# 則

| 則 | U+5247, &#21063; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5247 |
| ← 剆 [U+5246] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 剈 → [U+5248] |

## Translingual
### Han character

則 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月金中弓 (BCLN), four-corner 6280$_0$, composition ⿰貝刂)

#### Derived characters

* 側, 𠗧, 𠷌, 𡍫, 𡺢, 惻, 𢯩, 測, 𣉇, 𣖡, 𥠉, 𧍡, 鍘, 鰂, 䶡, 厠, 𰁊, 崱, 廁, 萴, 䈟, 𢝔

#### Related characters

* 则 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 139, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1994
* Dae Jaweon: page 317, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 340, character 6
* Unihan data for U+5247

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 則 :
| Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 廁 | *sʰrɯɡs, *sʰrɯɡ |
| 則 | *ʔsɯːɡ |
| 賊 | *zɯːɡ |
| 鰂 | *zɯːɡ |
| 鱡 | *zɯːɡ |
| 蠈 | *zɯːɡ |
| 側 | *ʔsrɯɡ |
| 萴 | *ʔsrɯɡ, *zrɯɡ |
| 測 | *sʰrɯɡ |
| 惻 | *sʰrɯɡ |
| 崱 | *zrɯɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 鼎 (“ding, a bronze cauldron for cooking or sacrificial rituals”) + 刂 (“knife”); hence, the original version is 𠟭. Perhaps it's a reference to carving something (e.g., characters) with a knife on a bronze. Its original meaning was "rule; law".
鼎 was simplified to the unrelated 貝 in the small seal script. Compare 貞 (OC *teŋ, “to divine; righteous; firm”) (< 鼑), which underwent the same stylization.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zé (ze$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄜˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ze$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zěi
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): ze̊q
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zak$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zak$^7$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dak$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chet
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zêd$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zah$^4$ / zeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): că̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): cáik
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zeh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chek / chak / chiak / cherk
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêg$^4$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): zeg$^4$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zak$^2$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^7$tseq / $^7$tseoq / $^7$tsaq
** (Jinhua): $^7$tseq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ze$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zé
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zé
*** Wade–Giles: tsê$^2$
*** Yale: dzé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
*** Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ze$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ze
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛ²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: zěi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sei²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: ze̊q
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): zeq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡səʔ⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zak$^1$
*** Yale: jāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐk̚⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: zak$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐk̚⁴⁴/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tak̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chet
*** Hakka Romanization System: zed$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zed$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡set̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zêd$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɛt̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zah$^4$ / zeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡saʔ²/, /t͡səʔ²/
* zah4 - vernacular;
* zeh4 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit則 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sɤ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sai²⁴/ /t͡sɤ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sə²¹³/ /t͡sei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sə⁴²/ /t͡se⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡sə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡se³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡səʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡saʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡se²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sɛʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sa⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡set̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡set̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɐk̚⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɐk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sɐk̚⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sik̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡saiʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sek̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sek̚⁵/ /t͡sɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsok
Rime :
| Character | 則 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 子德切 |
| Baxter | tsok |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ze |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 則 | 則 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zé | zé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsok › | ‹ tsok › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁək/ | /*[ts]ˁək/ |
| English | then | rule, pattern |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 則 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16595 |
| Phonetic component | 則 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 則 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsɯːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

則
* rule; law; regulation
* standard; example
* to follow an example
* Classifier for news, writings, stories, or narratives: item
    一則寓言／一则寓言 ― yī zé yùyán ― a fable
* conjunction used to indicate sequence of events; and
* conjunction used to indicate cause and effect; so; thus
* conjunction used to indicate contrast; but; on the other hand
* conjunction used between two identical or near-identical words to indicate concession; it is ... but it ...
    From: Guoyu, circa 4th century BCE
    Měi zé měi yǐ, yì chén yì yǒu jù yě. [Pinyin]
    Beautiful as it may be, there is still something that I fear.
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Zhì zé zhì yǐ, fēi shū yì yě. [Pinyin]
    Well-governed as it was, it had never been the letter's intended effect.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Mǎ zé wú mǎ, chǐ yì lǎo yǐ. [Pinyin]
    Although the horses are indeed the same horses of mine, some ageing still shows on the teeth.
* particle used as the copula
* particle used after numerals to list reasons

#### Compounds

* 一則 / 一则 (yīzé)
* 上則 / 上则 (shàngzé)
* 不則 / 不则
* 不則聲 / 不则声
* 不平則鳴 / 不平则鸣 (bùpíngzémíng)
* 不敢則聲 / 不敢则声
* 不見則聲 / 不见则声
* 不規則 / 不规则 (bùguīzé)
* 且則 / 且则
* 乃則爾巴格 / 乃则尔巴格 (Nǎizé'ěr Bāgé)
* 亂極則平 / 乱极则平
* 事緩則圓 / 事缓则圆
* 二則 / 二则 (èrzé)
* 互惠原則 / 互惠原则
* 交通規則 / 交通规则 (jiāotōng guīzé)
* 以身作則 / 以身作则 (yǐshēnzuòzé)
* 何則 / 何则
* 便則道 / 便则道
* 公則 / 公则
* 分則 / 分则 (fēnzé)
* 則不 / 则不
* 則例 / 则例
* 則個 / 则个
* 則天 / 则天
* 則度 / 则度 (zédù)
* 則故 / 则故
* 則是 / 则是 (zéshì)
* 則波 / 则波
* 則甚 / 则甚
* 則索 / 则索
* 則聲 / 则声
* 則麼 / 则么
* 原則 / 原则 (yuánzé)
* 可則 / 可则
* 否則 / 否则 (fǒuzé)
* 單則 / 单则
* 單則是 / 单则是
* 器滿則傾 / 器满则倾
* 四則 / 四则
* 四則運算 / 四则运算
* 多則 / 多则
* 大原則 / 大原则
* 大杖則走 / 大杖则走
* 守則 / 守则 (shǒuzé)
* 安培定則 / 安培定则
* 定則 / 定则
* 常則 / 常则
* 恰則 / 恰则
* 憲則 / 宪则
* 或則 / 或则 (huòzé)
* 指數法則 / 指数法则
* 改則 / 改则 (Gǎizé)
* 敢則 / 敢则
* 敢則是 / 敢则是
* 日中則昃 / 日中则昃
* 日中則移 / 日中则移
* 日喀則 / 日喀则
* 早則 / 早则
* 易則 / 易则
* 是則 / 是则
* 更則道 / 更则道
* 月滿則虧 / 月满则亏
* 月盈則虧 / 月盈则亏
* 月盈則食 / 月盈则食
* 有典有則 / 有典有则
* 木強則折 / 木强则折
* 楷則 / 楷则
* 樂極則悲 / 乐极则悲
* 正則 / 正则 (zhèngzé)
* 法則 / 法则 (fǎzé)
* 淺嘗則止 / 浅尝则止
* 準則 / 准则 (zhǔnzé)
* 演算法則 / 演算法则
* 然則 / 然则 (ránzé)
* 無欲則剛 / 无欲则刚
* 物極則衰 / 物极则衰
* 物盛則衰 / 物盛则衰
* 物至則反 / 物至则反
* 率由舊則 / 率由旧则
* 理則 / 理则 (lǐzé)
* 理則學 / 理则学
* 盈則必虧 / 盈则必亏
* 科則 / 科则
* 稅則 / 税则
* 窮則思變 / 穷则思变
* 窮極則變 / 穷极则变
* 簡則 / 简则 (jiǎnzé)
* 細則 / 细则 (xìzé)
* 總則 / 总则 (zǒngzé)
* 纔則 / 才则
* 罰則 / 罚则 (fázé)
* 聞過則喜 / 闻过则喜
* 能免則免 / 能免则免 (néngmiǎnzémiǎn)
* 薩勒吾則克 / 萨勒吾则克 (Sàlèwúzékè)
* 要則 / 要则
* 規則 / 规则 (guīzé)
* 誠信原則 / 诚信原则
* 議事規則 / 议事规则
* 變則 / 变则
* 軌則 / 轨则
* 辦事細則 / 办事细则
* 通則 / 通则 (tōngzé)
* 遊戲規則 / 游戏规则 (yóuxì guīzé)
* 鐵則 / 铁则 (tiězé)
* 關稅稅則 / 关税税则
* 附則 / 附则 (fùzé)
* 陰勝則寒 / 阴胜则寒
* 雖則 / 虽则 (suīzé)
* 青年守則 / 青年守则
* 非愚則誣 / 非愚则诬
* 章則 / 章则
* 麗則 / 丽则

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from English cheque?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zik$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^1$
*** Yale: jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚⁵/

#### Definitions

則
* (Cantonese) floor plan or layout (of buildings, especially of apartments or flats) (Classifier: 個／个 c)

#### Compounds

* 入則 / 入则 (jap$^6$ zik$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 則師 / 则师 (zik$^1$ si$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 原則 / 原则 (jyun$^4$ zik$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 圖則 / 图则 (tou$^4$ zik$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 開則 / 开则 (Cantonese)

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 則 – see 才 (“(Min Nan)”). (This character is a variant form of 才).

### Etymology 4

Checked-tone variant of 子 (tsy)
* For pronunciation and definitions of 則 – see 子 (“child; offspring; son; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 子).

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 則 – see 哉 (“(Suzhou Wu)”). (This character is a variant form of 哉).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* rule, law
* measure, norm
* to follow, to conform

#### Readings

* Go-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
* Kun: のり (nori)、のっとる (nottoru, 則る)、すなわち (sunawachi, 則ち)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 則
* そく Grade: 5
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 則 (MC tsok, “rule”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そく [sóꜜkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [so̞kɯ̟]

#### Counter

則(そく) • (-soku)
* counter for rules

#### Noun

則(そく) • (soku)
* rule, law

##### Derived terms

* 獄(ごく)則(そく) (gokusoku, “prison rules”)
* 鉄(てっ)則(そく) (tessoku, “ironclad regulation”)
* 反(はん)則(そく) (hansoku), 犯(はん)則(そく) (hansoku, “violation of the rules”)
* 変(へん)則(そく) (hensoku, “irregularity; anomaly”)
* 経(けい)験(けん)則(そく) (keikensoku, “rule of thumb”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 則
* のり Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 則 – see the following entry. :
| 【のり】 | [noun] rule, regulation, law [noun] norm, standard [noun] measure, scale, ruler (measuring device) [noun] measure, scale, size Alternative spellings 規, 法, 矩 |
(This term, 則, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese.
Historical Readings :
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 법즉 (Yale: pepcuk) | 즉 (Yale: cuk) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰik̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [칙]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 則 (eumhun 법칙(法則) 칙 (beopchik chik))
* hanja form of 칙 (“rule; law; regulation”) [affix]

##### Compounds

* 각칙 (各則, gakchik)
* 교칙 (敎則, gyochik)
* 교칙 (校則, gyochik)
* 규칙 (規則, gyuchik)
* 내칙 (內則, naechik)
* 대칙 (大則, daechik)
* 반칙 (反則, banchik)
* 벌칙 (罰則, beolchik)
* 변칙 (變則, byeonchik)
* 본칙 (本則, bonchik)
* 부칙 (附則, buchik)
* 사칙 (四則, sachik)
* 사칙 (社則, sachik)
* 사칙 (舍則, sachik)
* 수칙 (守則, suchik)
* 원칙 (原則, wonchik)
* 정칙 (定則, jeongchik)
* 정칙 (正則, jeongchik)
* 준칙 (準則, junchik)
* 천칙 (天則, cheonchik)
* 철칙 (鐵則, cheolchik)
* 총칙 (總則, chongchik)
* 학칙 (學則, hakchik)
* 헌칙 (憲則, heonchik)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese.
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 즉〮 (Yale: cúk) | 즉〮 (Yale: cúk) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕɯk̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [즉]

#### Hanja

則 (eumhun 곧 즉 (got jeuk))
* (literary Chinese) hanja form of 즉 (“particle in literary Chinese texts”)

##### Compounds

* 과즉 (過則, gwajeuk)
* 물구즉신 (物久則神, mulgujeuksin)
* 사즉동혈 (死則同穴, sajeukdonghyeol)
* 수즉다욕 (壽則多辱, sujeukdayok)
* 언즉시야 (言則是也, eonjeuksiya)
* 연즉 (然則, yeonjeuk)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

則: Hán Việt readings: tắc, trắc
則: Nôm readings: tắc, tấc, trắc
* chữ Hán form of tắc (“law; regulation”).

#### Compounds

* 法則 (phép tắc)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).