Prevalence and risk factors of malaria and anaemia and the impact of preventive methods among pregnant women: A case study at the Akatsi South District in Ghana
Authors: Asiwome Ahadzie-Soglie, Otchere Addai-Mensah, Albert Abaka-Yawson, Anita Mawuse Setroame, Precious Kwablah Kwadzokpui
Journal: PLoS One (2022)
MeSH terms: Anemia / drug therapy, Anemia / epidemiology, Anemia / prevention & control, Antimalarials / therapeutic use, Malaria / drug therapy, Malaria / epidemiology, Malaria / prevention & control, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / drug therapy, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / epidemiology, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / prevention & control, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Combinations, Female, Ghana / epidemiology, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Prevalence, Pyrimethamine, Risk Factors, Sulfadoxine, Antimalarials, Drug Combinations, Sulfadoxine, Pyrimethamine

Aim:
This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors of malaria and anaemia as well as the impact of preventive methods among pregnant women at the Akatsi South District Hospital of Ghana.
Subjects and methods:
A hospital based cross-sectional study using simple random sampling technique was conducted among 200 pregnant women receiving antenatal care and laboratory services at the Akatsi District Hospital from May 2016 to July 2016. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to obtain participants' malaria preventive methods in addition to demographic and gestational details. Participants' hemoglobin and malaria status were assessed using one milliliter (1 ml) whole blood collected from each participant following standard procedures. Factors that produced a p-value of ≤0.2 from the univariate model were included in the final model. Association between potential covariates and the outcomes was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. The Clopper-Pearson test statistic was used to determine the 95% confidence intervals of the outcome variables of interest. We also estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of anaemia due to malaria by substituting the adjusted relative risk estimates (RRi) (using the adjrr command in STATA) of anaemia due to malaria into the category-specific attributable formula. P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results:
Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy (AiP), malaria in pregnancy (MiP) and AiP/MiP comorbidity was 63.5% (95% CI:56.4-70.2), 11.0% (96% CI:7.0-16.2) and 10.5% (95% CI:6.6-15.6) respectively. Prevalence rates of AiP (66.7%) and MiP (18.5%) predominated among pregnant women aged < 20 years. PAF of AiP due to MiP was 34.5% (95% CI:23.8-43.6). High use of IPTp-SP, 64.0% (95% CI:56.9-70.6) and LLIN, 90.0% (95% CI:85.0-93.8) was observed in this study. Only 42.0% (95% CI:35.1-49.2) used repellent. Not being on the IPTp-SP program posed a 11.70 times risk of MiP (95% CI:2.32-58.96; p = 0.003) compared to pregnant women on the IPTp-SP program. Similarly, not sleeping under LLIN posed an 8.07 times risk of MiP (95% CI:1.98-32.2; p = 0.004) compared to pregnant women who slept under LLIN. Meanwhile, being positive for MiP posed a 12.10 times risk (95% CI:1.35-85.06; p = 0.025) of AiP compared to those negative for malaria whereas failure to attend ANC as scheduled posed 6.34 times risk (95% CI:1.81-22.19; p = 0.004) of AiP among the pregnant women studied.
Conclusion:
The prevalence of MiP and AiP among pregnant women in the Akatsi South District remains a great concern. High utilization of IPTp-SP and LLIN was observed with a resultant positive effect on malaria prevalence among pregnant women. Improved access to IPTp-SP and LLIN is hence encouraged to help further diminish the risk of malaria infection amongst pregnant women in the District.