# pstk'
## Middle Persian
### Etymology

From unattested Old Persian *pistaka, probably from Proto-Iranian *pištakáh (“crushed”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pištás + *-ikas, from Proto-Indo-European *pis-tó-s, from *peys- (“to grind, crush”). The name perhaps refers to the ease of crushing pistachios and the culinary value of crushed pistachios.

### Noun

pstk' • (pistag)
* (Book Pahlavi) pistachio nut

#### Descendants

taking Middle Persian as representative for all Middle Iranian
* Persian: پسته (peste)
** → Azerbaijani: püstə
** → Bengali: পেস্তা (pesta)
** → Georgian: ფისტა (pisṭa)
** → Gujarati: પિસ્તા (pistā)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: पिस्ता (pistā)
    Urdu: پستہ (pistā)
** → Kazakh: пісте (pıste)
** → Khalaj: pistə
** → Marathi: पिस्ता (pistā)
** → Ottoman Turkish: پسته (piste)
** → Pashto: پسته (pistá)
** → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਸਤਾ (pistā)
    Shahmukhi script: پستا (pistā)
** → Sindhi: پستو (pisto)
** → Tatar: пестә (pestä)
** → Uzbek: pista
* → Ancient Greek: πιστάκη (pistákē)
** ⇒ Ancient Greek: πιστάκιον (pistákion) (see there for further descendants)
* → Arabic: فُسْتُق (fustuq)
** Maltese: fosdoq
** → Middle Armenian: ֆստուխ (fstux)
*** Armenian: ֆստըխ (fstəx), ֆըստըխ (fəstəx), ֆստխ (fstx), ֆստուղ (fstuġ), ֆստուխ (fstux), փստուղ (pʻstuġ), փստուխ (pʻstux)
** → Old Catalan: festuchs, festuch, festuc
*** Catalan: festuc
** → Spanish: alfóncigo, alfónsigo, alfóstiga
** → Middle French: festuce, festue
** → Old Occitan: festuc
*** →⇒ Old Occitan: fustet
**** Occitan: fustet
**** → Middle French: fustet, fustel, fustec, fustot
***** French: fustet, fustel, fustic, fustoc
****** → English: fustet, fustic, fustoc
****** → German: Fustet, Fustic, Fustetholz, Fusticholz, Fisetholz
****** → Spanish: fustoc
**** → Piedmontese: fustot
** → Persian: فستق (fostoq, fostaq)
*** → Ottoman Turkish: فستق (fıstık)
**** Turkish: fıstık
**** → Albanian: fistik, fëstëk
**** → Belarusian: фісташка (fistaška) (influenced by French pistache)
**** → Bulgarian: фъстъ́к (fǎstǎ́k)
**** → Crimean Tatar: fıstıq
**** → English: fistichnut, fisticknut, fistinut
**** → Middle French: fistique
**** → Greek: φιστίκι (fistíki)
**** → Ladino: fustuk
**** → Macedonian: фастак (fastak), ф’стак (f’stak)
**** → Portuguese: fistico
**** → Romanian: fistic
**** → Russian: фиста́шка (fistáška)
***** → Armenian: ֆիստաշկա (fistaška)
***** → Bashkir: фисташка (fistaşka)
***** → Georgian: ფისტაშკა (pisṭašḳa) (informal)
***** → Polish: fistaszek
***** → Yiddish: פֿיסטאַשקע (fistashke)
**** → Ukrainian: фіста́шка (fistáška) (influenced by French pistache)
** → Portuguese: alfóstico, alfóstigo, fóstico
** → Swahili: fistiki
* → Aramaic:
    Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: פיסתקא (pistəqā), פסתקא (pistəqā)
    Classical Syriac: ܦܘܣܬܩܐ (pustəqā), ܦܷܣܬܩܐ (pestəqā)
* → Old Armenian: պիստակ (pistak), պստակ (pstak)
** Armenian: պիստակ (pistak)

### References

* ↑ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paiš (> NWIR: > NP pistah)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 292-3
* ↑ Edelʹman, D. I. (2020) “*paiš (> pistag)”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 97

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “պիստակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 85ab
* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “pistag”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 69
* Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 1664, page 133b