# -nya
## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* -nja (1901–1947, 1947–1972)

### Etymology

From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a (compare Tagalog niya, Javanese -ne, Madurese -na).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲa/

### Suffix

-nya
* third person singular oblique enclitic pronoun
** as a possessive adjective
    ibunya ― his mother
** as a direct or indirect object
    aku memeluknya ― I hugged him
    kami belum memberitahukannya tentang ini ― we haven't tell her yet about this
** as an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and sometimes 'dalam' (see the usage notes below)
    aku pinjam pensil ini darinya ― I borrow this pen from him
* (by extension)
** (in some contexts and positions only) used to mark definiteness
    bangunannya indah ― the building is beautiful (literally, “its building (is) beautiful”)
    pakaiannya mana? ― where is the cloth? (literally, “where (is) its cloth?”)
** used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear
    bukunya aku ― my book (literally, “book of me”)
    abangnya Dani ― Dani's older brother (literally, “older brother of Dani”)
** used to emphasize an adjective
    manisnya permen ini ― how sweet this candy is
** uses to nominalize an adjective
    punahnya suatu bahasa ― the extinction of a language (punah means 'extinct')
    lemahnya pemerintah ― the weakness of the government (lemah means 'weak')
** (with the passive prefix 'di-') used to nominalize a passive verb
    dibacanya buku ― the reading of the book
** (sometimes colloquial in some contexts) uses to nominalize an active verb
    dia nulisnya lama ― the way he writes is slow
    kamu makannya jangan gitu ― you should not eat like that

#### Usage notes

* This enclitic can also have a plural meaning, especially when referring to objects other than humans.
* The enclitic can be used after dalam if it's used with the meaning "it; its".
* When it is used to emphasize an adjective, the adjective is usually placed in front of the sentence, with the enclitic being stressed in the pronunciation.
* When it is used to nominalize adjectives and verbs, the suffixed results are dependant (can not stand alone).
* As with other enclitic pronouns in the language, it is optional and can be replaced with other terms (depending on the function).

#### Derived terms

* se- -nya

### See also

* This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
* The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
* The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.

### References

* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*ia₁”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “-nya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Kambera
### Pronoun

-nya
* third person singular dative enclitic

### Particle

-nya
* continuative aspect enclitic
    Laku-nggu-nya.I am going.

#### See also
### References

* Marian Klamer (2000) “Continuative Aspect and the Dative Clitic in Kambera”, in Mark Campana, Ileana Paul, Vivianne Phillips, Lisa Travis, editors, Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory; 49), Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 58

## Malay
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Riau) IPA: [-ɲə]
* (Baku) IPA: [-ɲa]
* Hyphenation: -nya

### Suffix

-nya (Jawi spelling -ڽا)
* Third person singular oblique enclitic pronoun.
** As a possessive adjective.
    ibunya ― his/her mother
** As a direct or indirect object
    Aku memeluknya.I hugged him/her
    Kami belum memberitahunya tentang ini.We haven't told him/her yet about this.
** As an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and sometimes 'dalam' (see the usage notes below).
    Aku pinjam pensel ini daripadanya.I borrowed this pen from him/her.
* (by extension)
** (in some contexts and positions only) Used to mark definiteness.
    Bangunannya lawa.The building is beautiful.(literally, “its building (is) beautiful”)
** Used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear.
    bukunya aku ― my book (literally, “book of me”)
    abangnya Dani ― Dani's older brother (literally, “older brother of Dani”)
** Used to emphasize an adjective.
    Manisnya gula-gula iniThis candy is so sweet.
** Used to nominalize an adjective.
    lajunya sebuah kereta ― the speed of a car (laju means 'fast')
    lemahnya kerajaan ― the weakness of the government (lemah means 'weak')
** (with the passive prefix 'di-') Used to nominalize a passive verb.
    dibacanya buku ― the reading of the book

#### Usage notes

* This enclitic can also have a plural meaning, especially when referring to objects other than humans.
* The enclitic can be used after dalam if it's used with the meaning "it; its".
* When it is used to emphasize an adjective, the adjective is usually placed in front of the sentence, with the enclitic being stressed in the pronunciation.
* When it is used to nominalize adjectives and verbs, the suffixed results are dependant (can not stand alone).
* As with other enclitic pronouns in the language, it is optional and can be replaced with other terms (depending on the function).
* When used in reference to God, the enclitic is capitalized as --Nya and separated from the word to which it is attached with a hyphen so that "from Him" where "Him" is in reference to God, would be translated as daripada-Nya instead of as daripadanya.

#### Derived terms

* se- -nya

### See also

* -ku
* -mu
* nya

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: -nya
* → Petjo: -nja

### Further reading

* “-nya” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.