# 燭

| 燭 | U+71ED, &#29165; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-71ED |
| ← 燬 [U+71EC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 燮 → [U+71EE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

燭 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 火田中戈 (FWLI), four-corner 9682$_7$, composition ⿰火蜀)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 685, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19480
* Dae Jaweon: page 1098, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2241, character 2
* Unihan data for U+71ED

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 襡 | *toːʔ, *toːɡs, *doːʔ, *doːɡ, *djoɡ |
| 噣 | *toːɡs, *tuɡs, *rtoːɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 斣 | *toːɡs |
| 歜 | *sdoːmʔ, *tʰjoɡ |
| 斀 | *rtoːɡ |
| 孎 | *rtoːɡ, *toɡ |
| 濁 | *rdoːɡ |
| 鐲 | *rdoːɡ, *zroːɡ, *djoɡ |
| 鸀 | *rdoːɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 擉 | *sʰroːɡ |
| 獨 | *doːɡ |
| 髑 | *doːɡ |
| 韣 | *doːɡ, *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 斸 | *toɡ |
| 钃 | *toɡ |
| 欘 | *toɡ |
| 躅 | *doɡ |
| 蠋 | *doɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 燭 | *tjoɡ |
| 囑 | *tjoɡ |
| 矚 | *tjoɡ |
| 屬 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 属 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 蠾 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 觸 | *tʰjoɡ |
| 臅 | *tʰjoɡ |
| 觕 | *sʰlaː, *zlaːʔ, *tʰjoɡ |
| 蜀 | *djoɡ |

### Etymology

Compare Tibetan དུགས་པ (dugs pa, “to make warm, to warm, to light”) and Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to shine, to illuminate, to make fire”) (Hill, 2019).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhú (zhu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zuk$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chuk
* Eastern Min (BUC): ciók
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zorh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiak / chek / chiok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tsoq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhú
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhú
*** Wade–Giles: chu$^2$
*** Yale: jú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jwu
*** Palladius: чжу (čžu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zuk$^1$
*** Yale: jūk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzuk$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zug$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chuk
*** Hakka Romanization System: zug$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zug$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suk̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ciók
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suɔʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɒʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɒʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
*** Tâi-lô: tsiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
*** Tâi-lô: tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiok
*** Tâi-lô: tsiok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciog
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɔk̚³²/
* chiak/chek - vernacular;
* chiok - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit燭 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡su⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sou²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂv̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /p͡fu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡səu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡su³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡su²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂuʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂuəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡suəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡suʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡suəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡soʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡soʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡soʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕo²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡suʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiu⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʈ͡ʂəu²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ʈ͡ʂəɯ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡suʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡suk̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʃuk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sok̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡suk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡suk̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡siɔk̚³²/ /t͡sik̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡suɔʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sy²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sek̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sok̚⁵/ /t͡siak̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsyowk
Rime :
| Character | 燭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 燭 (8) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 之欲切 |
| Baxter | tsyowk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕiok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cuawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭwok̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯wok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zuk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjoɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 燭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*tok/ |
| English | torch |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 燭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11828 |
| Phonetic component | 蜀 |
| Rime group | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 燭 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjoɡ/ |

### Definitions

燭
* candle; taper
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Zhú zhì qǐ, shí zhì qǐ, shàngkè qǐ. [Pinyin]
    When the torches come, he should rise; and also when the viands come in, or a visitor of superior rank
* to shine; to illuminate
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
    Míngzhé huáng huáng, páng zhú wújiāng, xùn yú bùyú, yǐ bǎo tiānmìng, quán “wèn míng”. [Pinyin]
    When wisdom is splendid and bright, shining everywhere without limit, one may avoid unforeseen dangers and protect his Heaven-decreed destiny. Thus, I have written "Asking about Seeing Clearly."
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) candlepower (unit)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蠟燭, 蠟炬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蠟燭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 洋蠟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 蠟燭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 洋蠟 dated |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蠟燭, 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蠟 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 蠟燭, 洋蠟 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 蠟, 洋燭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong (Ronghe) | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 蠟燭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 蠟燈, 蠟 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 蠟燈 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 洋蠟, 蠟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 蠟燭, 蠟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蠟燭, 洋蠟, 洋蠟燭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 燭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 洋燭, 洋蠟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 蠟燭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 蠟燭, 洋蠟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kokang | 洋蠟 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蠟燭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 油燭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 洋燭 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 蠟燭 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 蠟燭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蠟燭, 洋蠟, 洋蠟燭 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 蠟燭, 燭 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 洋蠟燭, 礦燭 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 洋燭 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 火燭 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 洋燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 蠟燭 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 蠟燭 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蠟燭, 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蠟, 洋蠟 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蠟燭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 燭, 蠟燭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 燭 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 燭仔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 蠟燭, 燭 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 蠟 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 燭 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 蠟燭, 燭 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 蠟燭 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 燭, 洋燭 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 蠟燭 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 蠟燭 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 蠟燭 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 蠟燭, 專燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Wu | Danyang | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 洋燭 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 蠟燭, 洋蠟燭 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 蠟燭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 蠟燭 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 蠟燭 |

### Compounds

* 火燭／火烛 (huǒzhú)
* 燭光／烛光 (zhúguāng)
* 燭架／烛架 (zhújià)
* 燭火／烛火
* 燭照／烛照 (zhúzhào)
* 燭臺／烛台 (zhútái)
* 蠟燭／蜡烛 (làzhú)
* 陰陽燭／阴阳烛 (yīnyángzhú)
* 風燭／风烛 (fēngzhú)
* 風燭殘年／风烛残年 (fēngzhúcánnián)
* 香燭／香烛 (xiāngzhú)

### Descendants

* → Bouyei: xugt (“candle”)

### References

* “燭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 烛 |
| Kyūjitai | 燭 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: そく (soku)
* Kan-on: しょく (shoku)
* Kun: ともしび (tomoshibi, 燭)

#### Compounds

* 蝋(ろう)燭(そく) (rōsoku): candle

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 燭
* しょく Jinmeiyō
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょく [shóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕo̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

燭(しょく) • (shoku)
* a light (source of illumination)
    Synonyms: 明かり, ともしび
* a candlepower
    Synonym: 燭光

#### Counter

燭(しょく) • (-shoku)
* a candlepower
    Synonym: 燭光

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 燭
* ともしび Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 燭 – see the following entry. :
| 【ともしび】 | [noun] 灯, 灯火, 燭: light; lamp Alternative spellings 灯, 灯火 |
(This term, 燭, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰo̞k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [촉]

### Hanja

Wikisource 燭 • (chok) (hangeul 촉)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

燭: Hán Nôm readings: chúc, đuốc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.