# द्राक्षा
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* দ্ৰাক্ষা (Assamese script)
* ᬤ᭄ᬭᬵᬓ᭄ᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
* দ্রাক্ষা (Bengali script)
* 𑰟𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* ဒြာက္ၑာ (Burmese script)
* દ્રાક્ષા (Gujarati script)
* ਦ੍ਰਾਕ੍ਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌦𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦢꦿꦴꦏ꧀ꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂠𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಾ (Kannada script)
* ទ្រាក្ឞា (Khmer script)
* ທ຺ຣາກ຺ຩາ (Lao script)
* ദ്രാക്ഷാ (Malayalam script)
* ᡩᡵᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡬᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘟𑘿𑘨𑘰𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᢑᠷᠠᢗᢉᢔᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦿𑧠𑧈𑧑𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
* ଦ୍ରାକ୍ଷା (Odia script)
* ꢣ꣄ꢬꢵꢒ꣄ꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆢𑇀𑆫𑆳𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖟𑖿𑖨𑖯𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
* ද්‍රාක්‍ෂා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩭 𑪙𑩼𑩛𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚭𑚊𑚶𑚭 (Takri script)
* த்³ராக்ஷா (Tamil script)
* ద్రాక్షా (Telugu script)
* ทฺรากฺษา (Thai script)
* དྲཱ་ཀྵཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒠𑓂𑒩𑒰𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨛𑩇𑨫𑨊𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Of uncertain origin.
Due to similar forms denoting various berry-type fruits found in various Indo-European branches, the word is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dráHgẓʰaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráHȷ́žʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂ǵ-seh₂ (“grape, vine”), from *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”). Said similar words include Latin frāgum (“strawberry”), Albanian dredhëz (“strawberry”), Ancient Greek τρῠ́ξ (trúx, “unfermented wine”), Proto-Slavic *dẽrnъ (“blackthorn, cornel”), and Old Irish derc (“berry”); compare also the Nuristani forms Ashkun drás (“grape”), Kamkata-viri drós (“grape”), Prasuni rásik (“grape”), Tregami drás (“grape”), Waigali dras (“grape”), which seem to be from a preform *dʰraHsáH.
However, Mayrhofer notes that the variance of the word's secondary forms in Indo-Aryan, like *द्रक्षा (drakṣā) and ध्राक्षा (dhrākṣā), as well as the word's lack of attestation in Vedic texts, suggest a borrowing from some foreign source rather than inheritance from Indo-Aryan. The exact language of borrowing is unclear, possibly Iranian, Greek, or some unknown language of Asia Minor. In this case, the word may be a Wanderwort, spreading to some or all of the supposed cognates via contact rather than inheritance (or the word was inherited in some branches but not Indo-Iranian, where it was borrowed instead).
An alternative theory by Oberlies takes the word as a re-Sanskritization of a hypothetical Middle Indic *दच्छा (dacchā), itself from द्रप्स (drapsa, “drop”). This proposal is formally and semantically unconvincing, and has not been elaborated on further.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈd̪ɾɑːk.ʂɑː/

### Noun

द्राक्षा • (drā́kṣā) stem, f
* grape, vine

#### Descendants

* Hindi: दाख (dākh)
* → Bengali: দ্রাক্ষা (drakkha)
* Urdu: داكھ
* Gujarati: દરાખ (darākh)
* Kalasha: drač̣ (“grapes”)
* Khowar: دروݯ (“droč̣”)
* Punjabi: ਦਾਖ (dākh)
* Phalura: dhráac̣
* Romani: drakh
* → Gujarati: દ્રાક્ષ (drākṣ)
* → Marathi: द्राक्ष (drākṣa)
* → Tamil: தாச்சா (tāccā), திராட்சை (tirāṭcai)
* → Telugu: ద్రాక్ష (drākṣa)
* Sindhi: दाख (dākha)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “द्राक्षा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 501/3.
* ↑ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “dearc”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎, Stirling, →ISBN, page 126
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 272
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 75