# 梗塞
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gěngsè, gěngsāi
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˇ ㄙㄜˋ, ㄍㄥˇ ㄙㄞ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gang$^2$ sak$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kńg-sak / kēng-sek / kéng-sek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard, literary)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gěngsè
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˇ ㄙㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gěngsè
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^3$-sê$^4$
*** Yale: gěng-sè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geengseh
*** Palladius: гэнсэ (gɛnsɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gěngsāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˇ ㄙㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gěngsai
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^3$-sai$^1$
*** Yale: gěng-sāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geengsai
*** Palladius: гэнсай (gɛnsaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ saɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gang$^2$ sak$^1$
*** Yale: gáng sāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gang$^2$ sak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geng$^2$ seg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐŋ³⁵ sɐk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kńg-sak
*** Tâi-lô: kńg-sak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngfsag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kēng-sek
*** Tâi-lô: kīng-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kexngseg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kéng-sek
*** Tâi-lô: kíng-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kefngseg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪk̚³²/

### Verb

梗塞
* to block; to obstruct; to clog
* (medicine) to undergo infarction; to infarct

#### Synonyms

* (to block):
* 不通 (bùtōng)
* 堵塞
* 堵截 (dǔjié)
* 堵窒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 徑杈／径杈 (Hakka)
* 截 (jié)
* 掛礙／挂碍 (guà'ài)
* 擋／挡
* 擋住／挡住 (dǎngzhù)
* 攔／拦 (lán)
* 攔住／拦住 (lánzhù)
* 攔截／拦截 (lánjié)
* 攔擋／拦挡 (lándǎng)
* 攔閘／拦闸 (Hokkien)
* 攔阻／拦阻 (lánzǔ)
* 有礙／有碍 (yǒu'ài)
* 滯滯／滞滞 (Hokkien)
* 滯礙／滞碍 (zhì'ài)
* 礙噠／碍哒 (ngai$^5$ da) (Xiang)
* 窒礙／窒碍 (zhì'ài) (literary)
* 蔽塞 (bìsè) (literary)
* 蔽障 (bìzhàng)
* 遮 (literary, or in compounds)
* 邀 (yāo)
* 閉塞／闭塞 (bìsè)
* 阻住 (zo$^2$ zyu$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 阻塞
* 阻撓／阻挠 (zǔnáo)
* 阻擋／阻挡 (zǔdǎng)
* 阻攔／阻拦 (zǔlán)
* 阻滯／阻滞 (zǔzhì)
* 阻礙／阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
* 阻窒 (Hokkien)
* 障礙／障碍 (zhàng'ài)
* (to undergo infarction): 梗死 (gěngsǐ)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to block”):
* 放行 (fàngxíng)
* 暢通／畅通 (chàngtōng)
* 通行 (tōngxíng)

#### Derived terms

* 心肌梗塞 (xīnjī gěngsè)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 梗 | 塞 |
| こう Grade: S | そく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

梗(こう)塞(そく) • (kōsoku)
* blockage
* (medicine) blockage, tightness, infarction

#### Hyponyms

* 心筋梗塞: heart attack, myocardial infarction
* 脳梗塞: stroke, cerebral infarction

### Verb

梗(こう)塞(そく)する • (kōsoku suru) suru (stem 梗(こう)塞(そく)し (kōsoku shi), past 梗(こう)塞(そく)した (kōsoku shita))
* (medicine) suffer an infarction

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 梗塞し | こうそくし | kōsoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 梗塞し | こうそくし | kōsoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 梗塞する | こうそくする | kōsoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 梗塞する | こうそくする | kōsoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 梗塞すれ | こうそくすれ | kōsoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 梗塞せよ¹ 梗塞しろ² | こうそくせよ¹ こうそくしろ² | kōsoku seyo¹ kōsoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 梗塞される | こうそくされる | kōsoku sareru |
| Causative | 梗塞させる 梗塞さす | こうそくさせる こうそくさす | kōsoku saseru kōsoku sasu |
| Potential | 梗塞できる | こうそくできる | kōsoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 梗塞しよう | こうそくしよう | kōsoku shiyō |
| Negative | 梗塞しない | こうそくしない | kōsoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 梗塞せず | こうそくせず | kōsoku sezu |
| Formal | 梗塞します | こうそくします | kōsoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 梗塞した | こうそくした | kōsoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 梗塞して | こうそくして | kōsoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 梗塞すれば | こうそくすれば | kōsoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 梗 | 塞 |

### Noun

梗塞 • (gyeongsaek) (hangeul 경색)
* hanja form of 경색 (“blockage, infarction”)