# 許可
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xǔkě
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩˇ ㄎㄜˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi$^2$ ho$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hí-khó
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hú-khó / hír-khóⁿ / hí-khó
    (Teochew, Peng'im): he$^2$ ko$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xǔkě [Phonetic: xúkě]
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩˇ ㄎㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syǔkě
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^3$-kʻo$^3$
*** Yale: syǔ-kě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheukee
*** Palladius: сюйкэ (sjujkɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: heoi$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Yale: héui hó
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoey$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêu$^2$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵy̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hí-khó
*** Hakka Romanization System: hi$^ˋ$ ko$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hi$^3$ ko$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi³¹ kʰo³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hú-khó
*** Tâi-lô: hú-khó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hw'qoir
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hír-khóⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hír-khónn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hí-khó
*** Tâi-lô: hí-khó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hy'qoir
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: he$^2$ ko$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hṳ́ khó
*** Sinological IPA : /hɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰo⁵²⁻²¹/
* Middle Chinese: xjoX khaX
Rime :
| Character | 許 | 可 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 虚吕切 | 枯我切 |
| Baxter | xjoX | khaX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨʌ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨə̆$^X$/ | /kʰa$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭo$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯wo$^X$/ | /kʰɑ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xǔ | kě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | heoi$^2$ | ho$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)aʔ [k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋaʔ kʰaːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 許 | 可 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xǔ | kě |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjo$^X$ › | ‹ kha$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰ(r)aʔ/ | /*[k]ʰˁa[j]ʔ/ |
| English | place (n.); allow | may; acceptable |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 許 | 可 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13180 | 7446 |
| Phonetic component | 午 | 可 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 可 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋaʔ/ | /*kʰaːlʔ/ |

### Verb

許可
* to permit; to allow
    入境許可／入境许可 ― rùjìng xǔkě ― entry permit
    未經許可／未经许可 ― wèijīng xǔkě ― without permission
       Dúwùzhì hánliàng chāoguò zhèngcháng xǔkězhí shù bèi. [Pinyin]
       The content of toxins in the substance exceeds twice the allowed quantity.

#### Synonyms

* 允 (literary, or in compounds)
* 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
* 允許／允许
* 准許 (zhǔnxǔ)
* 容允 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 容許／容许 (róngxǔ)
* 應允／应允 (yīngyǔn) (literary)
* 承允 (chéngyǔn)
* 許允／许允 (xǔyǔn) (literary)
* 開可／开可 (kāikě) (Classical Chinese)

#### Derived terms

* 許可證／许可证 (xǔkězhèng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 許(きょ)可(か) (kyoka)
* → Korean: 허가(許可) (heoga)

### Noun

許可
* (aviation, Taiwan) clearance

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 許 | 可 |
| きょ Grade: 5 | か Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きょか [kyóꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kʲo̞ka̠]

### Noun

許(きょ)可(か) • (kyoka)
* permission, consent from someone
* a legal permit, legal permission
    許(きょ)可(か)が必要(ひつよう)です。
       Kyoka ga hitsuyō desu.
       You need permission for that.

### Verb

許(きょ)可(か)する • (kyoka suru) transitive suru (stem 許(きょ)可(か)し (kyoka shi), past 許(きょ)可(か)した (kyoka shita))
* to permit, to allow
* to grant legal permission

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 許可し | きょかし | kyoka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 許可し | きょかし | kyoka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 許可する | きょかする | kyoka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 許可する | きょかする | kyoka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 許可すれ | きょかすれ | kyoka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 許可せよ¹ 許可しろ² | きょかせよ¹ きょかしろ² | kyoka seyo¹ kyoka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 許可される | きょかされる | kyoka sareru |
| Causative | 許可させる 許可さす | きょかさせる きょかさす | kyoka saseru kyoka sasu |
| Potential | 許可できる | きょかできる | kyoka dekiru |
| Volitional | 許可しよう | きょかしよう | kyoka shiyō |
| Negative | 許可しない | きょかしない | kyoka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 許可せず | きょかせず | kyoka sezu |
| Formal | 許可します | きょかします | kyoka shimasu |
| Perfective | 許可した | きょかした | kyoka shita |
| Conjunctive | 許可して | きょかして | kyoka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 許可すれば | きょかすれば | kyoka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 許諾(きょだく) (kyodaku)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 許 | 可 |

### Noun

許可 • (heoga) (hangeul 허가)
* hanja form of 허가 (“permission”)