OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# chałpa
## Kashubian
### Alternative forms

* chałëpa

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xalupa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/
* Rhymes: -awpa
* Syllabification: chał‧pa

### Noun

chałpa f (diminutive chałpka or chałëpka, augmentative chałpiszcze)
* peasant's house, especially a simple wooden one
* shanty, cottage, hut

#### Derived terms

* chałëpnici
* chałëpniczi
* chałëpnica
* chałëpnictwò
* chałëpnik

### Further reading

* Jan Trepczyk (1994) “chałupa”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “chałupa”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “chałpa”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Kraków) IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/
** (Podegrodzie) IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/
** (Biecz) IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈxaw.pa]
** (Goral):
*** (Kliszczacy) IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/

### Noun

chałpa f
* (Western Kraków, Podegrodzie, Biecz, Przemyśl, Kliszczak) Alternative form of chałupa

### Further reading

* Aleksander Saloni (1899) “chałpa”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors, Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny (in Polish), volume 13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page 237
* Jan Karłowicz (1900) “chałupa”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 1: A do E, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 172

## Silesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxaw.pa/
* Rhymes: -awpa
* Syllabification: chał‧pa

### Noun

chałpa f
* Alternative form of chałupa

#### Declension
### Further reading

* chalpa-chalupa in dykcjonorz.eu
* chałpa in silling.org
* Bogdan Kallus (2020) “chałupa”, in Słownik Gōrnoślōnskij Gŏdki, IV edition, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, →ISBN, page 28
* Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022) “chałpa”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 67
* Eugeniusz Kosmała (2023) “chałpa, chałupa”, in Dykcjōnôrz Polsko-Ślonskiy (in Silesian), section C, page 16
* Michał Przywara (c. 1900) “chałupa”, in Narzecza śląskie napisał ks. Michał Przywara. C. Słownik‎
# মাতম
## Bengali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ماتَم (mātam), from Arabic مَأْتَم (maʔtam).

### Noun

মাতম • (matom)
* grief
# дилижансовый
## Russian
### Etymology

дилижа́нс (diližáns) +‎ -овый (-ovyj)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʲɪlʲɪˈʐansəvɨj]

### Adjective

дилижа́нсовый • (diližánsovyj)
* (relational) stage-coach, diligence
# oast
## English
### Alternative forms

* oust
* ost
* east (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English ost, from Old English āst (“a kiln”), from Proto-Germanic *aistaz (“kiln”), from *aisǭ (“fire”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn; fire”). Cognate with Dutch eest (“kiln”), Middle Low German eiste (“kiln”), Latin aedes (“house; hearth”), Old English ād (“fire; funeral pyre”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /əʊst/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.
* Rhymes: -əʊst

### Noun

oast (plural oasts)
* (British) A kiln for drying tobacco, malt and especially hops.

#### Derived terms

* oast house

#### Related terms

* hop
* hop garden
* hopping

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* ASOT, Tsao, taos, SOTA, Sota, oats, OTAs, toas, Taos, ATOs, stoa, tosa, as to, Sato

## Estonian
### Noun

oast
* elative singular of uba
# високопарен
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Compound of висо́к (visók, “elevated”) +‎ -о- (-o-) +‎ па́рен (páren, “steamy”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [visokoˈparɛn]

#### Adjective

високопа́рен • (visokopáren) (abstract noun високопа́рност)
* pompous, magniloquent, bombastic, verbose
    високопарна реч ― visokoparna reč ― pompous speech
    високопарен изказ ― visokoparen izkaz ― verbose manner of talking
* arrogant, snobbish, inflated
    високопарно отношение ― visokoparno otnošenie ― arrogant attitude

##### Declension
#### References

* “високопарен”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “високопарен”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
# দারবিশ
## Bengali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian درویش (darwēš), from Middle Persian dlgwš (driyōš).

### Noun

দারবিশ • (darobiś)
* (Islam, Sufism) dervish
# crykke
## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* cryk, crike, crikke

### Etymology

Likely related to Old Norse kriki (“bend; nook”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrik(ə)/

### Noun

crykke (plural crykkes)
* crick

#### Descendants

* English: crick

#### References

* “crike, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
# horse-jockey
## English
### Noun

horse-jockey (plural horse-jockeys)
* A jockey (professional rider and of racehorses).
* (archaic) A trainer and dealer in horses.

### References

* “horse-jockey”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# list motywacyjny
## Polish
### Etymology

Literally, “motivation letter”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlist mɔ.tɘ.vaˈt͡sɘj.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: list mo‧ty‧wa‧cyj‧ny

### Noun

list motywacyjny m inan
* cover letter (letter or written communication that serves to introduce an accompanying document; especially, a letter that introduces a résumé or curriculum vitae)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* 8288 in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* list motywacyjny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Template:W
# list motywacyjny
## Polish
### Etymology

Literally, “motivation letter”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlist mɔ.tɘ.vaˈt͡sɘj.nɘ/
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: list mo‧ty‧wa‧cyj‧ny

### Noun

list motywacyjny m inan
* cover letter (letter or written communication that serves to introduce an accompanying document; especially, a letter that introduces a résumé or curriculum vitae)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* list motywacyjny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* list motywacyjny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
# dog cart
## English
### Alternative forms

* dogcart
* dog-cart

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɒɡkɑːt/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

dog cart (plural dog carts)
* A cart drawn by a dog.
** 1872 January, Junius Henri Browne, “Holland and the Hollanders”, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, volume XLIV, number CCLX, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], page 176:hague fisherman and dog-cart. […] The fishermen convey their fish to the Hague in carts drawn by dogs (the animals are large and strong); and when they have completed their sales, return home in the empty carts drawn by their canine steeds.
* A two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with two transverse seats back to back. The rear seat originally closed up to form a box for carrying dogs.
** 1889, Rudyard Kipling, “A Wayside Comedy”, in Under the Deodars, Boston: The Greenock Press, published 1899, page 75:“I want to speak to Ted,” moaned Mrs. Boulte, but the dog-cart rattled on, and Kurrell was left on the road, shamed, and boiling with wrath against Mrs. Boulte.
** 1903 December 26, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist”, in The Return of Sherlock Holmes, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., published February 1905, →OCLC:At the same instant an empty dog-cart, the horse cantering, the reins trailing, appeared round the curve of the road and rattled swiftly towards us.
** 1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 57:While Kitto chatted to William, Jessamy looked with interest at the dog cart. It had a pair of high wooden wheels with two seats back to back above. Between the shafts the bay mare tossed her head and fidgeted on the cobbles.

#### Synonyms

See Appendix:Carriages

#### Translations
### Further reading

* Dogcart (dog-drawn) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Dogcart on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# aħtriq
## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aħˈtrɪːʔ/

### Noun

aħtriq
* Alternative form of ħtrieq
# mogólico
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /moˈɡoliko/ [moˈɣ̞o.li.ko]
* Rhymes: -oliko
* Syllabification: mo‧gó‧li‧co

### Adjective

mogólico (feminine mogólica, masculine plural mogólicos, feminine plural mogólicas)
* Mongolian.
* (pathology) One who has Down syndrome.
* (colloquial, derogatory) foolish, retarded

### Further reading

* “mogólico”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Anagrams

* micólogo
# gebel
## Fingallian
### Etymology

From Old Irish gabul.

### Noun

gebel
* A three-pronged fork for digging potatoes.

### References

* J. J. Hogan and Patrick C. O'Neill (1947) “A NORTH-COUNTY DUBLIN GLOSSARY”, in Béaloideas‎, volume 17, number 1/2, An Cumann Le Béaloideas Eireann/Folklore of lreland Society, page 271

## Italian
### Etymology

Transliteration of Arabic جَبَل (jabal, “mountain”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒɛ.bel/
* Rhymes: -ɛbel
* Hyphenation: gè‧bel

### Noun

gebel m (uncountable)
* a term frequently used in Arabic toponymy, indicating a mountain, a mountain range, or a plateau

#### Related terms

* Mongibello

### Further reading

* gebel in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
# ónng'
## Emilian
### Etymology

Cognate with Italian undici.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈond͡ʒ/

### Numeral

ónng'
* eleven
# goatse
## English
### Etymology

From the name of a now defunct website which first published the image, namely goatse.cx, which used the top-level domain code .cx, reserved for Christmas Island, because an attempt by an English speaker to say the website's full name would result in a string of phonemes sounding like goat sex.

### Pronunciation

* (US) IPA: /ˈɡoʊt.si/
* Audio (General American):(file)

### Proper noun

goatse
* (Internet) A certain image of a man displaying his unnaturally dilated anus.
** 2008, The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More, Chris Anderson, page 182:I thought everyone knew about GOATSE, but I was wrong. […] And knowing about GOATSE appears to be one of its secret membership codes, which is what Anil was demonstrating when he cheekily wore the word on his T-shirt […]
** 2010, Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography, Feona Attwood, page 136:Sometimes communities are founded specifically around the images — Facebook has a Goatse appreciation group at the time of writing […]
** 2011, The Register (newspaper), "Scottish TV news pumps goatse link", John Oates:
    So they resorted to close-ups of LulzSec's Twitter feed. Specifically, 47 seconds in, the message: "For anyone that doesn't know what goatse is, check it out here, it's really eye-opening:"
** 2011, Cole Stryker, Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web, page 100:For many, the experience of Internet shock sites began with goatse, a notoriously repulsive image that is considered the king of shock sites.

### Verb

goatse (third-person singular simple present goatses, present participle goatsing, simple past and past participle goatsed)
* (Internet) to trick someone into seeing the image.

#### See also

* trolling
* 4chan

### Anagrams

* atgoes, goes at
# kastat första stenen
## Swedish
### Verb

kastat första stenen
* supine of kasta första stenen
# 海淀
## Chinese

* 海淀區 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 海淀區 (Cantonese)
* 海淀區 (Classical)
* Hái-tiān-khu (Southern Min)
* 海淀區 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Hǎidiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$ din$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Hǎidiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Hǎidiàn
*** Wade–Giles: Hai$^3$-tien$^4$
*** Yale: Hǎi-dyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Haediann
*** Palladius: Хайдянь (Xajdjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Yale: hói dihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

### Proper noun

海淀
* (～鎮) Haidian (a former town near the south of Old Summer Palace, Beijing, China, demolished in 2000)
** 1932, 張恨水, chapter 1, in 金粉世家:
       Zhǔpú yīlù shuō zhe, bùjué yǐ guò le Hǎidiàn. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** Late 1930s, 老舍, chapter 1, in 駱駝祥子:
       Cǐwài, yīn huánjìng yǔ zhīshí de tèyì, yòu shǐ yī bùfèn chēfū lìng chéng pàibié. Shēng yú Xīyuàn Hǎidiàn de zìrán yǐ zǒu Xīshān, Yānjīng, Qīnghuá, jiàobǐ fāngbiàn [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (～區) Haidian (a district named after the town, in Beijing, China)
# 海淀
## Chinese

* 海淀區 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 海淀區 (Cantonese)
* 海淀區 (Classical)
* Hái-tiān-khu (Southern Min)
* 海淀區 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Hǎidiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$ din$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Hǎidiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄉㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Hǎidiàn
*** Wade–Giles: Hai$^3$-tien$^4$
*** Yale: Hǎi-dyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Haediann
*** Palladius: Хайдянь (Xajdjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Yale: hói dihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ din$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

### Proper noun

海淀
* (～鎮) Haidian (a former town near the south of Old Summer Palace, Beijing, China, demolished in 2000)
** 1932, 張恨水, chapter 1, in 金粉世家:
       Zhǔpú yīlù shuō zhe, bùjué yǐ guò le Hǎidiàn. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** Late 1930s, 老舍, chapter 1, in 駱駝祥子:
       Cǐwài, yīn huánjìng yǔ zhīshí de tèyì, yòu shǐ yī bùfèn chēfū lìng chéng pàibié. Shēng yú Xīyuàn Hǎidiàn de zìrán yǐ zǒu Xīshān, Yānjīng, 淸huá, jiàobǐ fāngbiàn [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (～區) Haidian (a district named after the town, in Beijing, China)
# housebote
## English
### Etymology

From house +‎ bote.

### Pronunciation

Homophone: houseboat

### Noun

housebote (plural housebotes)
* (law, obsolete) Wood allowed to a tenant for repairing the house and for fuel.

#### See also

* firebote
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (See the entry for “housebote”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)
# Toprakkale
## English
### Proper noun

Toprakkale
* A town and district in Osmaniye province, Turkey.

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish طوپراق قلعه (toprak kalʼe); equivalent to toprak (“earthen”) +‎ kale (“fortress”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tʰop.ɾak.kʰa.le/

### Proper noun

Toprakkale
* A town and district of Osmaniye, Turkey

#### Derived terms

* Toprakkaleli
# zabezpečit
## Czech
### Etymology

From za- +‎ bezpeč(ný) +‎ -it. Compare Polish zabezpieczyć, Ukrainian забезпе́чити (zabezpéčyty).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈzabɛspɛt͡ʃɪt]
* Hyphenation: za‧bez‧pe‧čit

### Verb

zabezpečit pf (imperfective zabezpečovat) (transitive)
* to secure (to make safe)
* to secure (to put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving)

#### Conjugation

infinitive
zabezpečit, zabezpečiti
active adjective
zabezpečivší
verbal noun
zabezpečení
passive adjective
zabezpečený
present formsindicativeimperative
singularpluralsingularplural
1st person
zabezpečímzabezpečíme—zabezpečme
2nd person
zabezpečíšzabezpečítezabezpečzabezpečte
3rd person
zabezpečízabezpečí——
The verb zabezpečit does not have present tense and the present forms are used to express future only.
participlespast participlespassive participles
singularpluralsingularplural
masculine animate
zabezpečilzabezpečilizabezpečenzabezpečeni
masculine inanimate
zabezpečilyzabezpečeny
feminine
zabezpečilazabezpečena
neuter
zabezpečilozabezpečilazabezpečenozabezpečena
transgressives
present
past
masculine singular
—zabezpečiv
feminine + neuter singular
—zabezpečivši
plural
—zabezpečivše :

### Further reading

* “zabezpečiti”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “zabezpečiti”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “zabezpečit”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025
# charakterizovať
## Slovak
### Etymology

Ultimately from Ancient Greek χαρακτηρῐ́ζω (kharaktērĭ́zō).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈxarakcerizɔvac]
* Rhymes: -ɔvac
* Hyphenation: cha‧rak‧te‧ri‧zo‧vať

### Verb

charakterizovať impf or pf (perfective ocharakterizovať)
* (transitive) to characterize (to give a description of the essential, typical features, properties of a person or thing)

#### Conjugation
### Verb

charakterizovať impf
* (impersonal) to be characterized by

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “charakterizovať”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# dödssynder
## Swedish
### Noun

dödssynder
* indefinite plural of dödssynd
# dödssynd
## Swedish
### Etymology

From död (“death”) +‎ -s- +‎ synd (“sin”).

### Noun

dödssynd c
* (religion) a deadly sin
    Synonym: kardinalsynd
* (loosely) any very wrong or objectionable action.

#### Declension
### References

* dödssynd in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker
# udah
## Betawi
### Alternative forms

* uda, udè (dialectal)
* da, dah, dèh (clipping)
* sudah

### Adverb

udah
* perfective aspect, indicating that the process has been accomplished

#### Usage notes

In this sense, it is not usually interchangeable with the form sudah.

### Verb

udah
* clipping of sudah (“to be done, to be completed; to be finished”)
** 2022, Waroeng Seni Bekasi, 15:30 from the start, in Baju Lebaran [Eid Clothing]‎, spoken by Ema'nya Ulan (Mpo' Ciul), via YouTube:Udah, udah. Udah masuk, gua dah udah masakin bakal lu.Alright, alright. Just go inside, I have done cooking a meal for you.

### Interjection

udah
* alright

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /u.dah/

### Verb

udah
* Informal form of sudah.
# Bidens
## Translingual
### Etymology

Latin bidens (“having two teeth”), referring to the two teeth of the seed.

### Proper noun

Bidens f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Asteraceae – beggarticks of warm and tropical climates.

#### Synonyms

* (genus): black jack, burr marigold, cobbler's peg, Spanish needle, stickseed, tickseed, tickseed sunflower

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Plantae – kingdom; Viridiplantae – subkingdom; Streptophyta – infrakingdom; Embryophyta – superphylum; Tracheophyta – phylum; Spermatophytina – subphylum; angiosperms, eudicots, core eudicots, asterids, euasterids II – clades; Asterales – order; Asteraceae – family; Asteroideae - subfamily; Coreopsideae - tribe

#### Hyponyms

* (genus): Bidens tripartita - type species; for other species see Bidens on Wikispecies.Wikispecies

#### Coordinate terms

* (genus): Coreopsis

### References

* Bidens on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Bidens on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Category:Bidens on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
* Bidens at USDA Plants database
* Bidens at Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
* Bidens at National Center for Biotechnology Information
* Bidens at Germplasm Resources Information Network
* Bidens at Tropicos

## English
### Proper noun

Bidens
* plural of Biden
* A communist crime family who stole the election from the democratically elected Donald Trump

### Anagrams

* ISBNed, bed-ins, denibs
# بدرقه
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* بدلقه (bedleka)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian بدرقه (bedraka, “escort, company”).

### Noun

بدرقه • (bedreka or bedraka) (definite accusative بدرقه‌یی (bedrekayı, bedrakayı), plural بدرقه‌لر (bedrekalar, bedrakalar))
* guide, conductor, a person who leads people, especially travelers, sportspeople, or tourists, through unknown or unfamiliar locations
    Synonyms: دلیل (delil), رهبر (rehber), قلاغوز (kılağuz)
* (religion) spiritual guide, religious master, someone who teaches religious precepts or gives advice to a less experienced person
    Synonym: مرشد (mürşit)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: bedreka

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “bedreka”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 524
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “bedreka”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 97
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “بدرقه”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 256
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Dux”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 440
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “بدرقه”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 729
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “بدرقه”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 347

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Turkic, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *badrak (“banner, flag”) which escorts the convoy.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [bað.ɾa.ˈqa]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäd̪.ɾä.qǽ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäd̪.ɾä.qǽ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bäd̪.ɾä.qǽ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bäd̪.ɾä.qǽ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bæd̪.ɹæ.ʁé]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bäd̪.ɾä.qǽ]

### Noun

بدرقه • (badraqe)
* escort, company (sending someone off on the road)
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 328”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:همتم بدرقهٔ راه کن ای طایر قدس که دراز است ره مقصد و من نوسفرمhimmat-am badraqa-yi rāh kun ay tāyir-i quds ki darāz ast rah-i maqsad u man nawsafar-amMake your high-mindedness my escort on the road, o sacred bird, For the way to the destination is long, and I am a man new to travel.(Classical Persian transliteration)

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: بدرقه (bedreka, bedraka), بدلقه (bedleka)
** Turkish: bedreka

### References

* ↑ Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag