# spina
## English
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine”). Doublet of spine.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspaɪ.nə/
* Rhymes: -aɪnə

### Noun

spina (plural spinae)
* (anatomy) A spine; the backbone.
* (music) One of the quills of a spinet.
* (historical) A barrier dividing the Ancient Roman hippodrome longitudinally.

#### Related terms

* spina bifida
* spina externa
* spina interna

### Further reading

* Spina (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* aspin, PAINs, Pains, PAINS, nipas, pains, Spain, pinas, ispán, piñas, NSAPI, pisan, IP SAN, Pisan

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From spino +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈspina]
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: spi‧na

### Adjective

spina (accusative singular spinan, plural spinaj, accusative plural spinajn)
* spinal

## Faroese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspiːna/

### Noun

spina f (genitive singular spinu, uncountable)
* sperm

#### Synonyms

* sáð
* spin

### References

* "spina" at Sprotin.fo

### Anagrams

* nispa, pinsa, pisan

## Franco-Provençal
### Noun

spina (plural spìneus) (Piemontais)
* Alternative form of èpena (“thorn”)

### References

* spina in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## Gallurese
### Etymology

From Classical Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey-neh₂, derived from the root *spey- (“long; thin; sharp”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspina/
* (Calangianus, Sant'Antonio di Gallura) IPA: /ˈʃpina/

### Noun

spina f (plural spini)
* thorn

### References

* 1 2 Mauro Maxia (2012) Fonetica storica del gallurese e delle altre varietà sardocorse (in Gallurese), Editrice Taphros, →ISBN

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin spīna (literally “thorn”), from Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈspina/ [ˈspi.na]
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: spi‧na

### Noun

spina (plural)
* (anatomy) spine
    Synonym: tulang belakang

#### Derived terms

* berspina
* spina servikal

#### Related terms

* spinal

### Further reading

* “spina” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspi.na/
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: spì‧na

### Noun

spina f (plural spine, diminutive spinétta)
* thorn
* spine, prickle
* plug (electrical)
* bone (of fish)
* bunghole

#### Derived terms

* birra alla spina (“draught/draft beer”)
* spina dorsale
* spinale
* spinarolo
* spinoso
* tenere sulle spine

#### Related terms

* spino

### Further reading

* spina in Collins Italian-English Dictionary
* spina in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* naspi, spani

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈspiː.na/, [ˈs̠piːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈspi.na/, [ˈspiːnä]

### Noun

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension
* (literal) a thorn or a thorny tree or shrub, such as whitethorn, hawthorn, or blackthorn
* (transferred sense)
** (zootomy) a thorn, spine, prickle
** (zootomy) a fishbone
** (anatomy) the backbone, spine
** a low wall along the centre of a circus (racecourse); a barrier
** a toothpick
* (figurative, in the plural)
** (Classical Latin, Medieval Latin) thorns, difficulties, subtleties, perplexities in speaking and debating
*** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.15.19:Iter pigrōrum quasi sēpēs spīnārum; via iūstōrum absque offendiculō.The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns; the way of the just is without offence. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)
** cares
** errors
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Inflection

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* spīnālis
* spīnēscō
* spīnētum
* spīneus
* Spīniēnsis
* spīnifer
* spīniger
* spīnōsus
* spīnula
* spīnus

#### Related terms

* spīnea
* spīneola
* spīnōsitās
* spīnōsulus

#### Descendants

See also spīnus.
* Franco-Provençal: èpena
* Italo-Dalmatian
** Dalmatian: spaina
** Italian: spina
** Neapolitan: spina
** Sicilian: spina
* Old French: espine
** Champenois: épingne
** Middle French: espine
*** French: épine
** → Middle English: spyne
*** English: spine
* Occitano-Romance
** Catalan: espina
** Occitan: espina
* Rhaeto-Romance
** Friulian: spine
** Romansch: spina, spegna
* Sardinian:
    Campidanese: spina
    Logudorese: ispina
* Venetan: spina
* West Iberian
** Asturian: espina
** Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
*** Galician: espiña
*** Portuguese: espinha
** Spanish: espina
* → Albanian: shpinë
* → Middle Irish: spín
** Irish: spíon
** Scottish Gaelic: spìon
* → Middle English: spyne, spine, spin, spyn, spina (learned)
** English: spine
* → Polish: spina (learned) (see there for further descendants)

### References

* “spina”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “spina”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "spina", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* spina in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. subtleties of logic; dilemmas: disserendi spinae (Fin. 4. 28. 79) minute, captious subdivisions and definitions: spinae partiendi et definiendi (Tusc. 5. 8. 22)
* “spina”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “spina”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
* “spina”, in Richard Stillwell et al., editor (1976), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 580
* spina, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

## Middle English
### Noun

spina
* Alternative form of spyne

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈspi.na/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: spi‧na

### Etymology 1

Deverbal from spinać się.

#### Noun

spina f
* (slang) sudden jitters or anxiety

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Back-formation from spinka.

#### Noun

spina f
* (dated) Augmentative of spinka (“fastener”)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Learned borrowing from Latin spīna.

#### Noun

spina f
* (obsolete) spine, vertebral column
    Synonym: kręgosłup

##### Related terms

* szpiczasty
* szpic
* szpica
* szpilka
* szprycha

##### Descendants

* → Belarusian: спі́на (spína)
* → Latvian: spina
* → Russian: спина́ (spiná)
* → Ukrainian: спи́на (spýna)

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

spina
* third-person singular present of spinać

### Further reading

* spina in Polish dictionaries at PWN