OpenRaiser/Intern-Atlas huggingface dataset:
Counterfactual Realizability
Venue: arXiv cs.AI 2025
Year: 2025

It is commonly believed that, in a real-world environment, samples can only be drawn from observational and interventional distributions, corresponding to Layers 1 and 2 of the Pearl Causal Hierarchy. Layer 3, representing counterfactual distributions, is believed to be inaccessible by definition. However, Bareinboim, Forney, and Pearl (2015) introduced a procedure that allows an agent to sample directly from a counterfactual distribution, leaving open the question of what other counterfactual quantities can be estimated directly via physical experimentation. We resolve this by introducing a formal definition of realizability, the ability to draw samples from a distribution, and then developing a complete algorithm to determine whether an arbitrary counterfactual distribution is realizable given fundamental physical constraints, such as the inability to go back in time and subject the same unit to a different experimental condition. We illustrate the implications of this new framework for counterfactual data collection using motivating examples from causal fairness and causal reinforcement learning. While the baseline approach in these motivating settings typically follows an interventional or observational strategy, we show that a counterfactual strategy provably dominates both.
DecAlign: Hierarchical Cross-Modal Alignment for Decoupled Multimodal Representation Learning
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Multimodal representation learning aims to capture both shared and complementary semantic information across multiple modalities. However, the intrinsic heterogeneity of diverse modalities presents substantial challenges to achieve effective cross-modal collaboration and integration. To address this, we introduce DecAlign, a novel hierarchical cross-modal alignment framework designed to decouple multimodal representations into modality-unique (heterogeneous) and modality-common (homogeneous) features. For handling heterogeneity, we employ a prototype-guided optimal transport alignment strategy leveraging gaussian mixture modeling and multi-marginal transport plans, thus mitigating distribution discrepancies while preserving modality-unique characteristics. To reinforce homogeneity, we ensure semantic consistency across modalities by aligning latent distribution matching with Maximum Mean Discrepancy regularization. Furthermore, we incorporate a multimodal transformer to enhance high-level semantic feature fusion, thereby further reducing cross-modal inconsistencies. Our extensive experiments on four widely used multimodal benchmarks demonstrate that DecAlign consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across five metrics. These results highlight the efficacy of DecAlign in enhancing superior cross-modal alignment and semantic consistency while preserving modality-unique features, marking a significant advancement in multimodal representation learning scenarios. Our project page is at https://taco-group.github.io/DecAlign.
Black Older Adults' Perception of Using Voice Assistants to Enact a Medical Recovery Curriculum
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2025
Year: 2025

The use of interactive voice assistants (IVAs) in healthcare provides an avenue to address diverse health needs, such as gaps in the medical recovery period for older adult patients who have recently experienced serious illness. By using a voice-assisted medical recovery curriculum, discharged patients can receive ongoing support as they recover. However, there exist significant medical and technology disparities among older adults, particularly among Black older adults. We recruited 26 Black older adults to participate in the design process of an IVA-enacted medical recovery curriculum by providing feedback during the early stages of design. Lack of cultural relevancy, accountability, privacy concerns, and stigmas associated with aging and disability made participants reluctant to engage with the technology unless in a position of extreme need. This study underscored the need for Black cultural representation, whether it regarded the IVA's accent, the types of media featured, or race-specific medical advice, and the need for strategies to address participants' concerns and stigmas. Participants saw the value in the curriculum for those who did not have caregivers and deliberated about the trade-offs the technology presented. We discuss tensions surrounding inclusion and representation and conclude by showing how we enacted the lessons from this study in future design plans.
Resolving UnderEdit & OverEdit with Iterative & Neighbor-Assisted Model Editing
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in downstream tasks, but keeping their knowledge up-to-date via retraining or fine-tuning is often computationally expensive. Model editing provides a more efficient alternative by updating a targeted subset of parameters, which often follows the locate-and-edit paradigm. Despite this efficiency, existing methods are limited: edits may fail to inject knowledge (UnderEdit) or unintentionally disrupt unrelated neighboring knowledge (OverEdit). To address these challenges, we propose two complementary methods: iterative model editing, which applies successive edits to mitigate UnderEdit, and neighbor-assisted model editing, which incorporates neighboring knowledge during editing to reduce OverEdit. Our extensive experiments show that these techniques improve editing performance across multiple LLMs, algorithms, and benchmarks, reducing UnderEdit by up to 38 percentage points and OverEdit by up to 6, while remaining broadly applicable to any locate-and-edit method. We release our code at https://github.com/bhimanbaghel/ResolveUnderOverEdit.
StFT: Spatio-temporal Fourier Transformer for Long-term Dynamics Prediction
Venue: arXiv cs.LG 2025
Year: 2025

Simulating the long-term dynamics of multi-scale and multi-physics systems poses a significant challenge in understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. The complexity arises from the intricate interactions between scales and the interplay of diverse physical processes, which manifest in PDEs through coupled, nonlinear terms that govern the evolution of multiple physical fields across scales. Neural operators have shown potential in short-term prediction of such complex spatio-temporal dynamics; however, achieving stable high-fidelity predictions and providing robust uncertainty quantification over extended time horizons remains an open and unsolved area of research. These limitations often lead to stability degradation with rapid error accumulation, particularly in long-term forecasting of systems characterized by multi-scale behaviors involving dynamics of different orders. To address these challenges, we propose an autoregressive Spatio-temporal Fourier Transformer (StFT), in which each transformer block is designed to learn the system dynamics at a distinct scale through a dual-path architecture that integrates frequency-domain and spatio-temporal representations. By leveraging a structured hierarchy of \ours blocks, the resulting model explicitly captures the underlying dynamics across both macro- and micro- spatial scales. Furthermore, a generative residual correction mechanism is introduced to learn a probabilistic refinement temporally while simultaneously quantifying prediction uncertainties, enhancing both the accuracy and reliability of long-term probabilistic forecasting. Evaluations conducted on three benchmark datasets (plasma, fluid, and atmospheric dynamics) demonstrate the advantages of our approach over state-of-the-art ML methods.
A Survey on SAR ship classification using Deep Learning
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful tool for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ship classification. This survey comprehensively analyzes the diverse DL techniques employed in this domain. We identify critical trends and challenges, highlighting the importance of integrating handcrafted features, utilizing public datasets, data augmentation, fine-tuning, explainability techniques, and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations to improve DL model performance. This survey establishes a first-of-its-kind taxonomy for categorizing relevant research based on DL models, handcrafted feature use, SAR attribute utilization, and the impact of fine-tuning. We discuss the methodologies used in SAR ship classification tasks and the impact of different techniques. Finally, the survey explores potential avenues for future research, including addressing data scarcity, exploring novel DL architectures, incorporating interpretability techniques, and establishing standardized performance metrics. By addressing these challenges and leveraging advancements in DL, researchers can contribute to developing more accurate and efficient ship classification systems, ultimately enhancing maritime surveillance and related applications.
How Problematic Writer-AI Interactions (Rather than Problematic AI) Hinder Writers' Idea Generation
Venue: arXiv cs.HC 2025
Year: 2025

Writing about a subject enriches writers' understanding of that subject. This cognitive benefit of writing -- known as constructive learning -- is essential to how students learn in various disciplines. However, does this benefit persist when students write with generative AI writing assistants? Prior research suggests the answer varies based on the type of AI, e.g., auto-complete systems tend to hinder ideation, while assistants that pose Socratic questions facilitate it. This paper adds an additional perspective. Through a case study, we demonstrate that the impact of genAI on students' idea development depends not only on the AI but also on the students and, crucially, their interactions in between. Students who proactively explored ideas gained new ideas from writing, regardless of whether they used auto-complete or Socratic AI assistants. Those who engaged in prolonged, mindless copyediting developed few ideas even with a Socratic AI. These findings suggest opportunities in designing AI writing assistants, not merely by creating more thought-provoking AI, but also by fostering more thought-provoking writer-AI interactions.
Generating a Biometrically Unique and Realistic Iris Database
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

The use of the iris as a biometric identifier has increased dramatically over the last 30 years, prompting privacy and security concerns about the use of iris images in research. It can be difficult to acquire iris image databases due to ethical concerns, and this can be a barrier for those performing biometrics research. In this paper, we describe and show how to create a database of realistic, biometrically unidentifiable colored iris images by training a diffusion model within an open-source diffusion framework. Not only were we able to verify that our model is capable of creating iris textures that are biometrically unique from the training data, but we were also able to verify that our model output creates a full distribution of realistic iris pigmentations. We highlight the fact that the utility of diffusion networks to achieve these criteria with relative ease, warrants additional research in its use within the context of iris database generation and presentation attack security.
Integration of Explainable AI Techniques with Large Language Models for Enhanced Interpretability for Sentiment Analysis
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

Interpretability remains a key difficulty in sentiment analysis with Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in high-stakes applications where it is crucial to comprehend the rationale behind forecasts. This research addressed this by introducing a technique that applies SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) by breaking down LLMs into components such as embedding layer,encoder,decoder and attention layer to provide a layer-by-layer knowledge of sentiment prediction. The approach offers a clearer overview of how model interpret and categorise sentiment by breaking down LLMs into these parts. The method is evaluated using the Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) dataset, which shows how different sentences affect different layers. The effectiveness of layer-wise SHAP analysis in clarifying sentiment-specific token attributions is demonstrated by experimental evaluations, which provide a notable enhancement over current whole-model explainability techniques. These results highlight how the suggested approach could improve the reliability and transparency of LLM-based sentiment analysis in crucial applications.
CHOrD: Generation of Collision-Free, House-Scale, and Organized Digital Twins for 3D Indoor Scenes with Controllable Floor Plans and Optimal Layouts
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

We introduce CHOrD, a novel framework for scalable synthesis of 3D indoor scenes, designed to create house-scale, collision-free, and hierarchically structured indoor digital twins. In contrast to existing methods that directly synthesize the scene layout as a scene graph or object list, CHOrD incorporates a 2D image-based intermediate layout representation, enabling effective prevention of collision artifacts by successfully capturing them as out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios during generation. Furthermore, unlike existing methods, CHOrD is capable of generating scene layouts that adhere to complex floor plans with multi-modal controls, enabling the creation of coherent, house-wide layouts robust to both geometric and semantic variations in room structures. Additionally, we propose a novel dataset with expanded coverage of household items and room configurations, as well as significantly improved data quality. CHOrD demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on both the 3D-FRONT and our proposed datasets, delivering photorealistic, spatially coherent indoor scene synthesis adaptable to arbitrary floor plan variations.
Evaluation of Intra-operative Patient-specific Methods for Point Cloud Completion for Minimally Invasive Liver Interventions
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

The registration between the pre-operative model and the intra-operative surface is crucial in image-guided liver surgery, as it facilitates the effective use of pre-operative information during the procedure. However, the intra-operative surface, usually represented as a point cloud, often has limited coverage, especially in laparoscopic surgery, and is prone to holes and noise, posing significant challenges for registration methods. Point cloud completion methods have the potential to alleviate these issues. Thus, we explore six state-of-the-art point cloud completion methods to identify the optimal completion method for liver surgery applications. We focus on a patient-specific approach for liver point cloud completion from a partial liver surface under three cases: canonical pose, non-canonical pose, and canonical pose with noise. The transformer-based method, AdaPoinTr, outperforms all other methods to generate a complete point cloud from the given partial liver point cloud under the canonical pose. On the other hand, our findings reveal substantial performance degradation of these methods under non-canonical poses and noisy settings, highlighting the limitations of these methods, which suggests the need for a robust point completion method for its application in image-guided liver surgery.
Applications of Large Language Model Reasoning in Feature Generation
Venue: arXiv cs.CL 2025
Year: 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing through their state of art reasoning capabilities. This paper explores the convergence of LLM reasoning techniques and feature generation for machine learning tasks. We examine four key reasoning approaches: Chain of Thought, Tree of Thoughts, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, and Thought Space Exploration. Our analysis reveals how these approaches can be used to identify effective feature generation rules without having to manually specify search spaces. The paper categorizes LLM-based feature generation methods across various domains including finance, healthcare, and text analytics. LLMs can extract key information from clinical notes and radiology reports in healthcare, by enabling more efficient data utilization. In finance, LLMs facilitate text generation, summarization, and entity extraction from complex documents. We analyze evaluation methodologies for assessing feature quality and downstream performance, with particular attention to OCTree's decision tree reasoning approach that provides language-based feedback for iterative improvements. Current challenges include hallucination, computational efficiency, and domain adaptation. As of March 2025, emerging approaches include inference-time compute scaling, reinforcement learning, and supervised fine-tuning with model distillation. Future directions point toward multimodal feature generation, self-improving systems, and neuro-symbolic approaches. This paper provides a detailed overview of an emerging field that promises to automate and enhance feature engineering through language model reasoning.
Fraesormer: Learning Adaptive Sparse Transformer for Efficient Food Recognition
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

In recent years, Transformer has witnessed significant progress in food recognition. However, most existing approaches still face two critical challenges in lightweight food recognition: (1) the quadratic complexity and redundant feature representation from interactions with irrelevant tokens; (2) static feature recognition and single-scale representation, which overlook the unstructured, non-fixed nature of food images and the need for multi-scale features. To address these, we propose an adaptive and efficient sparse Transformer architecture (Fraesormer) with two core designs: Adaptive Top-k Sparse Partial Attention (ATK-SPA) and Hierarchical Scale-Sensitive Feature Gating Network (HSSFGN). ATK-SPA uses a learnable Gated Dynamic Top-K Operator (GDTKO) to retain critical attention scores, filtering low query-key matches that hinder feature aggregation. It also introduces a partial channel mechanism to reduce redundancy and promote expert information flow, enabling local-global collaborative modeling. HSSFGN employs gating mechanism to achieve multi-scale feature representation, enhancing contextual semantic information. Extensive experiments show that Fraesormer outperforms state-of-the-art methods. code is available at https://zs1314.github.io/Fraesormer.
Non-Normalized Solutions of Generalized Nash Equilibrium in Autonomous Racing
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2025
Year: 2025

In dynamic games with shared constraints, Generalized Nash Equilibria (GNE) are often computed using the normalized solution concept, which assumes identical Lagrange multipliers for shared constraints across all players. While widely used, this approach excludes other potentially valuable GNE. This paper addresses the limitations of normalized solutions in racing scenarios through three key contributions. First, we highlight the shortcomings of normalized solutions with a simple racing example. Second, we propose a novel method based on the Mixed Complementarity Problem (MCP) formulation to compute non-normalized Generalized Nash Equilibria (GNE). Third, we demonstrate that our proposed method overcomes the limitations of normalized GNE solutions and enables richer multi-modal interactions in realistic racing scenarios.
Learning Dual-Domain Multi-Scale Representations for Single Image Deraining
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Existing image deraining methods typically rely on single-input, single-output, and single-scale architectures, which overlook the joint multi-scale information between external and internal features. Furthermore, single-domain representations are often too restrictive, limiting their ability to handle the complexities of real-world rain scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Dual-Domain Multi-Scale Representation Network (DMSR). The key idea is to exploit joint multi-scale representations from both external and internal domains in parallel while leveraging the strengths of both spatial and frequency domains to capture more comprehensive properties. Specifically, our method consists of two main components: the Multi-Scale Progressive Spatial Refinement Module (MPSRM) and the Frequency Domain Scale Mixer (FDSM). The MPSRM enables the interaction and coupling of multi-scale expert information within the internal domain using a hierarchical modulation and fusion strategy. The FDSM extracts multi-scale local information in the spatial domain, while also modeling global dependencies in the frequency domain. Extensive experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance across six benchmark datasets.
Generative Modeling for Adversarial Lane-Change Scenarios
Venue: arXiv cs.RO 2025
Year: 2025

Decision-making in long-tail scenarios is pivotal to autonomous-driving development, and realistic and challenging simulations play a crucial role in testing safety-critical situations. However, existing open-source datasets lack systematic coverage of long-tail scenes, and lane-change maneuvers being emblematic, rendering such data exceedingly scarce. To bridge this gap, we introduce a data mining framework that exhaustively analyzes two widely used datasets, NGSIM and INTERACTION, to identify sequences marked by hazardous behavior, thereby replenishing these neglected scenarios. Using Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) enhanced with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), and enriched by vehicular-environment interaction analytics, our method iteratively refines and parameterizes newly generated trajectories. Distinguished by a rationally adversarial and sensitivity-aware perspective, the approach optimizes the creation of challenging scenes. Experiments show that, compared to unfiltered data and baseline models, our method produces behaviors that are simultaneously both adversarial and natural, judged by collision frequency, acceleration profiles, and lane-change dynamics, offering constructive insights to amplifying long-tailed lane-change instances in datasets and advancing decision-making training.
DLA-Count: Dynamic Label Assignment Network for Dense Cell Distribution Counting
Venue: arXiv cs.CV 2025
Year: 2025

Cell counting remains a fundamental yet challenging task in medical and biological research due to the diverse morphology of cells, their dense distribution, and variations in image quality. We present DLA-Count, a breakthrough approach to cell counting that introduces three key innovations: (1) K-adjacent Hungarian Matching (KHM), which dramatically improves cell matching in dense regions, (2) Multi-scale Deformable Gaussian Convolution (MDGC), which adapts to varying cell morphologies, and (3) Gaussian-enhanced Feature Decoder (GFD) for efficient multi-scale feature fusion. Our extensive experiments on four challenging cell counting datasets (ADI, MBM, VGG, and DCC) demonstrate that our method outperforms previous methods across diverse datasets, with improvements in Mean Absolute Error of up to 46.7\% on ADI and 42.5\% on MBM datasets. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/DLA-Count.