# शत्रु
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit शत्रु (śatru).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ʃət̪.ɾuː/, [ʃɐt̪.ɾuː]

### Noun

शत्रु • (śatru) m (Urdu spelling شترو)
* enemy, adversary, foe
    Synonym: दुश्मन (duśman)
    Antonyms: मित्र (mitra), दोस्त (dost)
    शत्रु को पीछे हटना पड़ा।śatru ko pīche haṭnā paṛā.The enemy was forced to retreat.

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “शत्रु”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “शत्रु”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* শত্ৰু (Assamese script)
* ᬰᬢ᭄ᬭᬸ (Balinese script)
* শত্রু (Bengali script)
* 𑰫𑰝𑰿𑰨𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀰𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ၐတြု (Burmese script)
* શત્રુ (Gujarati script)
* ਸ਼ਤ੍ਰੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌶𑌤𑍍𑌰𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦯꦠꦿꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂬𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಶತ್ರು (Kannada script)
* ឝត្រុ (Khmer script)
* ຨຕ຺ຣຸ (Lao script)
* ശത്രു (Malayalam script)
* ᡧᠠᢠᡵᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘫𑘝𑘿𑘨𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᠱᠠᢐᠷᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧋𑦽𑧠𑧈𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐱𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐸 (Newa script)
* ଶତ୍ରୁ (Odia script)
* ꢯꢡ꣄ꢬꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆯𑆠𑇀𑆫𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖫𑖝𑖿𑖨𑖲 (Siddham script)
* ශත්‍රු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩿𑩫 𑪙𑩼𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚧𑚙𑚶𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
* ஶத்ரு (Tamil script)
* శత్రు (Telugu script)
* ศตฺรุ (Thai script)
* ཤ་ཏྲུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒬𑒞𑓂𑒩𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨮𑨙𑩇𑨫𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *keh₃- and cognate with Ancient Greek κότος (kótos, “anger”), German Hader (“strife”), Irish cath (“battle”) (with unexpected a), Old Church Slavonic котора (kotora, “quarrel”) (with *ḱ > *k?).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɕɐ́t.ɾu/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈɕɐt̪.ɾu/

### Noun

शत्रु • (śátru) stem, m
* (literally) "overthrower"; enemy, foe
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.54.2:यदच॑रस्त॒न्वा॑ वावृधा॒नो बला॑नीन्द्र प्रब्रुवा॒णो जने॑षु। मा॒येत्सा ते॒ यानि॑ यु॒द्धान्या॒हुर्नाद्य शत्रुं॑ न॒नु पु॒रा वि॑वित्से॥yádácarastanvā̀ vāvṛdhānó bálānīndra prabruvāṇó jáneṣu. māyétsā́ te yā́ni yuddhā́nyāhúrnā́dyá śátruṃ nanú purā́ vivitse.When you were roaming, increasing in body, telling your might, Indra, among the people, all the men called your battles as illusions: no foe have you to date, nor had you one before.
* rival
* a hostile king (especially a neighbouring king as a natural enemy)
* the 6th astrological mansion, Var Yogay
* Asparagus racemosus
* name of an Asura

#### Derived terms

* शत्रुघ्न (śatrughna)
* शत्रुत्व (śatrutvá)
* शात्रव (śātrava)

#### Descendants

* Helu Prakrit:
** Dhivehi: ހަތުރު (haturu)
** Sinhalese: සතුරා (saturā)
* → Old Javanese: [script needed] (śatru)
** → Balinese: ᬰᬢ᭄ᬭᬸ
** → Sundanese: satru
** Javanese: ꦱꦠꦿꦸ (satru)
*** → Indonesian: satru
* → Old Khmer: [script needed] (śatru)
** → Khmer: សត្រូវ (sattrəw)
** → Lao: ສັຕຣູ (sat rū)
** → Thai: ศัตรู (sàt-dtruu)
* → Old Malay: [script needed] (śatru)
** Malay: seteru
*** Indonesian: seteru
* → Old Tamil:
** Tamil: சத்துரு (catturu)
* Pali: sattu
** → Lao: ສັດຕູ (sat tū)
* → Assamese: শত্ৰু (xotru)
* → Bengali: শত্রু (śotru)
* → Gujarati: શત્રુ (śatru)
* → Hindi: शत्रु (śatru)
* → Kannada: ಶತ್ರು (śatru)
* → Malayalam: ശത്രു (śatru)
* → Marathi: शत्रू (śatrū)
* → Punjabi: ਸ਼ੱਤਰੂ (śattarū) / شترو (śtro)
* → Telugu: శత్రువు (śatruvu), శత్రుడు (śatruḍu)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 607
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 294

### Further reading

* “श॑त्रु” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 536, column 2.
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “शत्रु”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 307
* Monier Williams (1899) “शत्रु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1051, column 1.
* Horace Hayman Wilson, A dictionary in Sanscrit and English, 2nd ed., Calcutta: Education Press, Circular Road, 1832, page 828