# 咸

| 咸 | U+54B8, &#21688; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54B8 |
| ← 咷 [U+54B7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 咹 → [U+54B9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

咸 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹一口 (IHMR), four-corner 5320$_0$, composition ⿵戌口 or ⿵戊𠮛)

#### Derived characters

* 减, 喊, 堿, 㛾, 㨔, 減, 㺂, 椷, 煘, 瑊, 䁍, 碱, 緘(缄), 羬, 諴(𫍯), 輱, 醎, 鍼, 𠁝, 鰔, 鹹, 黬, 䶢, 㰹, 顑, 感, 觱, 䶠, 嵅, 葴, 箴, 䖗, 麙

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 187, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3563
* Dae Jaweon: page 406, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1404, character 2
* Unihan data for U+54B8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咸 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 感 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
| 轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
| 撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 憾 | *ɡɯːms |
| 喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 緘 | *krɯːm |
| 瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
| 黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
| 麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
| 箴 | *kjɯm |
| 葴 | *kjɯm |
| 鱵 | *kjum |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戌 (“axe”) + 口 (“mouth (person) or clay pot”). A pictogram of soldiers shouting together with a spear in front of the battlefield, implying everyone, without exception. Also see 喊, which means to 'shout'. The alternative interpretation is to cut off one's head with an ax, depriving them of all they have; alternatively, to break a pot with an ax.
For etymology 2, simplified from 鹹 (elimination of 鹵).

### Etymology 1

Compare Khmer ព្រម (prɔɔm, “to agree; to go along with; together”) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xián (xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haam$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ham$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ham$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haam$^4$
*** Yale: hàahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ham$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːm²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ham$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ham²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: ham$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ham$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
*** Tâi-lô: hâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haam
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ham²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ham$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm
*** Sinological IPA : /ham⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: heam
Rime :
| Character | 咸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡讒切 |
| Baxter | heam |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɐm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɐm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤr[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 咸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛm › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/ |
| English | all; everywhere |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13515 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 咸 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯːm/ |
| Notes | 從口從戌會刺口之意， 鹹初文 |

#### Definitions

咸
* (literary) all; completely
    老少咸宜 ― lǎoshàoxiányí ― to be suitable for both the old and the young
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Shǒu chū shùwù, wànguó xiánníng. [Pinyin]
    (The sage) appears aloft, high above all things, and the myriad states all enjoy repose.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yú zhūhóu zhī yuē, dàwáng dāng wàng Guānzhōng, Guānzhōng mín xián zhī zhī. [Pinyin]
    By the covenant made with vassals, you should be the king in Guanzhong; all people of Guanzhong knew this.
* (obsolete) together
* (literary) united; in harmony
    alt. forms: 諴／𫍯
* (literary) common; widespread
* (obsolete) to finish; to terminate
* 31st hexagram of the I Ching
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 整 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 整 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 整 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 整 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 成, 冚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 成, 冚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 成 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 成, 冚 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 成 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 規 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 規 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 規 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 規 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 規 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 規 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 規 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 規 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 規 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 規 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 規 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 規 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 規 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 夠, 咸 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 夠, 咸 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 夠 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 成 |

#### Compounds

* 咸五登三
* 咸和
* 咸安 (Xián'ān)
* 咸宜 (xiányí)
* 咸寧 (Xiánníng)
* 咸池
* 咸豐 (Xiánfēng)
* 咸豐草
* 咸陽 (Xiányáng)
* 咸陽宮／咸阳宫
* 咸陽火
* 大咸
* 季咸
* 巫咸
* 彭咸
* 悲犬咸陽
* 老少咸宜 (lǎoshàoxiányí)
* 老幼咸宜
* 阮咸 (ruǎnxián)
* 阿咸

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 鹹 (“salty; briny; stingy; miserly; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 鹹).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

#### Usage notes

Often used in place of 鹹 (“salty”) in Hong Kong, even though 鹹 is the traditional Chinese character.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 冚 (“(Cantonese) entire”). (This character is a variant form of 冚).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* all

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: みな (mina, 咸)
* Nanori: たける (takeru)、はやし (hayashi)、みな (mina)

## Korean
### Hanja

咸 (eum 함 (ham))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

咸: Hán Nôm readings: hàm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation