# Sistema de Christenhusz (gimnospérmicas)

O sistema de classificação de gimnospérmicas extantes de Christenhusz et al. (Christenhusz et al., 2011) considera os quatro grupos de gimnospérmicas actuais como subclasses da classe Equisetopsida (= plantas terrestres) (Chase & Reveal, 2009). Os autores reconhecem que as gimnospérmicas extantes são monofiléticas mas devido ao facto que as relações de parentesco com os diversos grupos de gimnospérmicas fósseis são pouco claras, não atribuem ao conjunto um nome formal.

## Classificação

O seguinte esquema mostra as ordens, famílias e géneros incluídos em cada uma das quatro subclasses.
I. Cycadidae
    Cycadales
       Cycadaceae
          Cycas.
       Zamiaceae
          Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Dioon, Encephalartos, Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, Microcycas, Stangeria, Zamia.
II. Ginkgoidae
    Ginkgoales
       Ginkgoaceae
          Ginkgo.
III. Gnetidae
    Welwitschiales
       Welwitschiaceae
          Welwitschia.
    Gnetales
       Gnetaceae
          Gnetum.
    Ephedrales
       Ephedraceae
          Ephedra.
IV. Pinidae (coníferas)
    Pinales
       Pinaceae
          Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga.
    Araucariales
       Araucariaceae
          Agathis, Araucaria, Wollemia.
       Podocarpaceae
          Acmopyle, Afrocarpus, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Halocarpus, Lagarostrobos, Lepidothamnus, Manoao, Microcachrys, Nageia, Parasitaxus, Pherosphaera, Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Prumnopitys, Retrophyllum, Saxegothaea, Sundacarpus.
    Cupressales
       Sciadopityaceae
          Sciadopitys.
       Cupressaceae
          Actinostrobus, Athrotaxis, Austrocedrus, Callitris, Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Diselma, Fitzroya, Fokienia, Glyptostrobus, Juniperus, Libocedrus, Metasequoia, Microbiota, Neocallitropsis, Papuacedrus, Pilgerodendron, Platycladus, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, Taxodium, Tetraclinis, Thuja, Thujopsis, Widdringtonia.
       Taxaceae
          Amentotaxus, Austrotaxus, Cephalotaxus, Pseudotaxus, Taxus, Torreya.

## Sinonímias

Em Christenhusz et al. (2011), aparece a sinonímia de todos os táxones citados. De seguida apresenta-se a sinonímia correspondente aos géneros.
Abietia A.H.Kent = Pseudotsuga Abutua Lour. = Gnetum Americus Hanford = Sequoiadendron Apinus Neck. ex Rydb. = Pinus Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy = Juniperus Aulacophyllum Regel = Zamia
Belis Salisb. = Cunninghamia Biota (D.Don) Endl. = Platycladus Botryopitys Doweld = Prumnopitys Bracteocarpus A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrycarpus Brownetera Rich. ex Tratt. = Phyllocladus
Callitropsis Compton = Neocallitropsis Callitropsis Oerst. = Cupressus Caryopitys Small = Pinus Caryotaxus Zucc. ex Henkel & Hochst. = Torreya Catakidozamia W.Hill = Lepidozamia Cedrus Duhamel = Juniperus Chaetocladus J.Nelson = Ephedra Chigua D.W.Stev. = Zamia Chrysolarix H.E.Moore = Pseudolarix Columbea Salisb. = Araucaria Corneria A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrydium Cuprespinnata J.Nelson = Taxodium Cupresstellata J.Nelson = Fitzroya Cyparissia Hoffmanns. = Callitris
Dammara Link = Agathis Decussocarpus de Laub. = Retrophyllum Dolophyllum Salisb. = Thujopsis Dombeya Lam. = Araucaria Ducampopinus A.Chev. = Pinus Dyerocycas Nakai = Cycas
Epicycas de Laub. = Cycas Eutacta Link = Araucaria Eutassa Salisb. = Araucaria
Foetataxus J.Nelson = Torreya Frenela Mirb. = Callitris
Gaussenia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrydium Gnemon [Rumpf ex] Kuntze = Gnetum
Hesperocyparis Bartel & R.A.Price = Cupressus Hesperopeuce (Engelm.) Lemmon = Tsuga Heyderia C.Koch = Calocedrus
Jacularia Raf. = Cunninghamia
Laechhardtia Gordon = Callitris Laricopsis A.H.Kent = Pseudolarix Laubenfelsia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Dacrycarpus Leucopitys Nieuwl. = Pinus
Margbensonia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Podocarpus Marywildea A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Araucaria Metadacrydium M.G.Baum.-Bod. ex Melikian & A.V.Bobrov = Dacrydium Microstrobos J.Garden & L.A.S.Johnson = Pherosphaera
Neocupressus de Laub. = Cupressus Nothocallitris A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Callitris
Octoclinis F.Muell. = Callitris
Pachylepis Brongn. = Widdringtonia Palma-Filix Adans. = Zamia Palmifolium Kuntze = Zamia Parolinia Endl. = Widdringtonia Picea D.Don ex Loud. = Abies Pinea Wolf = Pinus Platycyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Cupressus Platyzamia Zucc. = Dioon Podocarpus Labill. = Phyllocladus Pterophyllus J.Nelson = Ginkgo
Quadrifaria Manetti ex Gordon = Araucaria
Raxopitys J.Nelson = Cunninghamia Retinispora Siebold & Zucc. = Chamaecyparis
Sabina Mill. = Juniperus Sabinella Nakai = Juniperus Salisburia Sm. = Ginkgo Salisburyodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Agathis Schubertia Mirb. = Taxodium Shishindenia Makino ex Koidz. = Chamaecyparis Squamataxus J.Nelson = Saxegothaea Stachycarpus (Endl.) Tiegh. = Prumnopitys Stachypitys A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Prumnopitys Stegocedrus Doweld = Libocedrus Strobus (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz = Pinus Struvea Rchb. = Torreya
Tassilicyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Cupressus Thalamia Spreng. = Phyllocladus Thoa Aubl. = Gnetum Thujiaecarpus Trautv. = Juniperus Thya Adans. = Thuja Titanodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Araucaria Todda-Pana Adans. = Cycas Tumboa Welw. = Welwitschia Tumion Raf. = Torreya
Van-Tieghemia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian = Prumnopitys Veitchia Lindl. = Picea?
Washingtonia Winslow = Sequoiadendron Wellingtonia Lindl. = Sequoiadendron
Xanthocyparis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên = Cupressus