# 長年
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chángnián
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$ nin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhòng-ngièn / chhòng-ngiàn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tn̂g-nî / tiông-liân / tiâng-liân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chángnián
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chángnián
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^2$-nien$^2$
*** Yale: cháng-nyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charngnian
*** Palladius: чаннянь (čannjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$常年 長年／长年
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng nìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ niːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tn̂g-nî
*** Tâi-lô: tn̂g-nî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dngnii
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tŋ̍²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông-liân
*** Tâi-lô: tiông-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dionglieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâng-liân
*** Tâi-lô: tiâng-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dianglieen
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³⁻²² liɛn¹³/

#### Noun

長年
* whole year
* many years
    From: 2015, 人權鬥士梅心怡追思會 蔡英文輕握手道別
    Chángnián zhìlì yú wèi táiwān rénquán bēnzǒu de fǔréndàxué měijí jiàoshòu Méi Xīnyí yīnwèi líhuàn áizhèng, 6 yuè 8 rì bìngshì, xiǎngshòu 72 suì. [Pinyin]
    Mrs. Lynn Miles, an American who was a professor of the Fu Jen Catholic University and was dedicated to advocating for human rights in Taiwan for many years, passed away from cancer at the age of 72 on the 8th of June.
* long term; perennial period
* (regional) permanent or longterm employment

##### Synonyms

* (whole year):
* 一年到暗 (Hakka)
* 一年到頭／一年到头 (yīniándàotóu)
* 一年四季 (yīniánsìjì)
* 全年 (quánnián)
* 四季 (sìjì)
* 四時／四时 (sìshí)
* 夠年／够年 (gao$^3$ ni$^5$) (Teochew)
* 完年 (Hakka)
* 常年 (chángnián)
* 成年 (chéngnián) (informal)
* 整年 (zhěngnián)
* 歲時／岁时 (suìshí)
* 永年 (yǒngnián)
* 終年／终年 (zhōngnián) (literary)
* 終歲／终岁 (zhōngsuì) (literary)
* 規圇年／规囵年 (Hokkien)
* 規年／规年 (Hokkien)
* 規年通天／规年通天 (Hokkien)
* 透年 (Hokkien)
* (many years): 多年 (duōnián)

##### Derived terms

* 長年累月／长年累月 (chángniánlěiyuè)

#### Adjective

長年
* (literary) long-lived; longevous

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǎngnián
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎngnián
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎngnián
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^3$-nien$^2$
*** Yale: jǎng-nyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaangnian
*** Palladius: чжаннянь (čžannjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

#### Noun

長年
* (regional) shipowner
    Synonyms: 船主 (chuánzhǔ), 船東／船东 (chuándōng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 年 |
| なが Grade: 2 | ねん Grade: 1 |
| yutōyomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 永年

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation 1

* (Tokyo) ながねん [nàgánéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [na̠ɡa̠nẽ̞ɴ]

##### Noun

長(なが)年(ねん) • (naganen)
* many years

##### Adverb

* (used with negatives) for a long time

#### Pronunciation 2

* (Tokyo) ちょーねん [chòónéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːnẽ̞ɴ]

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 年 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | ねん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Noun

長(ちょう)年(ねん) • (chōnen)
* many years
* a long lifespan

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN