# 以德報怨
## Chinese

| | | to use; according to; so as toto use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.) | Germany; virtue; goodnessGermany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind | to avenge a grievance |
| trad. (以德報怨) | trad. (以德報怨) | 以 | 德 | 報怨 |
| simp. (以德报怨) | simp. (以德报怨) | 以 | 德 | 报怨 |
| anagram | anagram | 以怨報德／以怨报德 | 以怨報德／以怨报德 | 以怨報德／以怨报德 |

### Etymology

From the Analects, Book 14 (《論語·憲問》):
    或曰：「以德報怨，何如？」子曰：「何以報德？以直報怨，以德報德。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]或曰：「以德报怨，何如？」子曰：「何以报德？以直报怨，以德报德。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionHuòyuē: “Yǐ dé bào yuàn, hérú?” Zǐ yuē: “Héyǐ bàodé? Yǐ zhí bào yuàn, yǐ dé bào dé.” [Pinyin]Some one said, "What do you say concerning the principle that injury should be recompensed with kindness?" The Master said, "With what then will you recompense kindness? Recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness."

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐdébàoyuàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄠˋ ㄩㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ji$^5$ dak$^1$ bou$^3$ jyun$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐdébàoyuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄉㄜˊ ㄅㄠˋ ㄩㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐdébàoyuàn
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$-tê$^2$-pao$^4$-yüan$^4$
*** Yale: yǐ-dé-bàu-ywàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiiderbawyuann
*** Palladius: идэбаоюань (idɛbaojuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵ pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$ dak$^1$ bou$^3$ jyun$^3$
*** Yale: yíh dāk bou yun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$ dak$^7$ bou$^3$ jyn$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$ deg$^1$ bou$^3$ yun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³ tɐk̚⁵ pou̯³³ jyːn³³/
* Middle Chinese: yiX tok pawH 'jwon|'jwonH
Rime :
| Character | 以 | 德 | 報 | 怨 | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 端 (5) | 幫 (1) | 影 (34) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 德 (131) | 豪 (89) | 元 (66) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I | I | III | III |
| Fanqie | 羊己切 | 多則切 | 博耗切 | 於袁切 | 於願切 |
| Baxter | yiX | tok | pawH | 'jwon | 'jwonH |
| Reconstructions ||||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨ$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ʔʉɐn/ | /ʔʉɐn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jɨ$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ʔʷiɐn/ | /ʔʷiɐn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ie$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ʔiuɐn/ | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨ$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /paw$^H$/ | /ʔuan/ | /ʔuan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iə$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ʔiuɐn/ | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭə$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ĭwɐn/ | /ĭwɐn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ | /tək̚/ | /pɑu$^H$/ | /ʔi̯wɐn/ | /ʔi̯wɐn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ | de | bào | yuān | yuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ | dak$^1$ | bou$^3$ | jyun$^1$ | jyun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ tˤək pˤuk-s [ʔ]o[r]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ tɯːɡ puːɡs qon|qons/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 以 | 德 | 報 | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ | dé | bào | yuàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yi$^X$ › | ‹ tok › | ‹ paw$^H$ › | ‹ ʔjwon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ləʔ/ | /*tˁək/ | /*pˁuk-s/ | /*[ʔ]o[r]-s/ |
| English | take, use | virtue | repay | resentment |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 以 | 德 | 報 | 怨 | 怨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14929 | 17266 | 329 | 16286 | 16305 |
| Phonetic component | 以 | 直 | 報 | 夗 | 夗 |
| Rime group | 之 | 職 | 奧 | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 以 | 德 | 報 | 鴛 | 怨 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯʔ/ | /*tɯːɡ/ | /*puːɡs/ | /*qon/ | /*qons/ |

### Idiom

以德報怨
* to return good for evil; to return kindness for injury

#### See also

* 以怨報德／以怨报德 (yǐyuànbàodé)
* 以直報怨／以直报怨 (yǐzhíbàoyuàn)
* 以德報德／以德报德 (yǐdébàodé)