# 困苦
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kùnkǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄎㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan$^3$ fu$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùn-khó͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kùnkǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄎㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kùnkǔ
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^4$-kʻu$^3$
*** Yale: kwùn-kǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuennkuu
*** Palladius: куньку (kunʹku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵¹ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwan$^3$ fu$^2$
*** Yale: kwan fú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwan$^3$ fu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuen$^3$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɐn³³ fuː³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: khùn-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quonqor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰun¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰɔ⁴¹/

### Adjective

困苦
* harrowing; miserable

#### Synonyms

* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困難／困难
* 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽／硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮／穷 (qióng)
* 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

### Noun

困苦
* hardship; suffering; ordeal

#### Synonyms

* 患難／患难 (huànnàn)
* 憂患／忧患 (yōuhuàn)
* 磨難／磨难 (mónàn)
* 風浪／风浪 (fēnglàng) (figurative)
* 魔障 (mózhàng) (figurative)

#### Derived terms

* 艱難困苦／艰难困苦 (jiānnánkùnkǔ)
* 顛連困苦／颠连困苦

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 困(こん)苦(く) (konku)
* → Korean: 곤고(困苦) (gon'go)
* → Vietnamese: khốn khổ (困苦)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 困 | 苦 |
| こん Grade: 6 | く Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんく [kóꜜǹkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kõ̞ŋkɯ̟]

### Noun

困(こん)苦(く) • (konku)
* hardship; suffering

### Verb

困(こん)苦(く)する • (konku suru) suru (stem 困(こん)苦(く)し (konku shi), past 困(こん)苦(く)した (konku shita))
* to suffer

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 困苦し | こんくし | konku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 困苦し | こんくし | konku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 困苦する | こんくする | konku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 困苦する | こんくする | konku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 困苦すれ | こんくすれ | konku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 困苦せよ¹ 困苦しろ² | こんくせよ¹ こんくしろ² | konku seyo¹ konku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 困苦される | こんくされる | konku sareru |
| Causative | 困苦させる 困苦さす | こんくさせる こんくさす | konku saseru konku sasu |
| Potential | 困苦できる | こんくできる | konku dekiru |
| Volitional | 困苦しよう | こんくしよう | konku shiyō |
| Negative | 困苦しない | こんくしない | konku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 困苦せず | こんくせず | konku sezu |
| Formal | 困苦します | こんくします | konku shimasu |
| Perfective | 困苦した | こんくした | konku shita |
| Conjunctive | 困苦して | こんくして | konku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 困苦すれば | こんくすれば | konku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN