# 衛生
## Chinese

* 衛生

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wèishēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˋ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wai$^6$ sang$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ui$^5$ sen
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): vi-sên
    (Hailu, HRS): vui$^˖$ sen$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): uôi-sĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): e$^5$ seng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ōe-seng / ōe-sng / ūi-seng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): uê$^6$ sên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$we-sen$_1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wèishēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wèisheng
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^4$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: wèi-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: weysheng
*** Palladius: вэйшэн (vɛjšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wai$^6$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: waih sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wai$^6$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wei$^6$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐi̯²² sɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ui$^5$ sen
*** Sinological IPA : /ui¹¹ sɛn¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vi-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: vi sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vi$^4$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /vi⁵⁵ sen²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: vui$^˖$ sen$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /vui³³ sen⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: uôi-sĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /ui²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$lɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: e$^5$ seng$^1$ [Phonetic: e$^5$ leng$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ā̤-seng
*** Sinological IPA : /e²¹ $^{(ɬ-)}$lɛŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ōe-seng
*** Tâi-lô: uē-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oexsefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ue³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ōe-sng
*** Tâi-lô: uē-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oexsngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /ue⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi-seng
*** Tâi-lô: uī-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uixsefng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ui³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ui³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: uê$^6$ sên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uĕ seⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ue³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$we-sen$_1$
*** MiniDict: we$^去$ sen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhue-sen$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦue²² sən⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: hjwejH sraeng
Rime :
| Character | 衛 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (38) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 于歲切 | 所庚切 |
| Baxter | hjwejH | sraeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠiuᴇi$^H$/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚiei$^H$/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuæi$^H$/ | /ʃaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦjwiaj$^H$/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣjuɛi$^H$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɛi$^H$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɛi$^H$/ | /ʂɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | shēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^6$ | sang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s sreŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷads sʰleːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 衛 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wèi | shēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwej$^H$ › | ‹ sræng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | to guard | bear, be born; live |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 衛 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 12964 | 11312 |
| Phonetic component | 衛 | 生 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 衞 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷads/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ |
| Notes | 金文象四圍巡衛， 與韋有異 | |

### Noun

衛生
* hygiene; sanitation; health
    講究衛生／讲究卫生 ― jiǎngjiu wèishēng ― to pay attention to hygiene
    衛生用品／卫生用品 ― wèishēng yòngpǐn ― toiletries
    女性衛生用品／女性卫生用品 ― nǚxìng wèishēng yòngpǐn ― feminine hygiene products
    衛生條件／卫生条件 ― wèishēng tiáojiàn ― sanitary conditions; hygiene
* healthcare
       shèqū wèishēng fúwù zhōngxīn [Pinyin]
       community healthcare center
* cleaning
    搞衛生／搞卫生 ― gǎo wèishēng ― to do cleaning

### Adjective

衛生
* hygienic
       Zhège lǚdiàn bùshì hěn wèishēng. [Pinyin]
       This hotel is not very hygienic.

#### Synonyms

* 不髒 / 不脏 (bù zāng)
* 乾淨 / 干净 (gānjìng)
* 清淨 / 清净 (qīngjìng)
* 清潔 / 清洁 (qīngjié)
* 潔淨 / 洁净 (jiéjìng)
* 澈潔 / 澈洁 (táh-gáik) (Eastern Min)

### Verb

衛生
* (Classical) to care for life
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Lǎozǐ yuē: “Wèishēng zhī jīng, néng bào yī hū? Néng wù shī hū? Néng wú bǔshì ér zhī jíxiōng hū?” [Pinyin]
    Laozi said: “As to how to preserve your life, you just ask yourself these questions: Can you remain pure and simple? Can you preserve your inborn nature? Can you tell your fortune without divination?”

### Derived terms

* 世界衛生組織 / 世界卫生组织 (Shìjiè Wèishēng Zǔzhī)
* 個人衛生 / 个人卫生 (gèrén wèishēng)
* 公共衛生 / 公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng)
* 口腔衛生 / 口腔卫生 (kǒuqiāng wèishēng)
* 心理衛生 / 心理卫生 (xīnlǐ wèishēng)
* 搞衛生 / 搞卫生 (gǎo wèishēng)
* 精神衛生 / 精神卫生 (jīngshén wèishēng)
* 衛教 / 卫教 (wèijiào)
* 衛生保健 / 卫生保健 (wèishēng bǎojiàn)
* 衛生員 / 卫生员 (wèishēngyuán)
* 衛生套 / 卫生套 (wèishēngtào)
* 衛生巾 / 卫生巾 (wèishēngjīn)
* 衛生棉條 / 卫生棉条 (wèishēng miántiáo)
* 衛生紙 / 卫生纸 (wèishēngzhǐ)
* 衛生設備 / 卫生设备 (wèishēng shèbèi)
* 衛生間 / 卫生间 (wèishēngjiān)
* 衛生院 / 卫生院 (wèishēngyuàn)

### Further reading

* “衛生”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 衛 | 生 |
| えい Grade: 5 | せい Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 衞生 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

Literary Chinese 衛生 (wèishēng, “to maintain or sustain life, your own or others'; to protect your health from illnesses”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えーせー [èéséé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [e̞ːse̞ː]

### Noun

衛(えい)生(せい) • (eisei)
* hygiene; sanitation

#### Descendants

* → Chinese: 衛生 / 卫生 (wèishēng)
* → Korean: 위생 (wisaeng)
* → Vietnamese: vệ sinh

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 衛 | 生 |

### Noun

衛生 • (wisaeng) (hangeul 위생)
* hanja form of 위생 (“hygiene”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 衛 | 生 |

### Noun

衛生
* chữ Hán form of vệ sinh (“hygiene”).