# Marvin Harris

Marvin Harris (Brooklyn, 18 de agosto de 1927 — Gainesville, 25 de outubro de 2001) foi um antropólogo dos Estados Unidos, principal teórico do "materialismo cultural". Entre as influências de seu trabalho pode-se incluir a repercussão na teoria do comportamento e na antropologia cultural
Realizou diversos estudos sobre a temática étnico-racial na África, Índia e América do Sul (inclusive no Brasil), sua obra inclui dezenove livros, onde também discorre sobre alimentação.

## Hipodescendência

É de Marvin Harris o termo hipodescendência, conceito em que indivíduos miscigenados: "a criança das uniões inter-étnicas/raciais pertence a raça/etnia considerada biológica ou socialmente inferior".
Tal observação já ter sido notada antes por teóricos do racismo científico, como Madison Grant quando disse que "o cruzamento entre um branco e um índio é um índio; o cruzamento entre um branco e um negro é um negro; o cruzamento entre um branco e um hindu é um hindu; e o cruzamento entre alguém de raça europeia e um judeu é um judeu." (Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, 1916) situação histórica e culturalmente utilizada em todos os antigos sistemas escravistas e segregadores, também relacionado ao conceito racialista norte-americano conhecido como "One Drop rule", onde o indivíduo que tem "uma gota de sangue" não-branco (1/8 qualquer ascendentes até os bisavós) ou (1/16 qualquer ascendente até os tetravós) é considerado não-branco e pertencente ao grupo étnico considerado inferior.

## Livros de Marvin Harris em português

* Padrões Raciais Nas Américas. RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1967
* A Natureza das Coisas Culturais RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1968
* Vacas, Porcos, Guerras e Bruxas: os Enigmas da Cultura. RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1978
* Canibais e Reis. PT, Edições 70, 1990

## Artigos e capítulos de livros

* Charles Wagley, ed. (1952), «Race Relations in Minas Velhas, a Community in the Mountain Region of Central Brazil» (PDF), Race and Class in Rural Brazil, Paris: UNESCO, pp. 47–81
* «Portugal's African 'Wards' - A First Hand Report on Labor and Education in Mocambique», Africa Today, 5 (6): 3–36, 1958, JSTOR 4183986 Full version
* 1959
** Harris, Marvin (1959), «The Economy Has No Surplus?», American Anthropologist, 61 (2): 189–199, JSTOR 665092, doi:10.1525/aa.1959.61.2.02a00010
** Harris, Marvin (1959), «Caste, Class and Minority», Social Forces, 37 (3): 248–54, JSTOR 2572971, doi:10.2307/2572971
** «Labor Migration among the Mocambique Thonga: Cultural and Political Factors», Africa, 29 (1): 50–64, JSTOR 1157499, doi:10.2307/1157499
* 1962 - "Race Relations Research and Research Auspices in the United States." Information 1:28-51.
* 1963 - "The Structural Significance of Brazilian Racial Categories" (with Conrad Kottak) Sociologia 25: 203-208 (São Paulo)
* 1964 - "Racial Identity in Brazil." Luso-Brazilian Review 1:21-28.
* 1965 - "The Myth of the Sacred Cow." In Man, Culture and Animals, 217-28. Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
* 1966
** «The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle», Current Anthropology, 7 (1): 51–54 + 55–56, JSTOR 2740230, doi:10.1086/200662 Full pdf
«Republished 1992 in», Current Anthropology, Supplement Inquiry and Debate in the Human Sciences: Contributions from Current Anthropology 1960-1990, 33 (1): 261–276, JSTOR 2743946, doi:10.1086/204026
** "Race, Conflict, and Reform in Mocambique." In The Transformation of East Africa, 157 - 83.
* 1967
** "The Classification of Stratified Groups." In Social Structure, Stratification, and Mobility, 298 - 324. Washington, D.C.: Pan-American Union.
** "The Myth of the Sacred Cow." Natural History (March):6-12.
* 1968
** "Big Bust on Morningside Heights." The Nation June 10 de junho de 757-763. *Big Bust on Morningside Heights
** "Race." in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 13:263-69.
** "Report on N.S.F. Grant G.S. 1128, Techniques of Behavioral Analysis." Manuscrito não publicado
* 1969 - "Patterns of Authority and Superordination in Lower Class Urban Domiciles." Proposta de pesquisa apresentada à National Science Foundation. Manuscrito não publicado.
* 1970 - "Referential Ambiguity in the Calculus of Brazilian Racial Identity." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 26:1-14.
* 1971 - "Comments on Alan Heston's 'An Approach to the Sacred Cow of India." Current Anthropology 12: 199-201
* 1972 - "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." Em Ronald Chilcote, ed., Protesto e Resistência em Angola e Brasil Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 209–223
* 1974 - "Reply to Corry Azzi." Current Anthropology 15: 323.
* 1975 - "Why a Perfect Knowledge of All the Rules That One Must Know in Order to Act Like a Native Cannot Lead to a Knowledge of How Natives Act." Journal of Anthropological Research 30: 242-251
* 1976 - "Levi-Strauss et La Palourde." L'Homme 16: 5 - 22.
* 1976 - "History and Significance of the Emic/Etic Distinction." Annual Review of Anthropology 5:329-50.
* 1977 - "Why Men Dominate Women" New York Times Magazine
* 1977 - "Bovine Sex and Species Ratios in India." Artigo lido nas reuniões da American Anthropological Association em Houston
* 1978
** «India's Sacred Cow» (PDF), Human Nature, 1 (2): 28–36, fevereiro 1978, cópia arquivada (PDF) em 22 de junho de 2011 Also published in A.L. Tobias & P.J. Thompson, ed. (1980), Issues in Nutrition for the 1980s: An Ecological Perspective, Monterey, California: Wadsworth
** "Origins of the U.S. Preference for Beef." Psychology Today, October: 88-94.
* 1979
** "The Human Strategy: Our Pound of Flesh." Natural History 88:30-41.
** "Reply to Sahlins." New York Review of Books.
* 1980 - "History and Ideological Significance of the Separation of Social and Cultural Anthropology." In Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism, ed. Eric Ross, 391-407. New York: Academic Press
* 1982 - "Mother Cow" Anthropology 81/82, Annual Editions
* 1984
** «Animal Capture and Yanomomo Warfare: Retrospective and New Evidence», Journal of Anthropological Research, 40 (1): 183–201, JSTOR 3629698, doi:10.1086/jar.40.1.3629698
** "A Cultural Materialist Theory of Band and Village Warfare: The Yanomamo Test." In Warfare, Culture, and Environment, ed. R. Brian Ferguson, 111-40. Orlando: Academic Press
* 1987 - "Cultural Materialism: Alarums and Excursions." In Waymarks: The Notre Dame Inaugural lectures in Anthropology
* 1990 - "Emics and Etics Revisited; Harris's Reply to Pike; Harris's Final Response." In Emics and Etics: The Insider/Outsider Debate, edited by Thomas N. Headland, Kenneth L. Pike, and Marvin Harris, 48-61, 75-83, 202-16. Newbury Park: Sage.
* 1991 - "Anthropology: Ships that Crash in the Night." In Perspectives on Social Science: The Colorado Lectures, edited by Richard Jessor, 70-114. Boulder, CO: Westview.
* 1992 - "Distinguished Lecture: Anthropology and the Theoretical and Paradigmatic Significance of the Collapse of the Soviet and European Communism." American Anthropologist 94:295-305.
* 1993
** "Who are the Whites?" Social Forces 72: 451-62.
** "The Evolution of Gender Hierarchies: a Trial Formulation." in Sex and Gender Hierarchies, ed. Barbara Diane Miller
* Robert Borofsky, ed. (1994), «Cultural Materialism is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until Something Better Comes Along», Assessing Cultural Anthropology, ISBN 978-0-07-006578-9, New York: McGraw Hill
* 1995
** "Commentary on articles by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Roy D'Andrade. Current Anthropology 36: 423-24.
** "Anthropology and Postmodernism" em Ciência, Materialismo e o Estudo da Cultura (dedicado a Harris) editado por Martin F. Murphy e Maxine L. Margolis.

## Livros

* 1964 Patterns of Race in the Americas ISBN 0-313-22359-9
* 1964 The Nature of Cultural Things. Estudos em Antropologia Série AS5. Brochura da casa aleatória. Número do Cartão de Catálogo da Biblioteca do Congresso: 63-19713
* 1969 Town and Country in Brazil ISBN 0-404-50587-2
* 1971 Culture, Man, and Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology (1st Edition)
* 1974 Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture ISBN 0-679-72468-0
* 1977 Cannibals and Kings: Origins of Cultures ISBN 0-679-72849-X
* 1981 America Now: Why Nothing Works (Re-impresso em 1987 como Why Nothing Works: The Anthropology of Daily Life) ISBN 0-671-63577-8
* 1985 Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture (Re-impresso em 1987 como The Sacred Cow and the Abominable Pig: Riddles of Food and Culture; reimpresso em 1998 como Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture) ISBN 1-57766-015-3
* 1987 Death, Sex, and Fertility: Population Regulation in Preindustrial and Developing Societies ISBN 0-231-06270-2
* 1987 Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits (editor) ISBN 0-87722-668-7
* 1990 Emics and Etics : The Insider/Outsider Debate (editor) ISBN 0-8039-3738-5
* 1990 Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going ISBN 0-06-091990-6
* 1997 Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology (7th Edition) ISBN 0-673-99093-1
* 1999 Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times Paperback ISBN 0-7619-9021-6
* 1968 and 2001 The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture Updated ed. Paperback ISBN 0-7591-0133-7
* 1979 and 2001 Cultural Materialism: the Struggle for a Science of Culture Updated ed. Paperback ISBN 0-7591-0135-3
* 2007 Cultural Anthropology (7a. Ed.) ISBN 0-205-45443-7