# 責

| 責 | U+8CAC, &#36012; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CAC |
| ← 貫 [U+8CAB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 貭 → [U+8CAD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

責 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 手一月山金 (QMBUC), four-corner 5080$_6$, composition ⿱龶貝)

#### Derived characters

* 債, 嘖, 嫧, 幘, 㣱, 㥽, 樍, 歵, 㱴, 漬, 㺓, 皟, 瞔, 磧, 積, 績, 耫, 襀, 謮, 蹟, 賾, 䥊, 鰿, 䶦, 䟄, 勣, 䚍, 蔶, 簀
* 𧶷, 𤖓, 𤗮, 𤳎, 𥎍, 𥼃, 𦎸, 𦟜, 𦣱, 𧷤, 𧐐, 𨢦, 𨲪, 𫗙, 𩌪, 𫘁, 𪒑, 𨖊, 𣤈, 𩔳, 𥡯, 𪄸, 𤹠, 𩄾
* 𭍬, 𭽴, 𮂒, 𮥜, 𮧐

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1205, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36682
* Dae Jaweon: page 1668, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3626, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8CAC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 責
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 債 | *ʔsreːɡs, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 積 | *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ |
| 刺 | *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ |
| 莿 | *sʰeːɡs, *raːds |
| 㓨 | *sʰeɡs |
| 朿 | *sʰeɡs |
| 漬 | *zeɡs |
| 耫 | *zraːd, *zreːɡ |
| 嘖 | *ʔsraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 梀 | *sreːɡ, *sʰloːɡ, *sloːɡ, *l̥ʰoɡ |
| 捒 | *sreːɡ, *sroɡs, *sroɡs |
| 幘 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 簀 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 嫧 | *ʔsreːɡ, *sʰreːɡ, *sʰeɡ |
| 謮 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 責 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 皟 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 憡 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 策 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 筴 | *sʰreːɡ, *kreːb, *keːb |
| 拺 | *sʰreːɡ, *sreːɡ |
| 賾 | *zreːɡ |
| 鰿 | *zreːɡ, *ʔseɡ |
| 擌 | *sreːɡ |
| 蹟 | *ʔseɡ |
| 襀 | *ʔseɡ |
| 磧 | *sʰeɡ |
| 洓 | *sʰeɡ |
| 績 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 勣 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 樍 | *ʔseːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsreːɡ): phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 貝 (“cowry; money”) – tax; debt.
Top component now resembles 生 (without the diagonal stroke) – compare 青, 素.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zé (ze$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄜˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ze$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zaak$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zak$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): zet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chit
    (Hailu, HRS): zid
    (Meixian, Guangdong): jid$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): că̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): cáik
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zeh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chek / chiak / chit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tseq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ze$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zé
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zé
*** Wade–Giles: tsê$^2$
*** Yale: dzé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
*** Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ze$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ze
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaak$^3$
*** Yale: jaak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːk̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sak̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: zet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chit
*** Hakka Romanization System: jid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zid
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sit̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡saʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: că̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cáik
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zeh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceh
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zeh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
*** Tâi-lô: tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
*** Tâi-lô: tsiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
*** Tâi-lô: tsit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cid
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sit̚⁵/
* chit - vernacular (“duty; to look into; to ask for”);
* chiak - liteary (“to look into; to ask for”);
* chek - literary (“duty; to look into; to ask for”).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit責 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sɤ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sai²⁴/ /t͡sɤ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sə²¹³/ /ʈ͡ʂei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sə⁴²/ /t͡se⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sɤ⁵¹/ /t͡sei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡se³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡saʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡saʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡səʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sɛʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sa⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sit̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sit̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sak̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sak̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sak̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sik̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡saiʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡seʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sɛ⁵⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsreak
Rime :
| Character | 責 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側革切 |
| Baxter | tsreak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃæk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhe |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-tˤrek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsreːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 責 | 責 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zé | zé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsreak › | ‹ tsreak › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-tˁrek/ | /*s-tˁrek/ |
| English | demand payment | blame |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 責 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1761 |
| Phonetic component | 朿 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 責 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsreːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

責
* to demand; to ask for (something)
* to demand to; to order to
* to blame; to reproach
* to interrogate; to question closely
* to punish by beating
* duty; responsibility
* (Hakka) to thrust; to poke with finger
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to look into; to investigate

#### Compounds

* 但求塞責 / 但求塞责
* 免責權 / 免责权
* 全責 / 全责 (quánzé)
* 分層負責 / 分层负责
* 切責 / 切责
* 刑事責任 / 刑事责任 (xíngshì zérèn)
* 刑責 / 刑责
* 刻責 / 刻责
* 匹夫有責 / 匹夫有责
* 卸責 / 卸责 (xièzé)
* 反躬自責 / 反躬自责
* 取責 / 取责
* 叱責 / 叱责 (chìzé)
* 呵責 / 呵责 (hēzé)
* 嗔責 / 嗔责
* 國際責任 / 国际责任
* 塞責 / 塞责 (sèzé)
* 專責 / 专责 (zhuānzé)
* 引咎自責 / 引咎自责
* 引咎責躬 / 引咎责躬
* 循名責實 / 循名责实 (xúnmíngzéshí)
* 徵名責實 / 征名责实
* 怪責 / 怪责
* 悔過自責 / 悔过自责
* 按名責實 / 按名责实
* 指責 / 指责 (zhǐzé)
* 控名責實 / 控名责实
* 推諉塞責 / 推诿塞责
* 政治責任 / 政治责任
* 敷衍塞責 / 敷衍塞责 (fūyǎnsèzé)
* 文責自負 / 文责自负
* 斥責 / 斥责 (chìzé)
* 權責 / 权责 (quánzé)
* 正名責實 / 正名责实
* 死有餘責 / 死有余责
* 民事責任 / 民事责任 (mínshì zérèn)
* 求全責備 / 求全责备
* 求名責實 / 求名责实
* 法不責眾 / 法不责众 (fǎbùzézhòng)
* 潦草塞責 / 潦草塞责
* 無以塞責 / 无以塞责
* 盡責 / 尽责 (jìnzé)
* 督責 / 督责 (dūzé)
* 簿責 / 簿责
* 罪責 / 罪责 (zuìzé)
* 考名責實 / 考名责实
* 聊以塞責 / 聊以塞责
* 職責 / 职责 (zhízé)
* 自責 / 自责 (zìzé)
* 自責分 / 自责分
* 苛責 / 苛责 (kēzé)
* 見責 / 见责 (jiànzé)
* 言責 / 言责
* 訓責 / 训责
* 詰責 / 诘责 (jiézé)
* 譙責 / 谯责
* 譴責 / 谴责 (qiǎnzé)
* 譴責小說 / 谴责小说
* 負責 / 负责 (fùzé)
* 負責人 / 负责人 (fùzérén)
* 責付 / 责付
* 責任 / 责任 (zérèn)
* 責任事故 / 责任事故
* 責任保險 / 责任保险 (zérèn bǎoxiǎn)
* 責任內閣 / 责任内阁
* 責任制 / 责任制 (zérènzhì)
* 責任感 / 责任感 (zérèngǎn)
* 責備 / 责备 (zébèi)
* 責問 / 责问 (zéwèn)
* 責善 / 责善
* 責實循名 / 责实循名
* 責怪 / 责怪 (zéguài)
* 責成 / 责成 (zéchéng)
* 責打 / 责打
* 責數 / 责数
* 責有攸歸 / 责有攸归
* 責無旁貸 / 责无旁贷 (zéwúpángdài)
* 責罰 / 责罚 (zéfá)
* 責罵 / 责骂 (zémà)
* 責詰 / 责诘
* 責讓 / 责让
* 責躬省過 / 责躬省过
* 責難 / 责难 (zénàn)
* 貶責 / 贬责 (biǎnzé)
* 質責 / 质责
* 連帶責任 / 连带责任
* 道義責任 / 道义责任
* 重責 / 重责
* 重責大任 / 重责大任
* 領責 / 领责

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhài (zhai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaai$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhài
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhài
*** Wade–Giles: chai$^4$
*** Yale: jài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jay
*** Palladius: чжай (čžaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaai$^3$
*** Yale: jaai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːi̯³³/
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-tˤrek-s/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 責 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrea$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-tˁrek-s/ |
| English | debt |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||

#### Definitions

責
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 債／债 (zhài, “debt; loan”).

#### Compounds

* 償責 / 偿责
* 收責 / 收责

### References

* “責”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “责”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 267.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* blame
* condemn

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: さく (saku)
* Kan’yō-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
* On: さい (sai)
* Kun: せめる (semeru, 責める, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 責
* せ(め) Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 責 – see the following entry. :
| 【責せめ】 | [noun] blame, blaming, reproval [noun] indebtedness, debt [noun] responsibility, duty [noun] torture |
(This term, 責, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

責 (eumhun 꾸짖을 책 (kkujijeul chaek))
* hanja form of 책 (“reproach”)

#### Compounds

* 책임 (責任, chaegim, “responsibility”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

責 (eumhun 빚 채 (bit chae))
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 債 (“hanja form of 채 (“debt”)”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

責: Hán Nôm readings: trách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.