# cera
## Asturian
### Etymology

From Lua error in Module:etymology at line 374: Latin (la) is not set as an ancestor of Asturian (ast) in Module:languages/data/3/a. The ancestor of Asturian is Old Leonese (roa-ole)..

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈθeɾa/ [ˈθe.ɾa]

### Noun

cera f (plural ceres)
* wax

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin cēra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈsɛ.ɾə]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈsə.ɾə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈse.ɾa]
* Rhymes: -eɾa

### Noun

cera f (plural ceres)
* wax

#### Derived terms

* cera d'abella
* cera de carnauba
* cera de les orelles
* cera perduda
* cerer
* cerós
* encerar

#### Related terms

* ceri
* cerífer
* cerilla
* cerot
* cerumen
* ciri

### Further reading

* “cera” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Fala
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cera (“wax”), from Lua error in Module:etymology at line 374: Latin (la) is not set as an ancestor of Fala (fax) in Module:languages/data/3/f. The ancestor of Fala is Old Galician-Portuguese (roa-opt)..

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈθeɾa/
* Rhymes: -eɾa
* Syllabification: ce‧ra

### Noun

cera f (plural ceras)
* wax

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cera, from Lua error in Module:etymology at line 374: Latin (la) is not set as an ancestor of Galician (gl) in Module:languages/data/2. The ancestor of Galician is Old Galician-Portuguese (roa-opt)..

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈθeɾa/ [ˈθe.ɾɐ]
* IPA: (standard) /ˈθeɾa/ [ˈθe.ɾɐ]
* IPA: (seseo) /ˈseɾa/ [ˈse.ɾɐ]
* Rhymes: -eɾa
* Hyphenation: ce‧ra

### Noun

cera f (plural ceras)
* wax

### Further reading

* “cera”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cera”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cera”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Gallurese
### Alternative forms

* zera (Aggius)

### Etymology

Inherited from Classical Latin cēra, probably a borrowing from a substrate language.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡ʃera/

### Noun

cera f (plural ceri)
* wax. beeswax

### References

* ↑ Mauro Maxia (2012) Fonetica storica del gallurese e delle altre varietà sardocorse (in Gallurese), Editrice Taphros, →ISBN

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin cēra (“wax”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡ʃe.ra/
* Rhymes: -era
* Hyphenation: cé‧ra

### Noun

cera f (plural cere)
* wax
* complexion

#### Derived terms

* cera bianca
* cera d'api (“beeswax”)
* cera da scarpe
* cera di carnauba
* cera di lignite
* cera giapponese
* cera molle
* cera persa
* cera vegetale
* cera vergine
* ceralacca
* ceroso (“waxy”)

### References

* cera in Collins Italian-English Dictionary
* cera in Aldo Gabrielli, Grandi Dizionario Italiano (Hoepli)
* cera in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa
* cera in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

### Anagrams

* Arce, acre, care, crea, reca

## Latin
### Etymology 1

A foreign loan from a substrate language, cognate with Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós) and Albanian qiri, and possibly also with Lithuanian korỹs (“honeycomb”) and Latvian kāre.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkeː.ra/, [ˈkeːrä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃe.ra/, [ˈt͡ʃɛːrä]

#### Noun

cēra f (genitive cērae); first declension
* wax, beeswax, honeycomb
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.747–748:audit in exēsa strīdōrem exāminis ulmō, aspicit et cērās dissimulatque senex[Silenus] hears the buzzing of a swarm in a hollowed-out elm tree, and the old man can see the honeycombs, yet he dissimulates [pretends as if he has found nothing]. (Ovid's word play relates the ‘‘exesus’’ – the tree's ‘‘having been consumed’’ – with the ‘‘examen’’ or swarm, which Silenus mistakenly assumes are bees; instead, moments later when he looks inside the tree he is attacked by hornets.)
* a wax seal
* a wax image

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* cērārius
* cērātum
* cēreus
* cērificō
* cērō
* cēroferārius
* cērōsus
* cērula
* prīmicērius
* secundicērius

##### Descendants

* Eastern Romance:
** Aromanian: tsearã, tsiare
** Romanian: ceară
* Franco-Provençal: cira
* Old French: cire, chiere, ciere
** Middle French: cire
*** French: cire
** Norman: chithe (Jersey)
* Gallo-Italic:
** Piedmontese: sira
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Dalmatian: caira
** Gallurese: cera
** Italian: cera
** Sassarese: cera
** Sicilian: cira
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: cera
** Occitan: cera
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: cere
** Romansch: tschaira, tschera, tscheira
* Sardinian: chera, cera
* Venetan: sera, siera, çera, zhera
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: cera
** Old Galician-Portuguese: cera
*** Fala: cera
*** Galician: cera
*** Portuguese: cera
** Spanish: cera
* → Proto-Brythonic: *kuɨr
** Breton: koar
** Old Cornish: coir
*** Cornish: kor
** Middle Welsh: cwyr
*** Welsh: cwyr
* → English: cere
* → Old Irish: céir
** Irish: céir
** Manx: kere
** Scottish Gaelic: cèir
* → Tashelhit: takira

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkeː.raː/, [ˈkeːräː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃe.ra/, [ˈt͡ʃɛːrä]

#### Verb

cērā
* second-person singular present active imperative of cērō

### References

* ↑ Mallory, Douglas, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
* ↑ Chantraine, Pierre (1968–1980) “κηρός”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Paris: Klincksieck, pages 526–527
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 108-9

### Further reading

* “cera”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “cera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "cera", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* cera in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “cera”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “cera”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin cēra.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Béarn):(file)

### Noun

cera f (plural ceras)
* wax

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡sɛ.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛra
* Syllabification: ce‧ra
* Homophone: Cera

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Italian cera, from Latin cēra.

#### Noun

cera f
* complexion (appearance of the skin on the face)

### Etymology 2

Deverbal from cerować.

#### Noun

cera f
* (sewing) darn (filling in a hole in the fabric created by rubbing, tearing, or tearing out a piece of it by using interlaced stitch)

##### Declension
### Further reading

* cera in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* cera in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cera (“wax”), from Lua error in Module:etymology at line 374: Latin (la) is not set as an ancestor of Portuguese (pt) in Module:languages/data/2. The ancestor of Portuguese is Old Galician-Portuguese (roa-opt)..

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈse.ɾɐ/
* Rhymes: -eɾɐ
* Hyphenation: ce‧ra

### Noun

cera f (plural ceras)
* wax (oily, water-resistant substance)
* earwax, cerumen

#### Derived terms

* cera de ouvido
* cerinha
* cerol
* giz de cera

#### Related terms

* cerume

## Sassarese
### Pronunciation

* (Castelsardo) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃera/

### Noun

cera f (plural ceri)
* (dialectal) Alternative form of zera (“wax. beeswax”)

### References

* ↑ Mauro Maxia (2012) Fonetica storica del gallurese e delle altre varietà sardocorse (in Sassarese), Editrice Taphros, →ISBN

## Silesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Czech céra, dcera. Displaced Old Polish córa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈt͡sɛ.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛra
* Syllabification: ce‧ra

### Noun

cera f
* daughter

### References

* ↑ Barbara Podgórska, Adam Podgóski (2008) “cera”, in Słownik gwar śląskich [A dictionary of Silesian lects], Katowice: Wydawnictwo KOS, →ISBN, page 52

### Further reading

* cera in silling.org

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Lua error in Module:etymology at line 374: Latin (la) is not set as an ancestor of Spanish (es) in Module:languages/data/2. The ancestor of Spanish is Early Modern Spanish (es-ear) (an etymology-only language whose regular parent is Spanish (es))..

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /ˈθeɾa/ [ˈθe.ɾa]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /ˈseɾa/ [ˈse.ɾa]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɾa
* Syllabification: ce‧ra

### Noun

cera f (plural ceras)
* wax
* (Spain) crayon
    Synonyms: (Colombia, Venezuela, Canary Islands) creyón, (Argentina, Guatemala, Honduras, Uruguay) crayón, (Cuba, Mexico, Peru) crayola, (Spain) lápiz de cera

#### Derived terms

* árbol de la cera
* blanco como la cera
* cera de los oídos
* cera de palma
* cera fría
* cera tibia
* librillo de cera

#### Related terms

* cerilla
* cerillo
* ceroso
* cerumen
* encerar

### Further reading

* “cera”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Anagrams

* acre, arce, crea, caer