# Campeonato Mundial de Fórmula 1 de 1953

A Temporada de Fórmula 1 de 1953 foi a quarta realizada pela FIA. Teve como campeão o italiano Alberto Ascari, da equipe Ferrari.
Nesta temporada ainda não era disputado o campeonato de construtores.

## Sistema de Pontuação

Pontos por Colocação :
| 1º.: | 2º.: | 3º.: | 4º.: | 5º.: |
| 8 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
* Volta mais rápida – 1 ponto
* Somente os quatro melhores resultados da temporada eram somados na classificação final do campeonato.

## Pilotos e equipes
### 500 Milhas de Indianápolis

| Equipe | Construtor | Chassi(s) | Motor | Pneu(s) | Nº(s) | Piloto | Corrida(s) |
| Dr. R.N. Sabourin | Del Roy | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 56 | Johnny Thomson | 2 |
| Bob Estes | Watson | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 38 | Don Freeland | 2 |
| H.A. Chapman | Stevens | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 12 | Ernie McCoy | 2 |
| Cop-Sil-Loy | Stevens | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 32 | Andy Linden | 2 |
| Rotary Engineering | Stevens | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 32 | Andy Linden | 2 |
| Fuel Injection | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 14 | Bill Vukovich | 2 |
| Howard Keck | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 14 | Bill Vukovich | 2 |
| Automobile Shippers | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 23 | Johnny Mantz | 2 |
| Automobile Shippers | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 23 | Walt Faulkner | 2 |
| Casaroll | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 23 | Johnny Mantz | 2 |
| Casaroll | Kurtis Kraft | 500A | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 23 | Walt Faulkner | 2 |
| Ernest Ruiz | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 2 | Eddie Jhonson | 2 |
| Ernest Ruiz | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 2 | Jim Rathmann | 2 |
| Travelon Trailer | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 2 | Eddie Jhonson | 2 |
| Travelon Trailer | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 2 | Jim Rathmann | 2 |
| Ray Crawford | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 49 | Bill Holland | 2 |
| Ray Crawford | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 49 | Jim Rathmann | 2 |
| Pat Clancy | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 53 | Jimmy Davies | 2 |
| Grancor-Elgin Piston Pin | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 59 | Fred Agabashian | 2 |
| Grancor-Elgin Piston Pin | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 59 | Paul Russo | 2 |
| Belond Equa-Flow | Kurtis Kraft | 500B | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 21 | Johnnie Parsons | 2 |
| Belond Equa-Flow | Bromme | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 29 | Bob Scott | 2 |
| Bromme | Bromme | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 29 | Bob Scott | 2 |
| McNamara | Kurtis Kraft | 2000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 73 | Bob Scott | 2 |
| McNamara | Kurtis Kraft | 2000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 73 | Carl Scarborough | 2 |
| Lee Elkins | Kurtis Kraft | 2000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 73 | Bob Scott | 2 |
| Lee Elkins | Kurtis Kraft | 2000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 73 | Carl Scarborough | 2 |
| Lee Elkins | Turner | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 83 | Mike Nazaruk | 2 |
| Kalamazoo | Turner | ??? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 83 | Mike Nazaruk | 2 |
| Dean Van Lines | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 51 | Bob Sweikert | 2 |
| J.C. Agajanian | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 97 | Chuck Stevenson | 2 |
| J.C. Agajanian | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 98 | Chuck Stevenson | 2 |
| J.C. Agajanian | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 98 | Gene Hartley | 2 |
| J.C. Agajanian | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 98 | Tony Bettenhausen | 2 |
| Peter Schmidt | Kuzma | Indy Roadster | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 88 | Manny Ayulo | 2 |
| Peter Schmidt | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 77 | Pat Flaherty | 2 |
| Chapman Root | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 48 | Jimmy Daywalt | 2 |
| Sumar | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 48 | Jimmy Daywalt | 2 |
| Lubri-Loy | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Jackie Holmes | 2 |
| Lubri-Loy | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Johnny Thomson | 2 |
| Lubri-Loy | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Spider Webb | 2 |
| 3-L Racing Team | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Jackie Holmes | 2 |
| 3-L Racing Team | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Johnny Thomson | 2 |
| 3-L Racing Team | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 62 | Spider Webb | 2 |
| Federal Engineering | Kurtis Kraft | 3000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 7 | Paul Russo | 2 |
| Federal Engineering | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 41 | Gene Hartley | 2 |
| Bardahl | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 3 | Duane Carter | 2 |
| Bardahl | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 3 | Sam Hanks | 2 |
| Ed Walsh | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 3 | Duane Carter | 2 |
| Ed Walsh | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 3 | Sam Hanks | 2 |
| Jack Hinkle | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 5 | Jack McGrath | 2 |
| Paoli | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 16 | Art Cross | 2 |
| Springfield Welding | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 16 | Art Cross | 2 |
| Hart Fullerton | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 22 | Marshall Teague | 2 |
| Pure Oil | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 22 | Marshall Teague | 2 |
| John Zink | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 55 | Andy Linden | 2 |
| John Zink | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 55 | Chuck Stevenson | 2 |
| John Zink | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 55 | Jerry Hoyt | 2 |
| M.A. Walker Electric | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 92 | Andy Linden | 2 |
| M.A. Walker Electric | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 92 | Duke Dinsmore | 2 |
| M.A. Walker Electric | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 92 | Rodger Ward | 2 |
| Miracle Power | Kurtis Kraft | 4000 | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 99 | Cal Niday | 2 |
| Miracle Power | Lesovsky | ? | Offenhauser L4 4.5 | F | 4 | Duane Carter | 2 |
| Blakely Oil | Schroeder | ??? | Offenhauser L4 c 3.0 | F | 8 | Jimmy Bryan | 2 |
| Novi Governor | Kurtis Kraft | ??? | Novi L8 c 3.0 | F | 9 | Duke Nalon | 2 |

## Pilotos e equipes
### Demais etapas

| Equipe | Construtor | Chassi(s) | Motor | Pneu(s) | Nº(s) | Piloto | Corrida(s) | Nº(s) | Piloto Reserva | Corrida(s) |
| H Niedermayr | AFM | 6 | BMW 328 L6 2.0 | D | 28 | Theo Fitzau | 7 | | | |
| Dora Greifzu | BMW | Greifzu | BMW 328 L6 2.0 | D | 36 | Rudolf Krause | 7 | | | |
| Connaught Engineering | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 26/50/12/15/22 | Roy Salvadori | 3/5/6/7/9 | | | |
| Connaught Engineering | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 28/11/16/24 | Ken McAlpine | 3/6/7/9 | | | |
| Connaught Engineering | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 34 | Stirling Moss | 3 | | | |
| Connaught Engineering | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 42/10/14 | Prince Bira | 5/6/7 | | | |
| Connaught Engineering | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 20 | Jack Fairman | 9 | | | |
| RRC Walker Racing Team | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 14 | Tony Rolt | 6 | | | |
| Ecurie Ecosse | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | D | 15 | Ian Stewart | 6 | | | |
| Ecurie Ecosse | Cooper | T20 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 18 | Jimmy Stewart | 6 | 18 | Ninian Sanderson | 6 |
| Bob Gerard | Cooper | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 17 | Bob Gerard | 6 | 17 | David Clarke | 6 |
| Equipe Anglaise | Cooper | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 38/46 | Alan Brown | 7/9 | | | |
| RJ Chase | Cooper | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 19 | Alan Brown | 6 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | T20 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 20 | Alan Brown | 1 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | T20 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 24 | Adolfo Schwelm Cruz | 1 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 22 | John Barber | 1 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 16 | Ken Wharton | 6 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | Special | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 36 | Stirling Moss | 5 | | | |
| Cooper Car Company | Cooper | T24 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 19/28 | Stirling Moss | 7/9 | | | |
| Atlantic Stable | Cooper | T24 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 20 | Peter Whitehead | 6 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 36/26/28/2 | Peter Collins | 3/4/5/6 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 38/22/26/1/16/14 | Lance Macklin | 3/4/5/6/8/9 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 24/14 | Paul Frere | 4/8 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 30/16 | Yves Giraud-Cabantous | 5/9 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 3 | Duncan Hamilton | 6 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 4 | Jack Fairman | 6 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 18 | Albert Scherrer | 8 | | | |
| HW Motors | HWM | 53 | Alta F2 L4 2.0 | D | 18 | John Fitch | 9 | | | |
| EMW Rennkollectiv | EMW | R2 | EMW 6 L6 2.0 | D | 35 | Edgar Barth | 7 | | | |
| H Klenk | Veritas | Meteor | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 31 | Hans Hermann | 7 | | | |
| Ecurie Rosier | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | D / E (etapa 8) | 10/32/44/9/20/10/64 | Louis Rosier | 3/4/5/6/7/8/9 | | | |
| Ecurie Belge | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | E | 30/48/12/26 | Johnny Claes | 3/5/7/9 | | | |
| Ecurie Belge | Connaught | A | Lea Francis L4 2.0 | E | 40 | André Pilette | 4 | | | |
| Ecurie Francorchamps | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | E | 18/2 | Jacques Swaters | 7/8 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 26 | Robert Manzon | 1 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 28/20(etapas 3 e 4)/6/28/11/38 | Harry Schell | 1/3/4/5/6/7/9 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 28/24/18/4/29/10/8/36 | Maurice Trintignant | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 30/16/2/30/9/6 | Jean Behra | 1/4/5/6/7/8 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 32 | Carlos Menditeguy | 1 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 22/8/40 | Roberto Mieres | 3/5/9 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Gordini | T16 | Gordini 20 L6 2.0 | E | 38 | Fred Wacker | 4 | | | |
| Equipe Gordini | Simca Gordini | T15 | Gordini 1500 L4 1.5 | E | 34 | Pablo Birger | 1 | | | |
| Ecurie Espadon | Ferrari | 166 | Ferrari 125 V12 1.5 | P | 34 | Kurt Adolff | 7 | | | |
| Ecurie Espadon | Ferrari | 166 | Ferrari 125 V12 1.5 | P | 40 | Max de Terra | 8 | | | |
| Ecurie Espadon | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | P | 38 | Peter Hirt | 8 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | P | 10/2/10(etapas 4 e 5)/5/1/46/4 | Alberto Ascari | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | P | 12/6/12/14/6/2/24/6 | Giuseppe Farina | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | P | 14/4/8/12/7/4/28/2 | Luigi Villoresi | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 500 | Ferrari 500 L4 2.0 | P | 16/8/14/16/8/3/26/8 | Mike Hawthorn | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 553 | Ferrari 553 L4 2.0 | P | 10 | Umberto Maglioli | 9 | | | |
| Ferrari | Ferrari | 553 | Ferrari 553 L4 2.0 | P | 12 | Piero Carini | 9 | | | |
| Escuderia Bandeirantes | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 4 | Chico Landi | 8 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 2/12/4/18/23/5/32/50 | Juan Manuel Fangio | 1/3-9 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 4/14/2/20/24 | José Froilán González | 1/3/4/5/6 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 6/16/24/25/7/30/52 | Felice Bonetto | 1/3/5-9 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 8 | Oscar Gálvez | 1 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 6 | Johnny Claes | 4 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 22/26/8/36/54 | Onofre Marimón | 5-9 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 34 | Hermann Lang | 8 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 56 | Sergio Mantovani | 9 | | | |
| Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 56 | Luigi Musso | 9 | | | |
| Scuderia Milano | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 42 | Chico Landi | 9 | | | |
| Scuderia Milano | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 44 | Prince Bira | 9 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | BMW | Heck | BMW 328 L6 2.0 | D | 37 | Ernst Klodwig | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Cooper Car Company | T20 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 22 | Tony Crook | 6 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Cooper Car Company | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 32/20/30 | Ken Wharton | 3/8/9 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Cooper Car Company | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 38 | Bob Gerard | 5 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Cooper Car Company | T23 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 40/20 | Ken Wharton | 5/8 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | AFM | 6 | BMW 328 L6 2.0 | D | 41 | Günther Bechem | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | AFM | 6 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | D | 21 | Hans Stuck | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | AFM | 6 | Bristol BS1 L6 2.0 | E | 48 | Hans Stuck | 9 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | RS | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 22 | Wolfgang Seidel | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | RS | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 24 | Theo Helfrich | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | RS | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 26 | Oswald Karch | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | Meteor | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 23 | Willi Heeks | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | Meteor | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 30 | Ernst Loof | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | Meteor | Veritas L6 2.0 | D | 32 | Erwin Bauer | 7 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Veritas | Meteor | Veritas L6 2.0 | E | 36 | Arthur Legat | 4 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Simca Gordini | T15 | Gordini 1500 L4 1.5 | E | 34 | Georges Berger | 4 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | Maserati | A6GCM | Maserati A6 L6 2.0 | P | 18/30/46/31/17/42/58 | Emmanuel de Graffenried | 3/4/5/6/7/8/9 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | OSCA | 20 | OSCA 2000 L6 2.0 | P | 32/32 | Louis Chiron | 5/9 | | | |
| Equipes privadas | OSCA | 20 | OSCA 2000 L6 2.0 | P | 34/34 | Élie Bayol | 5/9 | | | |

## Resultados

| Prova | Grande Prêmio | Data | Local | Vencedor | Construtor | Detalhes |
| 1 | GP da Argentina | 18 de janeiro | Buenos Aires | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 2 | Indianapolis 500 | 30 de Maio | Indianapolis | Bill Vukovich | Kurtis Kraft | Detalhes |
| 3 | GP dos Países Baixos | 7 de Junho | Zandvoort | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 4 | GP da Bélgica | 21 de Junho | Spa-Francorchamps | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 5 | GP da França | 5 de Julho | Reims | Mike Hawthorn | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 6 | GP da Grã-Bretanha | 18 de Julho | Silverstone | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 7 | GP da Alemanha | 2 de Agosto | Nürburgring | Giuseppe Farina | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 8 | GP da Suíça | 23 de Agosto | Bremgarten | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | Detalhes |
| 9 | GP da Itália | 13 de Setembro | Monza | Juan Manuel Fangio | Maserati | Detalhes |

## Classificação de Pilotos

| Pos | Piloto | Equipe | Pts |
| 1 | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | 34.5 |
| 2 | Juan Manuel Fangio | Maserati | 28 |
| 3 | Giuseppe Farina | Ferrari | 26 |
| 4 | Mike Hawthorn | Ferrari | 19 |
| 5 | Luigi Villoresi | Ferrari | 17 |
| 6 | José Froilán González | Maserati | 13.5 |
| 7 | Bill Vukovich | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 9 |
| 8 | Emmanuel de Graffenried | Maserati | 7 |
| 9 | Felice Bonetto | Maserati | 6,5 |
| 10 | Art Cross | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 6 |
| 11 | Onofre Marimón | Maserati | 4 |
| 12 | Maurice Trintignant | Gordini | 4 |
| 13 | Duane Carter | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 2 |
| 14 | Sam Hanks | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 2 |
| 15 | Oscar Gálvez | Maserati | 2 |
| 16 | Jack McGrath | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 2 |
| 17 | Hermann Lang | Maserati | 2 |
| 18 | Fred Agabashian | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 1.5 |
| 19 | Paul Russo | Kurtis Kraft Offenhauser | 1.5 |