# 恆

| 恆 | U+6046, &#24646; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6046 |
| ← 恅 [U+6045] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 恇 → [U+6047] |

## Translingual
### Han character

恆 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心一月一 (PMBM), four-corner 9101$_7$, composition ⿰忄亙)

#### Derived characters

* 堩, 揯, 𣈶, 𣎄, 㮓, 𥔂, 緪, 䱭, 𱈇, 𡩃, 𦵕, 𢰨

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 383, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10528
* Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2294, character 16
* Unihan data for U+6046

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 恆
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯːŋ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 亙 (OC *kɯːŋs, “partial moon”).
May have originally been written 亙.
In Small Seal Script, the 月 in 亙 was written 舟.

### Etymology

Unclear; this word resembles 更 (OC *kraːŋs) "change", Proto-Vietic *k-raːŋʔ (“month”), Pearic ka:ŋ ~ kɔ:ŋ ("moon") and is possibly related to 姮 (OC *gə̂ŋ) in 姮娥 (OC *gə̂ŋ-ŋâi) (both minimally reconstructed) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gèng (geng$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^4$
*** Yale: gèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

恆
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, of the moon) to wax
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Rú yuè zhī héng, rú rì zhī shēng. [Pinyin]
    Like the moon advancing to the full, Like the sun ascending the heavens
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to extend everywhere

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): héng (heng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hang$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hèn
* Northern Min (KCR): ǎing
* Eastern Min (BUC): hèng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ân / hêng / hn̂g
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hêng$^5$ / huêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: héng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: héng
*** Wade–Giles: hêng$^2$
*** Yale: héng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: herng
*** Palladius: хэн (xɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hang$^4$
*** Yale: hàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎing
*** Sinological IPA : /aiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛiŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ân
*** Tâi-lô: ân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: aan
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /an²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
*** Tâi-lô: hîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: hn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hngg
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍²⁴/
* ân - vernacular;
* hêng/hn̂g - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit恆 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xəŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xə̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xen²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xə̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xən⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦən¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦen²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦaŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xən¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /hɛn²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hen¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hen¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɛiŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /aiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /heŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔŋ³¹/ /aŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hong
Rime :
| Character | 恆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡登切 |
| Baxter | hong |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦəŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣəŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣəŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | héng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 恆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | héng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hong › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁəŋ/ |
| English | constant |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5126 |
| Phonetic component | 亙 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恒 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

恆
* lasting; constant
    恆溫／恒温 ― héngwēn ― constant temperature
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Wú héng chǎn ér yǒu héngxīn zhě, wéi shì wéi néng. Ruò mín, zé wú héng chǎn, yīn wú héngxīn. [Pinyin]
    They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.
* ordinary
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Gān Mào, xiánrén, fēi héng shì yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Fū kě guī yǐ lì ér kě jiàn yǐ yán zhě, jiē yúlòu héngmín zhī wèi ěr. [Pinyin]
    Those who can be persuaded by considerations of gain, and to whom remonstrances may be addressed with success, are all ignorant, low, and ordinary people.
* perseverance
    持之以恆／持之以恒 ― chízhīyǐhéng ― to persevere
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Rén ér wú héng, bù kěyǐ zuò wūyī. [Pinyin]
    A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.
* (literary) often; frequently
    From: 4th–5th century, Tao Yuanming, 五柳先生傳
    Xìng shì jiǔ, ér jiā pín bùnéng héng dé. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* 32nd hexagram of the I Ching; “endurance” (䷟)

#### Compounds

* 伯利恆 / 伯利恒 (Bólìhéng)
* 恆久 / 恒久 (héngjiǔ)
* 恆久不渝 / 恒久不渝
* 恆例 / 恒例 (hénglì)
* 恆士 / 恒士
* 恆定 / 恒定 (héngdìng)
* 恆山 / 恒山 (Héng Shān)
* 恆常 / 恒常 (héngcháng)
* 恆心 / 恒心 (héngxīn)
* 恆情 / 恒情
* 恆星 / 恒星 (héngxīng)
* 恆春 / 恒春 (Héngchūn)
* 恆春半島 / 恒春半岛 (Héngchūn Bàndǎo)
* 恆星年 / 恒星年 (héngxīngnián)
* 恆星日 / 恒星日
* 恆星月 / 恒星月
* 恆星系 / 恒星系 (héngxīngxì)
* 恆星週期 / 恒星周期
* 恆春鎮 / 恒春镇
* 恆河 / 恒河 (Héng Hé)
* 恆河平原 / 恒河平原
* 恆河沙 / 恒河沙 (hénghéshā)
* 恆河沙數 / 恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
* 恆溫 / 恒温 (héngwēn)
* 恆溫動物 / 恒温动物 (héngwēn dòngwù)
* 恆溫層 / 恒温层
* 恆產 / 恒产 (héngchǎn)
* 恆等式 / 恒等式 (héngděngshì)
* 恆若不足 / 恒若不足
* 恆言 / 恒言 (héngyán)
* 恆言錄 / 恒言录
* 恆量 / 恒量
* 恆風 / 恒风
* 恆齒 / 恒齿 (héngchǐ)
* 持之以恆 / 持之以恒 (chízhīyǐhéng)
* 日升月恆 / 日升月恒 (rìshēngyuèhéng)
* 日月升恆 / 日月升恒 (rìyuèshēnghéng)
* 有恆 / 有恒 (yǒuhéng)
* 永恆 / 永恒 (yǒnghéng)
* 無恆 / 无恒
* 逾恆 / 逾恒
* 酣歌恆舞 / 酣歌恒舞
* 醒世恆言 / 醒世恒言 (Xǐngshì Héngyán)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: hằng (恆)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 恒 |
| Kyūjitai | 恆 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 恒)
* always, constant

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: つね (tsune, 恆)
* Nanori: わたる (wataru)、のぶ (nobu)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)

## Korean
### Hanja

恆 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang, Yale hang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

恆: Hán Nôm readings: hằng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.