# 折衝
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhéchōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˊ ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zit$^3$ cung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhéchōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˊ ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhéchong
*** Wade–Giles: chê$^2$-chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: jé-chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jerchong
*** Palladius: чжэчун (čžɛčun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zit$^3$ cung$^1$
*** Yale: jit chūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzit$^8$ tsung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jid$^3$ cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːt̚³ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyet tsyhowng
Rime :
| Character | 折 | 衝 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (81) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 旨熱切 | 尺容切 |
| Baxter | tsyet | tsyhowng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjæt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciat̚/ | /cʰuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɛt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭɛt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ɛt̚/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhe | chōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zit$^3$ | cung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tet tʰoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔljed tʰjoŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 折 | 衝 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhé | chōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyet › | ‹ tsyhowng › |
| Old Chinese | /*tet/ | /*tʰoŋ/ |
| English | bend; break (v.t.) | rush against |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 折 | 衝 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16947 | 17478 |
| Phonetic component | 折 | 重 |
| Rime group | 月 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 晢 | 𧘂 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔljed/ | /*tʰjoŋ/ |
| Notes | | 說文中從童通作此 |

### Verb

折衝
* (literary) to repulse an enemy
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Fú xiū zhī yú miàotáng zhī shàng, ér zhéchōng hū qiānlǐ zhī wài zhě, qí sīchéng Zǐhǎn zhī wèi hū? [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Shuoyuan, circa 1st century BCE
    Wèijí fú zhéchōng yú wèi xíng zhī qián zhě, yīràng hū miàotáng zhī shàng ér shīhuì hū bǎiwàn zhī mín, gù jū zé wú biàndòng, zhàn zé bù xuèrèn, qí Tāngwǔ zhī bīng yǔ! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    shèngcháo wú yījiè zhī fǔ, gǔgōng wú zhéchōng zhī shì [Pinyin]
    The sacred dynasty has no supporter, and the aides have no power to repulse the enemy
* to negotiate (in diplomacy)
    From: 2014, 鄒道勻, 從「內部認同」看烏克蘭危機, in 戰略安全研析 [Journal of Strategic and Security Analyses], number 108, page 25
    Wūkèlán wēijī sìhū xiǎnshì yǐ Měiguó wéi zhǔdǎo de guójì zhèngzhì tǐxì zhèngzài xiāotuì, qǔ'érdàizhī de shì duōbiān gòngzhì de quánlì pínghéng yǔ zhéchōng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 厭難折衝／厌难折冲
* 折衝厭難／折冲厌难
* 折衝樽俎／折冲樽俎 (zhéchōngzūnzǔ)
* 折衝禦侮／折冲御侮

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 折(せっ)衝(しょう) (sesshō)
* → Korean: 절충(折衝) (jeolchung)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 折 | 衝 |
| せつ > せっ Grade: 4 | しょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せっしょー [sèsshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ɕːo̞ː]

### Noun

折(せっ)衝(しょう) • (sesshō)
* negotiation

### Verb

折(せっ)衝(しょう)する • (sesshō suru) suru (stem 折(せっ)衝(しょう)し (sesshō shi), past 折(せっ)衝(しょう)した (sesshō shita))
* to negotiate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 折衝し | せっしょうし | sesshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 折衝し | せっしょうし | sesshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 折衝する | せっしょうする | sesshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 折衝する | せっしょうする | sesshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 折衝すれ | せっしょうすれ | sesshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 折衝せよ¹ 折衝しろ² | せっしょうせよ¹ せっしょうしろ² | sesshō seyo¹ sesshō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 折衝される | せっしょうされる | sesshō sareru |
| Causative | 折衝させる 折衝さす | せっしょうさせる せっしょうさす | sesshō saseru sesshō sasu |
| Potential | 折衝できる | せっしょうできる | sesshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 折衝しよう | せっしょうしよう | sesshō shiyō |
| Negative | 折衝しない | せっしょうしない | sesshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 折衝せず | せっしょうせず | sesshō sezu |
| Formal | 折衝します | せっしょうします | sesshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 折衝した | せっしょうした | sesshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 折衝して | せっしょうして | sesshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 折衝すれば | せっしょうすれば | sesshō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN