# गुरु
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ɡʊ.ɾuː/

### Adjective

गुरु • (guru) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling گرو)
* heavy
    Synonym: भारी (bhārī)

#### Derived terms

* गुरुत्व (gurutva)

### Noun

गुरु • (guru) m (Urdu spelling گرو)
* guru, teacher, sage
* (astronomy) Jupiter
* (slang, sarcastic) a smartass

#### Declension
## Nepali
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡuɾu]
* Phonetic Devanagari: गुरु

### Noun

गुरु • (guru)
* teacher, guru
* mentor

#### Declension
### References

* “गुरु”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
* Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “गुरु”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* guru (Latin script)
* 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* গুরু (Bengali script)
* ගුරු (Sinhalese script)
* ဂုရု or ၷုရု (Burmese script)
* คุรุ (Thai script)
* ᨣᩩᩁᩩ (Tai Tham script)
* ຄຸຣຸ (Lao script)
* គុរុ (Khmer script)
* 𑄉𑄪𑄢𑄪 (Chakma script)

### Adjective

गुरु
* Devanagari script form of guru (“heavy”)

#### Declension
### Noun

गुरु m
* Devanagari script form of guru (“teacher”)

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* গুৰু (Assamese script)
* ᬕᬸᬭᬸ (Balinese script)
* গুরু (Bengali script)
* 𑰐𑰲𑰨𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ဂုရု (Burmese script)
* ગુરુ (Gujarati script)
* ਗੁਰੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌗𑍁𑌰𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦒꦸꦫꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂏𑂳𑂩𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಗುರು (Kannada script)
* គុរុ (Khmer script)
* ຄຸຣຸ (Lao script)
* ഗുരു (Malayalam script)
* ᡤᡠᡵᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘐𑘳𑘨𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠤᠷᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦰𑧔𑧈𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐐𑐸𑐬𑐸 (Newa script)
* ଗୁରୁ (Odia script)
* ꢔꢸꢬꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖐𑖲𑖨𑖲 (Siddham script)
* ගුරු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩞𑩒𑩼𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚌𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
* கு³ரு (Tamil script)
* గురు (Telugu script)
* คุรุ (Thai script)
* གུ་རུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒑𑒳𑒩𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨍𑨃𑨫𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “burdensome”), Latin gravis, Persian گران (gerân).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡu.ɾú/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɡu.ɾu/

### Adjective

गुरु • (gurú) stem (comparative गरीयस् or गुरुतर, superlative गरिष्ठ or गुरुतम)
* heavy, weighty
** c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 4.5.6:इ॒दं मे॑ अग्ने॒ किय॑ते पाव॒कामि॑नते गु॒रुं भा॒रं न मन्म॑। बृ॒हद्द॑धाथ धृष॒ता ग॑भी॒रं य॒ह्वं पृ॒ष्ठं प्रय॑सा स॒प्तधा॑तु॥idáṃ me agne kíyate pāvakā́minate gurúṃ bhāráṃ ná mánma. bṛháddadhātha dhṛṣatā́ gabhīráṃ yahváṃ pṛṣṭháṃ práyasā saptádhātu.Purifier, Agni, bestow on me, not neglecting your worship, this acceptable and vast wealth, like a heavy load on a feeble bearer, together with invigorating food; wealth, secure, abundant, tangible, and consisting of the seven elements.
* heavy in the stomach (food), difficult to digest
* great, large, extended, long
* (prosody) long by nature or position (a vowel)
* high in degree, vehement, violent, excessive, difficult, hard
* grievous
* important, serious, momentous
* valuable, highly prized
* haughty, proud (speech)
* venerable, respectable

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

### Noun

गुरु • (gurú) stem, m
* guru
* any venerable or respectable person (father, mother, or any relative older than oneself)
* master, teacher
* sage

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### Derived terms

* गुरुकुल (gurukula)
* गुरुत्व (gurutva)
* गुरुदक्षिणा (gurudakṣiṇā)
* गुरुपत्नी (gurupatnī)
* गुरुपूजा (gurupūjā)
* गुरुवार (guruvāra)
* गुरुसेवा (gurusevā)

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: গুরু (guru)
* → English: guru
* → French: gourou
* → German: Guru
* → Greek: γκουρού (gkouroú)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: गुरु (guru)
    Urdu: گرو
* → Kannada: ಗುರು (guru)
* → Khmer: គ្រូ (kruu)
* → Lao: ຄູ (khū)
* → Lü: ᦆᦴ (xuu)
* → Malay: guru
** Indonesian: guru
** → Tagalog: gulo, → guro (learned)
* → Malayalam: ഗുരു (guru)
* → Marathi: गुरू (gurū)
* Nepali: गह्रुङ्गो (gahruṅgo, “heavy”)
* → Old Javanese: guru
** Javanese: ꦒꦸꦫꦸ (guru)
** → Balinese: ᬕᬸᬭᬸ (guru)
* Pali: guru
* → Polish: guru
* → Portuguese: guru
* → Punjabi:
    Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), ਗੁਰ (gur)
    Shahmukhi script: گرو (gurū)
* → Russian: гуру (guru)
* → Spanish: gurú
* → Tamil: குரு (kuru), குருவன் (kuruvaṉ)
* → Telugu: గురువు (guruvu)
* → Thai: ครู (kruu), คุรุ (kú-rú)
* → Tibetan: གུརུ (guru)
* → Toba Batak: ᯎᯮᯒᯮ (guru)
* → Old Turkic: 𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆 (ɣuru)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “गुरु”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359/2.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 490-1