# 赤縣神州
## Chinese

| | | China | the Divine Land |
| trad. (赤縣神州) | trad. (赤縣神州) | 赤縣 | 神州 |
| simp. (赤县神州) | simp. (赤县神州) | 赤县 | 神州 |
* 赤縣神州

### Etymology

Attested earliest in Records of the Grand Historian (translation adapted from Tsai-fa Cheng et al., 1994):
* 以為儒者所謂中國者，於天下乃八十一分居其一分耳。中國名曰赤縣神州。赤縣神州內自有九州，禹之序九州是也，不得為州數。中國外如赤縣神州者九，乃所謂九州也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]以为儒者所谓中国者，于天下乃八十一分居其一分耳。中国名曰赤县神州。赤县神州内自有九州，禹之序九州是也，不得为州数。中国外如赤县神州者九，乃所谓九州也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCEYǐwéi rúzhě suǒwèi Zhōngguó zhě, yú tiānxià nǎi bāshíyī fēnjū qí yī fēn ěr. Zhōngguó míng yuē Chìxiàn Shénzhōu. Chìxiàn Shénzhōu nèi zì yǒu jiǔzhōu, yǔ zhī xù jiǔzhōu shì yě, bùdé wéi zhōu shù. Zhōngguó wài rú Chìxiàn Shénzhōu zhě jiǔ, nǎi suǒwèi jiǔzhōu yě. [Pinyin]He (Zou Yan) thought that the Central Region which scholars spoke of occupied just one of the eighty-one parts of the world. The Central Region he called "the Sacred Township of the Red County." The "Sacred Township of the Red County" itself contained nine lands, the nine which Yu ordered, but these could not be counted as "lands." Outside the Central Region there were nine places like the "Sacred Township of the Red County" and these were what he called the "nine lands."

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Chìxiàn Shénzhōu
    (Zhuyin): ㄔˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄕㄣˊ ㄓㄡ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Chìxiàn Shénzhōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄔˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄕㄣˊ ㄓㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Chìhsiàn Shénjhou
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻih$^4$-hsien$^4$ Shên$^2$-chou$^1$
*** Yale: Chr̀-syàn Shén-jōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chyhshiann Shernjou
*** Palladius: Чисянь Шэньчжоу (Čisjanʹ Šɛnʹčžou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʂən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhek hwenH zyin tsyuw
Rime :
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) | 匣 (33) | 船 (27) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) | 先 (86) | 眞 (43) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV | III | III |
| Fanqie | 昌石切 | 黃練切 | 食鄰切 | 職流切 |
| Baxter | tsyhek | hwenH | zyin | tsyuw |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚/ | /ɦwen$^H$/ | /ʑiɪn/ | /t͡ɕɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/ | /ɦʷen$^H$/ | /ʑin/ | /t͡ɕiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰiæk̚/ | /ɣuɛn$^H$/ | /ʑjen/ | /t͡ɕiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰiajk̚/ | /ɦwɛn$^H$/ | /ʑin/ | /cuw/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiɛk̚/ | /ɣuen$^H$/ | /d͡ʑiĕn/ | /t͡ɕiu/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭɛk̚/ | /ɣiwen$^H$/ | /d͡ʑĭĕn/ | /t͡ɕĭəu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛk̚/ | /ɣiwen$^H$/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯ĕn/ | /t͡ɕi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chi | xuàn | shén | zhōu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cik$^1$ | jyun$^6$ | san$^4$ | zau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t-qʰ](r)Ak Cə.[ɡ]ʷˤe[n]-s Cə.li[n] tu/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰljaɡ ɡʷeːns hlin tju/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chì | xiàn | shén | zhōu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhek › | ‹ hwen$^H$ › | ‹ zyin › | ‹ tsyuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[t-qʰ](r)Ak/ | /*Cə.[ɡ]ʷˁe[n]-s/ | /*Cə.li[n]/ | /*tu/ |
| English | red | district | spirit | islet in stream; province |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 赤 | 縣 | 神 | 州 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1477 | 13578 | 11245 | 17493 |
| Phonetic component | 赤 | 縣 | 申 | 州 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 元 | 眞 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尺 | | 神 | 周 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰljaɡ/ | /*ɡʷeːns/ | /*hlin/ | /*tju/ |

### Proper noun

赤縣神州
* (figurative) China; Central Plains

#### Synonyms

* 中 (abbreviation)
* 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
* 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
* 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
* 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
* 唐山 (Tángshān)
* 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
* 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
* 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
* 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
* 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
* 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
* 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
* 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
* 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
* 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
* 華／华 (abbreviation)
* 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
* 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
* 赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
* 赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)