# qamela
## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-kɪ́gamɪda, applicative form of Proto-Bantu *-kɪ́gama. Cognate with Northern Sotho sama.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ǃameːla/

### Verb

-qaméla
* (transitive) to lean on
* (intransitive) to rest the head

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukuqamela |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuqamela | ukungaqameli |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | qamela | -qamele |
| Plural | qamelani | -qameleni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyaqamela, ngiqamela | engiqamelayo, engiqamela | ngiqamela | angiqameli | engingaqameli | ngingaqameli |
| 2nd singular | uyaqamela, uqamela | oqamelayo, oqamela | uqamela | awuqameli | ongaqameli | ungaqameli |
| 1st plural | siyaqamela, siqamela | esiqamelayo, esiqamela | siqamela | asiqameli | esingaqameli | singaqameli |
| 2nd plural | niyaqamela, niqamela | eniqamelayo, eniqamela | niqamela | aniqameli | eningaqameli | ningaqameli |
| Class 1 | uyaqamela, uqamela | oqamelayo, oqamela | eqamela | akaqameli | ongaqameli | engaqameli |
| Class 2 | bayaqamela, baqamela | abaqamelayo, abaqamela | beqamela | abaqameli | abangaqameli | bengaqameli |
| Class 3 | uyaqamela, uqamela | oqamelayo, oqamela | uqamela | awuqameli | ongaqameli | ungaqameli |
| Class 4 | iyaqamela, iqamela | eqamelayo, eqamela | iqamela | ayiqameli | engaqameli | ingaqameli |
| Class 5 | liyaqamela, liqamela | eliqamelayo, eliqamela | liqamela | aliqameli | elingaqameli | lingaqameli |
| Class 6 | ayaqamela, aqamela | aqamelayo, aqamela | eqamela | awaqameli | angaqameli | engaqameli |
| Class 7 | siyaqamela, siqamela | esiqamelayo, esiqamela | siqamela | asiqameli | esingaqameli | singaqameli |
| Class 8 | ziyaqamela, ziqamela | eziqamelayo, eziqamela | ziqamela | aziqameli | ezingaqameli | zingaqameli |
| Class 9 | iyaqamela, iqamela | eqamelayo, eqamela | iqamela | ayiqameli | engaqameli | ingaqameli |
| Class 10 | ziyaqamela, ziqamela | eziqamelayo, eziqamela | ziqamela | aziqameli | ezingaqameli | zingaqameli |
| Class 11 | luyaqamela, luqamela | oluqamelayo, oluqamela | luqamela | aluqameli | olungaqameli | lungaqameli |
| Class 14 | buyaqamela, buqamela | obuqamelayo, obuqamela | buqamela | abuqameli | obungaqameli | bungaqameli |
| Class 15 | kuyaqamela, kuqamela | okuqamelayo, okuqamela | kuqamela | akuqameli | okungaqameli | kungaqameli |
| Class 17 | kuyaqamela, kuqamela | okuqamelayo, okuqamela | kuqamela | akuqameli | okungaqameli | kungaqameli |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiqamelile, ngiqamelē | engiqamelile, engiqamelē | ngiqamelile, ngiqamelē | angiqamelanga | engingaqamelanga | ngingaqamelanga |
| 2nd singular | uqamelile, uqamelē | oqamelile, oqamelē | uqamelile, uqamelē | awuqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | ungaqamelanga |
| 1st plural | siqamelile, siqamelē | esiqamelile, esiqamelē | siqamelile, siqamelē | asiqamelanga | esingaqamelanga | singaqamelanga |
| 2nd plural | niqamelile, niqamelē | eniqamelile, eniqamelē | niqamelile, niqamelē | aniqamelanga | eningaqamelanga | ningaqamelanga |
| Class 1 | uqamelile, uqamelē | oqamelile, oqamelē | eqamelile, eqamelē | akaqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | engaqamelanga |
| Class 2 | baqamelile, baqamelē | abaqamelile, abaqamelē | beqamelile, beqamelē | abaqamelanga | abangaqamelanga | bengaqamelanga |
| Class 3 | uqamelile, uqamelē | oqamelile, oqamelē | uqamelile, uqamelē | awuqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | ungaqamelanga |
| Class 4 | iqamelile, iqamelē | eqamelile, eqamelē | iqamelile, iqamelē | ayiqamelanga | engaqamelanga | ingaqamelanga |
| Class 5 | liqamelile, liqamelē | eliqamelile, eliqamelē | liqamelile, liqamelē | aliqamelanga | elingaqamelanga | lingaqamelanga |
| Class 6 | aqamelile, aqamelē | aqamelile, aqamelē | eqamelile, eqamelē | awaqamelanga | angaqamelanga | engaqamelanga |
| Class 7 | siqamelile, siqamelē | esiqamelile, esiqamelē | siqamelile, siqamelē | asiqamelanga | esingaqamelanga | singaqamelanga |
| Class 8 | ziqamelile, ziqamelē | eziqamelile, eziqamelē | ziqamelile, ziqamelē | aziqamelanga | ezingaqamelanga | zingaqamelanga |
| Class 9 | iqamelile, iqamelē | eqamelile, eqamelē | iqamelile, iqamelē | ayiqamelanga | engaqamelanga | ingaqamelanga |
| Class 10 | ziqamelile, ziqamelē | eziqamelile, eziqamelē | ziqamelile, ziqamelē | aziqamelanga | ezingaqamelanga | zingaqamelanga |
| Class 11 | luqamelile, luqamelē | oluqamelile, oluqamelē | luqamelile, luqamelē | aluqamelanga | olungaqamelanga | lungaqamelanga |
| Class 14 | buqamelile, buqamelē | obuqamelile, obuqamelē | buqamelile, buqamelē | abuqamelanga | obungaqamelanga | bungaqamelanga |
| Class 15 | kuqamelile, kuqamelē | okuqamelile, okuqamelē | kuqamelile, kuqamelē | akuqamelanga | okungaqamelanga | kungaqamelanga |
| Class 17 | kuqamelile, kuqamelē | okuqamelile, okuqamelē | kuqamelile, kuqamelē | akuqamelanga | okungaqamelanga | kungaqamelanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāqamela | engāqamela | ngāqamela | angiqamelanga | engingaqamelanga | ngingaqamelanga |
| 2nd singular | wāqamela | owāqamela | wāqamela | awuqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | ungaqamelanga |
| 1st plural | sāqamela | esāqamela | sāqamela | asiqamelanga | esingaqamelanga | singaqamelanga |
| 2nd plural | nāqamela | enāqamela | nāqamela | aniqamelanga | eningaqamelanga | ningaqamelanga |
| Class 1 | wāqamela | owāqamela | āqamela | akaqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | engaqamelanga |
| Class 2 | bāqamela | abāqamela | bāqamela | abaqamelanga | abangaqamelanga | bengaqamelanga |
| Class 3 | wāqamela | owāqamela | wāqamela | awuqamelanga | ongaqamelanga | ungaqamelanga |
| Class 4 | yāqamela | eyāqamela | yāqamela | ayiqamelanga | engaqamelanga | ingaqamelanga |
| Class 5 | lāqamela | elāqamela | lāqamela | aliqamelanga | elingaqamelanga | lingaqamelanga |
| Class 6 | āqamela | āqamela | āqamela | awaqamelanga | angaqamelanga | engaqamelanga |
| Class 7 | sāqamela | esāqamela | sāqamela | asiqamelanga | esingaqamelanga | singaqamelanga |
| Class 8 | zāqamela | ezāqamela | zāqamela | aziqamelanga | ezingaqamelanga | zingaqamelanga |
| Class 9 | yāqamela | eyāqamela | yāqamela | ayiqamelanga | engaqamelanga | ingaqamelanga |
| Class 10 | zāqamela | ezāqamela | zāqamela | aziqamelanga | ezingaqamelanga | zingaqamelanga |
| Class 11 | lwāqamela | olwāqamela | lwāqamela | aluqamelanga | olungaqamelanga | lungaqamelanga |
| Class 14 | bāqamela | obāqamela | bāqamela | abuqamelanga | obungaqamelanga | bungaqamelanga |
| Class 15 | kwāqamela | okwāqamela | kwāqamela | akuqamelanga | okungaqamelanga | kungaqamelanga |
| Class 17 | kwāqamela | okwāqamela | kwāqamela | akuqamelanga | okungaqamelanga | kungaqamelanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingaqamela | — | ngingaqamela | ngingeqamele | — | ngingeqamele |
| 2nd singular | ungaqamela | — | ungaqamela | ungeqamele | — | ungeqamele |
| 1st plural | singaqamela | — | singaqamela | singeqamele | — | singeqamele |
| 2nd plural | ningaqamela | — | ningaqamela | ningeqamele | — | ningeqamele |
| Class 1 | angaqamela | — | engaqamela | angeqamele | — | engeqamele |
| Class 2 | bangaqamela | — | bengaqamela | bangeqamele | — | bengeqamele |
| Class 3 | ungaqamela | — | ungaqamela | ungeqamele | — | ungeqamele |
| Class 4 | ingaqamela | — | ingaqamela | ingeqamele | — | ingeqamele |
| Class 5 | lingaqamela | — | lingaqamela | lingeqamele | — | lingeqamele |
| Class 6 | angaqamela | — | engaqamela | angeqamele | — | engeqamele |
| Class 7 | singaqamela | — | singaqamela | singeqamele | — | singeqamele |
| Class 8 | zingaqamela | — | zingaqamela | zingeqamele | — | zingeqamele |
| Class 9 | ingaqamela | — | ingaqamela | ingeqamele | — | ingeqamele |
| Class 10 | zingaqamela | — | zingaqamela | zingeqamele | — | zingeqamele |
| Class 11 | lungaqamela | — | lungaqamela | lungeqamele | — | lungeqamele |
| Class 14 | bungaqamela | — | bungaqamela | bungeqamele | — | bungeqamele |
| Class 15 | kungaqamela | — | kungaqamela | kungeqamele | — | kungeqamele |
| Class 17 | kungaqamela | — | kungaqamela | kungeqamele | — | kungeqamele |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizoqamela | engizoqamela | ngizoqamela | angizuqamela | engingezuqamela | ngingezuqamela |
| 2nd singular | uzoqamela | ozoqamela | uzoqamela | awuzuqamela | ongezuqamela | ungezuqamela |
| 1st plural | sizoqamela | esizoqamela | sizoqamela | asizuqamela | esingezuqamela | singezuqamela |
| 2nd plural | nizoqamela | enizoqamela | nizoqamela | anizuqamela | eningezuqamela | ningezuqamela |
| Class 1 | uzoqamela | ozoqamela | ezoqamela | akazuqamela | ongezuqamela | engezuqamela |
| Class 2 | bazoqamela | abazoqamela | bezoqamela | abazuqamela | abangezuqamela | bengezuqamela |
| Class 3 | uzoqamela | ozoqamela | uzoqamela | awuzuqamela | ongezuqamela | ungezuqamela |
| Class 4 | izoqamela | ezoqamela | izoqamela | ayizuqamela | engezuqamela | ingezuqamela |
| Class 5 | lizoqamela | elizoqamela | lizoqamela | alizuqamela | elingezuqamela | lingezuqamela |
| Class 6 | azoqamela | azoqamela | ezoqamela | awazuqamela | angezuqamela | engezuqamela |
| Class 7 | sizoqamela | esizoqamela | sizoqamela | asizuqamela | esingezuqamela | singezuqamela |
| Class 8 | zizoqamela | ezizoqamela | zizoqamela | azizuqamela | ezingezuqamela | zingezuqamela |
| Class 9 | izoqamela | ezoqamela | izoqamela | ayizuqamela | engezuqamela | ingezuqamela |
| Class 10 | zizoqamela | ezizoqamela | zizoqamela | azizuqamela | ezingezuqamela | zingezuqamela |
| Class 11 | luzoqamela | oluzoqamela | luzoqamela | aluzuqamela | olungezuqamela | lungezuqamela |
| Class 14 | buzoqamela | obuzoqamela | buzoqamela | abuzuqamela | obungezuqamela | bungezuqamela |
| Class 15 | kuzoqamela | okuzoqamela | kuzoqamela | akuzuqamela | okungezuqamela | kungezuqamela |
| Class 17 | kuzoqamela | okuzoqamela | kuzoqamela | akuzuqamela | okungezuqamela | kungezuqamela |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyoqamela | engiyoqamela | ngiyoqamela | angiyuqamela | engingeyuqamela | ngingeyuqamela |
| 2nd singular | uyoqamela | oyoqamela | uyoqamela | awuyuqamela | ongeyuqamela | ungeyuqamela |
| 1st plural | siyoqamela | esiyoqamela | siyoqamela | asiyuqamela | esingeyuqamela | singeyuqamela |
| 2nd plural | niyoqamela | eniyoqamela | niyoqamela | aniyuqamela | eningeyuqamela | ningeyuqamela |
| Class 1 | uyoqamela | oyoqamela | eyoqamela | akayuqamela | ongeyuqamela | engeyuqamela |
| Class 2 | bayoqamela | abayoqamela | beyoqamela | abayuqamela | abangeyuqamela | bengeyuqamela |
| Class 3 | uyoqamela | oyoqamela | uyoqamela | awuyuqamela | ongeyuqamela | ungeyuqamela |
| Class 4 | iyoqamela | eyoqamela | iyoqamela | ayiyuqamela | engeyuqamela | ingeyuqamela |
| Class 5 | liyoqamela | eliyoqamela | liyoqamela | aliyuqamela | elingeyuqamela | lingeyuqamela |
| Class 6 | ayoqamela | ayoqamela | eyoqamela | awayuqamela | angeyuqamela | engeyuqamela |
| Class 7 | siyoqamela | esiyoqamela | siyoqamela | asiyuqamela | esingeyuqamela | singeyuqamela |
| Class 8 | ziyoqamela | eziyoqamela | ziyoqamela | aziyuqamela | ezingeyuqamela | zingeyuqamela |
| Class 9 | iyoqamela | eyoqamela | iyoqamela | ayiyuqamela | engeyuqamela | ingeyuqamela |
| Class 10 | ziyoqamela | eziyoqamela | ziyoqamela | aziyuqamela | ezingeyuqamela | zingeyuqamela |
| Class 11 | luyoqamela | oluyoqamela | luyoqamela | aluyuqamela | olungeyuqamela | lungeyuqamela |
| Class 14 | buyoqamela | obuyoqamela | buyoqamela | abuyuqamela | obungeyuqamela | bungeyuqamela |
| Class 15 | kuyoqamela | okuyoqamela | kuyoqamela | akuyuqamela | okungeyuqamela | kungeyuqamela |
| Class 17 | kuyoqamela | okuyoqamela | kuyoqamela | akuyuqamela | okungeyuqamela | kungeyuqamela |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngiqamele | ngingaqameli |
| 2nd singular | uqamele | ungaqameli |
| 1st plural | siqamele | singaqameli |
| 2nd plural | niqamele | ningaqameli |
| Class 1 | aqamele | angaqameli |
| Class 2 | baqamele | bangaqameli |
| Class 3 | uqamele | ungaqameli |
| Class 4 | iqamele | ingaqameli |
| Class 5 | liqamele | lingaqameli |
| Class 6 | aqamele | angaqameli |
| Class 7 | siqamele | singaqameli |
| Class 8 | ziqamele | zingaqameli |
| Class 9 | iqamele | ingaqameli |
| Class 10 | ziqamele | zingaqameli |
| Class 11 | luqamele | lungaqameli |
| Class 14 | buqamele | bungaqameli |
| Class 15 | kuqamele | kungaqameli |
| Class 17 | kuqamele | kungaqameli |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngaqamela | ngangaqamela, angaqamela, angangaqamela |
| 2nd singular | waqamela | wangaqamela, awaqamela, awangaqamela |
| 1st plural | saqamela | sangaqamela, asaqamela, asangaqamela |
| 2nd plural | naqamela | nangaqamela, anaqamela, anangaqamela |
| Class 1 | waqamela | wangaqamela, akaqamela, akangaqamela |
| Class 2 | baqamela | bangaqamela, abaqamela, abangaqamela |
| Class 3 | waqamela | wangaqamela, awaqamela, awangaqamela |
| Class 4 | yaqamela | yangaqamela, ayaqamela, ayangaqamela |
| Class 5 | laqamela | langaqamela, alaqamela, alangaqamela |
| Class 6 | aqamela | angaqamela, awaqamela, awangaqamela |
| Class 7 | saqamela | sangaqamela, asaqamela, asangaqamela |
| Class 8 | zaqamela | zangaqamela, azaqamela, azangaqamela |
| Class 9 | yaqamela | yangaqamela, ayaqamela, ayangaqamela |
| Class 10 | zaqamela | zangaqamela, azaqamela, azangaqamela |
| Class 11 | lwaqamela | lwangaqamela, alwaqamela, alwangaqamela |
| Class 14 | baqamela | bangaqamela, abaqamela, abangaqamela |
| Class 15 | kwaqamela | kwangaqamela, akwaqamela, akwangaqamela |
| Class 17 | kwaqamela | kwangaqamela, akwaqamela, akwangaqamela |

#### Derived terms

* umqamelo

### References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “qamela”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “qamela (3.2.9)”