# 堤

| 堤 | U+5824, &#22564; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5824 |
| ← 堣 [U+5823] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堥 → [U+5825] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土日一人 (GAMO), four-corner 4618$_1$, composition ⿰土是)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5259
* Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 36
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 463, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5824

## Bailang
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Chinese 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds), or else related to Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”), Tibetan ཆེ (che, “big”).

### Adjective

堤 (*de)
* big

#### Alternative forms

* 是 (*dzé$^B$)

### References

* Hill, Nathan W. (2017) “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎, volume 103, pages 386—429

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鞮 | *teː |
| 隄 | *teː, *deː |
| 堤 | *teː, *teːʔ, *dje |
| 鍉 | *teː |
| 蝭 | *teːs, *deː |
| 醍 | *tʰeːʔ, *deː |
| 緹 | *tʰeːʔ, *deː |
| 提 | *deː, *dje |
| 瑅 | *deː |
| 題 | *deː, *deːs |
| 媞 | *deː, *deːʔ, *djeʔ |
| 褆 | *deː, *deʔ, *djeʔ |
| 禔 | *deː, *tje, *dje |
| 騠 | *deː |
| 趧 | *deː |
| 鯷 | *deː, *deːs, *djes |
| 踶 | *deːs, *deʔ |
| 徥 | *deʔ, *djeʔ |
| 匙 | *dje |
| 是 | *djeʔ |
| 諟 | *djeʔ |
| 翨 | *hljes, *kles |
| 睼 | *tʰeːns |
| 寔 | *djɯɡ |
| 湜 | *dɯɡ |
| 遈 | *djɯɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje): semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dī, tí
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧ, ㄊㄧˊ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): tí
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tai$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thê
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$di / $^2$di
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dī
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: di
*** Wade–Giles: ti$^1$
*** Yale: dī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: di
*** Palladius: ди (di)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tí
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tí
*** Wade–Giles: tʻi$^2$
*** Yale: tí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
*** Palladius: ти (ti)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi³⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: tí
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): ti$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tai$^4$
*** Yale: tàih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɐi̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thê
*** Tâi-lô: thê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tee
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰe²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰe²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰe¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰe²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰe²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$di
*** MiniDict: di$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$di
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /di²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou, Changzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^2$di
*** MiniDict: di$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /di²²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /di¹³/
* Middle Chinese: tej
Rime :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 都奚切 |
| Baxter | tej |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tei/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tei/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɛi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tɛj/ |
| Li Rong | /tei/ |
| Wang Li | /tiei/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tiei/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dai$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*teː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 11614 |
| Phonetic component | 是 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 低 |
| Old Chinese | /*teː/ |

#### Definitions

堤
* dyke; embankment
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) base of bottles

##### Usage notes

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation tí.

##### Synonyms

* (dyke):
* 堤堰 (dīyàn)
* 堤壩 / 堤坝 (dībà)
* 堤岸 (dī'àn)
* 堤防 (dīfáng)
* 塘 (táng)
* 大壩 / 大坝 (dàbà)
* 水壩 / 水坝 (shuǐbà)
* 防 (fáng) (literary, or in compounds)

#### Compounds

* 上河堤 (Shànghédī)
* 下河堤 (Xiàhédī)
* 中河堤 (Zhōnghédī)
* 土堤
* 圩堤
* 埂堤
* 堤堰 (dīyàn)
* 堤壩 / 堤坝 (dībà)
* 堤封
* 堤岸 (dī'àn)
* 堤防 (dīfáng)
* 斗湖堤 (Dǒuhúdī)
* 新堤 (Xīndī)
* 新堤口 (Xīndīkǒu)
* 梓楠堤 (Zǐnándī)
* 橫堤 / 横堤 (Héngdī)
* 決堤 / 决堤 (juédī)
* 汴堤
* 河堤 (hédī)
* 海堤 (hǎidī)
* 白公堤
* 白堤
* 築堤 / 筑堤 (zhùdī)
* 群蟻潰堤 / 群蚁溃堤
* 自然堤
* 范公堤
* 西堤 (Xīdī)
* 長堤 / 长堤
* 防沙堤
* 防波堤 (fángbōdī)
* 須菩堤 / 须菩堤

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tǐ (ti$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǐ
*** Wade–Giles: tʻi$^3$
*** Yale: tǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tii
*** Palladius: ти (ti)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi²¹⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tejX
Rime :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 都禮切 |
| Baxter | tejX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tei$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tei$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɛi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tɛj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tei$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tiei$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tiei$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dai$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*teːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 11616 |
| Phonetic component | 是 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 邸 |
| Old Chinese | /*teːʔ/ |
| Notes | 與坻通 |

#### Definitions

堤
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 坁 (“to stop”)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shí, tí (shi$^2$, ti$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ, ㄊㄧˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shí
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^2$
*** Yale: shŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
*** Palladius: ши (ši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tí
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tí
*** Wade–Giles: tʻi$^2$
*** Yale: tí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
*** Palladius: ти (ti)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzye
Rime :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 是支切 |
| Baxter | dzye |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑie/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑǐe/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*dje/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堤 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 11643 |
| Phonetic component | 是 |
| Rime group | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 提 |
| Old Chinese | /*dje/ |

#### Definitions

堤
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 堤封 (shífēng, “in total; approximately”).

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wéi (wei$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wéi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wéi
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^2$
*** Yale: wéi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wei
*** Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯³⁵/

#### Definitions

堤
* (historical dictionaries only) Used in place names.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: たい (tai)
* Kan-on: てい (tei, Jōyō)
* Kun: つつみ (tsutsumi, 堤, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 堤
* つつみ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 堤 – see the following entry. :
| 【つつみ】 | [noun] bank (edge of river, lake or other watercourse) [proper noun] a surname |
(This term, 堤, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 堤 (MC tej). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎨 (tyey) (Yale: tyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 堤 (eumhun 둑 제 (duk je))
* hanja form of 제 (“dyke; embankment”)

#### Compounds

* 김제 (金堤, Gimje)
* 방조제 (防潮堤, bangjoje)
* 방파제 (防波堤, bangpaje)
* 언제 (堰堤, eonje)
* 제방 (堤防, jebang)
* 제천 (堤川, Jecheon)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堤: Hán Nôm readings: chỉ, đê
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.