assisted LADs. Results show that while both chatbots significantly improved learner comprehension, those with higher GenAI literacy benefited the most, particularly with conventional chatbots, demonstrating diverse prompting strategies. Findings highlight the importance of considering learners' GenAI literacy when integrating GenAI chatbots in LADs and educational technologies. Incorporating scaffolding techniques within GenAI chatbots can be an effective strategy, offering a more guided experience that reduces reliance on learners' GenAI literacy.
Fine-Grained Open-Vocabulary Object Recognition via User-Guided Segmentation
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Recent advent of vision-based foundation models has enabled efficient and high-quality object detection at ease. Despite the success of previous studies, object detection models face limitations on capturing small components from holistic objects and taking user intention into account. To address these challenges, we propose a novel foundation model-based detection method called FOCUS: Fine-grained Open-Vocabulary Object ReCognition via User-Guided Segmentation. FOCUS merges the capabilities of vision foundation models to automate open-vocabulary object detection at flexible granularity and allow users to directly guide the detection process via natural language. It not only excels at identifying and locating granular constituent elements but also minimizes unnecessary user intervention yet grants them significant control. With FOCUS, users can make explainable requests to actively guide the detection process in the intended direction. Our results show that FOCUS effectively enhances the detection capabilities of baseline models and shows consistent performance across varying object types.
ACE: Action Concept Enhancement of Video-Language Models in Procedural Videos
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Vision-language models (VLMs) are capable of recognizing unseen actions. However, existing VLMs lack intrinsic understanding of procedural action concepts. Hence, they overfit to fixed labels and are not invariant to unseen action synonyms. To address this, we propose a simple fine-tuning technique, Action Concept Enhancement (ACE), to improve the robustness and concept understanding of VLMs in procedural action classification. ACE continually incorporates augmented action synonyms and negatives in an auxiliary classification loss by stochastically replacing fixed labels during training. This creates new combinations of action labels over the course of fine-tuning and prevents overfitting to fixed action representations. We show the enhanced concept understanding of our VLM, by visualizing the alignment of encoded embeddings of unseen action synonyms in the embedding space. Our experiments on the ATA, IKEA and GTEA datasets demonstrate the efficacy of ACE in domains of cooking and assembly leading to significant improvements in zero-shot action classification while maintaining competitive performance on seen actions.
Towards RAW Object Detection in Diverse Conditions
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Existing object detection methods often consider sRGB input, which was compressed from RAW data using ISP originally designed for visualization. However, such compression might lose crucial information for detection, especially under complex light and weather conditions. We introduce the AODRaw dataset, which offers 7,785 high-resolution real RAW images with 135,601 annotated instances spanning 62 categories, capturing a broad range of indoor and outdoor scenes under 9 distinct light and weather conditions. Based on AODRaw that supports RAW and sRGB object detection, we provide a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating current detection methods. We find that sRGB pre-training constrains the potential of RAW object detection due to the domain gap between sRGB and RAW, prompting us to directly pre-train on the RAW domain. However, it is harder for RAW pre-training to learn rich representations than sRGB pre-training due to the camera noise. To assist RAW pre-training, we distill the knowledge from an off-the-shelf model pre-trained on the sRGB domain. As a result, we achieve substantial improvements under diverse and adverse conditions without relying on extra pre-processing modules. Code and dataset are available at https://github.com/lzyhha/AODRaw.
Understanding Student Acceptance, Trust, and Attitudes Toward AI-Generated Images for Educational Purposes
Venue: arXiv cs.CY 2024
Year: 2024

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have broadened the applicability of AI-generated images across various sectors, including the creative industry and design. However, their utilization in educational contexts, particularly among undergraduate students in computer science and software engineering, remains underexplored. This study adopts an exploratory approach, employing questionnaires and interviews, to assess students' acceptance, trust, and positive attitudes towards AI-generated images for educational tasks such as presentations, reports, and web design. The results reveal high acceptance, trust, and positive attitudes among students who value the ease of use and potential academic benefits. However, concerns regarding the lack of technical precision, where the AI fails to accurately produce images as specified by prompts, moderately impact their practical application in detail-oriented educational tasks. These findings suggest a need for developing comprehensive guidelines that address ethical considerations and intellectual property issues, while also setting quality standards for AI-generated images to enhance their educational use. Enhancing the capabilities of AI tools to meet precise user specifications could foster creativity and improve educational outcomes in technical disciplines.
Task Scheduling for Efficient Inference of Large Language Models on Single Moderate GPU Systems
Venue: arXiv cs.CE 2024
Year: 2024

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can shrink model sizes but often impair accuracy, making them unsuitable for practical applications. In this work, we introduce \modelname{}, a high-performance inference engine designed to speed up LLM inference without compromising model accuracy. \modelname{} incorporates three innovative methods to increase inference efficiency: 1) model partitioning to allow asynchronous processing of tasks across CPU computation, GPU computation, and CPU-GPU communication, 2) an adaptive partition algorithm to optimize the use of CPU, GPU, and PCIe communication capabilities, and 3) a token assignment strategy to handle diverse prompt and generation tasks during LLM inference. Comprehensive experiments were conducted with various LLMs such as Mixtral, LLaMA-2, Qwen, and PhiMoE across three test environments featuring different CPUs and GPUs. The experimental findings demonstrate that \modelname{} achieves speeds between $1.11\times$ to $1.80\times$ faster in decoding and $1.69\times$ to $6.33\times$ faster in pre-filling, leading to an overall speedup ranging from $1.25\times$ to $2.04\times$ compared to state-of-the-art solutions, llama.cpp and Fiddler.
Research on Effectiveness Evaluation and Optimization of Baseball Teaching Method Based on Machine Learning
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2024
Year: 2024

In modern physical education, data-driven evaluation methods have gradually attracted attention, especially the quantitative prediction of students' sports performance through machine learning model. The purpose of this study is to use a variety of machine learning models to regress and predict students' comprehensive scores in baseball training, so as to evaluate the effectiveness of the current baseball teaching methods and put forward targeted training optimization suggestions. We set up a model and evaluate the performance of students by collecting many characteristics, such as hitting times, running times and batting. The experimental results show that K-Neighbors Regressor and Gradient Boosting Regressor are excellent in comprehensive prediction accuracy and stability, and the R score and error index are significantly better than other models. In addition, through the analysis of feature importance, it is found that cumulative hits and cumulative runs are the key factors affecting students' comprehensive scores. Based on the results of this study, this paper puts forward some suggestions on optimizing training strategies to help students get better performance in baseball training. The results show that the data-driven teaching evaluation method can effectively support physical education and promote personalized and refined teaching plan design.
LTCF-Net: A Transformer-Enhanced Dual-Channel Fourier Framework for Low-Light Image Restoration
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

We introduce LTCF-Net, a novel network architecture designed for enhancing low-light images. Unlike Retinex-based methods, our approach utilizes two color spaces - LAB and YUV - to efficiently separate and process color information, by leveraging the separation of luminance from chromatic components in color images. In addition, our model incorporates the Transformer architecture to comprehensively understand image content while maintaining computational efficiency. To dynamically balance the brightness in output images, we also introduce a Fourier transform module that adjusts the luminance channel in the frequency domain. This mechanism could uniformly balance brightness across different regions while eliminating background noises, and thereby enhancing visual quality. By combining these innovative components, LTCF-Net effectively improves low-light image quality while keeping the model lightweight. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms current state-of-the-art approaches across multiple evaluation metrics and datasets, achieving more natural color restoration and a balanced brightness distribution.
Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Reading Music Systems
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held Online on November 22nd 2024.
Detecting Turkish Synonyms Used in Different Time Periods
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2024
Year: 2024

Dynamic structure of languages poses significant challenges in applying natural language processing models on historical texts, causing decreased performance in various downstream tasks. Turkish is a prominent example of rapid linguistic transformation due to the language reform in the 20th century. In this paper, we propose two methods for detecting synonyms used in different time periods, focusing on Turkish. In our first method, we use Orthogonal Procrustes method to align the embedding spaces created using documents written in the corresponding time periods. In our second method, we extend the first one by incorporating Spearman's correlation between frequencies of words throughout the years. In our experiments, we show that our proposed methods outperform the baseline method. Furthermore, we observe that the efficacy of our methods remains consistent when the target time period shifts from the 1960s to the 1980s. However, their performance slightly decreases for subsequent time periods.
Multi-Token Enhancing for Vision Representation Learning
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Vision representation learning, especially self-supervised learning, is pivotal for various vision applications. Ensemble learning has also succeeded in enhancing the performance and robustness of the vision models. However, traditional ensemble strategies are impractical for representation learning, especially self-supervised representation learning that requires large-scale datasets and long schedules. This is because they require k times more training and inference computation costs for an ensemble of k models. Differently, we introduce Multi-Token Enhancing (MTE) that extracts multiple auxiliary tokens simultaneously from a single model to enhance representation learning, while incurring minimal additional training costs and no additional inference costs. These auxiliary tokens, including auxiliary CLS tokens and adaptively pooled tokens, capture complementary information due to their differences. Meanwhile, to address the increase in inference costs, we distill the knowledge acquired by the auxiliary tokens into a global token during pre-training. Consequently, we can discard the auxiliary tokens during inference without incurring additional costs. Our MTE is compatible with various self-supervised loss functions and architectures, consistently improving performances across different downstream tasks. Our source code will be made publicly available.
PG-SLAM: Photo-realistic and Geometry-aware RGB-D SLAM in Dynamic Environments
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2024
Year: 2024

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) has achieved impressive performance in static environments. However, SLAM in dynamic environments remains an open question. Many methods directly filter out dynamic objects, resulting in incomplete scene reconstruction and limited accuracy of camera localization. The other works express dynamic objects by point clouds, sparse joints, or coarse meshes, which fails to provide a photo-realistic representation. To overcome the above limitations, we propose a photo-realistic and geometry-aware RGB-D SLAM method by extending Gaussian splatting. Our method is composed of three main modules to 1) map the dynamic foreground including non-rigid humans and rigid items, 2) reconstruct the static background, and 3) localize the camera. To map the foreground, we focus on modeling the deformations and/or motions. We consider the shape priors of humans and exploit geometric and appearance constraints of humans and items. For background mapping, we design an optimization strategy between neighboring local maps by integrating appearance constraint into geometric alignment. As to camera localization, we leverage both static background and dynamic foreground to increase the observations for noise compensation. We explore the geometric and appearance constraints by associating 3D Gaussians with 2D optical flows and pixel patches. Experiments on various real-world datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of camera localization and scene representation. Source codes will be publicly available upon paper acceptance.