# 更

| 更 | U+66F4, &#26356; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4 |
| ← 曳 [U+66F3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 曵 → [U+66F5] |
| 更 | U+F901, &#63745; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901 |
| ← 豈 [U+F900] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 車 → [U+F902] |

## Translingual
### Han character

更 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 1050$_6$, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)

#### Derived characters

* 便 哽 埂 㛐 峺 挭 浭 㹴 䢚 𣆳 梗 硬 稉 粳 綆(绠) 𧣲 鞕 骾 鯁(鲠)
* 郠 𫨨 甦 𦑃 㬲 莄 筻 㾘

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
* Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
* Unihan data for U+66F4
* Unihan data for U+F901

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 更 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 更 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs |
| 粳 | *kraːŋ |
| 埂 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ |
| 浭 | *kraːŋ |
| 稉 | *kraːŋ |
| 梗 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 哽 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 綆 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 鯁 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 挭 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 骾 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 郠 | *kraːŋʔ |
| 硬 | *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 鞕 | *ŋɡraːŋs |
| 丙 | *pqraŋʔ |
| 炳 | *praŋʔ |
| 邴 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 怲 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 苪 | *praŋʔ |
| 蛃 | *praŋʔ |
| 昺 | *praŋʔ |
| 昞 | *praŋʔ |
| 窉 | *praŋʔ |
| 柄 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
| 鈵 | *praŋs |
| 寎 | *praŋs |
| 病 | *braŋs |
Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意), showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs): abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (“two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gēng, jīng (geng$^1$, jing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gang$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiên
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gang$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): găng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng / kng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kan; $^1$ken
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: geng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^1$
*** Yale: gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, see the note below)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gang$^1$
*** Yale: gāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
*** Tâi-lô: king
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kng
*** Tâi-lô: kng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keng
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kan; $^1$ken
*** MiniDict: kan$^平$; ken$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kan; $^1$ken
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kã⁵³/, /kən⁵³/
* 1ken - literary;
* 1kan - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit更 (更換) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kəŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kəŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kə̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ken²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kəŋ¹¹/ ～換 /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五～ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kã⁵³/ /kəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kã⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ken³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kiɛ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʌ̃³¹/ /kɛ³¹/ 打～ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打～ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kɑŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐŋ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kɐŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kɐŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaiŋ³³/ /kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三～ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /keŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ²³/ /kɔŋ²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: kaeng
Rime :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古行切 |
| Baxter | kaeng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁraŋ/ |
| English | change (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 866 |
| Phonetic component | 丙 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 庚 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

更
* to change; to replace
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Zǐgòng yuē: “Jūnzǐ zhī guò yě, rú rìyuè zhī shí yān. Guò yě, rén jiē jiàn zhī; gēng yě, rén jiē yǎng zhī.” [Pinyin]
    Zigong said, "A junzi’s mistakes are like solar and lunar eclipses. When he makes a mistake, all people see it; when he changes, all people look up to him.
* to take turns; to rotate
* to experience
* 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

#### Compounds

* 厲精更始 / 厉精更始
* 堂構更新 / 堂构更新
* 改姓更名 (gǎixìng gēngmíng)
* 改弦更張 / 改弦更张 (gǎixiángēngzhāng)
* 更代 (gēngdài)
* 更休
* 更僕難數 / 更仆难数
* 更動 / 更动 (gēngdòng)
* 更化
* 更名 (gēngmíng)
* 更名改姓 (gēngmíng gǎixìng)
* 更唱
* 更始 (gēngshǐ)
* 更姓
* 更定 (gēngdìng)
* 更審 / 更审
* 更年
* 更年期 (gēngniánqī)
* 更弦易轍 / 更弦易辙
* 更張 / 更张
* 更換 / 更换 (gēnghuàn)
* 更改 (gēnggǎi)
* 更故
* 更新 (gēngxīn)
* 更新換代 / 更新换代
* 更易
* 更替 (gēngtì)
* 更次
* 更正 (gēngzhèng)
* 更正啟事 / 更正启事
* 更番 (gēngfān)
* 更相
* 更立
* 更端
* 更行
* 更衣 (gēngyī)
* 更衣室 (gēngyīshì)
* 更訂 / 更订
* 更調 / 更调
* 更變 / 更变
* 更賦 / 更赋
* 更迭 (gēngdié)
* 朝更夕改 (zhāogēngxīgǎi)
* 朝更暮改 (zhāogēngmùgǎi)
* 洗削更革
* 洗盞更酌 / 洗盏更酌
* 滌故更新 / 涤故更新
* 萬象更新 / 万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
* 紛更 / 纷更
* 與民更始 / 与民更始
* 解弦更張 / 解弦更张
* 變更 / 变更 (biàngēng)
* 除舊更新 / 除旧更新

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gēng, jīng (geng$^1$, jing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kâng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gang$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jing$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĕng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiⁿ / keⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: geng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^1$
*** Yale: gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (hypercorrection)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaang$^1$
*** Yale: gāang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gang$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvy
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /kĩ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kinmen): /kĩ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kenn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvef
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ̃⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kẽ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kẽ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kan
*** MiniDict: kan$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kã⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: kaeng
Rime :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古行切 |
| Baxter | kaeng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁraŋ/ |
| English | change (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 866 |
| Phonetic component | 丙 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 庚 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

更
* (historical) watch (of a sentry)
    三更 ― sāngēng ― third watch
* (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
       jat$^1$ jat$^6$ saam$^1$ gaang$^1$, mui$^5$ gaang$^1$ baat$^3$ go$^3$ zung$^1$. [Jyutping]
       [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

#### Compounds

* 三更
* 三更半夜
* 三更四鼓
* 九更天
* 二五更
* 五更 (wǔgēng)
* 五更三點 / 五更三点
* 五更天
* 五更雞 / 五更鸡
* 五更頭 / 五更头
* 交更 (Cantonese)
* 值更
* 八更
* 初更 (chūgēng)
* 午更 (ng$^5$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 半夜三更
* 司更
* 嚴更 / 严更
* 坐更
* 夜半三更 (yèbànsāngēng)
* 夜更 (je$^6$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 夜靜更深 / 夜静更深
* 夜靜更長 / 夜静更长
* 夜靜更闌 / 夜静更阑
* 守更
* 定更
* 打更 (dǎgēng)
* 拎更 (Cantonese)
* 持更
* 換更 / 换更 (Cantonese)
* 攞更 / 𫽋更 (Cantonese)
* 日更 (Cantonese)
* 早更 (Cantonese)
* 更亭 (Cantonese)
* 更份 (gaang$^1$ fan$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 更夜
* 更夫 (gēngfū)
* 更房
* 更樓 / 更楼
* 更次
* 更深
* 更深人靜 / 更深人静
* 更深半夜
* 更深夜靜 / 更深夜静
* 更漏
* 更籌 / 更筹
* 更籤 / 更签
* 更表 (gaang$^1$ biu$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 更長夢短 / 更长梦短
* 更長漏永 / 更长漏永
* 更闌 / 更阑
* 更闌人靜 / 更阑人静
* 更頭 / 更头
* 更點 / 更点
* 更鼓
* 更鼓敲盡 / 更鼓敲尽
* 替更 (tai$^3$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 深更 (shēngēng)
* 深更半夜 (shēngēngbànyè)
* 漏盡更闌 / 漏尽更阑
* 率更
* 當更 / 当更 (dong$^1$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 直落更 (Cantonese)
* 看更
* 知更鳥 / 知更鸟 (zhīgēngniǎo)
* 編更 / 编更 (pin$^1$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 落更 (lok$^6$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 調更 / 调更 (diu$^6$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 買更 / 买更 (Cantonese)
* 賣更 / 卖更 (Cantonese)
* 起更
* 輪更 / 轮更 (leon$^4$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 巡更 (xúngēng)
* 追更 (zeoi$^1$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 連更徹夜 / 连更彻夜
* 頂更 / 顶更 (ding$^2$ gaang$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 鬼打更
* 黑更半夜
* 鼉更 / 鼍更

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gèng (geng$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gang$^3$ / ang$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gên$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáing
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kèng / kǹg
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^3$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ken
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^4$
*** Yale: gèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gang$^3$ / ang$^3$
*** Yale: gang / ang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gang$^3$ / ang$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geng$^3$ / eng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐŋ³³/, /ɐŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɛn⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáing
*** Sinological IPA : /kaiŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng
*** Tâi-lô: kìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kexng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǹg
*** Tâi-lô: kǹg
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngx
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kèng
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ²¹³/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: gang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kəŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ken
*** MiniDict: ken$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ken
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kən³⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit更 (更加) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kəŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kəŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kəŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kə̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kɤŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kən³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ken²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kə̃¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kən⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kəŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kəŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kən⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ken⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kiɛ⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʌ̃³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kiɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ken⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ken⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kɐŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kɐŋ³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaiŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /keŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ³⁵/ /kɔŋ³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: kaengH
Rime :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古孟切 |
| Baxter | kaengH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gèng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁraŋ-s/ |
| English | still more |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 更 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 879 |
| Phonetic component | 丙 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 更 |
| Old Chinese | /*kraːŋs/ |

#### Definitions

更
* more; even more
       Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang! [Pinyin]
       My skirt is even more beautiful!
       Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
       Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.
** 1995, 《回魂夜》 [Out of the Dark]‎, spoken by Leon (周星馳 [Stephen Chow]):
       jyu$^4$ gwo$^2$ soeng$^2$ lin$^6$ zaap$^6$ dim$^2$ haak$^1$ fuk$^6$ hung$^2$ geoi$^6$ zau$^6$ jiu$^3$ kaau$^3$ ni$^1$ zi$^1$ “din$^6$ gwong$^1$ paang$^5$”. daai$^6$ gaa$^1$ mong$^6$ jat$^1$ mong$^6$, tiu$^4$ jan$^5$ gam$^3$ coeng$^4$ ming$^4$ zi$^1$ dim$^2$ zoek$^6$ zo$^2$ keoi$^5$ jau$^5$ paai$^4$ sin$^1$ baau$^3$ gaa$^3$, daan$^6$ hai$^6$ jiu$^3$ nei$^5$ zaa$^1$ zyu$^6$ keoi$^5$ ne$^1$ zau$^6$ ang$^3$ daai$^6$ daam$^2$ dou$^1$ ngaau$^4$ dai$^2$ ge$^3$, daan$^6$ hai$^6$ ngo$^5$ m$^4$ se$^3$ keoi$^5$ wo$^3$! [Jyutping]
       If you want to practise overcoming fear, you have to rely on this "glow stick". Look at it, with such a long fuse, obviously it takes a long time to explode, but if you are asked to hold this, you will still chicken out no matter how brave you are. Even then, I'm not scared of it!
** 1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 48:此個敬長過彼個 Chí--kâi kèng-tn̂g kùe hṳ́-kâi只個更長過許個 [Teochew, trad.] 只个更长过许个 [Teochew, simp.]zi$^2$ gai$^5$ gêng$^3$ deng$^5$ guê$^3$ he$^2$ gai$^5$ [Peng'im]This is longer than that
* (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

#### Compounds

* 愈更
* 更上一層樓 / 更上一层楼 (gèngshàngyīcénglóu)
* 更上層樓 / 更上层楼
* 更不消說 / 更不消说
* 更且
* 更做
* 更做到
* 更做道
* 更則道 / 更则道
* 更加 (gèngjiā)
* 更勝一籌 / 更胜一筹
* 更待何時 / 更待何时 (gèng dài héshí)
* 更待干罷
* 更復 / 更复
* 更甚
* 更生
* 更生人
* 更生保護 / 更生保护
* 更轉一竿 / 更转一竿
* 自力更生
* 那更

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: càng

### Pronunciation 4

* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): giang$^3$
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: giang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɐŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

更
* (Nanning Pinghua) so, to such an extent

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 如此 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 如此 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 這麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 這麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 這麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 這樣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 這樣, 這麼 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 這麼 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 這麼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 陣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 這麼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 這們, 陣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 這們 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 恁麼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 這麼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 這們 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 這麼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 這們, 這麼, 嘞們 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 這麼, 這樣, 這個樣子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 仲個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 這樣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 陣, 哏 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 這麼, 這樣子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 這們 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 格麼 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 該 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 呢咁, 咁 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 果樣, 拱 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 果 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 咁 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咁 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 箇 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 該樣 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 箇, 箇史 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 恁 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 恁, 咁 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 恁, 咁 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 咁 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 咁 |
| Hakka | Changting | 仰 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 恁 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 樣 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 咁 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 恁 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 恁 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 爾的 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 這來 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 這啦, 這麼, 這來 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 𱕇 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 只滿, 只 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 者滿 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 者滿 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 拙, 拙幹 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 拙, 拙爾, 障, 障爾 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 遮爾, 遮爾仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按呢 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 奐, 現, 喝, 遐, 遮, 拙 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 照, 照生 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 照 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 只生 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 偌 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 只, 者 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 只何 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 只何 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 更 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 搿能, 搿能介, 搿個能, 介, 實能 dated, 實個能 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) | 迭能 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 若介, 實介, 能, 能介 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) | 迭個能 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Fengxian) | 迭能 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jinshan) | 格末, 格能介, 着介 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Qingpu) | 介 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 實恁 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 實倫 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 特能, 迭能, 實能 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 能 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 該實梗, 該尚, 哀實梗, 哀尚, 實梗, 尚 |
| Wu | Danyang | 根 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 價套, 價, 實價套, 實價 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 介 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 該恁, 恁 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 帳, 格生, 格亨, 喪 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 絞麼 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 咯樣 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 這麼 |

### References

* (Min Nan) “更”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* grow late
* night watch
* of course
* renew

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: さら (sara, 更, Jōyō)、ふかす (fukasu, 更かす, Jōyō)、ふける (fukeru, 更ける, Jōyō)、あらためる (aratameru, 更める)

#### Compounds

* 変更(へんこう) (henkō)
* 更新(こうしん) (kōshin)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 更
* さら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. :
| 【新さら】2 | [noun] something new and unused [proper noun] a female given name |
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 更
* こもごも Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. :
| 【こもごも】 | [adverb] alternating; one after another [adverb] all mixed up and indistinct Alternative spellings 交々, 交, 相 |
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 更
* ふ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. :
| 【更ふけ】 | [noun] growing late [noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, “muddy rice field​”). Alternative spelling 深 |
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 更
* こう Grade: S
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

更(こう) • (kō)
* one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaengH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ | Recorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |
| ↑ 去聲 |||

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [갱(ː)/겡(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 更 (eumhun 다시 갱 (dasi gaeng))
* hanja form of 갱 (“again”)

#### Compounds

* 갱년기 (更年期, gaengnyeon'gi, “menopause”)
* 갱생 (更生, gaengsaeng, “rebirth; revival”)
* 갱신 (更新, gaengsin, “renewal; update; refresh”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaeng).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 고틸 ᄀᆡᆼ | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
| Early Modern Korean |||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 고칠 경 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 경 (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kjʌ̹ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [경]

#### Hanja

更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))
* hanja form of 경 (“to change; to fix”)

#### Compounds

* 경신 (更新, gyeongsin, “breaking a record”)
* 경질 (更迭, gyeongjil, “dismissal”)
* 변경 (變更, byeon'gyeong, “change”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

更: Hán Việt readings: canh, cánh
更: Nôm readings: canh, cánh, cành, gánh, ngạnh
* chữ Hán form of canh (“to watch; to guard”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).