# 明年
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): míngnián
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min$^2$ nyian$^2$
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): mínlien
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): миннян (minni͡an, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^4$ nin$^{4-2}$ / ming$^4$ nin$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'miang$^4$ nyien$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): miàng-ngièn / màng-ngièn / mìn-ngièn / miàng-ngiàn / mìn-ngiàn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): miang$^2$ ngian$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ming$^1$ nie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): mâng-nîng
* Eastern Min (BUC): màng-nièng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): mê-nî / môa-nî / bîn-nî / mêe-nî / môa-lîn / mî-nî / mâ-nî / bêng-liân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): mê$^5$ ni$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$min-gni$_6$
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): min$^2$ nyienn$^2$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): mai$^2$ nien$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: míngnián
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: míngnián
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^2$-nien$^2$
*** Yale: míng-nyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mingnian
*** Palladius: миннянь (minnjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: min$^2$ nyian$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: minnian
*** Sinological IPA : /min²¹ nʲiɛn²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: mínlien [Phonetic: mǐnlien]
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): min$^2$ lien$^0$ [Phonetic: min$^3$ lien$^0$]
*** Sinological IPA : /mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liẽ/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: миннян (minni͡an, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ²⁴ niæ̃⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^4$ nin$^{4-2}$ / ming$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Yale: mìhng nín / mìhng nìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^4$ nin$^{4-2}$ / ming$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^4$ nin$^{4-2}$ / ming$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ²¹ niːn²¹⁻³⁵/, /mɪŋ²¹ niːn²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'miang$^4$ nyien$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈmiaŋ³⁵ n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miàng-ngièn / màng-ngièn / mìn-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: miang$^ˇ$ ngien$^ˇ$ / mang$^ˇ$ ngien$^ˇ$ / min$^ˇ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: miang$^2$ ngian$^2$ / mang$^2$ ngian$^2$ / min$^2$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/, /maŋ¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/, /min¹¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miàng-ngiàn / mìn-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: miang$^ˇ$ ngian$^ˇ$ / min$^ˇ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: miang$^2$ ngian$^2$ / min$^2$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /mi̯aŋ¹¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/, /min¹¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: miang$^2$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /miaŋ¹¹ ŋian¹¹/
* miàng-ngièn/màng-ngièn - vernacular;
* mìn-ngièn - literary.
* Middle Chinese: mjaeng nen
Rime :
| Character | 明 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 武兵切 | 奴顚切 |
| Baxter | mjaeng | nen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠiæŋ/ | /nen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚiaŋ/ | /nen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miaŋ/ | /nɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /miajŋ/ | /nɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /miɐŋ/ | /nen/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭɐŋ/ | /nien/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ɐŋ/ | /nien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | míng | nián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ming$^4$ | nin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mraŋ C.nˤi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mraŋ niːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 明 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | míng | nián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjæng › | ‹ nen › |
| Old Chinese | /*mraŋ/ | /*C.nˁi[ŋ]/ |
| English | bright | harvest; year |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 明 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9188 | 9482 |
| Phonetic component | 明 | 秊 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 明 | |
| Old Chinese | /*mraŋ/ | /*niːŋ/ |
| Notes | | 同秊 |

### Noun

明年
* next year
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Jīnzī Lǔ duō dàsàng, míngnián Qí yǒu luàn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) the second year

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 明年, 來年, 來歲 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 明年, 來年, 次年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 明年, 過年, 過年兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 明年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 過年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 過年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 明年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 過年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 明年, 轉年, 過年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 明年, 過年 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 明年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 過年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 過年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Fangzi) | 下年, 過了年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Changle | 過了年兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shouguang | 過年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Rizhao | 下年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wulian | 下年 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 過年, 明年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 過年兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 明年, 下年, 過兒年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weifang (Hanting) | 過年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Changyi | 過年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Gaomi | 下年, 過了年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 過了年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Anqiu | 下年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Linqu | 下年 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingzhou | 過年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 明年, 來年, 過年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 過嘮年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 來年, 過年兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 明年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 明年 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 來年, 明年兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 過年, 來年, 明年 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 明年, 來年 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 明年 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 明年個, 來年個, 下年個 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 明年, 明年子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Xindu) | 明年, 明年子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 明年, 出年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 明年, 新年, 下一年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 明年, 來年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 明年 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pematangsiantar | 明年 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 明年 new-style, 明年子 old-style |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 明年, 明年子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 明年子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 明年, 明年子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 出年, 明年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 出年, 明年, 下年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 第年 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 出年, 下一年 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 明年, 下年 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 過年 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 過年 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 第年 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 來年 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 出年, 明年 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 出年, 明年 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 明年, 出年 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 出年 new-style, 來年 old-style |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 來年 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 第二年, 明年 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jintian) | 明年, 出年 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Jiangkou) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Changtan) | 來年 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Fusui (Qujiu) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Sanya (Yanglan; Maihua) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 出年, 明年 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 出年 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 明年 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 第二年 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 明年 |
| Gan | Pengze | 明年 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 明年 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 明年, 明年子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 明年 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 出年 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 出年 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 轉年 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 下年 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 明年, 來年 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 過忒年, 明年, 過吔年 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 過核年, 明年 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 明年, 過撇年 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 明年, 過忒年 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 出年 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 明年 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Shahe) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Longtan) | 明年, 來年 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Longtan) | 明年子 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Shiling) | 明年子 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Longwang) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Shibantan) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Xindu Subdistrict) | 明年, 明年子 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 過忒年, 下年 |
| Hakka | Pontianak (Meixian) | 明年 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 天光年 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 明年 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 明年 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 明年 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 明年 |
| Jin | Datong | 明年, 過年, 來年 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 明年, 過年 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 來年, 過咾年 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 過年 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 明年 |
| Jin | Linhe | 明年 |
| Jin | Jining | 明年 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 明年 |
| Jin | Baotou | 明年 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 明年 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 明年 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 明年, 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 明年暝, 明年, 下年 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 明年 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 明年 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 明年 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 明年暝 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 明年暝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 明年, 出年 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 新年, 明年 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 新年 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 明年 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 明年, 新年 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 明年, 隔年 GT, 隔轉年 GT, 翻轉年 GT |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 下年, 明年, 新年 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Pingtian) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Xiaowen) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Guiping (Dongsheng) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 明年 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 明年 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 明年 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 過年 |
| Puxian Min | Fuding (Aoyao) | 明年暝 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 明年 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 下年, 出年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Gejiayuan) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Zhegulu) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Silian) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Xiuxiang) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Liucheng (Yangmei) | 明年 |
| Southern Pinghua | Luocheng (Niubi) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Qianjing) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) | 來年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Liangjiang, Lingui) | 挪邊年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) | 明年 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guanyang (Guanyinge) | 明年 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 明年, 明年子, 開年, 開年子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 開年 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 開年, 明年 |
| Wu | Danyang | 明年, 開年 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 明年 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 念年子, 念年, 明年子, 明年 |
| Wu | Linhai | 下年 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 明年 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 明年 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 明年, 明年子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 明年, 明年子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 明年, 明年子 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 明年 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
* (the second year): 翌年 (yìnián)

### Further reading

* “明年”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.