# spiritus
## English
### Etymology

From Latin spīritus. Doublet of spirit, spirytus, sprite, spright, and esprit.

### Noun

spiritus (plural spirituses or spiritus)
* A breathing.
* An aspirate.
* Any spirituous preparation.
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Related terms

* spiritus asper
* spiritus lenis
* spiritus mundi

## Czech
### Etymology

Derived from Latin spīritus, from or related to spīrō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈspɪrɪtus]

### Noun

spiritus m inan
* ethanol

#### Related terms

* aspirace
* aspirant
* aspirantura
* aspirovat
* expirace
* exspirace
* inspirace
* inspirátor
* inspirovat
* konspirace
* konspirátor
* perspirace
* respirace
* respirátor
* spiritismus
* spiritista
* spiritistický
* spiritualismus
* spiritualista
* spiritualistický
* spiritualita
* spirituál
* spirituální
* spirometr
* spirometrický
* spirometrie
* špiritus
* transpirace

### Further reading

* “spiritus”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “spiritus”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “spiritus”, in Akademický slovník cizích slov at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz [Academic dictionary of foreign words] (in Czech), 1995

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

spiritus m (plural spiritussen or spiritus, diminutive spiritusje n) (in sense 2)
* methylated spirit
    Synonym: brandspiritus
* (orthography) a kind of diacritic used on Ancient Greek vowels to indicate aspiration or lack thereof. See spiritus asper and spiritus lenis

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: spiritus (“methylated spirit”)
* → Papiamentu: spíritùs

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch spiritus, from Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”). Doublet of spirit.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [spiˈrɪt̪ʊs]
* Hyphenation: spi‧ri‧tus

### Noun

spiritus (plural)
* methylated spirit

#### Alternative forms

* seperitus, sepiritus

#### Related terms

* spirit

### Further reading

* “spiritus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology

From spīrō (“I breathe; I blow, exhale, emit; I respire; I live; I am inspired; I show, express”) +‎ -tus.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈspiː.ri.tus/, [ˈs̠piːrɪt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈspi.ri.tus/, [ˈspiːrit̪us]

### Noun

spīritus m (genitive spīritūs); fourth declension
* air, breath, breathing
    Synonyms: spīrātiō, anima
** 1833, Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanicis codicibus editorum tomus V., Rome, page 595:Spīritūs sunt duo dasia et psile.There are two breathings [in Ancient Greek]: rough and smooth.
* light breeze
* spirit, ghost
* mind
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.29.11:tōtum spīritum suum prōfert stultus sapiēns differt et reservat in posterumA fool uttereth all his mind: a wise man deferreth, and keepeth it till afterwards. (trans. Douay-Rheims Bible)
* energy; courage
    Synonyms: virtūs, fortitūdō, fīdūcia, animus
* pride, haughtiness, arrogance
    Synonyms: superbia, arrogantia

#### Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* spīrituālis
* spīritus asper
* spīritus lēnis
* spīritus mundī
* spīritus sānctus

#### Related terms

* spīrābilis
* spīrāculum
* spīrāmen
* spīrāmentum
* spīrātiō
* spīrātus
* spīritālitās
* spīritāliter
* spīrituālitās
* spīrō

#### Descendants

* → Albanian: shpirt
* → Asturian: espíritu
* → Proto-Brythonic: *ɨspɨrɨd
** Breton: spered
** Cornish: spyrys
** Welsh: ysbryd
* → Dutch: spiritus
* → Old French: espirit
** → Middle English: spirit
*** English: spirit
** Middle French: esperit
*** French: esprit
**** → Czech: esprit
**** → English: esprit
**** → Polish: spryt
**** → Turkish: espri (“humor, joke”)
* → Friulian: spirt
* → German: Spiritus
* → Old Irish: spirut, spiurt
** Middle Irish: spirat
*** Irish: spiorad
*** Manx: spyrryd
*** Scottish Gaelic: spiorad
* → Italian: spirito, spirto
* >? Ladin: spiert, spirt (might be inherited)
* → Old Occitan: esperit
** Catalan: esperit
** Occitan: esperit
* → Old Galician-Portuguese: espirito
** Galician: espírito
** Portuguese: espírito
* → Polish: spirytus
** → English: spirytus
* → Romanian: spirit, spiriduș
* >? Romansch: spiert, spért (might be inherited)
* → Sardinian: ispìritu
* → Sicilian: spìritu, spirdu
* → Old Spanish: espirtu, espirto
** Spanish: espíritu
*** → Basque: espiritu
*** → Bikol Central: espiritu
*** → Cebuano: espiritu
*** → Tagalog: espiritu
** Ladino: איספיריטו (espirito), איספריטו (esprito)
* → Venetan: spirito
* → Walloon: spert

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “spīritus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 12: Sk–š, page 195
* Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “spiritus”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German)

### Further reading

* “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "spiritus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* spiritus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1468.
* spiritus in Georges, Karl Ernst, Georges, Heinrich (1913–1918) Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th edition, volume 2, Hahnsche Buchhandlung, column 2764
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to breathe, live: animam, spiritum ducere to breathe the air: aera spiritu ducere to suffocate a person: spiritum intercludere alicui to give up the ghost: extremum vitae spiritum edere inspired: divino quodam spiritu inflatus or tactus to be haughty: magnos spiritus sibi sumere (B. G. 1. 33) to lower a person's pride: spiritus alicuius reprimere patrician arrogance; pride of caste: spiritus patricii (Liv. 4. 42) to assume a despotic tone: regios spiritus sibi sumere to destroy a despotism, tyranny: regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)