# pes
## English
### Etymology

From Latin pēs (“foot”). Doublet of foot, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peɪ̯s/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪs
* Homophone: pace

### Noun

pes (plural pedes)
* the foot of a human
* the hoof of a quadruped
* clubfoot or talipes
* (music) a neume representing two notes ascending

#### Synonyms

* (neume): podatus

### Anagrams

* EPS, EPs, ESP, Eps, PSE, SEP, SPE, Sep, Sep., eps, esp, esp., sep

## Baltic Romani
### Pronoun

pes (reflexive, independent oblique case)
* (Litovska) universal reflexive pronoun: myself, yourself, himself, herself, themself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
** 2005, Anton Tenser, Lithuanian Romani, Lincom Europa, →ISBN, →OCLC, 2.7.3 Reflexives and clitics, page 18:joj udykhtja pesShe saw herself

#### Declension

* ↑ The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan pes, from Latin pēnsum.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpɛs]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈpəs]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpes]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

pes m (plural pesos)
* weight, the heaviness of something, as caused by the downward force of gravity of its mass.
* weight, a piece of metal or other materials known to weigh a definite amount, as the ones used on scales or sports

##### Derived terms

* contrapès
* fer el pes
* pes gall
* pes lleuger
* pes mosca
* pes pesant
* pes ploma
* pes semipesat
* pes wèlter
* sobrepès

##### Related terms

* pesar

#### References

* “pes” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “pes” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈpes]

#### Noun

pes
* plural of pe (“the letter P”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈpes]

#### Verb

pes
* (Balearic, Alghero) first-person singular present indicative of pesar

## Cornish
### Alternative forms

* pys

### Noun

pes f (singulative pesen)
* (Revived Late Cornish) peas

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpɛs]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: pes
* Rhymes: -ɛs

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech pes, from Proto-Slavic *pьsъ.

#### Noun

pes m anim (female equivalent psice or fena, relational adjective psí)
* dog
* male dog
    Coordinate term: fena f
* scoundrel, bad person

##### Derived terms

* psí
* psovitý
* hlídací pes
* honicí pes
* chování řeznického psa
* pejsánek
* pejsek
* psice
* psík
* psoun
* mnoho psů, zajícova smrt
* starého psa novým kouskům nenaučíš

#### Further reading

* “pes”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “pes”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “pes”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

pes
* genitive plural of peso

##### Alternative forms

* pesos

## Friulian
### Alternative forms

* peš (alternative spelling)

### Etymology

From Latin piscem.

### Noun

pes m (plural pes)
* fish

#### Related terms

* pescjâ
* pescjadôr
* pescjarie
* pescje
* pessâr

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch pest, from Middle French peste (whence French peste), ultimately from Latin pestis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpɛs]
* Hyphenation: pès

### Noun

pes or pès
* pest, plague
    Synonym: sampar

### Further reading

* “pes” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *pets, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (compare Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) and Old English fōt, whence English foot).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpeːs/, [ˈpeːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpes/, [ˈpɛs]

### Noun

pēs m (genitive pedis); third declension
* a foot, in its senses as
** (anatomy) a human foot
    … ne manus, nec pedes, nec alia membra …… not the hands, not the feet, and not the other limbs …
*** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.518:[...] ūnum exūta pedem vinclīs, in veste recīncta, [...].[... Dido’s] one foot having cast off its sandal-straps, with her garment loosened, [...].
*** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 6.395–397:Forte revertēbar fēstīs Vestālibus illa [...]. hūc pede mātrōnam vīdī dēscendere nūdō.It so happened that I was returning from the festival of Vesta [...]. Here I saw a matron coming down barefoot. (Literally, in the ablative singular: “pede nūdō” or “with bare foot.” Roman matrons walked barefoot to honor Vesta (mythology) during the Vestalia.)
** (zoology) any equivalent body part of an animal, including hooves, paws, etc.
** (units of measure) any of various units of length notionally based on the adult human foot, especially (historical) the Roman foot.
** (poetry) a metrical foot: the basic unit of metered poetry
*** 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.15–16:vāde, liber, verbīsque meīs loca grāta salūtā: contingam certē quō licet illa pede!Go, [my] book, and greet with my words [those] beloved places: at least I shall reach [them] with the ‘foot’ that is allowed! (The exiled poet puns that the metrical “feet” of his poem shall go where his own “feet” cannot.)
** (geography) the base of a mountain
** (furniture) the bottom of a leg of a table, chair, stool, etc.
* (figuratively) a place to tread one's foot: territory, ground, soil
* (nautical) a rope attached to a sail in order to set
* (music) tempo, pace, time
* (botany) the pedicel or stalk of a fruit

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.

#### Hyponyms

* (metrical foot): trochaeus; pes dissyllbus or disyllbus, pes bibrevis, choreus, jambus, spondeus, spondius, spondeos (2-syllable feet); pes trisyllabus, amphibrachus, amphibrachys, amphimacrus, dactylus, extensipes, molossus, pes anapaestus, pes antanapaestus, pes antibacchius, pes bacchius, pes creticus, pes hippius (3-syllable feet); pes tetrasyllbus, antispastus, chorjambus, dichoreus, dijambus, dispondeus, epitritus, paeon, proceleumaticus, proceleusmaticus (4-syllable feet); pes pentasyllbus, dochmius, mesobrachys, mesomacros, pariambodes, probrachys, pes amoebaeus, pes antamoebaeus, pes orthius (5-syllable feet)

#### Meronyms

* (unit of length): decempeda (10 pedes)

#### Derived terms

* adversipedes
* aenipes
* aeripes
* agipes
* alipes
* anguipes
* antepes
* avipes
* bipeda
* bipēs
* capripes
* celeripēs
* centipeda
* centipes
* citipes
* compes
* cornipes
* decempeda
* fissipes
* flammipes
* flexipes
* gracilipes
* hircipes
* ignipes
* lanipes
* latipes
* lentipes
* levipes
* longipes
* loripes
* milepeda
* mollipēs
* multipeda
* octipes
* palmipes
* peda
* pedālis
* pedāneus
* pedārius
* pedātim
* pedātūra
* pedātus
* pedeplana
* pedepressim
* pedēs
* pedetemptim
* pedica
* pedicinus
* pediculus
* pedisequus
* pedō
* pedocucullus
* pedūlis
* pedum
* planipes
* plumipes
* properipes
* quadrupēs
* remipes
* segnipes
* semipes
* septipes
* serpentipes
* sesquipedalis
* sesquipes
* solidipes
* sonipes
* stapēs
* suppes
* tardipes
* tremipes
* tripudium
* uncipes
* unipes
* volucripes

#### Related terms

* pedālis
* pedeplāna
* pedester
* pedetemptim
* peditātus
* peditō
* pedūle

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** ⇒ Aromanian: pezã
** Romanian: piez ⇒ piază
* Dalmatian:
** pi
* Italo-Romance
** Corsican: pede
** Gallurese: pedi
** Italian: piede
*** → Esperanto: piedo
*** → Ladino: piede (regional)
** Neapolitan: pede
** Sassarese: pedi
** Sicilian: pedi, peri
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: pît
** Romansch: pe
* Padanian:
** Istriot: peîe, pèie
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Ligurian: pê
*** Piedmontese: pe
*** Romagnol: pè, pid (Rimini, San Marino)
** Venetan: piè
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: pièd
** Norman: pid, pyid
** Old French: pié, pé (Anglo-Norman), *pied, *piet
*** Middle French: pied
**** French: pied
*** Walloon: pî
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: peu
** Old Occitan: pe
*** Occitan: pè
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: pie
** Extremaduran: pie
** Leonese: pía
** Mirandese: pie
** Old Navarro-Aragonese: pie, pied
*** Aragonese: piet
** Old Galician-Portuguese: pee
*** Galician: pé
*** Portuguese: pé
** Old Spanish: pie
*** Ladino: pye
*** Spanish: pie
* Sardinian:
** Campidanese: pei
** Logudorese: pe
** Nuorese: pede
* Derived forms:
** ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pedicāre
*** Catalan: petjar
* Borrowings:
** → English: pes
** → Ido: pedo
** → Interlingua: pede
* →⇒ German: stante pede

#### See also

* pede tellūrem pulsō
* pedem effero
* pedem fero
* pedem refero
* pedes navales
* si in fundo pedem posuisses
* a pedibus usque ad caput
* alterno pede terram quatere

### References

* "pes", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "pes", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "pes", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* pes in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “pes”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “pes”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Lombard
### Etymology

Akin to Italian peso, from Latin pensum.

### Noun

pes
* weight

## Middle English
### Noun

pes
* Alternative form of pese

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Related to pesa (“have a heavy breath”), compare Swedish päsa.

### Noun

pes m (definite singular pesen, uncountable) pes n (definite singular peset, uncountable)
* A heavy breath (e.g. after a long run)
* stress, harry, rush
    Synonym: hastverk

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pьsъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈpɛs/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈpɛs/

### Noun

pes m animal
* (mammals) dog

#### Derived terms

* psina
* psička
* psota

#### Descendants

* Czech: pes

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “pes”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin pax.

### Noun

pes oblique singular, f (oblique plural pes, nominative singular pes, nominative plural pes)
* Alternative form of pais (“peace”)
** c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.Go, leave me! Let me have peace.

## Romani
### Alternative forms

* pe

### Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit [script needed] (appa), [script needed] (atta), from Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman).

### Pronoun

pes
* himself, herself (third-person singular reflexive pronoun)

#### See also
### References

* 1 2 3 4 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “pe(s)”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 215a

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pьsъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɛs/

### Noun

pes m (Cyrillic spelling пес)
* (Kajkavian, Croatia) dog
    Synonym: pas

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pьsъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pes]

### Noun

pes m animal (genitive singular psa, nominative plural psi, psy, genitive plural psov)
* dog

#### Derived terms

* psí
* psíček
* psík
* psisko
* psíča

### Further reading

* “pes”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pьsъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pə́s/
* (central Slovenia) IPA: /pɛ́s/

### Noun

pə̏s m anim (female equivalent psíca)
* dog
    Synonyms: kuža, bevskač, cucek, kuže, pesjak, pse, pseto, psina, renčač, kosmatinec
    Imamo tri pse. ― We have three dogs.
    Na sprehod grem s svojim psom. ― I'm going on a walk with my dog.
* (zoology) any of the species in family Canidae
* (zoology, in the plural) family Canidae
* (zoology, uncountable) genus Canis
* (figuratively, derogatory) a malicious person
    Synonyms: hudobnež, hudič, hudičevec, hudiman, hudimar, hudir, hudoba, hudobijan, hudobni, hudobnik, leviatan, mefisto, pasjeglavec, peklenšček, pesjan, pesjanar, peslajnar, pošast, pošastnik, psoglavec, satan, satanov služabnik, steklač, strupenec, strupenjak, škorpijon, vrag, zlobec, zlobnež, zlodej, zlodejevec, zlohotnež, zlomek, žlehtnoba
    Antonyms: dobričina, angel, dobrosrčnež, dobričnež, dobričnik, duša, dušica, mehkosrčnež, milosrčnež, svetnik
* (theater) unimportant role
    Synonym: stranska vloga
    Antonym: glavna vloga

#### Declension

* dialectal

#### Derived terms

* biti kot pes in mačka
* dosti psov je zajčja smrt
* enkrat z betom, drugič s psom
* gledati kot pes in mačka
* izgovor je dober, tudi če ga pes na repu prinese
* leteči pes
* morski pes
* na psu
* naj se pes obesi
* nemi pes
* ni pes
* odložiti psa
* pásji
* pes koga povoha
* pes vedi
* pes, ki laja, ne grize
* pesják
* pesjȃn
* pesjȃnski
* pod psom
* prerijski pes
* priti na psa
* privoščiti psu
* psár
* psȃrna
* psíca
* psȉč
* psȋčar
* psȋčarka
* psȋčək
* psȋčkar
* še pes ima rad pri jedi mir
* šolani pes
* tak, da bi se še pes obesil
* vedeti, kam pes taco moli
* Veliki pes
* vzgajati psa

### See also

* mačka (“cat”)
* ljubljenček (“pet”)
* volk (“wolf”)
* šakal (“jackal”)
* kojot (“coyote”)
* lisica (“fox”)
* lajati (“bark”)

### Further reading

* “pes”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “pes”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpes/ [ˈpes]
* Rhymes: -es
* Syllabification: pes
* Homophone: (Latin America) pez

### Noun

pes f pl
* plural of pe

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English face.

### Noun

pes
* (anatomy) face
** 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 3:19:Na bai yu wok hat tru long kisim kaikai bilong yu na tuhat bai i kamap long pes bilong yu. Na bai yu hatwok oltaim inap yu dai na yu go bek long graun. Long wanem, mi bin wokim yu long graun, na bai yu go bek gen long graun.”→New International Version translation
* page

## Torres Strait Creole
### Etymology 1

From English face.

#### Noun

pes
* face

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

pes
* (eastern dialect) a ripe coconut

##### Usage notes

Pes is the fifth stage of coconut growth. It is preceded by kopespes and followed by u.

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpes/
* Hyphenation: pes

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish بس (bes, “Enough! Hold!”, interj.), from Persian بس (bas, “enough”).

#### Interjection

Pes!
* Used when accepting defeat; "I yield!" or "Uncle!"
* Used when at a loss for words at someone's extraordinary behavior or action; "I don't even know what to say!", "This is too much!" or "This takes the cake!"
    Yalanın bu kadarına da pes doğrusu! ― To be honest, I don't even know what to say about such a lie!

##### Derived terms

* pes demek
* pes etmek

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish پس (pes, “low and soft or bass voice or tone”), from Persian پست (past, “low, abject”).

#### Adjective

pes
* (music) That which is sung softly and slowly; bass.

##### Alternative forms

* pest

##### Derived terms

* pes perde
* pes ses
* pespaye

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish پس (pes, “the hinder part, back of a thing, pursuit after a thing”), from Persian پس (pas, “back, hind; then, so, therefore”).

#### Noun

pes (definite accusative pesi, plural pesler)
* (obsolete) back, hind part

#### Adverb

pes
* (obsolete) then, so, in that case
    Synonyms: öyleyse, o hâlde, binaenaleyh
* (obsolete) then, after, afterwards
    Synonyms: sonra, müteakiben, nihayet
* (obsolete) in summary, in short, in conclusion
    Synonyms: hasılı, hasılıkelam, velhasıl
* (obsolete) when, whenever, as soon as

### References

* ↑ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “بس”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 363
* ↑ Kélékian, Diran (1911) “بس”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 265
* ↑ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “پس”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 447
* ↑ Kélékian, Diran (1911) “پس”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 322
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “pes”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Further reading

* “pes”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “pes”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3833