# dún
## Icelandic
### Noun

dún
* indefinite accusative singular of dúnn

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d̪ˠuːnˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish dún, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).

#### Noun

dún m (genitive singular dúin or dúna, nominative plural dúnta or dúna or dúinte)
* fort; fortress
* place of refuge, haven
* (secure) residence, house
* promontory fort; bluff

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
dún
dúnta
vocative
a dhúin
a dhúnta
genitive
dúin
dúnta
dative
dún
dúnta
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an dún
na dúnta
genitive
an dúin
na ndúnta
dative
leis an dún don dún
leis na dúnta :

###### Alternative declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
dún
dúna
vocative
a dhún
a dhúna
genitive
dúna
dún
dative
dún
dúna
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an dún
na dúna
genitive
an dúna
na ndún
dative
leis an dún don dún
leis na dúna :
Alternative plural: dúinte

##### Derived terms

* dún Dé (“God's house, heaven”)
* Dún Dealgan (“Dundalk”)
* Dún Éideann (“Edinburgh”)
* dún long (“haven for ships”)
* urdhún (“bastion”)

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish dúnaid, dúinid (“shuts, closes; blocks, obstructs; joins, clasps; closes, ends”).

#### Verb

dún (present analytic dúnann, future analytic dúnfaidh, verbal noun dúnadh, past participle dúnta)
* (ambitransitive) close, shut
    Synonym: (Ulster) druid
* (ambitransitive) draw together; secure, fasten

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh | dúnadh |
| past participle | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta | dúnta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | dúnaim | dúnann tú; dúnair$^†$ | dúnann sé, sí | dúnaimid | dúnann sibh | dúnann siad; dúnaid$^†$ | a dhúnann; a dhúnas / a ndúnann* | dúntar |
| past | dhún mé; dhúnas | dhún tú; dhúnais | dhún sé, sí | dhúnamar; dhún muid | dhún sibh; dhúnabhair | dhún siad; dhúnadar | a dhún / ar dhún* | dúnadh |
| past habitual | dhúnainn / ndúnainn‡‡ | dhúntá / ndúntá‡‡ | dhúnadh sé, sí / ndúnadh sé, sí‡‡ | dhúnaimis; dhúnadh muid / ndúnaimis‡‡; ndúnadh muid‡‡ | dhúnadh sibh / ndúnadh sibh‡‡ | dhúnaidís; dhúnadh siad / ndúnaidís‡‡; ndúnadh siad‡‡ | a dhúnadh / a ndúnadh* | dhúntaí / ndúntaí‡‡ |
| future | dúnfaidh mé; dúnfad | dúnfaidh tú; dúnfair$^†$ | dúnfaidh sé, sí | dúnfaimid; dúnfaidh muid | dúnfaidh sibh | dúnfaidh siad; dúnfaid$^†$ | a dhúnfaidh; a dhúnfas / a ndúnfaidh* | dúnfar |
| conditional | dhúnfainn / ndúnfainn‡‡ | dhúnfá / ndúnfá‡‡ | dhúnfadh sé, sí / ndúnfadh sé, sí‡‡ | dhúnfaimis; dhúnfadh muid / ndúnfaimis‡‡; ndúnfadh muid‡‡ | dhúnfadh sibh / ndúnfadh sibh‡‡ | dhúnfaidís; dhúnfadh siad / ndúnfaidís‡‡; ndúnfadh siad‡‡ | a dhúnfadh / a ndúnfadh* | dhúnfaí / ndúnfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go ndúna mé; go ndúnad$^†$ | go ndúna tú; go ndúnair$^†$ | go ndúna sé, sí | go ndúnaimid; go ndúna muid | go ndúna sibh | go ndúna siad; go ndúnaid$^†$ | — | go ndúntar |
| past | dá ndúnainn | dá ndúntá | dá ndúnadh sé, sí | dá ndúnaimis; dá ndúnadh muid | dá ndúnadh sibh | dá ndúnaidís; dá ndúnadh siad | — | dá ndúntaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | dúnaim | dún | dúnadh sé, sí | dúnaimis | dúnaigí; dúnaidh$^†$ | dúnaidís | — | dúntar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

##### Alternative forms

* dúin (Cois Fharraige)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “dún”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dúnaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 73

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [duːn]

#### Noun

dún n (genitive dúin or dúine, nominative plural dúna or dúine)
* fort
* fortress

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization
* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Irish: dún
* Manx: doon
* Scottish Gaelic: dùn

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “dún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [duːn͈]

#### Pronoun

dún
* Alternative spelling of dúnn
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 56$^a$18
    ind roisc du·n-écomnacht-su dún, a Dǽof the eye that you sg have given (to) us, O God

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian *dūn, dūne, borrowed from Middle Dutch dune, from Old Dutch dūn, dūno, from Proto-West Germanic *dūnā.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdyn/

### Noun

dún c (plural dunen, diminutive dúntsje)
* dune

#### Further reading

* “dún (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011