# 欣然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīnrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^1$ jin$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): him-liân / him-jiân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hng$^1$ riang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīnrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sinrán
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: syīn-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinran
*** Palladius: синьжань (sinʹžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: yān yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: him-liân
*** Tâi-lô: him-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: himlieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /him⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: him-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: him-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: himjieen
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /him⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɛn²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hng$^1$ riang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hng jiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /hŋ³³⁻²³ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: xj+n nyen
Rime :
| Character | 欣 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 許斤切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | xj+n | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨn/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hɨn/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiən/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨn/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /xiən/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭən/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯ən/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīn | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰər [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰɯn njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 欣 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xīn | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjɨn › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰər/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | rejoice | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 欣 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6665 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 斤 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 文 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 欣 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰɯn/ | /*njen/ |

### Adverb

欣然
* (literary) joyfully; with pleasure; gladly; readily

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 欣然(きんぜん) (kinzen)
* → Korean: 흔연(欣然) (heunyeon)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 欣 | 然 |
| きん Jinmeiyō | ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 忻然

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きんぜん [kìńzéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲĩnd͡zẽ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

欣(きん)然(ぜん) • (kinzen) $^†$-tari (adnominal 欣(きん)然(ぜん)とした (kinzen to shita) or 欣(きん)然(ぜん)たる (kinzen taru), adverbial 欣(きん)然(ぜん)と (kinzen to) or 欣(きん)然(ぜん)として (kinzen to shite))
* (literary) joyfully; with pleasure; gladly; readily
** 1951, 日本国との平和条約の説明書
    日本全権(にっぽんぜんけん)はこの平和条約(へいわじょうやく)を欣然(きんぜん)受諾(じゅだく)する。
       Nippon zenken wa kono heiwa jōyaku o kinzen judaku suru.
       (please add an English translation of this example)

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 欣然たら | きんぜんたら | kinzentara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 欣然と$^{[1]}$ 欣然たり$^{[2]}$ | きんぜんと きんぜんたり | kinzento kinzentari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 欣然たり | きんぜんたり | kinzentari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 欣然たる | きんぜんたる | kinzentaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 欣然たれ | きんぜんたれ | kinzentare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 欣然たれ | きんぜんたれ | kinzentare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 欣然たらず | きんぜんたらず | kinzentarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 欣然たれど | きんぜんたれど | kinzentaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 欣然たれば | きんぜんたれば | kinzentareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 欣然たらば | きんぜんたらば | kinzentaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 欣然たりき | きんぜんたりき | kinzentariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 欣然たりけり | きんぜんたりけり | kinzentarikeri |
| Adverbial | 欣然と | きんぜんと | kinzento |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN