# pena
## English
### Etymology

From Manipuri ꯄꯦꯅꯥ (penaa).

### Proper noun

pena
* A Meitei classical musical instrument.

### Anagrams

* -pnea, neap, NEPA, NAPE, pané, nape, pean, pane

## Asturian
### Noun

pena f (plural penes)
* grief; sorrow
* punishment
* sentence (for a crime)

#### Derived terms

* ameritar la pena
* valir la pena

## Bikol Central
### Alternative forms

* penar — verb

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish pena.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpena/ [ˈpe.n̪a]
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

### Noun

péna (Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)
* penalty
    Synonym: padusa
* prohibition; forbiddance
    Synonyms: prohibisiyon, pagbawal, pangalad

### Verb

péna (Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)
* to penalize
    Synonym: padusa
* to prohibit, to forbid
    Synonym: prohibir

#### Derived terms

* ipena
* magpena
* penahan

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpɛ.nə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈpe.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpe.na]

#### Noun

pena f (plural penes)
* punishment
* (law) penalty
* grief, sorrow, pain
* difficulty, trouble
* a shame, a pity

##### Derived terms

* a penes
* pena capital
* penal
* penar
* valer la pena

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin pinna (“fin”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpɛ.nə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈpə.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpe.na]

#### Noun

pena f (plural penes)
* peen (of a hammer)
* (nautical) aft portion of the yard (spar used to attach a sail)

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin pinna (“merlon”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpɛ.nə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈpə.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpe.na]

#### Noun

pena f (plural penes)
* Alternative form of penya (“large rock”)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈpɛ.nə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈpe.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpe.na]

#### Verb

pena
* inflection of penar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### References

* “pena” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “pena”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “pena” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “pena” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpena/ [ˈpe.nɐ]
* Rhymes: -ena
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* punishment, penalty
    Synonym: castigo
** 1370, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103:o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousasthe bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement
* pain; sadness
    Synonyms: dor, tristura, mágoa
** 1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731:en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en penaso that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain

##### Related terms

* pena de morte (“death penalty”)
* penar
* penitencia
* penitente
* que pena
* vale a pena

### Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* vanes or blades of a water wheel
    Synonym: aspa
* (archaic) feather
    Synonym: pluma
** 1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo:Fala o corbo, escoyten todos: Eu veño con asas negras Cortando os ventos de longe Para chegar à estas festas. Oge Apolo me tornou En brancas as negras penas, Para cantar como o Cisne As grandezas de Fonseca.The raven speaks, listen everyone: "I come with black wings Cutting the winds from afar To arrive to these feasts. Today Apolo turned White my black feathers For singing, as the Swan, The greatness of Fonseca."
* (archaic) pelt
    Synonym: pelica
** 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133:coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallinaall of that boiled together with a hen pelt

##### Derived terms

* depenar (“to pluck, to peel”)
* depenicar (“to pluck”)
* penacho (“tuft, crest”)

### Etymology 3

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna ("feather, wing"; then "merlon, fortress"; then, hypothetically, "rock"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”). Compare Portuguese penha.

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* boulder, rock
    Synonym: penedo
** 1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688:alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeothere a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high
* (archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain
    Synonym: cabeza

##### Derived terms

* Pena
* Pena Corveira
* Penaboa
* Penalba
* Penalonga
* Penamaior
* Penamoura
* Pendón
* Peneda
* penedo (“boulder, rocky outcrop”)
* Penedón
* Penela
* Penelas
* Penido
* Penouco
* Penouta
* Penouzos

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “pena”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “pena”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “pena”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* "pena" in Santamarina, Antón (coord.): Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega. <http://ilg.usc.es/TILG/>
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “pena”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
* ↑ Cf. Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “peña”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
* ↑ García Trabazo, José Virgilio (2016) “Prelatin Toponymy of Asturies: a critical review in a historical-comparative perspective”, in Lletres Asturianes‎, number 115, retrieved 14 June 2018, pages 51-71

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese pena. Cognate with Kabuverdianu péna.

### Noun

pena
* feather

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay penna, from Portuguese pena (“quill”), from Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Influenced by Dutch pen. Doublet of pen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpɛna]
* Hyphenation: pè‧na

### Noun

pèna (plural pena-pena)
* pen (writing utensil)
    Synonym: bolpen

#### Alternative forms

* pen (nonstandard)

### Further reading

* “pena” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpe.na/
* Rhymes: -ena
* Hyphenation: pé‧na

### Etymology 1

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

#### Noun

pena f (plural pene)
* sorrow
* trouble
* worry, anxiety
* pity
* sentence, penalty, punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, punizione
* pain

##### Derived terms

* fare pena
* istituto di pena
* penare
* prendersi la pena
* valere la pena

##### Related terms

* penale

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

pena
* inflection of penare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* pena in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* nepa, pane

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

### Noun

pena f (plural penes)
* penalty, punishment

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpeː.na/, [ˈpeːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpe.na/, [ˈpɛːnä]

### Noun

pēna f (genitive pēnae); first declension
* Alternative form of poena [Mediaeval–early New Latin]

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

### References

* "pena", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* pena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* pena in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

### Noun

pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)
* pain; suffering

#### Synonyms

* dolor

#### Descendants

* Occitan: pena

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpe.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpe.nɐ/
* Rhymes: -enɐ, (Brazil) -ẽnɐ
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, condenação
* pain; sadness
    Synonyms: dor, tristeza

##### Derived terms

* penoso

#### Interjection

pena
* pity (what a shame, what a pity)

##### Related terms

* penar
* penitência
* penitente
* vale a pena

### Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpe.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpe.nɐ/
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* feather
    Synonym: pluma
* quill (pen made from a feather)
* (dated) Alternative form of penha

##### Derived terms

* penada
* Pena
* Penacova
* Penafiel
* Penalva

##### Related terms

* plumagem
* penugem

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpe.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpɛ.nɐ/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -ɛnɐ, (Brazil) -enɐ, (Brazil) -ẽnɐ
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

#### Verb

pena
* inflection of penar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### References

* 1 2 “pena”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* pȉna (Ikavian)
* pjȅna (Ijekavian)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páināˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-.

### Noun

pȅna f (Cyrillic spelling пе̏на)
* foam

#### Declension
## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpena]

### Noun

pena f (relational adjective penový, diminutive penička or pienka)
* foam

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “pena”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pèːna/

### Noun

pẹ́na f
* foam

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “pena”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpena/ [ˈpe.na]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -ena
* Syllabification: pe‧na

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Spanish pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

#### Noun

pena f (plural penas)
* punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, condena
* pain, sadness
    Synonyms: dolor, tristeza
* trouble
    Synonyms: problema, dificultad
* pity
    Synonym: lástima
* (Latin America) embarrassment
    Synonyms: vergüenza, palta (Peru)

##### Derived terms

* a duras penas
* a penas
* ahogar las penas
* alma en pena
* apenar
* dar pena
* de pena
* hecho una pena
* ni pena ni gloria
* pena de la vida
* pena de muerte
* pena máxima
* penar
* penoso
* qué pena me das
* siervo de la pena
* sin pena ni gloria
* so pena de
* valer la pena

##### Related terms

* penal
* penitencia
* penitente

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

pena
* inflection of penar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* “pena”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “pena”, in Diccionario de americanismos [Dictionary of Americanisms] (in Spanish), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language [Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], 2010
* “pena”, in Diccionario del español de México, Segunda edición, Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, 2019
* pena | Diccionario • DELE Ahora

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish pena.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈpena/ [ˈpɛː.n̪ɐ]
* Rhymes: -ena
* Syllabification: pe‧na

### Noun

pena (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)
* punishment
    Synonyms: kastigo, parusa
* penalty; fine
* pain; sorrow; grief

#### Related terms

* penal

### References

* “pena”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Italian penna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛnɑ/
* Hyphenation: pe‧na

### Noun

pena (definite accusative penayı, plural penalar)
* (music) plectrum

#### Synonyms

* mızrap
* çalgıç
* tezene

## Venetan
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *ad poenam, with apheresis of /a-/. Compare Italian appena, etc.

### Adverb

pena
* hardly

## Volapük
### Noun

pena
* genitive singular of pen