# 樑

| 樑 | U+6A11, &#27153; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A11 |
| ← 樐 [U+6A10] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 樒 → [U+6A12] |

## Translingual
### Han character

樑 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 木水戈木 (DEID), four-corner 4799$_4$, composition ⿰木梁)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 549, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15427
* Dae Jaweon: page 937, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1284, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6A11

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Specialized form of 梁 (OC *raŋ, “beam; bridge”), with the addition of the semantic component 木 (“tree; wood”).

### Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese အခြင် (a.hkrang, “rafter”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liáng (liang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): niang$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liòng
* Eastern Min (BUC): liòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): niû / niô͘ / liông / liâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niên$^5$ / nion$^5$ / liang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
*** Wade–Giles: liang$^2$
*** Yale: lyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
*** Palladius: лян (ljan)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: niang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
*** Sinological IPA : /niaŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: loeng$^4$
*** Yale: lèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: liong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: liòng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃uoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
*** Tâi-lô: niû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Yilan, Kinmen): /niũ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /niũ²³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /niu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niô͘
*** Tâi-lô: niôo
*** IPA (Tainan): /niɔ̃²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /niɔ̃¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
*** Tâi-lô: liông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
*** Tâi-lô: liâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/
* niû/niô͘ - vernacular;
* liông/liâng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ljang
Rime :
| Character | 樑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 呂章切 |
| Baxter | ljang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | loeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*raŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 樑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljang › |
| Old Chinese | /*raŋ/ |
| English | beam; bridge |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 樑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1648 |
| Phonetic component | 刅 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 良 |
| Old Chinese | /*raŋ/ |

### Definitions

樑
* bridge
    橋樑／桥梁 ― qiáoliáng ― bridge
* roof beam
    棟樑／栋梁 ― dòngliáng ― ridgepole, pillar, anchor, mainstay
* ridge
    鼻樑／鼻梁 ― bíliáng ― bridge (of a nose)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 樑, 橋 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 橋, 橋樑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 橋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 橋 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 橋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 橋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 橋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 橋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 橋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 橋 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 橋 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 橋 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 橋 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 橋 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 橋 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 橋 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 橋 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 橋 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 橋 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 橋 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 橋 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 橋 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 橋 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 橋 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 橋 |

### Compounds

* 上樑／上梁 (shàngliáng)
* 下樑／下梁 (xiàliáng)
* 偷樑換柱／偷梁换柱 (tōuliánghuànzhù)
* 屋樑／屋梁 (wūliáng)
* 山樑／山梁 (shānliáng)
* 懸樑／悬梁 (xuánliáng)
* 房樑／房梁 (fángliáng)
* 架樑／架梁
* 棟樑／栋梁 (dòngliáng)
* 樑上君子／梁上君子 (liángshàngjūnzǐ)
* 橫樑／横梁 (héngliáng)
* 橋樑／桥梁 (qiáoliáng)
* 脊樑／脊梁
* 跳樑／跳梁 (tiàoliáng)
* 頂樑柱／顶梁柱 (dǐngliángzhù)
* 高樑／高梁 (gāoliáng)
* 鼻樑／鼻梁 (bíliáng)

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: rường (“small roof beam; straining beam”)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): りょう (ryō)
* Kun: はし (hashi, 樑)、はり (hari, 樑)、やな (yana, 樑)

## Korean
### Hanja

樑 • (ryang>yang, hoe) (hangeul 량>양, 회, revised ryang>yang, hoe, McCune–Reischauer ryang>yang, hoe, Yale lyang>yang, hoy)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

樑: Hán Nôm readings: rường, lương, sườn, giường
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation