# 牽牛花
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiānniúhuā
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hin$^1$ ngau$^4$ faa$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiên-ngiù-fâ / khiân-ngiù-fâ
* Jin (Wiktionary): qie$^1$ niou$^1$ hua$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khan-gû-hoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiānniúhuā
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciannióuhua
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$-niu$^2$-hua$^1$
*** Yale: chyān-nyóu-hwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chianniouhua
*** Palladius: цяньнюхуа (cjanʹnjuxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiānniúhuār
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciannióuhuar
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$-niu$^2$-hua$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: chyān-nyóu-hwār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chianniouhual
*** Palladius: цяньнюхуар (cjanʹnjuxuar)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hin$^1$ ngau$^4$ faa$^1$
*** Yale: hīn ngàuh fā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hin$^1$ ngau$^4$ faa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hin$^1$ ngeo$^4$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːn⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹ faː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiên-ngiù-fâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: kien$^ˊ$ ngiu$^ˇ$ fa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^1$ ngiu$^2$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en²⁴ ŋi̯u¹¹ fa²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiân-ngiù-fâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: kian$^ˊ$ ngiu$^ˇ$ fa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kian$^1$ ngiu$^2$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an²⁴ ŋi̯u¹¹ fa²⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qie$^1$ niou$^1$ hua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style, no sandhi): /t͡ɕʰie¹¹ niəu¹¹ xua¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Wuqi)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khan-gû-hoe
*** Tâi-lô: khan-gû-hue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qan'gu'hoef
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

### Noun

牽牛花
* Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 牽牛花 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 牽牛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 牽牛花兒, 喇叭花兒, 勤娘子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 喇叭花, 牽牛花 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 喇叭花兒, 爬山虎兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 喇叭花 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 大碗子花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 喇叭花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 牽牛龍, 喇叭花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 牽牛花 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 牽牛子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 牽牛花兒, 牽牛花, 喇叭花兒, 喇叭花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 喇叭花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 牽牛花兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 喇叭花, 牽牛花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 喇叭花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 牽牛花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 喇叭花 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 喇叭花, 牽牛花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 喇叭花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 喇叭花 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 喇叭花 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喇叭花, 哬哚花 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 喇叭花 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 喇叭花 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 牽牛花 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 喇叭花 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 碗花, 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 牽牛花 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 牽牛花 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 喇叭花 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 牽牛牛花兒, 牽牛牛 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 喇叭花 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 咹咹花 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 鼓吹仔花 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 牽牛花 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 喇叭花, 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 鼓吹花 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 喇叭花 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 喇叭花 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 番囝藤 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 哬哚花 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Danyang | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牽牛花, 喇叭花 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 喇叭花 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 牽牛花(けんぎゅうか) (kengyūka); 牽牛花(けんごか) (kengoka)
* → Korean: 견우화(牽牛花) (gyeonuhwa)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 牽 | 牛 | 花 |
| けん Jinmeiyō | ぎゅう Grade: 2 | か Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi |||
Borrowing from Chinese 牽牛花／牵牛花 (qiānniúhuā), compare Mandarin 牽牛花／牵牛花 (qiānniúhuā).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんぎゅうか [kèńgyúꜜùkà] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋʲɡʲɨːka̠]

#### Noun

牽(けん)牛(ぎゅう)花(か) • (kengyūka)
* Synonym of 朝顔 (asagao): Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 牽 | 牛 | 花 |
| けん Jinmeiyō | ご Grade: 2 | か Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi |||
Possibly influenced by 牽牛子 (kengoshi, “Japanese morning glory seeds”). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんごか [kèńgóꜜkà] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋɡo̞ka̠]

#### Noun

牽(けん)牛(ご)花(か) • (kengoka)
* Synonym of 朝顔 (asagao): Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN