# in-
## English
### Etymology 1

* PIE word
* *h₁én
From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.

#### Alternative forms

* i-, il-
* en-

#### Pronunciation

* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Prefix

in-
* in, into, towards, within.
    inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill
    inborn, inbound
    infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork
** Inward (direction)
    inbeat is occurring on an inward beat, inbend is to bend or curve inwards, incave is to cave inward
** Within (position)
    inbreed is to produce or generate within, inburning is burning within, incircle is a circle within a polygon

##### Synonyms

* (within): intra-, en-/em-/im-, end-/endo-/ento-

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “within”): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-

##### Derived terms

* inbound
* inbox
* ingrown
* inlaid
* inner
* input
* inside
* inward
* inbeat
* inbend
* inbent
* inbirth
* inblow
* inbreathe
* inbring
* incave
* inbeing
* in-between
* inbreed
* inburn
* inburning
* incar
* incaved
* incaverned
* incenter
* incircle

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

#### Prefix

in-
* in, into
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
*   * il- before l, e.g. illusion
*   * im- before b, m, or p, e.g. imperil
*   * ir- before r, e.g. irrigate
** Into
    imband is to form into a band or bands, imbar is to bar in, imbarn is to store in a barn
** Doing; forming verbs.
    inblind is to make blind, incloister is to cloister
** Having, possessing
    imbannered is having banners, inaureole is to have a halo, incarnate is be crimson

##### Usage notes

* In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.

##### Synonyms

* (within): intra-, en-/em-/im-, end-/endo-

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “within”): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-

##### Derived terms

* infiltrate
* ingress
* invade
* inflammable
* imbalsamation
* imband
* imbar
* imbarn
* imbound
* imbox
* inbeaming
* inbear
* inbind
* inblow
* inbreak
* inbreaking
* inbring
* inburn
* incantoning
* incask
* imbank
* inbland
* inblind
* inborrow
* inbuild
* inclamation
* incloister
* imbannered
* inaureole
* inawe
* incarnate

### Etymology 3

* PIE word
* *ne
From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Doublet of un-.

#### Prefix

in-
* (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
*   * ig- before n, e.g. ignoble
*   * il- before l, e.g. illegal
*   * im- before b, m, or p, e.g. improper
*   * ir- before r, e.g. irresistible
** (non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not.
    inedible
    inaccurate
** Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.
    incredulity
    ineptitude
** Cannot, unable.
    inannihilable is that cannot be annihilated, inappellable is that cannot be appealed against, inassimilable is that cannot be assimilated

##### Synonyms

* (not): a-, an-, dys-, i-/il-/im-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

##### Derived terms

* inability
* inaccuracy
* inaccurate
* inadmissible
* inanimate
* incapable
* incredible
* incredulity
* incredulous
* indefinite
* inedible
* ineffable
* inequitable
* infinite
* inhospitable
* inimitable
* injustice
* insobriety
* intolerance
* inviolable
* invisible
* imbalanced
* inable
* inacceptable
* inaccordant
* inaccuracy
* inaccurate
* inacquiescent
* inactivate
* inactivist
* inadaptable
* inadaptive
* inaddible
* inadept
* inadequate
* inadherent
* inadmissible
* inadmissibly
* inadventurous
* inadvisable
* inadvised
* inaesthetic
* inaffable
* inaffectation
* inaffected
* inaffectionate
* inaidable
* inalienable
* inalimental
* inamiable
* inamicable
* inamovable
* inamyloid
* inangular
* inanimate
* inanimated
* inapparent
* inappealable
* inappendiculate
* inapplicable
* inapposite
* inappreciable
* inappreciative
* inapprehensive
* inapproachable
* inappropriable
* inappropriate
* inarable
* inarguable
* inartful
* inarticulable
* inarticulate
* inarticulated
* inarticulation
* inartificial
* inartistic
* inaspirable
* inaudible
* inauspicious
* inauthentic
* inauthoritative
* inavertible
* inavoidable
* incalculable
* incapable
* incapacious
* incapacity
* incautelous
* incautious
* incelibacy
* incelibate
* incensurable
* incertain
* inchangeability
* inchaste
* incircumscription
* incircumspect
* incirrate
* incivil
* incoagulable
* incoalescence
* incoercible
* incoexistence
* incogent
* incogitative
* incognizable
* inimicable
* imbonity
* inability
* inabstinence
* inaccess
* inacquaintance
* inaction
* inactivism
* inadaptation
* inadhesion
* inæsthetical
* inanimate
* inanimation
* inaperturate
* inapparency
* inappetence
* inappetent
* inapplication
* inappreciation
* inapprehension
* inartistic
* inattendance
* inattentive
* incaution
* incelebrity
* inchastity
* incivil
* incivism
* inclarity
* incognizance
* inactinic
* inaddibility
* inalterable
* inannihilable
* inappeasable
* inappellable
* inapprehensible
* inapproximable
* inarticulate
* inassimilable
* inattributable

##### Related terms

* em-
* en-

##### Translations
#### See also

* a- (Greek)
* an-
* non-
* un-
* wan-

### Anagrams

* N.I., NI, ni

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

### Prefix

in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)
* in-; un- (reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute)

#### Derived terms
## Dutch
### Etymology

From in.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

in-
* prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
* prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-

#### Derived terms

* in en in

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in-, from Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, from *ne.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before a consonant) /ɛ̃/, (before a vowel) /in/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

in-
* in-; un- (indicates negation)

#### Derived terms
### References

* “in-”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪn/

### Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in and inne-.

#### Prefix

in-
* (rare, only in nouns) in, inside, interior
    ‎in- + ‎Land (“land”) → ‎Inland (“domestic territory”)
    ‎in- + ‎Schrift (“writing”) → ‎Inschrift (“inscription”)
    ‎in- + ‎Sasse (“someone who sits”) → ‎Insasse (“passenger, inhabitant”)
    ‎in- + ‎Begriff (“concept”) → ‎Inbegriff (“embodiment”)

##### Usage notes

* In- is more frequent in nominalisations of verbal phrases: in Betrieb nehmen → Inbetriebnahme, in Stand setzen → Instandsetzung. However, these formations cannot be considered to involve a prefix, but rather the preposition in directly.

##### Alternative forms

* inne- (in verbs)

##### Related terms

* ein-, inner-, binnen-

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin in-.

#### Prefix

in-
* (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into
    ‎in- + ‎filtrieren (“to filter”) → ‎infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin in-.

#### Prefix

in-
* (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)
    Synonyms: un-, nicht-
    ‎in- + ‎konsequent (“consistent”) → ‎inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)

##### Derived terms
#### Further reading

* “in-” in Duden online
* “in-” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Gothic
### Romanization

in-
* Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɪn]
* Hyphenation: in

### Prefix

in-
* in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “in-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish in- (“-able”). Cognate with Manx yn-.

#### Prefix

in-
* (productive) able to, -able (+ past participle)
    Antonym: do-
    ‎in- + ‎ite → ‎inite (“edible”)
    ‎in- + ‎déanta → ‎indéanta (“doable”)
* able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ genitive of a (verbal) noun)
    ‎in- + ‎feidhm (“function”) → ‎infheidhme (“able to function, serviceable”)
    ‎in- + ‎aistear (“journey”) → ‎inaistir (“seaworthy”)
    ‎in- + ‎leigheas (“healing”) → ‎inleighis (“curable”)

### Etymology 2

A prefixed form of the preposition i (“in”). Partly inherited from Old Irish in- (“in”), e.g. ‎in- + ‎ceann (“head”) → ‎inchinn (“brain”), but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g. ionscóp (“endoscope”)‚ ionsoilsigh (“illuminate”).

#### Prefix

in-
* en-, in-, il-, im-, ir-
* endo-
* intra-

##### Alternative forms

* ion- (loosely)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “in-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* “in-”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
* il- (assimilated form before l-)
* ir- (assimilated form before r-)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in/
** Hyphenation: in-
* IPA: [iɱ] (before f or v)
* IPA: [iŋ] (before c or g)

### Etymology 1

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

#### Prefix

in-
* (forms verbs) used to denote derivation
* (obsolete, rare) used as an intensifier

##### Usage notes

* The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
    Examples:
       ‎in- + ‎arido (“dry”, “arid”) → ‎inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)
       ‎in- + ‎fiamma (“flame”) → ‎infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)
* When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
    Example:
       ‎in- + ‎fondere → ‎infondere (“to infuse”, “to instill”) (cfr. Latin īnfundere)
   * In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
       Example:
          ‎in- + ‎carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → ‎incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)

### Etymology 2

From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.

#### Prefix

in-
* used to denote negation or opposition or privation; un-; in-; a-

##### Usage notes

* The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
    Examples:
       ‎in- + ‎coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → ‎incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)
       ‎in- + ‎abile (“able”, “capable”) → ‎inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)
       ‎in- + ‎felice (“happy”) → ‎infelice (“unhappy”)
       ‎in- + ‎desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → ‎indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)
* More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
    Example:
       ‎in- + ‎colore (“colour/color”) → ‎incolore (“uncoloured/uncolored”)

##### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* ni, nì

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /in/, [ɪn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /in/, [in]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.

#### Prefix

in-
* un-, non-, not

##### Usage notes

Affixed primarily to adjectives.
The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:
* Before b, p or m, it may become im-. The spelling in- is also found in this context.
    ‎in- + ‎barba (“beard”) → ‎imberbis (“beardless”) or inberbis.
    ‎in- + ‎patiēns (“patient”) → ‎impatiēns (“impatient”) or inpatiēns.
    ‎in- + ‎mātūrus (“mature”) → ‎immātūrus (“immature”) or inmātūrus.
* Before l or r, it may become il- or ir-, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.
    ‎in- + ‎labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → ‎illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”) (post-Augustan) or inlabōrātus.
    ‎in- + ‎reverēns (“reverent”) → ‎irreverēns (“irreverent”) (post-Augustan) or inreverēns.
* Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).
    ‎in- + ‎gnārus (“knowlegable”) → ‎ignārus (“ignorant”)
    ‎in- + ‎nōmen (“name”) → ‎ignōminia (“dishonor”)
* Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).
    ‎in- + ‎fīnītus (“finite”) → ‎īnfīnītus (“endless, infinite”)
    ‎in- + ‎sānus (“healthy, sane”) → ‎īnsānus (“mad, insane”)
* Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes [ɪŋ-].

##### Derived terms

* in- -is

##### Descendants

* → Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
* → French: in-
* → Italian: in-
* → Middle English: in-
** English: in-, ir-, il-, im-
* → Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)
* → Romanian: in- (im- before p or b, and i- before l, m, or r)
* → Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)
* → Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)

### Etymology 2

Prefixation of the preposition in.

#### Alternative forms

* ind-, indu-

#### Prefix

in-
* Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings.
** in, within, inside
    ‎in- + ‎hālō (“breathe”) → ‎inhālō (“breathe in, inhale”)
** against; into; on, upon; to, towards
    ‎in- + ‎gradior (“step, go”) → ‎ingredior (“go into, enter”)
    ‎in- + ‎nūbō (“marry”) → ‎innūbō (“marry into”)
    ‎in- + ‎cadō (“fall”) → ‎incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)
    ‎in- + ‎pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → ‎impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)
    ‎in- + ‎flīgō (“strike”) → ‎īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)
    ‎in- + ‎vocō (“call”) → ‎invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)
** Used as an intensifier.
    ‎in- + ‎crepō (“I rattle”) → ‎increpō (“I rattle, rebuke”)
** Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion
    ‎in- + ‎ārēscō (“I am drying, am growing drier”) → ‎inārēscō (“I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry”)

##### Usage notes

Affixed primarily to verbs.
The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.
Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".

##### Descendants

* Aromanian: ãn-, n-, an-
* Catalan: en-
* English: in-
* French: en-
* Italian: in-, en-
* Portuguese: en-
* Romanian: în-
* Spanish: en-

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (ánu-, “after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /⁠anuv⁠/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).

#### Alternative forms

* īn-, ī-

#### Prefix

in-
* after

##### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “1. in-”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 676f.
* ↑ William Gardner Hale and Carl Darling Buck, 1903. Latin Grammar, page 25
* ↑ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “2. in”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 677f.
* ↑ Haverling, Gerd. "On Prefixes and Actionality in Classical and Late Latin." Acta Linguistica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 1–2, 2003, pp. 113–35, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189816. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Page 117
* ↑ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 241-44

### Further reading

* “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

## Malay
### Etymology

* PIE word
* *ne
From English in-, from Middle English in-, from Latin in- (“not”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [in-]
* Hyphenation: in-

### Prefix

in- (Jawi spelling اينـ)
* (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning; in-.
    informal ― informal

#### Derived terms
## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪn/

### Article

in-
* Alternative form of il-

#### Usage notes

* Used before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

### Prefix

in-
* Class 9 noun prefix.

#### Usage notes

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

## Ojibwe
### Initial

in- (root)
* Alternative form of iN-

### Prefix

in-
* Alternative form of nin-

#### See also

| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in/

### Etymology 1

From in (“in”). More at in.

#### Prefix

in-
* in, into
    ‎in- + ‎ēþung (“breathing”) → ‎inēþung (“inspiration”)
* internal, inside
    ‎in- + ‎coþu (“disease”) → ‎incoþu (“internal disease”)
    ‎in- + ‎weorc (“work”) → ‎inweorc (“indoor work”)

##### Descendants

* Middle English: in-
** English: in-

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

#### Prefix

in-
* (intensifying) very
    ‎in- + ‎frōd (“wise”) → ‎infrōd (“very wise”)
    ‎in- + ‎dryhten (“noble”) → ‎indryhten (“very noble”)

##### Derived terms
## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.

#### Alternative forms

* en-

#### Prefix

in-
* in

##### Usage notes

Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
* ad·cota from *in-com-tá-
* ad·fét from *in-fét-
* ad·greinn from *in-grenn-
* ad·snádi from *in-snádi-
Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
* as·dloing from *in-dlong-

##### Derived terms
#### References

* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 518–22; reprinted 2017

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Prefix

in-
* able to, -able (+ past participle)
    ‎in- + ‎ad·gair (“to sue”) → ‎inaccartha (“to be sued for”)
    ‎in- + ‎mescaigid (“to intoxicate”) → ‎inmescaigthe (“able to intoxicate”)
* able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ noun, an o- and a-stems usually yields an i-stem adjective)
    ‎in- + ‎bés (“custom”) → ‎inbésa (“customary”)
    ‎in- + ‎comlann (“fight”) → ‎incomlainn (“able to fight”)
    ‎in- + ‎galar (“sickness”) → ‎ingalair (“sick”)

##### Descendants

* Irish: in-
* Manx: yn-

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.

#### Prefix

in-
* Alternative form of an- (“un-, not”)

##### Usage notes

Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4
#### Prefix

in- (class C infixed pronoun)
* Alternative form of id-

#### References

* ↑ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 872, page 544; reprinted 2017

### Further reading

* Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 11

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

### Prefix

in-
* un-; not

#### Usage notes

This prefix has the following allomorphs:
* Before ⟨p⟩ and ⟨b⟩, it becomes im-.
* Before ⟨r⟩, it becomes ir-
* Before ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨l⟩, it becomes i-.

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* im- (before p or b)
* ir- (before r)
* i- (before l)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

### Prefix

in-
* not (negation)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “in-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swazi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

### Prefix

in-
* Class 9 noun prefix.

#### Usage notes

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔin/ [ʔɪn̪]
* Syllabification: in-

### Prefix

in- (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)
* prefix form of -in-

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* ni

## Xhosa
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

### Prefix

in-
* Class 9 noun prefix.

#### Usage notes

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

### Prefix

ín-
* Class 9 noun prefix.

#### Usage notes

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”