# Lista de las etnias de la Republica populara de China

La Republica Populara de China es un país que compta oficialament 56 etnias. Aquela chifra es discutida vist que i a tanben qualques minoritats non-classificadas.
La granda majoritat de la populacion (91,6%) es d'origina han (chinés).
Lo tèrme han es un tèrme parapluèja que recampa totas las populacions que parlan una lenga chinesa.
Las 55 minoritats son d'originas plan variadas:
- de populacions tai-kadai dins lo sud, en particular dins la província de Guangxi
- de populacions tongozas, en Manchoria
- de populacions yao-miao dins lo sud ( en particular dins la província de Yunnan)
- de Mongòls (subretot en Mongolia interiora)
- de Coreans (Manchoria, Shandong, Beijing)
- de Tibetans (Tibet,Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan)
- de Turcs (Cazacs, Kirguizes)
- d'Indoeuropèus ( Russes, Tajics)
- d'Austronesians
La minoritat dels Huis es mai que mai una minoritat religiosa, vist que designa los Han (mesclats amb diversas populacions) qu'an adoptat l'islam.
Lo govèrn a pres mai d'una mesura per servar lo patrimòni cultura. Pasmens l'assimilacion es importanta e la politica actuala es criticada (veire: Tibet).
Mai d'una minoritat a pas de lenga pròpria (los Huis e los Manchos parlan chinés).
La question de las minoritats es una question sensibla en China vist que los territòris occupats per de minoritats non-han occupan mai de 50% del territòri. Per aquesta rason, las minoritats an, per la Republica populara de China, una importància geopolitica majora dins la gestion de las raras e de las relacions internacionalas.

## Lista e evolucion de las minoritats

Après un desvolopament demografic favorable, las minoritats de China se son reduchas en proporcion de la populacion totala entre 2000 e 2010. Es lo primièr còp dempuèi 1964.
14 minoritats sus 55 an vist son nombre total s'amermar. De mai l'assimilacion lingüistica s'accentua, tot ben que mai d'un centenat de lengas sián encara vigorosas. Segon lo siti ethnologue, sus las 298 lengas de la Republica populara de China, 122 son menaçadas e 28 moribondas. Parallèlament 111 son vigorosas e 23 dan de signes de desvolopament.

### Tablèu

Etnias de la Republica populara de China 1953-2010 :
| Etnia | Familha de la lenga | 1953 | % | 1964 | % | 1982 | % | 1990 | % | 2000 | % | 2010 | % |
| Han | Chinés | 547,283,057 | 93.94 | 651,296,368 | 94.22 | 936,703,824 | 93.30 | 1,039,187,548 | 91.92 | 1,137,386,112 | 91.53 | 1,220,844,520 | 91.60 |
| Minority groups | | 35,320,360 | 6.06 | 39,883,909 | 5.78 | 67,233,254 | 6.67 | 90,570,743 | 8.01 | 105,225,173 | 8.47 | 111,966,349 | 8.40 |
| Zhuang | Tai-kadai | 6,611,455 | 1.13 | 8,386,140 | 1.21 | 13,441,900 | 1.32 | 15,555,820 | 1.38 | 16,178,811 | 1.28 | 16,926,381 | 1.27 |
| Hui | Chinés | 3,559,350 | 0.61 | 4,473,147 | 0.64 | 7,207,780 | 0.71 | 8,612,001 | 0.76 | 9,816,802 | 0.78 | 10,586,087 | 0.79 |
| Manchó | Tongoza | 2,418,931 | 0.42 | 2,695,675 | 0.39 | 4,299,950 | 0.43 | 9,846,776 | 0.87 | 10,682,263 | 0.84 | 10,387,958 | 0.78 |
| Oigor | Altaïc | 3,640,125 | 0.62 | 3,996,311 | 0.58 | 5,917,030 | 0.59 | 7,207,024 | 0.64 | 8,399,393 | 0.66 | 10,069,346 | 0.76 |
| Miao | Miao-yao | 2,511,339 | 0.43 | 2,782,088 | 0.40 | 5,017,260 | 0.50 | 7,383,622 | 0.65 | 8,940,116 | 0.71 | 9,426,007 | 0.71 |
| Yi | Tibetobirman | 3,254,269 | 0.56 | 3,380,960 | 0.49 | 5,492,330 | 0.54 | 6,578,524 | 0.58 | 7,762,286 | 0.61 | 8,714,393 | 0.65 |
| Tujia | Tibetobirman | | | | | 284,900 | 0.03 | 5,725,049 | 0.51 | 8,028,133 | 0.63 | 8,353,912 | 0.63 |
| Tibetan | Tibetobirman | 2,775,622 | 0.48 | 2,501,174 | 0.36 | 3,821,950 | 0.38 | 4,593,072 | 0.41 | 5,416,021 | 0.43 | 6,282,187 | 0.47 |
| Mongòl | Altaïc | 1,462,956 | 0.25 | 1,965,766 | 0.28 | 3,402,200 | 0.34 | 4,802,407 | 0.42 | 5,813,947 | 0.46 | 5,981,840 | 0.45 |
| Buyei | Tai-kadai | 1,247,883 | 0.21 | 1,348,055 | 0.19 | 2,103,150 | 0.21 | 2,548,294 | 0.22 | 2,971,460 | 0.23 | 2,870,034 | 0.22 |
| Corean | Corean | 1,120,405 | 0.19 | 1,339,569 | 0.19 | 1,783,150 | 0.18 | 1,923,361 | 0.17 | 1,923,842 | 0.15 | 1,830,929 | 0.14 |
| Dong | Tai-kadai | | | | | 1,446,190 | 0.14 | 2,508,624 | 0.22 | 2,960,293 | 0.24 | 2,879,974 | 0.22 |
| Yao | Miao-yao | | | | | 1,414,870 | 0.14 | 2,137,033 | 0.19 | 2,637,421 | 0.21 | 2,796,003 | 0.21 |
| Bai | Sinotibetan | | | | | 1,147,360 | 0.11 | 1,598,052 | 0.14 | 1,858,063 | 0.15 | 1,933,510 | 0.15 |
| Hani | Tibetobirman | | | | | 1,063,300 | 0.11 | 1,254,800 | 0.11 | 1,439,673 | 0.12 | 1,660,932 | 0.12 |
| Cazac | Altaïc | | | | | 878,570 | 0.09 | 1,110,758 | 0.10 | 1,250,458 | 0.10 | 1,462,588 | 0.11 |
| Li | Tai-kadai | | | | | 882,030 | 0.09 | 1,112,498 | 0.10 | 1,247,814 | 0.10 | 1,463,064 | 0.11 |
| Dai | Tai-kadai | | | | | 864,340 | 0.09 | 1,025,402 | 0.09 | 1,158,989 | 0.09 | 1,261,311 | 0.09 |
| She | Miao-yao | | | | | 379,080 | 0.04 | 634,700 | 0.06 | 709,592 | 0.06 | 708,651 | 0.05 |
| Lisu | Tibetobirman | | | | | 466,760 | 0.05 | 574,589 | 0.05 | 634,912 | 0.05 | 702,839 | 0.05 |
| Gelao | Tai-kadai | | | | | 59,810 | 0.01 | 438,192 | 0.04 | 579,357 | 0.05 | 550,746 | 0.04 |
| Dongxiang | Altaïc | | | | | - | - | 373,669 | 0.03 | 513,805 | 0.04 | 621,500 | 0.05 |
| Gaoshan | Austronesian | | | | | 1,750 | 0.00 | 2,877 | 0.00 | 4,461 | 0.00 | 4,009 | 0.00 |
| Lahu | Tibetobirman | | | | | 320,350 | 0.03 | 411,545 | 0.04 | 453,705 | 0.04 | 485,966 | 0.04 |
| Sui | Tai-kadai | | | | | 300,690 | 0.03 | 347,116 | 0.03 | 406,902 | 0.03 | 411,847 | 0.03 |
| Va | Mòn-khmer | | | | | 271,050 | 0.03 | 351,980 | 0.03 | 396,610 | 0.03 | 429,709 | 0.03 |
| Nakhi | Tibetobirman | | | | | 248,650 | 0.02 | 277,750 | 0.02 | 308,839 | 0.02 | 326,295 | 0.02 |
| Qiang | Tibetobirman | | | | | 109,760 | 0.01 | 198,303 | 0.02 | 306,072 | 0.02 | 309,576 | 0.02 |
| Tu | Altaïc | | | | | 148,760 | 0.01 | 192,568 | 0.02 | 241,198 | 0.02 | 289,565 | 0.02 |
| Mulao | Tai-kadai | | | | | 91,790 | 0.01 | 160,648 | 0.01 | 207,352 | 0.02 | 216,257 | 0.02 |
| Xibe | Tongoza | | | | | 77,560 | 0.01 | 172,932 | 0.02 | 188,824 | 0.02 | 190,481 | 0.01 |
| Kirguiz | Altaïc | | | | | 108,790 | 0.01 | 143,537 | 0.01 | 160,823 | 0.01 | 186,708 | 0.01 |
| Daur | Altaïc | | | | | - | - | 121,463 | 0.01 | 132,143 | 0.01 | 131,992 | 0.01 |
| Jingpo | Tibetobirman | | | | | 100,180 | 0.01 | 119,276 | 0.01 | 132,143 | 0.01 | 147,828 | 0.01 |
| Maonan | Tai-kadai | | | | | 37,450 | 0.00 | 72,370 | 0.01 | 107,106 | 0.01 | 101,192 | 0.01 |
| Salar | Altaïc | | | | | 68,030 | 0.01 | 82,398 | 0.01 | 104,503 | 0.01 | 130,607 | 0.01 |
| Blang | Mòn-khmer | | | | | - | - | 87,546 | 0.01 | 91,882 | 0.01 | 119,639 | 0.01 |
| Tajic | Indoeuropèu | | | | | 27,430 | 0.00 | 33,223 | 0.00 | 41,028 | 0.00 | 51,069 | 0.00 |
| Achang | Tibetobirman | | | | | 31,490 | 0.00 | 27,718 | 0.00 | 33,936 | 0.00 | 39,555 | 0.00 |
| Pumi | Tibetobirman | | | | | 18,860 | 0.00 | 29,721 | 0.00 | 33,600 | 0.00 | 42,861 | 0.00 |
| Evenc | Tongoza | | | | | 19,440 | 0.00 | 26,379 | 0.00 | 30,505 | 0.00 | 30,875 | 0.00 |
| Nu | Tibetobirman | | | | | 25,980 | 0.00 | 27,190 | 0.00 | 28,759 | 0.00 | 37,523 | 0.00 |
| Vietnamian) | Austroasiatic | | | | | 12,140 | 0.00 | 18,749 | 0.00 | 22,517 | 0.00 | 28,199 | 0.00 |
| Jino | Tibetobirman | | | | | 11,260 | 0.00 | 18,022 | 0.00 | 20,899 | 0.00 | 23,143 | 0.00 |
| Palaung | Mòn-khmer | | | | | - | - | 15,461 | 0.00 | 17,935 | 0.00 | 20,556 | 0.00 |
| Bonan | Altaïc | | | | | 6,620 | 0.00 | 11,683 | 0.00 | 16,505 | 0.00 | 20,074 | 0.00 |
| Rus | Indoeuropèu | | | | | 2,830 | 0.00 | 13,500 | 0.00 | 15,609 | 0.00 | 15,393 | 0.00 |
| Iugor | Altaïc | | | | | 7,670 | 0.00 | 12,293 | 0.00 | 13,719 | 0.00 | 14,378 | 0.00 |
| Ozbèc | Altaïc | | | | | 13,810 | 0.00 | 14,763 | 0.00 | 13,370 | 0.00 | 10,569 | 0.00 |
| Monpa | Tibetobirman | | | | | 1,040 | 0.00 | 7,498 | 0.00 | 8,923 | 0.00 | 10,561 | 0.00 |
| Oroqen | Tongoza | | | | | 2,280 | 0.00 | 7,004 | 0.00 | 8,196 | 0.00 | 8,659 | 0.00 |
| Derung | Tibetobirman | | | | | 4,250 | 0.00 | 5,825 | 0.00 | 7,426 | 0.00 | 6,930 | 0.00 |
| Tatars de China | Altaïc | | | | | 7,510 | 0.00 | 5,064 | 0.00 | 4,890 | 0.00 | 3,556 | 0.00 |
| Nanai | Tongoza | | | | | 670 | 0.00 | 4,254 | 0.00 | 4,640 | 0.00 | 5,354 | 0.00 |
| Lhoba | Tibetobirman | | | | | 1,030 | 0.00 | 2,322 | 0.00 | 2,965 | 0.00 | 3,682 | 0.00 |
| etnias pas reconegudas | | | | | | 3,370,880 | 0.33 | 3,498 | 0.00 | 734,379 | 0.06 | 640,101 | 0.05 |
| Desconegut | | | | | | 4,720 | 0.00 | 752,347 | 0.07 | 735,379 | 0.06 | - | - |
| Estrangièrs naturalizats Chineses | | | | | | - | - | - | - | 941 | 0.00 | 1,448 | 0.00 |
| Total Republica populara de China | Total Republica populara de China | 582,603,417 | 582,603,417 | 694,581,759 | 694,581,759 | 1,008,175,288 | 1,008,175,288 | 1,133,682,501 | 1,133,682,501 | 1,242,612,226 | 1,242,612,226 | 1,332,810,869 | 1,332,810,869 |

### Lo tèrme "Han"

Han designa totas las populacions chinesas. Distinguís pas los regionalismes (Mandarin, Cantonés...) que son pas reconeguts oficialament. La doctrina oficiala declara que i a una lenga e una etnia chinesa unicas. Las lengas chinesas son consideradas coma de dialèctes e pòdon pas donar la possibilitat d'una reconoissença oficiala. Pasmens l'ensemble de las populacions que designa son pas unifòrmas.

### Remarcas sus las classificacions

Los Otsols de Hainan, qu'aprtenon a la familha de las lengas cham, son recensats coma Huis. Ne son pasmens plan diferents (los Huis apartenon a las populacions siniticas, los Otsols son vesins dels Malais).

### Nacionalitats non incluidas

* Bajia (八甲人)
* Lai (萊人)
* Deng (僜人)
* Gejia (革家人)
* Khmu (克木人)
* Macanese (土生葡人, mestisses de Portugueses e de Chineses a Macau; Eurasian)
* Mang (芒人)
* Josiéus (犹太, Youtai)
* Eurasians de Hong Kong
* Japoneses Yamamoto (大和民族), en particular a Dalian
* Ryukyuans (琉球民族) de Taiwan

## Estrangièrs

En 2010 i aviá 234 829 residents de Hong Kong, 21 201 residents de Macau, 170 283 residents de Taiwan, e 593 832 residents d'autres paises, per un total de 1 020 145 residents.
| Nacionalitat | Residents |
| Corèa del Sud | 120,750 |
| Estats Units d'America | 71,493 |
| Japon | 66,159 |
| Birmania | 39,776 |
| Vietnam | 36,205 |
| Canadà | 19,990 |
| França | 15,087 |
| Índia | 15,051 |
| Alemanha | 14,446 |
| Austràlia | 13,286 |
| autres paises | 181,589 |

## Nòtas e referéncias

* ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN
* ↑ Profile of the Khmu people in China, as cited by Native Planet
* ↑ Article "A Proud People", dins Asiaweek
* ↑ Article "Are There Really Jews in China?: An Update", from The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
* ↑ Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census