# 脛

| 脛 | U+811B, &#33051; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-811B |
| ← 脚 [U+811A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 脜 → [U+811C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

脛 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 月一女一 (BMVM), four-corner 7121$_1$, composition ⿰月巠)

#### Derived characters

* 𪡿, 𣻽

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 983, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29504
* Dae Jaweon: page 1435, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2077, character 9
* Unihan data for U+811B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 葝 | *ɡeŋ, *ɡeŋ |
| 頸 | *keŋʔ, *ɡeŋ |
| 勁 | *kɯns, *keŋs |
| 鑋 | *kʰeŋ, *kʰeːŋs |
| 輕 | *kʰeŋ, *kʰeŋs |
| 涇 | *ɡeŋʔ, *keːŋ |
| 經 | *keːŋ, *keːŋs |
| 鵛 | *keːŋ |
| 巠 | *keːŋ |
| 剄 | *keːŋʔ |
| 烴 | *keːŋʔ |
| 徑 | *keːŋs |
| 逕 | *keːŋs |
| 桱 | *keːŋs |
| 蛵 | *qʰeːŋ |
| 陘 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 鋞 | *ɡeːŋ, *ɡeːŋʔ |
| 脛 | *ɡeːŋʔ, *ɡeːŋs |
| 踁 | *ɡeːŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːŋʔ, *ɡeːŋs) : semantic 肉 (“meat”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ)

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kja-ŋ (“foot”) (STEDT), whence Tibetan རྐང་པ (rkang pa, “foot; leg; stem; stalk”).
莖 (OC *ɡreːŋ, “stalk”) is also compared to the above Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemma.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìng (jing$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìng
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^4$
*** Yale: jìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinq
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^3$
*** Yale: ging
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: hengX, hengH
Rime :
| Character | 脛 | 脛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 青 (125) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | IV |
| Fanqie | 胡頂切 | 胡定切 |
| Baxter | hengX | hengH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦeŋ$^X$/ | /ɦeŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦeŋ$^X$/ | /ɦeŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɛŋ$^X$/ | /ɣɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦɛjŋ$^X$/ | /ɦɛjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣeŋ$^X$/ | /ɣeŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣieŋ$^X$/ | /ɣieŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣieŋ$^X$/ | /ɣieŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xìng | xìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jing$^6$ | jing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kʰˤeŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːŋʔ/, /*ɡeːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 脛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ heng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-kʰˁeŋ-s/ |
| English | leg, shank |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 脛 | 脛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6815 | 6816 |
| Phonetic component | 巠 | 巠 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 婞 | 脛 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡeːŋʔ/ | /*ɡeːŋs/ |

### Definitions

脛
* shinbone
* lower leg

### Compounds

* 不脛而走／不胫而走 (bùjìng'érzǒu)
* 無脛而行／无胫而行
* 脛脛／胫胫
* 脛衣／胫衣
* 脛骨／胫骨 (jìnggǔ)
* 腳脛／脚胫
* 蝨脛蟣肝／虱胫虮肝

### Descendants

* → Proto-Tai: *ɣeːŋᴮ
** Lao: ແຄ່ງ (khǣng)
** Shan: ၶႅင်ႈ (khēng)
** Thai: แข้ง (kɛ̂ng)

### References

* “脛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

| Shinjitai (extended) | 𦙾 |
| Kyūjitai | 脛 |
(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 𦙾)
* shin

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: けい (kei)
* Kun: すね (sune, 脛)、はぎ (hagi, 脛)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 脛
* すね Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 臑 腨 脚 髄
From Old Japanese すね (sune, “marrow”); appears in the Kojiki (712) in the name of a deity: 登美能那賀須泥毘古 (to₂mi₁-no₂-naga-sune-bi₁ko₁), whose name is also attested logographically in the Nihon Shoki (720) as 長髄彦.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すね [sùnéꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [sɨne̞]
* (Kyoto) す​ね [súꜜnè] (Kōki)

#### Noun

脛(すね) • (sune)
* [from 712] the front area of the leg between the knee and the ankle: the shin

##### Usage notes

This is the most common term for "shin" in Japanese.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 脛
* はぎ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese はぎ (pagi₁). Attested in Shōsōin documents from 740 with the spelling 波岐 (pagi₁). Also attested in the Hitachi no kuni Fudoki in the form 夜都賀波岐 (ya-tuka-pagi₁, “indigenous people < a person with a long shin”). In turn, reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *panki.
As seen below, the pitch accent of this word in the Heian period contains a rising pitch in the first syllable, and Ryukyuan cognates show reflexes of proto-Ryukyuan class C, which is rare for class 3 accent words, hinting at some kind of contraction.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はぎ [hàgíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ha̠ɡʲi]
* (Kyoto) は​ぎ [háꜜgì] (Kōki)
* Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
   * (the Heian period) RL
   * (the Kamakura period) HL?
    ※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌). ※ References:

#### Noun

脛(はぎ) • (hagi)
* [from 740] the shin
* [from 1254] the leg of a wild animal

### References

* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 390
* 1 2 3 “すね 【脛・臑・腨・脚・髄】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 573
* 1 2 3 4 “はぎ 【脛】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
   * Unknown (794) Yoshinori Kobayashi, editor, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (Kojisho Ongi Shūsei) (in Japanese), volume 1, Kyūko Shoin, published 1978, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Hanja

脛 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

脛: Hán Nôm readings: hĩnh; hỉnh; hểnh; kinh; cảnh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.