# 霞

| 霞 | U+971E, &#38686; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-971E |
| ← 霝 [U+971D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 霟 → [U+971F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

霞 (Kangxi radical 173, 雨+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一月口尸水 (MBRSE), four-corner 1024$_7$, composition ⿱⻗叚)

#### Derived characters

* 𪝺, 𡄟, 𡤕, 𪸀, 𨙉, 𣌊, 𤫑, 𬘐, 𧕖, 𧄁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1376, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42365
* Dae Jaweon: page 1885, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4071, character 16
* Unihan data for U+971E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 霞
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 葭 | *kraː |
| 麚 | *kraː |
| 瘕 | *kraː, *kraːʔ |
| 豭 | *kraː |
| 貑 | *kraː |
| 猳 | *kraː |
| 犌 | *kraː |
| 假 | *kraːʔ, *kraːs |
| 嘏 | *kraːʔ |
| 婽 | *kraːʔ |
| 椵 | *kraːʔ |
| 叚 | *kraːʔ |
| 蝦 | *qʰraː, *ɡraː |
| 煆 | *qʰraː, *qʰraːs |
| 霞 | *ɡraː |
| 遐 | *ɡraː |
| 瑕 | *ɡraː |
| 鰕 | *ɡraː |
| 碬 | *ɡraː |
| 蕸 | *ɡraː |
| 赮 | *ɡraː |
| 鍜 | *ɡraː |
| 騢 | *ɡraː |
| 暇 | *ɡraːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡraː): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiá (xia$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia$^2$
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): xiá
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ha$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hà
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ha$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hà
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha$^2$ / hor$^2$ / gor$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hâ / hêe / hê
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hia$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ia / $^1$io / $^2$ya
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiá
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siá
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^2$
*** Yale: syá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shya
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xia$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xia
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: xiá
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): xia$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^4$
*** Yale: hàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hà
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ha$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hà
*** Sinological IPA : /ha⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ha$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: há
*** Sinological IPA : /ha¹³/
** (Xianyou, Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hor$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gor$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒ¹³/
* ha2 - literary;
* hor2, gor2 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: hae
Rime :
| Character | 霞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡加切 |
| Baxter | hae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 霞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5965 |
| Phonetic component | 叚 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 遐 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraː/ |

#### Definitions

霞
* the light and clouds at sunrise and sunset; mist; rosy clouds
* colorful; rosy
* Alternative form of 遐 (xiá)
* a surname, Xia

#### Compounds

* 丹霞 (dānxiá)
* 仙霞嶺 / 仙霞岭
* 堅臥煙霞 / 坚卧烟霞
* 奎霞 (Kuíxiá)
* 彤霞
* 彩霞 (cǎixiá)
* 早霞 (zǎoxiá)
* 晚霞 (wǎnxiá)
* 服氣餐霞 / 服气餐霞
* 服露餐霞
* 朝霞 (zhāoxiá)
* 棲霞 / 栖霞 (Qīxiá)
* 流霞
* 煙霞 / 烟霞 (yānxiá)
* 煙霞外人 / 烟霞外人
* 煙霞痼疾 / 烟霞痼疾
* 煙霞癖 / 烟霞癖
* 紅霞 / 红霞
* 落霞 (luòxiá)
* 雲蒸霞蔚 / 云蒸霞蔚
* 雲興霞蔚 / 云兴霞蔚
* 雲霞 / 云霞 (yúnxiá)
* 霞光 (xiáguāng)
* 霞光豔豔 / 霞光艳艳
* 霞帔
* 霞浦 (Xiápǔ, “Xiapu”)
* 霞石 (xiáshí)
* 霞表
* 霞頭 / 霞头
* 飛霞 / 飞霞
* 飛霞妝 / 飞霞妆
* 飲流霞 / 饮流霞
* 餐霞
* 餐霞人
* 餘霞成綺 / 余霞成绮
* 鳳冠霞帔 / 凤冠霞帔

### Etymology 2

Beautified form (雅化) of 下. Compare 廈 / 厦 in 廈門 / 厦门.

#### Pronunciation

* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): or$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ě / ē / ēe
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: or$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ě
*** Tâi-lô: ě
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /e²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ē
*** Tâi-lô: ē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: e
*** IPA (Xiamen): /e²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ēe
*** Tâi-lô: ēe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɛ²²/

#### Definitions

霞
* (Hokkien, Puxian Min) (used in place names)
    霞美 [Hokkien] ― Ě-bér [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (county in Nan'an)
    霞美 [Hokkien] ― Ēe-bóe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (county in Zhangpu)
    霞林 [Puxian Min] ― or5 ling2 [Pouseng Ping'ing] ― (subdistrict in Putian)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): or$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ê / êe
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: or$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ê
*** Tâi-lô: ê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ee
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /e²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: êe
*** Tâi-lô: êe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɛ¹³/

#### Definitions

霞
* (Hokkien, Puxian Min) (used in place names)
    霞葛 [Hokkien] ― Êe-koah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (county in Zhao'an)
    霞洲 [Hokkien] ― Ê-chiu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (village in Quanzhou)
    霞苑 [Puxian Min] ― (village in Xianyou)
    霞溪 [Puxian Min] ― or2 ke1 [Pouseng Ping'ing] ― (former village in Putian)

### References

* “霞”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* Kanji in this term
* 霞
* かすみ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* (dimness of sight): 翳

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* mist, haze
* foreglow or afterglow

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: かすみ (kasumi, 霞)、かすむ (kasumu, 霞む)

#### Compounds

* 雲(うん)霞(か) (unka)
* 煙(えん)霞(か), 烟(えん)霞(か) (enka)
* 春(しゅん)霞(か) (shunka)
* 朝(ちょう)霞(か) (chōka)
* 晩(ばん)霞(か) (banka)
* 朝(あさ)霞(か) (Asaka)

### Etymology

⟨kasumi$_1$⟩ → /kasumʲi/ → /kasumi/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 霞む (kasumu, “to be hazy”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かすみ [kàsúmí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠sɨmʲi]

### Noun

霞(かすみ) • (kasumi)
* mist, haze
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:
    晨霞 音計以反, 可須美(please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (by extension) dimness of sight
* a foreglow or afterglow
* (colloquial) an alcoholic beverage
    Synonym: 酒 (sake)
* steam that comes out from heating sake or vinegar
* a cloud-shaped figure used to display a scene transition
* Short for 霞網 (kasumiami): a fowling net
* Short for 霞割り (kasumiwari): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Usage notes

* The "mist" sense is never used in a meteorological sense, where it is referred to as 靄 (moya).
* Around the Heian period, spring mists were referred to as kasumi while in autumn they were called 霧 (kiri, literally “fog”); there was no distinction in both seasons in literature before that era as they were used interchangeably.

#### Derived terms

* 霞(かす)網(みあみ) (kasumiami)
* 霞(かすみ)ヶ丘(おか) (Kasumigaoka)
* 霞(かすみ)が関(せき), 霞(かすみ)ヶ関(せき) (Kasumigaseki)
* 霞草(かすみそう) (kasumisō)
* 霞(かすみ)割(わ)り (kasumiwari)
* 朝(あさ)霞(がすみ) (asagasumi)
* 薄(うす)霞(がすみ) (usugasumi)
* 上(うわ)霞(がすみ) (uwagasumi)
* 雲(くも)霞(かすみ) (kumokasumi)
* すやり霞(がすみ) (suyarigasumi)
* 丁(ちょう)子(じ)霞(がすみ) (chōjigasumi)
* 遠(とお)霞(がすみ) (tōgasumi)
* 夏(なつ)霞(がすみ) (natsugasumi)
* 涙(なみだ)霞(がすみ) (namidagasumi)
* 初(はつ)霞(がすみ) (hatsugasumi)
* 花(はな)霞(がすみ) (hanagasumi)
* 春(はる)霞(がすみ) (harugasumi)
* 冬(ふゆ)霞(がすみ) (fuyugasumi)
* 群(むら)霞(がすみ), 叢(むら)霞(がすみ) (muragasumi)
* 八(や)重(え)霞(がすみ) (yaegasumi)
* 夕(ゆう)霞(がすみ) (yūgasumi)
* 横(よこ)霞(がすみ) (yokogasumi)

#### Idioms

* 霞(かすみ)に千(ち)鳥(どり) (kasumi ni chidori)
* 霞(かすみ)を食(く)う (kasumi o kuu)

#### See also

* 靄(もや) (moya)
* 霧(きり) (kiri, “fog”)

### Proper noun

霞(かすみ) • (Kasumi)
* Short for 霞が関 (Kasumigaseki): a district in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo
* a female given name
* a surname

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 霞 (MC hae). Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha) (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 霞 (eumhun 노을 하 (no'eul ha))
* hanja form of 하 (“the light and clouds at sunrise and sunset; mist; rosy clouds”)

#### Compounds

* 경하 (輕霞, gyeongha)
* 연하 (煙霞, yeonha)
* 운하 (雲霞, unha)
* 하석 (霞石, haseok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

霞: Hán Nôm readings: hà
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.