# Bernard Williams

Bernard Arthur Owen Williams (21 de setembro de 1929 — 10 de junho de 2003) foi um filósofo moralista inglês.

## Vida pessoal e carreira

Nasceu em Essex, estudou no Balliol College de Oxford, e foi membro do corpo docente do All Souls e do New College. Foi professor de filosofia em Cambridge entre 1967 e 1979 e reitor do King's College de Cambridge entre 1979 e 1987, altura em que aceitou uma cadeira em Berkeley, regressando em 1990 à cadeira de filosofia moral em Oxford.
É conhecido por defender uma posição subtilmente relativista em filosofia moral, rejeitando as promessas aristotélicas e kantianas segundo as quais a virtude resulta do exercício das propensões racionais da mente. Também rejeita as teorias expressivistas e projectivistas, argumentando que se, pelo contrário, a ética se basear apenas em sensações e paixões contingentes não pode ser o que parece. O seu argumento de que a ética kantiana e o utilitarismo põem uma tónica não natural nos interesses puramente impessoais, ignorando os projectos pessoais que necessariamente ocupam o horizonte próximo das vidas práticas das pessoas, tem sido bastante influente.

## Obras publicadas
### Livros

* (com Alan Montefiore, eds.) British Analytical Philosophy, Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.
* Morality: An Introduction to Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
* Problems of the Self, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
* (com J. J. C. Smart) Utilitarianism: For and Against, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
* Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry, Londres: Pelican Books, 1978.
* Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973-1980, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
* (com Amartya Sen) Utilitarianism and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
* Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.
* Shame and Necessity, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
* Making Sense of Humanity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
* The Great Philosophers: Plato, Abingdon: Routledge, 1998.
* Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

### Publicado postumamente

* In the Beginning was the Deed: Realism and Moralism in Political Argument, ed. Geoffrey Hawthorn, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
* The Sense of the Past: Essays in the Philosophy Of History, ed. Myles Burnyeat, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
* Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline, ed. A. W. Moore, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
* On Opera, ed. Patricia Williams, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
* Essays and Reviews: 1959–2002, Princeton: Princeton University Press 2014.

### Artigos

* "Morality and the emotions," in Bernard Williams, Problems of the Self, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973, 207–229, first delivered in 1965 as Williams's inaugural lecture at Bedford College, London.
* "The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the tedium of immortality", in Bernard Williams, Problems of the Self, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
* "Pagan Justice and Christian Love," Apeiron 26(3–4), December 1993, 195–207.
* "Cratylus's Theory of Names and Its Refutation," in Stephen Everson (ed.), Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
* "The Actus Reus of Dr. Caligari", Pennsylvania Law Review 142, May 1994, 1661–1673.
* "Descartes and the Historiography of Philosophy," in John Cottingham (ed.), Reason, Will and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
* "Acting as the Virtuous Person Acts," in Robert Heinaman (ed.), Aristotle and Moral Realism, Westview Press, 1995.
* "Ethics," in A. C. Grayling (ed.), Philosophy: A Guide Through the Subject, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
* "Identity and Identities," in Henry Harris (ed.), Identity: Essays Based on Herbert Spencer Lectures Given in the University of Oxford, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
* "Truth in Ethics," Ratio, 8(3), December 1995, 227–236.
* "On Hating and Despising Philosophy", London Review of Books, 18(8), 18 April 1996, 17–18 (courtesy link).
* "Contemporary Philosophy: A Second Look," in N. F. Bunnin (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Blackwell, 1996.
* "History, Morality, and the Test of Reflection," in Onora O'Neill (ed.), The Sources of Normativity, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
* "Reasons, Values and the Theory of Persuasion," in Francesco Farina, Frank Hahn and Stafano Vannucci (eds.), Ethics, Rationality and Economic Behavior, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
* "The Politics of Trust," in Patricia Yeager (ed.), The Geography of Identity, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
* "The Women of Trachis: Fictions, Pessimism, Ethics," in R. B. Louden and P. Schollmeier (eds.), The Greeks and Us, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996.
* "Toleration: An Impossible Virtue?" in David Heyd (ed.), Toleration: An Exclusive Virtue, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
* "Truth, Politics and Self-Deception," Social Research 63.3, Fall 1996.
* "Moral Responsibility and Political Freedom," Cambridge Law Journal56, 1997.
* "Stoic Philosophy and the Emotions: Reply to Richard Sorabji," in R. Sorabji (ed.), Aristotle and After, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 68, 1997.
* "Tolerating the Intolerable," in Susan Mendus (ed.), The Politics of Toleration, Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
* "Philosophy As a Humanistic Discipline," Philosophy 75, October 2000, 477–496.
* "Understanding Homer: Literature, History and Ideal Anthropology," in Neil Roughley (ed.), Being Humans: Anthropological Universality and Particularity in Transdisciplinary Perspectives, Walter de Gruyter, 2000.
* "Why Philosophy Needs History", London Review of Books, 24(20), 17 October 2002 (courtesy link).

## Ligações Externas

* criticanarede.com
* Portal de biografias
* Portal da filosofia
* Portal do Reino Unido