OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Machine-Generated Text Detection using Deep Learning
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

Our research focuses on the crucial challenge of discerning text produced by Large Language Models (LLMs) from human-generated text, which holds significance for various applications. With ongoing discussions about attaining a model with such functionality, we present supporting evidence regarding the feasibility of such models. We evaluated our models on multiple datasets, including Twitter Sentiment, Football Commentary, Project Gutenberg, PubMedQA, and SQuAD, confirming the efficacy of the enhanced detection approaches. These datasets were sampled with intricate constraints encompassing every possibility, laying the foundation for future research. We evaluate GPT-3.5-Turbo against various detectors such as SVM, RoBERTa-base, and RoBERTa-large. Based on the research findings, the results predominantly relied on the sequence length of the sentence.
GGNNs : Generalizing GNNs using Residual Connections and Weighted Message Passing
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2023
Year: 2023

Many real-world phenomena can be modeled as a graph, making them extremely valuable due to their ubiquitous presence. GNNs excel at capturing those relationships and patterns within these graphs, enabling effective learning and prediction tasks. GNNs are constructed using Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) and incorporate additional layers for message passing to facilitate the flow of features among nodes. It is commonly believed that the generalizing power of GNNs is attributed to the message-passing mechanism between layers, where nodes exchange information with their neighbors, enabling them to effectively capture and propagate information across the nodes of a graph. Our technique builds on these results, modifying the message-passing mechanism further: one by weighing the messages before accumulating at each node and another by adding Residual connections. These two mechanisms show significant improvements in learning and faster convergence
DreamCreature: Crafting Photorealistic Virtual Creatures from Imagination
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2023
Year: 2023

Recent text-to-image (T2I) generative models allow for high-quality synthesis following either text instructions or visual examples. Despite their capabilities, these models face limitations in creating new, detailed creatures within specific categories (e.g., virtual dog or bird species), which are valuable in digital asset creation and biodiversity analysis. To bridge this gap, we introduce a novel task, Virtual Creatures Generation: Given a set of unlabeled images of the target concepts (e.g., 200 bird species), we aim to train a T2I model capable of creating new, hybrid concepts within diverse backgrounds and contexts. We propose a new method called DreamCreature, which identifies and extracts the underlying sub-concepts (e.g., body parts of a specific species) in an unsupervised manner. The T2I thus adapts to generate novel concepts (e.g., new bird species) with faithful structures and photorealistic appearance by seamlessly and flexibly composing learned sub-concepts. To enhance sub-concept fidelity and disentanglement, we extend the textual inversion technique by incorporating an additional projector and tailored attention loss regularization. Extensive experiments on two fine-grained image benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of DreamCreature over prior methods in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Ultimately, the learned sub-concepts facilitate diverse creative applications, including innovative consumer product designs and nuanced property modifications.
The effect of source disclosure on evaluation of AI-generated messages: A two-part study
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) over the last decade demonstrate that machines can exhibit communicative behavior and influence how humans think, feel, and behave. In fact, the recent development of ChatGPT has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be leveraged to generate high-quality communication content at scale and across domains, suggesting that they will be increasingly used in practice. However, many questions remain about how knowing the source of the messages influences recipients' evaluation of and preference for AI-generated messages compared to human-generated messages. This paper investigated this topic in the context of vaping prevention messaging. In Study 1, which was pre-registered, we examined the influence of source disclosure on people's evaluation of AI-generated health prevention messages compared to human-generated messages. We found that source disclosure (i.e., labeling the source of a message as AI vs. human) significantly impacted the evaluation of the messages but did not significantly alter message rankings. In a follow-up study (Study 2), we examined how the influence of source disclosure may vary by the participants' negative attitudes towards AI. We found a significant moderating effect of negative attitudes towards AI on message evaluation, but not for message selection. However, for those with moderate levels of negative attitudes towards AI, source disclosure decreased the preference for AI-generated messages. Overall, the results of this series of studies showed a slight bias against AI-generated messages once the source was disclosed, adding to the emerging area of study that lies at the intersection of AI and communication.
Move or Push? Studying Pseudo-Haptic Perceptions Obtained with Motion or Force Input
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2023
Year: 2023

Pseudo-haptics techniques are interesting alternatives for generating haptic perceptions, which entails the manipulation of haptic perception through the appropriate alteration of primarily visual feedback in response to body movements. However, the use of pseudo-haptics techniques with a motion-input system can sometimes be limited. This paper investigates a novel approach for extending the potential of pseudo-haptics techniques in virtual reality (VR). The proposed approach utilizes a reaction force from force-input as a substitution of haptic cue for the pseudo-haptic perception. The paper introduced a manipulation method in which the vertical acceleration of the virtual hand is controlled by the extent of push-in of a force sensor. Such a force-input manipulation of a virtual body can not only present pseudo-haptics with less physical spaces and be used by more various users including physically handicapped people, but also can present the reaction force proportional to the user's input to the user. We hypothesized that such a haptic force cue would contribute to the pseudo-haptic perception. Therefore, the paper endeavors to investigate the force-input pseudo-haptic perception in a comparison with the motion-input pseudo-haptics. The paper compared force-input and motion-input manipulation in a point of achievable range and resolution of pseudo-haptic weight. The experimental results suggest that the force-input manipulation successfully extends the range of perceptible pseudo-weight by 80\% in comparison to the motion-input manipulation. On the other hand, it is revealed that the motion-input manipulation has 1 step larger number of distinguishable weight levels and is easier to operate than the force-input manipulation.
Deficiency of Large Language Models in Finance: An Empirical Examination of Hallucination
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

The hallucination issue is recognized as a fundamental deficiency of large language models (LLMs), especially when applied to fields such as finance, education, and law. Despite the growing concerns, there has been a lack of empirical investigation. In this paper, we provide an empirical examination of LLMs' hallucination behaviors in financial tasks. First, we empirically investigate LLM model's ability of explaining financial concepts and terminologies. Second, we assess LLM models' capacity of querying historical stock prices. Third, to alleviate the hallucination issue, we evaluate the efficacy of four practical methods, including few-shot learning, Decoding by Contrasting Layers (DoLa), the Retrieval Augmentation Generation (RAG) method and the prompt-based tool learning method for a function to generate a query command. Finally, our major finding is that off-the-shelf LLMs experience serious hallucination behaviors in financial tasks. Therefore, there is an urgent need to call for research efforts in mitigating LLMs' hallucination.
The WebCrow French Crossword Solver
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

Crossword puzzles are one of the most popular word games, played in different languages all across the world, where riddle style can vary significantly from one country to another. Automated crossword resolution is challenging, and typical solvers rely on large databases of previously solved crosswords. In this work, we extend WebCrow 2.0, an automatic crossword solver, to French, making it the first program for crossword solving in the French language. To cope with the lack of a large repository of clue-answer crossword data, WebCrow 2.0 exploits multiple modules, called experts, that retrieve candidate answers from heterogeneous resources, such as the web, knowledge graphs, and linguistic rules. We compared WebCrow's performance against humans in two different challenges. Despite the limited amount of past crosswords, French WebCrow was competitive, actually outperforming humans in terms of speed and accuracy, thus proving its capabilities to generalize to new languages.
InfoPattern: Unveiling Information Propagation Patterns in Social Media
Venue: arXiv cs.SI 2023
Year: 2023

Social media play a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing ideological communities through information propagation. Our demo InfoPattern centers on the interplay between language and human ideology. The demo (Code: https://github.com/blender-nlp/InfoPattern ) is capable of: (1) red teaming to simulate adversary responses from opposite ideology communities; (2) stance detection to identify the underlying political sentiments in each message; (3) information propagation graph discovery to reveal the evolution of claims across various communities over time. (Live Demo: https://incas.csl.illinois.edu/blender/About )
Deformation-Guided Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matching
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2023
Year: 2023

We present an unsupervised data-driven approach for non-rigid shape matching. Shape matching identifies correspondences between two shapes and is a fundamental step in many computer vision and graphics applications. Our approach is designed to be particularly robust when matching shapes digitized using 3D scanners that contain fine geometric detail and suffer from different types of noise including topological noise caused by the coalescence of spatially close surface regions. We build on two strategies. First, using a hierarchical patch based shape representation we match shapes consistently in a coarse to fine manner, allowing for robustness to noise. This multi-scale representation drastically reduces the dimensionality of the problem when matching at the coarsest scale, rendering unsupervised learning feasible. Second, we constrain this hierarchical matching to be reflected in 3D by fitting a patch-wise near-rigid deformation model. Using this constraint, we leverage spatial continuity at different scales to capture global shape properties, resulting in matchings that generalize well to data with different deformations and noise characteristics. Experiments demonstrate that our approach obtains significantly better results on raw 3D scans than state-of-the-art methods, while performing on-par on standard test scenarios.
Automated discovery of trade-off between utility, privacy and fairness in machine learning models
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2023
Year: 2023

Machine learning models are deployed as a central component in decision making and policy operations with direct impact on individuals' lives. In order to act ethically and comply with government regulations, these models need to make fair decisions and protect the users' privacy. However, such requirements can come with decrease in models' performance compared to their potentially biased, privacy-leaking counterparts. Thus the trade-off between fairness, privacy and performance of ML models emerges, and practitioners need a way of quantifying this trade-off to enable deployment decisions. In this work we interpret this trade-off as a multi-objective optimization problem, and propose PFairDP, a pipeline that uses Bayesian optimization for discovery of Pareto-optimal points between fairness, privacy and utility of ML models. We show how PFairDP can be used to replicate known results that were achieved through manual constraint setting process. We further demonstrate effectiveness of PFairDP with experiments on multiple models and datasets.
A Social-aware Gaussian Pre-trained Model for Effective Cold-start Recommendation
Venue: arXiv cs.IR 2023
Year: 2023

The use of pre-training is an emerging technique to enhance a neural model's performance, which has been shown to be effective for many neural language models such as BERT. This technique has also been used to enhance the performance of recommender systems. In such recommender systems, pre-training models are used to learn a better initialisation for both users and items. However, recent existing pre-trained recommender systems tend to only incorporate the user interaction data at the pre-training stage, making it difficult to deliver good recommendations, especially when the interaction data is sparse. To alleviate this common data sparsity issue, we propose to pre-train the recommendation model not only with the interaction data but also with other available information such as the social relations among users, thereby providing the recommender system with a better initialisation compared with solely relying on the user interaction data. We propose a novel recommendation model, the Social-aware Gaussian Pre-trained model (SGP), which encodes the user social relations and interaction data at the pre-training stage in a Graph Neural Network (GNN). Afterwards, in the subsequent fine-tuning stage, our SGP model adopts a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to factorise these pre-trained embeddings for further training, thereby benefiting the cold-start users from these pre-built social relations. Our extensive experiments on three public datasets show that, in comparison to 16 competitive baselines, our SGP model significantly outperforms the best baseline by upto 7.7% in terms of NDCG@10. In addition, we show that SGP permits to effectively alleviate the cold-start problem, especially when users newly register to the system through their friends' suggestions.
Public sentiment analysis and topic modeling regarding ChatGPT in mental health on Reddit: Negative sentiments increase over time
Venue: arXiv cs.CY 2023
Year: 2023

In order to uncover users' attitudes towards ChatGPT in mental health, this study examines public opinions about ChatGPT in mental health discussions on Reddit. Researchers used the bert-base-multilingual-uncased-sentiment techniques for sentiment analysis and the BERTopic model for topic modeling. It was found that overall, negative sentiments prevail, followed by positive ones, with neutral sentiments being the least common. The prevalence of negative emotions has increased over time. Negative emotions encompass discussions on ChatGPT providing bad mental health advice, debates on machine vs. human value, the fear of AI, and concerns about Universal Basic Income (UBI). In contrast, positive emotions highlight ChatGPT's effectiveness in counseling, with mentions of keywords like "time" and "wallet." Neutral discussions center around private data concerns. These findings shed light on public attitudes toward ChatGPT in mental health, potentially contributing to the development of trustworthy AI in mental health from the public perspective.
SEINE: SEgment-based Indexing for NEural information retrieval
Venue: arXiv cs.IR 2023
Year: 2023

Many early neural Information Retrieval (NeurIR) methods are re-rankers that rely on a traditional first-stage retriever due to expensive query time computations. Recently, representation-based retrievers have gained much attention, which learns query representation and document representation separately, making it possible to pre-compute document representations offline and reduce the workload at query time. Both dense and sparse representation-based retrievers have been explored. However, these methods focus on finding the representation that best represents a text (aka metric learning) and the actual retrieval function that is responsible for similarity matching between query and document is kept at a minimum by using dot product. One drawback is that unlike traditional term-level inverted index, the index formed by these embeddings cannot be easily re-used by another retrieval method. Another drawback is that keeping the interaction at minimum hurts retrieval effectiveness. On the contrary, interaction-based retrievers are known for their better retrieval effectiveness. In this paper, we propose a novel SEgment-based Neural Indexing method, SEINE, which provides a general indexing framework that can flexibly support a variety of interaction-based neural retrieval methods. We emphasize on a careful decomposition of common components in existing neural retrieval methods and propose to use segment-level inverted index to store the atomic query-document interaction values. Experiments on LETOR MQ2007 and MQ2008 datasets show that our indexing method can accelerate multiple neural retrieval methods up to 28-times faster without sacrificing much effectiveness.
WorldSense: A Synthetic Benchmark for Grounded Reasoning in Large Language Models
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

We propose WorldSense, a benchmark designed to assess the extent to which LLMs are consistently able to sustain tacit world models, by testing how they draw simple inferences from descriptions of simple arrangements of entities. Worldsense is a synthetic benchmark with three problem types, each with their own trivial control, which explicitly avoids bias by decorrelating the abstract structure of problems from the vocabulary and expressions, and by decorrelating all problem subparts with the correct response. We run our benchmark on three state-of-the-art chat-LLMs (GPT3.5, GPT4 and Llama2-chat) and show that these models make errors even with as few as three objects. Furthermore, they have quite heavy response biases, preferring certain responses irrespective of the question. Errors persist even with chain-of-thought prompting and in-context learning. Lastly, we show that while finetuning on similar problems does result in substantial improvements -- within- and out-of-distribution -- the finetuned models do not generalise beyond a constraint problem space.
Leveraging deep active learning to identify low-resource mobility functioning information in public clinical notes
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2023
Year: 2023

Function is increasingly recognized as an important indicator of whole-person health, although it receives little attention in clinical natural language processing research. We introduce the first public annotated dataset specifically on the Mobility domain of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), aiming to facilitate automatic extraction and analysis of functioning information from free-text clinical notes. We utilize the National NLP Clinical Challenges (n2c2) research dataset to construct a pool of candidate sentences using keyword expansion. Our active learning approach, using query-by-committee sampling weighted by density representativeness, selects informative sentences for human annotation. We train BERT and CRF models, and use predictions from these models to guide the selection of new sentences for subsequent annotation iterations. Our final dataset consists of 4,265 sentences with a total of 11,784 entities, including 5,511 Action entities, 5,328 Mobility entities, 306 Assistance entities, and 639 Quantification entities. The inter-annotator agreement (IAA), averaged over all entity types, is 0.72 for exact matching and 0.91 for partial matching. We also train and evaluate common BERT models and state-of-the-art Nested NER models. The best F1 scores are 0.84 for Action, 0.7 for Mobility, 0.62 for Assistance, and 0.71 for Quantification. Empirical results demonstrate promising potential of NER models to accurately extract mobility functioning information from clinical text. The public availability of our annotated dataset will facilitate further research to comprehensively capture functioning information in electronic health records (EHRs).
Auto-CsiNet: Scenario-customized Automatic Neural Network Architecture Generation for Massive MIMO CSI Feedback
Venue: arXiv cs.IT 2023
Year: 2023

Deep learning has revolutionized the design of the channel state information (CSI) feedback module in wireless communications. However, designing the optimal neural network (NN) architecture for CSI feedback can be a laborious and time-consuming process. Manual design can be prohibitively expensive for customizing NNs to different scenarios. This paper proposes using neural architecture search (NAS) to automate the generation of scenario-customized CSI feedback NN architectures, thereby maximizing the potential of deep learning in exclusive environments. By employing automated machine learning and gradient-descent-based NAS, an efficient and cost-effective architecture design process is achieved. The proposed approach leverages implicit scene knowledge, integrating it into the scenario customization process in a data-driven manner, and fully exploits the potential of deep learning for each specific scenario. To address the issue of excessive search, early stopping and elastic selection mechanisms are employed, enhancing the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that the automatically generated architecture, known as Auto-CsiNet, outperforms manually-designed models in both reconstruction performance (achieving approximately a 14% improvement) and complexity (reducing it by approximately 50%). Furthermore, the paper analyzes the impact of the scenario on the NN architecture and its capacity.