# مشارة
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* مَشَر (mašar)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Aramaic מְשָׁרָא (məšārā), ܡܫܳܪܬܴܐ (məšārtā), from Akkadian 𒊬 (/⁠mušaru⁠/, “garden bed; a measure of one square ninda, i. e. 6×6 metres”), itself a loan from Sumerian 𒊬𒊬 (/⁠musar⁠/, “garden or field bed”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.ʃaː.ra/

### Noun

مَشَارَة • (mašāra) f (plural مَشَارَات (mašārāt) or مَشَاوِر (mašāwir) or مَشائِر (mašāʔir)) (obsolete)
* a garden bed, a horticultural or agricultural plot, field parcel, what is cut off from adjacent parts of land to sow and plant
** c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, Cap. 20, Art. 1, pages 59–60:والوجه الآخر إن يقطع له الأرض أمشارا أمشارا ويدخل فيها الماء ويقام فيها مقدار شبرة ثم ينثر الحب عليه نثرا وإذا شربت الأرض ذلك الماء غطي الرز برقيق التراب ينثر علبه بالأيادي حتى إذا مضت ساعات وتندى التراب الذي غطي به فليقام الماء في تلك المشارات فياما دائما متّصلاAnd the other way [of transplanting rice] is when the earth is cut into divisions and water is introduced into it to stand a handspan high, then the seeds are strewn onto it, and when the earth is soaked by this water the rice is covered with sprinkled soil strewn onto it by the hands until some hours have passed and the soil which has been strewn on it is damp too, and the water shall stand in these beds continuously and without intermission.

#### Descendants

* → Middle Armenian: մաշարայ (mašaray)

### References

* “mšr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “مشارة”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 594
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 129
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1905) “Zu lignā, ləgettā (vergl. ZDPV XXVIII S. 32)”, in Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins‎ (in German), volume 28, number 4, pages 221–222, to Dalman, Gustaf (1905) “Studien aus dem Deutschen evang. archäolog. Institut zu Jerusalem. 4. Pflügelänge, Saatstreifen und Erntestreifen in Bibel und Mischna”, in Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins‎ (in German), volume 28, number 1, page 32
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “مشارة”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 464
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مشارة”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1286
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “مشارة”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1617
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 160
* Sokoloff, Michael (2002) A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic periods, Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, page 717a
* Zimmern, Heinrich (1915) Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischen Kultureinfluss (in German), Leipzig: A. Edelmann, page 40