# retina
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English rethina, borrowing from Medieval Latin rētīna (“retina”, feminine noun), ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye. The phrase is attested in the 12th century in Guillelmus the abbot and Gerard of Cremona—the latter may have created this phrase as a translation for Arabic طَبَقَة شَبَكِيَّة (ṭabaqa šabakiyya) "net-like layer", which translates Ancient Greek ἀμφιβληστροειδής χῐτών (amphiblēstroeidḗs khĭtṓn, “retina”), which is attested in the ancient medical writer Galen.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɹɛt.ɪ.nə/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/, /ˈɹɛt.nə/
* Rhymes: -ɛtɪnə

### Noun

retina (plural retinas or retinae or (archaic) retinæ)
* (ophthalmology) The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

#### Derived terms

* calretinin
* detached retina
* ectoretina
* hemiretina
* neuroretina
* retinal
* retinex
* retino-, retin-

#### Related terms

* retineum
* retinula

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “retina”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
* ↑ “ἀμφιβληστροειδής”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “retina”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “retina”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* Reitan, atrine, ratiné, retain, tanier, tearin', tin ear

## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [rəˈti.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [reˈti.na]

### Noun

retina f (plural retines)
* retina

#### Related terms

* retinacle
* retinal
* retinitis
* retinosi
* retínula

### Further reading

* “retina” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”), probably from Vulgar Latin tunica retina (literally “net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

### Noun

retina f or m (plural retina's, diminutive retinaatje n)
* retina
    Synonym: netvlies

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: retina

### Anagrams

* traine

## Finnish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈretinɑ/, [ˈre̞t̪inɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -etinɑ
* Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

### Noun

retina
* Synonym of verkkokalvo (“retina”)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of retina (Kotus type 13/katiska, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
retinani
retinani
accusative
nom.
retinani
retinani
gen.
retinani
genitive
retinani
retinoideni retinoitteni retinojeni retinaini $^{rare}$
partitive
retinaani
retinoitani retinojani
inessive
retinassani
retinoissani
elative
retinastani
retinoistani
illative
retinaani
retinoihini
adessive
retinallani
retinoillani
ablative
retinaltani
retinoiltani
allative
retinalleni
retinoilleni
essive
retinanani
retinoinani
translative
retinakseni
retinoikseni
abessive
retinattani
retinoittani
instructive
comitative
—retinoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
retinasi
retinasi
accusative
nom.
retinasi
retinasi
gen.
retinasi
genitive
retinasi
retinoidesi retinoittesi retinojesi retinaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
retinaasi
retinoitasi retinojasi
inessive
retinassasi
retinoissasi
elative
retinastasi
retinoistasi
illative
retinaasi
retinoihisi
adessive
retinallasi
retinoillasi
ablative
retinaltasi
retinoiltasi
allative
retinallesi
retinoillesi
essive
retinanasi
retinoinasi
translative
retinaksesi
retinoiksesi
abessive
retinattasi
retinoittasi
instructive
comitative
—retinoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
retinamme
retinamme
accusative
nom.
retinamme
retinamme
gen.
retinamme
genitive
retinamme
retinoidemme retinoittemme retinojemme retinaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
retinaamme
retinoitamme retinojamme
inessive
retinassamme
retinoissamme
elative
retinastamme
retinoistamme
illative
retinaamme
retinoihimme
adessive
retinallamme
retinoillamme
ablative
retinaltamme
retinoiltamme
allative
retinallemme
retinoillemme
essive
retinanamme
retinoinamme
translative
retinaksemme
retinoiksemme
abessive
retinattamme
retinoittamme
instructive
comitative
—retinoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
retinanne
retinanne
accusative
nom.
retinanne
retinanne
gen.
retinanne
genitive
retinanne
retinoidenne retinoittenne retinojenne retinainne $^{rare}$
partitive
retinaanne
retinoitanne retinojanne
inessive
retinassanne
retinoissanne
elative
retinastanne
retinoistanne
illative
retinaanne
retinoihinne
adessive
retinallanne
retinoillanne
ablative
retinaltanne
retinoiltanne
allative
retinallenne
retinoillenne
essive
retinananne
retinoinanne
translative
retinaksenne
retinoiksenne
abessive
retinattanne
retinoittanne
instructive
comitative
—retinoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
retinansa
retinansa
accusative
nom.
retinansa
retinansa
gen.
retinansa
genitive
retinansa
retinoidensa retinoittensa retinojensa retinainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
retinaansa
retinoitaan retinojaan retinoitansa retinojansa
inessive
retinassaan retinassansa
retinoissaan retinoissansa
elative
retinastaan retinastansa
retinoistaan retinoistansa
illative
retinaansa
retinoihinsa
adessive
retinallaan retinallansa
retinoillaan retinoillansa
ablative
retinaltaan retinaltansa
retinoiltaan retinoiltansa
allative
retinalleen retinallensa
retinoilleen retinoillensa
essive
retinanaan retinanansa
retinoinaan retinoinansa
translative
retinakseen retinaksensa
retinoikseen retinoiksensa
abessive
retinattaan retinattansa
retinoittaan retinoittansa
instructive
comitative
—retinoineen retinoinensa :

### Further reading

* “retina”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* arenti, aterin, tieran

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From Late Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɛtinɒ]
* Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na
* Rhymes: -nɒ

### Noun

retina (plural retinák)
* (anatomy) retina (the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain)

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

### Further reading

* retina in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch retina, from Medieval Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”), probably from Vulgar Latin tunica retina (literally “net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /reˈtina/ [reˈt̪i.na]
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: re‧ti‧na

### Noun

rétina (plural retina-retina)
* (ophthalmology) retina: the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed
    Synonym: selaput jala mata

### Further reading

* “retina” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Noun

retina (plural retinas)
* retina

#### Related terms

* retinal

## Italian
### Etymology 1

The original sense (Etymology 2) of retina, but given a specific anatomical meaning.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrɛ.ti.na/
* Rhymes: -ɛtina
* Hyphenation: rè‧ti‧na

#### Noun

retina f (plural retine)
* (anatomy) retina

##### Derived terms

* retinene
* retinico
* retinite
* retinopatia

### Etymology 2

From rete +‎ -ina.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reˈti.na/
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

#### Noun

retina f (plural retine)
* diminutive of rete
** small net
** hairnet

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reˈti.na/
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

#### Verb

retina
* inflection of retinare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Anagrams

* Renati, anitre, arenti, entrai, intera, ratine, renati, rinate, tenari, tirane

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”). Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.

#### Noun

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension (Early Medieval Latin)
* rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)
    Synonym: lōrum
** 10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange):Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebatHaving seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

##### Inflection

First-declension noun.

##### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Old Italian: redina (plural redine)
*** ⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)
*** Tuscan: redola (Lucca)
** Neapolitan: rétena
** Sicilian: rètina
** → Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)
* North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: redna
*** Ligurian: rédena
*** Lombard: rèdena, redna
*** Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna
** Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni
** Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene
** Romansch: regna
** Venetan: redena ⇒ brena
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: resne, redne (archaic), reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
*** French: rêne
*** → English: rein
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: regna
** Occitan: retna
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa
*** Galician: rédea
*** Portuguese: rédea
** Old Spanish: rienda
*** Spanish: rienda
**** →? Galician: renda
**** → Tagalog: renda

#### References

* ↑ Etymology and history of “rêne”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983) “rienda”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume V (Ri–X), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 12
* ↑ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “*rĕtina”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 333
* "2. RETINA", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* rētīna: (Classical Latin) IPA: /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
* rētīna: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

#### Adjective

rētīna
* inflection of rētīnus:
** nominative/vocative feminine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

#### Adjective

rētīnā
* ablative feminine singular of rētīnus

### Etymology 3

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina. The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

#### Noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension
* (Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye
** 13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3:Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculiAnd Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

##### Inflection

First-declension noun.

##### Descendants

* → Middle English: rethina
** English: retina

#### References

* ↑ “retina”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

### Etymology 4

An etymologising spelling, closer to the word’s etymon Ancient Greek ῥητῑ́νη (rhētī́nē, “resin of the pine”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

#### Noun

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension
* medieval spelling of rēsīna (“resin”)

##### Inflection

First-declension noun.

#### References

* "1. RETINA", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁeˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ/ [heˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ʁeˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ/ [heˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ʁeˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ/ [χeˈt͡ʃĩ.nɐ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ʁeˈt͡ʃi.na/ [heˈt͡ʃi.na]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ʁɨˈti.nɐ/
* Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

retina f (plural retinas)
* retina (thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

retina
* inflection of retinir:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reˈti.na/
* Rhymes: -ina
* Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

### Noun

retina
* definite nominative/accusative singular of retină

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /reˈtina/ [reˈt̪i.na]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: re‧ti‧na

### Noun

retina f (plural retinas)
* retina

### Further reading

* “retina”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10