# bod
## Translingual
### Symbol

bod
* (international standards) ISO 639-2/T & ISO 639-3 language code for Tibetan.

## English
### Etymology

Clipping of body. The "person" sense may alternatively derive from Scottish Gaelic bodach (“old man”) via Scots.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /bɑd/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /bɒd/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒd

### Noun

bod (plural bods)
* (slang) The body.
    Fred likes to keep his bod in shape.
** 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Chora's Den, Citadel:Harkin: Hey there, sweetheart. You looking for some fun? 'Cause I gotta say that soldier getup looks real good on that bod of yours.
* (slang) A person.
** 2005, Richard Templar, The Rules of Management, page 73:There were cameras covering car parks, offices, corridors and storage areas in the basement. Result. The security bods started watching as if their lives depended on it.
** 2021 December 29, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and Facts behind railway plaques: Reading (1840)”, in RAIL, number 947, page 56:People such as William James and the Stephensons (with whom he collaborated) may have been the movers and shakers of the early railways, but there was other, less exalted bods who constructed all the paraphernalia - including stations.

#### Derived terms

* dad bod
* mom bod
* odd bod, odd-bod, oddbod

#### See also

* bod veal

### References

* ↑ Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, "bod (noun)"

### Anagrams

* D.O.B., ODB, dob, OBD, BDO, DOB, d.o.b., DoB

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech bod, from Proto-Slavic *bodъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbot]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bod m inan
* (geometry) point
* (temperature) point
    bod mrazu ― freezing point
* item (of an agenda)
* (sports) point, mark
* stab
** 1866, Josef Bojislav Pichl, transl., Don Quijote de la Mancha‎, Praha: I. L. Kober, translation of original by Miguel de Cervantes, page 34:Na moutě duchu! zvolal po těch slovích Sancho; ať nedím tři tisíce šlehů, ale ani tři si nedám, jako nedal bych si tři body dýkou."By all that's good," exclaimed Sancho at this, "I'll just as soon give myself three stabs with a dagger as three, not to say three thousand, lashes.

#### Derived terms

* bodový
* bod mrazu
* bod tání
* bod varu
* bod vzplanutí
* bodeček
* bodík
* bodování
* opěrný bod
* rosný bod
* trestný bod
* uzlový bod
* bodovat
* vybodovat

#### Related terms

* bodat, pobodat, probodat, ubodat, zabodat
* bodání
* bodnout, probodnout, vybodnout, zabodnout
* nabodeníčko

### Further reading

* “bod”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “bod”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “bod”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

### Anagrams

* dob

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /boːˀð/, [ˈb̥oˀð], [ˈb̥oðˀ]
* Rhymes: -oːð

### Etymology 1

From Old Danish bōð, from Old East Norse bóð, from Proto-Germanic *bōþō (“building, dwelling”), cognate with Old West Norse búð, English booth, German Bude.

#### Noun

bod c (singular definite boden, plural indefinite boder)
* booth, stall
* shop

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Old Norse bót, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō (“improvement, atonement”), cognate with Swedish bot, English boot, German Buße, Dutch boete. Doublet of bøde.

#### Noun

bod c (singular definite boden, not used in plural form)
* fine
* penance

##### Usage notes

Now especially in the phrases gøre bod, råde bod.

##### Derived terms

* mandebod (“wergeld”)
* bodsgang

### References

* “bod” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch bot, from Old Dutch *bot, from Proto-West Germanic *bod, from Proto-Germanic *budą.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bod
* Rhymes: -ɔt

### Noun

bod n (plural boden, diminutive bodje n)
* order
* offer

#### Derived terms

* aan bod komen
* aanbod
* gebod
* opbod
* verbod
* zwaktebod

#### Descendants

* → Sranan Tongo: bot

## Irish
### Etymology

From Middle Irish bot (“tail; penis”), from Proto-Celtic *buzdos (“tail, penis”) (cf. Welsh both (“hub”), Breton bod (“bush, shrub”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷosdʰos (“piece of wood”). For the archaic sense, compare English dick (“mean person, jerk, etc.”).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /bˠɔd̪ˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /bˠʌd̪ˠ/

### Noun

bod m (genitive singular boid, nominative plural boid)
* penis
    Synonym: cuideog (euphemistic)
* (archaic) churl, boor, lout

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
bod
boid
vocative
a bhoid
a bhoda
genitive
boid
bod
dative
bod
boid
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an bod
na boid
genitive
an bhoid
na mbod
dative
leis an mbod don bhod
leis na boid :

#### Derived terms

* bod an bhóthair (“vagrant, tramp”)
* bod ar dris (“stonechat”)
* bod bréige (“dildo”)
* bod donn, bod rua (“cod”)
* bod gadhair (“cuckoo-pint”)
* bod gaoithe (“kestrel”)
* bod gorm (“goldsinny”)
* bod mór (“ling”)
* bod na dtor (“blackcap; vagrant, tramp”)
* bodach (“lusty, virile”, adjective)
* bodán (“cat's-tail grass”)
* bodchú (“mongrel hound”)
* bodmhadra (“mongrel dog”)
* bodúil (“coarse, rough; churlish, rude, surly”, adjective)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “bod”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 bot”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 47

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old West Norse boð, from Proto-Germanic *budą (“offer, message”), cognate with Icelandic boð, Dutch bod, German Gebot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔː/, /bɔːd/

### Noun

bod n (definite singular bodet, indefinite plural bod, definite plural boda)
* message
    Synonym: melding
    Eg kjem med bod.I come with a message.
* offer
* (in compounds) messenger, delivery man
    Postbod ― Mailman

#### Derived terms

* bodskap
* tilbod
* postbod

### See also

* melding

### References

* “bod” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *bod. Cognate with Old Norse boð.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bod/

### Noun

bod n (nominative plural bodu)
* a command, mandate, precept, order; bidding

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

#### Derived terms

* forbod
* ġebod

#### Descendants

* Middle English: bod
** English: bode

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French baud, named after French telegraph engineer and inventor Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɔt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔt
* Syllabification: bod
* Homophone: bot

### Noun

bod m inan
* (computing, telecommunications) baud

#### Declension
### Further reading

* bod in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Middle Irish bot (“tail; penis”), from Proto-Celtic *buzdos (“tail, penis”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷosdʰos (“piece of wood”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔt/

### Noun

bod m (genitive singular boid, plural boid)
* (anatomy) penis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “bod”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 bot”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bodъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bôːd/

#### Noun

bȏd m (Cyrillic spelling бо̑д)
* sting (with a needle or a sharp object)
* (embroidery, knitting) stitch
* (sports) point
    Synonym: poen

##### Related terms

* bȍsti

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English baud.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bôːd/

#### Noun

bȏd m (Cyrillic spelling бо̑д)
* baud

##### Declension
## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish boþ, from Old Norse bóð (Compare Old West Norse búð), from Proto-Germanic *bōþō (“dwelling”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /buːd/

### Noun

bod c
* a shed
    vedbodwoodshed
* a small shop
** a stall
    bodar på en julmarknadstalls at a Christmas market

#### Derived terms

* bagarbod
* bodbiträde
* bodknodd
* bodlucka
* fäbod
* kornbod
* redskapsbod
* slaktarbod
* snickarbod
* vedbod
* visthusbod

#### See also

* butik
* skjul

### References

* bod in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* bod in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* bod in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* bod in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Brot, English bread and Dutch brood.

### Noun

bod (nominative plural bods)
* bread

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* bodabrekül
* bodakrut
* bodaplatot
* bodaramar
* bodasup
* bodated
* bodatoed
* boded
* bodel
* bodibak
* bodik
* bodiär

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh bot, from Proto-Brythonic *bod, from Proto-Celtic *butā (cf. Cornish bos, Breton bout), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, become”); all the b- initial forms are from the same root. The vowel-initial forms as well as sy(dd) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”).
The present-progressive forms with yd- (ydwyf, etc.), and hence the colloquial present-affirmative forms with d- (dw, etc.), are from the affirmative particle yd. Colloquial affirmative forms with r- (rwyt, roeddwn, etc.) are from the affirmative particle yr. Colloquial negative forms with d- (dydw, does, doeddwn, etc.) are from the negative particle nid.
The third-person singular present mae originally meant ‘here is’ and is from the same source as yma (“here”) plus Proto-Celtic *esti. The third-person plural maent (colloquial maen) is derived from the singular by adding the third-person plural verb ending -nt.
Counterfactual forms such as petaswn and taswn are from univerbation with pe (“if”) +‎ yd (affirmative particle).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /boːd/
* Rhymes: -oːd

### Verb

bod (first-person singular present wyf)
* to be
* there be (there is, there are etc.)
* (auxiliary)
** Used with yn to form various tenses with progressive or stative meaning
** Used with wedi to form various tenses with perfect meaning
* that... is, that... are, etc. (personal forms: (fy) mod i, (dy) fod di, (ei) fod e/o, (ei) bod hi, (ein) bod ni, (eich) bod chi, (eu) bod nhw)
    Dw i’n meddwl (ei) bod hi’n ddoniol. ― I think that she’s funny.
    Mae hi’n meddwl (fy) mod i’n dod. ― She thinks that I’m coming.
    Roedd Eleri yn dweud (dy) fod di’n sâl. ― Eleri was saying you were ill.

#### Usage notes

* Bod is the primary auxiliary verb in Welsh, used to form a great number of periphrastic tenses; see Appendix:Welsh conjugation.
* The two conditional tense stems bydd- and bas- can be opted between freely, although bas- is more common when used alongside a counterfactual in (pe) tas-.
* The preterite is relatively rare and mostly interchangeable with the imperfect.
* In the tenses given here, all forms of bod must be linked to a noun, adjective or verb with yn, wedi, or some other similar particle.
* The existential sense ("there is") uses the distinct interrogative form oes and negative does, however the affirmative mae is the same as the main verb, as are all non-present tenses.
* Bod introduces a subordinate clause only when the corresponding main clause would begin with a form of bod (the verb "to be") in the present or imperfect tense (including perfect and pluperfect clauses with wedi).
* Nouns are preceded with bod, or fod if the preceding verb is conjugated.

#### Conjugation

| Literary forms | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | impersonal |
| Literary forms | first | second | third | first | second | third | impersonal |
| present progressive | wyf, ydwyf | wyt, ydwyt | mae; yw, ydyw, ydy, ydi; oes; sydd, sy | ŷm, ydym | ŷch, ydych | maent; ŷnt, ydynt | ys, ydys |
| present habitual/future | byddaf | byddi | bydd | byddwn | byddwch | byddant | byddir, byddys |
| imperfect/conditional | oeddwn | oeddit, oeddet | oedd, ydoedd | oeddem | oeddech | oeddynt, oeddent | oeddid |
| imperfect habitual | byddwn | byddit | byddai | byddem | byddech | byddent | byddid |
| preterite | bûm | buost | bu | buom | buoch | buont, buant | buwyd |
| pluperfect | buaswn | buasit | buasai | buasem | buasech | buasent | buasid, buesid |
| counterfactual plup. forms combined with pe | petaswn | petasit | petasai | petasem | petasech | petasent | — |
| present subjunctive | bwyf, byddwyf | bych, byddych, byddech | bo, byddo | bôm, byddom | boch, byddoch | bônt, byddont | bydder |
| imperfect subjunctive | bawn, byddwn | bait, baet, byddit, byddet | bai, bae, byddai | baem, byddem | baech, byddech | baent, byddent | byddid |
| counterfactual impf. subj. forms combined with pe | petawn | petait, petaet | petai | petaem | petaech | petaent | — |
| imperative | — | bydd, bydda | bydded, boed, bid | byddwn | byddwch | byddent | bydder |
| verbal noun | bod | bod | bod | bod | bod | bod | bod |
| verbal adjectives | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy | bodedig bodadwy |
| Colloquial forms | Colloquial forms | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Colloquial forms | Colloquial forms | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| present | affirmative | dw i, dwi, rw i, rwy, w i | rwyt ti | mae e/o/hi, ma' fe; ydy, yw; sy | dyn ni, dan ni, ŷn ni | dach chi, ych chi, dych chi | maen nhw |
| present | negative | dydw i ddim, dw i ddim, w i ddim, sa i | dwyt ti ddim, ti ddim, so ti | dydy e/o/hi ddim, tydy o/hi ddim, dyw e/hi ddim, so fe/hi; does dim; sy ddim | dyn ni ddim, dydyn ni ddim, dan ni ddim, dydan ni ddim, ŷn ni ddim, so ni | dydych chi ddim, dach chi ddim, dydach chi ddim, ych chi ddim, chi ddim, so chi | dydyn nhw ddim, ŷn nhw ddim, so nhw |
| present | interrogative | ydw i | wyt ti | ydy e/o/hi, yw e/hi; oes; sy | ydan ni, ŷn ni | ydych chi, dach chi, ydach chi, ych chi | ydyn nhw, ŷn nhw |
| imperfect | affirmative | roeddwn i, o’n i | roeddet ti, o’t ti | roedd e/o/hi, oedd e/o/hi, o’dd e/o/hi | roedden ni, o’n ni | roeddech chi, o’ch chi | roedden nhw, o’n nhw |
| imperfect | negative | doeddwn i ddim, o’n i ddim, do’n i ddim | doeddet ti ddim, o’t ti ddim, do’t ti ddim | doedd e/o/hi ddim, oedd e/o/hi ddim, o’dd e/o/hi ddim, do’dd e/o/hi ddim | doedden ni ddim, o’n ni ddim, do’n ni ddim | doeddech chi ddim, o’ch chi ddim, do’ch chi ddim | doedden nhw ddim, o’n nhw ddim, do’n nhw ddim |
| imperfect | interrogative | oeddwn i, o’n i | oeddet ti, o’t ti | oedd e/o/hi, oedd e/o/hi, o’dd e/o/hi | oedden ni, o’n ni | oeddech chi, o’ch chi | oedden nhw, o’n nhw |
| preterite | preterite | bues i | buest ti | buodd e/o/hi; bu | buon ni | buoch chi | buon nhw |
| future | future | bydda i, ’dda i | byddi di | bydd e/o/hi | byddwn ni | byddwch chi | byddan nhw |
| conditional | conditional | byddwn i; baswn i, swn i | byddet ti; baset ti, set ti | byddai fe/fo/hi; basai fe/fo/hi, sa fo/hi, se fe/hi | bydden ni; basen ni, sen ni | byddech chi; basech chi, sech chi | bydden nhw; basen nhw, sen nhw |
| counterfactual cond. forms used after optional pe | counterfactual cond. forms used after optional pe | taswn i, bawn i, tawn i | taset ti, baet ti, taet ti | tasai fe/fo/hi, bai fe/fo/hi, tai fe/fo/hi | tasen ni, baen ni, taen ni | tasech chi, baech chi, taech chi | tasen nhw, baen nhw, taen nhw |
| imperative | imperative | — | bydd, bydda | — | — | byddwch | — |

#### Derived terms

* bod am (“to want”)
* bod gan, bod gyda (indicates possession)
* darbod (“take care of”, verb)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 219 ii 1
* ↑ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “petawn”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “bod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies