# 咸陽
## Chinese

* 咸陽 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 咸陽 (Cantonese)
* 咸陽 (Classical)
* Hàng-iòng (Eastern Min)
* Hâm-iông-chhī (Southern Min)
* 咸阳市 (Wu)

### Etymology

Xianyang is located at the south of the Jiuzong mountains and north or Wei River. This satisfied both meanings of the character 陽／阳 (yáng, “south side of mountain or north side of river”) in toponymy.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xiányáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haam$^4$ joeng$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xiányáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Siányáng
*** Wade–Giles: Hsien$^2$-yang$^2$
*** Yale: Syán-yáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shyanyang
*** Palladius: Сяньян (Sjanʹjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haam$^4$ joeng$^4$
*** Yale: hàahm yèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haam$^4$ joeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ham$^4$ yêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: heam yang
Rime :
| Character | 咸 | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 胡讒切 | 與章切 |
| Baxter | heam | yang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛm/ | /jɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæm/ | /jiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐm/ | /iɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨm/ | /jɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɐm/ | /iaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɐm/ | /jĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣăm/ | /i̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xián | yáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haam$^4$ | joeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤr[ə]m laŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm laŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 咸 | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xián | yáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛm › | ‹ yang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/ | /*laŋ/ |
| English | all; everywhere | bright |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咸 | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13515 | 14590 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 | 昜 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 咸 | 陽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯːm/ | /*laŋ/ |
| Notes | 從口從戌會刺口之意， 鹹初文 | |

### Proper noun

咸陽
* (historical) Xianyang (capital of the State of Qin and the Qin dynasty)
    From: Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 81 (21st Biography): Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru by Sima Qian, 206 BCE – 9 CE
    Qín zhī qúnchén yuē: “Qǐng yǐ Zhào shíwǔ chéng wèi Qínwáng shòu.” Lìn Xiàngrú yì yuē: “Qǐng yǐ Qín zhī Xiányáng wèi Zhàowáng shòu.” Qínwáng jìng jiǔ, zhōng bùnéng jiā shèngyú Zhào. Zhào yì shèng shè bīng yǐ dài Qín, Qín bùgǎn dòng. [Pinyin]
    The high-level officials of Qin said, "Please present a gift to the King of Qin with the fifteen cities of Zhao." Lin Xiangru also said, "Please present a gift to the King of Zhao with Xianyang of Qin." By the end of the banquet, the King of Qin had failed to be more superior to the King of Zhao from beginning to end. Zhao also deployed a large army in order to guard against Qin, so Qin did not dare to act.
* (～市) Xianyang (a city in Shaanxi, China)

#### Descendants

* → English: Hsien-yang, Xianyang

### References

“廉頗藺相如列傳 [Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru]”, in Baidu Baike [Baidu Encyclopedia] (in Chinese) (wiki), 2022 October 17, retrieved January 7, 2024