# kaum
## Cimbrian
### Etymology

From Middle High German kūme, from Old High German kūmo, from Proto-Germanic *kūmaz, *kūmijaz (“weak, pitiful, frail”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”). Cognate with German kaum, also English comely.

### Adverb

kaum (Sette Comuni)
* barely, hardly
* only, just, merely
    Ar is gabéest hia kaum hòite mòrgande.He was just here this morning.

### Further reading

* “kaum” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Daga
### Noun

kaum
* water

### References

* Kivung (journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea), volume 5 (1972), page 204

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German kūme, from Old High German kūmo, from Proto-Germanic *kūmaz, *kūmijaz (“weak, pitiful, frail”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH- (“to call, cry”). Cognate with English comely and archaic Dutch kuim (“barely”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaʊ̯m/, [kʰaʊ̯m]
* Rhymes: -aʊ̯m
* Audio (Austria):(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

kaum
* barely, hardly
    Ich kann das kaum lesen. ― I can barely read this.
    Die Handschrift ist kaum lesbar. ― The handwriting is barely legible.
* difficult, nearly impossible [with zu (+ infinitive) ‘to do’]
    Das ist kaum zu glauben. ― That's difficult to believe.
* little
    Synonym: wenig

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “comely”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

### Further reading

* “kaum” in Duden online
* “kaum” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* Friedrich Kluge (1883) “kaum”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* kaoem (1901–1947)

### Etymology

From Malay kaum, from Classical Malay kaum, from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈkaum/ [ˈka.ʊm]
* Rhymes: -aum
* Syllabification: kaum

### Noun

kaum (plural kaum-kaum)
* people
    Synonym: suku bangsa
* family, relative
    Synonyms: sanak, saudara, kerabat, keluarga
* group, class
    Synonym: golongan
* (archaic, Islam) mosque worker
    Synonyms: lebai, modin
* (archaic) matrilineal descendant

#### Hyponyms

* kaum belok
* kaum bendoro
* kaum dagang
* kaum dahrian
* kaum eksekutif
* kaum ekstremis
* kaum halai balai
* kaum ibu
* kaum kolot
* kaum konfederasi
* kaum mapan
* kaum muda
* kaum non
* kaum pelangi
* kaum rendahan
* kaum revolusioner
* kaum unionis
* kaum urakan

#### Derived terms

* berkaum
* kauman
* perkauman

### Further reading

* “kaum” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Etymology

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Noun

kaum
* group of people
* religious officials in charge of the mosque

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From Old High German kūmo. Cognate with German kaum, Dutch kuim.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kæːʊ̯m/
* Rhymes: -æːʊm

### Adverb

kaum
* hardly, barely

## Malay
### Etymology

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

### Noun

kaum (Jawi spelling قوم, plural kaum-kaum, informal 1st possessive kaumku, 2nd possessive kaummu, 3rd possessive kaumnya)
* people, community
    Synonyms: masyarakat, warga
* tribe, clan
    Synonyms: puak, suku
* group of people with common traits, such as an ethnic group or race
    Synonyms: etnik, ras, suku

### Further reading

* “kaum” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Plautdietsch
### Adverb

kaum
* barely

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma.

### Noun

kaum
* grave

#### Declension
## White Hmong
### Etymology

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *gju̯ɛp (“ten”). Cognate with Iu Mien ziepc.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -um
* IPA: /kau̯˩̰/

### Numeral

kaum
* ten

### References

* Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN.