# Standard Oil

Standard Oil Company was een oliemaatschappij tussen 1870 en 1911. John D. Rockefeller bouwde het bedrijf uit tot een van de eerste multinationals. In 1911 werd het opgedeeld in 34 bedrijven.

## Geschiedenis

Nadat Edwin Drake op 28 augustus 1859 de eerste olieraffinaderij opstartte in het westen van Pennsylvania, werd het nabijgelegen Cleveland (Ohio) het middelpunt van deze nieuwe industrie. In die stad stichtten John D. Rockefeller met zijn broer William Rockefeller, Samuel Andrews, Henry M. Flagler, Stephen V. Harkness en O.B. Jennings met een kapitaal van een miljoen dollar op 10 januari 1870 een vennootschap onder de naam Standard Oil Company.
In 1872 wist Standard Oil door later omstreden tactische maatregelen alle concurrentie in Cleveland en later in het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten uit te schakelen. Om wetten te omzeilen die het doel hadden om de macht van grote bedrijven te beperken, werd Standard Oil georganiseerd als een groep bedrijven die op papier zelfstandig waren, maar waarvan het bestuur werd overgedragen aan een trust, een groep die de bedrijven bestuurde ten gunste van de aandeelhouders van de betrokken bedrijven. Deze organisatievorm werd later overgenomen door andere grote bedrijven in Amerika.
In 1897 trok John Rockefeller zich terug uit de Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, de holding company van de groep, maar bleef een belangrijke aandeelhouder. Aan het einde van de 19e eeuw probeerde de Amerikaanse regering de ontwikkeling van deze trusts tegen te gaan om de concurrentie tussen bedrijven te bevorderen, en de consumenten te beschermen. Dit leidde tot het aannemen van verscheidene antitrustwetten.
In 1909 spande het United States Department of Justice een gerechtelijk proces aan onder de Federale antitrustwet bij het federale Hooggerechtshof. Dat oordeelde dat Standard Oil een onwettig monopolie was, waarna het in 1911 in 34 bedrijven werd opgedeeld. Bij die ontmanteling had Rockefeller een kwart van alle aandelen van de nieuwe bedrijven in bezit. Deze verdubbelden al snel in waarde waardoor hij de rijkste man ter wereld werd. De opgesplitste onderdelen van Standard Oil zijn nog steeds wereldspelers op vlak van aardolie. Sommige takken zijn door fusies en overnames later weer samengevoegd. Voorbeelden zijn ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips en Chevron Corporation. Andere onderdelen zijn terechtgekomen bij British Petroleum en Royal Dutch Shell.
| 1901 Texas Fuel Company | 1901 Texas Fuel Company | 1901 Texas Fuel Company | 1901 Texas Fuel Company | 1901 Texas Fuel Company | 1901 Texas Fuel Company | | | | | | | | | | | 1959 Texaco | 1959 Texaco | 1959 Texaco | 1959 Texaco | 1959 Texaco | 1959 Texaco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (California) | Standard Oil Company (California) | Standard Oil Company (California) | Standard Oil Company (California) | Standard Oil Company (California) | Standard Oil Company (California) | | | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | 1926 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) | | | | | | | 1961 overname | 1961 overname | 1961 overname | 1961 overname | 1961 overname | 1961 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2001 ChevronTexaco | 2001 ChevronTexaco | 2001 ChevronTexaco | 2001 ChevronTexaco | 2001 ChevronTexaco | 2001 ChevronTexaco | | | 2005 Chevron Corporation | 2005 Chevron Corporation | 2005 Chevron Corporation | 2005 Chevron Corporation | 2005 Chevron Corporation | 2005 Chevron Corporation |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1985 Chevron | 1985 Chevron | 1985 Chevron | 1985 Chevron | 1985 Chevron | 1985 Chevron | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1901 Gulf Oil | 1901 Gulf Oil | 1901 Gulf Oil | 1901 Gulf Oil | 1901 Gulf Oil | 1901 Gulf Oil | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Swan & Finch Company | Swan & Finch Company | Swan & Finch Company | Swan & Finch Company | Swan & Finch Company | Swan & Finch Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1965 liquidatie | 1965 liquidatie | 1965 liquidatie | 1965 liquidatie | 1965 liquidatie | 1965 liquidatie |
| | | | | | | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum Oil Company | Vacuum Oil Company | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | 1931 Socony-Vacuum | | | | | | | 1963 Mobil | 1963 Mobil | 1963 Mobil | 1963 Mobil | 1963 Mobil | 1963 Mobil | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (New York) | Standard Oil Company (New York) | Standard Oil Company (New York) | Standard Oil Company (New York) | Standard Oil Company (New York) | Standard Oil Company (New York) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1999 ExxonMobil | 1999 ExxonMobil | 1999 ExxonMobil | 1999 ExxonMobil | 1999 ExxonMobil | 1999 ExxonMobil |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) | | | | | | | | | | | 1951 Esso | 1951 Esso | 1951 Esso | 1951 Esso | 1951 Esso | 1951 Esso | | | | | 1973 Exxon | 1973 Exxon | 1973 Exxon | 1973 Exxon | 1973 Exxon | 1973 Exxon | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | Waters-Pierce Oil Company | | | | | 1940 ontbonden | 1940 ontbonden | 1940 ontbonden | 1940 ontbonden | 1940 ontbonden | 1940 ontbonden |
| | | | | | | Borne-Scrymser Company | Borne-Scrymser Company | Borne-Scrymser Company | Borne-Scrymser Company | Borne-Scrymser Company | Borne-Scrymser Company | | | | | | | | | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | 1951 Borne Chemical Company | | | | | | | | | 1980 faillissement | 1980 faillissement | 1980 faillissement | 1980 faillissement | 1980 faillissement | 1980 faillissement |
| | | | | | | Galena-Signal Oil Company | Galena-Signal Oil Company | Galena-Signal Oil Company | Galena-Signal Oil Company | Galena-Signal Oil Company | Galena-Signal Oil Company | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1886 Valvoline | 1886 Valvoline | 1886 Valvoline | 1886 Valvoline | 1886 Valvoline | 1886 Valvoline | | | | | | | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1924 Ashland Oil | 1924 Ashland Oil | 1924 Ashland Oil | 1924 Ashland Oil | 1924 Ashland Oil | 1924 Ashland Oil | | | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | | | 1949 overname | 1949 overname | 1949 overname | 1949 overname | 1949 overname | 1949 overname | | | 1950 overname | 1950 overname | 1950 overname | 1950 overname | 1950 overname | 1950 overname | | | | | 1995 Ashland Inc. | 1995 Ashland Inc. | 1995 Ashland Inc. | 1995 Ashland Inc. | 1995 Ashland Inc. | 1995 Ashland Inc. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | Cumberland Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Southern Pipe Line Company | Southern Pipe Line Company | Southern Pipe Line Company | Southern Pipe Line Company | Southern Pipe Line Company | Southern Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | Chesebrough Manufacturing Company | | | | | | | | | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | 1955 fusie met Pond's tot Chesebrough-Pond's | | | | | | | | | 1987 overname door Unilever | 1987 overname door Unilever | 1987 overname door Unilever | 1987 overname door Unilever | 1987 overname door Unilever | 1987 overname door Unilever |
| | | | | | | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | The Crescent Pipe Line Company | 1925 liquidatie | 1925 liquidatie | 1925 liquidatie | 1925 liquidatie | 1925 liquidatie | 1925 liquidatie |
| | | | | | | 1916 Sinclair | 1916 Sinclair | 1916 Sinclair | 1916 Sinclair | 1916 Sinclair | 1916 Sinclair | 1932 overname | 1932 overname | 1932 overname | 1932 overname | 1932 overname | 1932 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding | 1976 overname Sinclair door Robert Holding |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | Prairie Oil & Gas Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Atlantic Refining Company | Atlantic Refining Company | Atlantic Refining Company | Atlantic Refining Company | Atlantic Refining Company | Atlantic Refining Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | 1985 overname Atlantic door John Deuss | | | 1988 overname door Sunoco | 1988 overname door Sunoco | 1988 overname door Sunoco | 1988 overname door Sunoco | 1988 overname door Sunoco | 1988 overname door Sunoco |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | 1966 Atlantic Richfield | | | 1969 overname | 1969 overname | 1969 overname | 1969 overname | 1969 overname | 1969 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1905 Richfield | 1905 Richfield | 1905 Richfield | 1905 Richfield | 1905 Richfield | 1905 Richfield | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | 1908 Anglo-Persian Oil Company | | | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | 1935 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company | | | | | 1954 British Petroleum | 1954 British Petroleum | 1954 British Petroleum | 1954 British Petroleum | 1954 British Petroleum | 1954 British Petroleum | | | 1978 overname | 1978 overname | 1978 overname | 1978 overname | 1978 overname | 1978 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil | Standard Oil | Standard Oil | Standard Oil | Standard Oil | Standard Oil | | | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | Standard Oil Company (Ohio) | | | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | 1931 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Solar Refining Company | Solar Refining Company | Solar Refining Company | Solar Refining Company | Solar Refining Company | Solar Refining Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1998 BP Amoco | 1998 BP Amoco | 1998 BP Amoco | 1998 BP Amoco | 1998 BP Amoco | 1998 BP Amoco | | | 2000 BP | 2000 BP | 2000 BP | 2000 BP | 2000 BP | 2000 BP |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | Standard Oil Company (Kansas) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | | | 1939 overname | 1939 overname | 1939 overname | 1939 overname | 1939 overname | 1939 overname | | | 1948 overname | 1948 overname | 1948 overname | 1948 overname | 1948 overname | 1948 overname | | | | | | | | | 1985 Amoco | 1985 Amoco | 1985 Amoco | 1985 Amoco | 1985 Amoco | 1985 Amoco | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | Standard Oil Company (Nebraska) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Washington Oil Company | Washington Oil Company | Washington Oil Company | Washington Oil Company | Washington Oil Company | Washington Oil Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1976 liquidatie | 1976 liquidatie | 1976 liquidatie | 1976 liquidatie | 1976 liquidatie | 1976 liquidatie |
| | | | | | | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | National Transit Company | National Transit Company | National Transit Company | National Transit Company | National Transit Company | National Transit Company | | | | | | | | | | | 1952 overname | 1952 overname | 1952 overname | 1952 overname | 1952 overname | 1952 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | South Penn Oil Company | South Penn Oil Company | South Penn Oil Company | South Penn Oil Company | South Penn Oil Company | South Penn Oil Company | | | | | | | | | | | 1947 overname | 1947 overname | 1947 overname | 1947 overname | 1947 overname | 1947 overname | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1963 Pennzoil | 1963 Pennzoil | 1963 Pennzoil | 1963 Pennzoil | 1963 Pennzoil | 1963 Pennzoil | | | 1965 overname | 1965 overname | 1965 overname | 1965 overname | 1965 overname | 1965 overname | | | 1999 overname door Shell Oil | 1999 overname door Shell Oil | 1999 overname door Shell Oil | 1999 overname door Shell Oil | 1999 overname door Shell Oil | 1999 overname door Shell Oil |
| Eureka Pipe Line Company | Eureka Pipe Line Company | Eureka Pipe Line Company | Eureka Pipe Line Company | Eureka Pipe Line Company | Eureka Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | 1953 Zapata | 1953 Zapata | 1953 Zapata | 1953 Zapata | 1953 Zapata | 1953 Zapata | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Union Tank Car Company | Union Tank Car Company | Union Tank Car Company | Union Tank Car Company | Union Tank Car Company | Union Tank Car Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1981 overname door Marmon | 1981 overname door Marmon | 1981 overname door Marmon | 1981 overname door Marmon | 1981 overname door Marmon | 1981 overname door Marmon |
| | | | | | | Colonial Oil Company | Colonial Oil Company | Colonial Oil Company | Colonial Oil Company | Colonial Oil Company | Colonial Oil Company | 1918 liquidatie | 1918 liquidatie | 1918 liquidatie | 1918 liquidatie | 1918 liquidatie | 1918 liquidatie |
| | | | | | | Indiana Pipe Line Company | Indiana Pipe Line Company | Indiana Pipe Line Company | Indiana Pipe Line Company | Indiana Pipe Line Company | Indiana Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Indiana Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | Buckeye Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | 1942 overname | 1942 overname | 1942 overname | 1942 overname | 1942 overname | 1942 overname | | | 1967 overname | 1967 overname | 1967 overname | 1967 overname | 1967 overname | 1967 overname | | | | | | | 1986 Buckeye Partners | 1986 Buckeye Partners | 1986 Buckeye Partners | 1986 Buckeye Partners | 1986 Buckeye Partners | 1986 Buckeye Partners |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Northern Pipe Line Company | Northern Pipe Line Company | Northern Pipe Line Company | Northern Pipe Line Company | Northern Pipe Line Company | Northern Pipe Line Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | New York Transit Company | New York Transit Company | New York Transit Company | New York Transit Company | New York Transit Company | New York Transit Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | 1917 Marland | 1917 Marland | 1917 Marland | 1917 Marland | 1917 Marland | 1917 Marland | 1929 Conoco | 1929 Conoco | 1929 Conoco | 1929 Conoco | 1929 Conoco | 1929 Conoco | | | | | | | | | | | 1981 overname door DuPont | 1981 overname door DuPont | 1981 overname door DuPont | 1981 overname door DuPont | 1981 overname door DuPont | 1981 overname door DuPont | | | | | | | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | 1998 IPO Continental Oil Company | | | 2002 ConocoPhillips | 2002 ConocoPhillips | 2002 ConocoPhillips | 2002 ConocoPhillips | 2002 ConocoPhillips | 2002 ConocoPhillips |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Continental Oil Company | Continental Oil Company | Continental Oil Company | Continental Oil Company | Continental Oil Company | Continental Oil Company | | | | | | | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | 1917 Phillips Petroleum Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | The Ohio Oil Company | The Ohio Oil Company | The Ohio Oil Company | The Ohio Oil Company | The Ohio Oil Company | The Ohio Oil Company | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1962 Marathon Oil | 1962 Marathon Oil | 1962 Marathon Oil | 1962 Marathon Oil | 1962 Marathon Oil | 1962 Marathon Oil | | | | | | | 1982 overname door United States Steel | 1982 overname door United States Steel | 1982 overname door United States Steel | 1982 overname door United States Steel | 1982 overname door United States Steel | 1982 overname door United States Steel | | | 2002 Marathon Oil | 2002 Marathon Oil | 2002 Marathon Oil | 2002 Marathon Oil | 2002 Marathon Oil | 2002 Marathon Oil |