# 涙

| 涙 | U+6D99, &#28057; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D99 |
| ← 涘 [U+6D98] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 涚 → [U+6D9A] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 淚 |
| Shinjitai | 涙 |
| Simplified | 泪 |

### Han character

涙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水戈尸大 (EISK) or 水一尸大 (EMSK), four-corner 3318$_4$, composition ⿰氵戻)

#### Related characters

* 淚 (Traditional Chinese and kyūjitai form)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 627, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17573
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): not present, would follow volume 3, page 1634, character 6
* Unihan data for U+6D99

## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 涙 – see 淚 (“tear; teardrop; to weep; to cry”). (This character is a variant form of 淚).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 涙 |
| Kyūjitai | 淚 |

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 淚)
* tears

#### Readings

* Go-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)
* Tō-on: れい (rei)
* On: らい (rai)
* Kun: なみだ (namida, 涙, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 涙
* なみだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 淚 (kyūjitai) 泪 涕
From Old Japanese. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *namita.
Attested in the Nihon Shoki with the man'yōgana spelling 那瀰多 (​namita). The Kojiki and Man'yōshū have 那美多 (​namita), and the Man'yōshū also has later instances where the 多 (ta) was replaced with 太 (da), forming 奈美太 (​namida), indicating a phonetic change over time from namita to namida.
Ultimate derivation unknown. There are interesting phonetic and semantic similarities with Thai น้ำตา (nám-dtaa, “tear”, literally “water + eye”), overlapping semantically with Korean 눈물 (nunmul, “tear”, literally “eye + water”), perhaps pointing to an ancient prehistoric borrowing. However, such similarities may also be purely accidental.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なみだ [náꜜmìdà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [na̠mʲida̠]

#### Noun

涙(なみだ) • (namida)
* tear, teardrop

#### Verb

涙(なみだ)する • (namida suru) suru (stem 涙(なみだ)し (namida shi), past 涙(なみだ)した (namida shita))
* to cry, to weep

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 涙し | なみだし | namida shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 涙し | なみだし | namida shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 涙する | なみだする | namida suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 涙する | なみだする | namida suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 涙すれ | なみだすれ | namida sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 涙せよ¹ 涙しろ² | なみだせよ¹ なみだしろ² | namida seyo¹ namida shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 涙される | なみだされる | namida sareru |
| Causative | 涙させる 涙さす | なみださせる なみださす | namida saseru namida sasu |
| Potential | 涙できる | なみだできる | namida dekiru |
| Volitional | 涙しよう | なみだしよう | namida shiyō |
| Negative | 涙しない | なみだしない | namida shinai |
| Negative continuative | 涙せず | なみだせず | namida sezu |
| Formal | 涙します | なみだします | namida shimasu |
| Perfective | 涙した | なみだした | namida shita |
| Conjunctive | 涙して | なみだして | namida shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 涙すれば | なみだすれば | namida sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 涙
* なんだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 淚 (kyūjitai)
/namida/ → /nanda/
Alteration of namida above.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なんだ [náꜜǹdà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [nã̠nda̠]

#### Noun

涙(なんだ) • (nanda)
* tear, teardrop

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 涙
* なだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 淚 (kyūjitai)
Alteration of namida or nanda above. Used during the Edo period in the rough informal speech used by the staff and servants of samurai households, and others of lower social rank.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [na̠da̠]

#### Noun

涙(なだ) • (nada)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) tear, teardrop

### See also

* 泣(な)く (naku): "to cry"

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:, text here
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4398:, text here
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN