# 傷害
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shānghài
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤ ㄏㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng$^1$ hoi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sông-hoi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): song$^1$ hoi$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siong-hāi / siang-hāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siên$^1$ hai$^7$ / sion$^1$ hai$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shānghài
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄤ ㄏㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shanghài
*** Wade–Giles: shang$^1$-hai$^4$
*** Yale: shāng-hài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanghay
*** Palladius: шанхай (šanxaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Yale: sēung hoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông-hoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˊ$ hoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^1$ hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: song$^1$ hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: siong-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sionghai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɔŋ³³ hai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siang-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: siang-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sianghai
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siên$^1$ hai$^7$ / sion$^1$ hai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sieⁿ hāi / sioⁿ hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /sĩẽ³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/, /sĩõ³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/
* siên1 hai7 - Chaozhou;
* sion1 hai7 - Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang.
* Middle Chinese: syang hajH
Rime :
| Character | 傷 | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 式羊切 | 胡蓋切 |
| Baxter | syang | hajH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨɐŋ/ | /ɦɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiɐŋ/ | /ɦɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiɑŋ/ | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨaŋ/ | /ɦaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiaŋ/ | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭaŋ/ | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɕi̯aŋ/ | /ɣɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shāng | hài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | soeng$^1$ | hoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥aŋ m-kˤat-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋ ɡaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 傷 | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shāng | hài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syang › | ‹ haj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥aŋ/ | /*m-kˁat-s/ |
| English | wound | hurt (v.t.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 傷 | 害 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14581 | 4845 |
| Phonetic component | 昜 | 害 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 商 | 害 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljaŋ/ | /*ɡaːds/ |
| Notes | | 金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲， 㝬通胡 |

### Verb

傷害
* to injure; to hurt
    傷害感情／伤害感情 ― shānghài gǎnqíng ― to hurt someone's feelings
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Mínshí guǒ luǒ bàng gé xīngsào èchòu, ér shānghài chángwèi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Lǐyán máng xiàmǎ xièjiǎ tóujiàng, jūnshì bùcéng shānghài yīrén. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (law) to commit assault

#### Synonyms

* (to injure):
* 危及 (wēijí)
* 危害 (wēihài)
* 妨害 (fánghài)
* 戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
* 戕賊／戕贼 (literary)
* 損／损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 損傷／损伤 (sǔnshāng)
* 損害／损害 (sǔnhài)
* 暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
* 有傷／有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
* 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)

### Noun

傷害
* injury
* (law) assault
* (video games) damage

### Derived terms

* 人身傷害／人身伤害 (rénshēn shānghài)
* 傷害14億人民感情／伤害14亿人民感情 (shānghài shísì yì rénmín gǎnqíng)
* 傷害中國人民的感情／伤害中国人民的感情 (shānghài Zhōngguó rénmín de gǎnqíng)
* 傷害保險／伤害保险
* 傷害罪／伤害罪
* 重複使力傷害／重复使力伤害 (chóngfù shǐlì shānghài)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 傷(しょう)害(がい) (shōgai)
* → Korean: 상해(傷害) (sanghae)
* → Vietnamese: thương hại (傷害)

### See also

* 負傷／负伤 (fùshāng)
* 受傷／受伤 (shòushāng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 傷 | 害 |
| しょう Grade: 6 | がい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 傷害 (MC syang hajH).

### Noun

傷(しょう)害(がい) • (shōgai)
* injury
** 1949, 永(なが)井(い) 隆(たかし) (Takashi Nagai), 長崎の鐘 [The Bells of Nagasaki]:
    傷(しょう)害(がい)の原(げん)因(いん)は原(げん)子(し)爆(ばく)弾(だん)に直(ちょく)接(せつ)よるものと、その爆(ばく)発(はつ)の現(げん)象(しょう)に伴(ともな)う間(かん)接(せつ)のものとがある。
       Shōgai no gen'in wa genshibakudan ni chokusetsu yoru mono to, sono bakuhatsu no genshō ni tomonau kansetsu no mono to ga aru.
       Injuries were caused by direct exposure to the nuclear blast as well as indirectly from contact with the resulting phenomena.

### Verb

傷(しょう)害(がい)する • (shōgai suru) suru (stem 傷(しょう)害(がい)し (shōgai shi), past 傷(しょう)害(がい)した (shōgai shita))
* to injure

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 傷害し | しょうがいし | shōgai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 傷害し | しょうがいし | shōgai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 傷害する | しょうがいする | shōgai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 傷害する | しょうがいする | shōgai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 傷害すれ | しょうがいすれ | shōgai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 傷害せよ¹ 傷害しろ² | しょうがいせよ¹ しょうがいしろ² | shōgai seyo¹ shōgai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 傷害される | しょうがいされる | shōgai sareru |
| Causative | 傷害させる 傷害さす | しょうがいさせる しょうがいさす | shōgai saseru shōgai sasu |
| Potential | 傷害できる | しょうがいできる | shōgai dekiru |
| Volitional | 傷害しよう | しょうがいしよう | shōgai shiyō |
| Negative | 傷害しない | しょうがいしない | shōgai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 傷害せず | しょうがいせず | shōgai sezu |
| Formal | 傷害します | しょうがいします | shōgai shimasu |
| Perfective | 傷害した | しょうがいした | shōgai shita |
| Conjunctive | 傷害して | しょうがいして | shōgai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 傷害すれば | しょうがいすれば | shōgai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 傷 | 害 |

### Noun

傷害 • (sanghae) (hangeul 상해)
* hanja form of 상해 (“injury; wound”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 傷 | 害 |

### Verb

傷害
* chữ Hán form of thương hại (“to feel sorry for someone; to pity; to show compassion to”).