# 蓬萊
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pénglái
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄥˊ ㄌㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pung$^4$ loi$^4$ / fung$^4$ loi$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hông-lâi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pénglái
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄥˊ ㄌㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pénglái
*** Wade–Giles: pʻêng$^2$-lai$^2$
*** Yale: péng-lái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pernglai
*** Palladius: пэнлай (pɛnlaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɤŋ³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pung$^4$ loi$^4$ / fung$^4$ loi$^4$
*** Yale: pùhng lòih / fùhng lòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pung$^4$ loi$^4$ / fung$^4$ loi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pung$^4$ loi$^4$ / fung$^4$ loi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/, /fʊŋ²¹ lɔːi̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-lâi
*** Tâi-lô: hông-lâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honglaai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/
* Middle Chinese: buwng loj
Rime :
| Character | 蓬 | 萊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 薄紅切 | 洛哀切 |
| Baxter | buwng | loj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /buŋ/ | /lʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /buŋ/ | /ləi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /buŋ/ | /lɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bəwŋ/ | /ləj/ |
| Li Rong | /buŋ/ | /lᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /buŋ/ | /lɒi/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱuŋ/ | /lɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | péng | lái |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pung$^4$ | loi$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*boːŋ rɯː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 蓬 | 萊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 3216 | 7599 |
| Phonetic component | 丰 | 來 |
| Rime group | 東 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蓬 | |
| Old Chinese | /*boːŋ/ | /*rɯː/ |

### Etymology 1

* 蓬萊 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 蓬萊 (Cantonese)
* Hông-lâi-chhī (Southern Min)
* Penglai Island (English)
* Penglai, Shandong (English)
Uncertain.
It bears striking resemblance to a Southeast Asian word for “sea”. Compare Burmese ပင်လယ် (panglai, “sea; ocean”), Shan ပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ (pàang làai, “sea; ocean”), Jingpho pang lai (“sea”), S'gaw Karen ပီၣ်လဲၣ် (paẁ leh̀, “sea”). These seem to be borrowings, possibly from a Mon-Khmer language; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d[n]liʔ (“sea”), whence Old Khmer danle, danley (“large river; lake; sea”) > Khmer ទន្លេ (tŭənlei, “river”), Thai ทะเล (tá-lee, “sea”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be a transcription of an earlier Austroasiatic name; cf. 萊國／莱国 (Láiguó, “Lai”), an ancient Dongyi tribe, where 萊／莱 (lái) has been argued to transcribe a native word for "mountain" or "wilderness". The latter interpretation was mentioned in the Classical Chinese text Yue Jue Shu (越絕書 [Eastern Han]) and discussed by Zhengzhang (1999).

#### Proper noun

蓬萊
* (Chinese mythology) Penglai (a mythical eastern isle of immortals)
    See also: 瀛洲, 方丈
* (by extension) fairyland
* (～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Penglai (a district, former county, and former county-level city in Yantai, Shandong, China)

##### Synonyms

* (mythical island):
** 蓬萊山／蓬莱山 (Péngláishān)
** 蓬萊島／蓬莱岛 (Péngláidǎo)
** 蓬萊仙島／蓬莱仙岛 (Pénglái Xiāndǎo)
** 蓬山 (Péngshān)
** 蓬岛
** 蓬丘
** 蓬壺／蓬壶
* (district):
** (historical) 登州 (Dēngzhōu)

##### Derived terms

* 蓬萊仙境／蓬莱仙境
* 蓬萊宮／蓬莱宫 (Pénglái Gōng)
* 蓬萊弱水／蓬莱弱水
* 蓬萊米／蓬莱米 (péngláimǐ)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

蓬萊
* (literary) wilderness
    From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5th century CE
    Jǔ yīngqí yú zèlòu, bá máoxiù yú pénglái. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)