# Cronologia dei linguaggi di programmazione

Questo è un elenco cronologico dei linguaggi di programmazione per ordine di apparizione. Di ognuno viene riportato l'eventuale predecessore, l'anno in cui è apparso, il nome del linguaggio stesso, l'autore (se noto) e, in alcuni casi, l'azienda dove è stato sviluppato.

## Prima degli anni '50

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| circa 1837 | Analytical Engine order code | Charles Babbage e Ada Lovelace | − |
| 1943-5 | Plankalkül (concetto) | Konrad Zuse | − |
| 1943-6 | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine alla maniera di Alan Turing | − |
| 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann alla maniera di Alan Turing | ENIAC coding system |
| 1946 | Von Neumann e Goldstine graphing system (notazione) | John von Neumann e Herman Goldstine | ENIAC coding system |
| 1947 | ARC Assembly | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC coding system |
| 1948 | CPC Coding scheme | Howard H. Aiken | Analytical Engine order code |
| 1948 | Curry notation system | Haskell Curry | ENIAC coding system |
| 1949 | Brief Code | John Mauchly e William F. Schmitt | ENIAC Short Code |
| 1949 | C-10 | Betty Holberton | ENIAC Short Code |
| 1949 | Seeber coding scheme (concetto) | Robert Seeber | CPC Coding scheme |

## Anni '50

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 1950 | Short Code | William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan | Brief Code |
| 1950 | Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ARC |
| 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | ALGAE | Edward A Voorhees e Karl Balke | − |
| 1951 | Intermediate linguaggio di programmazione | Arthur Burks | Short Code |
| 1951 | Regional Assembly Language | Maurice Wilkes | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | Aiken CPC system |
| 1951 | Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler | Charles Katz | Short Code |
| 1951 | Stanislaus (notazione) | Fritz Bauer | − |
| 1951 | Whirlwind assembler | Charles Adams e Jack Gilmore al MIT Project Whirlwind | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Rochester assembler | Nat Rochester | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | − |
| 1952 | A-0 | Grace Hopper | C-10 e Short Code |
| 1952 | Autocode | Alick Glennie alla maniera di Alan Turing | Aiken CPC |
| 1952 | Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE |
| 1952 | COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | − |
| 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | − |
| 1953 | READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | − |
| 1954 | Laning e Zierler system | Laning, Zierler, Adams al MIT Project Whirlwind | − |
| 1954 | Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode |
| 1954-1955 | Fortran (concetto) | Team condotto da John W. Backus alla IBM | Speedcoding |
| 1954 | ARITH-MATIC | Team condotto da Grace Hopper all'UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATH-MATIC | Team condotto da Charles Katz | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | − |
| 1954 | IPL I (concetto) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | − |
| 1955 | FLOW-MATIC | Team condotto da Grace Hopper all'UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1955 | BACAIC | M. Grems e R. Porter | |
| 1955 | PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 |
| 1955-6 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer e Karl Samelson | Boehm |
| 1955-6 | IT | Team condotto da Alan Perlis | Laning e Zerler |
| 1955 | PRINT | IBM | |
| 1958 | IPL II (implementazione) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL I |
| 1956-1958 | Lisp (concetto) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1956 | APT | MIT | |
| 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC |
| 1957 | FORTRAN "I" (implementazione) | John W. Backus all'IBM | FORTRAN 0 |
| 1957-1958 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC |
| 1957 | COMIT (concetto) | | − |
| 1958 | FORTRAN II | Team condotto da John W. Backus all'IBM | FORTRAN I |
| 1958 | ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT e Sequentielle Formelübersetzung |
| 1958 | IPL V | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL II |
| 1959 | FACT | Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick | − |
| 1959 | COBOL (concetto) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT |
| 1959 | JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz al System Development Corporation | ALGOL 58 |
| 1959 | Lisp (implementazione) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1959 | TRAC (concetto) | Mooers | |

## Anni '60

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 1960 | ALGOL 60 | | ALGOL 58 |
| 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementazione) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN |
| 1961 | COMIT (implementazione) | | − |
| 1962 | FORTRAN IV | | FORTRAN II |
| 1962 | APL (concetto) | Iverson | − |
| 1962 | MAD | Arden ed altri | ALGOL 58 |
| 1962 | Simula (concetto) | | ALGOL 60 |
| 1962 | SNOBOL | Griswold ed altri | FORTRAN II, COMIT |
| 1963 | CPL | Barron, Strachey ed altri | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | SNOBOL3 | Griswold ed altri | SNOBOL |
| 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concetto) | van Wijngaarden ed altri | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58 |
| 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen ed altri | MIDAS |
| 1964 | COWSEL | Burstall, Popplestone | CPL, Lisp |
| 1964 | PL/I (concetto) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1964 | BASIC | Kemeny e Kurtz | FORTRAN II, JOSS |
| 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO |
| 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | |
| 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen all'Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy |
| 1964 | TRAC (implementazione) | Mooers | |
| 1964? | IITRAN | | |
| 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS |
| 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND | JOSS I |
| 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | FORTRAN 66 | | FORTRAN IV |
| 1966 | ISWIM | Landin | Lisp |
| 1966 | CORAL66 | | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | BCPL | Richards | CPL |
| 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP |
| 1967 | APL (implementazione) | Iverson | − |
| 1967 | SIMULA 67 (implementazione) | Dahl, Myhrhaug e Nygaard alla Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | Interlisp | D.G. Bobrow e D.L. Murphy | Lisp |
| 1967 | SNOBOL4 | Griswold ed altri | SNOBOL3 |
| 1967 | XPL | W. M. McKeeman ed altri all'Università della California, Santa Cruz. J. J. Horning ed altri alla Stanford University | PL/I |
| 1968 | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) | A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck e Cornelis H. A. Koster ed altri | ALGOL 60 |
| 1968 | POP-1 | Burstall, Popplestone | COWSEL |
| 1968 | DIBOL-8 | DEC | DIBOL |
| 1968 | FORTH (concetto) | Moore | |
| 1968 | LOGO | Papert | Lisp |
| 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS |
| 1968 | Refal (implementazione) | Valentin Turchin | − |
| 1969 | PL/I (implementazione) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1969 | B | Ken Thompson, con il contributo di Dennis Ritchie | BCPL |
| 1969 | PPL | Thomas A. Standish all'Università di Harvard | |
| 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz al Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | |
| 1969 | TUTOR | Università dell'Illinois a Urbana-Champaign | |

## Anni '70

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 1970? | FORTH (implementazione) | Moore | |
| 1970 | POP-2 | | POP-1 |
| 1970 | Pascal | Wirth, Jensen | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W |
| 1971 | Sue | Holt ed altri all'Università di Toronto | Pascal, XPL |
| 1972 | Smalltalk | Xerox PARC | SIMULA 67 |
| 1972 | PL/M | Kildall al Digital Research | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL |
| 1972 | C | Dennis Ritchie | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 |
| 1972 | INTERCAL | Don Woods e James M. Lyon | − |
| 1972 | Prolog | Colmerauer | 2-level W-Grammar |
| 1973 | COMAL | Christensen, Løfstedt | Pascal, BASIC |
| 1973 | ML | Robin Milner | |
| 1973 | LIS | Ichbiah ed altri al CII Honeywell Bull | Pascal, Sue |
| 1973 | Speakeasy-3 | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper all'Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy-2 |
| 1974 | GRASS | DeFanti | BASIC |
| 1974 | BASIC FOUR | MAI BASIC Four Inc. | Business BASIC |
| 1975 | ABC | Leo Geurts e Lambert Meertens | SETL |
| 1975 | Scheme | Sussman, Steele | Lisp |
| 1975 | Altair BASIC | Gates, Allen | BASIC |
| 1975 | CS-4 | Miller, Brosgol ed altri all'Intermetrics | ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL |
| 1975 | Modula | Wirth | Pascal |
| 1976 | Smalltalk-76 | Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-72 |
| 1976 | Ratfor | Kernighan | C, FORTRAN |
| 1976 | S | John Chambers ai Bell Laboratories | APL, PPL, Scheme |
| 1977 | FP | John Backus | − |
| 1977 | Bourne shell (sh) | Bourne | − |
| 1977 | IDL | David Stern of Research Systems Inc | Fortran |
| 1977 | Standard MUMPS | | MUMPS |
| 1977 | Icon (concetto) | Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1977 | Green | Ichbiah ed altri al CII Honeywell Bull per US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, LIS |
| 1977 | Red | Brosgol ed altri all'Intermetrics per US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, CS-4 |
| 1977 | Blue | Goodenough ed altri al SofTech per US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, |
| 1977 | Yellow | Spitzen ed altri al SRI International per US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, |
| 1978? | MATLAB | Moler all'Università del New Mexico | − |
| 1978? | SMALL | Brownlee all'Università di Auckland | Algol60 |
| 1978 | SQL aka structured query language | IBM | Ingres |
| 1978 | VisiCalc | Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp | − |
| 1979 | Modula-2 | Wirth | Modula |
| 1979 | REXX | Cowlishaw | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 |
| 1979 | Awk | Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan | C, SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Icon (implementazione) | Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Vulcan dBase-II | Ratliff | − |

## Anni '80

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 1980 | C with classes | Stroustrup | C, SIMULA 67 |
| 1980-1981 | CBASIC | Gordon Eubanks | BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research |
| 1982? | Speakeasy-IV | Stanley Cohen ed altri alla Speakeasy Computing Corporation | Speakeasy-3 |
| 1982 | Objective-C | Brad Cox | Smalltalk, C |
| 1983 | GW-BASIC | Microsoft | IBM BASICA |
| 1983 | Ada | CII Honeywell Bull | Green |
| 1983 | C++ | Stroustrup | C with Classes |
| 1983 | True BASIC | Kemeny, Kurtz al Dartmouth College | BASIC |
| 1983 | occam | David May | EPL |
| 1983? | ABAP | SAP AG | COBOL |
| 1984? | Korn shell (ksh) | David Korn | sh |
| 1984 | RPL | Hewlett-Packard | Forth, Lisp |
| 1984 | Standard ML | | ML |
| 1984 | CLIPPER | Nantucket | dBase |
| 1984 | Common Lisp | Guy L. Steele, Jr. e many others | Lisp |
| 1984 | Redcode | Alexander Dewdney e D.G. Jones | |
| 1984 | OPL | PSION | |
| 1985 | Object Pascal | Apple Computer | Pascal |
| 1985 | PARADOX | Borland | dBase |
| 1985 | PostScript | Warnock | InterPress |
| 1985 | QuickBASIC | Microsoft | BASIC |
| 1986 | GFA BASIC | Frank Ostrowski | BASIC |
| 1986 | Miranda | David Turner all'Università del Kent | |
| 1986 | LabVIEW | National Instruments | |
| 1986 | Eiffel | Meyer | SIMULA 67 |
| 1986 | Informix-4GL | Informix | |
| 1986 | PROMAL | | C |
| 1986 | CorVision | Cortex | INFORM |
| 1987 | Self (concetto) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk |
| 1987 | occam 2 | David May e INMOS | occam |
| 1987 | HyperTalk | Apple | − |
| 1987 | Perl | Wall | C, sed, awk, sh |
| 1987 | Oberon | Wirth | Modula-2 |
| 1987 | Erlang | Joe Armstrong e others in Ericsson | Prolog |
| 1987 | Mathematica | Wolfram Research | − |
| 1987 | Turbo Basic | Robert 'Bob' Zale | BASIC/Z |
| 1988 | Octave | | MATLAB |
| 1988 | Tcl | Ousterhout | Awk, Lisp |
| 1988 | STOS BASIC | François Lionet e Constantin Sotiropoulos | BASIC |
| 1988 | Object REXX | Simon C. Nash | REXX |
| 1988 | SPARK | Bernard A. Carré | Ada |
| 1988 | A+ | Arthur Whitney | APL |
| 1989 | Turbo Pascal OOP | Hejlsberg alla Borland | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal |
| 1989 | Modula-3 | Cardeli, et al. DEC e Olivetti | Modula-2 |
| 1989 | PowerBASIC | Robert 'Bob' Zale | Turbo Basic |
| 1989 | VisSim | Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions | |

## Anni '90

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet e Constantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC |
| 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon |
| 1990 | J | Iverson, R. Hui all'Iverson Software | APL, FP |
| 1990 | Haskell | | Miranda |
| 1990 | EuLisp | | Common Lisp, Scheme |
| 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Wirth | Object Oberon |
| 1991 | Python | Van Rossum | ABC, ALGOL 68, Icon, Modula-3 |
| 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka e i suoi studenti | Prolog |
| 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | |
| 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, venduto alla Microsoft | QuickBASIC |
| 1992 | Borland Pascal | | Turbo Pascal OOP |
| 1992 | Dylan | vari sviluppatori alla Apple Computer | Common Lisp, Scheme |
| 1993? | Z shell (zsh) | | ksh |
| 1993? | Self (implementazione) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk |
| 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | − |
| 1993 | FALSE | Wouter van Oortmerssen | Forth |
| 1993 | Revolution Transcript | | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | AppleScript | Apple | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp |
| 1993 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl |
| 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy ed altri al Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Python, Lua |
| 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlain ed altri all'Università di Washington | C |
| 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan |
| 1994 | ANSI Common Lisp | | Common Lisp |
| 1994 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl |
| 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. all'Università di Linköping | LPC, C, µLPC |
| 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al. | Forth |
| 1995 | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg alla Borland | Borland Pascal |
| 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | |
| 1995 | Java | James Gosling alla Sun Microsystems | C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C |
| 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich alla Netscape | Self, C |
| 1995 | SQL | Michael Widenius e David Axmark | C, C++ |
| 1995 | Ada 95 | Tucker Taft | Ada 83 |
| 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman al MIT | Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML |
| 1996 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich alla Netscape | LiveScript |
| 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, e Christian Soeller | APL, Perl |
| 1996 | R | Robert Gentleman e Ross Ihaka | S |
| 1996 | NetRexx | Cowlishaw | REXX |
| 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communication |
| 1996 | SuperCollider | James McCartney |
| 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon microsystems, Inc | Oberon-2 |
| 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E |
| 1997 | Pico | Libera Università di Bruxelles | Scheme |
| 1997 | Squeak Smalltalk | Alan Kay ed altri alla Apple Computer | Smalltalk-80, Self |
| 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript |
| 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C |
| 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp |
| 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java, Scheme, Tcl |
| 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies | Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo |
| 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++, Standard C |
| 1998 | Open Source Erlang | Ericsson | Erlang |
| 1998 | PIKT | Robert Osterlund (all'Università di Chicago) | AWK, Perl, Unix shell |
| 1999 | XSLT (+ XPath) | W3C, James Clark | DSSSL |
| 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker |

## Anni 2000

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
| 2000 | Joy | von Thun | FP, Forth |
| 2000 | D | Walter Bright al Digital Mars | C, C++, C#, Java |
| 2000 | XL | Christophe de Dinechin | Ada, C++, Lisp |
| 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg per Microsoft (ECMA) | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 |
| 2000 | Ferite | Chris Ross | C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme |
| 2001 | AspectJ | Xerox PARC | Java |
| 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self, NewtonScript |
| 2003 | Nemerle | Università di Breslavia | C#, ML, MetaHaskell |
| 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
| 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
| 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
| 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | − |
| 2004 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python, C# |
| 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
| 2005 | F# | Don Syme alla Microsoft Research | Objective Caml, C#, Haskell |
| 2005 | Seed7 | Thomas Mertes | − |
| 2006 | Links | Philip Wadler, Università di Edinburgh | Haskell |
| 2006 | Kite | Mooneer Salem | − |
| 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL |
| 2007 | Fan | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
| 2007 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
| 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang |
| 2007 | Oberon-07 | Wirth | Oberon |
| 2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
| 2008 | Nimrod | Andreas Rumpf | Lisp, Python, C |
| 2009 | Go | Google | C, Oberon, Limbo |

## Anni 2010

| Anno | Nome | Team di programmatori | Predecessore/i |
| 2010 | Chapel | Cray Inc. | HPF, ZPL |
| 2011 | Ceylon | Gavin King e il suo team per conto di Red Hat | Java |
| 2011 | DART | Google | Java, JavaScript |
| 2011 | Elm | Evan Czaplicki | Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F# |
| 2011 | Kotlin | JetBrains | Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu |
| 2011 | C++11 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011 | C++, Standard C, C |
| 2011 | Red | Nenad Rakocevic | Rebol, Scala, Lua |
| 2012 | Rust | Inizialmente Graydon Hoare, poi i Rust Project Developers, finanziati dalla Mozilla Foundation | Alef, C++, Camlp4, Common Lisp, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML |
| 2012 | Elixir | José Valim | Erlang, Ruby, Clojure |
| 2012 | TypeScript | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft | JavaScript, CoffeeScript |
| 2012 | Julia | Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman, MIT | MATLAB, Lisp, C, Fortran, Mathematica (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python, Perl, R, Ruby, Lua |
| 2012 | Ada 2012 | ARA e Ada Europe | Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 |
| 2014 | Hack | Facebook | PHP |
| 2014 | Swift | Apple Inc. | Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU |
| 2014 | C++14 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014 | C++, Standard C, C |