# Leon Festinger

Leon Festinger (New York, 1919ko maiatzaren 8a – ib., 1989ko otsailaren 11) psikologo sozial estatubatuarra izan zen, bere disonantzia kognitibo eta konparazio sozialen teoriengatik ezaguna.

## Lanak

* Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(1), 35–40.
* Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3(3), 307–312.
* Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Human Relations, 10(1), 85–91.
* Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595–621.
* Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". Perception & Psychophysics, 2(12), 621–626.
* Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235–250.
* Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37, 184–200.
* Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226–234.
* Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153–160.
* Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205–210.
* Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(4), 291–306.
* Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(5), 411–423.
* Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. Psychometrika, 11(2), 97–105.
* Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. Human Relations, 1(2), 154–180.
* Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 44(2), 149–161.
* Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. Human Relations, 2(2), 153–158.
* Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282.
* Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics. Psychometrika, 15(2), 209–213.
* Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 7(1–2), 152–163.
* Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 382–389.
* Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
* Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(5), 384–385.
* Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 6, 187–216.
* Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
* Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(2), 358–369.
* Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. Acta Psychologica, 15, 389–390.
* Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. American Psychologist, 16(1), 1–11.
* Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93–107.
* Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28(3), 404–417.
* Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48(2), 306–321.
* Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. Psychological Review, 72(5), 373–384.
* Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210.
* Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1(4), 464–486.
* Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5(4), 327–346.
* Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4(4), 573–585.
* Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(4), 513–522.
* Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Dryden.
* Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(4), 359–366.
* Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
* Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
* Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. Vision Research, 16(12), 1377–1386.
* Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 92–99.
* Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. Human Relations, 7(2), 161–174.
* Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(4), 439–452.
* Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 71–71.
* Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. Human Relations, 7(2), 141–159.
* Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Research, 18(11), 1545–1555.
* Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. Vision Research, 17(10), 1231–1232.
* Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 187–200.
* Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45(4), 201–213.

## Erreferentziak

* ↑ Zukier, H. (1989). "Introduction." In Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.), Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger (pp. xi–xxiv). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
* ↑ Zanjonc, R. B. (1991). Obituaries: Leon Festinger (1919–1989). The American Psychologist, 45(5), 661–662.
* ↑ Festinger, L. "Laboratory Experiments." In L. Festinger, & D. Katz (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences (pp. 137–172). New York, NY: Dryden.
* ↑ Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Allyn, J.; Festinger, L.. (1961-01). «The effectiveness of unanticipated persuasive communications.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1037/h0048493. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Back, Kurt; Festinger, Leon; Hymovitch, Bernard; Kelley, Harold; Schachter, Stanley; Thibaut, John. (1950). «A method of studying rumor transmission.» Theory and experiment in social communication. (Research Center for Dynamics Institute for Social Research): 118–123. doi:10.1037/10646-007. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Brehm, Jack; Festinger, Leon. (1957-02). «Pressures Toward Uniformity of Performance in Groups» Human Relations 10 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1177/001872675701000106. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Cartwright, Dorwin; Festinger, Leon. (1943). «A quantitative theory of decision.» Psychological Review 50 (6): 595–621. doi:10.1037/h0056982. ISSN 1939-1471. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Coren, Stanley; Festiniger, Leon. (1967-12). «An alternative view of the “Gibson normalization effect”» Perception & Psychophysics 2 (12): 621–626. doi:10.3758/BF03210280. ISSN 0031-5117. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1942). «A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration.» Psychological Review 49 (3): 235–250. doi:10.1037/h0055434. ISSN 0033-295X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1942-04). «Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 37 (2): 184–200. doi:10.1037/h0060328. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Development of differential appetite in the rat.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (3): 226–234. doi:10.1037/h0061297. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1943-09). «An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution» Psychometrika 8 (3): 153–160. doi:10.1007/BF02288699. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1943-12). «A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations» Psychometrika 8 (4): 205–210. doi:10.1007/BF02288704. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (4): 291–306. doi:10.1037/h0056685. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.. (1943). «Studies in decision. II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (5): 411–423. doi:10.1037/h0055942. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1946-06). «The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function» Psychometrika 11 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1007/BF02288926. ISSN 0033-3123. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1947-11). «The Role of Group Belongingness in a Voting Situation» Human Relations 1 (2): 154–180. doi:10.1177/001872674700100202. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1947-03). «The treatment of qualitative data by "scale analysis."» Psychological Bulletin 44 (2): 149–161. doi:10.1037/h0056039. ISSN 1939-1455. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1949-04). «The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra» Human Relations 2 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1177/001872674900200205. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1950-09). «Informal social communication.» Psychological Review 57 (5): 271–282. doi:10.1037/h0056932. ISSN 1939-1471. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (2010-04-14). «ARCHITECTURE AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP» Journal of Social Issues 7 (1-2): 152–163. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1951.tb02229.x. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L.; Pepitone, A.; Newcomb, T.. (1952-04). «Some consequences of de-individuation in a group.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 47 (2, Suppl): 382–389. doi:10.1037/h0057906. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1954-05). «A Theory of Social Comparison Processes» Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ Handbook of social psychology. (5th ed. argitaraldia) John Wiley 2010 ISBN 0-470-56111-4. PMC 643326934. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, L. (1955-02). «Social Psychology and Group Processes» Annual Review of Psychology 6 (1): 187–216. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.06.020155.001155. ISSN 0066-4308. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press ISBN 978-0-8047-0911-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1959). «Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions» Acta Psychologica 15: 389–390. doi:10.1016/S0001-6918(59)80203-1. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon. (1961-01). «The psychological effects of insufficient rewards.» American Psychologist 16 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1037/h0045112. ISSN 1935-990X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) «Cognitive Dissonance» Scientific American (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ Festinger, Leon. (23/1964). «Behavioral Support for Opinion Change» Public Opinion Quarterly 28 (3): 404. doi:10.1086/267263. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, R. Leon. (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-502751-8. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) «APA PsycNet» psycnet.apa.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Cartwright, Dorwin; Barber, Kathleen; Fleischl, Juliet; Gottsdanker, Josephine; Keysen, Annette; Leavitt, Gloria. (1948-11). «A Study of a Rumor: Its Origin and Spread» Human Relations 1 (4): 464–486. doi:10.1177/001872674800100405. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Gerard, Harold B.; Hymovitch, Bernard; Kelley, Harold H.; Raven, Bert. (1952-11). «The Influence Process in the Presence of Extreme Deviates» Human Relations 5 (4): 327–346. doi:10.1177/001872675200500402. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Holtzman, Jeffrey D.. (1978). «Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye movement.» Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4 (4): 573–585. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.573. ISSN 1939-1277. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
* ↑ (Gaztelaniaz) «9781135544478: Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences - IberLibro - Festinger, Leon & Katz Daniel, Ed.: 1135544476» www.iberlibro.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) «APA PsycNet» psycnet.apa.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-30).
* ↑ Festinger, Leon. (2008). When prophecy fails. Print & Martin ISBN 978-1-905177-19-6. PMC 231590206. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Sedgwick, Harold A.; Holtzman, Jeffrey D.. (1976-01). «Visual perception during smooth pursuit eye movements» Vision Research 16 (12): 1377–1386. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(76)90155-3. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Thibaut, John. (1951-01). «Interpersonal communication in small groups.» The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 46 (1): 92–99. doi:10.1037/h0054899. ISSN 0096-851X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Festinger, Leon; Torrey, Jane; Willerman, Ben. (1954-05). «Self-Evaluation as a Function of Attraction to the Group» Human Relations 7 (2): 161–174. doi:10.1177/001872675400700204. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Hertzman, M.; Festinger, L.. (1940). «Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment.» Journal of Experimental Psychology 27 (4): 439–452. doi:10.1037/h0055195. ISSN 0022-1015. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Hochberg, Julian; Festinger, Leon. (1979-03). «Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena?» Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (1): 71–71. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00060817. ISSN 0140-525X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Hoffman, Paul J.; Festinger, Leon; Lawrence, Douglas H.. (1954-05). «Tendencies toward Group Comparability in Competitive Bargaining» Human Relations 7 (2): 141–159. doi:10.1177/001872675400700203. ISSN 0018-7267. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Holtzman, Jeffrey D.; Sedgwick, Harold A.; Festinger, Leon. (1978-01). «Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements» Vision Research 18 (11): 1545–1555. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90010-X. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Komoda, Melvin K.; Festinger, Leon; Sherry, Johnathan. (1977-01). «The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation» Vision Research 17 (10): 1231–1232. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(77)90159-6. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Miller, Joel; Festinger, Leon. (1977). «Impact of oculomotor retraining on the visual perception of curvature.» Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3 (2): 187–200. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.2.187. ISSN 1939-1277. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).
* ↑ (Ingelesez) Schachter, Stanley; Festinger, Leon; Willerman, Ben; Hyman, Ray. (1961). «Emotional disruption and industrial productivity.» Journal of Applied Psychology 45 (4): 201–213. doi:10.1037/h0042877. ISSN 1939-1854. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-07-29).

## Kanpo estekak

* Datuak: Q315916