# Ridere per ridere/Bibliografia

Ridere per ridere
CAPITOLO 1: Introduzione alla Psicologia dell'UmorismoRidere per ridere/Capitolo 1
* — UniversalitàRidere per ridere/Universalità
* — Cos'è l'umorismo?Ridere per ridere/Definizione
* — Le molteplici formeRidere per ridere/Molte forme
* — Funzioni psicologicheRidere per ridere/Funzione psicologica
* — Breve storia dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Breve storia
* — Umorismo e psicologiaRidere per ridere/Umorismo e psicologia
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione
CAPITOLO 2: Teorie psicoanalitiche e della superioritàRidere per ridere/Capitolo 2
* — Teoria psicoanaliticaRidere per ridere/Teoria psicoanalitica
* — Teorie di superioritàRidere per ridere/Superiorità e denigrazione
CAPITOLO 3: Teorie dell'eccitazione, incongruenza e inversioneRidere per ridere/Capitolo 3
* — Teorie dell'eccitazioneRidere per ridere/Teorie dell'eccitazione
* — Teorie dell'incongruenzaRidere per ridere/Teorie dell'incongruenza
* — Teoria dell'inversioneRidere per ridere/Teoria dell'inversione
* — Indagini empiricheRidere per ridere/Indagini empiriche
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione1
CAPITOLO 4: Psicologia cognitiva dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Capitolo 4
* — Incongruenza e schemiRidere per ridere/Umorismo e schemi
* — Approcci linguisticiRidere per ridere/Approcci linguistici
* — Approcci psicologiciRidere per ridere/Approcci psicologici
* — Processi cognitiviRidere per ridere/Processi cognitivi
* — Effetti sulla cognizioneRidere per ridere/Effetti sulla cognizione
* — Approcci computazionaliRidere per ridere/Approcci computazionali
* — Gioco cognitivoRidere per ridere/Umorismo come gioco
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione2
CAPITOLO 5: Psicologia sociale dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Capitolo 5
* — Interazione socialeRidere per ridere/Interazione sociale
* — Funzioni interpersonaliRidere per ridere/Funzioni interpersonali
* — CanzonareRidere per ridere/Canzonare
* — Aspetti socialiRidere per ridere/Aspetti sociali
* — Percezione e attrazioneRidere per ridere/Percezione e attrazione
* — Umorismo e persuasioneRidere per ridere/Umorismo e persuasione
* — Atteggiamenti e pregiudiziRidere per ridere/Atteggiamenti e pregiudizi
* — Umorismo e relazioni intimeRidere per ridere/Relazioni intime
* — Umorismo e genereRidere per ridere/Umorismo e genere
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione3
CAPITOLO 6: Psicobiologia dell'umorismo e della risataRidere per ridere/Capitolo 6
* — Natura della risataRidere per ridere/Nature
* — Concomitanti dell'allegriaRidere per ridere/Concomitanti autonomi
* — Ridere tra animaliRidere per ridere/Animali
* — Risata patologicaRidere per ridere/Risata patologica
* — Risata e cervelloRidere per ridere/Risata e cervello
* — Solletico come stimoloRidere per ridere/Solletico
* — Basi neurali dei processi cognitiviRidere per ridere/Basi neurali
* — Teorie evolutiveRidere per ridere/Teorie evolutive
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione4
CAPITOLO 7: Approcci della personalità al senso dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Capitolo 7
* — Il senso dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Senso dell'umorismo
* — Apprezzamento dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Differenze individuali
* — Autovalutazioni dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Autovalutazioni
* — Umorismo come abilitàRidere per ridere/Umorismo come abilità
* — Stili di condotta umoristicaRidere per ridere/Condotta umoristica
* — Quanti sensi dell'umorismo?Ridere per ridere/Sensi dell'umorismo
* — Caratteristiche degli umoristiRidere per ridere/Personalità degli umoristi
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione5
CAPITOLO 8: Psicologia evolutiva dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Capitolo 8
* — Ridere nell'infanziaRidere per ridere/Sorridere e ridere
* — Umorismo e giocoRidere per ridere/Umorismo e gioco
* — Umorismo e sviluppo cognitivoRidere per ridere/sviluppo cognitivo
* — Umorismo come coping emotivoRidere per ridere/Coping emotivo
* — Umorismo nei bambiniRidere per ridere/Umorismo nei bambini
* — Differenze tra bambiniRidere per ridere/Differenze tra bambini
* — Umorismo e tarda etàRidere per ridere/Umorismo e tarda età
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione6
CAPITOLO 9: Umorismo e salute mentaleRidere per ridere/Capitolo 9
* — Umorismo e benessere emotivoRidere per ridere/Benessere emotivo
* — Umorismo, stress e copingRidere per ridere/Stress e coping
* — Aspetti interpersonali dell'umorismoRidere per ridere/Aspetti interpersonali
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione7
CAPITOLO 10: Umorismo e salute fisicaRidere per ridere/Capitolo 10
* — Credenze popolari sull'umorismoRidere per ridere/Credenze popolari
* — Umorismo nella saluteRidere per ridere/Umorismo e salute
* — Umorismo e immunitàRidere per ridere/Umorismo e immunità
* — Umorismo e doloreRidere per ridere/Umorismo e dolore
* — Umorismo e malattie cardiacheRidere per ridere/Malattie cardiache
* — Umorismo e sintomi di malattiaRidere per ridere/Umorismo e sintomi
* — Umorismo e longevitàRidere per ridere/Umorismo e longevità
* — ConclusioneRidere per ridere/Conclusione8
CAPITOLO 11: Applicazioni dell'umorismo in psicoterapia, istruzione e lavoroRidere per ridere/Capitolo 11
* — Umorismo in psicoterapiaRidere per ridere/Psicoterapia e counseling
* — Umorismo nell'istruzioneRidere per ridere/Umorismo nell'istruzione
* — Umorismo sul posto di lavoroRidere per ridere/Posto di lavoro
☆ Discussione GeneraleRidere per ridere/Discussione Generale
Modifica il sommario

## Bibliografia & Riferimenti

Abel, M. H. (1998). Interaction of humor and gender in moderating relationships between stress and outcomes. Journal of Psychology, 132(3), 267-276.
Abel, M. H. (2002). Humor, stress, and coping strategies. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 75(4), 365-381.
Abel, M. H., & Maxwell, D. (2002). Humor and affective consequences of a stressful task. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 21(2), 165-190.
Abelson, R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715-729.
Adams, E. R., & McGuire, F. A. (1986). Is laughter the best medicine? A study of the effects of humor on perceived pain and affect. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, (3-4), 157-175.
Adams, P., & Mylander, M. (1998). Gesundbeit!: Bringing good health to you, the medical system, and society through physician service, complementary therapies, humor, and joy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.
Adelsward, V, & Oberg, B.-M. (1998). The function of laughter and joking in negotiation activities. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(4), 411-429.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1991). Infant-mother attachment and social development: 'Socialisation' as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In M. Woodhead, R. Carr & P. Light (Eds.), Becoming a person (pp. 30-55). London: Routledge.
Alexander, R. D. (1986). Ostracism and indirect reciprocity: The reproductive significance of humor. Ethology & Sociobiology, 7(3-4), 253-270.
Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of'mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Andersen, J. F. (1979). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3 (pp. 543-559). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Anderson, C. A., & Arnoult, L. H. (1989). An examination of perceived control, humor, irrational beliefs, and positive stress as moderators of the relation between negative stress and health. Applied Social Psychology, 10(2), 101-117.
Andrews, R. (1993). The Columbia dictionary of quotations. New York: Columbia University Press.
Apte, M. L. (1985). Humor and laughter: An anthropological approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Apter, M. J. (1982). The experience of motivation: The theory of psychological reversals. London: Academic Press.
Apter, M. J. (1991). A structural-phenomenology of play. In J. H. Kerr & M. J. Apter (Eds.), Adult play: A reversal theory approach (pp. 13-29). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Apter, M. J. (1992). The dangerous edge: The psychology of excitement. New York: Free Press.
Apter, M. J. (Ed.). (2001). Motivational styles in everyday life: A guide to reversal theory. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Apter, M. J., & Smith, K. C. P. (1977). Humour and the theory of psychological reversals. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s a funny thing, humour (pp. 95-100). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Arriaga, X. B. (2002). Joking violence among highly committed individuals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(6), 591-610.
Arroyo, S., Lesser, R. P., Gordon, B., Uematsu, S., Hart, J., Schwerdt, P., et al. (1993). Mirth, laughter and gelastic seizures. Brain, 116, 757-780.
Askenasy, J. J. (1987). The functions and dysfunctions of laughter. Journal of General Psychology, 114(4), 317-334.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Staudinger, U. M. (2003). A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Atsumi, T, Fujisawa, S., Nakabayashi, Y, Kawarai, T, Yasui, T, & Tonosaki, K. (2004). Pleasant feeling from watching a comical video enhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human whole saliva. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 377-379.
Attardo, S. (1994). Linguistic theories of humor. Hawthorne, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
Attardo, S. (1997). The semantic foundations of cognitive theories of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(4), 395-420.
Attardo, S. (1998). The analysis of humorous narratives. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(3), 231-260.
Attardo, S., Hempelmann, C. E, & Di Maio, S. (2002). Script oppositions and logical mechanisms: Modeling incongruities and their resolutions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 75(1), 3-46.
Attardo, S., & Raskin, V. (1991). Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke representation model. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(3-4), 293-347.
Averill, J. R. (1969). Autonomic response patterns during sadness and mirth. Psychophysiology, 5, 399^14.
Azim, E., Mobbs, D., Jo, B., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2005). Sex differences in brain activation elicited by humor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(45), 16496-16501 .
Babad, E. Y. (1974). A multi-method approach to the assessment of humor: A critical look at humor tests. Journal of Personality, 42(4), 618-631.
Bachelor, A., & Horvath, A. (1999). The therapeutic relationship. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan & S. D. Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 133-178). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bachorowski, J.-A., & Owren, M. J. (2001). Not all laughs are alike: Voiced but not unvoiced laughter readily elicits positive affect. Psychological Science, 72(3), 252-257.
Bachorowski, J.-A., & Owren, M. J. (2003). Sounds of emotion: Production and perception of affect-related vocal acoustics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000.
Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M. J., & Owen, M. J. (2001). The acoustic features of Human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica, 110(3, Pt 1), 1581-1597.
Bainum, C. K., Lounsbury, K. R., & Pollio, H. R. (1984). The development of laughing and smiling in nursery school children. Child Development, 55(5), 1946-1957.
Bariaud, F. (1988). Age differences in children's humor. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20(1-2), 15-45.
Barnett, L. A. (1990). Playfulness: Definition, design, and measurement. Play of Culture, 5(4), 319-336.
Barnett, L. A. (1991). The playful child: Measurement of a disposition to play. Play of Culture, 4(1), 51-74.
Baron, R. A. (1978a). Aggression-inhibiting influence of sexual humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 36(2), 189-197.
Baron, R. A. (1978b). The influence of hostile and nonhostile humor upon physical aggression. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(1), 77-80.
Baron, R. A., & Ball, R. L. (1974). The aggression-inhibiting influence of nonhostile humor. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(1), 23-33.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bateson, P. (2005). The role of play in the evolution of great apes and humans. In A. D. Pellegrini & P. K. Smith (Eds.), The nature of play: Great apes and humans (pp. 13-24). New York: Guilford Press.
Belanger, H. G., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Derks, P. (1998). The effects of humor on verbal and imaginal problem solving. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(1), 21- 31.
Bell, N. J., McGhee, P. E., & Duffey, N. S. (1986). Interpersonal competence, social assertiveness and the development of humour. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 51-55.
Benedetti, F. (2002). How the doctor's words affect the patient's brain. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 25(4), 369-386.
Bergen, D. (1998a). Development of the sense of humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 329-358). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Bergen, D. (1998b). Play as a context for humor development. In D. P. Fromberg & D. Bergen (Eds.), Playfrom birth to twelve and beyond: Contexts, perspectives, and meanings (pp. 324-337). New York: Garland.
Bergen, D. (2002). Finding the humor in children's play. In J. L. Roopnarine (Ed.), Conceptual, social-cognitive, and contextual issues in the fields of play (pp. 209-220). Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
Bergen, D. (2003). Humor, play, and child development. In A. J. Klein (Ed.), Humor in children's lives: A guidebook for practitioners (pp. 17-32). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Berger, A. A. (1995). Blind men and elephants: Perspectives on humor. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Bergmann, M. S. (1999). The psychoanalysis of humor and humor in psychoanalysis. In J. W. Barron (Ed.), Humor and psyche: Psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 11-30). Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Bergson, H. (1911). Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic. Oxford: Macmillan.
Berk, L. S., Felten, D. L., Tan, S. A., Bittman, B. B., & Westengard, J. (2001). Modulation of neuroimmune parameters during the eustress of humor-associated mirthful laughter. Alternative Therapies, 7(2), 62-76.
Berk, L. S., Tan, S. A, Fry, W. F., Napier, B. J., Lee, J. W., Hubbard, R. W., et al. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 298, 390-396.
Berk, R. A., & Nanda, J. R (1998). Effects of jocular instructional methods on attitudes, anxiety, and achievement in statistics courses. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 11(4), 383-409.
Berkowitz, L. (1970). Aggressive humor as a stimulus to aggressive responses. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 16(4), 710-717.
Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Berlyne, D. E. (1969). Laughter, humor, and play. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook ofsocial psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 795-852). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Berlyne, D. E. (1972). Humor and its kin. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 43-60). New York: Academic Press.
Bernet, W. (1993). Humor in evaluating and treating children and adolescents. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research, 2(4), 307-317.
Berns, G. S. (2004). Something funny happened to reward. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(5), 193-194.
Bernstein, D. K. (1986). The development of humor: Implications for assessment and intervention. Topics in Language Disorders, 5(4), 65-71.
Berscheid, E., & Reis, H. T. (1998). Attraction and close relationships. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 193-281). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Besemer, S. P., & Treffinger, D. J. (1981). Analysis of creative products: Review and synthesis. Journal of Creative Behavior, 15, 158-178.
Bihrle, A. M., Brownell, H. H., & Gardner, H. (1988). Humor and the right hemisphere: A narrative perspective. In H. A. Whitaker (Ed.), Contemporary reviews in neuropsychology (pp. 109-126). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Bihrle, A. M., Brownell, H. H., & Powelson, J. A. (1986). Comprehension of humorous and nonhumorous materials by left and right brain-damaged patients. Brain & Cognition, 5(4), 399-411.
Bill, B., & Naus, P. (1992). The role of humor in the interpretation of sexist incidents. Sex Roles, 27(11-12), 645-664.
Binsted, K., Pain, H., & Ritchie, G. (1997). Children's evaluation of computer-generated punning riddles. Pragmatics and Cognition, 5(2), 309-358.
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (1997). Computational rules for generating punning riddles. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(1), 25-76.
Binsted, K., & Ritchie, G. (2001). Towards a model of story puns. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(3), 275-292.
Bippus, A. M. (2000a). Humor usage in comforting episodes: Factors predicting outcomes. Western Journal of Communication, 64(4), 359-384.
Bippus, A. M. (2000b). Making sense of humor in young romantic relationships: Understanding partners' perceptions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 13(4), 395-417.
Bizi, S., Keinan, G., & Beit-Hallahmi, B. (1988). Humor and coping with stress: A test under real-life conditions. Personality & Individual Differences, 9(6), 951-956.
Blakemore, S. J., Wolpert, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (1998). Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation. Nature Neuroscience, 1(7), 635-640.
Bloch, S. (1987). Humor in group therapy. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of humor and psychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of humor (pp. 171-194). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Bloch, S., Browning, S., & McGrath, G. (1983). Humour in group psychotherapy. British Journal ofMedical Psychology, 56(1), 89-97.
Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (1997). Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 106(1), 126-137.
Booth, R. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Emotions and immunity. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 558-570). New York: Guilford.
Borcherdt, B. (2002). Humor and its contributions to mental health. Journal ofRational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 20(3^), 247-257.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Boyle, G. J., & Joss-Reid, J. M. (2004). Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric investigation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9(1), 51-66.
Breckler, S. J., Olson, J. M., & Wiggins, E. C. (2006). Social psychology alive. Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth.
Bressler, E. R., & Balshine, S. (2006). The influence of humor on desirability. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(1), 29-39.
Bressler, E. R., Martin, R. A., & Balshine, S. (2006). Production and appreciation of humor as sexually selected traits. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(2), 121-130.
Brodzinsky, D. M. (1975). The role of conceptual tempo and stimulus characteristics in children's humor development. Developmental Psychology, 11(6), 843-850.
Brodzinsky, D. M. (1977). Children's comprehension and appreciation of verbal jokes in relation to conceptual tempo. Child Development, 48(3), 960-967.
Brodzinsky, D. M., Barnet, K., & Aiello, J. R. (1981). Sex of subject and gender identity as factors in humor appreciation. Sex Roles, 12, 195-219.
Brodzinsky, D. M., & Rubien, J. (1976). Humor production as a function of sex of subject, creativity, and cartoon content. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 597-600.
Brown, G. E., Brown, D., & Ramos, J. (1981). Effects of a laughing versus a nonlaughing model on humor responses in college students. Psychological Reports, 48(1), 35-40.
Brown, G. E., Wheeler, K. J., & Cash, M. (1980). The effects of a laughing versus a nonlaughing model on humor responses in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29(2), 334-339.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, R. B., & Keegan, D. (1999). Humor in the hotel kitchen. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(1), 47-70.
Brown, S. L., & Schwartz, G. E. (1980). Relationships between facial electromyography and subjective experience during affective imagery. Biological Psychology, 11, 49-62.
Brownell, H. H., & Gardner, H. (1988). Neuropsychological insights into humour. In J. Durant & J. Miller (Eds.), Laughing matters: A serious look at humour (pp. 17-34). Essex, England: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Brownell, H. H., Michel, D., Powelson, J., & Gardner, H. (1983). Surprise but not coherence: Sensitivity to verbal humor in right-hemisphere patients. Brain & Language, 18, 20-27.
Brownell, H. H., & Stringfellow, A. (2000). Cognitive perspectives on humor comprehension after brain injury. In L. T. Connor & L. K. Obler (Eds.), Neurobehavior of language and cognition: Studies of normal aging and brain damage (pp. 241-258). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Bruehl, S., Carlson, C. R., & McCubbin, J. A. (1993). Two brief interventions for acute pain. Pain, 54 - 29-36.
Bryant, J. (1977). Degree of hostility in squelches as a factor in humour appreciation. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 321-327). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Bryant, J., Brown, D., Parks, S. L., & Zillmann, D. (1983). Children's imitation of a ridiculed model. Human Communication Research, 10(2), 243-255.
Bryant, J., Brown, D., Silberberg, A. R., & Elliott, S. M. (1981). Effects of humorous illustrations in college textbooks. Human Communication Research, 8(1), 43-57.
Bryant, J., Comisky, P. W., Crane, J. S., & Zillmann, D. (1980). Relationship between college teachers' use of humor in the classroom and students' evaluations of their teachers. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 72(4), 511-519.
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1989). Using humor to promote learning in the classroom. In P. E. McGhee (Ed.), Humor and children's development: A guide to practical applications (pp. 49-78). New York: Haworth Press.
Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Buckman, E. S. (Ed.). (1994). The handbook of humor: Clinical applications in psychotherapy. Melbourne, FL: Robert E. Krieger.
Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 57(6), 991-1008.
Burling, R. (1993). Primate calls, human language, and nonverbal communication. Current Anthropology, 34(1), 25-53.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(1-49).
Buss, D. M., & Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook ofsocial psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 982-1026). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Butovskaya, M. L., & Kozintsev, A. G. (1996). A neglected form of quasi-aggression in apes: Possible relevance for the origins of humor. Current Anthropology, 37(4), 716-717.
Byrne, D. (1956). The relationship between humor and the expression of hostility. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 53, 84-89.
Byrne, D. (1961). Some inconsistencies in the effect of motivation arousal on humor preferences. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 62, 158-160.
Cacioppo, J. T, Berntson, G. G., Larsen, J. T, Poehlmann, K. M., & Ito, T. A. (2000). The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 173-191). New York: Guilford.
Cann, A., & Calhoun, L. G. (2001). Perceived personality associations with differences in sense of humor: Stereotypes of hypothetical others with high or low senses of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(2), 117-130.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Banks, J. S. (1997). On the role of humor appreciation in interpersonal attraction: It's no joking matter. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(1), 77-89.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Nance, J. T. (2000). Exposure to humor before and after an unpleasant stimulus: Humor as a preventative or a cure. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 13(2), 177-191.
Cann, A., Holt, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (1999). The roles of humor and sense of humor in responses to stressors. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(2), 177-193.
Cantor, J. R. (1976). What is funny to whom? The role of gender. Journal of Communication, 26(3), 164-172.
Cantor, J. R., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1974). Enhancement of humor appreciation by transferred excitation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 30(6), 812-821.
Caron, J. E. (2002). From ethology to aesthetics: Evolution as a theoretical paradigm for research on laughter, humor, and other comic phenomena. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 75(3), 245-281.
Carroll, J. L. (1989). Changes in humor appreciation of college students in the last twenty-five years. Psychological Reports, 55(3, Pt 1), 863-866.
Carroll, J. L. (1990). The relationship between humor appreciation and perceived physical health. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 27(2), 34-37.
Carroll, J. L., & Shmidt, J. L. (1992). Correlation between humorous coping style and health. Psychological Reports, 70(2), 402.
Carson, D. K., Skarpness, L. R., Schultz, N. W., & McGhee, P. E. (1986). Temperament and communicative competence as predictors of young children's humor. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(4), 415-426.
Carstensen, L. L., Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotional behavior in longterm marriage. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 140-149.
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. E, Robinson, D. S., et al. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65(2), 375-390.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. E, & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
Casadonte, D. (2003). A note on the neuro-mathematics of laughter. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(2), 133-156.
Cashion, J. L., Cody, M. J., & Erickson, K. V. (1986). "You'll love this one . . .": An exploration into joke-prefacing devices. Journal ofLanguage & Social Psychology, 5(4), 303-3 12.
Cattell, R. B. (1947). Confirmation and clarification of primary personality factors. Psychometrica, 12, 197-220.
Cattell, R. B., & Luborsky, L. B. (1947). Personality factors in response to humor. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 42, 402-421.
Cattell, R. B., & Tollefson, D. L. (1966). The IPAT humor test of personality. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Celso, B. G., Ebener, D. J., & Burkhead, E. J. (2003). Humor coping, health status, and life satisfaction among older adults residing in assisted living facilities. Aging & Mental Health, 7(6), 438-445.
Chafe, W. (1987). Humor as a disabling mechanism. American Behavioral Scientist, 30(1), 16-25.
Chapman, A. J. (1973a). An electromyographic study of apprehension about evaluation. Psychological Reports, 33, 811-814.
Chapman, A. J. (1973b). Social facilitation of laughter in children. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(6), 528-541.
Chapman, A. J. (1975a). Eye contact, physical proximity and laughter: A re-examination of the equilibrium model of social intimacy. Social Behavior & Personality, 3(2), 143-155.
Chapman, A. J. (1975b). Humorous laughter in children. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 31(1), 42-49.
Chapman, A. J. (1976). Social aspects of humorous laughter. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 155-185). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Chapman, A. J. (1983). Humor and laughter in social interaction and some implications for humor research. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research, Vol. 1: Basic issues (pp. 135-157). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Chapman, A. J., & Foot, H. C. (1976). Humour and laughter: Theory, research and applications. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Chapman, A. J., & Gadfield, N. J. (1976). Is sexual humor sexist? Journal of Communication, 25(3), 141-153.
Chapman, A. J., Smith, J. R., & Foot, H. C. (1980). Humour, laughter, and social interaction. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (pp. 141-179). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Chapman, A. J., & Wright, D. S. (1976). Social enhancement of laughter: An experimental analysis of some companion variables. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 21(2), 201-218.
Chattopadhyay, A., & Basu, K. (1990). Humor in advertising: The moderating role of prior brand evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(4), 466-476.
Check, J. F. (1986). Positive traits of the effective teacher-negative traits of the ineffective one. Education, 106(3), 326-334.
Chen, G., & Martin, R. A. (in press). Humor styles, coping humor, and mental health among Chinese university students. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research.
Cherkas, L., Hochberg, E, MacGregor, A. J., Snieder, H., & Spector, T. D. (2000). Happy families: A twin study of humour. Twin Research, 3, 17-22.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, N. (1971). Deep structure, surface structure, and semantic interpretation. In D. D. Steinberg & L. A. Jakobovits (Eds.), Semantics: An interdisciplinary reader in philosophy, linguistics, and psychology (pp. 183-216). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2004). Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: A multivariate approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 51, 143-153.
Clabby, J. F. (1980). The wit: A personality analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44(3), 307-310.
Clark, A., Seidler, A., & Miller, M. (2001). Inverse association between sense of humor and coronary heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology, 80, 87-88.
Clark, H. H., & Gerrig, R. J. (1984). On the pretense theory of irony. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: General, 113, 121-126.
Clouse, R. W, & Spurgeon, K. L. (1995). Corporate analysis of humor. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 32(1^), 1-24.
Cogan, R., Cogan, D., Waltz, W, & McCue, M. (1987). Effects of laughter and relaxation on discomfort thresholds. Journal ofBehavioral Medicine, 10(2), 139-144.
Cohan, C. L., & Bradbury, T. N. (1997). Negative life events, marital interaction, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(1), 114-128.
Cohen, S., & Edwards, J. R. (1989). Personality characteristics as moderators of the relationship between stress and disorder. In R. W. J. Neufeld (Ed.), Advances in the investigation of psychological stress (pp. 235-283). New York: Wiley.
Collinson, D. L. (1988). "Engineering humour": Masculinity, joking and conflict in shop-floor relations. Organization Studies, 9(2), 181-199.
Colston, H. L., Giora, R., & Katz, A. (2000). Joke comprehension: Salience and context effects. Paper presented at the 7th International Pragmatics Conference, Budapest.
Consalvo, C. M. (1989). Humor in management: No laughing matter. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(3), 285-297.
Conway, M., & Dube, L. (2002). Humor in persuasion on threatening topics: Effectiveness is a function of audience sex role orientation. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7), 863-873.
Cook, K. S., & Rice, E. (2003). Social exchange theory. In J. Delamater (Ed.), Handbook ofsocial psychology (pp. 53-76). New York: Plenum.
Cook, M., Young, A., Taylor, D., & Bedford, A. P. (1998). Personality correlates of alcohol consumption. Personality & Individual Differences, 24, 641-647.
Cornett, C. E. (1986). Learning through laughter: Humor in the classroom. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Corruble, E., Bronnec, M., Falissard, B., & Hardy, P. (2004). Defense styles in depressed suicide attempters. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 5#(3), 285-288.
Coser, R. L. (1960). Laughter among colleagues: A study of the functions of humor among the staff of a mental hospital. Psychiatry, 23, 81-95.
Coulson, A. S. (2001). Cognitive synergy. In M. J. Apter (Ed.), Motivational styles in everyday life: A guide to reversal theory (pp. 229-248). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Coulson, S., & Kutas, M. (2001). Getting it: Human event-related brain response to jokes in good and poor comprehenders. Neuroscience Letters, 316, 71-74.
Cousins, N. (1976). Anatomy of an illness (as perceived by the patient). New England Journal of Medicine, 295, 1458-1463.
Cousins, N. (1979). Anatomy ofan illness as perceived by the patient: Reflections on healing and regeneration. New York: W. W. Norton.
Cousins, N. (1985). Therapeutic value of laughter. Integrative Psychiatry, 3(2), 112.
Craik, K. H., Lampert, M. D., & Nelson, A. J. (1996). Sense of humor and styles of everyday humorous conduct. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 273-302.
Craik, K. H., & Ware, A. P. (1998). Humor and personality in everyday life. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 63-94). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Crawford, M. (1989). Humor in conversational context: Beyond biases in the study of gender and humor. In R. K. Unger (Ed.), Representations: Social constructions of gender (pp. 155-166). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing.
Crawford, M. (1992). Just kidding: Gender and conversational humor. In R. Barreca (Ed.), New perspectives on women and comedy (pp. 23-37). Philadelphia, PA: Gordon and Breach.
Crawford, M. (2003). Gender and humor in social context. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(9), 1413-1430.
Crawford, M., & Gressley, D. (1991). Creativity, caring, and context: Women's and men's accounts of humor preferences and practices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15(2), 217- 231.
Creusere, M. A. (1999). Theories of adults' understanding and use of irony and sarcasm: Applications to and evidence from research with children. Developmental Review, 19(2), 213-262.
Creusere, M. A. (2000). A developmental test of theoretical perspectives on the understanding of verbal irony: Children's recognition of allusion and pragmatic insincerity. Metaphor & Symbol, 1 5(1-2), 29-45.
Culver, J. L., Arena, P. L., Wimberly, S. R., Antoni, M. H., & Carver, C. S. (2004). Coping among African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White women recently treated for early stage breast cancer. Psychology & Health, 19(2), 157-166.
Cunningham, W. A., & Derks, P. (2005). Humor appreciation and latency of comprehension. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 18(4), 389-403.
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reasoning, and the human brain. New York: G. P. Putnam.
Damico, S. B., & Purkey, W. W. (1978). Class clowns: A study of middle school students. American Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 391-398.
Daniel, H. J., O'Brien, K. E, McCabe, R. B., & Quinter, V. E. (1985). Values in mate selection: A 1984 campus survey. College Student Journal, 19(1), 44-50.
Danzer, A., Dale, J. A., & Klions, H. L. (1990). Effect of exposure to humorous stimuli on induced depression. Psychological Reports, 66(3, Pt 1), 1027-1036.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Murray.
Davidson, I. F. W. K., & Brown, W. I. (1989). Using humour in counselling mentally retarded clients: A preliminary study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 12, 93-104.
Davies, A. P., & Apter, M. J. (1980). Humour and its effect on learning in children. In P. E. McGhee & A.J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (pp. 237-253). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Davies, C. (1990a). Ethnic humor around the world: A comparative analysis. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Davies, C. (1990b). An explanation of Jewish jokes about Jewish women. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3, 363-378.
Davis, G. A., & Subkoviak, M. J. (1975). Multidimensional analysis of a personality-based test of creative potential. Journal ofEducational Measurement, 12(1), 37-43.
Davis, J. M., & Farina, A. (1970). Humor appreciation as social communication. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 15(2), 175-178.
Day, H. I., & Langevin, R. (1969). Curiosity and intelligence: Two necessary conditions for a high level of creativity. Journal of Special Education, 3, 263-268.
de Groot, A., Kaplan, J., Rosenblatt, E., Dews, S., & Winner, E. (1995). Understanding versus discriminating nonliteral utterances: Evidence for a dissociation. Metaphor & Symbol, 10(4), 255-273.
de Koning, E., & Weiss, R. L. (2002). The Relational Humor Inventory: Functions of humor in close relationships. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 1-18.
Deal, T. E. D., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Deaner, S. L., & McConatha, J. T. (1993). The relationship of humor to depression and personality. Psychological Reports, 72(3, Pt 1), 755-763.
Decker, W. H. (1987). Managerial humor and subordinate satisfaction. Social Behavior & Personality, 15(2), 225-232.
Decker, W. H., & Rotondo, D. M. (2001). Relationships among gender, type of humor, and perceived leader effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4), 450-465.
Deckers, L. (1993). On the validity of a weight-judging paradigm for the study of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(1), 43-56.
Deckers, L. (1998). Influence of mood on humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of Humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 309-328). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Deckers, L., & Buttram, R. T. (1990). Humor as a response to incongruities within or between schemata. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3(1), 53-64.
Deckers, L., & Carr, D. E. (1986). Cartoons varying in low-level pain ratings, not aggression ratings, correlate positively with funniness ratings. Motivation & Emotion, 10(3), 207-216.
Deckers, L., & Edington, J. (1979). Facial expressions ofmirth as a log-logJunction of the degree of incongruity in a psychophysical task. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Convention, Chicago.
Deckers, L., Edington, J., & VanCleave, G. (1981). Mirth as a function of incongruities in judged and unjudged dimensions of psychophysical tasks. Journal of General Psychology, /05(Pt 2), 225-233.
Deckers, L., & Hricik, D. (1984). Orienting and humor responses: A synthesis. Motivation & Emotion, 8(3), 183-204.
Deckers, L., Jenkins, S., & Gladfelter, E. (1977). Incongruity versus tension relief: Hypotheses of humor. Motivation & Emotion, 1, 261-272.
Deckers, L., & Kizer, P. (1974). A note on weight discrepancy and humor. Journal of Psychology, 86(2), 309-312.
Deckers, L., & Kizer, P. (1975). Humor and the incongruity hypothesis. Journal of Psychology, 90(2), 215-218.
Deckers, L., Pell, C., & Lundahl, B. (1990). Smile amplitude or duration as an indicator of Humor? Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association Convention, Chicago.
Deckers, L., & Ruch, W. (1992 a). Sensation seeking and the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (SHRQ): Its relationship in American and German samples. Personality & Individual Differences, 13(9), 1051-1054.
Deckers, L., & Ruch, W. (1992b). The Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (SHRQ) as a test of "sense of humour": A validity study in the field of humour appreciation. Personality & Individual Differences, 13(10), 1149-1152.
Deckers, L., & Salais, D. (1983). Humor as a negatively accelerated function of the degree of incongruity. Motivation & Emotion, 7(4), 357-363.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Deitz, S. R., & Hazaleus, S. L. (1981). Effects of humor and test anxiety on performance, worry, and emotionality in naturally occurring exams. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 5(2), 225-228.
Deinzer, R., Kleineidam, C., Stiller-Winkler, R., Idel, H., & Bachg, D. (2000). Prolonged reduction of salivary immunoglobulin A (slgA) after major academic exam. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 37(3), 219-232.
DeNeve, K. M. (1999). Happy as an extraverted clam? The role of personality for subjective well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(5), 141-144.
Derks, P. (1987). Humor production: An examination of three models of creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 21, 325-326.
Derks, P., & Arora, S. (1993). Sex and salience in the appreciation of cartoon humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(1), 57-69.
Derks, P., & Berkowitz, J. (1989). Some determinants of attitudes toward a joker. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(4), 385-396.
Derks, P., Gardner, J. B., & Agarwal, R. (1998). Recall of innocent and tendentious humorous material. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(1), 5-19.
Derks, P., Gillikin, L. S., Bartolome-Rull, D. S., & Bogart, E. H. (1997). Laughter and electroencephalographic activity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(3), 285- 300.
Derks, P., & Hervas, D. (1988). Creativity in humor production: Quantity and quality in divergent thinking. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(1), 37-39.
Derks, P., Kalland, S., & Etgen, M. (1995). The effect of joke type and audience response on the reaction to a joker: Replication and extension. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(4), 327-337.
Derks, P., Staley, R. E., & Haselton, M. G. (1998). "Sense" of humor: Perception, intelligence, or expertise? In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 143-158). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1998, x, 498.
Dewitte, S., & Verguts, T. (2001). Being funny: A selectionist account of humor production. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 37-53.
Dews, S., Kaplan, J., & Winner, E. (1995). Why not say it directly? The social functions of irony. Discourse Processes, 19(3), 347-367.
Dews, S., Winner, E., Kaplan, Rosenblatt, E., Hunt, M., Lim, K., et al. (1996). Children's understanding of the meaning and functions of verbal irony. Child Development, 67(6), 3071-3085.
Dienstbier, R. A. (1995). The impact of humor on energy, tension, task choices, and attributions: Exploring hypotheses from toughness theory. Motivation & Emotion, 19(4), 255- 267.
Dillon, K. M., Minchoff, B., & Baker, K. H. (1985). Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, /5(1), 13-18.
Dillon, K. M., & Totten, M. C. (1989). Psychological factors, immunocompetence, and health of breast-feeding mothers and their infants. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150(2), 155- 162.
Dixon, N. E (1980). Humor: A cognitive alternative to stress? In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 7, pp. 281-289). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
D'Onofrio, B. M., Turkheimer, E. N., Eaves, L. J., Corey, L. A., Berg, K., Solaas, M. H., et al. (2003). The role of the Children of Twins design in elucidating causal relations between parent characteristics and child outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 44(8), 1130-1144.
Donoghue, E. E., McCarrey, M. W, & Clement, R. (1983). Humour appreciation as a function of canned laughter, a mirthful companion, and field dependence: Facilitation and inhibitory effects. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 15(1), 150-162.
Doris, J., & Fierman, E. (1956). Humor and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 53, 59-62.
Dorz, S., Novara, C., Sica, C., & Sanavio, E. (2003). Predicting burnout among HIV/AIDS and oncology health care workers. Psychology & Health, 18(5), 677-684.
du Pre, A. (1998). Humor and the healing arts: A multimethod analysis of Humor use in health care. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Duchowny, M. S. (1983). Pathological disorders of laughter. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Humor research, Vol. 2: Applied studies (pp. 89-108). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Grooming, gossip and the evolution oflanguage. London: Faber and Faber. Duncan, C. P., & Nelson, J. E. (1985). Effects of humor in a radio advertising experiment. Journal ofAdvertising, 14(1), 33-40.
Duncan, C. P., Nelson, J. E., & Frontzak, N. L. (1984). The effect of humor on advertising comprehension. In T. C. Kinnear (Ed.), Advances in consumer research (pp. 432-437). Chicago: Association for Consumer Research.
Duncan, W. J., & Feisal, J. P. (1989). No laughing matter: Patterns of humor in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 77(4), 18-30.
Duncan, W. J., Smeltzer, L. R., & Leap, T. L. (1990). Humor and work: Applications of joking behavior to management. Journal of Management, 16(2), 255-278.
Dworkin, E. S., & Efran, J. S. (1967). The angered: Their susceptibility to varieties of humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 6(2), 233-236.
Dwyer, T. (1991). Humor, power, and change in organizations. Human Relations, 44(1), 1-19. Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but . . . : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.
Eastman, M. (1936). Enjoyment of laughter. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 58(1), 342-353.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ellis, A. (1977). Fun as psychotherapy. Rational Living, 12(1), 2-6.
Ellis, A., & Grieger, R. (1986). Handbook of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer.
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129-136.
Epstein, S., & Smith, R. (1956). Repression and insight as related to reaction to cartoons. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 391-395.
Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1993). Conversational discourse. In J. B. Gleason & N. B. Ratner (Eds.), Psycholinguistics (pp. 237-270). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Esler, M. D. (1998). Mental stress, panic disorder and the heart. Stress Medicine, 14(4), 237- 243.
Eysenck, H. J. (1942). The appreciation of humour: an experimental and theoretical study. British Journal of Psychology, 32, 295-309.
Eysenck, H. J. (1943). An experimental analysis of five tests of "appreciation of humor." Educational & Psychological Measurement, 3, 191-214.
Eysenck, H. J. (1972). Foreword. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. xii-xvii). New York: Academic Press.
Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 244-276). New York: Guilford.
Fabrizi, M. S., & Pollio, H. R. (1987a). Are funny teenagers creative? Psychological Reports, 61(3), 751-761.
Fabrizi, M. S., & Pollio, H. R. (1987b). A naturalistic study of humorous activity in a third, seventh, and eleventh grade classroom. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33(1), 107-128.
Fagen, R. (1981). Animal play behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
Farrelly, E, & Brandsma, J. (1974). Provocative therapy. Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications.
Farrelly, E, & Lynch, M. (1987). Humor in provocative therapy. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of Humor andpsychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of Humor (pp. 8 1-106). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Feingold, A. (1981). Testing equity as an explanation for romantic couples "mismatched" on physical attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 49(1), 247-250.
Feingold, A. (1982). Measuring humor: A pilot study. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 54(3, Pt 1), 986.
Feingold, A. (1983). Measuring humor ability: Revision and construct validation of the Humor Perceptiveness Test. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 55(1), 159-166.
Feingold, A. (1992). Gender differences in mate selection preferences: A test of the parental investment model. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 125-139.
Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1991). Psychometric intelligence and verbal humor ability. Personality & Individual Differences, 12(5), 427-435.
Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1993). Preliminary validation of a multidimensional model of wittiness. Journal of Personality, 61, 439-456.
Felmlee, D. H. (1995). Fatal attractions: Affection and disaffection in intimate relationships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 12(2), 295-3 11.
Ferris, D. R. (1972). Humor and creativity: Research and theory. Journal of Creative Behavior, 6, 75-79.
Fine, G. A. (1977). Humour in situ: The role of humour in small group culture. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a fanny thing, humour (pp. 315-318). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Fisher, S., & Fisher, R. L. (1981). Pretend the world is funny and forever: A psychological analysis of comedians, clowns, and actors. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Flugel, J. C. (1954). Humor and laughter. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fogel, A., Dickson, K. L., Hsu, H.-C., Messinger, D., Nelson-Goens, G. C., & Nwokah, E. E. (1997). Communication of smiling and laughter in mother-infant play: Research on emotion from a dynamic systems perspective. In K. C. Barrett (Ed.), The communication of emotion: Current researchfrom diverse perspectives (pp. 5-24). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Foley, E., Matheis, R., & Schaefer, C. (2002). Effect of forced laughter on mood. Psychological Reports, 90(1), 184.
Forabosco, G. (1992). Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(1-2), 45-68.
Forabosco, G. (1994). "Seriality" and appreciation of jokes. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(4), 351-375.
Forabosco, G. (1998). The ill side of humor: Pathological conditions and sense of humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 271-292). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Forabosco, G., & Ruch, W. (1994). Sensation seeking, social attitudes and humor appreciation in Italy. Personality & Individual Differences, 75(4), 515-528.
Ford, C. V, & Spaulding, R. C. (1973). The Pueblo incident: A comparison of factors related to coping with extreme stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29(3), 340-343.
Ford, T. E. (2000). Effects of sexist humor on tolerance of sexist events. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1094-1107.
Ford, T. E., & Ferguson, M. A. (2004). Social consequences of disparagement humor: A prejudiced norm theory. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 8(1), 79-94.
Ford, T. E., Ferguson, M. A., Brooks, J. L., & Hagadone, K. M. (2004). Coping sense of humor reduces effects of stereotype threat on women's math performance. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 643-653.
Ford, T. E., Wentzel, E. R., & Lorion, J. (2001). Effects of exposure to sexist humor on perceptions of normative tolerance of sexism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(6), 677-691.
Forester, J. (2004). Responding to critical moments with humor, recognition, and hope. Negotiation Journal, 20(2), 221-237.
Fortson, S. B., & Brown, W. E. (1998). Best and worst university instructors: The opinions of graduate students. College Student Journal, 32(4), 572-576.
Foster, J. A., & Reid, J. (1983). Humor and its relationship to students' assessments of the counsellor. Canadian Counsellor, 17(3), 124-129.
Foster, P. S., Webster, D. G., & Williamson, J. (2002). The psychophysiological differentiation of actual, imagined, and recollected mirth. Imagination, Cognition & Personality, 22(2), 163-180.
Fraley, B., & Aron, A. (2004). The effect of a shared humorous experience on closeness in initial encounters. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 61-78.
Francis, L. E. (1994). Laughter, the best mediation: Humor as emotion management in interaction. Symbolic Interaction, 17(2), 147-163.
Frank, M. G., & Ekman, P. (1993). Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 6, 9-26.
Frankl, V. E. (1960). Paradoxical intention: A logotherapeutic technique. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 14, 520-535.
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Washington Square Press.
Franzini, L. R. (2000). Humor in behavior therapy. Behavior Therapist, 23(2), 25-29, 41.
Franzini, L. R. (2001). Humor in therapy: The case for training therapists in its uses and risks. Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 170-193.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broadenand- build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 55(3), 218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 12(2), 191-220.
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24(4), 237-258.
Freiheit, S. R., Overholser, J. C., & Lehnert, K. L. (1998). The association between humor and depression in adolescent psychiatric inpatients and high school students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13(1), 32-48.
Freud, S. (1928). Humour. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 9, 1-6.
Freud, S. (1935). A general introduction to psycho-analysis. New York: Liveright Publishing.
Freud, S. (1960 [1905]). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: Norton.
Frewen, P. A., Brinker, J., Martin, R. A., & Dozois, D. J. A. (in press). Humor styles and personality-vulnerability to depression. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research.
Fridlund, A. J., & Loftis, J. M. (1990). Relations between tickling and humorous laughter: Preliminary support for the Darwin-Hecker hypothesis. Biological Psychology, 30(2), 141-150.
Fried, I., Wilson, C. L., MacDonald, K. A., & Behnke, E. J. (1998). Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391(66-68), 650.
Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Schwartz, J. E., et al. (1993). Does childhood personality predict longevity? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65(1), 176-185.
Fry, D. P. (2005). Rough-and-tumble social play in humans. In A. D. Pellegrini & P. K. Smith (Eds.), The nature of play: Great apes and humans (pp. 5485). New York: Guilford Press.
Fry, P. S. (1995). Perfectionism, humor, and optimism as moderators of health outcomes and determinants of coping styles of women executives. Genetic, Social, & General Psychology Monographs, 121(2), 211-245.
Fry, W. F. (1963). Sweet madness: A study of humor. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.
Fry, W. F. (1994). The biology of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(2), 111-126.
Fry, W. E, & Rader, C. (1977). The respiratory components of mirthful laughter. Journal of Biological Psychology, 19(2), 39-50.
Fry, W. E, & Salameh, W. A. (Eds.). (1987). Handbook of humor and psychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of humor. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Fry, W. E, & Salameh, W. A. (Eds.). (1993). Advances in humor and psychotherapy. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Fuhr, M. (2001). Some aspects of form and function of humor in adolescence. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 25-36.
Fiihr, M. (2002). Coping humor in early adolescence. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 75(3), 283-304.
Fuller, R. G., & Sheehy-Skeffington, A. (1974). Effects of group laughter on responses to humorous material: A replication and extension. Psychological Reports, 35(1, Pt 2), 531-534.
Gallivan, J. (1992). Group differences in appreciation of feminist humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(4), 369-374.
Galloway, G., & Cropley, A. (1999). Benefits of humor for mental health: Empirical findings and directions for further research. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(3), 301-314.
Gamble, J. (2001). Humor in apes. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(2), 163-179.
Garner, B. P. (1998). Play development from birth to age four. In D. P. Fromberg & D. Bergen (Eds.), Playfrom birth to twelve and beyond: Contexts, perspectives, and meanings (pp. 1 3 7-145). New York: Garland.
Gavanski, I. (1986). Differential sensitivity of humor ratings and mirth responses to cognitive and affective components of the humor response. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51(1), 209-214.
Gelb, B. D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1986). Humor and advertising effectiveness after repeated exposures to a radio commercial. Journal of Advertising, 15(2), 15-20.
Gelkopf, M., & Kreitler, S. (1996). Is humor only fun, an alternative cure or magic: The cognitive therapeutic potential of humor. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 10, 235-254.
Gelkopf, M., Kreitler, S., & Sigal, M. (1993). Laughter in a psychiatric ward: Somatic, emotional, social, and clinical influences on schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 181(5), 283-289.
Gelkopf, M., & Sigal, M. (1995). It is not enough to have them laugh: Hostility, anger, and humor-coping in schizophrenic patients. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 8(3), 273-284.
Gerber, W. S., & Routh, D. K. (1975). Humor response as related to violation of expectancies and to stimulus intensity in a weight-judgment task. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 41(2), 673-674.
Gervais, M., & Wilson, D. S. (2005). The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. Quarterly Review of Biology, 80(4), 395-430.
Gibbs, R. W. (1986). On the psycholinguistics of sarcasm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115,3-15.
Gibbs, R. W. (1994). The poetics of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibson, D. E. (1994). Humor consulting: Laughs for power and profit in organizations. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(4), 403-428.
Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (1998). The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gillikin, L. S., & Derks, P. L. (1991). Humor appreciation and mood in stroke patients. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 9(5), 30-35.
Giora, R. (1985). A text-based analysis of non-narrative texts. Theoretical Linguistics, 12, 115-135.
Giora, R. (1991). On the cognitive aspects of the joke. Journal of Pragmatics, 16, 465-485.
Giora, R. (1995). On irony and negation. Discourse Processes, 19, 239-264.
Giora, R., & Fein, O. (1999). Irony comprehension: The graded salience hypothesis. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(4), 425-436.
Giora, R., Fein, O., & Schwartz, T. (1998). Irony: Graded salience and indirect negation. Metaphor and Symbol, 13, 83-101.
Godkewitsch, M. (1974). Correlates of humor: Verbal and nonverbal aesthetic reactions as functions of semantic distance within adjective-noun pairs. In D. E. Berlyne (Ed.), Studies in the new experimental aesthetics: Steps towards an objective psychology of aesthetic appreciation (pp. 279-304). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Godkewitsch, M. (1976). Physiological and verbal indices of arousal in rated humour. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 117-138). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Goel, V, & Dolan, R. J. (2001). The functional anatomy of humor: Segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience, 4(3), 237-238.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: Expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 891-905.
Goldsmith, H. H., Lemery, K. S., Buss, K. A., & Campos, J. J. (1999). Genetic analyses of focal aspects of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 972-985.
Goldstein, J. H. (1982). A laugh a day: Can mirth keep disease at bay? The Sciences, 22(6), 21-25.
Goldstein, J. H., Harman, J., McGhee, P. E., & Karasik, R. (1975). Test of an informationprocessing model of humor: Physiological response changes during problem- and riddle-solving. Journal of General Psychology, 92(1), 59-68.
Goldstein, J. H., & McGhee, P. E. (Eds.). (1972). The psychology of Humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues. Oxford, England: Academic Press.
Goldstein, J. H., Suls, J. M., & Anthony, S. (1972). Enjoyment of specific types of humor content: Motivation or salience? In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of Humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 1 59-1 7 1). New York: Academic Press.
Gollob, H. E, & Levine, J. (1967). Distraction as a factor in the enjoyment of aggressive humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 5(3), 368-372.
Goodenough, E L. (1932). Expression of the emotions in a blind-deaf child. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 27, 328-333.
Goodwin, R. (1990). Sex differences among partner preferences: Are the sexes really very similar? Sex Roles, 25(9-10), 501-513.
Goodwin, R., & Tang, D. (1991). Preferences for friends and close relationships partners: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Social Psychology, 737(4), 579-581.
Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning. Communication Education, 37(1), 40-53.
Gorham, J., & Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationship of teachers' use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learning. Communication Education, 39(1), 46-62.
Gottman, J. M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: A longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 6-15.
Gottman, J. M. (1994). Whatpredicts divorce?: The relationship between maritalprocesses and marital outcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gottman, J. M., Coan, J., Carrere, S., & Swanson, C. (1998). Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 5-22.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1999). Rebound from marital conflict and divorce prediction. Family Process, 38, 287-292.
Gould, S. J. (2002). The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Graeven, D. B., & Morris, S. J. (1975). College humor in 1930 and 1972: An investigation using the humor diary. Sociology & Social Research, 5P(4), 406-410.
Graham, E. E., Papa, M. J., & Brooks, G. P. (1992). Functions of humor in conversation: Conceptualization and measurement. Western Journal of Communication, 56(2), 161- 183.
Grammer, K. (1990). Strangers meet: Laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite-sex encounters. Journal ofNonverbal Behavior, 74(4), 209-236.
Gray, J. A. (1994). Three fundamental emotion systems. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 243-247). New York: Oxford University Press.
Greenwood, D., & Isbell, L. M. (2002). Ambivalent sexism and the dumb blonde: Men's and women's reactions to sexist jokes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 341-350.
Gregory, C. (1924). The nature of laughter. Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace.
Greig, J. Y. T. (1923). The psychology oflaughter and comedy. New York: Dodd, Mead.
Groch, A. S. (1974). Generality of response to humor and wit in cartoons, jokes, stories, and photographs. Psychological Reports, 35, 835-838.
Gross, J. J., & Munoz, R. E (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 2(2), 151-164.
Grotjahn, M. (1966). Beyond laughter: Humor and the subconscious. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Grotjahn, M. (1971). Laughter in group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 21(2), 234-238.
Grugulis, I. (2002). Nothing serious? Candidates' use of humour in management training. Human Relations, 55(4), 387-406.
Gruner, C. R. (1967). Effect of humor on speaker ethos and audience information gain. Journal of Communication, 17(3), 228-233.
Gruner, C. R. (1976). Wit and humour in mass communication. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 287-311). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Gruner, C. R. (1978). Understanding laughter: The workings of wit and humor. Chicago: Nelson- Hall.
Gruner, C. R. (1997). The game of Humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Grziwok, R., & Scodel, A. (1956). Some psychological correlates of humor preferences. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 42.
Haellstroem, T., & Noppa, H. (1981). Obesity in women in relation to mental illness, social factors and personality traits. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 75-82.
Haig, R. A. (1988). The anatomy of Humor: Biopsy of social and therapeutic perspectives. Springfield, IL, England: Charles Thomas, Publisher.
Hall, G. S., & Allin, A. (1897). The psychology of tickling, laughing, and the comic. American Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 1-44.
Hammes, J. A., & Wiggins, S. L. (1962). Manifest anxiety and appreciation of humor involving emotional content. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 14, 291-294.
Hampes, W. P. (1992). Relation between intimacy and humor. Psychological Reports, 71(1), 127-130.
Hampes, W. P. (1994). Relation between intimacy and the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale. Psychological Reports, 74(3, Pt 2), 1360-1362.
Hampes, W. P. (1999). The relationship between humor and trust. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 12(3), 253-259.
Hampes, W. P. (2001). Relation between humor and empathic concern. Psychological Reports, 88(1), 241-244.
Happe, E, Brownell, H., & Winner, E. (1999). Acquired "theory of mind" impairments following stroke. Cognition, 70(3), 2 1 1-240.
Harris, C. R. (1999). The mystery of ticklish laughter. American Scientist, 87(4), 344-351.
Harris, C. R., & Alvarado, N. (2005). Facial expressions, smile types, and self-report during humour, tickle, and pain. Cognition & Emotion, 19(5), 655-669.
Harris, C. R., & Christenfeld, N. (1997). Humour, tickle, and the Darwin-Hecker Hypothesis. Cognition & Emotion, 11(1), 103-110.
Harris, C. R., & Christenfeld, N. (1999). Can a machine tickle? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(3), 504-510.
Harrison, L. K., Carroll, D., Burns, V. E., Corkill, A. R., Harrison, C. M., Ring, C., et al. (2000). Cardiovascular and secretory immunoglobin A reactions to humorous, exciting, and didactic film presentations. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 113-126.
Hatch, M. J., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1993). Spontaneous humour as an indicator of paradox and ambiguity in organizations. Organization Studies, 14(4), 505-526.
Hauck, W. E., & Thomas, J. W. (1972). The relationship of humor to intelligence, creativity, and intentional and incidental learning. Journal of Experimental Education, 40(4), 52- 55.
Hay, J. (2000). Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women. Journal of Pragmatics, 32(6), 709-742.
Hayashi, K., Hayashi, T., Iwanaga, S., Kawai, K., Ishii, H., Shoji, S. I., et al. (2003). Laughter lowered the increase in postpriandal blood glucose. Diabetes Care, 26(5), 1651-1652.
Hebb, D. O. (1955). Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System). Psychological Review, 62, 243-254.
Hehl, F.-J., & Ruch, W. (1985). The location of sense of humor within comprehensive personality spaces: An exploratory study. Personality & Individual Differences, 6(6), 703-715.
Hehl, F.-J., & Ruch, W. (1990). Conservatism as a predictor of responses to humour: III. The prediction of appreciation of incongruity resolution based humour by content saturated attitude scales in five samples. Personality & Individual Differences, 11(5), 439-445.
Hemmasi, M., Graf, L. A., & Russ, G. S. (1994). Gender-related jokes in the workplace: Sexual humor or sexual harassment? Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 24(12), 1 1 14-1 128.
Henkin, B., & Fish, J. M. (1986). Gender and personality differences in the appreciation of cartoon humor. Journal of Psychology, 120(2), 157-175.
Henman, L. D. (2001). Humor as a coping mechanism: Lessons from POWs. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 83-94.
Herzog, T. R., & Bush, B. A. (1994). The prediction of preference for sick humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(4), 323-340.
Herzog, T. R., & Karafa, J. A. (1998). Preferences for sick versus nonsick humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(3), 291-312.
Herzog, T. R., & Larwin, D. A. (1988). The appreciation of humor in captioned cartoons. Journal of Psychology, 122(6), 597-607.
Hickson, J. (1977). Differential responses of male and female counselor trainees to humor stimuli. Southern Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 1-8.
Hillson, T. R., & Martin, R. A. (1994). What's so funny about that?: The domains-interaction approach as a model of incongruity and resolution in humor. Motivation & Emotion, 18(1), 1-29.
Hobden, K. L., & Olson, J. M. (1994). From jest to antipathy: Disparagement humor as a source of dissonance-motivated attitude change. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 15(3), 239-249.
Holland, N. N. (1982). Laughing: A psychology of humor. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Holmes, D. S. (1969). Sensing humor: Latency and amplitude of response related to MMPI profiles. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 296-301.
Holmes, J., & Marra, M. (2002a). Having a laugh at work: How humour contributes to workplace culture. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(12), 1683-1710.
Holmes, J., & Marra, M. (2002b). Over the edge? Subversive humor between colleagues and friends. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(1), 65-87.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 247(4865), 540-545.
Hubert, W., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (1990). Psychophysiological response patterns to positive and negative film stimuli. Biological Psychology, 31, 73-93.
Hubert, W., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (1991). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and subjective responses to emotion-inducing film stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 11, 131-140.
Hubert, W., Moeller, M., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (1993). Film-induced amusement changes in saliva cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 18(4), 265-272.
laffaldano, M. T, & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 251-273.
Isen, A. M. (1993). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 261-277). New York: Guilford.
Isen, A. M. (2003). Positive affect as a source of human strength. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 179-195). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 1206-1217.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1 122-1 131.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M. S., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1413-1426.
Itami, J., Nobori, M., & Texhima, H. (1994). Laughter and immunity. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 565-571.
Iwase, M., Ouchi, Y, Okada, H., Yokoyama, C., Nobezawa, S., Yoshikawa, E., et al. (2002). Neural substrates of human facial expression of pleasant emotion induced by comic films: A PET study. Neuroimage, 17, 758-768.
Janes, L. M., & Olson, J. M. (2000). Jeer pressures: The behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 474-485.
Janus, S. S. (1975). The great comedians: Personality and other factors. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 35(1), 169-174.
Janus, S. S., Bess, B. E., & Janus, B. R. (1978). The great comediennes: Personality and other factors. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 38(4), 367-372.
John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
Johnson, A. K., & Anderson, E. A. (1990). Stress and arousal. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential elements (pp. 216-252). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, H. A. (1990). Humor as an innovative method for teaching sensitive topics. Educational Gerontology, 16(6), 547-559.
Johnson, K. E., & Mervis, C. B. (1997). First steps in the emergence of verbal humor: A case study. Infant Behavior & Development, 20(1), 187-196.
Jones, E. E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Jones, J. A. (2005). The masking effects of humor on audience perception of message organization. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 18(4), 405-417.
Jones, J. M., & Harris, P. E. (1971). Psychophysiological correlates of cartoon humor appreciation. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6, 381-382.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 727(3), 376-407.
Kallen, H. M. (1968). Liberty, laughter and tears: Reflection on the relations of comedy and tragedy to human freedom. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.
Kamei, T, Kumano, H., & Masumura, S. (1997). Changes of immunoregulatory cells associated with psychological stress and humor. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 84(1, Pt 2), 1296-1298.
Kane, T. R., Suls, J., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1977). Humour as a tool of social interaction. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a fanny thing, humour (pp. 13-16). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Kantor, M. (1992). The human dimension of depression: A practical guide to diagnosis, understanding, and treatment. New York: Praeger.
Kaplan, R. M., & Pascoe, G. C. (1977). Humorous lectures and humorous examples: Some effects upon comprehension and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 61-65.
Kataria, M. (2002). Laugh for no reason (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Madhuri International.
Katz, A. N., Blasko, D. G., & Kazmerski, V. A. (2004). Saying what you don't mean: Social influences on sarcastic language processing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(5), 186-189.
Katz, B. F. (1993). A neural resolution of the incongruity-resolution and incongruity theories of humour. Connection Science, 5(1), 59-75.
Kazarian, S. S., & Martin, R. A. (2004). Humor styles, personality, and well-being among Lebanese university students. European Journal of Personality, 18(3), 209-219.
Kazarian, S. S., & Martin, R. A. (in press). Humor styles, culture-related personality, well-being, and family adjustment among Armenians in Lebanon. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research.
Keith-Spiegel, P. (1972). Early conceptions of humor: Varieties and issues. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 3-39). New York: Academic Press.
Kelley, D. H., & Gorham, J. (1988). Effects of immediacy on recall of information. Communication Education, 57(3), 198-207.
Kelley, H. H. (1972). Attribution theory in social interaction. In E. E.Jones, D. E. Kanouse & H. H. Kelley (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 1-26). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Kellogg, R. T. (1995). Cognitive psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kelly, W. E. (2002). An investigation of worry and sense of humor. Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 657-666.
Keltner, D., & Bonanno, G. A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(4), 687-702.
Keltner, D., Capps, L., Kring, A. M., Young, R. C., & Heerey, E. A. (2001). Just teasing: A conceptual analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 229-248.
Keltner, D., Young, R. C., Heerey, E. A., Oemig, C., & Monarch, N. D. (1998). Teasing in hierarchical and intimate relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1231-1247.
Kennedy, S., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (1990). Psychoneuroimmunology. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential elements (pp. 177-190). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Kenny, D. T. (1955). The contingency of humor appreciation on the stimulus-confirmation of joke-ending expectations. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 51, 644-648.
Kenrick, D. T, Sadalla, E. K., Groth, G., & Trost, M. R. (1990). Evolution, traits, and the stages of the parental investment model. Journal of Personality, 58, 97-117.
Kerkkanen, P., Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A. (2004). Sense of humor, physical health, and well-being at work: A three-year longitudinal study of Finnish police officers. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 21-35.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 472-503.
Killinger, B. (1987). Humor in psychotherapy: A shift to a new perspective. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of humor and psychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of humor (pp. 21-40). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Kimata, H. (2001). Effect of humor on allergen-induced wheal reactions. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(6), 737.
Kimata, H. (2004a). Differential effects of laughter on allergen-specific immunoglobulin and neurotrophin levels in tears. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 98(3, Pt 1), 901-908.
Kimata, H. (2004b). Effect of viewing a humorous vs. nonhumorous film on bronchial responsiveness in patients with bronchial asthma. Physiology & Behavior, 81(4), 681-684.
Kintsch, W., & Bates, E. (1977). Recognition memory for statements from a classroom lecture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 150-159.
Kipper, S., & Todt, D. (2001). Variation of sound parameters affects the evaluation of human laughter. Behaviour, 138(9), 1161-1178.
Kipper, S., & Todt, D. (2003a). Dynamic-acoustic variation causes differences in evaluations of laughter. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 96(3), 799-809.
Kipper, S., & Tbdt, D. (2003b). The Role of Rhythm and Pitch in the Evaluation of Human Laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(4), 255-272.
Kirsh, G. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (2003). Positive and negative aspects of sense of humor: Associations with the constructs of individualism and relatedness. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 16(1), 33-62.
Klein, A. J. (1985). Humor comprehension and humor appreciation of cognitively oriented humor: A study of kindergarten children. Child Study Journal, 5(4), 223-235.
Klein, D. M., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1982). Relationship between humor in introductory textbooks and students' evaluations of the texts' appeal and effectiveness. Psychological Reports, 50(1), 235-241.
Kline, P. (1977). The psychoanalytic theory of humour and laughter. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 7-12). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Knox, I. (1951). Towards a philosophy of humor. Journal of Philosophy, 48, 541-548.
Koestler, A. (1964). The act of creation. London: Hutchinson.
Kohler, G., & Ruch, W. (1996). Sources of variance in current sense of humor inventories: How much substance, how much method variance? Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, P(3/4), 363-397.
Koppel, M. A., & Sechrest, L. (1970). A multitrait-multimethod matrix analysis of sense of humor. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 30(1), 77-85.
Korb, L. J. (1988). Humor: A tool for the psychoanalyst. Issues in Ego Psychology, 11(2), 45-54.
Korotkov, D., & Hannah, T. E. (1994). Extraversion and emotionality as proposed superordinate stress moderators: A prospective analysis. Personality & Individual Differences, 16(5), 787-792.
Kowalski, R. M., Howerton, E., & McKenzie, M. (2001). Permitted disrespect: Teasing in interpersonal interactions. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships (pp. 177-202). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kubie, L. S. (1970). The destructive potential of humor in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(7), 861-866.
Kuhlman, T. L. (1984). Humor and psychotherapy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin Dorsey Professional Books.
Kuhlman, T. L. (1985). A study of salience and motivational theories of humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 49(1), 281-286.
Kuiper, N. A., & Borowicz-Sibenik, M. (2005). A good sense of humor doesn't always help: Agency and communion as moderators of psychological well-being. Personality & Individual Differences, 38(2), 365-377.
Kuiper, N. A., Grimshaw, M., Leite, C., & Kirsh, G. A. (2004). Humor is not always the best medicine: Specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 135-168.
Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A. (1993). Humor and self-concept. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(3), 251-270.
Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A. (1998a). Is sense of humor a positive personality characteristic? In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of Humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 1 59-1 78). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A. (1998b). Laughter and stress in daily life: Relation to positive and negative affect. Motivation & Emotion, 22(2), 133-153.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Dance, K. A. (1992). Sense of humour and enhanced quality of life. Personality & Individual Differences, 13(12), 1273-1283.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1993). Coping humour, stress, and cognitive appraisals. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25(1), 81-96.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., Olinger, L. J., Kazarian, S. S., & Jette, J. L. (1998). Sense of humor, self-concept, and psychological well-being in psychiatric inpatients. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(4), 357-381.
Kuiper, N. A., McKenzie, S. D., & Belanger, K. A. (1995). Cognitive appraisals and individual differences in sense of humor: Motivational and affective implications. Personality & Individual Differences, 19(3), 359-372.
Kuiper, N. A., & Nicholl, S. (2004). Thoughts of feeling better? Sense of humor and physical health. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 37-66.
Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1998). Humor and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia ofmental health (Vol. 2, pp. 445^-57). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Kush, J. C. (1997). Relationship between humor appreciation and counselor self-perceptions. Counseling & Values, 42(1), 22-29.
Kushner, M. (1990). The light touch: How to use humor for business success. In. New York: Simon & Schuster.
La Fave, L. (1972). Humor judgments as a function of reference groups and identification classes. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of Humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 195-210). New York: Academic Press.
La Fave, L., Haddad, J., & Maesen, W. A. (1976). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 63-91). London: John Wiley & Sons.
La Fave, L., Haddad, J., & Marshall, N. (1974). Humor judgments as a function of identification classes. Sociology & Social Research, 58(2), 184-194.
La Gaipa, J. J. (1977). The effects of humour on the flow of social conversation. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 421-427). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Labott, S. M., Ahleman, S., Wolever, M. E., & Martin, R. B. (1990). The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behavioral Medicine, 16(4), 182-189.
Labott, S. M., & Martin, R. B. (1987). The stress-moderating effects of weeping and humor. Journal of Human Stress, 13(4), 159-164.
Labott, S. M., & Martin, R. B. (1990). Emotional coping, age, and physical disorder. Behavioral Medicine, 16(2), 53-61.
Lamb, C. W. (1968). Personality correlates of humor enjoyment following motivational arousal. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 9(3), 237-241.
Lambert, R. B., & Lambert, N. K. (1995). The effects of humor on secretory Immunoglobulin A levels in school-aged children. Pediatric Nursing, 21, 16-19.
Lampert, M. D., & Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (1998). Exploring paradigms: The study of gender and sense of humor near the end of the 20th century. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 23 1-270). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Landis, C., & Ross, J. W. H. (1933). Humor and its relation to other personality traits. Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 156-175.
Landy, D., & Mettee, D. (1969). Evaluation of an aggressor as a function of exposure to cartoon humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 12(1), 66-71.
Langevin, R., & Day, H. I. (1972). Physiological correlates of humor. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 129-142). New York: Academic Press.
Lauer, R. H., Lauer, J. C., & Kerr, S. T (1990). The long-term marriage: Perceptions of stability and satisfaction. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 31(3), 189-195.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46(4), 352-367.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Leacock, S. B. (1935). Humor: Its theory and technique. New York: Dodd, Mead.
Leak, G. K. (1974). Effects of hostility arousal and aggressive humor on catharsis and humor preference. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 30(6), 736-740.
Leber, D. A., & Vanoli, E. G. (2001). Therapeutic use of humor: Occupational therapy clinicians' perceptions and practices. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(2), 221-226.
LeDoux, J. E. (1994). Emotion-specific physiological activity: Don't forget about CNS physiology. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 248-251). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. New York: Kluwer Academic.
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson, K., Prkachin, K. M., & Mills, D. E. (1997). Humor as a stress moderator in the prediction of blood pressure obtained during five stressful tasks. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(4), 523-542.
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson, K., Shepherd, R., & Phillips, M. (1997). Who likes "Far Side" humor? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(4), 439-452.
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson, K., Shepherd, R., Phillips, M., Prkachin, K. M., & Mills, D. E. (1995). Perspective-taking humor: Accounting for stress moderation. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 14(4), 373-391.
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson-Katz, K., & Kueneman, K. (1990). Humor and immune-system functioning. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3(3), 305-321.
Lefcourt, H. M., & Martin, R. A. (1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lefort, B. (1992). Structure ofverbal jokes and comprehension in young children. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(1-2), 149-163.
Lehman, K. M., Burke, K. L., Martin, R., Sultan, J., & Czech, D. R. (2001). A reformulation of the moderating effects of productive humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(2), 131-161.
Lemma, A. (1999). Humour on the couch: Exploring humour in psychotherapy and everyday life. London, England: Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123-126). New York: Oxford University Press.
Leventhal, H., & Patrick-Miller, L. (2000). Emotions and physical illness: Causes and indicators of vulnerability. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 523-537). New York: Guilford.
Leventhal, H., & Safer, M. A. (1977). Individual differences, personality, and humour appreciation: Introduction to symposium. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s afunny thing, humour (pp. 335-349). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Levi, L. (1965). The urinary output of adrenalin and noradrenalin during pleasant and unpleasant emotional states: A preliminary report. Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, 80-85.
Levine, J. (1977). Humour as a form of therapy: Introduction to symposium. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s a funny thing, humour (pp. 127-137). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Levine, J., & Abelson, R. P. (1959). Humor as a disturbing stimulus. Journal of General Psychology, 60, 191-200.
Levine, J., & Redlich, F. C. (1955). Failure to understand humor. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 24, 560-572.
Levinson, W., Roter, D. L., Mullooly, J. P., Dull, V T., et al. (1997). Physician-patient communication: The relationship with malpractice claims among primary care physicians and surgeons. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(7), 553-559.
Lewis, P. (1997). Debate: Humor and political correctness. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(4), 453-513.
Lewis, P. (2006). Cracking up: American humor in a time of conflict. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lightner, R. M., Bollmer, J. M., Harris, M. J., Milich, R., & Scambler, D. J. (2000). What do you say to teasers? Parent and child evaluations of responses to teasing. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2/(4), 403-427.
Lippman, L. G., & Dunn, M. L. (2000). Contextual connections within puns: Effects on perceived humor and memory. Journal of General Psychology, 127(2), 185-197.
Lloyd, E. L. (1938). The respiratory mechanism in laughter. Journal of General Psychology, 19, 179-189.
Loeb, M., & Wood, V. (1986). Epilogue: A nascent idea for an Eriksonian model of humor. In L. Nahemow, K. A. McCluskey-Fawcett & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), Humor and aging (pp. 279-284). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Loehlin, J. C., & Nichols, R. C. (1976). Heredity, environment, and personality. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Long, D. L., & Graesser, A. C. (1988). Wit and humor in discourse processing. Discourse Processes, 11(1), 35-60.
Losco, J., & Epstein, S. (1975). Humor preference as a subtle measure of attitudes toward the same and the opposite sex. Journal of Personality, 43(2), 321-334.
Lourey, E., & McLachlan, A. (2003). Elements of sensation seeking and their relationship with two aspects of humour appreciation-perceived funniness and overt expression. Personality & Individual Differences, 35(2), 277-287.
Love, A. M., & Deckers, L. H. (1989). Humor appreciation as a function of sexual, aggressive, and sexist content. Sex Roles, 20(11-12), 649-654.
Lowe, G., Britton, R., Carpenter, E., Castle, H., Clayton, C., Hulme, C., et al. (1997). Social drinking and laughter. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 684.
Lowe, G., & Taylor, S. B. (1993). Relationship between laughter and weekly alcohol consumption. Psychological Reports, 72(3, Pt 2), 1210.
Luborsky, L. B., & Cattell, R. B. (1947). The validation of personality factors in humor. Journal of Personality, 15, 283-291.
Ludovici, A. M. (1933). The secret of laughter. New York: Viking Press.
Lundy, D. E., Tan, J., & Cunningham, M. R. (1998). Heterosexual romantic preferences: The importance of humor and physical attractiveness for different types of relationships. Personal Relationships, 5(3), 311-325.
Lyons, V, & Fitzgerald, M. (2004). Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 34(5), 521-531.
Lyttle, J. (2001). The effectiveness of humor in persuasion: The case of business ethics training. Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 206-216.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
MacDonald, N. E., & Silverman, I. W. (1978). Smiling and laughter in infants as a function of level of arousal and cognitive evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 14(3), 235- 241.
Mackie, D. M., & Worth, L. T. (1989). Processing deficits and the mediation of positive affect in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 27-40.
MacLean, P. D. (1987). The midline frontolimbic cortex and the evolution of crying and laughter. In E. Perecman (Ed.), The frontal lobes revisited (pp. 121-140). New York, NY: IRBN Press.
Madanes, C. (1987). Humor in strategic family therapy. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of Humor andpsychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of Humor (pp. 241-264). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Madden, T. J., & Weinberger, M. G. (1982). The effects of humor on attention in magazine advertising. Journal of Advertising, 11(3), 8-14.
Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality: Contemporary approaches to the science of personality. New York: Wiley.
Mahony, D. L., Burroughs, W. J., & Hieatt, A. C. (2001). The effects of laughter on discomfort thresholds: Does expectation become reality? Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 217-226.
Maio, G. R., Olson, J. M., & Bush, J. E. (1997). Telling jokes that disparage social groups: Effects on the joke teller's stereotypes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(22), 1986-2000.
Mandler, J. M. (1979). Categorical and schematic organization in memory. In C. R. Puff (Ed.), Memory organization and structure (pp. 259-299). New York: Academic Press.
Manke, B. (1998). Genetic and environmental contributions to children's interpersonal humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of Humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 361-384). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Manne, S., Sherman, M., Ross, S., Ostroff, J., Heyman, R. E., & Fox, K. (2004). Couples' support-related communication, psychological distress, and relationship satisfaction among women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 660-670.
Mannell, R. C., & McMahon, L. (1982). Humor as play: Its relationship to psychological wellbeing during the course of a day. Leisure Sciences, 5(2), 143-155.
Marci, C. D., Moran, E. K., & Orr, S. P. (2004). Physiologic evidence for the interpersonal role of laughter during psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 192(10), 689-695.
Marcus, N. N. (1990). Treating those who fail to take themselves seriously: Pathological aspects of humor. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44(3), 423-432.
Markiewicz, D. (1974). Effects of humor on persuasion. Sociometry, 37(3), 407-422.
Martens, W. H. J. (2004). Therapeutic use of humor in antisocial personalities. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 34(4), 351-361.
Martin, D. M. (2004). Humor in middle management: Women negotiating the paradoxes of organizational life. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 32(2), 147-170.
Martin, G. N., & Gray, C. D. (1996). The effects of audience laughter on men's and women's responses to humor. Journal of Social Psychology, 136(2), 221-231.
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Criqui, M. H., & Schwartz, J. E. (2002). A life course perspective on childhood cheerfulness and its relation to mortality risk. Personality of Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1 155-1 165.
Martin, R. A. (1984). Telic dominance, humor, stress, and moods. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Reversal Theory, Gregynog, Wales.
Martin, R. A. (1989). Humor and the mastery of living: Using humor to cope with the daily stresses of growing up. In P. E. McGhee (Ed.), Humor and children's development: A guide to practical applications (pp. 135-154). New York: Haworth Press.
Martin, R. A. (1996). The Situational Humor Response Questionnaire (SHRQ) and Coping Humor Scale (CHS): A decade of research findings. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 9(3), 251-272.
Martin, R. A. (1998). Approaches to the sense of humor: A historical review. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 15-60). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Martin, R. A. (2000). Humor and laughter. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 202-204). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 504-519.
Martin, R. A. (2002). Is laughter the best medicine? Humor, laughter, and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(6), 216-220.
Martin, R. A. (2003). Sense of humor. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 313-326). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Martin, R. A., Campbell, L., & Ward, J. R. (2006). Observed humor styles, relationship quality, and problem resolution in a conflict discussion between dating couples. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Society for Humor Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Martin, R. A., & Dobbin, J. P. (1988). Sense of humor, hassles, and immunoglobulin A: Evidence for a stress-moderating effect of humor. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 18(2), 93-105.
Martin, R. A., & Dutrizac, G. (2004). Humor styles, social skills, and quality of interactions with close others: A prospective daily diary study. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Society for Humor Studies, Dijon, France.
Martin, R. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1999). Daily occurrence of laughter: Relationships with age, gender, and Type A personality. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(4), 355-384.
Martin, R. A., Kuiper, N. A., Olinger, L. J., & Dance, K. A. (1993). Humor, coping with stress, self-concept, and psychological well-being. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 5(1), 89-104.
Martin, R. A., Kuiper, N. A., Olinger, L. J., & Dobbin, J. P. (1987). Is stress always bad? Telic versus paratelic dominance as a stress moderating variable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 970-982.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 45(6), 1313-1324.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1984). Situational Humor Response Questionnaire: Quantitative measure of sense of humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 47(1), 145- 155.
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75.
Martineau, W. H. (1972). A model of the social functions of humor. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 101-125). New York: Academic Press.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
Masselos, G. (2003). "When I play funny it makes me laugh": Implications for early childhood educators in developing humor through play. In D. E. Lytle (Ed.), Play and educational theory and practice (pp. 213-226). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing.
Masten, A. S. (1986). Humor and competence in school-aged children. Child Development, 51(2), 461-473.
May, R. (1953). Man’s search for himself. New York: Random House.
Mayne, T. J. (2001). Emotions and health. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues andfuture directions (pp. 361-397). New York: Guilford.
McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., Wright, K. M., & Fullerton, C. S. (1993). Handling bodies after violent death: Strategies for coping. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(2), 209-214.
McCauley, C., Woods, K., Coolidge, C., & Kulick, W. (1983). More aggressive cartoons are funnier. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 44(4), 817-823.
McClelland, D. C., & Cheriff, A. D. (1997). The immunoenhancing effects of humor on secretory IgA and resistance to respiratory infections. Psychology & Health, /2(3), 329-344.
McComas, H. C. (1923). The origin of laughter. Psychological Review, 30, 45-56.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215.
McDougall, W. (1903). The theory of laughter. Nature, 67, 318-319.
McDougall, W. (1922). Why do we laugh? Scribners, 71, 359-363.
McGhee, P. E. (197 la). Cognitive development and children's comprehension of humor. Child Development, 42(1), 123-138.
McGhee, P. E. (1971b). The role of operational thinking in children's comprehension and appreciation of humor. Child Development, 42(3), 733-744.
McGhee, P. E. (1972). On the cognitive origins of incongruity humor: Fantasy assimilation versus reality assimilation. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 61-80). New York: Academic Press.
McGhee, P. E. (1974). Cognitive mastery and children's humor. Psychological Bulletin, #7(10), 721-730.
McGhee, P. E. (1976). Children's appreciation of humor: A test of the cognitive congruency principle. Child Development, 47(2), 420-426.
McGhee, P. E. (1980a). Development of the creative aspects of humour. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children’s humour (pp. 119-139). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
McGhee, P. E. (1980b). Development of the sense of humour in childhood: A longitudinal study. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (pp. 213-236). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
McGhee, P. E. (1983 a). Humor development: Toward a life span approach. In P. E. McGhee &J. H.Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Humor research, Vol. 1 : Basic issues (Vol. l,pp. 109-134). New York: Springer-Verlag.
McGhee, P. E. (1983b). The role of arousal and hemispheric lateralization in humor. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Humor research, Vol. 1 : Basic issues (pp. 13-37). New York: Springer-Verlag.
McGhee, P. E. (1999). Health, healing and the amuse system: Humor as survival training (3rd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
McGhee, P. E. (Ed.). (1979). Humor: Its origin and development. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
McGhee, P. E., Bell, N. J., & Duffey, N. S. (1986). Generational differences in humor and correlates of humor development. In L. Nahemow, K. A. McCluskey-Fawcett & P. E.
McGhee (Eds.), Humor and aging (pp. 253-263). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
McGhee, P. E., & Duffey, N. S. (1983). Children's appreciation of humor victimizing different racial-ethnic groups: Racial-ethnic differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14(1), 29-40.
McGhee, P. E., & Goldstein, J. H. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of humor research (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Springer-Verlag.
McGhee, P. E., & Lloyd, S. A. (1981). A developmental test of the disposition theory of humor. Child Development, 52(3), 925-931.
McGhee, P. E., & Lloyd, S. A. (1982). Behavioral characteristics associated with the development of humor in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 141(2), 253-259.
McGhee, P. E., Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1990). A personality-based model of humor development during adulthood. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3(2), 1 19-146.
McMorris, R. F, Boothroyd, R. A., & Pietrangelo, D. J. (1997). Humor in educational testing: A review and discussion. Applied Measurement in Education, 10(3), 269-297.
McMorris, R. F, Urbach, S. L., & Connor, M. C. (1985). Effects of incorporating humor in test items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 22(2), 147-155.
Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
Megdell, J. I. (1984). Relationship between counselor-initiated humor and client's self-perceived attraction in the counseling interview. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 27(4), 517-523.
Mendez, M. E, Nakawatase, T. V, & Brown, C. V (1999). Involuntary laughter and inappropriate hilarity. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 11(2), 253-258.
Mettee, D. R., Hrelec, E. S., & Wilkens, P. C. (1971). Humor as an interpersonal asset and liability. Journal of Social Psychology, #5(1), 51-64.
Meyer, J. C. (1997). Humor in member narratives: Uniting and dividing at work. Western Journal of Communication, 61(2), 1 88-208.
Meyer, M., Zysset, S., von Cramon, D. Y, & Alter, K. (2005). Distinct fMRI responses to laughter, speech, and sounds along the human peri-sylvian cortex. Cognitive Brain Research, 24(2), 291-306.
Middleton, R. (1959). Negro and white reactions to racial humor. Sociometry, 22, 175-183.
Miller, G. F. (1997). Protean primates: The evolution of adaptive unpredictability in competition and courtship. In A. Whiten & R. W. Byrne (Eds.), Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations (pp. 312-340). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, G. F. (2000). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. New York: Doubleday.
Mindess, H. (1971). Laughter and liberation. Los Angeles: Nash Publishing.
Mindess, H. (1976). The use and abuse of humour in psychotherapy. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 331-341). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Minsky, M. (1977). Frame-system theory. In P. N. Johnson-Laird & P. C. Wason (Eds.), Thinking: Readings in cognitive science (pp. 355-376). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mio, J. S., & Graesser, A. C. (1991). Humor, language, and metaphor. Metaphor of Symbolic Activity, 6(2), 87-102.
Mittwoch-Jaffe, T, Shalit, E, Srendi, B., & Yehuda, S. (1995). Modification of cytokine secretion following mild emotional stimuli. NeuroReport, 6, 789-792.
Mobbs, D., Greicius, M. D., Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V, & Reiss, A. L. (2003). Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron, 40, 1041-1048.
Mobbs, D., Hagan, C. C., Azim, E., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2005). Personality predicts activity in reward and emotional regions associated with humor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(45), 16502-16506.
Moody, R. A. (1978). Laugh after laugh: The healing power of humor. Jacksonville, FL: Headwaters Press.
Moore, T. E., Griffiths, K., & Payne, B. (1987). Gender, attitudes towards women, and the appreciation of sexist humor. Sex Roles, 16(9-10), 521-531.
Moran, C., & Massam, M. (1997). An evaluation of humour in emergency work. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 1(3).
Moran, C. C. (1996). Short-term mood change, perceived funniness, and the effect of humor stimuli. Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 32-38.
Morreall, J. (1991). Humor and work. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(1-4), 359-373.
Morreall, J. (Ed.). (1987). The philosophy of laughter and humor. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Morse, S., & Gergen, K. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156.
Mowrer, D. E. (1994). A case study of perceptual and acoustic features of an infant's first laugh utterances. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(2), 139-155.
Mowrer, D. E., LaPointe, L. L., & Case, J. (1987). Analysis of five acoustic correlates of laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(3), 191-199.
Mueller, C. W, & Donnerstein, E. (1983). Film-induced arousal and aggressive behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 119(1), 61-67.
Mulkay, M. (1988). On humor: Its nature and its place in modern society. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Mulkay, M., Clark, C., & Pinch, T. (1993). Laughter and the profit motive: The use of humor in a photographic shop. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(2), 163- 193.
Murdock, M. C., & Ganim, R. M. (1993). Creativity and humor: Integration and incongruity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 27(1), 57-70.
Murgatroyd, S., Rushton, C., Apter, M., & Ray, C. (1978). The development of the Telic Dominance Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(5), 519-528.
Murstein, B. L, & Brust, R. G. (1985). Humor and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(6), 637-640.
Nerhardt, G. (1970). Humor and inclination to laugh: Emotional reactions to stimuli of different divergence from a range of expectancy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 185-195.
Nerhardt, G. (1976). Incongruity and funniness: Towards a new descriptive model. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 55-62). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Nerhardt, G. (1977). Operationalization of incongruity in humour research: A critique and suggestions. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 47-51). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Neuhoff, C. C., & Schaefer, C. (2002). Effects of laughing, smiling, and howling on mood. Psychological Reports, 91(3, Pt 2), 1079-1080.
Neuliep, J. W. (1991). An examination of the content of high school teachers' humor in the classroom and the development of an inductively derived taxonomy of classroom humor. Communication Education, 40(4), 343-355.
Nevo, O., Aharonson, H., & Klingman, A. (1998). The development and evaluation of a systematic program for improving sense of humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 385-404). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Nevo, O., Keinan, G., & Teshimovsky-Arditi, M. (1993). Humor and pain tolerance. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(1), 71-88.
Nevo, O., & Nevo, B. (1983). What do you do when asked to answer humorously? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 44(1), 188-194.
Newman, M. G., & Stone, A. A. (1996). Does humor moderate the effects of experimentally induced stress? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18(2), 101-109.
Newton, G. R., & Dowd, E. T. (1990). Effect of client sense of humor and paradoxical interventions on test anxiety. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68(6), 668-672.
Nezlek, J. B., & Derks, P. (2001). Use of humor as a coping mechanism, psychological adjustment, and social interaction. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(4), 395^13.
Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Blissett, S. E. (1988). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressful events and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(3), 520-525.
Nias, D. K. (1981). Humour and personality. In R. Lynn (Ed.), Dimensions of personality: Papers in honour of H. J. Eysenck (pp. 287-313). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Nias, D. K., & Wilson, G. D. (1977). A genetic analysis of humour preferences. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s a funny thing, humour (pp. 371-373). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Niethammer, T. (1983). Does man possess a laughter center? Laughing gas used in a new approach. New Ideas in Psychology, 1(1), 67-69.
Nilsen, A. P., & Nilsen, D. L. F. (2000). Encyclopedia of 20th-century American humor. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
Njus, D. M., Nitschke, W., & Bryant, F. B. (1996). Positive affect, negative affect, and the moderating effect of writing on slgA antibody levels. Psychology & Health, 12(1), 135-148.
Norrick, N. R. (1984). Stock conversational witticisms. Journal of Pragmatics, 8, 195-209.
Norrick, N. R. (1986). A frame-theoretical analysis of verbal humor. Semiotica, 60, 225-245.
Norrick, N. R. (1993). Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Norrick, N. R. (2003). Issues in conversational joking. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(9), 1333-1359.
Nwokah, E. E., Davies, P., Islam, A., Hsu, H.-C., & Fogel, A. (1993). Vocal affect in threeyear- olds: A quantitative acoustic analysis of child laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94(6), 3076-3090.
Nwokah, E. E., & Fogel, A. (1993). Laughter in mother-infant emotional communication. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(2), 137-161.
Nwokah, E. E., Hsu, H.-C., Davies, P., & Fogel, A. (1999). The integration of laughter and speech in vocal communication: A dynamic systems perspective. Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 42(4), 880-894.
Nwokah, E. E., Hsu, H.-C., Dobrowolska, O., & Fogel, A. (1994). The development of laughter in mother-infant communication: Timing parameters and temporal sequences. Infant Behavior & Development, 17(1), 23-35.
Obrdlik, A. (1942). Gallows humor: A sociological phenomenon. American Journal of Sociology, 47, 709-716.
O'Connell, W. E. (1960). The adaptive functions of wit and humor. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 61, 263-270.
O'Connell, W. E. (1969). The social aspects of wit and humor. Journal of Social Psychology, 79(2), 183-187.
O'Connell, W. E. (1976). Freudian humour: The eupsychia of everyday life. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 313-329). London: John Wiley & Sons.
O'Connell, W. E. (1981). Natural high therapy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Handbook of innovative psychotherapies (pp. 554-568). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
O'Connell, W. E. (1987). Natural high theory and practice: The humorist's game of games. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of humor and psychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of Humor (pp. 55-79). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Odell, M. (1996). The silliness factor: Breaking up repetitive and unproductive conflict patterns with couples and families. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 7(3), 69-75.
Olson, H. A. (1994). The use of humor in psychotherapy. In H. S. Strean (Ed.), The use of Humor in psychotherapy (pp. 195-198). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Olson, J. M., Maio, G. R., & Hobden, K. L. (1999). The (null) effects of exposure to disparagement humor on stereotypes and attitudes. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(2), 195-219.
Olson, M. L., Hugelshofer, D. S., Kwon, P., & Reff, R. C. (2005). Rumination and dysphoria: The buffering role of adaptive forms of humor. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(8), 1419-1428.
Omwake, L. (1939). Factors influencing the sense of humor. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 95-104.
O'Neill, R. M., Greenberg, R. P., & Fisher, S. (1992). Humor and anality. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5(3), 283-291.
Oppliger, P. A. (2003). Humor and learning. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. R. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 255-273). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Oppliger, P. A., & Zillmann, D. (1997). Disgust in humor: Its appeal to adolescents. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 10(4), 421-437.
O'Quin, K., & Aronoff, J. (1981). Humor as a technique of social influence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44 (349-357).
O'Quin, K., & Derks, P. (1997). Humor and creativity: A review of the empirical literature. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), The creativity handbook (Vol. 1, pp. 227-256). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Oring, E. (1994). Humor and the suppression of sentiment. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(1), 7-26.
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Overeem, S., Lammers, G. J., & Van Dijk, J. G. (1999). Weak with laughter. Lancet, 354, 838.
Overeem, S., Taal, W., Gezici, E. 6., Lammers, G. J., & Van Dijk, J. G. (2004). Is motor inhibition during laughter due to emotional or respiratory influences? Psychophysiology, 41(2), 254-258.
Overholser, J. C. (1992). Sense of humor when coping with life stress. Personality & Individual Differences, 13(7), 799-804.
Owren, M. J., & Bachorowski, J.-A. (2001). The evolution of emotional experience: A "selfishgene" account of smiling and laughter in early hominids and humans. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Currrent issues and future directions (pp. 152-191). New York, NY: Guilford.
Owren, M. J., & Bachorowski, J.-A. (2003). Reconsidering the evolution of nonlinguistic communication: The case of laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27(3), 183-200.
Palmer, C. T. (1993). Anger, aggression, and humor in Newfoundland floor hockey: An evolutionary analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 19(3), 167-173.
Panksepp, J. (1993). Neurochemical control of moods and emotions: Amino acids to neuropeptides. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 87-107). New York: Guilford.
Panksepp, J. (1994). The clearest physiological distinctions between emotions will be found among the circuits of the brain. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 258-260). New York: Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, J. (2000). The riddle of laughter: Neural and psychoevolutionary underpinnings of joy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(6), 183-186.
Panksepp, J., & Burgdorf, J. (2000). 50-kHz chirping (laughter?) in response to conditioned and unconditioned tickle-induced reward in rats: Effects of social housing and genetic variables. Behavioural Brain Research, 115(1), 25-38.
Panksepp, J., & Burgdorf, J. (2003). "Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of Human joy? Physiology & Behavior, 79(3), 533-547.
Park, R. (1977). A study of children's riddles using Piaget-derived definitions. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 130(1), 57-67.
Parrott, W. G., & Gleitman, H. (1989). Infants' expectations in play: The joy of peek-a-boo. Cognition & Emotion, 5(4), 291-311.
Parvizi, J., Anderson, S. W., Martin, C. O., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2001). Pathological laughter and crying: A link to the cerebellum. Brain, 124(9), 1708-1719.
Paskind, H. A. (1932). Effect of laughter on muscle tone. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 623-628.
Patton, D., Barnes, G. E., & Murray, R. P. (1993). Personality charactistics of smokers and exsmokers. Personality & Individual Differences, 15, 653-664.
Paulos, J. A. (1980). Mathematics and humor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pellegrini, D. S., Masten, A. S., Garmezy, N., & Ferrarese, M. J. (1987). Correlates of social and academic competence in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 28(5), 699-714.
Perera, S., Sabin, E., Nelson, P., & Lowe, D. (1998). Increases in salivary lysozyme and IgA concentrations and secretory rates independent of salivary flow rates following viewing of a humorous videotape. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5(2), 118-128.
Peterson, J. P., & Pollio, H. R. (1982). Therapeutic effectiveness of differentially targeted humorous remarks in group psychotherapy. Group, 5(4), 39-50.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion. New York: Springer- Verlag.
Pexman, P. M., & Harris, M. (2003). Children's perceptions of the social functions of verbal irony. Discourse Processes, 36(3), 147-165.
Pexman, P. M., & Zvaigzne, M. T. (2004). Does irony go better with friends? Metaphor & Symbol, 19(2), 143-163.
Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget's theory. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 703-732). New York: Wiley.
Pien, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1976). Incongruity and resolution in children's humor: A reexamination. Child Development, 47(4), 966-971.
Pien, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1977). Measuring effects of incongruity and resolution in children's humor. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s a funny thing, humour (pp. 211-213). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Pien, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1980). Incongruity humour, play, and self-regulation of arousal in young children. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (pp. 1-26). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Pierce, R. A. (1994). Use and abuse of laughter in psychotherapy. In H. S. Strean (Ed.), The use of Humor in psychotherapy (pp. 105-1 1 1). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Pinderhughes, E. E., & Zigler, E. (1985). Cognitive and motivational determinants of children's humor responses. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 185-196.
Plutchik, R. (1991). Emotions and evolution. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies in emotion (pp. 37-58). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons\
Poeck, K. (1985). Pathological laughter and crying. In P. J. Vmken, G. W. Bruyn & H. L. Klawans (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 45, pp. 219-225). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Pollio, H. R., & Mers, R. W. (1974). Predictability and the appreciation of comedy. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4(4-A), 229-232.
Pollio, H. R., Mers, R. W, & Lucchesi, W. (1972). Humor, laughter, and smiling: Some preliminary observations of funny behaviors. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 211-239). New York: Academic Press.
Porterfield, A. L. (1987). Does sense of humor moderate the impact of life stress on psychological and physical well-being? Journal of Research in Personality, 21(3), 306-317.
Porterfield, A. L., Mayer, F. S., Dougherty, K. G., Kredich, K. E., Kronberg, M. M., Marsee, K. M., et al. (1988). Private self-consciousness, canned laughter, and responses to humorous stimuli. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(4), 409-423.
Powell, J. P., & Andresen, L. W. (1985). Humour and teaching in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 10(1), 79-90.
Prasinos, S., & Tittler, B. I. (1981). The family relationships of humor-oriented adolescents. Journal of Personality, 49(3), 295-305.
Prentice, N. M., & Fathman, R. E. (1975). Joking riddles: A developmental index of children's humor. Developmental Psychology, 11(2), 210-216.
Prerost, F. J. (1977). Environmental conditions affecting the humour response: Developmental trends. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s afunny thing, humour (pp. 439-441). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Prerost, F. J. (1983). Changing patterns in the response to humorous sexual stimuli: Sex roles and expression of sexuality. Social Behavior & Personality, 11(1), 23-28.
Prerost, F. J. (1984). Reactions to humorous sexual stimuli as a function of sexual activeness and satisfaction. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 21(1), 23-27.
Prerost, F. J. (1988). Use of humor and guided imagery in therapy to alleviate stress. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 10(1), 16-22.
Prerost, F. J. (1993). A strategy to enhance humor production among elderly persons: Assisting in the management of stress. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 17(4), 17-24.
Prerost, F. J., & Brewer, R. E. (1977). Humor content preferences and the relief of experimentally aroused aggression. Journal of Social Psychology, 103(2), 225-231.
Prerost, F. J., & Ruma, C. (1987). Exposure to humorous stimuli as an adjunct to muscle relaxation training. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 24(4), 70-74.
Preuschoft, S., & van Hooff, J. A. (1997). The social function of "smile" and "laughter": Variations across primate species and societies. In U. C. Segerstrale & P. Molnar (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Where nature meets culture (pp. 171-190). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Priest, R. F., & Swain, J. E. (2002). Humor and its implications for leadership effectiveness. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 15(1), 169-189.
Priest, R. F, & Thein, M. T. (2003). Humor appreciation in marriage: Spousal similarity, assortative mating, and disaffection. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(1), 63-78.
Provine, R. R. (1992). Contagious laughter: Laughter is a sufficient stimulus for laughs and smiles. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30(1), 1-4.
Provine, R. R. (1993). Laughter punctuates speech: Linguistic, social and gender contexts of laughter. Ethology, P5(4), 291-298.
Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter. American Scientist, 84, 38-45.
Provine, R. R. (2000). Laughter: A scientific investigation. New York: Penguin.
Provine, R. R. (2004). Laughing, tickling, and the evolution of speech and self. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(6), 215-218.
Provine, R. R., & Fischer, K. R. (1989). Laughing, smiling, and talking: Relation to sleeping and social context in humans. Ethology, 83(4), 295-305.
Provine, R. R., & Yong, Y. L. (1991). Laughter: A stereotyped human vocalization. Ethology, 89(2), 115-124.
Rackl, L. (2003). But seriously folks: Humor can keep you healthy. Reader's Digest (September), 62-71.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1952). Structure and Junction in primitive society: Essays and addresses. New York: Free Press.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1998). The neurology and evolution of humor, laughter, and smiling: The false alarm theory. Medical Hypotheses, 51, 351-354.
Rapp, A. (1951). The origins of wit and humor. Oxford, England: Dutton.
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Redlich, F. C., Levine, J., & Sohler, T. P. (1951). A Mirth Response Test: preliminary report on a psychodiagnostic technique utilizing dynamics of humor. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 21, 717-734.
Reis, H. T. (2001). Relationship experiences and emotional well-being. In C. D. Ryff & B. H. Singer (Eds.), Emotion, social relationships, and health (pp. 57-86). New York: Oxford University Press.
Reis, H. T., & Gable, S. L. (2000). Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 190-222). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Richman, J. (1995). The lifesaving function of humor with the depressed and suicidal elderly. Gerontologist, 35(2), 271-273.
Richman, J. (2003). Therapeutic humor with the depressed and suicidal elderly. In C. E. Schaefer (Ed.), Play therapy with adults (pp. 166-192). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Rim, Y. (1988). Sense of humour and coping styles. Personality & Individual Differences, 9(3), 559-564.
Ritchie, G. (1999). Developing the incongruity-resolution theory. Paper presented at the AISB Symposium on Creative Language: Stories and Humour, Edinburgh.
Ritchie, G. (2001). Current directions in computational humour. Artificial Intelligence Review, 16(2), 119-135.
Ritchie, G. (2004). The linguistic analysis of jokes. London: Routledge.
Ritchie, G. (in press). Reinterpretation and viewpoints. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research.
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 169-192.
Robinson, D. T, & Smith-Lovin, L. (2001). Getting a laugh: Gender, status, and humor in task discussions. Social Forces, 80(1), 123-158.
Roeckelein, J. E. (2002). The psychology of humor: A reference guide and annotated bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Rosenheim, E., & Golan, G. (1986). Patients' reactions to humorous interventions in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 40(1), 110-124.
Rosenheim, E., Tecucianu, E, & Dimitrovsky, L. (1989). Schizophrenics’ appreciation of humorous therapeutic interventions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(2), 141-152.
Rosenwald, G. C. (1964). The relation of drive discharge to the enjoyment of humor. Journal of Personality, 52(4), 682-698.
Rothbart, M. K. (1976). Incongruity, problem-solving and laughter. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 37-54). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Rotton, J. (1992). Trait humor and longevity: Do comics have the last laugh? Health Psychology, 11(4), 262-266.
Rotton, J., & Shats, M. (1996). Effects of state humor, expectancies, and choice on postsurgical mood and self-medication: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(20), 1775-1794.
Rowe, D. C. (1997). Genetics, temperament, and personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 367-386). San Diego: Academic Press.
Ruch, W. (1981). Humor and personality: A three-modal analysis. Zeitschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologic, 2, 253-273.
Ruch, W. (1984). Conservatism and the appreciation of humor. Zeitschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologic, 5, 221-245.
Ruch, W. (1988). Sensation seeking and the enjoyment of structure and content of humour: Stability of findings across four samples. Personality & Individual Differences, 9(5), 861- 871.
Ruch, W. (1992). Assessment of appreciation of humor: Studies with the 3 WD Humor Test. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 9, pp. 27-75). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ruch, W. (1993). Exhilaration and humor. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 605-616). New York, NY: Guilford.
Ruch, W. (1994). Temperament, Eysenck's PEN system, and humor-related traits. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(3), 209-244.
Ruch, W. (1997). State and trait cheerfulness and the induction of exhilaration: A FAGS study. European Psychologist, 2(4), 328-341.
Ruch, W. (1998a). Sense of humor: A new look at an old concept. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of Humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 3-14). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ruch, W. (1998b). The sense of Humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ruch, W. (1999). The sense of nonsense lies in the nonsense of sense. Comment on Paolillo's (1998) "Gary Larsen's Far Side: Nonsense? Nonsense!" Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 12(1), 71-93.
Ruch, W., Attardo, S., & Raskin, V. (1993). Toward an empirical verification of the General Theory of Verbal Humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6(2), 123-136.
Ruch, W., Busse, P., & Hehl, F.-J. (1996). Relationship between humor and proposed punishment for crimes: Beware of humorous people. Personality & Individual Differences, 20(1), 1-11.
Ruch, W., & Carrell, A. (1998). Trait cheerfulness and the sense of humour. Personality & Individual Differences, 24(4), 551-558.
Ruch, W., & Deckers, L. (1993). Do extraverts "like to laugh"? An analysis of the Situational Humor Response Questionnaire (SHRQ). European Journal of Personality, 7(4), 211-220.
Ruch, W., & Ekman, P. (2001). The expressive pattern of laughter. In A. Kaszniak (Ed.), Emotion, qualia and consciousness (pp. 426-443). Tokyo: World Scientific.
Ruch, W, & Forabosco, G. (1996). A cross-cultural study of humor appreciation: Italy and Germany. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(1), 1-18.
Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1986a). Conservatism as a predictor of responses to humour: I. A comparison of four scales. Personality & Individual Differences, 7(1), 1-14.
Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1986b). Conservatism as a predictor of responses to humour: II. The location of sense of humour in a comprehensive attitude space. Personality & Individual Differences, 7(6), 861-874.
Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1987). Personal values as facilitating and inhibiting factors in the appreciation of humor content. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 2(4), 453-472.
Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1988). Attitudes to sex, sexual behaviour and enjoyment of humour. Personality & Individual Differences, 9(6), 983-994.
Ruch, W, & Hehl, F.-J. (1998). A two-mode model of humor appreciation: Its relation to aesthetic appreciation and simplicity-complexity of personality. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of Humor: Explorations ofa personality characteristic (pp. 109-142). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Ruch, W., Kohler, G., & Van Thriel, C. (1996). Assessing the "humorous temperament": Construction of the facet and standard trait forms of the State-Trait-Cheerfulness- Inventory-STCI. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3-4), 303-339.
Ruch, W., Kohler, G., & van Thriel, C. (1997). To be in good or bad humor: Construction of the state form of the State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory-STCI. Personality & Individual Differences, 22(4), 477-491.
Ruch, W., & Kohler, G. (1998). A temperament approach to humor. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 203-228). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
Ruch, W, & Kohler, G. (1999). The measurement of state and trait cheerfulness. In I. Mervielde, I. J. Deary, F. De Fruyt & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (pp. 67-83). Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
Ruch, W, McGhee, P. E., & Hehl, F.-J. (1990). Age differences in the enjoyment of incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor during adulthood. Psychology & Aging, 5(3), 348-355.
Ruch, W, Ott, C., Accoce, J., & Bariaud, F. (1991). Cross-national comparison of humor categories: France and Germany. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(1-A), 391^14.
Ruch, W, & Proyer, R. T. (in press). Gelatophobia: A distinct and useful new concept? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research.
Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). The representation of meaning in memory. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge (pp. 99-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J.-A., & Fernandez-Dols, J. M. (2003). Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 329-349.
Rust, J., & Goldstein, J. (1989). Humor in marital adjustment. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(3), 217-223.
Rutherford, K. (1994). Humor in psychotherapy. Individual Psychology, 50(2), 207-222.
Ryan, K. M., & Kanjorski, J. (1998). The enjoyment of sexist humor, rape attitudes, and relationship aggression in college students. Sex Roles, 38(9-10), 743-756.
Safranek, R., & Schill, T. (1982). Coping with stress: Does humor help. Psychological Reports, 57(1), 222.
Sala, E, Krupat, E., & Roter, D. (2002). Satisfaction and the use of humor by physicians and patients. Psychology & Health, 17(3), 269-280.
Salameh, W. A. (1987). Humor in integrative short-term psychotherapy (ISTP). In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Handbook of Humor and psychotherapy: Advances in the clinical use of humor (pp. 195-240). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Sander, K., & Scheich, H. (2001). Auditory perception of laughing and crying activates human amygdala regardless of attentional state. Cognitive Brain Research, 12(2), 181- 198.
Sanders, V. M., Iciek, L., & Kasprowicz, D. J. (2000). Psychosocial factors and humoral immunity. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 425-455). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sanderson, C. A. (2004). Health psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Sanville, J. B. (1999). Humor and play. InJ. W. Barren (Ed.), Humor and psyche: Psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 31-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
Saper, B. (1987). Humor in psychotherapy: Is it good or bad for the client? Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 18(4), 360-367.
Saper, B. (1995). Joking in the context of political correctness. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 8(1), 65-76.
Saroglou, V. (2003). Humor appreciation as function of religious dimensions. Archiv fur Religionpsychologie, 24, 144153.
Saroglou, V., & Scariot, C. (2002). Humor Styles Questionnaire: Personality and educational correlates in Belgian high school and college students. European Journal of Personality, 16(1), 43-54.
Sayre, J. (2001). The use of aberrant medical humor by psychiatric unit staff. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22(7), 669-689.
Scambler, D. J., Harris, M. J., & Milich, R. (1998). Sticks and stones: Evaluations of responses to childhood teasing. Social Development, 7(2), 234-249.
Schachter, S., & Wheeler, L. (1962). Epinephrine, chlorpromazine, and amusement. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 65(2), 121-128.
Schaier, A. H., & Cicirelli, V. G. (1976). Age differences in humor comprehension and appreciation in old age. Journal of Gerontology, 31(5), 577-582.
Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. New York: Wiley.
Schmidt, S. R. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20(4), 953-967.
Schmidt, S. R. (2002). The humour effect: Differential processing and privileged retrieval. Memory, 10(2), 127-138.
Schmidt, S. R., & Williams, A. R. (2001). Memory for humorous cartoons. Memory & Cognition, 29(2), 305-311.
Schultz, W. (2002). Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron, 36(2), 241-263.
Segrin, C. (2000). Social skills deficits associated with depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(3), 379-403.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Peterson, C. (2003). Positive clinical psychology. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of Human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 305-317). Washington, DC: American Psychological Assocation.
Shammi, P., & Stuss, D. T. (1999). Humour appreciation: A role of the right frontal lobe. Brain, 722(4), 657-666.
Shammi, P., & Stuss, D. T. (2003). The effects of normal aging on humor appreciation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(6), 855-863.
Shapiro, J. P., Baumeister, R. E, & Kessler, J. W. (1991). A three-component model of children's teasing: Aggression, humor, and ambiguity. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 459-472.
Sharkey, N. E., & Mitchell, D. C. (1985). Word recognition in a functional context: The use of scripts in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 253-270.
Sher, P. K., & Brown, S. B. (1976). Gelastic epilepsy: Onset in neonatal period. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 130, 1 126-1 131.
Sherman, L. W. (1988). Humor and social distance in elementary school children. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(4), 389^404.
Shiota, M. N., Campos, B., Keltner, D., & Hertenstein, M. J. (2004). Positive emotion and the regulation of interpersonal relationships. In P. Philippot & R. S. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 127-155). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shultz, T. R. (1972). The role of incongruity and resolution in children's appreciation of cartoon humor. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 13(3), 456-477.
Shultz, T. R. (1974a). Development of the appreciation of riddles. Child Development, 45(1), 100-105.
Shultz, T. R. (1974b). Order of cognitive processing in humour appreciation. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 28(4), 409-420.
Shultz, T. R. (1976). A cognitive-developmental analysis of humour. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 11-36). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychobiology, 10, 13-20.
Shultz, T. R., & Pilon, R. (1973). Development of the ability to detect linguistic ambiguity. Child Development, 44(4), 728-733.
Shultz, T. R., & Robillard, J. (1980). The development of linguistic humour in children: Incongruity through rule violation. In P. E. McGhee & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children's humour (pp. 59-90). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Shultz, T. R., & Scott, M. B. (1974). The creation of verbal humour. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 28(4), 421-425.
Shurcliff, A. (1968). Judged humor, arousal, and the relief theory. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 5(4), 360-363.
Simon, J. M. (1990). Humor and its relationship to perceived health, life satisfaction, and morale in older adults. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 11(1), 17-31.
Simons, C. J. R., McCluskey-Fawcett, K. A., & Papini, D. R. (1986). Theoretical and functional perspectives on the development of humor during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. In L. Nahemow, K. A. McCluskey-Fawcett & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), Humor and aging (pp. 53-80). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Simpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). The Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed., Vol. 7). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Singer, D. L. (1968). Aggression arousal, hostile humor, catharsis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph Supplement, 8(1), 1-14.
Singer, D. L., Gollob, H. E, & Levine, J. (1967). Mobilization of Inhibitions and the enjoyment of aggressive humor. Journal of Personality, 55(4), 562-569.
Sinnott, J. D., & Ross, B. M. (1976). Comparison of aggression and incongruity as factors in children's judgments of humor. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 128(2), 241-249.
Smith, J. E., Waldorf, V. A., & Trembath, D. L. (1990). "Single white male looking for thin, very attractive . . ." Sex Roles, 23(11/12), 675-685.
Smith, P. K. (1982). Does play matter? Functional and evolutionary aspects of animal and human play. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 5(1), 139-184.
Smith, R. E. (1973). The use of humor in the counterconditioning of anger responses: A case study. Behavior Therapy, 4(4), 576-580.
Smith, R. E., Ascough, J. C., Ettinger, R. E, & Nelson, D. A. (1971). Humor, anxiety, and task performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 19(2), 243-246.
Smoski, M. J., & Bachorowski, J.-A. (2003). Antiphonal laughter between friends and strangers. Cognition & Emotion, 17(2), 327-340.
Snider, J. G., & Osgood, C. E. (1969). Semantic differential technique: A sourcebook. Chicago: Aldine.
Somerfield, M. R., & McCrae, R. R. (2000). Stress and coping research: Methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications. American Psychologist, 55(6), 620-625.
Spencer, G. (1989). An analysis ofJAP-baiting humor on the college campus. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(4), 329-348.
Spencer, H. (1860). The physiology of laughter. Macmillan's Magazine, 1, 395-402.
Sperber, D. (1984). Verbal irony: Pretense or echoic mention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 130-136.
Spiegel, D., Brodkin, S. G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1969). Unacceptable impulses, anxiety and the appreciation of cartoons. Journal of Protective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 33, 154-159.
Spradley, J. P., & Mann, B. J. (1975). The cocktail waitress: Woman's work in a man’s world. New York: Wiley.
Sprecher, S., & Regan, P. C. (2002). Liking some things (in some people) more than others: Partner preferences in romantic relationships and friendships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 19(4), 463-481.
Sroufe, L. A., & Wunsch, J. P. (1972). The development of laughter in the first year of life. Child Development, 43(4), 1326-1344.
Stearns, F. R. (1972). Laughing: Physiology, pathophysiology, psychology, pathopsychology, and development. Oxford, England: Charles C Thomas.
Stewart, M., & Heredia, R. (2002). Comprehending spoken metaphoric reference: A real-time analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 34-44.
Stillion, J. M., & White, H. (1987). Feminist humor: Who appreciates it and why? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(2), 219-232.
Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Valdimarsdottir, H., Jandorf, L., & Neale, J. M. (1987). Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52(5), 988-993.
Strack, E, Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality 6- Social Psychology, 54(5), 768-777.
Strean, H. S. (1994). The use of Humor in psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Strickland, J. F. (1959). The effect of motivational arousal on humor preferences. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 59, 278-281.
Strother, G. B., Barnett, M. M., & Apostolakos, P. C. (1954). The use of cartoons as a projective device. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10, 3842.
Struthers, A. (2003). No laughing! Playing with humor in the classroom. In A. J. Klein (Ed.), Humor in children's lives: A guidebook for practitioners (pp. 85-94). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Sullivan, K., Winner, E., & Hopfield, N. (1995). How children tell a lie from a joke: The role of second-order mental state attributions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(2), 191-204.
Suls, J. M. (1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons: An information- processing analysis. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of Humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp. 81-100). New York: Academic Press.
Suls, J. M. (1977). Cognitive and disparagement theories of humour: A theoretical and empirical synthesis. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It’s afunny thing, humour (pp. 41^-5). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Suls, J. M. (1983). Cognitive processes in humor appreciation. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research, Vol. 1: Basic issues (pp. 39-57). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Sumners, A. D. (1988). Humor: Coping in recovery from addiction. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 9, 169-179.
Surkis, A. A. (1993). Humor in relation to obsessive-compulsive processes. In W. F. Fry & W. A. Salameh (Eds.), Advances in humor and psychotherapy (pp. 121-141). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Sutton-Smith, B. (2003). Play as a parody of emotional vulnerability. In D. E. Lytle (Ed.), Play and educational theory and practice (pp. 3-17). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Svebak, S. (1974a). Revised questionnaire on the sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 75,328-331.
Svebak, S. (1974b). A theory of sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 75(2), 99- 107.
Svebak, S. (1975). Respiratory patterns as predictors of laughter. Psychophysiology, 72(1), 62-65.
Svebak, S. (1977). Some characteristics of resting respiration as predictors of laughter. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), It's a funny thing, humour (pp. 101-104). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Svebak, S. (1982). The effect of mirthfulness upon amount of discordant right-left occipital EEC alpha. Motivation & Emotion, 6(2), 133-147.
Svebak, S. (1996). The development of the Sense of Humor Questionnaire: From SHQ to SHQ-6. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3-4), 341-361.
Svebak, S., & Apter, M. J. (1987). Laughter: An empirical test of some reversal theory hypotheses. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 28(3), 189-198.
Svebak, S., Gotestam, K. G., & Jensen, E. N. (2004). The significance of sense of humor, life regard, and stressors for bodily complaints among high school students. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 67-83.
Svebak, S., & Martin, R. A. (1997). Humor as a form of coping. In S. Svebak & M. J. Apter (Eds.), Stress and health: A reversal theory perspective (pp. 173-184). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Svebak, S., Martin, R. A., & Holmen, J. (2004). The prevalence of sense of humor in a large, unselected county population in Norway: Relations with age, sex, and some health indicators. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 77(1-2), 121-134.
Szabo, A. (2003). The acute effects of humor and exercise on mood and anxiety. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 152-162.
Szabo, A., Ainsworth, S. E., & Danks, P. K. (2005). Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 18(3), 235-246.
Talbot, L. A., & Lumden, D. B. (2000). On the association between humor and burnout. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 73(4), 419-428.
Tamblyn, D. (2003). Laugh and learn: 95 ways to use humorfor more effective teaching and training. New York: Amcom.
Tannen, D. (1986). That’s not what I meant. New York: William Morrow.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand. New York: Ballantine.
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T, Bouchard, T J., Wilcox, K. J., et al. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(6), 1031-1039.
Tennen, H., Affleck, G., Armeli, S., & Carney, M. A. (2000). A daily process approach to coping: Linking theory, research, and practice. American Psychologist, 55(6), 626-636.
Terrion, J. L., & Ashforth, B. E. (2002). From "I" to "we": The role of putdown humor and identity in the development of a temporary group. Human Relations, 55(1), 55-88.
Terry, R. L., & Ertel, S. L. (1974). Exploration of individual differences in preferences for humor. Psychological Reports, 34(3, Pt 2), 1031-1037.
Teslow, J. L. (1995). Humor me: A call for research. Educational Technology Research & Development, 43(3), 6-28.
Teyber, E. (1988). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy: A guide for clinical training. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Thomas, C. A., & Esses, V. M. (2004). Individual differences in reactions to sexist humor. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7(1), 89-100.
Thorson, J. A. (1990). Is propensity to laugh equivalent to sense of humor? Psychological Reports, 55(3, Pt 1), 737-738.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1993a). Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 13-23.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1993b). Relationships of death anxiety and sense of humor. Psychological Reports, 72(3, Pt 2), 1364-1366.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1994). Depression and sense of humor. Psychological Reports, 75(3, Pt.2), 1473-1474.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1996). Women, aging, and sense of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(2), 169-186.
Thorson, J. A., Powell, F. C., Sarmany-Schuller, I., & Hampes, W. P. (1997). Psychological health and sense of humor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 605-619.
Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking. Princeton, NJ: Personnel Press.
Townsend, M. A., & Mahoney, P. (1981). Humor and anxiety: Effects on class test performance. Psychology in the Schools, 18(2), 228-234.
Townsend, M. A., Mahoney, P., & Allen, L. G. (1983). Student perceptions of verbal and cartoon humor in the test situation. Educational Research Quarterly, 7(4), 17-23.
Trappl, R., Petta, P., & Payr, S. (Eds.). (2002). Emotions in humans and artifacts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Traylor, G. (1973). Joking in a bush camp. Human Relations, 25(4), 479-486.
Treadwell, Y. (1970). Humor and creativity. Psychological Reports, 25(1), 55-58.
Trice, A. D. (1985). Alleviation of helpless responding by a humorous experience. Psychological Reports, 57(2), 474.
Trice, A. D., & Price-Greathouse, J. (1986). Joking under the drill: A validity study of the Coping Humor Scale. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 1(2), 265-266.
Trick, L., & Katz, A. (1986). The domain interaction approach to metaphor processing: Relating individual differences and metaphor characteristics. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 1, 203-244.
Turnbull, C. M. (1972). The mountain people. New York: Touchstone.
Turner, R. G. (1980). Self-monitoring and humor production. Journal of Personality, 48(2), 163-172.
Uchino, B. N., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (2000). Psychological modulation of cellular immunity. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 397^-24). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Ullian, J. A. (1976). Joking at work. Journal of Communication, 25(3), 129-133. Ullmann, L. P., & Lim, D. T. (1962). Case history material as a source of the identification of patterns of response to emotional stimuli in a study of humor. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25(3), 221-225.
Vaid, J. (1999). The evolution of humor: Do those who laugh last? In D. H. Rosen & M. C. Luebbert (Eds.), Evolution of the psyche (pp. 123-138). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/ Greenwood Publishing.
Vaid, J. (2002). Humor and laughter. In V S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the human brain (Vol. 2, pp. 505-516). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Vaid, J., Hull, R., Heredia, R., Gerkens, D., & Martinez, F. (2003). Getting a joke: The time course of meaning activation in verbal humor. Journal of Pragmatics, 55(9), 1431- 1449.
Vaillant, G. E. (2000). Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55(1), 89-98.
Van Giffen, K. (1990). Influence of professor gender and perceived use of humor on course evaluations. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3(1), 65-73.
van Hooff, J. A. (1972). A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling. In R. A. Hinde (Ed.), Non-verbal communication. Oxford, England: Cambridge U. Press.
van Hooff, J. A., & Preuschoft, S. (2003). Laughter and smiling: The intertwining of nature and culture. In F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies (pp. 260-287). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
van Wormer, K., & Boes, M. (1997). Humor in the emergency room: A social work perspective. Health & Social Work, 22(2), 87-92.
Vasey, G. (1877). The philosophy oflaughter and smiling (2nd. ed.). London: J. Burns.
Ventis, W. L. (1973). Case history: The use of laughter as an alternative response in systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy, 4(1), 120-122.
Ventis, W. L., Higbee, G., & Murdock, S. A. (2001). Using humor in systematic desensitization to reduce fear. Journal of General Psychology, 128(2), 241-253.
Vettin, J., & Todt, D. (2004). Laughter in conversation: Features of occurrence and acoustic structure. Journal ofNonverbal Behavior, 28(2), 93-115.
Vilaythong, A. P., Arnau, R. C., Rosen, D. H., & Mascaro, N. (2003). Humor and hope: Can humor increase hope? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(i), 79-89.
Vinton, K. L. (1989). Humor in the workplace: It is more than telling jokes. Small Group Behavior, 20(2), 151-166.
Wakshlag, J. J., Day, K. D., & Zillmann, D. (1981). Selective exposure to educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(1), 27-32.
Walle, A. H. (1976). Getting picked up without being put down: Jokes and the bar rush. Journal of the Folklore Institute, 13,201-217.
Wanzer, M. B., & Frymier, A. B. (1999). The relationship between student perceptions of instructor humor and student's reports of learning. Communication Education, 48(1), 48-62.
Wapner, W., Hamby, S., & Gardner, H. (1981). The role of the right hemisphere in the apprehension of complex linguistic materials. Brain & Language, 14(1), 15-33.
Warm, T. R. (1997). The role of teasing in development and vice versa. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 18(2), 97-101.
Warners-Kleverlaan, N., Oppenheimer, L., & Sherman, L. (1996). To be or not to be humorous: Does it make a difference? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(2), 117-141.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254.
Watson, K. K., Matthews, B. J., & Allman, J. M. (in press). Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor. Cerebral Cortex.
Weaver, J., & Zillmann, D. (1994). Effect of humor and tragedy on discomfort tolerance. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 78(2), 632-634.
Weaver, J., Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of humorous distortions on children's learning from educational television: Further evidence. Communication Education, 57(3), 181-187.
Weaver, J. B., Masland, J. L., Kharazmi, S., & Zillmann, D. (1985). Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the appreciation of different types of humor. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 49(3), 781-787.
Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Positive mood can increase or decrease message scrutiny: The hedonic contingency view of mood and message processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 5-15.
Weinberger, M. G., & Gulas, C. S. (1992). The impact of humor in advertising: A review. Journal of Advertising, 21(4), 35-59.
Weisenberg, M., Raz, T., & Hener, T. (1998). The influence of film-induced mood on pain perception. Pain, 76(3), 365-375.
Weisenberg, M., Tepper, L, & Schwarzwald, J. (1995). Humor as a cognitive technique for increasing pain tolerance. Pain, 63(2), 207-212.
Weisfeld, G. E. (1993). The adaptive value of humor and laughter. Ethology fc Sociobiology, 14(2), 141-169.
White, S., & Camarena, P. (1989). Laughter as a stress reducer in small groups. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 2(1), 73-79.
White, S., & Winzelberg, A. (1992). Laughter and stress. Humor: InternationalJournal of Humor Research, 5(4), 343-355.
Whitney, L, & Smith, P. K. (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35(1), 3-25.
Whitt, J. K., & Prentice, N. M. (1977). Cognitive processes in the development of children's enjoyment and comprehension of joking riddles. Developmental Psychology, 13(2), 129-136.
Wickberg, D. (1998). The senses of humor: Self and laughter in modern America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wicker, E W. (1985). A rhetorical look at humor as creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 19(3), 175-184.
Wicker, E W, Barren, W. L., & Willis, A. C. (1980). Disparagement humor: Dispositions and resolutions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 39(4), 701-709.
Wicker, E W, Thorelli, I. M., Barren, W. L., & Ponder, M. R. (1981). Relationships among affective and cognitive factors in humor. Journal of Research in Personality, 15(3), 359-370.
Wild, B., Rodden, E A., Grodd, W, & Ruch, W. (2003). Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain, 126(10), 2121-2138.
Williams, R. B., Haney, T. L., Lee, K. L., Kong, Y. H., Blumenthal, J. A., & Whalen, R. E. (1980). Type A behavior, hostility, and coronary atherosclerosis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 42(6), 539-549.
Wilson, D. W, & Molleston, J. L. (1981). Effects of sex and type of humor on humor appreciation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(1), 90-96.
Wilson, G. D., & Patterson, J. R. (1969). Conservatism as a predictor of humor preferences. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 271-274.
Wilson, G. D., Rust, J., & Kasriel, J. (1977). Genetic and family origins of humor preferences: A twin study. Psychological Reports, 41(2), 659-660.
Wilson, W. (1975). Sex differences in response to obscenities and bawdy humor. Psychological Reports, 37(3, Pt 2), 1074.
Winner, E., & Leekam, S. (1991). Distinguishing irony from deception: Understanding the speaker's second-order intention. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 257- 270.
Winner, E., Windmueller, G., Rosenblatt, E., Bosco, L., Best, E., & Gardner, H. (1987). Making sense of literal and nonliteral falsehood. Metaphor & Symbolic Activity, 2(1), 13- 32.
Witztum, E., Briskin, S., & Lerner, V. (1999). The use of humor with chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 29(3), 223-234.
Wolfenstein, M. (1954). Children's humor: A psychological analysis. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Wolff, H. A., Smith, C. E., & Murray, H. A. (1934). The psychology of humor. Journal ofAbnormal & Social Psychology, 28, 341-365.
Wyer, R. S. (2004). Social comprehension andjudgment: The role ofsituation models, narratives, and implicit theories. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wyer, R. S., & Collins, J. E. (1992). A theory of humor elicitation. Psychological Review, 99(4), 663-688.
Yalisove, D. (1978). The effect of riddle structure on children's comprehension of riddles. Developmental Psychology, 14(2), 173-180.
Yarnold, J. K., & Berkeley, M. H. (1954). An analysis of the Cattell-Luborsky Humor Test into homogeneous scales. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 49, 543-546.
Yip, J. A., & Martin, R. A. (in press). Sense of humor, emotional intelligence, and social competence. Journal of Research in Personality.
Yoshino, S., Fujimori, J., & Kohda, M. (1996). Effects of mirthful laughter on neuroendocrine and immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [letter]. Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 793-794.
Yovetich, N. A., Dale, J. A., & Hudak, M. A. (1990). Benefits of humor in reduction of threatinduced anxiety. Psychological Reports, 66(1), 51-58.
Yukl, G., & Lepsinger, R. (1990). Preliminary report on validation of the Management Practices Survey. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 223-237). West Orange, NJ.: Leadership Library of America.
Zajdman, A. (1995). Humorous face-threatening acts: Humor as strategy. Journal of Pragmatics, 23(3), 325-339.
Zeilig, G., Drubach, D. A., Katz-Zeilig, M., & Karatinos, J. (1996). Pathological laughter and crying in patients with closed traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 10(8), 591-597.
Ziegler, V., Boardman, G., & Thomas, M. D. (1985). Humor, leadership, and school climate. Clearing House, 58, 346-348.
Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. (1966). Cognitive processes in the development of children's appreciation of humor. Child Development, 37(3), 507-518.
Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. (1967). Cognitive challenge as a factor in children's humor appreciation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 5(3), 332-336.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1974). Retaliatory equity as a factor in humor appreciation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(5), 480-488.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1980). Misattribution theory of tendentious humor. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology, 16(2), 146-160.
Zillmann, D., Bryant, J., & Cantor, J. R. (1974). Brutality of assault in political cartoons affecting humor appreciation. Journal ofResearch in Personality, 7(4), 334-345.
Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1972). Directionality of transitory dominance as a communication variable affecting humor appreciation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 24(2), 191-198.
Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1976). A disposition theory of humour and mirth. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 93-115). London: John Wiley & Sons.
Zillmann, D., et al. (1980). Acquisition of information from educational television programs as a function of differently paced humorous inserts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(2), 170-180.
Zillmann, D., Masland, J. L., Weaver, J. B., Lacey, L. A., Jacobs, N. E., Dow, J. H., et al. (1984). Effects of humorous distortions on children's learning from educational television. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(5), 802-812.
Zillmann, D., Rockwell, S., Schweitzer, K., & Sundar, S. S. (1993). Does humor facilitate coping with physical discomfort? Motivation & Emotion, 17(1), 1-21.
Ziv, A. (1976). Facilitating effects of humor on creativity. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 68(5), 318-322.
Ziv, A. (1980). Humor and creativity. Creative Child & Adult Quarterly, 5(3), 159-170.
Ziv, A. (1981). The self concept of adolescent humorists. Journal of Adolescence, 4(2), 187-197.
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York: Springer.
Ziv, A. (1988a). Humor's role in married life. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 1(3), 223-229.
Ziv, A. (1988b). Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication. Journal of Experimental Education, 57(1), 5-15.
Ziv, A., & Gadish, O. (1989). Humor and marital satisfaction. Journal ofSocial Psychology, 129(6), 759-768.
Ziv, A., & Gadish, O. (1990). The disinhibiting effects of humor: Aggressive and affective responses. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3(3), 247-257.
Zwerling, I. (1955). The favorite joke in diagnostic and therapeutic interviewing. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 24, 104-114.
Zweyer, K., Velker, B., & Ruch, W (2004). Do cheerfulness, exhilaration, and humor production moderate pain tolerance? A FACS study. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 85-119.