# Chaparral

Chaparral, tèrme derivat de l'espanhòl chaparro, «mata», es un ensems de plantas arbustivas que se tròba principalament dins l'Estat de Califòrnia (Estats Units) e al nòrd de l'Estat mexican de Bassa Califòrnia. Se forma jol climat mediterranèu present dins la zòna amb de plantas tolerant la secada estivala. S'incendia aisidament mas torna rapidament quand los incendis son pas tròp frequents. Las plantas del chaparral an un fulham endurcit (esclerofil) al contrari del bioma litoral costièr que lo ten tendre (que cai pendent l'estiu). Lo chaparral cobrís 5% de l'Estat de Califòrnia e lo bioma litoral costièr 3,5% mai de la superfícia totala de l'Estat.
Mai o mens correspond a la garriga de l'oèst del mediterranèu, al maquís o al fynbos, mas las espècias de plantas son diferentas.
Lo chaparral se caracteriza pels incendis frequents e las plantas que lo compausan son extrèmament inflamablas. Los intervals entre los incendis pòdon anar d'unes ans fins un centenat.
Quand aumenta l'ariditat lo chaparral se cambia en un autre ensemble de plantas nomenats en anglés chaparral desert.
Segon la California Academy of Sciences, los ensembles arbustius de climat mediterranèu compausan mai de 20% de la diversitat de plantas mondialas.

## Unas espècias de plantas del chaparral de Califòrnia

* Adenostoma fasciculatum, Chamise
* Adenostoma sparsifolium, Redshanks
* Arctostaphylos spp., Manzanita
* Ceanothus spp.
* Cercocarpus spp., Mountain mahogany
* Cneoridium dumosum, Bush rue
* Eriogonum fasciculatum, California buckwheat
* Garrya spp., Silk-tassel bush
* Hesperoyucca whipplei, Yucca
* Heteromeles arbutifolia, Toyon
* Lotus scoparius, Deerweed
* Malosma laurina. Laurel sumac
* Marah macrocarpus, Wild cucumber
* Mimulus aurantiacus, Bush monkeyflower
* Pickeringia montana, Chaparral Pea
* Prunus ilicifolia, Islay Aur Hollyleaf Cherry
* Quercus berberidifolia, Scrub oak
* Q. dumosa, Scrub oak
* Q. wislizenii var. frutescens
* Rhamnus californica, California Coffeeberry
* Rhus integrifolia, Lemonade berry
* Rhus ovata, Sugar bush
* Salvia mellifera, Black sage
* Xylococcus bicolor, Mission manzanita

### Espècias d'ausèls essencials per mantenir lo chaparral

* California thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum)
* California towhee (Pipilo crissalis)
* Spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus)
* Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica)

## Referéncias

* ↑ «HOTSPOT: California On The Edge».
* ↑ A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenerr, Figure 8.9 - 8.10, Table 8.2
* ↑ County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use Multiple Species Conservation Program, «PDF».
* ↑ http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/california_floristic/Pages/default.aspx

## Bibliografia

* Haidinger, T.L., and J.E. Keeley. 1993. Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral. Madrono 40: 141–147.
* Halsey, R.W. 2008. Fire, Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California. Second Edition. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CAN. 232 p.
* Hanes, T. L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monographs 41: 27–52.
* Hubbard, R.F. 1986. Stand age and growth dynamics in chamise chaparral. Master'S thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
* Keeley, J. E., C. J. Fotheringham, and M. Morais. 1999. Reexamining fire suppression impacts Ont brushland fire regimes. Science 284:1829–1832.
* Keeley, J.E. 1995. Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats Ton the California flòra. Madrono 42: 175–179.
* Keeley, J.E., A.Ora Pfaff, and H.D. Stafford. 2005. Fire suppression impacts Ont postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 255–265.
* Larigauderie, A., T.W. Hubbard, and J. Kummerow. 1990. Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire. Madrono 37: 225–236.
* Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219:1287–1294.
* Moritz, M.A., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Johnson, and A.A. Schaffner. 2004. Testing A basic assumption of shrubland fire management: How important is fuel age? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:67–72.
* Zedler, P.Ora 1995. Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options, pp. 101–112 in J.E. Keeley and T. Scott (eds.), Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Wash.
* A. Neil, Brad Williamson, Panen J. Heyden. Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts

## Ligams extèrnes

Suls autres projèctes Wikimèdia :
* Chaparral, sus Wikimedia Commons
* The California Chaparral Institute website