# genus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender and genre, further related to kin.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) enPR: jēn’-əs, jĕn’-əs, IPA: /ˈdʒiːnəs/, /ˈdʒɛnəs/
* (US) enPR: jēn’-əs, IPA: /ˈd͡ʒiːnəs/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːnəs, -ɛnəs
* Hyphenation: ge‧nus

### Noun

genus (plural genera or (all nonstandard) genuses or genusses or genii)
* (biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species.
    All magnolias belong to the genus Magnolia.
    Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.
    There are only two genera and species of seadragons.
** 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:Müller […] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he cited Jubula as an annectant genus.
** 2003, James B. Phipps, Robert J. O'Kennon, Ronald W. Lance, Hawthorns and Medlars, Portland, O.R.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 57:Other maloid genera with hard nutlets are Cotoneaster, Hesperomeles, Osteomeles, and Pyracantba, but each of these is quite different from Mespilus and Crataegus.
** A taxon at this rank.
* A group with common attributes.
** 1945, Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, page 655:Recollection is one of a whole genus of effects which are more or less peculiar to the phenomena that we naturally call "mental."
* (topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) A natural number representing any of several related measures of the complexity of a given manifold or graph.
* (semantics) Within a definition, a broader category of the defined concept.
* (music) A type of tuning or intonation, used within an Ancient Greek tetrachord.

#### Usage notes

* (biology, taxonomy, rank in the classification of organisms): See generic name, binomial nomenclature.
* Do not confuse a genus of things with the genius of things.

#### Synonyms

* See also Thesaurus:class

#### Hyponyms

* (topology, graph theory): Euler genus
* (music): chromatic, diatonic, enharmonic (genus)

#### Derived terms

* bigenus
* cloud genus
* demigenus
* Euler-Fokker genus
* Euler genus
* form genus
* genarian
* genotype
* genus alternas
* genus name
* ichnogenus
* intergenus
* intragenus
* multigenus
* nothogenus
* oogenus
* plurigenus
* pseudogenus
* summum genus
* type genus

#### Related terms

* gender
* general
* generate
* generation
* generic
* genocide
* genre
* infrageneric

#### Descendants

* → Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)
* → Swahili: jenasi
* → Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* (semantics): differentia
* (biological taxa):
   * domain
   * kingdom
   * phylum/division
   * class
   * order
   * family
   * supergenus
   * genus
   ** subgenus, section, series
   * species

#### Further reading

* “genus”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “genus”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Negus, negus

## Danish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin genus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡeːnus/, [ˈɡ̊eːnus]

### Noun

genus n (plural indefinite genus or genera)
* (biology, taxonomy) genus
    Synonym: slægt
* (grammar) gender
    Synonym: køn

### Further reading

* genus on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin genus. Doublet of gender and genre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɣeː.nʏs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ge‧nus

### Noun

genus n (plural genera)
* (botany) a rank in a taxonomic classification, in between family and species
    Synonym: geslacht
* (botany) a taxon at this rank
    Synonym: geslacht
* (linguistics) gender
    Synonym: geslacht

#### Derived terms

* subgenus
* supergenus

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: genus

## Finnish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin genus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡenus/, [ˈɡe̞nus̠]
* Rhymes: -enus
* Hyphenation: ge‧nus

### Noun

genus
* (botany) Synonym of suku (“genus”)
* (topology) genus
    Synonym: suku

#### Declension

Possessive forms of genus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
genukseni
genukseni
accusative
nom.
genukseni
genukseni
gen.
genukseni
genitive
genukseni
genusteni genuksieni
partitive
genustani
genuksiani
inessive
genuksessani
genuksissani
elative
genuksestani
genuksistani
illative
genukseeni
genuksiini
adessive
genuksellani
genuksillani
ablative
genukseltani
genuksiltani
allative
genukselleni
genuksilleni
essive
genuksenani
genuksinani
translative
genuksekseni
genuksikseni
abessive
genuksettani
genuksittani
instructive
comitative
—genuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
genuksesi
genuksesi
accusative
nom.
genuksesi
genuksesi
gen.
genuksesi
genitive
genuksesi
genustesi genuksiesi
partitive
genustasi
genuksiasi
inessive
genuksessasi
genuksissasi
elative
genuksestasi
genuksistasi
illative
genukseesi
genuksiisi
adessive
genuksellasi
genuksillasi
ablative
genukseltasi
genuksiltasi
allative
genuksellesi
genuksillesi
essive
genuksenasi
genuksinasi
translative
genukseksesi
genuksiksesi
abessive
genuksettasi
genuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—genuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
genuksemme
genuksemme
accusative
nom.
genuksemme
genuksemme
gen.
genuksemme
genitive
genuksemme
genustemme genuksiemme
partitive
genustamme
genuksiamme
inessive
genuksessamme
genuksissamme
elative
genuksestamme
genuksistamme
illative
genukseemme
genuksiimme
adessive
genuksellamme
genuksillamme
ablative
genukseltamme
genuksiltamme
allative
genuksellemme
genuksillemme
essive
genuksenamme
genuksinamme
translative
genukseksemme
genuksiksemme
abessive
genuksettamme
genuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—genuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
genuksenne
genuksenne
accusative
nom.
genuksenne
genuksenne
gen.
genuksenne
genitive
genuksenne
genustenne genuksienne
partitive
genustanne
genuksianne
inessive
genuksessanne
genuksissanne
elative
genuksestanne
genuksistanne
illative
genukseenne
genuksiinne
adessive
genuksellanne
genuksillanne
ablative
genukseltanne
genuksiltanne
allative
genuksellenne
genuksillenne
essive
genuksenanne
genuksinanne
translative
genukseksenne
genuksiksenne
abessive
genuksettanne
genuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—genuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
genuksensa
genuksensa
accusative
nom.
genuksensa
genuksensa
gen.
genuksensa
genitive
genuksensa
genustensa genuksiensa
partitive
genustaan genustansa
genuksiaan genuksiansa
inessive
genuksessaan genuksessansa
genuksissaan genuksissansa
elative
genuksestaan genuksestansa
genuksistaan genuksistansa
illative
genukseensa
genuksiinsa
adessive
genuksellaan genuksellansa
genuksillaan genuksillansa
ablative
genukseltaan genukseltansa
genuksiltaan genuksiltansa
allative
genukselleen genuksellensa
genuksilleen genuksillensa
essive
genuksenaan genuksenansa
genuksinaan genuksinansa
translative
genuksekseen genukseksensa
genuksikseen genuksiksensa
abessive
genuksettaan genuksettansa
genuksittaan genuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—genuksineen genuksinensa :

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch genus, from Latin genus. Doublet of gender, genre, and jenis.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈɡenus/ [ˈɡe.nʊs]
* Rhymes: -enus
* Syllabification: ge‧nus

### Noun

genus (plural genus-genus)
* genus:
** (biology, taxonomy) a category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species
** a group with common attributes
* type
* class; group

#### Derived terms

* bergenus

### Further reading

* “genus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *genos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os n (“race”), from the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”); compare also gēns, gignō and -gnus, from the same root. From the genitive gener-is (< PIE *ǵénh₁es-os), the sound shift -r- < *-s- can be observed, through which the Old Latin form *genes-is can be reconstructed.
Cognates include Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin, kind”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “race, class of beings”), Proto-Celtic *genos (“birth; family”), and English kin. Doublet of genea.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡe.nus/, [ˈɡɛnʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒe.nus/, [ˈd͡ʒɛːnus]

#### Noun

genus n (genitive generis); third declension
* birth, origin, lineage, descent
* kind, type, class
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:huic generi militum senatus eundem, quem Cannensibus, finem statuerat militiae.For this class of soldier the senate had established a limit in duration to their military service, which was the same as the men at Cannae.
* species (general classification, as of living things), taxon (of animal or plant), race (of people or animals)
** c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III:omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque / et genus aequoreum pecudes pictaeque volucres / in furias ignemque ruuntSo far does every race on earth of man and beast, / whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged, / collapse into the frenzies and the fire [of sex].
* set, group, category (with common attributes)
* (grammar) gender
** 6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed): Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; […] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225
    Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.Nouns have six genders: masculine, e.g. hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g. hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g. hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g. hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing'; epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g. passer 'sparrow', aquila 'eagle'.
** 16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere): Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19
    Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.Nouns have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede with hic: hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede with haec, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'. Neuter, which you can precede with hoc, e.g. hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede with hic and haec: hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three of hic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g. hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing', hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g. hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g. hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine), haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine), hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).
* (grammar) subtype of word
** Aelius Donatus, Ars Minor De Verbo:Genera verborum quot sunt? Quinque. Quae? Activa passiva neutra deponentia communia.How many types of verbs are there? Five. Which ones? Active, passive, neuter, deponent, common.
** Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentarius in Artem Donati :Verborum genera quinque sunt, activa passiva neutra communia deponentia.There are five types of verbs: active, passive, neuter, common, deponent.

##### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

##### Hyponyms

* (grammar, genera nominum): [genus] fēminīnum, [genus] masculīnum, [genus] neutrum, genus commūne, genus omne
* (grammar, genera verborum): [genus] āctīvum, [genus] passīvum, [genus] neutrum, [genus] commūne, [genus] dēpōnēns, [genus] medium

##### Derived terms

* bigener
* congener
* dēgener
* generālis
* generātim
* generō
* generōsus
* genus verbī
* suī generis

##### Descendants

* Catalan: gens
* Franco-Provençal: gins
* Old French: giens
Unsorted borrowings:
* → Arabic: جِنْس (jins)
* → Catalan: gènere
* → Danish: genus
* → Dutch: genus
* → English: genus (see there for further descendants)
* → Finnish: genus
* → Galician: xendra, xénero
* → German: Genus
* → Irish: géineas
* → Italian: genere
* → Old French: gen(d)re (see there for further descendants)
* → Norwegian Bokmål: genus
* → Portuguese: género, gênero (Brazil)
* → Romanian: gen
* → Spanish: género
* → Swedish: genus

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡe.nuːs/, [ˈɡɛnuːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒe.nus/, [ˈd͡ʒɛːnus]

#### Noun

genūs
* genitive singular of genū

### References

* “genus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “genus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "genus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. an Englishman by birth: natione, genere Anglus the position of the lower classes: condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis from this point of view; similarly: quo in genere from every point of view; looked at in every light: omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari the species is subordinate the genus: partes generibus subiectae sunt to differ qualitatively not quantitatively: genere, non numero or magnitudine differre this word is neuter: hoc vocabulum generis neutri (not neutrius) est) to be of noble family: generis antiquitate florere of illustrious family: nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus people of every rank: homines omnis generis the aristocracy (as a social class): nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt (ambiguous) the male, female sex: sexus (not genus) virilis, muliebris (ambiguous) to choose a career, profession: genus vitae (vivendi) or aetatis degendae deligere (ambiguous) to analyse a general division into its specific parts: genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33. 117) (ambiguous) to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy: poesis genus ad Romanos transferre (ambiguous) style: genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio (ambiguous) elevated, moderate, plain style: genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21) (ambiguous) a running style: fusum orationis genus (ambiguous) a rough, unpolished style: inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242) (ambiguous) a bombastic style: inflatum orationis genus (ambiguous) to adopt the language of everyday life: accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin genus.

### Noun

genus m or n (definite singular genusen or genuset, indefinite plural genera or genus, definite plural genera or generaa or genusa or genusane)
* (biology, taxonomy) genus
* (grammar) gender
* (grammar) voice

### References

* “genus” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin genus.

### Noun

genus n
* (grammar) gender (division of nouns and pronouns)
* (social) gender, sex (social issues of being man or woman)

#### Usage notes

* Biological gender is called kön. The Latin word genus is used for grammar and more recently for gender studies.

#### Synonyms

* (grammar): kön

#### Related terms

* genusforskning
* genusfråga
* genuspedagogik
* genusperspektiv
* genusteori
* genusväxling
* genusändelse

### References

* genus in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

### Anagrams

* sugen, unges