# 華夏
## Chinese

* 華夏 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 華夏 (Cantonese)
* 華夏 (Classical)
* Hôa-hā (Southern Min)
* Huaxia (English)
* Hua-Yi Distinction (English)

### Etymology

Attested in the Zuo Zhuan:
    楚失華夏，則析公之為也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]楚失华夏，则析公之为也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCEChǔ shī Huáxià, zé Xī Gōng zhī wéi yě. [Pinyin]That Chu lost the allegiance of the flourishing and grand ("華夏") central states was the doing of the lord of Xi.
A line in the Zuo Zhuan features the words 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) and 華 (OC *ɡʷraː) used in a parallel structure.
    裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]裔不谋夏，夷不乱华。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCEYì bù móu xià, yí bù luàn huá. [Pinyin]The borderers may not plot against the grand ("夏") domains; the aliens should not sow chaos among the flourishing ("華") peoples.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Huáxià
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): waa$^4$ haa$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Fà-ha
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hôa-hā / Hôa-hēe
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gho-gho$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Huáxià
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Huásià
*** Wade–Giles: Hua$^2$-hsia$^4$
*** Yale: Hwá-syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Hwashiah
*** Palladius: Хуася (Xuasja)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: waa$^4$ haa$^6$
*** Yale: wàh hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: waa$^4$ haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wa$^4$ ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /waː²¹ haː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Fà-ha
*** Hakka Romanization System: fa$^ˇ$ ha
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fa$^2$ ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa¹¹ ha⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hā
*** Tâi-lô: Huâ-hā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoa'ha
*** IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³⁻³³ ha³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hēe
*** Tâi-lô: Huâ-hēe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gho-gho$_6$
*** MiniDict: gho$^去$ gho$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hho-hho$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦo²² ɦo⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hwae haeX
Rime :
| Character | 華 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 戸花切 | 胡雅切 |
| Baxter | hwae | haeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠua/ | /ɦˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚa/ | /ɦᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣua/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaɨ/ | /ɦaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣua/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣwa/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣwa/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huá | xià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | waa$^4$ | haa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʷʰˤra [ɢ]ˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː ɡraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 華 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huá | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwæ › | ‹ hæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-qʷʰˁra/ | /*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/ |
| English | flower (v.); flowery (adj.) | great; pertaining to Chinese civilization |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 華 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/2 |
| No. | 5312 | 13452 |
| Phonetic component | 華 | 夏 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 華 | 下 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷraː/ | /*ɡraːʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文於聲 | |

### Proper noun

華夏
* (poetic, historical) Huaxia (the land of Chinese culture, particularly in ancient historical contexts, as distinguished from non-Chinese barbarians)
    華夏古樂／华夏古乐 ― huáxià gǔyuè ― ancient music of the Chinese nation
* China

#### Synonyms

* (China):
* 中 (abbreviation)
* 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
* 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
* 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
* 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
* 唐山 (Tángshān)
* 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
* 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
* 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
* 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
* 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
* 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
* 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
* 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
* 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
* 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
* 華／华 (abbreviation)
* 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
* 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
* 赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
* 赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

#### Compounds

* 華夏翼龍／华夏翼龙 (Huáxià yìlóng)

#### Descendants

* → Lü: ᦩᦱᧉᦉᦱᧈ (xwaa²ṡaa¹)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 華 | 夏 |

### Noun

華夏 • (hwaha) (hangeul 화하)
* hanja form of 화하 (“China”)