# Demografía de Polonia

Este artículo describe las características de la demografía de Polonia

## Población

Por muchos siglos, hasta finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945, Polonia poseía un número significativo de personas pertenientes a minorías étnicas. La República de Polonia fue el segundo país de Europa con más víctimas mortales en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, solo superado por la Unión Soviética. A estas bajas también hay que sumar la pérdida de un importante número de habitantes como consecuencia de la reestructuración de sus fronteras. Todos estos marcaron la configuración actual de la población polaca, que tuvo como principal consecuencia la homogeneización de la población. En la actualidad está compuesta por un 98% de polacos frente a un 2% de personas de otros orígenes, principalmente alemanes (0,4%), lituanos, ucranianos y bielorrusos, además de judíos y gitanos.

## Etnias

La composición étnica de Polonia ha variado notablemente a lo largo del siglo XX. Hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, un 30% estaba formado por grupos minoritarios. Los alemanes se concentraban en tierras próximas a su país de origen, mientras que los ucranianos y bielorrusos habitaban en regiones del este. Numerosas comunidades judías estaban establecidas, además, en ciudades polacas.

## Religión

El 95% de los polacos practica el catolicismo cuya Iglesia ejerce una influencia en la vida política de Polonia, la segunda confesión del país es la cristiana ortodoxa (1,3%). Los reformados(protestantes) representan un 0,4% y los judíos no alcanzan el 0,1%.

## Estadísticas vitales

| Año | Población media | Nacimientos | Fallecimientos | Crecimiento vegetativo | Tasa de natalidad (per 1000) | Tasa de mortalidad (per 1000) | Crecimiento vegetativo (per 1000) | Tasa total de fertilidad |
| 1921 | 27 224 000 | 890 400 | 568 300 | 322 100 | 32,7 | 20,9 | 11,8 | 4,40 |
| 1922 | 27 846 000 | 983 100 | 554 600 | 482 500 | 35,3 | 19,9 | 15,4 | 4,73 |
| 1923 | 28 480 000 | 1 014 700 | 493 800 | 520 900 | 35,6 | 17,3 | 18,3 | 4,82 |
| 1924 | 29 007 000 | 1 000 100 | 519 200 | 480 900 | 34,5 | 17,9 | 16,6 | 4,69 |
| 1925 | 29 475 000 | 1 036,600 | 492 200 | 544 400 | 35,2 | 16,7 | 18,5 | 4,74 |
| 1926 | 29 906 000 | 989,100 | 532,700 | 456 400 | 33,1 | 17,8 | 15,3 | 4,44 |
| 1927 | 30 302 000 | 958 733 | 525 633 | 433 100 | 31,6 | 17,3 | 14,3 | 4,23 |
| 1928 | 30 693 000 | 990 993 | 504 207 | 486 786 | 32,3 | 16,4 | 15,9 | 4,29 |
| 1929 | 31 084 000 | 994 101 | 518 929 | 475 172 | 32,0 | 16,7 | 15,3 | 4,26 |
| 1930 | 31 490 000 | 1 022 811 | 488 417 | 534 394 | 32,5 | 15,5 | 17,0 | 4,33 |
| 1931 | 31 935 000 | 964 573 | 493 703 | 470 870 | 30,2 | 15,5 | 14,7 | 4,05 |
| 1932 | 32 394 000 | 934 663 | 486 548 | 448 115 | 28,9 | 15,0 | 13,8 | 3,87 |
| 1933 | 32 823 000 | 868 675 | 466 210 | 402 465 | 26,5 | 14,2 | 12,3 | 3,55 |
| 1934 | 33 223 000 | 881 615 | 479 684 | 401 931 | 26,5 | 14,4 | 12,1 | 3,56 |
| 1935 | 33 616 000 | 876 667 | 470 998 | 405 669 | 26,1 | 14,0 | 12,1 | 3,50 |
| 1936 | 34 020 000 | 892 320 | 482 633 | 409 687 | 26,2 | 14,2 | 12,0 | 3,51 |
| 1937 | 34 441 000 | 856 064 | 481 594 | 374 470 | 24,9 | 14,0 | 10,9 | 3,34 |
| 1938 | 34 849 000 | 849 873 | 479 602 | 370 271 | 24,4 | 13,8 | 10,6 | 3,26 |

### Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

| Years | 1939 | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Poland | 3.23 | 3.21 | 3.18 | 3.16 | 3.13 | 3.11 | 3.08 |
| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates | Life expectancy (males) | Life expectancy (females) | Share of births outside marriage | Immigration | Emigration | Net external migration |
| 1946 | 23,777,000 | 570,000 | 335,000 | 235,000 | 24.0 | 14.1 | 9.9 | 3.06 | | | |
| 1947 | 23,970,000 | 630,000 | 271,000 | 359,000 | 26.3 | 11.3 | 15.0 | 3.51 | | | |
| 1948 | 23,980,000 | 704,772 | 268,000 | 436,772 | 29.4 | 11.2 | 18.2 | 3.93 | | | |
| 1949 | 24,410,000 | 725,061 | 284,000 | 441,061 | 29.7 | 11.6 | 18.1 | 3.94 | | | |
| 1950 | 24,824,000 | 763,108 | 288,685 | 474,423 | 30.7 | 11.6 | 19.1 | 3.71 | 56.07 | 61.68 | |
| 1951 | 25,271,000 | 783,597 | 312,314 | 471,283 | 31.0 | 12.4 | 18.6 | 3.75 | 55.11 | 60.67 | |
| 1952 | 25,753,000 | 778,962 | 286,730 | 492,232 | 30.2 | 11.1 | 19.1 | 3.67 | 57.59 | 63.07 | |
| 1953 | 26,255,000 | 779,000 | 266,527 | 512,473 | 29.7 | 10.2 | 19.5 | 3.61 | 59.58 | 65.05 | |
| 1954 | 26,761,000 | 778,054 | 276,406 | 501,648 | 29.1 | 10.3 | 18.7 | 3.58 | 59.80 | 65.06 | |
| 1955 | 27,281,000 | 793,847 | 261,576 | 532,271 | 29.1 | 9.6 | 19.5 | 3.61 | 60.82 | 66.19 | |
| 1956 | 27,815,000 | 779,835 | 249,606 | 530,229 | 28.0 | 9.0 | 19.1 | 3.61 | 62.29 | 67.52 | |
| 1957 | 28,310,000 | 782,319 | 269,137 | 513,182 | 27.6 | 9.5 | 18.1 | 3.49 | 61.20 | 66.70 | |
| 1958 | 28,770,000 | 752,600 | 241,435 | 511,165 | 26.2 | 8.4 | 17.8 | 3.36 | 63.08 | 68.57 | |
| 1959 | 29,240,000 | 722,928 | 252,430 | 470,498 | 24.7 | 8.6 | 16.1 | 3.22 | 62.71 | 68.30 | |
| 1960 | 29,561,000 | 669,485 | 224,167 | 445,318 | 22.6 | 7.6 | 15.1 | 2.98 | 64.94 | 70.60 | |
| 1961 | 29,965,000 | 627,624 | 227,759 | 399,865 | 20.9 | 7.6 | 13.3 | 2.83 | 64.91 | 70.78 | |
| 1962 | 30,324,000 | 599,505 | 239,199 | 360,306 | 19.8 | 7.9 | 11.9 | 2.72 | 64.53 | 70.49 | |
| 1963 | 30,691,000 | 588,235 | 230,072 | 358,163 | 19.2 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 2.70 | 65.41 | 71.52 | |
| 1964 | 31,161,000 | 562,855 | 235,919 | 326,936 | 18.1 | 7.6 | 10.5 | 2.57 | 65.78 | 71.60 | |
| 1965 | 31,496,000 | 546,362 | 232,421 | 313,941 | 17.3 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 2.52 | 66.58 | 72.40 | |
| 1966 | 31,698,000 | 530,307 | 232,945 | 297,362 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 9.4 | 2.33 | 66.87 | 72.85 | |
| 1967 | 31,944,000 | 520,383 | 247,705 | 272,678 | 16.3 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 2.30 | 66.44 | 72.61 | |
| 1968 | 32,426,000 | 524,174 | 244,115 | 280,059 | 16.2 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 2.24 | 67.04 | 73.55 | |
| 1969 | 32,555,000 | 531,135 | 262,823 | 268,312 | 16.3 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 2.20 | 66.50 | 73.09 | |
| 1970 | 32,526,000 | 545,973 | 266,799 | 279,174 | 16.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 2.22 | 66.62 | 73.33 | 5.0 |
| 1971 | 32,805,000 | 562,341 | 283,702 | 278,639 | 17.1 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 2.25 | 66.13 | 73.25 | |
| 1972 | 33,068,000 | 575,725 | 265,250 | 310,475 | 17.4 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 2.24 | 67.32 | 74.17 | |
| 1973 | 33,363,000 | 598,559 | 277,188 | 321,371 | 17.9 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 2.24 | 67.15 | 74.30 | |
| 1974 | 33,691,000 | 621,080 | 277,085 | 343,995 | 18.4 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 2.26 | 67.80 | 74.64 | |
| 1975 | 34,022,000 | 643,772 | 296,896 | 346,876 | 18.9 | 8.7 | 10.2 | 2.27 | 67.02 | 74.26 | 4.7 |
| 1976 | 34,362,000 | 670,140 | 304,057 | 366,083 | 19.5 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 2.31 | 66.92 | 74.55 | |
| 1977 | 34,698,000 | 662,582 | 312,956 | 349,626 | 19.1 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 2.33 | 66.49 | 74.50 | |
| 1978 | 35,010,000 | 666,336 | 325,104 | 341,232 | 19.0 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 2.30 | 66.36 | 74.53 | |
| 1979 | 35,257,000 | 688,293 | 323,048 | 365,245 | 19.5 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 2.39 | 66.79 | 74.91 | 4.8 |
| 1980 | 35,578,000 | 692,798 | 350,203 | 342,595 | 19.5 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 2.42 | 66.01 | 74.44 | |
| 1981 | 35,902,000 | 678,696 | 328,923 | 349,773 | 18.9 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 2.34 | 67.10 | 75.24 | |
| 1982 | 36,227,000 | 702,351 | 334,869 | 367,482 | 19.4 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 2.38 | 67.24 | 75.20 | |
| 1983 | 36,571,000 | 720,756 | 349,388 | 371,368 | 19.7 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 2.41 | 67.04 | 75.16 | |
| 1984 | 36,914,000 | 699,041 | 364,883 | 334,158 | 18.9 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 2.36 | 66.84 | 74.97 | |
| 1985 | 37,203,000 | 677,576 | 381,458 | 296,118 | 18.2 | 10.3 | 8.0 | 2.33 | 66.50 | 74.81 | 5.0 |
| 1986 | 37,456,000 | 634,748 | 376,316 | 258,432 | 16.9 | 10.0 | 6.9 | 2.21 | 66.76 | 75.13 | |
| 1987 | 37,664,000 | 605,492 | 378,365 | 227,127 | 16.1 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 2.15 | 66.81 | 75.20 | |
| 1988 | 37,862,000 | 587,741 | 370,821 | 216,920 | 15.5 | 9.8 | 5.7 | 2.12 | 67.15 | 75.67 | |
| 1989 | 37,963,000 | 562,530 | 381,173 | 181,357 | 14.8 | 10.0 | 4.8 | 2.08 | 66.76 | 75.45 | |
| 1990 | 38,119,000 | 545,817 | 390,343 | 155,474 | 14.3 | 10.2 | 4.1 | 2.04 | 66.23 | 75.24 | 6.2 |
| 1991 | 38,245,000 | 547,719 | 405,716 | 142,003 | 14.3 | 10.6 | 3.7 | 2.05 | 65.88 | 75.06 | 6.6 |
| 1992 | 38,365,000 | 515,214 | 394,729 | 120,485 | 13.4 | 10.3 | 3.1 | 1.91 | 66.47 | 75.48 | 7.2 |
| 1993 | 38,459,000 | 494,310 | 392,259 | 102,051 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 2.7 | 1.86 | 67.17 | 75.81 | 8.2 |
| 1994 | 38,544,000 | 481,285 | 386,398 | 94,887 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 2.5 | 1.78 | 67.50 | 76.08 | 9.0 |
| 1995 | 38,588,000 | 443,109 | 386,084 | 57,025 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 1.5 | 1.65 | 67.62 | 76.39 | 9.5 |
| 1996 | 38,618,000 | 428,203 | 385,496 | 42,707 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 1.1 | 1.58 | 68.12 | 76.57 | 10.2 |
| 1997 | 38,650,000 | 412,635 | 380,201 | 32,434 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 1.52 | 68.45 | 76.99 | 11.0 |
| 1998 | 38,666,000 | 395,619 | 375,354 | 20,265 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 0.5 | 1.44 | 68.87 | 77.34 | 11.6 |
| 1999 | 38,654,000 | 382,002 | 381,415 | 587 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 1.37 | 68.83 | 77.49 | 11.7 |
| 2000 | 38,649,000 | 378,348 | 368,028 | 10,320 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 0.3 | 1.35 | 69.74 | 78.00 | 12.1 |
| 2001 | 38,248,000 | 368,205 | 363,220 | 4,985 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 0.1 | 1.32 | 70.21 | 78.38 | 13.1 |
| 2002 | 38,218,531 | 353,765 | 359,486 | -5,721 | 9.3 | 9.4 | -0.1 | 1.25 | 70.40 | 78.80 | 14.4 | 6,587 | 24,532 | -17,945 |
| 2003 | 38,190,608 | 351,072 | 365,230 | -14,158 | 9.2 | 9.6 | -0.4 | 1.22 | 70.50 | 78.90 | 15.8 | 7,048 | 20,813 | -13,765 |
| 2004 | 38,173,835 | 356,131 | 363,522 | -7,391 | 9.3 | 9.5 | -0.2 | 1.23 | 70.70 | 79.20 | 17.1 | 9,495 | 18,877 | -9,382 |
| 2005 | 38,157,055 | 364,383 | 368,285 | -3,902 | 9.5 | 9.6 | -0.1 | 1.24 | 70.80 | 79.40 | 18.5 | 9,364 | 22,242 | -12,878 |
| 2006 | 38,125,479 | 374,244 | 369,686 | 4,558 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 0.1 | 1.27 | 70.90 | 79.60 | 18.9 | 10,802 | 46,936 | -36,134 |
| 2007 | 38,115,641 | 387,873 | 377,226 | 10,647 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 0.3 | 1.31 | 71.00 | 79.70 | 19.5 | 14,995 | 35,480 | -20,485 |
| 2008 | 38,135,876 | 414,499 | 379,399 | 35,100 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 0.9 | 1.39 | 71.30 | 80.00 | 19.9 | 15,275 | 30,140 | -14,865 |
| 2009 | 38,167,329 | 417,589 | 384,940 | 32,649 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 0.9 | 1.40 | 71.50 | 80.10 | 20.2 | 17,424 | 18,620 | -1,196 |
| 2010 | 38,529,866 | 413,300 | 378,478 | 34,822 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 1.38 | 72.10 | 80.60 | 20.6 | 15,246 | 17,360 | -2,114 |
| 2011 | 38,538,447 | 388,416 | 375,501 | 12,915 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 1.30 | 72.40 | 80.90 | 21.2 | 15,524 | 19,858 | -4,334 |
| 2012 | 38,533,299 | 387,858 | 384,788 | 3,070 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 1.30 | 72.70 | 81.00 | 22.3 | 14,583 | 21,200 | -6,617 |
| 2013 | 38,495,659 | 369,576 | 387,312 | -17,736 | 9.6 | 10.1 | -0.5 | 1.26 | 73.10 | 81.10 | 23.4 | 12,199 | 32,103 | -19,904 |
| 2014 | 38,478,602 | 375,160 | 376,467 | -1,307 | 9.7 | 9.8 | -0.1 | 1.29 | 73.80 | 81.60 | 24.2 | 12,330 | 28,080 | -15,750 |
| 2015 | 38,437,239 | 369,308 | 394,921 | -25,613 | 9.6 | 10.3 | -0.7 | 1.29 | 73.60 | 81.60 | 24.6 | 12,330 | 28,080 | -15,750 |
| 2016 | 38,432,992 | 382,257 | 388,009 | -5,752 | 9.9 | 10.1 | -0.2 | 1.36 | 73.90 | 81.90 | 25.0 | 13,475 | 11,970 | 1,505 |
| 2017 | 38,433,558 | 401,982 | 402,852 | -870 | 10.5 | 10.5 | -0.0 | 1.45 | 74.00 | 81.80 | 24.1 | 13,324 | 11,888 | 1,436 |
| 2018 | 38,411,148 | 388,178 | 414,200 | -26,022 | 10.1 | 10.8 | -0.7 | 1.44 | 73.80 | 81.70 | 26.4 | 15,461 | 11,849 | 3,612 |
| 2019 | 38,382,576 | 374,954 | 409,709 | -34,755 | 9.8 | 10.7 | -0.9 | 1.42 | 74.10 | 81.80 | 25.4 | 16,909 | 10,726 | 6,183 |
| 2020 | 38,265,013 | 355,309 | 477,355 | -122,046 | 9.3 | 12.5 | -3.2 | 1.38 | | | | 13,263 | 8,780 | 4,483 |

## Fiestas

| Fecha | Nombre en castellano | Nombre local |
| 1 de enero | Año Nuevo | Nowy Rok |
| abril o mayo | La Pascua | Wielkanoc |
| 1 de mayo | Día del trabajador | Święto Pracy |
| 2 de mayo | Día de la Bandera Nacional | Święto Flagi Rzeczypospolitej |
| 3 de mayo | Día de la Constitución | Święto Konstytucji |
| mayo o junio | Corpus Christi | Boże Ciało |
| 15 de agosto | Asunción y Día de Fuerzas Armadas | Wniebowzięcie i Dzień Wojska Polskiego |
| 31 de agosto | Día de la Solidaridad y Libertad | Dzień Solidarności i Wolności |
| 1 de noviembre | Día de todos los Santos | Wszystkich Świętych |
| 11 de noviembre | Día de Independencia | Święto Niepodległości |
| 24 de diciembre | Nochebuena | Wigilia |
| 25 de diciembre | Día de Navidad | Boże Narodzenie |
| 26 de diciembre | Navidad | Drugi dzień świąt Bożego Narodzenia |

## Inmigración

La inmigración en Polonia solo ha aumentado recientemente después del 2014, cuando el desempleo empezó a caer y se empezó a requerir mayor cantidad de mano de obra. La mayoría de la migración es tempora, con trabajadores con una permanencia temporal entre 3 y 12 meses.
Residentes extranjeros según país de origen :
| Posición | Nacionalidad | Población (2021) |
| 1 | Ucrania | 2,500,000 (2022) |
| 2 | Bielorrusia | 30,228 |
| 3 | Alemania | 20,240 |
| 4 | Rusia | 12,607 |
| 5 | Vietnam | 10,551 |
| 6 | India | 10,218 |
| 7 | Italia | 8,483 |
| 8 | Georgia | 8,345 |
| 9 | China | 6,812 |
| 10 | Reino Unido | 6,527 |
| 11 | España | 5,873 |
| 12 | Francia | 5,540 |
| 13 | Bulgaria | 5,343 |
| 14 | Turquía | 4,884 |
| 15 | Rumania | 4,712 |
| 16 | Moldavia | 3,990 |
| 17 | Armenia | 3,101 |
| 18 | Estados Unidos | 2,600 |
| 19 | Corea del Sur | 2,497 |
| 20 | Países Bajos | 2,388 |
| 21 | Suecia | 2,368 |
| 22 | Lituania | 2,357 |
| 23 | República Checa | 2,302 |
| 24 | Nepal | 2,287 |
| 25 | Eslovaquia | 2,214 |