# Estudos do software

Estudos do software (do inglês: Software studies) formam um campo de pesquisa acadêmica dedicado aos softwares, seus sistemas e seus efeitos culturais.

## Sobre

Os Estudos do Software pertencem a uma área temática interdisciplinar, aproximando a concepção do software como um artefato técnico com a área das humanidades e das Ciências Sociais, tais como Processos Comunicacionais do Software, História do Software, Crítica de software arte, sociologia do software e as aproximações entre os estudos culturais e o software.
O Estudo do Software é um campo emergente na área acadêmica e cultural. As referências teóricas, institucionais e bibliográficas sobre o tema ainda são bastante recentes e o livro mais atual sobre o tema é a coletânea de artigos organizados por Matthew Fuller denominado "Software Studies: a Lexicon", o primeiro grupo de estudos acadêmicos é o "Software Studies Initiative" na University of California San Diego - UCSD, dirigido por Lev Manovich e Noah Wardrip-Fruin e as primeiras conferências sobre o tema foram o Software Studies Workshop 2006 e SoftWhere 2008. O grupo de Software Studies abriu o seu primeiro núcleo de pesquisas fora dos Estados Unidos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, sob a coordenação de Cicero Silva. Em 2008 a editora do MIT deu início a série dedicada aos Estudos do Software. Os livros publicados pela série incluem Software Studies: a lexicon, de Matthew Fuller, Expressive Processing: Digital Fictions, Computer Games, and Software Studies de Noah Wardrip-Fruin (2009), Programmed Visions: Software and Memory de Wendy Hui Kyong Chun (2011), e Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life de Rob Kitchin e Martin Dodge (2011). Em 2011 um grupo de pesquisadores da Inglaterra iniciou uma revista aberta dedicada ao tema, chamada Computational Culture. No Brasil, o grupo de pesquisa em Estudos do Software iniciou a publicação da revista SoftCult, dedicada aos estudos do software.
Os objetivos dos Estudos do Software são quase sempre diferenciados dos da área da Ciência da Computação e da Engenharia de Software, que se preocupam inicialmente com o software aplicado à teoria da informação e com as aplicações práticas do software. Esses campos enfatizam a aprendizagem computacional, particularmente nas áreas de programação e codificação. Essa ênfase em analisar as fontes dos softwares e os seus processos (em vez de analisar simplesmente a interface) geralmente distingue os Estudos Culturais do Software dos estudos acadêmicos ligados às novas mídias, que estão geralmente presos e restritos às discussões sobre as interfaces e os efeitos observáveis gerados pelo computador.

## Exemplos

Um exemplo da inserção dos estudos do software na análise do código fonte é o Manifesto de Mark Marino "Critical Code Studies". Os Estudos Culturais do Software podem analisar não só os tópicos ligados à leitura do código, mas também a escrita de códigos de programação. Um exemplo aprofundado dessa análise é o livro Expressive Processing de Noah Wardrip-Fruin, dedicado aos estudos culturais do software e que utilizou pela primeira vez um sistema de peer review experimental conduzido completamente on-line, através de um sistema de comentários em um blog desenvolvido pelo Instituto para o Futuro do Livro (Institute for the Future of the Book).

## Bibliografia (em português)

Manovich, Lev. O Software é a mensagem. San Diego, Software Studies, 2013. Trad. Cicero Inacio da Silva e Jane de Almeida.
Manovich, Lev. Visualizando fotografias sociais. San Diego, Software Studies, 2013. Trad. Cicero Inacio da Silva e Jane de Almeida.
Manovich, Lev. Sobre Softwares Studies. San Diego, Software Studies, 2008. Trad. de Cicero Inacio da Silva e Jane de Almeida.
Manovich, Lev. Estudos do Software. San Diego, SWS, 2009. Trad. de Cicero Inacio da Silva e Jane de Almeida.
Manovich, Lev. Analítica Cultural. San Diego, SWS, 2009. Trad. de Cicero Inacio da Silva e Jane de Almeida.
Silva, Cicero. Não há nada fora do software. San Diego, SWS, 2008.
Silva, Cicero. A era da infoestética. Entrevista com Lev Manovich. San Diego, SWS, 2008. Publicado originalmente na revista Trópico do UOL.

## Bibliografia (em inglês)

* Bassett, C. (2007) The Arc and the Machine: Narrative and New Media. Manchester:Manchester University Press.
* Black, M. J, (2002) The Art of Code. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
* Berry, D. M. (2011) The Philosophy of Software: Code and Mediation in the Digital Age, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Berry, D. M. (2008) Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source, London: Pluto Press.
* Chopra, S. and Dexter, S. (2008) Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software. Oxford: Routledge.
* Chun, W. H. K. (2008) ‘On “Sourcery,” or Code as Fetish’, Configurations, 16:299–324.
* Cox, G. and McLean, A. (2012) Speaking Code. Coding as Aesthetic and Political Expression. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Fuller, M. (2003) Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software. London: Autonomedia.
* Fuller, M. (2006) Software Studies Workshop, retrieved 13/04/2010
* Fuller, M. (2008) Software Studies\A Lexicon. London: MIT Press.
* Hayles, N. K. (2004) ‘Print Is Flat, Code Is Deep: The Importance of Media-Specific Analysis’, Poetics Today, 25(1): 67–90.
* Heim, M. (1987) Electric Language: A Philosophical Discussion of Word Processing. London: Yale University Press.
* Hui Kyong Chun, W. (2012) Programmed Visions. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Kirschenbaum, M. (2004) ‘Extreme Inscription: Towards a Grammatology of the Hard Drive’, TEXT Technology, No. 2, pp. 91–125.
* Kitchin, R. and Dodge, M. (2013) Code/Space. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Kittler, F. (1997). Literature, Media, Information Systems, Johnston, J. (ed.). Amsterdam: OPA.
* Kittler, F. (1999) Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Mackenzie, A. (2003) The problem of computer code: Leviathan or common power, retrieved 13/03/2010 from http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/mackenza/papers/code-leviathan.pdf
* Mackenzie, A. (2006) Cutting Code: Software and Sociality, Oxford: Peter Lang.
* Manovich, L. (2001) The Language of New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Manovich, L. (2008) Software takes Command, retrieved 03/05/2010
* Manovich, L. and Douglas, J. (2009) Visualizing Temporal Patterns In Visual Media: Computer Graphics as a Research Method, retrieved 10/10/09
* Marino, M. C. (2006) Critical Code Studies, Electronic Book Review, accessed 16 Sept 2011
* Miller, P. and Matviyenko, S. (2014) The Imaginary App. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Montfort, N. and Bogost, I. (2009) Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System, Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Montfort, N.; Baudoin, P.; Bell, J.; Bogost, I.; Douglass, J.; Marino, M. C.; Mateas, M.; Reas, C.; Sample, M.; Vawter, N. (2013). 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10. Cambridge: MIT Press.
* Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2011) Expressive Processing. Cambridge: MIT Press.

## Bibliografia básica sobre os fundamentos dos estudos do software (Software Studies)

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* Borsook, P. The memoirs of a token: An aging Berkeley feminist examines Wired. In Cherney, L. and Weise, E. R. (eds.) Wired Women: Gender and New Realities in Cyberspace. Seattle, Seal Press, 1996.
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* Camp, L. J. We are geeks, and we are not guys: The systers mailing list. In Cherney, L. and Weise, E. R. (eds.) Wired Women: Gender and New Realities in Cyberspace. Seattle, Seal Press, 1996.
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* Dietrich, D. (Re)-Fashioning the techno-erotic woman: Gender and textuality in the cybercultural matrix. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 1997.
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* Elmer-Dewitt, P. Here come the cyberpunks! Time, 1993.
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* Hall, K. Cyberfeminism. In Herring, S. C. (ed.) Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1996.
* Harasim, L. Networlds: Networks as social space. In Harasim, L. M. (ed.) Global Networks: Computers and International Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.
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* Kantrowitz, B. Men, women, and computers. Newsweek, 48-55, 1994.
* Kapor, M. and Barlow, J. P. Across the electronic frontier, 1990.
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* Kim, A. J. Community Building on the Web: Secret Stategies for Successful Online Communities. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, 1999.
* Kinney, J. Is there a new political paradigm lurking in cyberspace? In Sardar, Z. and Ravetz, J. R. (eds) Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
* Kling, R. Hopes and horrors: Technological utopianism and anti-utopianism in narratives of computerization. In Kling, R. (ed.) Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.
* Kollock, P. Design principles for online communities. Paper presented at Harvard Conference on the Internet and Society, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
* Kollock, P. and M. Smith. Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities. In Herring, S. C. (ed.) Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1996.
* Kramarae, C. and Taylor, H. J. Women and men on electronic networks: A conversation or a monologue? In Taylor, H. J., Kramarae, C., and Ebben, M. (eds) Women, Information Technology, and Scholarship. Urbana, IL: Women, Information Technology, and Scholarship Colloquium, 1993.
* Mackinnon, R. The social construction of rape in virtual reality. In Sudweeks, F., McLaughlin, M., and Rafaeli, S. (eds.) Network and Netplay: Virtual Groups on the Internet. Menlo Park, CA/Cambridge, MA: AAAI Press/MIT Press, 1998.
* Mackinnon, R. Punishing the persona: Correctional strategies for the virtual offender. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 1997.
* Mackinnon, R. Searching for the leviathan in usenet. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.
* Mclaughlin, M. L., Osborne, K. K., and Ellison, N. B. Virtual community in a telepresence environment. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 1997.
* Mclaughlin, M. L., Osborne, K. K., and Smith, C. B. Standards of conduct on Usenet. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.
* Miller, L. Women and children first: Gender and the settling of the electronic frontier. In Brook, J. and Boal, I. A. (eds.) Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information. San Francisco: City Lights, 1995.
* MITRA, A. 1997: Virtual commonality: Looking for India on the internet. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity & Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 55-79.
* Nakamura, Lisa. 1999: Race in/for cyberspace: Identity tourism and racial passing on the internet. In Vitanza, V. J. (ed.) yberReader. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 442-453.
* NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION. 1999: Falling through the net: Defining the digital divide. NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION. 1998: Falling through the net II: New data on the digital divide. NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION. 1995: Falling through the net: A survey of the ‘have nots’ in rural and urban America.
* Phillips, D. S. 1996: Defending the boundaries: Identifying and countering threats in a usenet newsgroup. The Information Society 12, 39-62.
* Potter, D. (ed.) 1996: Internet Culture. New York: Routledge.
* Rosenzweig, R. 1999: Live free or die? Death, life, survival, and sobriety on the information superhighway. American Quarterly 51.1, 160-174.
* Ross, A. 1991: Strange Weather: Culture, Science and Technology in the Age of Limits. London: Verso.
* Rushkoff, D. 1994: Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture. New York: Ballantine.
* Sale, K. 1995: Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution: Lessons for the Computer Age. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
* Schiff, Stacy. Know it all. Wikipedia takes on the experts. New Yorker, 31 de julho de 2006.
* Schmitz, J. 1997: Structural relations, electronic media, and social change: The public electronic network and the homeless. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 80-101.
* Schuler, D. 1996: New Community Networks: Wired for Change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
* ________. 1994: Community networks: Building a new participatory medium. Communications of the ACM 37:1, 39-51.
* Shaw, D. F. 1997: Gay men and computer communication: A discourse of sex and identity in cyberspace. In Jones, S. G. (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity & Communication in Cybersociety. London: Sage Publications, 133-145.
* Shneiderman, B. and ROSE, A. 1997: Social impact statements: Engaging public participation in information technology design. In Friedman, B. (ed.) Human Values and the Design of Computer Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 117-133.
* Silver, D. Forthcoming: Communication, community, consumption: An ethnographic exploration of an online city. In Kolko, B. E. (ed.) Virtual Publics: Policy and Community in an Electronic Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Silver, D. 2000: Margins in the wires: Looking for race, gender, and sexuality in the blacksburg electronic village. In Kolko, B. E., Nakamura, L., and Rodman, G. B. (eds.) Race in Cyberspace: Politics, Identity, and Cyberspace. New York: Routledge, 133-150.
* Silver, D. 1999: Localizing the global village: Lessons from the blacksburg electronic village. In Browne, R. B. and Fishwick, M. W. (eds.) The Global Village: Dead or Alive? Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 79-92.
* Silver, D. 1996: Parameters and priorities: The formation of community in the blacksburg electronic village. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of American Studies, University of Maryland.
* Smith, M. and Kollock, P. (eds.) 1999: Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge.
* Sobchack, V. 1993: New age mutant ninja hackers: Reading Mondo 2000. South Atlantic Quarterly 92.4, 569-584.
* Stalbaum, B. & da Silva, C (2016) The Sensor Network is the Computer (or why you need to get over privacy). Internet Freedom Forum Proceedings. Valencia. Disponível em http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4137.6402/1 .
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* Stone, A. R. 1991: Will the real body please stand up?: Boundary stories about virtual cultures. In Benedikt, M. (ed.) Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 81-118.
* Turkle, S. 1995: Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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## Bibliografia Complementar sobre tópicos relacionados

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