# Stuart Hall

Stuart Hall (Kingston, 1932ko otsailaren 3a, Londres, 2014ko otsailaren 10a) soziologo eta kulturaren inguruko teorilari jamaikarra izan zen, 1951tik bere heriotzararte Ingalaterran bizi izan zena. Raymond Williams, Richard Hoggart y E. P. Thompsonekin batera ikasketa kulturalen erreferenteetako bat da. 1968tik -79ra Bhirmingham unibertsitateko Center for the Contemporany Cultural Studies-eko presidentea izan zen. Horren ostean Britaina Handiko The Open Universiti-ko irakaslea izan zen, 1997an irakasle emeritua izendatu zuten arte. Ikuspegi marxista batetik Althusseren estrukturalismotik aldendu eta Gramsciren lana berreskuratu zuen. Gramsciren hegomonia kontzeptua baliatu zuen komunikabide eta kultura popularrean duen eragina aztertzeko.

## Kodifikazio/dekodifikazio eredua

Hall-ek Stuart Hall: Critical dialogues in cultural studies (2001, Routledge) bere liburuan azaldu zuen eredu hau. Eredu honen arabera mezu bat era askotan kodifikatu eta dekodifikatu daiteke. Horren aburu Hall-ek produktu mediatikoak mezu polisemikoak bezala ikusten ditu, mezuen sortzaile eta hartzaileen arteko gerra kultural bat bataillatzeko balio dutenak.
1993an idatzi zuen The television discourse - encoding and decoding (en Gray, A. & McGuian, J. Studing culture. An introductory reader, pág. 28-35) testuaren arabera, gizabanakoak mezu bat dekodifikatzeko hiru bide ditu:
* Lehentasuneko irakurketa - Hartzaileak mezulariaren ideologia partekatzen du eta mezua dekodifikatu baino lehen honartzen du.
* Negoziatutako irakurtketa - Hartzileak bere ideologiarekin bat datozen hainbat balore edo esanahi aurkitzen ditu baina mezuaren interpretazio propioa egiten du aurretik dituen hainbat pentsaera mantentzeko.
* Aurkakotasuneko irakurketa - Hartzailea mezuaren izaera gainhartzileaz konziente da eta honi uko egiten dio. Hartzilea mezuaren edota mazulariaren kontrako jarrera firmea du.

## Bibliografia (amaitu gabe)
### 1960

* Hall, Stuart (March-April 1960). "Crosland territory". New Left Review. New Left Review- I (2): 2-4
* Hall, Stuart (January-February 1061). "Student journals". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (8): 47-48.
* Hall, Stuart; (March.April 1961). "The new frontier". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (8): 47-48.
* Hall, Stuar; Anderson, Perry (July-August 1961). "Politics of the common market". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (10): 1-15.
* Hall, Stuart; Whannell, Paddy (1964). The Popular Arts. London: Hutchinson Educational. OCLC 2915886
* Hall, Stuart (1968). The Hippies: an American "moment". Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. OCLC 12360725

### 1970

* Hall, Stuart (1971). Deviancy, Politics and the Media. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.
* Hall, Stuart (1971). "Life and Death of Picture Post", Cambridge Review, vol. 92, no. 2201.
* Hall, Stuart; P. Walton (1972). Situating Marx: Evaluations and Departures. London: Human Context Books.
* Hall, Stuart (1972). "The Social Eye of Picture Post", Working Papers in Cultural Studies, no. 2, pp. 71–120.
* Hall, Stuart (1973). Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.
* Hall, Stuart (1973). A ‘Reading’ of Marx's 1857 Introduction to the Grundrisse. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.
* Hall, Stuart (1974). "Marx's Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’", Working Papers in Cultural Studies, no. 6, pp. 132–171.
* Hall, Stuart; T. Jefferson (1976), Resistance Through Rituals, Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain. London: HarperCollinsAcademic
* Hall, Stuart (1977). "Journalism of the air under Review". Journalism Studies Review. 1(1): 43–45.
* Hall, Stuart; Critcher, C.; Jefferson, T.; Clarke, J.; Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. London: Macmillan. London: Macmillan Press. {{ISBN|0-333-22061-7}} (paperback) {{ISBN|0-333-22060-9}} (hardbound).
* Hall, Stuart (January 1979). "The great moving right show". Marxism Today. Amiel and Melburn Collections: 14–20.

### 1980

* Hall, Stuart (1980). "Encoding / Decoding." In: Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, and P. Willis (eds). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79. London: Hutchinson, pp. 128–138.
* Hall, Stuart (January 1980). "Cultural Studies: two paradigms". Media, Culture and Society. Sage. 2 (1): 57–72. doi:10.1177/016344378000200106.
* Hall, Stuart (1981). "Notes on Deconstructing the Popular". In People's History and Socialist Theory. London: Routledge.
* Hall, Stuart; P. Scraton (1981). "Law, Class and Control". In: M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan & J. Pawson (eds). Crime and Society, London: RKP.
* Hall, Stuart (1988). The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso.
* Hall, Stuart (June 1986). "Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Sage. 10 (2): 5–27. doi:10.1177/019685998601000202.
* Hall, Stuart (June 1986). "The problem of ideology-Marxism without guarantees". Journal of Communication Inquiry. Sage. 10 (2): 28–44. doi:10.1177/019685998601000203.
* Hall, Stuart; Jacques, Martin (July 1986). "People aid: a new politics sweeps the land". Marxism Today. Amiel and Melburn Collections: 10-14.

### 1990

* Hall, Stuart; Held, David; McGrew, Anthony (1992). Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University. {{ISBN|9780745609669}}.
* Hall, Stuart (1992), "The question of cultural identity", in Hall, Stuart; Held, David; McGrew, Anthony, Modernity and its futures, Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, pp. 274–316,ISBN 9780745609669.
* Hall, Stuart (Summer 1996). "Who dares, fails". Soundings, issue: Heroes and heroines. Lawrence and Wishart. 3.
* Hall, Stuart (1997). Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices. London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage in association with the Open University. ISBN 9780761954323.
* Hall, Stuart (1997), "The local and the global: globalization and ethnicity", in McClintock, Anne; Mufti, Aamir; Shohat, Ella, Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives, Minnesota, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 173–187, ISBN 9780816626496.
* Hall, Stuart (January–February 1997). "Raphael Samuel: 1934-96". New Left Review. New Left Review. I (221).

### 2000

* Hall, Stuart (2001), "Foucault: Power, knowledge and discourse", in Wetherell, Margaret; Taylor, Stephanie; Yates, Simeon J., Discourse Theory and Practice: a reader, D843 Course: Discourse Analysis, London Thousand Oaks California: Sage in association with the Open University, pp. 72–80, ISBN 9780761971566.

### 2010

* Hall, Stuart (2011). "Introduction: queer adventures in cultural studies". Cultural Studies, special issue: Queer Adventures in Cultural Studies. Taylor and Francis. 25(2): 139–146. doi:10.1080/09502386.2011.535982.
* Hall, Stuart (2011). "The neo-liberal revolution". Cultural Studies. Taylor and Francis. 25 (6): 705–728. doi:10.1080/09502386.2011.619886.
* Hall, Stuart; Evans, Jessica; Nixon, Sean (2013) [1997]. Representation (2nd ed.). London: Sage in association with The Open University. ISBN 9781849205634.
* Hall, Stuart (2016). Cultural Studies 1983: A Theoretical History. Slack, Jennifer and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0822362635}}.
* Hall, Stuart (2017). Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and other essays. London: Lawrence & Wishart. ISBN 9781910448656.
* Hall, Stuart (with Bill Schwartz) (2017). Familiar Stranger: A Life Between Two Islands. London: Allen Lane; Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822363873.

## Erreferentziak

* ↑ Galfarsoro, Imanol (2012): “(Post)marxismoa, kultura eta eragiletasuna: ibilbide historiko labur bat” in Alaitz Aizpuru (et al.): Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida, Bilbo, UEU. ISBN 978-84-8438-435-9
* http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/feb/10/godfather-multiculturalism-stuart-hall-dies
* http://stuarthallfoundation.org/professor-stuart-hall-2/bibliography/
* Hernández Mantecón, Linda Cristina (11 de mayo de 2007). «Análisis del modelo de codificación-decodificación de Stuart Hall aplicado a Los Simpsons con audiencias compuestas por familias mexicanas.». Tesis. Universidad de las Américas Puebla. Consultado el 1 de septiembre de 2015.
* https://elpais.com/sociedad/2014/03/09/actualidad/1394321323_069352.html
* Datuak: Q450741
* Multimedia: Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) / Q450741