# Syllabaire yi

Le syllabaire yi est un syllabaire permettant d'écrire le nosu, une variété de langue tibéto-birmane parlée au Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou et Guangxi. Cette écriture a été standardisée en 1979 et est désormais enseignée à l'école.

## Yi classique

L'écriture yi classique est un système syllabo-logographique constitué d'environ 8 000 glyphes.
L'écriture classique est historiquement attestée depuis 1485, mais est probablement plus ancienne.

## Yi moderne

Créé en 1978 par un groupe de linguistes sous la direction de MM. Ma Ming et Li Min, le syllabaire normalisé des Yi du Liangshan fait force de loi. Des livres sont imprimés dans cette écriture.

## Tableau des signes

| Pinyin | Pinyin | attaque | — | b | p | bb | nb | hm | m | f | v | d | t | dd | nd | hn | n | hl | l | g | k | gg | mg | hx | ng | h |
| voyelle | ton | API | — | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m͡b] | [m̥] | [m] | [f] | [v] | [t] | [tʰ] | [d] | [n͡d] | [n̥] | [n] | [l̥] | [l] | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [ŋ͡g] | [h] | [ŋ] | [x] |
| i | t | [í] | ꀀ | ꀖ | ꀸ | ꁖ | ꁶ | ꂑ | ꂮ | ꃍ | ꃢ | ꄀ | ꄚ | ꄶ | ꅑ | ꅨ | ꅽ | ꆗ | ꆷ | ꇚ | ꇸ | ꈔ | | ꉆ | | ꉮ |
| i | x | [ǐ] | ꀁ | ꀗ | ꀹ | ꁗ | ꁷ | ꂒ | ꂯ | ꃎ | ꃣ | ꄁ | ꄛ | ꄷ | ꅒ | ꅩ | ꅾ | ꆘ | ꆸ | ꇛ | ꇹ | ꈕ | | ꉇ | | |
| i | | [ī] | ꀂ | ꀘ | ꀺ | ꁘ | ꁸ | ꂓ | ꂰ | ꃏ | ꃤ | ꄂ | ꄜ | ꄸ | ꅓ | ꅪ | ꅿ | ꆙ | ꆹ | ꇜ | ꇺ | ꈖ | | ꉈ | | |
| i | p | [ì] | ꀃ | ꀙ | ꀻ | ꁙ | ꁹ | ꂔ | ꂱ | ꃐ | ꃥ | ꄃ | ꄝ | ꄹ | ꅔ | ꅫ | ꆀ | ꆚ | ꆺ | ꇝ | ꇻ | | | ꉉ | | |
| ie | t | [é] | ꀄ | ꀚ | | ꁚ | | | | | ꃦ | | | | | ꅬ | | | ꆻ | ꇞ | | | | ꉊ | | |
| ie | x | [ě] | ꀅ | ꀛ | ꀼ | ꁛ | ꁺ | ꂕ | ꂲ | | ꃧ | ꄄ | ꄞ | ꄺ | ꅕ | ꅭ | ꆁ | ꆛ | ꆼ | ꇟ | ꇼ | ꈗ | ꈰ | ꉋ | ꉝ | ꉯ |
| ie | | [ē] | ꀆ | ꀜ | ꀽ | ꁜ | ꁻ | ꂖ | ꂳ | | ꃨ | ꄅ | ꄟ | ꄻ | ꅖ | ꅮ | ꆂ | ꆜ | ꆽ | ꇠ | ꇽ | ꈘ | ꈱ | ꉌ | ꉞ | ꉰ |
| ie | p | [è] | ꀇ | ꀝ | ꀾ | ꁝ | ꁼ | ꂗ | ꂴ | | ꃩ | ꄆ | ꄠ | ꄼ | | ꅯ | ꆃ | ꆝ | ꆾ | ꇡ | ꇾ | ꈙ | | ꉍ | ꉟ | |
| a | t | [á] | ꀈ | ꀞ | ꀿ | ꁞ | ꁽ | ꂘ | ꂵ | ꃑ | ꃪ | ꄇ | ꄡ | ꄽ | ꅗ | ꅰ | | ꆞ | ꆿ | ꇢ | ꇿ | ꈚ | ꈲ | ꉎ | ꉠ | ꉱ |
| a | x | [ǎ] | ꀉ | ꀟ | ꁀ | ꁟ | ꁾ | ꂙ | ꂶ | ꃒ | ꃫ | ꄈ | ꄢ | ꄾ | ꅘ | ꅱ | ꆄ | ꆟ | ꇀ | ꇣ | ꈀ | ꈛ | ꈳ | ꉏ | ꉡ | ꉲ |
| a | | [ā] | ꀊ | ꀠ | ꁁ | ꁠ | ꁿ | ꂚ | ꂷ | ꃓ | ꃬ | ꄉ | ꄣ | ꄿ | ꅙ | ꅲ | ꆅ | ꆠ | ꇁ | ꇤ | ꈁ | ꈜ | ꈴ | ꉐ | ꉢ | ꉳ |
| a | p | [à] | ꀋ | ꀡ | ꁂ | ꁡ | ꂀ | ꂛ | ꂸ | ꃔ | ꃭ | ꄊ | ꄤ | ꅀ | ꅚ | ꅳ | ꆆ | ꆡ | ꇂ | ꇥ | ꈂ | ꈝ | ꈵ | ꉑ | ꉣ | ꉴ |
| uo | t | [ó] | | | | | | | ꂹ | | | | ꄥ | | | | | | ꇃ | ꇦ | | ꈞ | | ꉒ | ꉤ | ꉵ |
| uo | x | [ǒ] | ꀌ | ꀢ | ꁃ | ꁢ | | ꂜ | ꂺ | | | ꄋ | ꄦ | ꅁ | | ꅴ | ꆇ | ꆢ | ꇄ | ꇧ | ꈃ | ꈟ | ꈶ | ꉓ | ꉥ | ꉶ |
| uo | | [ō] | ꀍ | ꀣ | ꁄ | ꁣ | | ꂝ | ꂻ | | | ꄌ | ꄧ | ꅂ | | ꅵ | ꆈ | ꆣ | ꇅ | ꇨ | ꈄ | ꈠ | ꈷ | ꉔ | ꉦ | ꉷ |
| uo | p | [ò] | ꀎ | ꀤ | ꁅ | ꁤ | | ꂞ | ꂼ | | | | ꄨ | ꅃ | | | ꆉ | ꆤ | ꇆ | ꇩ | ꈅ | ꈡ | ꈸ | ꉕ | | ꉸ |
| o | t | [ɔ́] | ꀏ | ꀥ | ꁆ | ꁥ | ꂁ | ꂟ | ꂽ | | ꃮ | ꄍ | ꄩ | ꅄ | ꅛ | ꅶ | ꆊ | | ꇇ | ꇪ | ꈆ | ꈢ | ꈹ | ꉖ | ꉧ | ꉹ |
| o | x | [ɔ̌] | ꀐ | ꀦ | ꁇ | ꁦ | ꂂ | ꂠ | ꂾ | ꃕ | ꃯ | ꄎ | ꄪ | ꅅ | ꅜ | ꅷ | ꆋ | ꆥ | ꇈ | ꇫ | ꈇ | ꈣ | ꈺ | ꉗ | ꉨ | ꉺ |
| o | | [ɔ̄] | ꀑ | ꀧ | ꁈ | ꁧ | ꂃ | ꂡ | ꂿ | ꃖ | ꃰ | ꄏ | ꄫ | ꅆ | ꅝ | | ꆌ | ꆦ | ꇉ | ꇬ | ꈈ | ꈤ | ꈻ | ꉘ | ꉩ | ꉻ |
| o | p | [ɔ̀] | ꀒ | ꀨ | ꁉ | ꁨ | ꂄ | ꂢ | ꃀ | ꃗ | ꃱ | ꄐ | ꄬ | ꅇ | ꅞ | ꅸ | ꆍ | ꆧ | ꇊ | ꇭ | ꈉ | ꈥ | ꈼ | ꉙ | ꉪ | ꉼ |
| e | t | [ə́] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ꇮ | ꈊ | ꈦ | | | | |
| e | x | [ə̌] | ꀓ | ꀩ | | ꁩ | | | ꃁ | | ꃲ | ꄑ | ꄭ | ꅈ | ꅟ | ꅹ | ꆎ | ꆨ | ꇋ | ꇯ | ꈋ | ꈧ | ꈽ | ꉚ | ꉫ | ꉽ |
| e | | [ə̄] | ꀔ | ꀪ | | ꁪ | | | ꃂ | | | ꄒ | ꄮ | ꅉ | ꅠ | ꅺ | ꆏ | ꆩ | ꇌ | ꇰ | ꈌ | ꈨ | ꈾ | ꉛ | ꉬ | ꉾ |
| e | p | [ə̀] | | ꀫ | | ꁫ | | | | | ꃳ | ꄓ | ꄯ | ꅊ | ꅡ | ꅻ | ꆐ | ꆪ | ꇍ | ꇱ | ꈍ | ꈩ | ꈿ | ꉜ | ꉭ | ꉿ |
| u | t | [ú] | | ꀬ | ꁊ | ꁬ | ꂅ | ꂣ | ꃃ | ꃘ | ꃴ | ꄔ | ꄰ | ꅋ | ꅢ | ꅼ | ꆑ | ꆫ | ꇎ | ꇲ | ꈎ | ꈪ | ꉀ | | | |
| u | x | [ǔ] | | ꀭ | ꁋ | ꁭ | ꂆ | ꂤ | ꃄ | ꃙ | ꃵ | ꄕ | ꄱ | ꅌ | ꅣ | | ꆒ | ꆬ | ꇏ | ꇳ | ꈏ | ꈫ | ꉁ | | | |
| u | | [ū] | | ꀮ | ꁌ | ꁮ | ꂇ | ꂥ | ꃅ | ꃚ | ꃶ | ꄖ | ꄲ | ꅍ | ꅤ | | ꆓ | ꆭ | ꇐ | ꇴ | ꈐ | ꈬ | ꉂ | | | |
| u | p | [ù] | | ꀯ | ꁍ | ꁯ | ꂈ | ꂦ | ꃆ | ꃛ | ꃷ | ꄗ | ꄳ | ꅎ | ꅥ | | ꆔ | ꆮ | ꇑ | ꇵ | ꈑ | ꈭ | ꉃ | | | |
| ur | x | [ʙ̝̌] | | ꀰ | ꁎ | ꁰ | ꂉ | ꂧ | ꃇ | ꃜ | ꃸ | ꄘ | ꄴ | ꅏ | ꅦ | | ꆕ | ꆯ | ꇒ | ꇶ | ꈒ | ꈮ | ꉄ | | | |
| ur | | [ʙ̝] | | ꀱ | ꁏ | ꁱ | ꂊ | ꂨ | ꃈ | ꃝ | ꃹ | ꄙ | ꄵ | ꅐ | ꅧ | | ꆖ | ꆰ | ꇓ | ꇷ | ꈓ | ꈯ | ꉅ | | | |
| y | t | [ź̞] | | ꀲ | ꁐ | ꁲ | ꂋ | | ꃉ | ꃞ | ꃺ | | | | | | | ꆱ | ꇔ | | | | | | | |
| y | x | [ž̞] | | ꀳ | ꁑ | ꁳ | ꂌ | ꂩ | ꃊ | ꃟ | ꃻ | | | | | | | ꆲ | ꇕ | | | | | | | |
| y | | [z̞̄] | | ꀴ | ꁒ | ꁴ | ꂍ | ꂪ | ꃋ | ꃠ | ꃼ | | | | | | | ꆳ | ꇖ | | | | | | | |
| y | p | [z̞̀] | | ꀵ | ꁓ | ꁵ | ꂎ | ꂫ | ꃌ | ꃡ | ꃽ | | | | | | | ꆴ | ꇗ | | | | | | | |
| yr | x | [ř̝] | | ꀶ | ꁔ | | ꂏ | ꂬ | | | ꃾ | | | | | | | ꆵ | ꇘ | | | | | | | |
| yr | | [r̝] | | ꀷ | ꁕ | | ꂐ | ꂭ | | | ꃿ | | | | | | | ꆶ | ꇙ | | | | | | | |
| Pinyin | Pinyin | attaque | w | z | c | zz | nz | s | ss | zh | ch | rr | nr | sh | r | j | q | jj | nj | ny | x | y |
| voyelle | ton | API | [ɣ] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [d͡z] | [nd͡z] | [s] | [z] | [t͡ʂ] | [t͡ʂʰ] | [d͡ʐ] | [nd͡ʐ] | [ʂ] | [ʐ] | [t͡ɕ] | [t͡ɕʰ] | [d͡ʑ] | [nd͡ʑ] | [ɲ] | [ɕ] | [ʑ] |
| i | t | [í] | | ꊍ | ꊮ | ꋐ | ꋭ | ꌉ | ꌪ | | | | | | | ꏠ | ꏼ | ꐘ | ꐱ | ꑊ | ꑝ | ꑱ |
| i | x | [ǐ] | | ꊎ | ꊯ | ꋑ | ꋮ | ꌊ | ꌫ | | | | | | | ꏡ | ꏽ | ꐙ | ꐲ | ꑋ | ꑞ | ꑲ |
| i | | [ī] | | ꊏ | ꊰ | ꋒ | ꋯ | ꌋ | ꌬ | | | | | | | ꏢ | ꏾ | ꐚ | ꐳ | ꑌ | ꑟ | ꑳ |
| i | p | [ì] | | ꊐ | ꊱ | ꋓ | ꋰ | ꌌ | ꌭ | | | | | | | ꏣ | ꏿ | ꐛ | ꐴ | ꑍ | ꑠ | ꑴ |
| ie | t | [é] | | | ꊲ | ꋔ | | | | | | | | | | ꏤ | ꐀ | ꐜ | ꐵ | ꑎ | ꑡ | ꑵ |
| ie | x | [ě] | | ꊑ | ꊳ | ꋕ | ꋱ | ꌍ | ꌮ | | | | | | | ꏥ | ꐁ | ꐝ | ꐶ | ꑏ | ꑢ | ꑶ |
| ie | | [ē] | | ꊒ | ꊴ | ꋖ | ꋲ | ꌎ | ꌯ | | | | | | | ꏦ | ꐂ | ꐞ | ꐷ | ꑐ | ꑣ | ꑷ |
| ie | p | [è] | | ꊓ | ꊵ | ꋗ | ꋳ | ꌏ | ꌰ | | | | | | | ꏧ | ꐃ | ꐟ | ꐸ | ꑑ | ꑤ | ꑸ |
| a | t | [á] | ꊀ | ꊔ | ꊶ | ꋘ | ꋴ | ꌐ | ꌱ | ꍆ | ꍤ | | ꎗ | ꎮ | ꏉ | | | | | | | |
| a | x | [ǎ] | ꊁ | ꊕ | ꊷ | ꋙ | ꋵ | ꌑ | ꌲ | ꍇ | ꍢ | ꍼ | ꎕ | ꎬ | ꏇ | | | | | | | |
| a | | [ā] | ꊂ | ꊖ | ꊸ | ꋚ | ꋶ | ꌒ | ꌳ | ꍈ | ꍣ | ꍽ | ꎖ | ꎭ | ꏈ | | | | | | | |
| a | p | [à] | ꊃ | ꊗ | ꊹ | ꋛ | ꋷ | ꌓ | ꌴ | ꍉ | ꍤ | | ꎗ | ꎮ | ꏉ | | | | | | | |
| uo | t | [ó] | | | | | | | | | ꍨ | | | | | ꏨ | ꐄ | | | | | ꑹ |
| uo | x | [ǒ] | ꊄ | ꊘ | ꊺ | | ꋸ | ꌔ | | ꍊ | ꍦ | ꍾ | | ꎯ | ꏊ | ꏩ | ꐅ | ꐠ | ꐹ | ꑒ | ꑥ | ꑺ |
| uo | | [ō] | ꊅ | ꊙ | ꊻ | | ꋹ | ꌕ | | ꍋ | ꍧ | ꍿ | | ꎰ | ꏋ | ꏪ | ꐆ | ꐡ | ꐺ | ꑓ | ꑦ | ꑻ |
| uo | p | [ò] | ꊆ | ꊚ | ꊼ | | | ꌖ | | ꍌ | ꍨ | | | ꎱ | ꏌ | ꏫ | ꐇ | ꐢ | | ꑔ | | ꑼ |
| o | t | [ɔ́] | | ꊛ | ꊽ | | | ꌗ | ꌵ | ꍐ | ꍬ | ꎃ | | ꎵ | ꏐ | ꏬ | ꐈ | ꐣ | ꐻ | ꑕ | ꑧ | ꑽ |
| o | x | [ɔ̌] | ꊇ | ꊜ | ꊾ | ꋜ | ꋺ | ꌘ | ꌶ | ꍎ | ꍪ | ꎁ | ꎘ | ꎳ | ꏎ | ꏭ | ꐉ | ꐤ | ꐼ | ꑖ | ꑨ | ꑾ |
| o | | [ɔ̄] | ꊈ | ꊝ | ꊿ | ꋝ | | ꌙ | ꌷ | ꍏ | ꍫ | ꎂ | ꎙ | ꎴ | ꏏ | ꏮ | ꐊ | ꐥ | ꐽ | ꑗ | ꑩ | ꑿ |
| o | p | [ɔ̀] | ꊉ | ꊞ | ꋀ | ꋞ | ꋻ | ꌚ | ꌸ | ꍐ | ꍬ | ꎃ | ꎚ | ꎵ | ꏐ | ꏯ | ꐋ | ꐦ | ꐾ | ꑘ | ꑪ | ꒀ |
| e | t | [ə́] | | | | | | | | ꍔ | ꍰ | ꎇ | ꎞ | ꎹ | | | | | | | | |
| e | x | [ə̌] | ꊊ | ꊟ | ꋁ | ꋟ | ꋼ | ꌛ | ꌹ | ꍒ | ꍮ | ꎅ | ꎜ | ꎷ | ꏑ | | | | | | | |
| e | | [ə̄] | ꊋ | ꊠ | ꋂ | ꋠ | ꋽ | ꌜ | ꌺ | ꍓ | ꍯ | ꎆ | ꎝ | ꎸ | ꏒ | | | | | | | |
| e | p | [ə̀] | ꊌ | ꊡ | ꋃ | ꋡ | | ꌝ | ꌻ | ꍔ | ꍰ | ꎇ | ꎞ | ꎹ | ꏓ | | | | | | | |
| u | t | [ú] | | ꊢ | ꋄ | | | ꌞ | ꌼ | ꍘ | | ꎋ | ꎢ | ꎽ | ꏗ | ꏰ | ꐌ | ꐧ | | ꑙ | | ꒁ |
| u | x | [ǔ] | | ꊣ | ꋅ | ꋢ | ꋾ | ꌟ | ꌽ | ꍖ | ꍱ | ꎉ | ꎠ | ꎻ | ꏕ | ꏱ | ꐍ | ꐨ | ꐿ | ꑚ | | ꒂ |
| u | | [ū] | | ꊤ | ꋆ | ꋣ | ꋿ | ꌠ | ꌾ | ꍗ | ꍲ | ꎊ | ꎡ | ꎼ | ꏖ | ꏲ | ꐎ | ꐩ | ꑀ | ꑛ | | ꒃ |
| u | p | [ù] | | ꊥ | ꋇ | ꋤ | ꌀ | ꌡ | ꌿ | ꍘ | ꍳ | ꎋ | ꎢ | ꎽ | ꏗ | ꏳ | ꐏ | ꐪ | ꑁ | ꑜ | | ꒄ |
| ur | x | [ʙ̝̌] | | ꊦ | ꋈ | ꋥ | ꌁ | ꌢ | | ꍙ | ꍴ | ꎌ | ꎣ | ꎾ | ꏘ | ꏴ | ꐐ | ꐫ | ꑂ | | | ꒅ |
| ur | | [ʙ̝] | | ꊧ | ꋉ | ꋦ | ꌂ | ꌣ | | ꍚ | ꍵ | ꎍ | ꎤ | ꎿ | ꏙ | ꏵ | ꐑ | ꐬ | ꑃ | | | ꒆ |
| y | t | [ź̞] | | ꊨ | ꋊ | ꋧ | ꌃ | ꌤ | ꍀ | ꍞ | ꍹ | ꎑ | ꎨ | ꏃ | ꏝ | ꏶ | ꐒ | ꐭ | ꑄ | | ꑫ | ꒇ |
| y | x | [ž̞] | | ꊩ | ꋋ | ꋨ | ꌄ | ꌥ | ꍁ | ꍜ | ꍷ | ꎏ | ꎦ | ꏁ | ꏛ | ꏷ | ꐓ | ꐮ | ꑅ | | ꑬ | ꒈ |
| y | | [z̞̄] | | ꊪ | ꋌ | ꋩ | ꌅ | ꌦ | ꍂ | ꍝ | ꍸ | ꎐ | ꎧ | ꏂ | ꏜ | ꏸ | ꐔ | ꐯ | ꑆ | | ꑭ | ꒉ |
| y | p | [z̞̀] | | ꊫ | ꋍ | ꋪ | ꌆ | ꌧ | ꍃ | ꍞ | ꍹ | ꎑ | ꎨ | ꏃ | ꏝ | ꏹ | ꐕ | ꐰ | ꑇ | | ꑮ | ꒊ |
| yr | x | [ř̝] | | ꊬ | ꋎ | ꋫ | ꌇ | ꌨ | ꍄ | ꍟ | ꍺ | ꎒ | ꎩ | ꏄ | ꏞ | ꏺ | ꐖ | | ꑈ | | ꑯ | ꒋ |
| yr | | [r̝] | | ꊭ | ꋏ | ꋬ | ꌈ | ꌩ | ꍅ | ꍠ | ꍻ | ꎓ | ꎪ | ꏅ | ꏟ | ꏻ | ꐗ | | ꑉ | | ꑰ | ꒌ |

## Translittération

Une translittération standard existe pour le yi au moyen des lettres de l’alphabet latin, de façon analogue au pinyin.

### Consonnes

Notes : selon les dialectes ou le locuteur, les occlusives aspirées peuvent devenir affriquées (en prononçant la fricative au lieu de la maintenir muette avant la vocalisation). De plus la prononciation du pinyin ne suit pas du tout le modèle du français et utilise des digraphes spécifiques.
| Consonnes | Consonnes | occlusives | occlusives | occlusives | occlusives | occlusives | affriquées | affriquées | affriquées | affriquées | affriquées | fricatives | fricatives | fricatives | fricatives |
| Labiales | Translittération pinyin | hm | m | nb | bb | b | p | | | | | v | f | | |
| Labiales | Équivalent API | [m̥] | [m] | [m͡b] | [b] | [p] | [pʰ] | | | | | [v] | [f] | | |
| Alvéolaires | Translittération pinyin | hn | n | nd | d | dd | t | nz | zz | z | c | ss | s | hl | l |
| Alvéolaires | Équivalent API | [n̥] | [n] | [n͡d] | [d] | [t] | [tʰ] | [nd͡z] | [d͡z] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [z] | [s] | [l̥] | [l] |
| Rétroflexes | Translittération pinyin | | | | | | | nr | rr | zh | ch | r | sh | | |
| Rétroflexes | Équivalent API | | | | | | | [nd͡ʐ] | [d͡ʐ] | [t͡ʂ] | [t͡ʂʰ] | [ʐ] | [ʂ] | | |
| Palatales | Translittération pinyin | | ny | | | | | nj | jj | j | q | y | x | | |
| Palatales | Équivalent API | | [ɲ] | | | | | [nd͡ʑ] | [d͡ʑ] | [t͡ɕ] | [t͡ɕʰ] | [ʑ] | [ɕ] | | |
| Vélaires | Translittération pinyin | | ng | mg | gg | g | k | | | | | w | | hx | h |
| Vélaires | Équivalent API | | [ŋ] | [ŋ͡g] | [g] | [k] | [kʰ] | | | | | [ɣ] | | [h] | [x] |

### Voyelles

Les deux voyelles « roulées » (montées en API) sont transcrites en pinyin en les notant suivies d’un r après leur voyelle induite (laquelle est dévocalisée à la façon d’un schwa, mais transcrite dans l’API par une consonne).
Voyelles :
| Translittération pinyin | i | ie | a | uo | o | e | u | ur | y | yr |
| Équivalent API | [i] | [e] | [a] | [o] | [ɔ] | [ə] | [u] | [ʙ̝] | [z̞] | [r̝] |

### Tonèmes

Les tonèmes sont éventuellement indiqués en fin de syllabe :
* Ton haut (tonèmes 5, 5) : ajout d’un « t ».
* Ton médian montant (tonèmes 3, 4) : ajout d’un « x ».
* Ton médian (tonèmes 3, 3) : aucune indication.
* Ton bas descendant (tonèmes 2, 1) : ajout d’un « p ».
Les deux voyelles « roulées » (montées) ne peuvent se produire que sur un ton médian (éventuellement montant). Ils sont indiqués par les translittérations « ur » ([ʙ̝]) et « yr » ([r̝]).