OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
High-Fidelity And Complex Test Data Generation For Google SQL Code Generation Services
Venue: arXiv cs.DB 2026
Year: 2026

The demand for high-fidelity test data is paramount in industrial settings where access to production data is largely restricted. Traditional data generation methods often fall short, struggling with low-fidelity and the ability to model complex data structures and semantic relationships that are critical for testing complex SQL code generation services like Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL). In this paper, we address the critical need for generating syntactically correct and semantically relevant high-fidelity mock data for complex data structures that includes columns with nested structures that we frequently encounter in Google workloads. We highlight the limitations of existing approaches used in production, particularly their inability to handle large and complex data structures, as well as the lack of semantically coherent test data that lead to limited test coverage. We demonstrate that by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and incorporating strategic pre- and post-processing steps, we can generate syntactically correct and semantically relevant high-fidelity test data that adheres to complex structural constraints and maintains semantic integrity to the SQL test targets (queries/functions). This approach supports comprehensive testing of complex SQL queries involving joins, aggregations, and even deeply nested subqueries, ensuring robust evaluation of SQL code generation services, like NL2SQL and SQL Code Assistant. Our results demonstrate the practical utility of an LLM (\textit{Gemini}) based test data generation for industrial SQL code generation services where generating high-fidelity test data is essential due to the frequent unavailability and inaccessibility of production datasets for testing.
The Malicious Technical Ecosystem: Exposing Limitations in Technical Governance of AI-Generated Non-Consensual Intimate Images of Adults
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2026
Year: 2026

In this paper, we adopt a survivor-centered approach to locate and dissect the role of sociotechnical AI governance in preventing AI-Generated Non-Consensual Intimate Images (AIG-NCII) of adults, colloquially known as "deep fake pornography." We identify a "malicious technical ecosystem" or "MTE," comprising of open-source face-swapping models and nearly 200 "nudifying" software programs that allow non-technical users to create AIG-NCII within minutes. Then, using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) AI 100-4 report as a reflection of current synthetic content governance methods, we show how the current landscape of practices fails to effectively regulate the MTE for adult AIG-NCII, as well as flawed assumptions explaining these gaps.
DPMambaIR: All-in-One Image Restoration via Degradation-Aware Prompt State Space Model
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2026
Year: 2026

All-in-One image restoration aims to address multiple image degradation problems using a single model, offering a more practical and versatile solution compared to designing dedicated models for each degradation type. Existing approaches typically rely on Degradation-specific models or coarse-grained degradation prompts to guide image restoration. However, they lack fine-grained modeling of degradation information and face limitations in balancing multi-task conflicts. To overcome these limitations, we propose DPMambaIR, a novel All-in-One image restoration framework that introduces a fine-grained degradation extractor and a Degradation-Aware Prompt State Space Model (DP-SSM). The DP-SSM leverages the fine-grained degradation features captured by the extractor as dynamic prompts, which are then incorporated into the state space modeling process. This enhances the model's adaptability to diverse degradation types, while a complementary High-Frequency Enhancement Block (HEB) recovers local high-frequency details. Extensive experiments on a mixed dataset containing seven degradation types show that DPMambaIR achieves the best performance, with 27.69dB and 0.893 in PSNR and SSIM, respectively. These results highlight the potential and superiority of DPMambaIR as a unified solution for All-in-One image restoration.
From Bugs to Benchmarks: A Comprehensive Survey of Software Defect Datasets
Venue: arXiv cs.SE 2026
Year: 2026

Software defect datasets, which are collections of software bugs, are essential resources to facilitate empirical research and enable standardized benchmarking for a wide range of software engineering techniques, including emerging areas like agentic AI-based software development. Over the years, numerous software defect datasets have been developed, providing rich resources for the community, yet making it increasingly difficult to navigate the landscape. This article provides a comprehensive survey of 151 software defect datasets, covering their scope, construction, availability, usability, and practical uses. We also suggest potential opportunities for future research based on our findings, such as addressing underrepresented kinds of defects. A complete catalog of all surveyed software defect datasets is available at https://defect-datasets.github.io/.
Reason Like a Radiologist: Chain-of-Thought and Reinforcement Learning for Verifiable Report Generation
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2026
Year: 2026

Radiology report generation is critical for efficiency but current models lack the structured reasoning of experts, hindering clinical trust and explainability by failing to link visual findings to precise anatomical locations. This paper introduces BoxMed-RL, a groundbreaking unified training framework for generating spatially verifiable and explainable radiology reports. Built on a large vision-language model, BoxMed-RL revolutionizes report generation through two integrated phases: (1) In the Pretraining Phase, we refine the model via medical concept learning, using Chain-of-Thought supervision to internalize the radiologist-like workflow, followed by spatially verifiable reinforcement, which applies reinforcement learning to align medical findings with bounding boxes. (2) In the Downstream Adapter Phase, we freeze the pretrained weights and train a downstream adapter to ensure fluent and clinically credible reports. This framework precisely mimics radiologists' workflow, compelling the model to connect high-level medical concepts with definitive anatomical evidence. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that BoxMed-RL achieves an average 7% improvement in both METEOR and ROUGE-L metrics compared to state-of-the-art methods. An average 5% improvement in large language model-based metrics further underscores BoxMed-RL's robustness in generating high-quality radiology reports.
RaPA: Enhancing Transferable Targeted Attacks via Random Parameter Pruning
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2026
Year: 2026

Compared to untargeted attacks, targeted transfer-based attack is still suffering from much lower Attack Success Rates (ASRs), although significant improvements have been achieved by kinds of methods, such as diversifying input, stabilizing the gradient, and re-training surrogate models. In this paper, we find that adversarial examples generated by existing methods rely heavily on a small subset of surrogate model parameters, which in turn limits their transferability to unseen target models. Inspired by this, we propose the Random Parameter Pruning Attack (RaPA), which introduces parameter-level randomization during the attack process. At each optimization step, RaPA randomly prunes model parameters to generate diverse yet semantically consistent surrogate variants.We show this parameter-level randomization is equivalent to adding an importance-equalization regularizer, thereby alleviating the over-reliance issue. Extensive experiments across both CNN and Transformer architectures demonstrate that RaPA substantially enhances transferability. In the challenging case of transferring from CNN-based to Transformer-based models, RaPA achieves up to 11.7% higher average ASRs than state-of-the-art baselines(with 33.3% ASRs), while being training-free, cross-architecture efficient, and easily integrated into existing attack frameworks. Code is available in https://github.com/molarsu/RaPA.
TSCAN: Context-Aware Uplift Modeling via Two-Stage Training for Online Merchant Business Diagnosis
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2026
Year: 2026

A primary challenge in ITE estimation is sample selection bias. Traditional approaches utilize treatment regularization techniques such as the Integral Probability Metrics (IPM), re-weighting, and propensity score modeling to mitigate this bias. However, these regularizations may introduce undesirable information loss and limit the performance of the model. Furthermore, treatment effects vary across different external contexts, and the existing methods are insufficient in fully interacting with and utilizing these contextual features. To address these issues, we propose a Context-Aware uplift model based on the Two-Stage training approach (TSCAN), comprising CAN-U and CAN-D sub-models. In the first stage, we train an uplift model, called CAN-U, which includes the treatment regularizations of IPM and propensity score prediction, to generate a complete dataset with counterfactual uplift labels. In the second stage, we train a model named CAN-D, which utilizes an isotonic output layer to directly model uplift effects, thereby eliminating the reliance on the regularization components. CAN-D adaptively corrects the errors estimated by CAN-U through reinforcing the factual samples, while avoiding the negative impacts associated with the aforementioned regularizations. Additionally, we introduce a Context-Aware Attention Layer throughout the two-stage process to manage the interactions between treatment, merchant, and contextual features, thereby modeling the varying treatment effect in different contexts. We conduct extensive experiments on two real-world datasets to validate the effectiveness of TSCAN. Ultimately, the deployment of our model for real-world merchant diagnosis on one of China's largest online food ordering platforms validates its practical utility and impact.
$O(1/k)$ Finite-Time Bound for Non-Linear Two-Time-Scale Stochastic Approximation
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2026
Year: 2026

Two-time-scale stochastic approximation (SA) is an algorithm with coupled iterations which has found broad applications in reinforcement learning, optimization and game control. In this work, we derive mean squared error bounds for non-linear two-time-scale iterations with contractive mappings. In the setting where both stepsizes are order $Θ(1/k)$, commonly referred to as single time-scale SA with multiple coupled sequences, we obtain the first $O(1/k)$ rate without imposing additional smoothness assumptions. In the setting with true time-scale separation, the previous best bound was $O(1/k^{2/3})$. We improve this to $O(1/k^a)$ for any $a<1$ approaching the optimal $O(1/k)$ rate. The key step in our analysis involves rewriting the original iteration in terms of an averaged noise sequence whose variance decays sufficiently fast. Additionally, we use an induction-based approach to show that the iterates are bounded in expectation. Our results apply to Polyak averaging, as well as to algorithms from reinforcement learning, and optimization, including gradient descent-ascent and two-time-scale Lagrangian optimization.
GenPTW: Latent Image Watermarking for Provenance Tracing and Tamper Localization
Venue: arXiv cs.CR 2026
Year: 2026

The proliferation of generative image models has revolutionized AIGC creation while amplifying concerns over content provenance and manipulation forensics. Existing methods are typically either unable to localize tampering or restricted to specific generative settings, limiting their practical utility. We propose \textbf{GenPTW}, a \textbf{Gen}eral watermarking framework that unifies \textbf{P}rovenance tracing and \textbf{T}amper localization in latent space. It supports both in-generation and post-generation embedding without altering the generative process, and is plug-and-play compatible with latent diffusion models (LDMs) and visual autoregressive (VAR) models. To achieve precise provenance tracing and tamper localization, we embed the watermark using two complementary mechanisms: cross-attention fusion aligned with latent semantics and spatial fusion providing explicit spatial guidance for edit sensitivity. A tamper-aware extractor jointly conducts provenance tracing and tamper localization by leveraging watermark features together with high-frequency features. Experiments show that GenPTW maintains high visual fidelity and strong robustness against diverse AIGC-editing.
Video-Based Detection and Analysis of Errors in Robotic Surgical Training
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2026
Year: 2026

Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgeries offer many advantages but require complex motor tasks that take surgeons years to master. There is currently a lack of knowledge on how surgeons acquire these robotic surgical skills. Toward bridging this gap, a previous study followed surgical residents learning complex surgical dry lab tasks on a surgical robot over six months. Errors are an important measure for training and skill evaluation, but unlike in virtual simulations, in dry lab training, errors are difficult to monitor automatically. Here, we analyzed errors in the ring tower transfer task, in which surgical residents moved a ring along a curved wire as quickly and accurately as possible. We developed an image-processing algorithm using color and size thresholds, optical flow and short time Fourier transforms to detect collision errors and achieved a detection accuracy of approximately 95%. Using the detected errors and task completion time, we found that the residents reduced their completion time and number of errors over the six months, while the percentage of task time spent making errors remained relatively constant on average. This analysis sheds light on the learning process of the residents and can serve as a step towards providing error-related feedback to robotic surgeons.
The frequency $K_i$s for symmetrical traveling salesman problem
Venue: arXiv cs.DM 2026
Year: 2026

The frequency $K_i$s ($i\in[4,n]$) are studied for symmetric traveling salesman problem ($TSP$) to illustrate the structure properties of the edges in optimal Hamiltonian cycle ($OHC$). A frequency $K_i$ is computed with the set of ${{i}\choose{2}}$ optimal $i$-vertex paths with given endpoints (optimal $i$-vertex paths) in one corresponding $K_i$ in $K_n$. Given an $OHC$ edge related to $K_i$, it has certain frequency bigger than $\frac{1}{2}{{i}\choose{2}}$ in the frequency $K_i$, and that of an ordinary edge not in $OHC$ is smaller than $2(n-3)$. Moreover, given a frequency $K_i$ containing an $OHC$ edge related to $K_n$, the frequency of the $OHC$ edge is bigger than $\frac{1}{2}{{i}\choose{2}}$ in the average case. It also found that the probability that an $OHC$ edge is contained in the optimal $i$-vertex paths increases according to $i\in [4, n]$ or keeps stable if it decreases from $i$ to $i+1\leq n$. As the frequency $K_i$s are used to compute the frequency of an edge, each $OHC$ edge reaches its own peak frequency at $i=P_0$ where $P_0=\frac{n}{2} + 2$ for even $n$ or $\frac{n+1}{2} + 1$ for odd $n$. For each ordinary edge out of $OHC$, the probability that they are contained in the optimal $i$-vertex paths decreases according to $i$, respectively, in the average case. Moreover, the average frequency of an ordinary edge will be smaller than $\frac{1}{2}{{i}\choose{2}}$ if $i \geq 2i_d$ where $i_d$ is the smallest number meeting the condition $\frac{(n-2)(n-3) - (i_d-2)(i_d-3)}{(n-2)(n-3) - (i_d-1)(i_d-2)} \geq \sqrt{1 + \frac{2}{i_d(i_d+1)}}$ and $i_d = O(n^{\frac{4}{7}})$. Based on these findings, an algorithm is presented to find $OHC$ in $O(n^2i_d^42^{2i_d})$ time using dynamic programming. The experiments are executed to verify these findings with the benchmark $TSP$ instances.
Mixture of Experts for Decentralized Generative AI and Reinforcement Learning in Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Venue: arXiv cs.NI 2026
Year: 2026

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency, particularly in large-scale machine learning architectures such as large language models (LLMs). Recent advances in MoE have facilitated its adoption in wireless networks to address the increasing complexity and heterogeneity of modern communication systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the MoE framework in wireless networks, highlighting its potential in optimizing resource efficiency, improving scalability, and enhancing adaptability across diverse network tasks. We first introduce the fundamental concepts of MoE, including various gating mechanisms and the integration with generative AI (GenAI) and reinforcement learning (RL). Subsequently, we discuss the extensive applications of MoE across critical wireless communication scenarios, such as vehicular networks, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellite communications, heterogeneous networks, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), and mobile edge networks. Furthermore, key applications in channel prediction, physical layer signal processing, radio resource management, network optimization, and security are thoroughly examined. Additionally, we present a detailed overview of open-source datasets that are widely used in MoE-based models to support diverse machine learning tasks. Finally, this survey identifies crucial future research directions for MoE, emphasizing the importance of advanced training techniques, resource-aware gating strategies, and deeper integration with emerging 6G technologies.
Analysis of Asynchronous Federated Learning: Unraveling the Interactions between Gradient Compression, Delay, and Data Heterogeneity
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2026
Year: 2026

In practical federated learning (FL), the large communication overhead between clients and the server is often a significant bottleneck. Gradient compression methods can effectively reduce this overhead, while error feedback (EF) restores model accuracy. Moreover, due to device heterogeneity, synchronous FL often suffers from stragglers and inefficiency-issues that asynchronous FL effectively alleviates. However, in asynchronous FL settings-which inherently face three major challenges: asynchronous delay, data heterogeneity, and flexible client participation-the complex interactions among these system/statistical constraints and compression/EF mechanisms remain poorly understood theoretically. In this paper, we fill this gap through a comprehensive convergence study that adequately decouples and unravels these complex interactions across various FL frameworks. We first consider a basic asynchronous FL framework AsynFL, and establish an improved convergence analysis that relies on fewer assumptions and yields a superior convergence rate than prior studies. We then extend our study to a compressed version, AsynFLC, and derive sufficient conditions for its convergence, indicating the nonlinear interaction between asynchronous delay and compression rate. Our analysis further demonstrates how asynchronous delay and data heterogeneity jointly exacerbate compression-induced errors, thereby hindering convergence. Furthermore, we study the convergence of AsynFLC-EF, the framework that further integrates EF. We prove that EF can effectively reduce the variance of gradient estimation under the aforementioned challenges, enabling AsynFLC-EF to match the convergence rate of AsynFL. We also show that the impact of asynchronous delay and flexible participation on EF is limited to slowing down the higher-order convergence term. Experimental results substantiate our analytical findings very well.
HCT-QA: A Benchmark for Question Answering on Human-Centric Tables
Venue: arXiv cs.IR 2026
Year: 2026

Tabular data embedded in PDF files, web pages, and other types of documents is prevalent in various domains. These tables, which we call human-centric tables (HCTs for short), are dense in information but often exhibit complex structural and semantic layouts. To query these HCTs, some existing solutions focus on transforming them into relational formats. However, they fail to handle the diverse and complex layouts of HCTs, making them not amenable to easy querying with SQL-based approaches. Another emerging option is to use Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs). However, there is a lack of standard evaluation benchmarks to measure and compare the performance of models to query HCTs using natural language. To address this gap, we propose the HumanCentric Tables Question-Answering extensive benchmark (HCTQA) consisting of thousands of HCTs with several thousands of natural language questions with their respective answers. More specifically, HCT-QA includes 1,880 real-world HCTs with 9,835 QA pairs in addition to 4,679 synthetic HCTs with 67.7K QA pairs. Also, we show through extensive experiments the performance of 25 and 9 different LLMS and VLMs, respectively, in an answering HCT-QA's questions. In addition, we show how finetuning an LLM on HCT-QA improves F1 scores by up to 25 percentage points compared to the off-the-shelf model. Compared to existing benchmarks, HCT-QA stands out for its broad complexity and diversity of covered HCTs and generated questions, its comprehensive metadata enabling deeper insight and analysis, and its novel synthetic data and QA generator.
Who Is Responsible? Self-Adaptation Under Multiple Concurrent Uncertainties With Unknown Sources in Complex ROS-Based Systems
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2026
Year: 2026

Robotic systems increasingly operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments, where tightly coupled sensors and software modules increase the probability of a single fault cascading across components and admitting multiple plausible strategies to resolve the underlying uncertainty. Most existing self-adaptive approaches that have been applied to robotics assume predefined one-to-one uncertainty-to-adaptation mappings. We present a ROS2-based self-adaptive approach building upon the MAPE-K feedback loop that addresses (1) multiple simultaneous uncertainties with differing criticality, (2) cascading uncertainties across components, and (3) multiple plausible resolving strategies per detected symptom. Central to our approach is an adaptation rule set which lets designers specify uncertainty patterns, assign criticality levels, and enumerate multiple plausible adaptation strategies. This rule set, combined with an automatically extracted live ROS2 dependency graph, enables lightweight root-cause analysis and strategy ranking to prioritize minimal and effective adaptations. Evaluations on an underwater robot scenario and a perception use case show that our approach can identify root causes among concurrent uncertainties, favours inexpensive adaptations, reduces unnecessary adaptations, and achieves performance comparable to existing baselines designed for sequential uncertainties. The code is publicly available.