# 儒雅
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rúyǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ ㄧㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ ngaa$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): jû-ngá / lû-ngá
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rúyǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄧㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rúyǎ
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$-ya$^3$
*** Yale: rú-yǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruyea
*** Palladius: жуя (žuja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ ngaa$^5$
*** Yale: yùh ngáh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ ngaa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ nga$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹ ŋaː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû-ngá
*** Tâi-lô: jû-ngá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jungar
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³⁻³³ ŋã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-ngá
*** Tâi-lô: lû-ngá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lungar
*** IPA (Taipei): /lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋã⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: nyu ngaeX
Rime :
| Character | 儒 | 雅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 人朱切 | 五下切 |
| Baxter | nyu | ngaeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨo/ | /ŋˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵio/ | /ŋᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑio/ | /ŋa$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵuə̆/ | /ŋaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵio/ | /ŋa$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭu/ | /ŋa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯u/ | /ŋa$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú | yǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | ngaa$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*no N-ɢˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njo ŋraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 儒 | 雅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú | yǎ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyu › | ‹ ngæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*no/ | /*N-ɢˁraʔ/ |
| English | 侏儒 zhūrú "dwarf", scholar, Confucianism (not in original list) | proper, refined |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 儒 | 雅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13969 | 14182 |
| Phonetic component | 需 | 牙 |
| Rime group | 侯 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 儒 | 雅 |
| Old Chinese | /*njo/ | /*ŋraːʔ/ |

### Adjective

儒雅
* (literary) erudite; learned; well-educated
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE
    Jíxiōng zhī shū, fá jīngdiǎn zhī yì; gōngjì zhī shuō, líng rúyǎ zhī lùn. [Pinyin]
    Divination books attack the Canons' good sense, And sorcerers talk over learned discourses.
* (literary) scholarly and elegant; refined and poised
    From: c. 766, Du Fu (杜甫), Poetic Thoughts on Ancient Sites, II (《詠懷古跡·二》). English translation by Witter Bynner.
    Yáoluò shēnzhī Sòng Yù bēi, fēngliú rúyǎ yì wú shī. [Pinyin]
    "Decay and decline": deep knowledge have I of Sung Yu's grief. Romantic and refined, he too is my teacher.
    From: c. late 16th century, Li Zhi (李贄), On the Unity of the Three Teachings in Confucianism (《三教歸儒說》)
    Wúguài qí liúbì zhìyú jīnrì, yáng wèi dàoxué, yīn wèi fùguì, pīfú rúyǎ, xíngruò gǒuzhì rán yě. [Pinyin]
    No wonder the lasting ills now culminate in its full glory: the face of Confucianism, the heart of avarice; the scholarly and elegant apparatus, the bestial and rotten conduct.

#### Derived terms

* 溫文儒雅／温文儒雅
* 風流儒雅／风流儒雅

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: nho nhã (儒雅)