# 堊

| 堊 | U+580A, &#22538; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-580A |
| ← 堉 [U+5809] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堋 → [U+580B] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 堊 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | ⿱亜土 |
| Simplified | 垩 |

### Han character

堊 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 一一土 (MMG), four-corner 1010$_4$, composition ⿱亞土)
* white earth
* to daub with white mud

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5215
* Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 449, character 6
* Unihan data for U+580A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 椏 | *qaːʔ, *qraː |
| 錏 | *qraː |
| 鵶 | *qraː |
| 啞 | *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ |
| 瘂 | *qraːʔ |
| 亞 | *qraːɡs |
| 婭 | *qraːɡs |
| 俹 | *qraːɡs |
| 稏 | *qraːɡs |
| 惡 | *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ |
| 噁 | *qaːɡs |
| 堊 | *qaːɡ |
| 蝁 | *qaːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): è (e$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ok$^3$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$o
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: è
*** Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: è
*** Wade–Giles: o$^4$
*** Yale: è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
*** Palladius: э (e)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ok$^3$
*** Yale: ok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: og$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔːk̚³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Suzhou, Changzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$o
*** MiniDict: o$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /o⁵²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /o⁵²³/
* Middle Chinese: 'ak
Rime :
| Character | 堊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏各切 |
| Baxter | 'ak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔak › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔˁak/ |
| English | plaster (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14221 |
| Phonetic component | 亞 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惡 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaːɡ/ |

### Definitions

堊
* chalk; white clay
* to whitewash; to plaster with white clay
* (Wu, Jianghuai Mandarin) to apply fertilizer
    堊肥料／垩肥料 [Suzhounese] ― $^5$o $^2$vi-liau$_6$ [Wugniu] ― to apply fertilizer

#### Compounds

* 堊室 / 垩室
* 堊帚 / 垩帚
* 堊慢 / 垩慢
* 白堊 / 白垩 (bái'è)
* 白堊土 / 白垩土
* 白堊系 / 白垩系
* 白堊紀 / 白垩纪 (Bái'è Jì)
* 黃堊 / 黄垩
* 黝堊 / 黝垩

### References

* “堊”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | ⿱亜土 |
| Print standard | 堊 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form ⿱亜土)
* white earth, plaster

#### Readings

(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* Go-on: あく (aku)
* Kan-on: あく (aku)
* Kan’yō-on: あ (a)
* Kun: いろつち (irotsuchi, 堊)、しらつち (shiratsuchi, 堊)、しろつち (shirotsuchi, 堊)

#### Compounds

* 丹(たん)堊(あく) (tan'aku)
* 白(はく)堊(あ) (hakua, “chalk”)
* 白(はく)堊(あ)館(かん) (hakuakan)
* 白(はく)堊(あ)紀(き) (hakuaki)

#### Usage notes

May be substituted with 亜 with a similar on-reading of a, as in 白亜 (hakua).

## Korean
### Hanja

堊 • (ak) (hangeul 악, revised ak, McCune–Reischauer ak)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堊: Hán Nôm readings: ác
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.