# kernel
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kurną (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn +‎ -le. Cognate with Yiddish קערנדל (kerndl), Middle Dutch kernel, cornel, Middle High German kornel. Related also to Old Norse kjarni (“kernel”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈkɜːnəl/
* (US) IPA: /ˈkɝnəl/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Homophone: colonel
* Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)nəl

### Noun

kernel (plural kernels)
* The core, center, or essence of an object or system.
    Synonyms: crux, gist; see also Thesaurus:gist
    the kernel of an argument
* (botany) The central (usually edible) part of a nut, especially once the hard shell has been removed.
* (botany) A single seed or grain, especially of corn or wheat.
* (botany, US) The stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums.
* A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh.
* (computing) The central part of many computer operating systems which manages the system's resources and the communication between hardware and software components.
    Antonym: userland
    Hyponyms: microkernel, unikernel
    The Linux kernel is open-source.
* (computing) The core engine of any complex software system.
* (programming) The simplified input to an algorithm that has undergone kernelization.
* (calculus) A function used to define an integral transform.
    The Dirichlet kernel convolved with a function yields its Fourier series approximation.
* (mathematics) A set of pairs of a mapping's domain which are mapped to the same value.
* (mathematics, linear algebra, group theory, functional analysis) For a given function (especially a linear transformation between vector spaces or homomorphism between groups), the set of elements in the domain which are mapped to zero; (formally) given f : X → Y, the set {x ∈ X : f(x) = 0}.
    Antonym: support
    Meronyms: root, zero
    If a function is continuous then its kernel is a closed set.
* (mathematics, category theory, of a morphism $f:X\to Y$ in a category with zero morphisms) The equalizer of $f$ and the zero morphism from $X$ to $Y$, denoted $\operatorname {ker} f$.
** (mathematics, category theory) The source of $\operatorname {ker} f$, denoted $\operatorname {Ker} f$.
* (mathematics, fuzzy set theory) The set of members of a fuzzy set that are fully included (i.e., whose grade of membership is 1).
* (slang) The human clitoris.
** 2014, Karyn Gerrard, Irene Preston, Lotchie Burton, et al: Summer Heat: 10 Spicy Romances That Sizzle:Using the blunt end of one of the vibraphone mallets, he pried open her folds. With the balled end of the other, he rhythmically rolled over her kernel.
* (chemistry) The nucleus and electrons of an atom excluding its valence electrons.
** 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis, “The Atom and The Molecule”, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38(4) p 768:1. In every atom is an essential kernel which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes and which possesses an excess of positive charges corresponding in number to the ordinal number of the group in the periodic table to which the element belongs.

#### Derived terms

* cokernel
* grape kernel
* KERNAL
* kernel corn
* kernel cowry, kernel cowrie (Nucleolaria nucleus)
* kernel function
* kernel hacker
* kernelization
* kernel of truth
* kernel pair
* kernel panic
* kernel space
* palm kernel oil
* pine kernel
* positive-definite kernel
* tree kernel
* waxing kernel

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Verb

kernel (third-person singular simple present kernels, present participle (US) kerneling or (UK) kernelling, simple past and past participle (US) kerneled or (UK) kernelled)
* To enclose within a kernel
* To crenellate

### Anagrams

* kleren

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From English kernel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkɛrnɛl]
* Hyphenation: ker‧nel
* Rhymes: -ɛl

### Noun

kernel (plural kernelek)
* (computing) kernel (the central part of many computer operating systems)
    Synonym: rendszermag

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English kernel, from Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kurną (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn +‎ -le.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈkɛrnəl/ [ˈkɛr.nəl]
* Rhymes: -ɛrnəl
* Syllabification: ker‧nel

### Noun

kernel (plural kernel-kernel)
* kernel
** (botany, agriculture) the stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums. (of oil palm)
** (computing, information technology) the central part of many computer operating systems which manages the system's resources and the communication between hardware and software components

### Further reading

* “kernel” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* cernel, curnel, kernell, kirnel, karnel, kurnel, kurnele, kyrnel, kyrnell, cornel

### Etymology

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn +‎ -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɛrnəl/, /ˈkirnəl/, /ˈkurnəl/, /ˈkɔrnəl/

### Noun

kernel (plural kerneles)
* The seed, grain or stone of a fruit or nut.
* (by extension) A granule; a small grain, flake, or ball.
* (figurative) The fundamental, superior or essential part.
* (anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.
* (medicine) A distended organ or growth.

#### Derived terms

* kernellen
* kirnelly

#### Descendants

* English: kernel
** → Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)
* Scots: kirnel; churnel

#### References

* “kirnel, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-06.

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* crenel

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Noun

kernel oblique singular, m (oblique plural kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative singular kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative plural kernel)
* crenel (space in a battlement from which weapons may be used on an incoming enemy)

#### Descendants

* → English: crenel
* French: créneau

### References

* Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX$^e$ au XV$^e$ siècle (1881) (crenel, supplement)

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English kernel.

### Noun

kernel m (plural kernels)
* (computing) kernel (central part of certain operating systems)
* (calculus) kernel (a function used to define an integral transform)
* (algebra) kernel (set of elements mapped to zero)

#### Synonyms

* núcleo