# duma
## English
### Alternative forms

* Duma

### Etymology

From Russian ду́ма (dúma, “elective legislative assembly”, originally: “thought”), Origin of the Slavic term is disputed. Either of Germanic origin. Doublet of doom. Or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow"), *dymъ (“smoke”). The drink is named after the legislative assembly.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdumə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Homophone: doomer
* Hyphenation: du‧ma

### Noun

duma (plural dumas)
* A Russian legislative assembly such as the historical duma of the Russian Empire or the modern lower house of the Federal Assembly (the Russian national parliament).
** 1905, “Russian Duma” in The Outlook Volume 80, 989:
    Hence, while preserving his autocratic power, the Czar decrees a “Gosudarstvennaia Duma,” or State Council. The elections for this Duma will cover the whole territory of the Empire, ...
* A drink mixing wine and vodka.

#### Derived terms

* dumaist

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Damu, Maud, maud, muda

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈduma/ [ˈdʊmʌ]
* Hyphenation: du‧ma

### Adverb

dúma
* once upon a time
* in the beginning

### Postposition

dúma
* (+ -k form) before
    Anú okmék dúma. ― Before I eat.

### Noun

dúma m
* precedence
* former time

#### Declension

absolutive
dúma
predicative
dúma
subjective
dumí
genitive
dumí
Postpositioned forms
l-case
dúmal
k-case
dúmak
t-case
dúmat
h-case
dúmah :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “dùma”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2004) Parlons Afar: Langue et Culture, L'Hammartan, →ISBN, page 37
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Bikol Central
### Noun

duma
* tuber

## Hausa
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dú.máː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [dɪ́.máː]

#### Noun

dumā m (plural dumā̀mē, possessed form duman)
* calabash, gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dú.màː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [dɪ́.màː]

#### Verb

dumā̀ (grade 1)
* To put one's mouth deeply into something
* (with an indirect object) To strike a person with something

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdumɒ]
* Hyphenation: du‧ma
* Rhymes: -mɒ

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Russian ду́ма (dúma, “duma”).

#### Noun

duma (usually uncountable, plural dumák)
* (historical) duma

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Romani dùma (“speech”), from a Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *duma.

#### Noun

duma (countable and uncountable, plural dumák)
* (colloquial) talk, chat
* (colloquial) bullshit, lie

##### Derived terms

* dumál
* dumás
* dumafranci
* dumagép
* dumaparti

### Further reading

* (duma): duma in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* (talk, chat): duma in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* duma in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Kituba
### Verb

duma
* to thunder

## Latvian
### Adjective

duma
* (dialectal) genitive masculine singular of dums
* (dialectal) nominative feminine singular of dums

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

### Verb

-duma
* to thunder, to rumble

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Northern Sotho
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

duma
* to want
* to wish

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

#### Verb

duma
* to thunder

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀤𑀼𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* दुम (Devanagari script)
* দুম (Bengali script)
* දුම (Sinhalese script)
* ဒုမ or ၻုမ (Burmese script)
* ทุม or ทุมะ (Thai script)
* ᨴᩩᨾ (Tai Tham script)
* ທຸມ or ທຸມະ (Lao script)
* ទុម (Khmer script)
* 𑄘𑄪𑄟 (Chakma script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit द्रुम (druma, “tree”).

### Noun

duma m
* tree

#### Declension
### References

* Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “duma”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead
* Maung Tin (1920), The Student's Pali-English Dictionary, Rangoon: British Burma Press.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdu.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uma
* Syllabification: du‧ma
* Homophone: Duma

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duma. Doublet of Duma.

#### Noun

duma f
* pride (sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ukrainian ду́ма (dúma).

#### Noun

duma f
* dumka (individual composition in the genre of instrumental folk music from Ukraine)
    Synonym: dumka
* dumka (literary work based on such a composition)
    Synonym: dumka

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

duma
* third-person singular present of dumać

### Further reading

* duma in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* duma in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* duma in PWN's encyclopedia

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* d'uma (dated)

### Etymology

From earlier d'uma, de (“of”) + uma (“feminine singular indefinite article”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈdũ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈdũ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈdu.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈdu.mɐ/

### Contraction

duma f sg
* Contraction of de uma (“of/from a (feminine)”): feminine singular of dum
** 1877, Unknown, A boneca, compiled in Contos para a Infância, Guerra Junqueiro:
    Deixe-me agora, leitor, contar-lhe uma história — a história duma boneca!Now let me, reader, tell you a story - the story of a doll!

## Southern Ndebele
### Relative

-dúma
* tasteless, flavourless

#### Inflection
## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)
* Hyphenation: du‧ma

### Noun

duma class IX (plural duma class X)
* cheetah

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /dúːma/

#### Relative

-dúma
* tasteless, flavourless

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-dùma.
The expected reflex would be -vuma. It is likely that this is a back formation from indumo, from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ̀ma, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-dùma.

#### Verb

-duma
* (intransitive) to be noisy
* (intransitive) to roar, to thunder
* (intransitive) to be famous, to be renowned

##### Inflection
### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-duma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-duma”
* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “duma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “duma (8.3)”