# 善哉
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### Buddhist interjection

    Calque of Pali sādhu.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shànzāi
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ ㄗㄞ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sin$^6$ zoi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shànzāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ ㄗㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shànzai
*** Wade–Giles: shan$^4$-tsai$^1$
*** Yale: shàn-dzāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanntzai
*** Palladius: шаньцзай (šanʹczaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂän⁵¹ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sin$^6$ zoi$^1$
*** Yale: sihn jōi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sin$^6$ dzoi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xin$^6$ zoi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːn²² t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzyenX tsoj
Rime :
| Character | 善 | 哉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 常演切 | 祖才切 |
| Baxter | dzyenX | tsoj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇn$^X$/ | /t͡sʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛn$^X$/ | /t͡səi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæn$^X$/ | /t͡sɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑian$^X$/ | /t͡səj/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛn$^X$/ | /t͡sᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛn$^X$/ | /t͡sɒi/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛn$^X$/ | /t͡sɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shàn | zāi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sin$^6$ | zoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ [ts]ˤə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡjenʔ ʔslɯː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 善 | 哉 | 哉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shàn | zāi | zāi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyen$^X$ › | ‹ tsoj › | ‹ tsoj › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁə/ | /*[ts]ˁə/ |
| English | good | begin | (particle) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 善 | 哉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11084 | 16490 |
| Phonetic component | 善 |  |
| Rime group | 元 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 善 | 烖 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡjenʔ/ | /*ʔslɯː/ |

### Interjection

善哉
* (literary or Buddhism) good, well, excellent, wonderful
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Qí Jǐnggōng wèn zhèng yú Kǒngzǐ. Kǒngzǐ duì yuē: “Jūn jūn, chén chén, fù fù, zǐ zǐ.” Gōng yuē: “Shànzāi! Xìn rú jūn bùjūn, chén bùchén, fù bùfù, zǐ bùzǐ, suī yǒu sù, wú dé ér shí zhū?” [Pinyin]
    The duke Jing, of Qi, asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, "There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son." "Good!" said the duke; "if, indeed, the prince be not prince, the minister not minister, the father not father, and the son not son, although I have my revenue, can I enjoy it?"
    From: 《金剛般若波羅蜜經》Diamond Sutra, Chinese translation by Kumārajīva. 2013 English translation by A. Charles Muller
    Fó yán: “Shànzāi! Shànzāi! Xūpútí, rú rǔ suǒshuō. Rúlái shàn hùniàn zhūpúsà, shàn fùzhǔ zhūpúsà. Rǔ jīn dì tīng, dāng wèi rǔ shuō. Shàn nánzǐ, shàn nǚrén. Fā ānòuduōluósānmiǎosānpútí xīn. Yìng rúshì zhù rúshì xiángfú qí xīn.” [Pinyin]
    The Buddha said, “Excellent! Excellent! Subhūti, it is as you have said. The Tathāgata is well mindful of all the bodhisattvas, and is skilful at keeping them in his fold. Now you listen well, and I shall explain it for you. If good sons and good daughters would like to arouse the mind of peerless perfect enlightenment, they should abide like this and subdue their thoughts like this.”

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 善哉(ぜんざい) (zenzai)
* → Vietnamese: thiện tai (善哉)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 善 | 哉 |
| ぜん Grade: 6 | さい > ざい Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぜんざい [zèńzáꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* (Tokyo) ぜんざい [zéꜜǹzàì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡zẽ̞nd͡za̠i]

#### Noun

善(ぜん)哉(ざい) • (zenzai)
* red-bean soup
    Synonym: 汁粉

#### Interjection

善(ぜん)哉(ざい) • (zenzai)
* (literary or archaic) excellent; wonderful

##### Derived terms

* 善哉善哉(ぜんざいぜんざい) (zenzaizenzai)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 善 | 哉 |
| よ(き) Grade: 6 | かな Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 善哉 – see the following entry. :
| 【よきかな】 | [interjection] (literary or archaic) excellent; wonderful Alternative spellings 善き哉, 良き哉 |
(This term, 善哉, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) :

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN