# 勇武
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested earliest in Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals:
* 夫執介冑而後能拒敵者，故非聖人之所貴也。君子顯之於服，而勇武者消其誌於貌也矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]夫执介冑而后能拒敌者，故非圣人之所贵也。君子显之于服，而勇武者消其志于貌也矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Dong Zhongshu, Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, [2nd century BCE]. 2016 translation by Sarah A. Queen & John S. Major)Fú zhí jièzhòu ér hòu néng jùdí zhě, gù fēi shèngrén zhī suǒguì yě. Jūnzǐ xiǎn zhī yú fú, ér yǒngwǔ zhě xiāo qí zhì yú mào yě yǐ. [Pinyin]Those who are able to stop the enemy only after “grasping armor and helmet” [i.e., resorting to warfare] are certainly not those whom the sage prized. The Noble Man manifested this in his dress. The intentions of the brave and martial were vitiated [when confronted by] his appearance.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǒngwǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jung$^5$ mou$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ióng-bú
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngwǔ [Phonetic: yóngwǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngwǔ
*** Wade–Giles: yung$^3$-wu$^3$
*** Yale: yǔng-wǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongwuu
*** Palladius: юнъу (junʺu)
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jung$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: yúhng móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jung$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yung$^5$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-bú
*** Tâi-lô: ióng-bú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofngbuo
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁵⁵⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yowngX mjuX
Rime :
| Character | 勇 | 武 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 余隴切 | 文甫切 |
| Baxter | yowngX | mjuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨoŋ$^X$/ | /mɨo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jioŋ$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ioŋ$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juawŋ$^X$/ | /muə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ioŋ$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭwoŋ$^X$/ | /mĭu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯woŋ$^X$/ | /mi̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǒng | wǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^5$ | mou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋʔ m(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*loŋʔ maʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 勇 | 武 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǒng | wǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yowng$^X$ › | ‹ mju$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*loŋʔ/ | /*m(r)aʔ/ |
| English | brave | military |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 勇 | 武 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15449 | 13184 |
| Phonetic component | 用 | 武 |
| Rime group | 東 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勇 | 武 |
| Old Chinese | /*loŋʔ/ | /*maʔ/ |

### Adjective

勇武
* valiant; courageous (in battle)
    From: 老子河上公章句 (Heshang Gong's commentaries on the Tao Te Ching), [1st century CE].
    Jīn shìrén shè círén, dàn wéi yǒngwǔ, shè qí jiǎnyuē, dàn wéi shētài, shè qí hòujǐ, dàn wéi rénxiān, suǒxíng rúcǐ, dòng rù sǐdì. [Pinyin]
    Anybody in this world who neglects kindness and humaneness, while acting daringly and bellicosely; who neglects frugality, while acting wastefully; who neglects to put themselves behind others, while putting themselves before others; such actions are like walking into a deathtrap.

#### Synonyms

* (literary) 麃麃 (biāobiāo)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) (yūbu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 勇 | 武 |
| ゆう Grade: 4 | ぶ Grade: 5 |
| goon | kan'on |

### Etymology

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 勇武 (yǒngwǔ). First cited to a text from the early 1600s.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆうぶ [yúꜜùbù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [jɯ̟ːbɯ̟]

### Adjective

勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) • (yūbu) -na (adnominal 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ)な (yūbu na), adverbial 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ)に (yūbu ni))
* [from early 1600s] valourous or courageous in battle

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 勇武だろ | ゆうぶだろ | yūbu daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 勇武で | ゆうぶで | yūbu de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 勇武だ | ゆうぶだ | yūbu da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 勇武な | ゆうぶな | yūbu na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 勇武なら | ゆうぶなら | yūbu nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 勇武であれ | ゆうぶであれ | yūbu de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 勇武ではない 勇武じゃない | ゆうぶではない ゆうぶじゃない | yūbu de wa nai yūbu ja nai |
| Informal past | 勇武だった | ゆうぶだった | yūbu datta |
| Informal negative past | 勇武ではなかった 勇武じゃなかった | ゆうぶではなかった ゆうぶじゃなかった | yūbu de wa nakatta yūbu ja nakatta |
| Formal | 勇武です | ゆうぶです | yūbu desu |
| Formal negative | 勇武ではありません 勇武じゃありません | ゆうぶではありません ゆうぶじゃありません | yūbu de wa arimasen yūbu ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 勇武でした | ゆうぶでした | yūbu deshita |
| Formal negative past | 勇武ではありませんでした 勇武じゃありませんでした | ゆうぶではありませんでした ゆうぶじゃありませんでした | yūbu de wa arimasen deshita yūbu ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 勇武で | ゆうぶで | yūbu de |
| Conditional | 勇武なら（ば） | ゆうぶなら（ば） | yūbu nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 勇武だったら | ゆうぶだったら | yūbu dattara |
| Volitional | 勇武だろう | ゆうぶだろう | yūbu darō |
| Adverbial | 勇武に | ゆうぶに | yūbu ni |
| Degree | 勇武さ | ゆうぶさ | yūbusa |

### Noun

勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) • (yūbu)
* [from early 1600s] valour or courage in battle

#### See also

* Courage on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ “勇武”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN