OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Explanations Through LLMs: Beyond Traditional User Studies
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2024
Year: 2024

As AI becomes fundamental in sectors like healthcare, explainable AI (XAI) tools are essential for trust and transparency. However, traditional user studies used to evaluate these tools are often costly, time consuming, and difficult to scale. In this paper, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to replicate human participants to help streamline XAI evaluation. We reproduce a user study comparing counterfactual and causal explanations, replicating human participants with seven LLMs under various settings. Our results show that (i) LLMs can replicate most conclusions from the original study, (ii) different LLMs yield varying levels of alignment in the results, and (iii) experimental factors such as LLM memory and output variability affect alignment with human responses. These initial findings suggest that LLMs could provide a scalable and cost-effective way to simplify qualitative XAI evaluation.
TranSPORTmer: A Holistic Approach to Trajectory Understanding in Multi-Agent Sports
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Understanding trajectories in multi-agent scenarios requires addressing various tasks, including predicting future movements, imputing missing observations, inferring the status of unseen agents, and classifying different global states. Traditional data-driven approaches often handle these tasks separately with specialized models. We introduce TranSPORTmer, a unified transformer-based framework capable of addressing all these tasks, showcasing its application to the intricate dynamics of multi-agent sports scenarios like soccer and basketball. Using Set Attention Blocks, TranSPORTmer effectively captures temporal dynamics and social interactions in an equivariant manner. The model's tasks are guided by an input mask that conceals missing or yet-to-be-predicted observations. Additionally, we introduce a CLS extra agent to classify states along soccer trajectories, including passes, possessions, uncontrolled states, and out-of-play intervals, contributing to an enhancement in modeling trajectories. Evaluations on soccer and basketball datasets show that TranSPORTmer outperforms state-of-the-art task-specific models in player forecasting, player forecasting-imputation, ball inference, and ball imputation. https://youtu.be/8VtSRm8oGoE
Understanding When Tree of Thoughts Succeeds: Larger Models Excel in Generation, Not Discrimination
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2024
Year: 2024

Tree of Thoughts (ToT) is a reasoning strategy for Large Language Models (LLMs) that employs a generator to suggest reasoning steps and a discriminator to decide which steps to implement. ToT demonstrates strong performance on reasoning tasks, often surpassing simple methods such as Input-Output (IO) prompting and Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, ToT does not consistently outperform such simpler methods across all models, leaving large knowledge gaps on the conditions under which ToT is most beneficial. In this paper, we analyze the roles of the generator and discriminator separately to better understand the conditions when ToT is beneficial. We find that the generator plays a more critical role than the discriminator in driving the success of ToT. Scaling the generator leads to notable improvements in ToT performance, even when using a smaller model as the discriminator, whereas scaling the discriminator with a fixed generator yields only marginal gains. Our results show that models across different scales exhibit comparable discrimination capabilities, yet differ significantly in their generative performance for ToT.
Systematic teaching of UML and behavioral diagrams
Venue: arXiv cs.SE 2024
Year: 2024

When studying software engineering, learning to create UML diagrams is crucial. Similar to how an architect would never build a house without a building plan, designing software architectures is important for developing high-quality software. UML diagrams are a standardized notation for the visualization of software architectures and software behavior. The research question that inspired this work was how to effectively evaluate hand-drawn diagrams without relying on model parsers. The findings of this investigation are presented in this paper. This article discusses the systematic acquisition of skills required for creating UML diagrams. Especially well-formed activity diagrams are one highlight. Additionally, the paper provides a variety of exercises. The exercises use recommended question types. The more unusual question types are related to images, such as questions about image annotation, finding hotspots on an image and positioning a target on an image. All the demonstrated exercises are suitable for both digital and handwritten training or exams.
The Probabilistic Tsetlin Machine: A Novel Approach to Uncertainty Quantification
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2024
Year: 2024

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have emerged as a compelling alternative to conventional deep learning methods, offering notable advantages such as smaller memory footprint, faster inference, fault-tolerant properties, and interpretability. Although various adaptations of TMs have expanded their applicability across diverse domains, a fundamental gap remains in understanding how TMs quantify uncertainty in their predictions. In response, this paper introduces the Probabilistic Tsetlin Machine (PTM) framework, aimed at providing a robust, reliable, and interpretable approach for uncertainty quantification. Unlike the original TM, the PTM learns the probability of staying on each state of each Tsetlin Automaton (TA) across all clauses. These probabilities are updated using the feedback tables that are part of the TM framework: Type I and Type II feedback. During inference, TAs decide their actions by sampling states based on learned probability distributions, akin to Bayesian neural networks when generating weight values. In our experimental analysis, we first illustrate the spread of the probabilities across TA states for the noisy-XOR dataset. Then we evaluate the PTM alongside benchmark models using both simulated and real-world datasets. The experiments on the simulated dataset reveal the PTM's effectiveness in uncertainty quantification, particularly in delineating decision boundaries and identifying regions of high uncertainty. Moreover, when applied to multiclass classification tasks using the Iris dataset, the PTM demonstrates competitive performance in terms of predictive entropy and expected calibration error, showcasing its potential as a reliable tool for uncertainty estimation. Our findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate models for accurate uncertainty quantification in predictive tasks, with the PTM offering a particularly interpretable and effective solution.
Blendify -- Python rendering framework for Blender
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

With the rapid growth of the volume of research fields like computer vision and computer graphics, researchers require effective and user-friendly rendering tools to visualize results. While advanced tools like Blender offer powerful capabilities, they also require a significant effort to master. This technical report introduces Blendify, a lightweight Python-based framework that seamlessly integrates with Blender, providing a high-level API for scene creation and rendering. Blendify reduces the complexity of working with Blender's native API by automating object creation, handling the colors and material linking, and implementing features such as shadow-catcher objects while maintaining support for high-quality ray-tracing rendering output. With a focus on usability Blendify enables efficient and flexible rendering workflow for rendering in common computer vision and computer graphics use cases. The code is available at https://github.com/ptrvilya/blendify
Identifiable Representation and Model Learning for Latent Dynamic Systems
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2024
Year: 2024

Learning identifiable representations and models from low-level observations is helpful for an intelligent spacecraft to complete downstream tasks reliably. For temporal observations, to ensure that the data generating process is provably inverted, most existing works either assume the noise variables in the dynamic mechanisms are (conditionally) independent or require that the interventions can directly affect each latent variable. However, in practice, the relationship between the exogenous inputs/interventions and the latent variables may follow some complex deterministic mechanisms. In this work, we study the problem of identifiable representation and model learning for latent dynamic systems. The key idea is to use an inductive bias inspired by controllable canonical forms, which are sparse and input-dependent by definition. We prove that, for linear and affine nonlinear latent dynamic systems with sparse input matrices, it is possible to identify the latent variables up to scaling and determine the dynamic models up to some simple transformations. The results have the potential to provide some theoretical guarantees for developing more trustworthy decision-making and control methods for intelligent spacecrafts.
Optimizing Travel Itineraries with AI Algorithms in a Microservices Architecture: Balancing Cost, Time, Preferences, and Sustainability
Venue: arXiv cs.SE 2024
Year: 2024

The objective of this research is how an implementation of AI algorithms in the microservices architecture enhances travel itineraries by cost, time, user preferences, and environmental sustainability. It uses machine learning models for both cost forecasting and personalization, genetic algorithm for optimization of the itinerary, and heuristics for sustainability checking. Primary evaluated parameters consist of latency, ability to satisfy user preferences, cost and environmental concern. The experimental results demonstrate an average of 4.5 seconds of response time on 1000 concurrent users and 92% of user preferences accuracy. The cost efficiency is proved, with 95% of provided trips being within the limits of the budget declared by the user. The system also implements some measures to alleviate negative externalities related to travel and 60% of offered travel plans had green options incorporated, resulting in the average 15% lower carbon emissions than the traditional travel plans offered. The genetic algorithm with time complexity O(g.p.f) provides the optimal solution in 100 generations. Every iteration improves the quality of the solution by 5%, thus enabling its effective use in optimization problems where time is measured in seconds. Finally, the system is designed to be fault-tolerant with functional 99.9% availability which allows the provision of services even when requirements are exceeded. Travel optimization platform is turned dynamic and efficient by this microservices based architecture which provides enhanced scaling, allows asynchronous communication and real time changes. Because of the incorporation of Ai, cost control and eco-friendliness approaches, the system addresses the different user needs in the present days travel business.
Benchmarking Floworks against OpenAI & Anthropic: A Novel Framework for Enhanced LLM Function Calling
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2024
Year: 2024

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various domains, yet their economic impact has been limited by challenges in tool use and function calling. This paper introduces ThorV2, a novel architecture that significantly enhances LLMs' function calling abilities. We develop a comprehensive benchmark focused on HubSpot CRM operations to evaluate ThorV2 against leading models from OpenAI and Anthropic. Our results demonstrate that ThorV2 outperforms existing models in accuracy, reliability, latency, and cost efficiency for both single and multi-API calling tasks. We also show that ThorV2 is far more reliable and scales better to multistep tasks compared to traditional models. Our work offers the tantalizing possibility of more accurate function-calling compared to today's best-performing models using significantly smaller LLMs. These advancements have significant implications for the development of more capable AI assistants and the broader application of LLMs in real-world scenarios.
Optical Generative Models
Venue: arXiv cs.NE 2024
Year: 2024

Generative models cover various application areas, including image, video and music synthesis, natural language processing, and molecular design, among many others. As digital generative models become larger, scalable inference in a fast and energy-efficient manner becomes a challenge. Here, we present optical generative models inspired by diffusion models, where a shallow and fast digital encoder first maps random noise into phase patterns that serve as optical generative seeds for a desired data distribution; a jointly-trained free-space-based reconfigurable decoder all-optically processes these generative seeds to create novel images (never seen before) following the target data distribution. Except for the illumination power and the random seed generation through a shallow encoder, these optical generative models do not consume computing power during the synthesis of novel images. We report the optical generation of monochrome and multi-color novel images of handwritten digits, fashion products, butterflies, and human faces, following the data distributions of MNIST, Fashion MNIST, Butterflies-100, and Celeb-A datasets, respectively, achieving an overall performance comparable to digital neural network-based generative models. To experimentally demonstrate optical generative models, we used visible light to generate, in a snapshot, novel images of handwritten digits and fashion products. These optical generative models might pave the way for energy-efficient, scalable and rapid inference tasks, further exploiting the potentials of optics and photonics for artificial intelligence-generated content.
Characterization of the multiplicity of solutions for camera pose given two vertically-aligned landmarks and accelerometer
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

We consider the problem of recovering the position and orientation of a camera equipped with an accelerometer from sensor images of two labeled landmarks whose positions in a coordinate system aligned in a known way with gravity are known. This a variant on the much studied P$n$P problem of recovering camera position and orientation from $n$ points without any gravitational data. It is proved that in three types of singular cases there are infinitely many solutions, in another type of case there is one, and in a final type of case there are two. A precise characterization of each type of case. In particular, there is always a unique solution in the practically interesting case where the two landmarks are at the same altitude and the camera is at a different altitude. This case is studied by numerical simulation and an implementation on a consumer cellphone. It is also proved that if the two landmarks are unlabeled, then apart from the same singular cases, there are still always one or two solutions.
Explaining Bayesian Networks in Natural Language using Factor Arguments. Evaluation in the medical domain
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2024
Year: 2024

In this paper, we propose a model for building natural language explanations for Bayesian Network Reasoning in terms of factor arguments, which are argumentation graphs of flowing evidence, relating the observed evidence to a target variable we want to learn about. We introduce the notion of factor argument independence to address the outstanding question of defining when arguments should be presented jointly or separately and present an algorithm that, starting from the evidence nodes and a target node, produces a list of all independent factor arguments ordered by their strength. Finally, we implemented a scheme to build natural language explanations of Bayesian Reasoning using this approach. Our proposal has been validated in the medical domain through a human-driven evaluation study where we compare the Bayesian Network Reasoning explanations obtained using factor arguments with an alternative explanation method. Evaluation results indicate that our proposed explanation approach is deemed by users as significantly more useful for understanding Bayesian Network Reasoning than another existing explanation method it is compared to.
The Double-Edged Sword of Behavioral Responses in Strategic Classification: Theory and User Studies
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2024
Year: 2024

When humans are subject to an algorithmic decision system, they can strategically adjust their behavior accordingly (``game'' the system). While a growing line of literature on strategic classification has used game-theoretic modeling to understand and mitigate such gaming, these existing works consider standard models of fully rational agents. In this paper, we propose a strategic classification model that considers behavioral biases in human responses to algorithms. We show how misperceptions of a classifier (specifically, of its feature weights) can lead to different types of discrepancies between biased and rational agents' responses, and identify when behavioral agents over- or under-invest in different features. We also show that strategic agents with behavioral biases can benefit or (perhaps, unexpectedly) harm the firm compared to fully rational strategic agents. We complement our analytical results with user studies, which support our hypothesis of behavioral biases in human responses to the algorithm. Together, our findings highlight the need to account for human (cognitive) biases when designing AI systems, and providing explanations of them, to strategic human in the loop.
WorldSimBench: Towards Video Generation Models as World Simulators
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2024
Year: 2024

Recent advancements in predictive models have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in predicting the future state of objects and scenes. However, the lack of categorization based on inherent characteristics continues to hinder the progress of predictive model development. Additionally, existing benchmarks are unable to effectively evaluate higher-capability, highly embodied predictive models from an embodied perspective. In this work, we classify the functionalities of predictive models into a hierarchy and take the first step in evaluating World Simulators by proposing a dual evaluation framework called WorldSimBench. WorldSimBench includes Explicit Perceptual Evaluation and Implicit Manipulative Evaluation, encompassing human preference assessments from the visual perspective and action-level evaluations in embodied tasks, covering three representative embodied scenarios: Open-Ended Embodied Environment, Autonomous, Driving, and Robot Manipulation. In the Explicit Perceptual Evaluation, we introduce the HF-Embodied Dataset, a video assessment dataset based on fine-grained human feedback, which we use to train a Human Preference Evaluator that aligns with human perception and explicitly assesses the visual fidelity of World Simulators. In the Implicit Manipulative Evaluation, we assess the video-action consistency of World Simulators by evaluating whether the generated situation-aware video can be accurately translated into the correct control signals in dynamic environments. Our comprehensive evaluation offers key insights that can drive further innovation in video generation models, positioning World Simulators as a pivotal advancement toward embodied artificial intelligence.
Ethical Leadership in the Age of AI Challenges, Opportunities and Framework for Ethical Leadership
Venue: arXiv cs.CY 2024
Year: 2024

Artificial Intelligence is currently and rapidly changing the way organizations and businesses operate. Ethical leadership has become significantly important since organizations and businesses across various sectors are evolving with AI. Organizations and businesses may be facing several challenges and potential opportunities when using AI. Ethical leadership plays a central role in guiding organizations in facing those challenges and maximizing on those opportunities. This article explores the essence of ethical leadership in the age of AI, starting with a simplified introduction of ethical leadership and AI, then dives into an understanding of ethical leadership, its characteristics and importance, the ethical challenges AI causes including bias in AI algorithms. The opportunities for ethical leadership in the age of AI answers the question: What actionable strategies can leaders employ to address the challenges and leverage opportunities? and describes the benefits for organizations through these opportunities. A proposed framework for ethical leadership is presented in this article, incorporating the core components: fairness, transparency, sustainability etc. Through the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, case studies of ethical leadership in AI, and recommendations, this article emphasizes that ethical leadership in the age of AI is morally essential and strategically advantageous.
ENWAR: A RAG-empowered Multi-Modal LLM Framework for Wireless Environment Perception
Venue: arXiv cs.NI 2024
Year: 2024

Large language models (LLMs) hold significant promise in advancing network management and orchestration in 6G and beyond networks. However, existing LLMs are limited in domain-specific knowledge and their ability to handle multi-modal sensory data, which is critical for real-time situational awareness in dynamic wireless environments. This paper addresses this gap by introducing ENWAR, an ENvironment-aWARe retrieval augmented generation-empowered multi-modal LLM framework. ENWAR seamlessly integrates multi-modal sensory inputs to perceive, interpret, and cognitively process complex wireless environments to provide human-interpretable situational awareness. ENWAR is evaluated on the GPS, LiDAR, and camera modality combinations of DeepSense6G dataset with state-of-the-art LLMs such as Mistral-7b/8x7b and LLaMa3.1-8/70/405b. Compared to general and often superficial environmental descriptions of these vanilla LLMs, ENWAR delivers richer spatial analysis, accurately identifies positions, analyzes obstacles, and assesses line-of-sight between vehicles. Results show that ENWAR achieves key performance indicators of up to 70% relevancy, 55% context recall, 80% correctness, and 86% faithfulness, demonstrating its efficacy in multi-modal perception and interpretation.
Data Efficiency for Large Recommendation Models
Venue: arXiv cs.IR 2024
Year: 2024

Large recommendation models (LRMs) are fundamental to the multi-billion dollar online advertising industry, processing massive datasets of hundreds of billions of examples before transitioning to continuous online training to adapt to rapidly changing user behavior. The massive scale of data directly impacts both computational costs and the speed at which new methods can be evaluated (R&D velocity). This paper presents actionable principles and high-level frameworks to guide practitioners in optimizing training data requirements. These strategies have been successfully deployed in Google's largest Ads CTR prediction models and are broadly applicable beyond LRMs. We outline the concept of data convergence, describe methods to accelerate this convergence, and finally, detail how to optimally balance training data volume with model size.