# ϫⲡⲁ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ϫⲡⲟ (čpo) — Sahidic, Lycopolitan
* ϫⲫⲟ (čpho) — Bohairic
* ⲧⳉⲡⲟ (txpo) — Akhmimic

### Etymology

Causative of ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)

### Verb

ϫⲡⲁ • (čpa) (nominal state ϫⲡⲉ- or ϫⲡⲁ- or ϣⲡⲁ-, pronominal state ϫⲡⲁ⸗)
* (Fayyumic, transitive) to beget, bring forth
* (Fayyumic, transitive) to acquire

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ϫⲡⲁ čpa | imperative | affirmative | ϫⲡⲁ čpa |
| infinitive | negative | ϣⲧⲉⲙϫⲡⲁ štemčpa | imperative | negative | ⲙⲡⲉⲗϫⲡⲁ, ⲡⲉⲗϫⲡⲁ mpelčpa, pelčpa |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯϫⲡⲁ tičpa | ⲕϫⲡⲁ kčpa | ⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ tečpa | ϥϫⲡⲁ fčpa | ⲥϫⲡⲁ sčpa | ⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ tenčpa | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ tetenčpa | ⲥⲉϫⲡⲁ sečpa | ϫⲡⲁ čpa |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ eičpa | ⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ ekčpa | ⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ elečpa | ⲉϥϫⲡⲁ efčpa | ⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ esčpa | ⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ enčpa | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ eletenčpa | ⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ eučpa | ⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ele- čpa |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯϫⲡⲁ etičpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ etekčpa | ⲉⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ etečpa | ⲉⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ etefčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ etesčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etetenčpa | ⲉⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ etoučpa | ⲉⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ, ⲉⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ete- čpa, etele- čpa |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ naičpa | ⲛⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ nakčpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ nalečpa | ⲛⲁϥϫⲡⲁ nafčpa | ⲛⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ nasčpa | ⲛⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ nančpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ naletenčpa | ⲛⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ naučpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nale- čpa |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ aičpa | ⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ akčpa | ⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ alečpa | ⲁϥϫⲡⲁ afčpa | ⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ asčpa | ⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ančpa | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ aletenčpa | ⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ aučpa | ⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ale- čpa |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ tinečpa | ⲕⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ knečpa | ⲧⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ tenečpa | ϥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ fnečpa | ⲥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ snečpa | ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ tennečpa | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ tetennečpa | ⲥⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ senečpa | ⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nečpa |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ einečpa | ⲉⲕⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ eknečpa | ⲉⲗⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ elenečpa | ⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ efnečpa | ⲉⲥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ esnečpa | ⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ ennečpa | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ eletennečpa | ⲉⲩⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ eunečpa | ⲉⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ ele- nečpa |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etinečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ eteknečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etenečpa | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etefnečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etesnečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etennečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etetennečpa | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etounečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ etele- nečpa |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nainečpa | ⲛⲁⲕⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ naknečpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nalenečpa | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nafnečpa | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nasnečpa | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nannečpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ naletennečpa | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ naunečpa | ⲛⲁⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nale- nečpa |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ ainečpa | ⲁⲕⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ aknečpa | ⲁⲗⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ alenečpa | ⲁϥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ afnečpa | ⲁⲥⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ asnečpa | ⲁⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ annečpa | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ aletennečpa | ⲁⲩⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ aunečpa | ⲁⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ ale- nečpa |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ aičpa | ⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ akčpa | ⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ alečpa | ⲁϥϫⲡⲁ afčpa | ⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ asčpa | ⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ančpa | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ atetenčpa | ⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ aučpa | ⲁ- ϫⲡⲁ a- čpa |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲓϫⲡⲁ mpičpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ mpekčpa | ⲙⲡⲉϫⲡⲁ mpečpa | ⲙⲡⲉϥϫⲡⲁ mpefčpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ mpesčpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ mpenčpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ mpetenčpa | ⲙⲡⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ mpoučpa | ⲙⲡⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ mpe- čpa |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ eaičpa | ⲉⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ eakčpa | ⲉⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ ealečpa | ⲉⲁϥϫⲡⲁ eafčpa | ⲉⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ easčpa | ⲉⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ eančpa | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ eatetenčpa | ⲉⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ eaučpa | ⲉⲁ- ϫⲡⲁ ea- čpa |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲡⲓϫⲡⲁ empičpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ empekčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉϫⲡⲁ empečpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉϥϫⲡⲁ empefčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ empesčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ empenčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ empetenčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ empoučpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ empe- čpa |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲛⲧⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ ntaičpa | ⲛⲧⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ ntakčpa | ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ ntalečpa | ⲛⲧⲁϥϫⲡⲁ ntafčpa | ⲛⲧⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ ntasčpa | ⲛⲧⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ntančpa | ⲉⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etaletenčpa | ⲛⲧⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ ntaučpa | ⲛⲧⲁ- ϫⲡⲁ nta- čpa |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲓϫⲡⲁ etempičpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ etempekčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉϫⲡⲁ etempečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉϥϫⲡⲁ etempefčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ etempesčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etempenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etempetenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ etempoučpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ etempe- čpa |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ nneaičpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ nneakčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ nnealečpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁϥϫⲡⲁ nneafčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ nneasčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ nneančpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nneatetenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ nneaučpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲁ- ϫⲡⲁ nnea- čpa |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲓϫⲡⲁ nnempičpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ nnempekčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉϫⲡⲁ nnempečpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉϥϫⲡⲁ nnempefčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ nnempesčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnempenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnempetenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ nnempoučpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nnempe- čpa |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲁⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ aaičpa | ⲁⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ aakčpa | ⲁⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ aalečpa | ⲁⲁϥϫⲡⲁ aafčpa | ⲁⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ aasčpa | ⲁⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ aančpa | ⲉⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etaletenčpa | ⲁⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ aaučpa | ⲁⲁ- ϫⲡⲁ aa- čpa |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲁϯϫⲡⲁ mpatičpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ mpatekčpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ mpatečpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ mpatefčpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ mpatesčpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ mpatenčpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ mpatetenčpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ mpatoučpa | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ mpate- čpa |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲡⲁϯϫⲡⲁ empatičpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ empatekčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ empatečpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ empatefčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ empatesčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ empatenčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ empatetenčpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ empatoučpa | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ empate- čpa |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁϯϫⲡⲁ etempatičpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ etempatekčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ etempatečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ etempatefčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ etempatesčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etempatenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etempatetenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ etempatoučpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ etempate- čpa |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁϯϫⲡⲁ nnempatičpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ nnempatekčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ nnempatečpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ nnempatefčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ nnempatesčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnempatenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnempatetenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ nnempatoučpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nnempate- čpa |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ šaičpa | ϣⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ šakčpa | ϣⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ šalečpa | ϣⲁϥϫⲡⲁ šafčpa | ϣⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ šasčpa | ϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ šančpa | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ šatetenčpa | ϣⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ šaučpa | ϣⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ šale- čpa |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ meičpa | ⲙⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ mekčpa | ⲙⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ melečpa | ⲙⲉϥϫⲡⲁ mefčpa | ⲙⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ mesčpa | ⲙⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ menčpa | ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ meletenčpa | ⲙⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ meučpa | ⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ mele- čpa |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ ešaičpa | ⲉϣⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ ešakčpa | ⲉϣⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ ešalečpa | ⲉϣⲁϥϫⲡⲁ ešafčpa | ⲉϣⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ ešasčpa | ⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ešančpa | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ ešatetenčpa | ⲉϣⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ ešaučpa | ⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ešale- čpa |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ emeičpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ emekčpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ emelečpa | ⲉⲙⲉϥϫⲡⲁ emefčpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ emesčpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ emenčpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ emeletenčpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ emeučpa | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ emele- čpa |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ etešaičpa, nšaičpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ etešakčpa, nšakčpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ etešalečpa, nšalečpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁϥϫⲡⲁ etešafčpa, nšafčpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ etešasčpa, nšasčpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ etešančpa, nšančpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etešatetenčpa, nšatetenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ etešaučpa, nšaučpa | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ, ⲛϣⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ etešale- čpa, nšale- čpa |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ etemeičpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ etemekčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ etemelečpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥϫⲡⲁ etemefčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ etemesčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etemenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ etemeletenčpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ etemeučpa | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ etemele- čpa |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ nnešaičpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ nnešakčpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ nnešalečpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁϥϫⲡⲁ nnešafčpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ nnešasčpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ nnešančpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnešatetenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ nnešaučpa | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nnešale- čpa |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ nnemeičpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ nnemekčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ nnemelečpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉϥϫⲡⲁ nnemefčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ nnemesčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnemenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnemeletenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ nnemeučpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nnemele- čpa |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲛⲙⲉⲓϫⲡⲁ nmeičpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ nmekčpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ nmelečpa | ⲛⲙⲉϥϫⲡⲁ nmefčpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ nmesčpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nmenčpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nmeletenčpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ nmeučpa | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nmele- čpa |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓⲉϫⲡⲁ eiečpa | ⲉⲕⲉϫⲡⲁ ekečpa | ⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ elečpa | ⲉϥⲉϫⲡⲁ efečpa | ⲉⲥⲉϫⲡⲁ esečpa | ⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ enečpa | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ eletenečpa | ⲉⲩⲉϫⲡⲁ euečpa | ⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ele- čpa |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛⲛⲁϫⲡⲁ nnačpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ nnekčpa | ⲛⲛⲉϫⲡⲁ nnečpa | ⲛⲛⲉϥϫⲡⲁ nnefčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ nnesčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnenčpa | ⲛⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nnetenčpa | ⲛⲛⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ nnoučpa | ⲛⲛⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nne- čpa |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲗⲓϫⲡⲁ maličpa | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲗⲉϥϫⲡⲁ malefčpa | ⲙⲁⲗⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ malesčpa | ⲙⲁⲗⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ malenčpa | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲗⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ maloučpa | ⲙⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ male- čpa |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲓϫⲡⲁ mpeltričpa | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉϥϫⲡⲁ mpeltrefčpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ mpeltresčpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ mpeltrenčpa | (use imperative) | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲩϫⲡⲁ mpeltreučpa | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ mpeltre- čpa |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲧⲁϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁϫⲡⲁ tačpa, ntačpa | ⲛⲕϫⲡⲁ nkčpa | ⲛⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ ntečpa | ⲛϥϫⲡⲁ nfčpa | ⲛⲥϫⲡⲁ nsčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ ntenčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ ntetenčpa | ⲛⲥⲉϫⲡⲁ nsečpa | ⲛⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ nte- čpa |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲗⲓϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲓϫⲡⲁ taličpa, ntaličpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ talekčpa, ntalekčpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ talečpa, ntalečpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉϥϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉϥϫⲡⲁ talefčpa, ntalefčpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ talesčpa, ntalesčpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ talenčpa, ntalenčpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ taletenčpa, ntaletenčpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ taloučpa, ntaloučpa | ⲧⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ tale- čpa, ntale- čpa |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲓϫⲡⲁ nteličpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ ntelekčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ ntelečpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉϥϫⲡⲁ ntelefčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ ntelesčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ ntelenčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ nteletenčpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ nteloučpa | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ntele- čpa |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯϫⲡⲁ šantičpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲕϫⲡⲁ šantekčpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉϫⲡⲁ šantečpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉϥϫⲡⲁ šantefčpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲥϫⲡⲁ šantesčpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ šantenčpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ šantetenčpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩϫⲡⲁ šantoučpa | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ šante- čpa |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ eišančpa | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ekšančpa | ⲉⲗⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ elešančpa | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ efšančpa | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ esšančpa | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ enšančpa | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ eletenšančpa | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ eušančpa | ⲉⲗⲉϣⲁⲛ- ϫⲡⲁ, ⲉⲗϣⲁⲛ- ϫⲡⲁ elešan- čpa, elšan- čpa |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓϫⲡⲁ aičpa | ⲁⲕϫⲡⲁ akčpa | ⲁⲗⲉϫⲡⲁ alečpa | ⲁϥϫⲡⲁ afčpa | ⲁⲥϫⲡⲁ asčpa | ⲁⲛϫⲡⲁ ančpa | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲡⲁ aletenčpa | ⲁⲩϫⲡⲁ aučpa | ⲁⲗⲉ- ϫⲡⲁ ale- čpa |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- |

### References

* Marcion Coptic dictionary