# 欠缺
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiànquē
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ ㄑㄩㄝ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): him$^3$ kyut$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiam-khiet / khiam-khiat
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiàm-kheh / khiàm-kherh / khiàm-khoeh / khiàm-khoat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiam$^3$ kuêh$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiànquē
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ ㄑㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciàncyue
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^4$-chʻüeh$^1$
*** Yale: chyàn-chywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiannchiue
*** Palladius: цяньцюэ (cjanʹcjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^3$ kyut$^3$
*** Yale: him kyut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^3$ kyt$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^3$ küd$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm³³ kʰyːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam-khiet
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam kied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiam$^4$ kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵ kʰi̯et̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam-khiat
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam kiad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiam$^4$ kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵ kʰi̯at̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-kheh
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm-kheh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqeq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-kherh
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm-kherh
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰəʔ⁵/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-khoeh
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm-khueh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqoeq
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰueʔ³²/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰueʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-khoat
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm-khuat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqoad
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰuat̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰuat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiam$^3$ kuêh$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiàm khueh
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰueʔ²/
* Middle Chinese: khjaemH khwet|khjwiet
Rime :
| Character | 欠 | 缺 | 缺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 嚴 (145) | 屑 (88) | 薛 (82) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 去劔切 | 苦穴切 | 傾雪切 |
| Baxter | khjaemH | khwet | khjwiet |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨɐm$^H$/ | /kʰwet̚/ | /kʰiuᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ | /kʰʷet̚/ | /kʰʷiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ | /kʰuɛt̚/ | /kʰjuæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨam$^H$/ | /kʰwɛt̚/ | /kʰwiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiɐm$^H$/ | /kʰuet̚/ | /kʰiuɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭɐm$^H$/ | /kʰiwet̚/ | /kʰĭuɛt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰi̯ɐm$^H$/ | /kʰiwet̚/ | /kʰi̯wɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiàn | que | que |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^3$ | hyut$^3$ | hyut$^3$ |

### Noun

欠缺
* shortcoming; deficiency

#### Synonyms

* 弊害 (bìhài)
* 弊病 (bìbìng)
* 弊端 (bìduān)
* 毛病 (máobìng)
* 短處／短处 (duǎnchu)
* 缺失 (quēshī)
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
* 缺點／缺点 (quēdiǎn)
* 陷 (xiàn) (literary, or in compounds)

### Verb

欠缺
* (Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to lack; to be deficient in; to be short of
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) to need something due to deficiency
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to not lack; to not be deficient in; to not be short of

#### Synonyms

* (to lack):
* 不夠／不够 (bùgòu)
* 不敷 (bùfū) (literary)
* 不滿／不满 (bùmǎn)
* 不足 (bùzú)
* 乏達／乏达 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 匱乏／匮乏 (kuìfá)
* 欠 (qiàn)
* 短少 (duǎnshǎo)
* 短缺 (duǎnquē)
* 絕乏／绝乏 (juéfá) (literary)
* 缺乏 (quēfá)
* 缺如 (quērú) (literary)
* 缺少 (quēshǎo)
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 缺缺 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 虧／亏 (kuī)
* 貧／贫 (pín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 闕乏／阙乏 (quēfá) (literary)
* 闕如／阙如 (quērú) (literary)
* (to not lack): (Hokkien) 少缺

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 欠 | 缺 |
| けん Grade: 4 | けつ Hyōgai |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 欠缺 (MC khjaemH khwet).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんけつ [kèńkétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋke̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

欠(けん)缺(けつ) • (kenketsu)
* (law) lack
    意(い)思(し)の欠(けん)缺(けつ)
       ishi no kenketsu
       lack of intent

#### Usage notes

The term would be *欠(けん)欠(けつ) if written in shinjitai, and as such, the kyūjitai form is preserved to avoid ambiguities.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 欠 | 缺 |

### Noun

欠缺 • (heumgyeol) (hangeul 흠결)
* hanja form of 흠결 (“shortage; deficiency; deficit”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 欠 | 缺 |

### Noun

欠缺
* chữ Hán form of khiếm khuyết (“shortcoming; defect”).

### Adjective

欠缺
* chữ Hán form of khiếm khuyết (“deficient; lacking”).