# 砂

| 砂 | U+7802, &#30722; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7802 |
| ← 码 [U+7801] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 砃 → [U+7803] |

## Translingual
### Han character

砂 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口火竹 (MRFH), four-corner 1962$_0$, composition ⿰石少)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 827, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24046
* Dae Jaweon: page 1242, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2420, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7802

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 硰 | *ʔsaːlʔ, *sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl |
| 娑 | *saːl, *saːlʔ |
| 挱 | *saːl, *sraːl |
| 挲 | *saːl |
| 桫 | *saːl |
| 渻 | *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ |
| 沙 | *sraːl, *sraːls |
| 紗 | *sraːl |
| 砂 | *sraːl |
| 鯊 | *sraːl |
| 裟 | *sraːl |
| 桬 | *sraːl |
| 髿 | *sraːl, *soːl |
| 魦 | *sraːl, *soːl |
| 莎 | *soːl |
| 莏 | *soːl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sraːl): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 少 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls). Originally, this character was a variant form of 沙, a Pictogram (象形) that represents the appearance of sand along a riverbank.

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shā (sha$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saa$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sâ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): soa / see / se / sa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sua$^1$ / sa$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$so
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shā
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sha
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^1$
*** Yale: shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
*** Palladius: ша (ša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saa$^1$
*** Yale: sā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /saː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: sa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soa
*** Tâi-lô: sua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soaf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sua³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
*** Tâi-lô: see
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
*** Tâi-lô: se
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sef
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
*** Tâi-lô: sa
*** Phofsit Daibuun: saf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sa⁴⁴/
* soa/see/se - vernacular;
* sa - literary.
* Middle Chinese: srae
Rime :
| Character | 砂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 所加切 |
| Baxter | srae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃa/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saa$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 砂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11027 |
| Phonetic component | 沙 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鯊 |
| Old Chinese | /*sraːl/ |
| Notes | 俗沙字 |

### Definitions

砂
* Alternative form of 沙 (“sand”)
* Alternative form of 沙 (“extremely mushy and/or rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality”)
    砂糖 ― shātáng ― granulated sugar
    硒砂瓜 ― xīshāguā ― Selenium(-rich) Gourd
* (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 砂拉越 (Shālāyuè, “Sarawak”).

### Compounds

* 丹砂 (dānshā)
* 丹砂井
* 守宮砂 / 守宫砂
* 抱砂鍋 / 抱砂锅
* 揚砂走石 / 扬砂走石
* 搏砂煉汞 / 搏砂炼汞
* 摶砂弄汞 / 抟砂弄汞
* 摶砂煉汞 / 抟砂炼汞
* 朱砂 (zhūshā)
* 朱砂符
* 毒砂
* 海砂屋
* 漆砂硯 / 漆砂砚
* 炊砂作飯 / 炊砂作饭
* 環砂 / 环砂 (Huánshā)
* 白砂
* 白砂糖 (báishātáng)
* 矽砂
* 砂丘
* 砂仁 (shārén)
* 砂囊
* 砂土 (shātǔ)
* 砂岩 (shāyán)
* 砂島 / 砂岛
* 砂布
* 砂模
* 砂漿 / 砂浆 (shājiāng)
* 砂煲
* 砂眼 (shāyǎn)
* 砂石 (shāshí)
* 砂石場 / 砂石场
* 砂石車 / 砂石车
* 砂磨
* 砂礫 / 砂砾 (shālì)
* 砂礫礦床 / 砂砾矿床
* 砂糖 (shātáng)
* 砂紙 / 砂纸 (shāzhǐ)
* 砂質 / 砂质
* 砂輪 / 砂轮 (shālún)
* 砂輪機 / 砂轮机
* 砂金 (shājīn)
* 砂鍋 / 砂锅 (shāguō)
* 硃砂 / 朱砂 (zhūshā)
* 硃砂痣 / 朱砂痣
* 硼砂 (péngshā)
* 磠砂 / 硵砂 (lǔshā)
* 磨砂玻璃 (móshā bōli)
* 礦砂 / 矿砂
* 紫砂器
* 紫砂陶
* 縮砂蔤 / 缩砂蔤
* 翻砂
* 解玉砂
* 走石飛砂 / 走石飞砂
* 辰砂 (chénshā)
* 重砂
* 金剛砂 / 金刚砂 (jīngāngshā)
* 鋼砂 / 钢砂
* 鐵砂 / 铁砂
* 風吹砂 / 风吹砂
* 風成砂岩 / 风成砂岩
* 飛砂 / 飞砂 (fēishā)
* 飛砂揚礫 / 飞砂扬砾
* 飛砂走石 / 飞砂走石 (fēi shā zǒu shí)
* 飛砂轉石 / 飞砂转石

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* sand

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
* Kun: すな (suna, 砂, Jōyō)、いさご (isago, 砂)、す (su, 砂)

#### Compounds

* 砂(さ)金(きん) (sakin, “gold dust”)
* 砂(さ)漣(れん) (saren, “sand ripple”)
* 砂(さ)漏(ろう) (sarō, “hourglass”)
* 砂(じゃ)利(り) (jari, “gravel; child”), 砂(ざ)利(り) (zari, “gravel”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 砂
* すな Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 沙
Attested in the Myōgoki (1275). According to one theory, the word is shortened from earlier attested 砂子 (sunago, “sand”); see there for more.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すな [sùná] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨna̠]
* (Kyoto) すな [súná] (Kōki – [0])
* (Kagoshima) す​な [súnà] (type A)
Some dialects in the Shikoku and Kyūshū regions have the initial consonant irregularly voiced in the standalone noun, as zuna. This includes the dialects of Shūsō, Iyo, Tosa, Nagasaki, Tsushima, Shimabara, Saga, Kagoshima, and Ōsumi.

#### Noun

砂(すな) • (suna)
* [from 1275] sand; grit
** 1894: 女学雑誌 "Women's University Magazine"
    砂(すな)を入(い)れてお手(て)玉(だま)をつくるが、女兒(をなご)の慰(なぐ)さみにて、紙鳶(たこ)は男兒(をとこ)の遊(あそ)びなりき。
       Suna o irete otedama o tsukuru ga, onago no nagusami nite, tako wa otoko no asobi nariki.
       Although the beanbags were filled up by putting sand in, the girls are in their fun, and the kites were the boy's games.
** Hirayama (1992-1994, volume 3, page 2625):
    ズナ⸣オ　マッ⸣（砂を撒く）。zúná ò má’ (ˋ) (suna o maku).to sprinkle sand (read in the Kagoshima dialect)

##### Derived terms

* 砂(すな)磯(いそ) (sunaiso, “sandy beach”)
* 砂(すな)川(がわ) (sunagawa, “sandy river”)
* 砂(すな)久(きゅう) (sunakyū, “bad food and rundown lodging”, sumo cant)
* 砂(すな)時(ど)計(けい) (sunadokei, “hourglass”)
* 砂(すな)払(ばら)い (sunabarai, “winter solstice tradition of removing sand”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 砂
* いさご Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 沙 沙子
Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720). Some sources connect the initial isa- element to 石 (ishi, “stone”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いさご [ìságó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [isa̠ɡo̞]
* (Kyoto) いさご [íságó] (Kōki – [0])
* Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
   * (the Heian period) HHH
   * (the Muromachi period) HHH
    ※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌). ※ References:

#### Noun

砂(いさご) • (isago)
* [from 720] (dated) sand; fine pebbles

##### Derived terms

* 砂(いさご)川(がわ) (isagogawa, “river with a sandy riverbed”)
* 砂(いさご)路(じ) (isagoji, “a road with lots of sand”)
* 砂子(いさご)煎(せん)餅(べい) (isagosenbei, “a kind of rice cracker”)
* 砂(いさご)土(づち) (isagozuchi, “soil mixed with sand”)
* 砂(いさご)の中(なか)の金(こがね) (isago no naka no kogane, “something good found in a bad thing”, literally “gold found in the sand”)
* 砂(いさご)の波(なみ) (isago no nami, “the current world; the world we live in”, literally “sand waves”)
* 砂(いさご)原(はら) (isagohara, “sandy field”)
* 砂(いさご)道(みち) (isagomichi, “a road with lots of sand”)
* 砂(いさご)虫(むし) (isagomushi, “caddis worm”)

### Etymology 3

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki (712) in the name of the deity 須比智邇神 (supi₁di ni NO₂ KAMI₂, literally “god of the mud soil”). In most cases, the word has been conflated with 洲 (su, “sandbar”), which could be a cognate.

#### Noun

砂(す) • (su)
* (only in compounds) sand

##### Derived terms

* 白(しら)洲(す) (shirasu, “white sand”)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002) 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Hirayama, Teruo (平山 照男), Ōshima Ichirō (大島 一郎), Ōno Masao (大野 眞男), Kuno Makoto (久野 眞), Kuno Mariko (久野 マリ子), Sugimura Takao (杉村 孝夫) (1992-1994) 現代日本語方言大辞典 [Dictionary of Japanese Dialects], volume 3, Tokyo: Meiji Shoin (明治書院), pages 2623-2625
* ↑ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 378

## Korean
### Hanja

砂 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

砂: Hán Nôm readings: sa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Yonaguni
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

### Noun

砂(ちな) (china)
* sand

## Yoron
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 砂 (suna).

### Noun

砂(しな) (shina)
* sand