# peninkulma
## Finnish
### Etymology

Possibly from penin (“dog”) +‎ kuuluma (“to be heard”), the "distance a dog can be heard from". Relation to the Swedish mil is a secondary development.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpeninˌkulmɑ/, [ˈpe̞niŋˌkulmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ulmɑ
* Hyphenation: penin‧kulma

### Noun

peninkulma
* (historical or archaic) an old unit of length, roughly equal to 10 kilometers
** exactly 10 kilometers (since 1887)
** 10.688 kilometers (1655–1886, equal to one Swedish mil), equivalent to ten virsta
** roughly 6 kilometers (before 1655); length varied by region

#### Usage notes

A Finnish verst (virsta) is slightly longer (1068.8 meters) than the Russian equivalent верста (versta) (1066.8 meters), thus making the length of peninkulma 10.688 kilometers (= 6.64 miles), the same as Swedish mil, before the 1887 adoption of the metric system in Finland.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of peninkulma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
peninkulmani
peninkulmani
accusative
nom.
peninkulmani
peninkulmani
gen.
peninkulmani
genitive
peninkulmani
peninkulmieni peninkulmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
peninkulmaani
peninkulmiani
inessive
peninkulmassani
peninkulmissani
elative
peninkulmastani
peninkulmistani
illative
peninkulmaani
peninkulmiini
adessive
peninkulmallani
peninkulmillani
ablative
peninkulmaltani
peninkulmiltani
allative
peninkulmalleni
peninkulmilleni
essive
peninkulmanani
peninkulminani
translative
peninkulmakseni
peninkulmikseni
abessive
peninkulmattani
peninkulmittani
instructive
comitative
—peninkulmineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
peninkulmasi
peninkulmasi
accusative
nom.
peninkulmasi
peninkulmasi
gen.
peninkulmasi
genitive
peninkulmasi
peninkulmiesi peninkulmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
peninkulmaasi
peninkulmiasi
inessive
peninkulmassasi
peninkulmissasi
elative
peninkulmastasi
peninkulmistasi
illative
peninkulmaasi
peninkulmiisi
adessive
peninkulmallasi
peninkulmillasi
ablative
peninkulmaltasi
peninkulmiltasi
allative
peninkulmallesi
peninkulmillesi
essive
peninkulmanasi
peninkulminasi
translative
peninkulmaksesi
peninkulmiksesi
abessive
peninkulmattasi
peninkulmittasi
instructive
comitative
—peninkulminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
peninkulmamme
peninkulmamme
accusative
nom.
peninkulmamme
peninkulmamme
gen.
peninkulmamme
genitive
peninkulmamme
peninkulmiemme peninkulmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
peninkulmaamme
peninkulmiamme
inessive
peninkulmassamme
peninkulmissamme
elative
peninkulmastamme
peninkulmistamme
illative
peninkulmaamme
peninkulmiimme
adessive
peninkulmallamme
peninkulmillamme
ablative
peninkulmaltamme
peninkulmiltamme
allative
peninkulmallemme
peninkulmillemme
essive
peninkulmanamme
peninkulminamme
translative
peninkulmaksemme
peninkulmiksemme
abessive
peninkulmattamme
peninkulmittamme
instructive
comitative
—peninkulminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
peninkulmanne
peninkulmanne
accusative
nom.
peninkulmanne
peninkulmanne
gen.
peninkulmanne
genitive
peninkulmanne
peninkulmienne peninkulmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
peninkulmaanne
peninkulmianne
inessive
peninkulmassanne
peninkulmissanne
elative
peninkulmastanne
peninkulmistanne
illative
peninkulmaanne
peninkulmiinne
adessive
peninkulmallanne
peninkulmillanne
ablative
peninkulmaltanne
peninkulmiltanne
allative
peninkulmallenne
peninkulmillenne
essive
peninkulmananne
peninkulminanne
translative
peninkulmaksenne
peninkulmiksenne
abessive
peninkulmattanne
peninkulmittanne
instructive
comitative
—peninkulminenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
peninkulmansa
peninkulmansa
accusative
nom.
peninkulmansa
peninkulmansa
gen.
peninkulmansa
genitive
peninkulmansa
peninkulmiensa peninkulmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
peninkulmaansa
peninkulmiaan peninkulmiansa
inessive
peninkulmassaan peninkulmassansa
peninkulmissaan peninkulmissansa
elative
peninkulmastaan peninkulmastansa
peninkulmistaan peninkulmistansa
illative
peninkulmaansa
peninkulmiinsa
adessive
peninkulmallaan peninkulmallansa
peninkulmillaan peninkulmillansa
ablative
peninkulmaltaan peninkulmaltansa
peninkulmiltaan peninkulmiltansa
allative
peninkulmalleen peninkulmallensa
peninkulmilleen peninkulmillensa
essive
peninkulmanaan peninkulmanansa
peninkulminaan peninkulminansa
translative
peninkulmakseen peninkulmaksensa
peninkulmikseen peninkulmiksensa
abessive
peninkulmattaan peninkulmattansa
peninkulmittaan peninkulmittansa
instructive
comitative
—peninkulmineen peninkulminensa :

#### Synonyms

* penikuorma

#### Derived terms

* englanninpeninkulma
* meripeninkulma
* neliöpeninkulma

### Further reading

* “peninkulma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03