# ka
## Translingual
### Etymology

The etymology for the ISO 639-1 code for Georgian is from Georgian ქართული ენა (kartuli ena).

### Symbol

ka
* kiloyear (also ky, kyr)
* thousands of years ago
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Georgian.

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑː/
* Rhymes: -ɑː

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Egyptian kꜣ.

#### Noun

ka (plural kas)
* A spiritual part of the soul in Egyptian mythology, which survived after death.
** 1983, Norman Mailer, Ancient Evenings:Then, I wondered how long I must wait before seeing my Double, but if I recalled, the Ka was not supposed to appear before the seventy days of embalming were done.
** 1990, Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae:Hence Dorian's portrait is like the ka or double of the deceased in Egyptian tombs, heaped with toys and furniture.
** 2011, Neil Gaiman, American Gods (Tenth Anniversary Edition), William Morrow 2013, p. 179:
    ‘You could bind the ka of a man to his body for five thousand years,’ said Jaquel.

### Etymology 2

Origin uncertain.

#### Verb

ka
* (transitive, obsolete) To serve or help; used only in the phrase "Ka me, ka thee" or variants thereof.
** 1603, Michel de Montaigne, translated by John Florio, Essays, III.5:Now nature stood ever on this point, Kæ mee Ile kæ thee, and ever ready to bee even alwaies on recompences and vicissitude of things, and to give as good as one brings.
** 1821 January 8, [Walter Scott], Kenilworth; a Romance. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; and John Ballantyne, […]; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:Ka me, ka thee, is a proverb all over the world.

#### References

* Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

ka (plural kas)
* The name of the Cyrillic script letter К / к.

### See also

* gwo ka
* ish ka bibble
* ka-boom
* ka-ching
* ka pai

### Anagrams

* AK, Ak

## Acehnese
### Adverb

ka
* already

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka/ [ˈkʌ]

### Pronoun

ká
* he, him

#### Usage notes

* The form káa is used when the pronoun isn't followed by a clitic.

#### See also
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “ka”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

## Ainu
### Etymology

Likely a loan word from Nivkh ӿа (ha) (bearing the same meaning), given that the traps were of the same type and that sable hunting was taken up on Sakhalin for export to Qing China, to whom the Nivkh were nearer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]

### Noun

ka
* sable trap

### References

* Bugaeva, Anna. Handbook of the Ainu Language, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502859

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* nga (Tosk)
* kah

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka] (Gheg)

### Etymology 1

From older kah, from *kah ~ ngah (compare Tosk Albanian nga), from Proto-Albanian *en kaxa, from Proto-Indo-European *en kʷod so (“wherein, wherefrom”), literally ‘in which this’. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).

#### Preposition

ka (+ nominative)
* from, out, out of, to
    Jo, unë nuk jam ka Shqipëria.No, I am not from Albania.
* who, whom

### Etymology 2

From earlier *kaha, from Proto-Albanian *koso, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁s- (“scratch, cut”). For sense development, compare Slavic *volь - ox, from *valiti - to throw down, castrate. Alternatively, the plural form qe suggests an earlier *kʷē, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“ox, cow”) via an unidentified Indo-European language.

#### Pronunciation

* singular: IPA: [kaː]
* singular: IPA: [qɒ] (Gheg)
* plural: IPA: [ceː]

#### Noun

ka m (plural qe, definite kau, definite plural qetë)
* ox
* steer

##### Hyponyms

* kau i hullisë (“stronger ox (of a team) that walks in the furrow”)
* ka i kularit (“yoke ox”)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ka
* third-person singular present indicative of kam

### References

* ↑ Fialuur i voghel Sccyp e ltinisct (Small Dictionary of Albanian and Latin), page 51, by P. Jak Junkut, 1895, Sckoder
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ka”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 160
* ↑ Orel - Balcanica pg. 114

## Amanab
### Pronoun

ka
* I (first person singular nominative)

## Ambonese Malay
### Etymology

From Malay ke.

### Preposition

ka
* to, towards

### References

* D. Takaria, C. Pieter (1998) Kamus Bahasa Melayu Ambon-Indonesia‎, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

## Bahnar
### Etymology

From Proto-Bahnaric *kaː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kaʔ; cognate with Sedang ká, Vietnamese cá, Mon က (kaʔ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaː/

### Noun

ka
* fish

## Bambara
### Particle

ka
* possessive marker
    an ka jamanaour country

### Particle

ka
* particle linking subject and predicative adjective
    A ka ɲiIt's good
    Kidali ka janKidal is far away

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/, [ka]

### Noun

ka inan
* The name of the Latin-script letter K/k.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) a, be, ze, de, e, efe, ge, hatxe, i, jota, ka, ele, eme, ene, eñe, o, pe, ku, erre, ese, te, u, uve, uve bikoitz, ixa, i greko, zeta

## Central Pomo
### Noun

ka
* water

## Chuukese
### Pronoun

ka
* you (singular)

### Adjective

ka
* you are

#### Related terms
## Cimbrian
### Etymology

Shortened form of kan.

### Preposition

ka
* Alternative form of kan, used before words starting with s.

### Further reading

* “ka” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Drung
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka.

### Noun

ka
* word

### References

* Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎, Santa Barbara: University of California

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaː/
* Hyphenation: ka
* Rhymes: -aː

### Etymology 1

From kade.

#### Noun

ka f (plural kaden or kades or ka's, diminutive kaatje n)
* Alternative form of kade

### Etymology 2

Uncertain. Possibly from Catharina Mulder or "Kaat Mossel".

#### Noun

ka f (plural ka's, diminutive kaatje n)
* (Netherlands, derogatory) dominant woman

##### Synonyms

* kenau

### Etymology 3

Related to kauw.

#### Noun

ka f (plural ka's or kauwen, diminutive kaatje n or kauwtje n)
* Alternative form of kauw

### Etymology 4

Borrowed from Egyptian kꜣ.

#### Noun

ka c (plural ka's)
* ka (ancient Egyptian notion of the soul, shown as a bird)

## Estonian
### Etymology

Derived from kaasas.

### Adverb

ka (not comparable)
* also, too
    Tema läks ka metsa.He also went to the forest.

## Ewe
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑː/

### Noun

ka (plural kawo)
* cord
* line
* rope
* string

### Verb

ka
* to bite
* to break
* to chip
* to rummage

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑ
* Hyphenation: ka

### Etymology 1

Variant of kaa, both shortenings of kanssa.

#### Adverb

ka (rare, dialectal)
* also, too
    Minä menin kauppaan ka.I went to a shop as well.

### Etymology 2

A dialectal or colloquial 2nd person imperative present of katsoa (“to look”).

#### Verb

ka
* (dialectal, colloquial) look!
    Ka!

##### Synonyms

* katso
* kato (colloquial)

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/ ~ /kɑ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑ

### Noun

ka m (plural kas)
* kay, The name of the Latin-script letter K/k.

## Fula
### Preposition

ka
* to, in, at

### Suffix

ka
* Noun class indicator for nouns (singular) including abstractions and borrowed words

#### Usage notes

* Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

### Article

ka
* (definite) the (when it follows the noun)
    taasa ka ― the bowl

#### Usage notes

* Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

### Determiner

ka
* (used in indicating something)
    ka taasa ― this/that bowl

#### Usage notes

* Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

### References

* Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
* M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

## Futuna-Aniwa
### Verb

ka
* (Aniwa) to squeal

## German
### Phrase

ka
* (Internet slang) Alternative spelling of k. A.
** 2004 September 21, Tilman Wetter, “Schaltauge nachrüsten?”, in de.rec.fahrrad‎ (Usenet):Na gut Mir war halt so nach schnellspannnabe, wegen Reifenwechseln undsoweiter. Ich hab ka nun den zweiten Totenkopf abgerissen und die 14er Schlüssel ziehen Winters immer in den Süden :-((please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2005 December 10, Alexander Jede, “einfrierende Maus bei xine”, in linux.debian.user.german‎ (Usenet):Kann mir da einer helfen? ich hab absolut ka woran es liegt. AUs der config von xine bin ich zum nicht schlauer geworden.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2006 January 12, Alexander Jede, “einfrierende Maus bei xine”, in linux.debian.user.german‎ (Usenet):irgendwo hab ich aufgeschnappt das mitte Februar neue Dual Core CPU´s auf den Markt kommen.Bitte nicht fragen wo ich das her hab,ka vieleicht bilde ich mir das ja auch nur ein ;-)(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From African origin. Cognate with Kabuverdianu ka.

### Adverb

ka
* not

## Haitian Creole
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Etymology 1

From French cas (“case”).

#### Noun

ka
* case, instance

### Etymology 2

Contraction of kapab, from French capable

#### Verb

ka
* (auxiliary) can, be able to

## Hanunoo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka/ [ˈka]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ka

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka (2sg. subject pronoun).

#### Pronoun

ka (Hanunoo spelling ᜣ)
* you (singular)
    Synonyms: kawo, (rare) kam
    Naan ka pamag-uli?Where do you live?

##### See also

| Person | Number | Direct | Indirect | Oblique |
| First | singular | ako | niko | kangko, kang |
| First | plural inclusive | kita | nita | kanta |
| First | plural exclusive | kami | nimi | kanmi |
| Second | singular | kawo, ka | nimo | kanmo |
| Second | plural | kamo | niyo | kanyo |
| Third | singular | siya | niya | kanya |
| Third | plural | sida | nida | kanda |

### Etymology 2
#### Particle

ka (Hanunoo spelling ᜣ)
* connective used between a cardinal numeral and that which is enumerated
    duwa ka bilog sab-a ― two of saba bananas

### Etymology 3
#### Particle

ka (Hanunoo spelling ᜣ) (literary)
* a connective
    Synonyms: pag, pagka
    Kang ka idu, si Migra. ― My dog, Migra.

### Further reading

* Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 131

## Hausa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /káː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [káː]

### Adverb

kā
* (with dà or à) in or on

### References

* Newman, Paul (2007) A Hausa-English Dictionary (Yale Language Series), New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 102.

## Hawaiian
### Alternative forms

* ke (before words that begin with 'k', 'a', 'e', or 'o')

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/, [kə]

### Article

ka sg (plural nā)
* the

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of ka – see 家 (“home; family; household; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 家).
* For pronunciation and definitions of ka – see 鳩 (“pigeon; dove (family; to gather; to assemble; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 鳩).
* For pronunciation and definitions of ka – see 鉸 (“scissors; to cut with scissors; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 鉸).
* For pronunciation and definitions of ka – see 加 (“to put on top of another object; to add; to put in; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 加).

## Iban
### Pronunciation

IPA: /käʔ̚/

### Verb

ka
* (informal, modal auxiliary) Contraction of deka.
    Aku ka makai asi.I want to eat rice.

## Ido
### Etymology

See kad. Decision no. 16, Progreso II. Based on the apocopic forms a, e, and o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Particle

ka
* Apocopic form of kad (used before a consonant)
    Ka tu amoras me? ― Do you love me?

### References

* Progreso II (in Ido), 1909–1910, page 15, 357, 579

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch kaa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka/, [ˈka]

### Noun

ka (plural ka-ka)
* The name of the Latin-script letter K/k.

#### Synonyms

* ke (Standard Malay)

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

### Further reading

* “ka” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Japanese
### Romanization

ka
* The hiragana syllable か (ka) or the katakana syllable カ (ka) in Hepburn romanization.

## Javanese
### Etymology

Clipping of ika

### Determiner

ka
* (colloquial) yonder

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology

From African origin.

### Adverb

ka
* not

## Kapampangan
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka (“2sg. subject pronoun”). Compare Indonesian -kah, Malay -kah.

### Particle

ka
* marks a sentence as interrogative
    Kalaraman ka?Is it a lie?
    Nanka?What's up?
** 1617, Francisco Coronel, Arte y reglas de la lengua Pampanga:Sucat mo casing bitasan quing micabucasan ca?Can you by chance assure us that you will arrive tomorrow?
* whether (or not)
    X ka Y ka?Are you an X or Y?
    Munta ka alika?Are you going or not?
* used with o to mark list and to connect choices being considered with uncertainty
    Ini ka o ita ka, sanu kareni.This or that?, which one of these?
    Magpasta ka o magpitsa ka?Are you gonna eat pasta or pizza?

### Pronoun

ka
* you (second person singular)
    Kaluguran dakaI love you
    Mamun ka kang indaSay goodbye to your mother

#### Usage notes

* The word ka usually replaces ika when in the middle of a sentence.
* When speaking to be polite, use the plural form kayu, ikayu.

#### See also

* kana
* kanu
* kaya
* kayi
* uari

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkaː/, [ˈkäː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈka/, [ˈkäː]

### Noun

kā f (indeclinable)
* The name of the letter K.

#### Coordinate terms

* (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

### References

* Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32 Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū — each, again, with a long vowel sound.

## Latvian
### Etymology

Originally an old neuter nominative singular form of kas (“who, what”) that acquired the function of a conjunction. Cognates include Old Prussian ka (“who, what”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]
* Audio:(file)

### Conjunction

ka
* that; used to link a subordinate clause to the main clause, sometimes with a pronominal antecedent (tas, tāds, tik, tādēļ, tāpēc), with various different functions:
    (a) subject:
    labi, ka darbs padarīts ― (it is) good that the work is done
    viņam nepatika, ka tagad viņi ar Plienu bija palikuši tikai divi ― he didn't like that now only he and Pliens had remained
    aplam darīts arī tas, ka divās dienās nopļāva visu Spilvas pļavu ― wrongly done was also that (= the fact) that (he) mowed the entire Spilva meadow in two days
    tveice bija tāda, ka šķita - tīrums smaržo kā liela rudzu kalte ― the heat was such that one felt (as if) the field smelled like a big rye drier
       (b) attributive complement, (secondary) predicate
    pienāca ziņa, ka tēvs saslimis ― there is news that father is sick
    viņi nolaida karogus per zīmi, ka demonstrācija beigusies ― they lowered the flags as a sign that the protest was over
    vēl vairāk sirdi nospeiž sāpes, / ka atkal apkārt tikai mežs ― even more the heart is oppressed by the pain / that again (there is) only forest around
    ir tāds karstums, ka pat putniņi paslēpušies ― (there) is such a heat that even the little birds are hiding
       (c) direct object
    viņš teica, ka varam iet ― he said that we could go
    Ģirts redzēja, ka Artūrs nekā neapjēdz, ka labāk runāt par ko citu ― Ģirts saw that Artūrs would never realize that it would be better to talk about something else
    Krančelis izrādīja visu savu nemieru ar to, ka nevarēja meiteni iepriecināt ― Krančelis showed all his concern with that (= the fact) that he could not cheer up the girl
    kas gan var būt vēl skaistāks pasaulē par to, ka cilvēks palīdz cilvēkam un draugs - draugam! ― what can be more beautiful in (this) world than that (= the fact) that a person helps (another) person and a friend - (another) friend!
       (d) adverbial complement (manner)
    viņpus upes krastā Preimanis lādējās, ka visa pamale skanēja ― on the shore, on the other side of the river, Preimanis cursed (in such a way) that the whole horizon resounded (with his curses)
    Saulītis krāca tā, ka ārā varēja dzirdēt ― Saulītis snored so (= in such a way) that one could hear it outside
       (e) adverbial complement (cause)
          (often tāpēc ka, tādēļ ka, less frequently tamdēļ ka, tālab ka, “for the reason that”)
    viņai kļūst kauns par sevi, ka pat domās pieļāvusi salīdzinājumu ― she felt ashamed of herself, that (= because) she had allowed herself (to make) this comparison even in thought
    publicisti uzbruka rakstniekiem, ka tie bez īstas kvēles un dedzības ķeras pagatavot lugas ― the publishers attacked the writers that (= because) they tried to prepare (= write) plays without real fervor and zeal
    “bet varbūt tāpēc līst, ka man sāp zobs”, viņš iedomājās ― “but maybe it is raining for that reason, that (= because) my tooth hurts,” he thought
    krievu valoda mums jāprot tādēļ, ka tā ir mūsu kaimiņu un draugu valoda ― we must know Russian for that reason, that (= because) it is the language of our neighbors and friends
    Ješka nepaguva atbildēt, tāpēc ka papriekš gribēja iedzert ― Ješka couldn't answer, because he first wanted to drink
    tu, tēvoc, daudz ko nedzirdi, tādēļ ka kurls esi palicis ― you, uncle, haven't heard much, because you have become deaf
       (f) adverbial complement (consequence)
          (often tā kā “so that”)
    otrā rītā sāp mugura, ka tīri vai jāraud ― the next morning (his) back was in pain, (so much) that (he) simply had to cry
    visi bija tik satraukti, ka nemanīja, vai viņš atsveicinās vai ne ― everybody was so excited that (they) did not noticed whether or not he said goodbye
    Ainas acis vērāas tik mierīgas un vēas, ka viņš atmeta šādu domu ― (but) Aina's eyes were so peaceful and cool (= calm) that he abandoned such thought(s)
    dejotāju kājas bija noru noblietējušas tā, ka zeme sāka skanēt ― the dancers' feet had stomped the (forest) glade so (= in such a way) that the earth began to resound
    vējš gaudoja aizvien stiprāk, tā ka sāka jau drebēt majas jumts ― the wind howled more and more strongly, so that the house roof began to shake
    vecais zvirbulis bija ļoti noskumis un kļuva pat neuzmanīgs, tā ka to gandrīz noķēra pelēkais Minka ― the old sparrow had become very sad and even inattentive, so that the gray Minka (= cat) almost caught him
       (g) adverbial complement (purpose)
    pēc malkas ej, ka var kurināt tam akmenim virsū! ― go find wood, (so) that we can burn it on (top of) that rock
    skrien kā traks, ka tikai izraut lielāku normu ― I run (= work) like crazy, (so) that I may get a larger margin (= advantage)
       (h) adverbial complement (measure, proportion)
    tūlīt pēc kara pievairojis bija pelēču, ka mudž ― immediately after the war the grays (= landowners) became many, (so much) that (they) were swarming
    viņa steidzās tik ļoti, ka neievēroja vaļējās klēts durvis un tajās sēdošo cilvēku ― she hurried so much that (she) did not notice the open barn door and the person sitting in(side of) it
    vai tik daudz sāpju sevī pārvarēji, / ka tikai prieku spēsi citiem sniegt? ― have you overcome so much pain in yourself / that you will be able to give only joy to others?
       (i) adverbial complement (condition)
    kas tas par draugu, ka nevar palīdzēt? ― what kind of friend is he, that (= if) he can't help?
    kur gan esat, zilie ceriņi, ka nekur vairs nesatieku jūs? ― where are you, blue lilac, that (= if) I don't find you anywhere?

### Particle

ka
* used to add a nuance of probability or doubt to a, usually negative, utterance, to make it optative, expressive of a desire (cf. kaut); may...
    jāsagrābj siens, ka neuznāk lietus ― (we) have to rake the hay together, may rain not come (i.e., maybe there will be rain)
    vispirms gādājiet, lai rudzi tiek statos; ka neuznāk krusa ― first of all make sure that the rye is in heaps; may hail not come (= i.e., maybe there will be hail)
    ka tik viņš neaizietu! ― may he only not leave! if only he wouldn't leave!
    “ka nenositas”, Nikolajs ieminas, bet onkulis atmet at roku: “liels puisietis, nenositīsies” ― “may he not get himself killed” (i.e., he probably won't get himself killed), Nikolas said, and uncle gestured with his hand: “(he is) a big boy, he won't get himself killed”
    “ak, ka tak viss neietu tik lēnām... tos, kas nomirs, tos tak ielaidīs jūrā?” “laikam”“oh, may everything not go so slowly (= if only everything didn't go so slowly)... those who died, they will be thrown into the sea?” “maybe”
    pagája labs brīdis, bet necēlās neviens no pakritušajiem skrējējiem... ka viņu vilks, nu būs abi divi beigti ― a good while went by, but none of the fallen runners stood up... may (the devil) take him, they now will be (= probably are) both finished (= dead)
* used to reinforce the intensity of an action or activity, usually with a repeated verb; ... and ...
    māte tik naigi dur ka dur - šuj savu šujamo ― mother so quickly pierced and pierced - she sows her sowing (= what she needs to sow, i.e. she is certainly carrying out her task)

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ka”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Lutuv
### Pronunciation

IPA: [kə̀ə̀]

### Verb

ka
* to shoot

### References

* Kelly Harper Berkson, Amanda Bohnert, Sui Hnem Par (2022) “Consonant Sounds in Hnaring Lutuv”, in Indiana Working Papers in South Asian Languages and Cultures‎, volume 3, number 1

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Noun

ka m inan
* The name of the Latin-script letter k/K.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

## Malay
### Noun

ka
* Abbreviation of kaki (“foot (unit of measurement)”).

### Further reading

* “ka” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

ka
* Nonstandard spelling of kā.
* Nonstandard spelling of kǎ.
* Nonstandard spelling of kà.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Mangas
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kā/

### Pronoun

ka
* second person singular personal pronoun, you

### References

* Blench, Robert; Bulkaam, Michael (2021) An Introduction to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. University of Cambridge.

## Maori
### Particle

ka
* Marks an event as occurring at some time or as existing
* when; used before a verb to indicate the start of an action or state
* Marks a verb as being in future tense
* Used when counting numbers
    Ka tahi, ka rua, ka toru...One, two, three...
* Used in commands with taua and tātou
    ātou ka haerelet's go
* now (for the first time); when used after kātahi anō

### References

* "ka" - Maori Dictionary

## Mapudungun
### Adverb

ka (Raguileo spelling)
* too; also

#### Synonyms

* kafey

### Conjunction

ka (Raguileo spelling)
* and

### Determiner

ka (Raguileo spelling)
* another; not the same

## Mizo
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kaj ~ kaj-maʔ , from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-j ~ ka (“I; me”).

### Pronoun

ka
* I; me

### References

* Lorrain, J. Herbert (1940) “ka”, in Dictionary of the Lushai language, Calcutta: Asiatic Society

## Naxi
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ).

### Adjective

ka
* bitter

### References

* Naxi Dictionary by T.M. Pinson, Lijiang 2012

## Northern Pomo
### Etymology

From Proto-Pomo *ʔahqʰá (“water”).

### Noun

ka
* water

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Pronoun

ka
* form removed with the spelling reform of 1959; superseded by hva

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑː/

### Pronoun

ka
* (dialectal, Trøndelag dialect, Northern Norway, Vestlandet, non-standard since 1959) alternative form of kva (“what”)
    Ka e da du gjere på?What are you doing?

## Nǀuu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑ́/, /kə́/

### Verb

ka
* to say
    Gǀa kaǀî dyee ka?What is your name? (lit. How do you say your name?)

### References

* Shah, Sheena & Brenzinger, Matthias. (2017). Writing for Speaking: The Nǀuu Orthography. 10.1017/9781316562949.006.
* Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary
* Exter, Mats. “Properties of the Anterior and Posterior Click Closures in N|uu.” (2008).

## Old Prussian
### Alternative forms

* kha

### Etymology

Derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kas.

### Pronoun

ka
* (interrogative) what
* (relative) what

### References

* Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “ka”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎ (in Lithuanian), Vilnius
* W. R. Schmalstieg (1971) “New Look at the Old Prussian Pronoun”, in Baltistica VII(2), Vilnius: Vilniau Universitetas

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀓 (Brahmi script)
* क (Devanagari script)
* ক (Bengali script)
* ක (Sinhalese script)
* က or ၵ (Burmese script)
* ก or กะ (Thai script)
* ᨠ (Tai Tham script)
* ກ or ກະ (Lao script)
* ក (Khmer script)
* 𑄇 (Chakma script)

### Etymology 1

From the masculine and neuter respectively of Sanskrit क (ká), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷós.

#### Pronoun

ka m
* (interrogative) who
* (interrogative) what
* (interrogative) which
** 2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I)‎, page 82:කන‍්නු ඛ‍්වජ‍්ජ සමණං වා බ්‍රාහ‍්මණං වා පයිරුපාසෙය්‍යාම යන‍්නො පයිරුපාසතො චිත‍්තං පසීදෙය්‍යා!"තිkannu khvajja samaṇaṃ vā brāhmaṇaṃ vā payirupāseyyāma yanno payirupāsato cittaṃ pasīdeyyā!"tiIndeed now which ascetic or Brahmin should we visit today who, for us visiting him, will soothe the heart?

##### Usage notes

The pronoun may function as an interrogative adjective.

##### Derived terms

* kā (“who (f)”)

#### Pronoun

ka n
* (interrogative) what
* (interrogative) which

##### Usage notes

The pronoun may function as an interrogative adjective.

##### Derived terms

* kāpurisa

### Etymology 2

Probably from the pronunciation of a syllable consisting only of the letter.

#### Noun

ka m
* the Pali letter 'k'
** c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎ (overall work in Pali), page 4; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, स, ह, ळ, ं। इति व्यञ्जन नाम होन्ति।Ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa, ca, cha, ja, jha, ña, ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ta, tha, da, dha, na, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, sa, ha, ḷa, aṃ, iti vyañjanā nāma honti.'k', 'kh', 'g', 'gh', 'ṅ', 'c', 'ch', 'j', 'jh', 'ñ, 'ṭ', 'ṭh', 'ḍ', 'ḍh', 'ṇ', 't', 'th', 'd', 'dh', 'n', 'p', 'ph', 'b', 'bh', 'm', 'y', 'r', 'l', 'v', 's', 'h', 'ḷ' and 'ṃ', these are the consonants by name.
** c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎ (overall work in Pali), page 12; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:को यस्स यथा-सको।Ko yassa yathā-sako.'K' from 'y' as in 'sako'.

##### Synonyms

* kakāra

### References

* Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “ka˚”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead, page 173

## Picuris
### Verb

ka
* to wash

### Further reading

* Dominic Yu, Comparative Phonology of Picurís and Taos (2008)

## Pipil
### Preposition

ka
* to, at

### Further reading

* Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p. 59

## Pitjantjatjara
### Conjunction

ka
* and (switching)
    Watingku maḻu nyangu ka wirtjapakaṉu.The man saw the kangaroo and the kangaroo ran away.

#### Usage notes

* Ka is a switching conjunction. When it links two clauses or sentences, it conveys that the second clause has a different subject from the first. In cases where the subject remains the same, the conjunction munu is used. In the example above, the subject of the second clause need not be "the kangaroo", although that seems the most likely possibility from context. The ku simply tells us that someone or something other than wati (the subject of the first clause) ran away.
* Although ka is spelt with a short a, the vowel is actually long (kaa). The misleading spelling exists for historical reasons.

## Portuguese
### Interjection

ka!
* Alternative form of kakaka

## Rapa Nui
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *ka-, *ka. Cognates include Hawaiian ʻa- and Maori ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka/
* Hyphenation: ka

### Particle

ka
* Used to indicate the future tense.
* Used to indicate the imperative mood.
* Used to indicate the jussive mood.
* Used to indicate the temporal contiguity of an action.
* Used to indicate the conditional mood of a relative clause.
* Used to form a counting form from of the following numeral.
    Ka tahi, ka rua, ka toru. ― One, two, three.

### Interjection

¡ka!
* Intensifies the following verb; how! what a!
    ¡Ka ma'itaki 'ō! ― How very beautiful!

#### Usage notes

* Ka is often used to convey an objective intensification, while ko is used when one has a strong emotion towards the subject.

### References

* Paulus Kieviet (2017) A grammar of Rapa Nui‎, Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, pages 153, 330, 477, 491

## Rawang
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰɑ˧/

### Etymology 1

Compare Burmese ကြက် (krak).

#### Noun

ka
* chicken.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter”). Cognate with Burmese ခါး (hka:), Old Chinese 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs).

#### Adjective

ka
* bitter.

## Scots
### Alternative forms

* kae

### Etymology

Of imitative origin, similar to Old High German kā (“crow, jackdaw”), Middle Low German kâ (“crow, jackdaw”), English caw.

### Noun

ka (plural kas)
* jackdaw

## Serbo-Croatian
### Preposition

ka (Cyrillic spelling ка)
* Alternative form of k

#### Synonyms

* k

### Adverb

ka (Cyrillic spelling ка)
* (Chakavian, Montenegro) as, like

#### Synonyms

* kao

### Conjunction

ka
* (Chakavian, Montenegro) as, like

#### Synonyms

* kao

### Pronoun

ka (Cyrillic spelling ка)
* (Chakavian, Kajkavian, interrogative) which (feminine)
* (Chakavian, Kajkavian, relative) which, that, who (feminine)
* (Chakavian, Kajkavian, indefinite) some (feminine)

#### Synonyms

* koja

## Skou
### Particle

ka
* not - negative particle
    Ke bà fue a bápánenì ne ka.That person is not my friend.

### References

* Donohue, Mark. A Grammar of the Skou Language of New Guinea (2004).

## Somali
### Etymology 1
#### Preposition

ka
* from
* away from
* out of
* about, concerning

##### Usage notes

* In Somali, prepositions fall before the verb and not before the noun they modify:
    Ka imow. ― To come from.
    Ka keen. ― To bring from.

### Etymology 2
#### Article

ka
* Alternative spelling of -ka
    Garaash ka fur. ― Open the garage.

### References

* Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka/ [ˈka]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ka
* Homophone: ca

### Noun

ka f (plural kas)
* Name of the letter k

### Further reading

* “ka”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sumerian
### Romanization

ka
* Romanization of 𒅗 (ka)

## Sundanese
### Etymology 1

From Old Sundanese ka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

#### Preposition

ka (Sundanese script ᮊ)
* to, towards
    Synonym: kana
    ka kalér ― to the north
    ka Bandung ― to Bandung
    ka pasar ― to the market

### Etymology 2

From Hokkien 膠 / 胶 (ka, “glue”).

#### Noun

ka (Sundanese script ᮊ)
* buffalo hide glue

##### Derived terms

* ngaka

### Etymology 3

Clipping of aka.

#### Noun

ka (Sundanese script ᮊ)
* term of address for an older brother
    Synonyms: a, kang

### Further reading

* Maman Sumantri, et al. (1985) Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

## Swahili
### Etymology

From the -ka- consecutive tense marker.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Adverb

ka
* and then (used between a series of actions that happened soon closely together)

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜃ (ka).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ka/ [kɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ka

#### Noun

ka (Baybayin spelling ᜃ)
* the name of the Latin-script letter K/k, in the Abakada alphabet
    Synonym: (in the Filipino alphabet) key
* (historical) the name of the Latin-script letter K/k, in the Abecedario
    Synonym: (in the Filipino alphabet) key

##### See also

* Ka
* ka-
* kaka

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka (“2sg. subject pronoun”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ka/ [kɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ka

#### Pronoun

ka (Baybayin spelling ᜃ) (postpositive)
* you (second person singular)

##### Usage notes

* The word ka usually replaces ikaw when in the middle of a clause.
* When speaking to be polite, use the plural form kayo.

##### Alternative forms

* ca — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling
* k — Internet and text messaging slang

##### Derived terms

* halika
* parika
* teka
* tika

##### See also

| Person | Number | Direct (ang) | Indirect (ng) | Oblique (sa) |
| First | singular | ako | ko | akin |
| First | dual$^1$ | kita, kata | nita, nata, ta | kanita, kanata, ata |
| First | plural inclusive | tayo | natin | atin |
| First | plural exclusive | kami | namin | amin |
| First & Second | singular | kita$^2$ | kita$^2$ | |
| Second | singular | ikaw, ka | mo | iyo |
| Second | plural | kayo, kamo | ninyo, niyo | inyo |
| Third | singular | siya | niya | kaniya |
| Third | plural | sila | nila | kanila |
| $^1$ First person dual pronouns are not commonly used in Standard Tagalog. $^2$ Replaces ko ikaw. |||||

### Etymology 3

From clipping of wika.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈkaʔ/ [ˈkaʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Syllabification: ka

#### Noun

kâ (Baybayin spelling ᜃ)
* Alternative spelling of 'ka

##### Derived terms

* kako
* kamo
* kaniya

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English car.

### Noun

ka
* car

## Tuvaluan
### Particle

ka
* future tense marker, inserted immediately before the relevant verb

## Ujir
### Numeral

ka
* four

### References

* Antoinette Schapper, Marian Klamer, Numeral systems in the Alor-Pantar languages

## Veps
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Adverb

ka
* yes
* certainly, absolutely
* naturally, of course
* let's [with first-person plural imperative]

### Conjunction

ka
* but
* then (in "if...then" constructions)

### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “безусловно, да, давать, естественно, конечно, но”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

## Volapük
### Conjunction

ka
* than (used for comparisons)

## Ye'kwana
### Alternative forms

* cha (allomorph after i)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka]

### Particle

ka
* Forms a polar (yes/no) question.

#### Usage notes

In most circumstances this particle is found in the second position in a sentence (immediately after the first constituent). Occasionally, for unclear reasons, it may appear elsewhere.

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 158–159

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1

Cognate with Igala káà

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kà/

#### Verb

kà
* (intransitive, transitive) to count
* (intransitive, transitive) to read

##### Usage notes

* ka before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* kíkà (“reading, counting”)
* ìkà (“the act of reading”)
* òǹkà (“number”)

### Etymology 2

Likely cognate with Igala kà (“to tell”) and Igbo kà (“to speak”), perhaps related to Nupe gàn

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kà/

#### Verb

kà
* (transitive) to confess (literally, "to recount previous misdeeds involuntarily or under duress")

##### Usage notes

* ka before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìkà (“the act of confession”)

##### Related terms

* jẹ́wọ́ (“to confess”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kà/

#### Verb

kà
* to buy things in the hundreds

##### Usage notes

* ka before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìkà

### Etymology 4

Cognate with Igala ká

#### Alternative forms

* kán (Igbomina)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ká/

#### Verb

ká
* (transitive) to pluck fruit (from a tree)
* to break something; to knock off something
* (idiomatic) to become snapped under pressure

##### Derived terms

* ká ìbó (“euphemism for a child dying literally "to pluck the fruit of the ibo tree"”)
* káléyín
* késo
* ìká

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ká/

#### Verb

ká
* (transitive) to curl or fold something
    Fọlá, wá bá mi ká aṣọ! ― Fọla, come and help me fold the clothes
* (intransitive) to become curled or folded
* to constrain someone (often via supernatural means)
* (idiomatic) to get something under control
    apá àtẹ́lẹwọ́ kì í ká ilé ― The arm of the palm cannot control the house (Yoruba incantation)

##### Derived terms

* kápá
* ìká

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ká/

#### Verb

ká
* to be everywhere

##### Usage notes

* Used especially in the V2 position

##### Derived terms

* kárí (“around”)
* káàkiri (“around”)
* rìnká (“to wander, walk around”)
* yíká (“to surround”)
* Yímiká (“a shortened name form meaning "surrounds me"”)
* Yín̄ká (“a shortened name form meaning "surrounds me"”)
* àyíká (“around”)
* ìká