# ipse
## Interlingua
### Etymology

From Latin ipse.

### Pronoun

ipse
* himself; herself; itself

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* ipsus (Old Latin)

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *e(s)peso, a compound pronoun whose -p- is of difficult-to-trace origin. See the Proto-Italic entry for more.
The p is traditionally explained as as follows. In Old Latin when both parts were inflected, an epenthetic consonant p was inserted in the form *eum-sum, yielding eum-p-sum. From these accusative forms the stems -pso and -psā were extracted and adapted to the nominative forms, thus ipsus and eapsa. Ultimately the paradigm was assimilated to that of iste, ille, with only later in the history of Latin neuter ipsum becoming ipsud.
De Vaan argues that the -p- need not necessarily be epenthetic, but instead it may be the particle -pe.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈip.se/, [ˈɪps̠ɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈip.se/, [ˈipse]
* Hyphenation: ip‧se

### Determiner

ipse (feminine ipsa, neuter ipsum); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)
* (emphatic) himself, herself, itself, the very, the actual
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.6:cōpiaque ipsa nocetand the very abundance [of choices] hurts
* specific reference to the chief, the leader, the one, etc., used to distinguish the principal person from the subordinates
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.113–115:Ūnam, quae Lyciōs fīdumque vehēbat Orontēn, ipsius ante oculōs, ingēns ā vertice pontus in puppim ferit [...].One [ship], which was carrying the faithful Orontes and [his] Lycians – [and it happened] before the eyes of [Aeneas] himself – a huge wave [descending] from high above smashes upon [its] stern [...]. (See: Aeneas; Lycia, Lycians.)
* in person
* for one's part, for his part, for her part
* alone, by oneself, by one's own accord, of one's own nature
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.475–476:[...] tempus sēcum ipsa modumque / exigit, [...].[..., and] all by herself [Dido] works out the time and manner [of her own death], [...]. (Literally, “with she herself;” in other words, Dido tells no one about her suicidal thoughts.)
* just (with an adverb of time)
    nunc ipsum ― just now; at this very time
    tum ipsum ― just now; at that very time
* exactly, precisely, just (with a numeral or for contrast)

#### Declension

Demonstrative pronoun (pronominal).
It follows the pronominal declension
* In Medieval Latin the neuter form ipsud (instead of ipsum) appears.

#### Coordinate terms

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

#### Derived terms

* semetipse
* ipsimus
* rēapse
* ipse dīxit
* rēs ipsa loquitur, rēs loquitur ipsa

#### Derived terms

* *ad ipsum (Vulgar Latin)
* *eccum ipse (Vulgar Latin)
* metipse (Vulgar Latin)
* *metipsimus (Vulgar Latin)

#### Descendants

* Aragonese: ixe, ixa
* Aromanian: nãs, nãsã, is, isã
* Catalan: eixe, eixa, eixos, eixes
    Eastern or Balearic: es, sa, es, ses
* Galician: ese, esa, iso, eses, esas
* Gascon: ishe, isha
* Italian: esso, essa, essi, esse ⇒ stesso, stessa
* Old Franco-Provençal: eis, eissament
** Franco-Provençal: pas n'eis (Terres Froides)
* Old French: es, esse, is, en esse de
** French: en esse de (regional, Eastern France)
** Lorrain: èche de
* Occitan: eis, eissa
* Piedmontese: ës, s, së, is
* Portuguese: esse, essa, isso, esses, essas
* Romanian: îns, însă, însăși, însele, însuși, înșiși
* Sardinian: issu; su
* Spanish: ese, esa, eso, esos, esas

### References

* “ipse”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* ipse in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to penetrate into the heart of Greece: in ipsam or intimam Graeciam penetrare (ambiguous) at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum just at the critical moment: in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis extraneous causes: causae extrinsecus allatae (opp. in ipsa re positae) at the critical moment: in ipso periculi discrimine everyday experience tells us this: res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet the very facts of the case show this: res ipsa docet the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse: ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent this is as clear as daylight: hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius (ambiguous) at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum (ambiguous) with this very object: ad id ipsum (ambiguous) the circumstances are described in language worthy of them: rebus ipsis par est oratio (ambiguous) to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations: sibi imperare or continere et coercere se ipsum
* ipse in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* ↑ Palmer, L.R. (1906) The Latin Language, London, Faber and Faber
* ↑ Joan Veny (1986): "Els parlars catalans", ed Raixa, →ISBN
* ↑ "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language (online version, ed. 2008)", http://dexonline.ro/lexem/%C3%AEnsu%C8%99i/28651