# 貨

| 貨 | U+8CA8, &#36008; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA8 |
| ← 貧 [U+8CA7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 販 → [U+8CA9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

貨 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人心月山金 (OPBUC), four-corner 2480$_6$, composition ⿱化貝)

#### Descendants

* 货

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1205, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36678
* Dae Jaweon: page 1667, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3627, character 1
* Unihan data for U+8CA8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 貨 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
| 魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 靴 | *hʷa |
| 貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
| 花 | *hʷraː |
| 化 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hŋʷaːls): phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – valuable goods.

### Etymology

Related to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “to change”), 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huò (huo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fo$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fo$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fo
    (Hailu, HRS): fo$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fo$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hue$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hua̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): huó
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hè / hèr / hòe / hò / hòⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^3$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$hu / $^5$hou
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huò
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huò
*** Wade–Giles: huo$^4$
*** Yale: hwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huoh
*** Palladius: хо (xo)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fo$^3$
*** Yale: fo
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fo$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔː³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fᵘɔ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fo
*** Hakka Romanization System: fo
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fo$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hue$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hua̿
*** Sinological IPA : /xua³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huó
*** Sinological IPA : /huɔ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hè
*** Tâi-lô: hè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hex
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²¹/
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèr
*** Tâi-lô: hèr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hə⁴¹/
*** IPA (Lukang): /hə³¹/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /hə¹²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòe
*** Tâi-lô: huè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoex
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /hue²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hò
*** Tâi-lô: hò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ho²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hònn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvox
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔ̃¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²¹/
* hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
* hò/hòⁿ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: xwaH
Rime :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼臥切 |
| Baxter | xwaH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fo$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˁaj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷaːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwa$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʷʰˁaj-s/ |
| English | (movable) property, goods |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5325 |
| Phonetic component | 化 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貨 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋʷaːls/ |

### Definitions

貨
* (literary) money and goods; property
    殺人越貨／杀人越货 ― shārényuèhuò ― to kill people for their property
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Bù guì nándé zhī huò, shǐ mín bù wéi dào. [Pinyin]
    [N]ot to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves.
* goods; commodities; products
    現貨／现货 ― xiànhuò ― merchandise in stock
    百貨／百货 ― bǎihuò ― general merchandise
    退貨／退货 ― tuìhuò ― to return goods or merchandise
       gam$^1$ jat$^6$ wui$^5$ jau$^5$ pai$^1$ fo$^3$ sung$^3$ dou$^3$ lai$^4$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* currency
    通貨／通货 ― tōnghuò ― currency
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Bǎixìng kuìluàn, qí huò bù xíng, mín sī yǐ wǔ zhū qián shìmǎi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (derogatory) used to refer to a person
    吃貨／吃货 ― chīhuò ― one who eats all day and does nothing
    蠢貨／蠢货 ― chǔnhuò ― idiot
    From: 2015 August 22, 芦宏伟 (Lu Hongwei), 《没种就别出来混》, in 《故事会》, →ISSN, issue 590, page 30
    Guāngtóu Lǐ, nǐ shénme yìsī? Zhè liǎ huò shénme wányìr, wǒ yàgēn jiù bù rènshí! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (Southern Min) thing; stuff
* (obsolete) to bribe
* (obsolete) to buy; to purchase
* (obsolete) to sell
    From: 1740, Pu Songling, 聊齋志異(Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio), Volume 1
    Yǒu xiāngrén huò lí yú shì, pō gān fāng, jià téng guì. [Pinyin]
    There was a villager, selling pears in a market. The pears tastes quite sweet, but they are somewhat expensive.
* a surname

### Compounds

* 一路貨 / 一路货
* 三寸貨 / 三寸货
* 下腳貨 / 下脚货
* 上貨 / 上货 (shànghuò)
* 乏貨 / 乏货
* 乾貨 / 干货 (gānhuò)
* 乾貨船 / 干货船
* 二手貨 / 二手货 (èrshǒuhuò)
* 交貨 / 交货 (jiāohuò)
* 人情貨 / 人情货
* 來路貨 / 来路货 (láilùhuò)
* 來頭貨 / 来头货
* 便宜貨 / 便宜货 (piányihuò)
* 俏貨 / 俏货
* 假貨 / 假货 (jiǎhuò)
* 入眼貨 / 入眼货
* 兩腳貨 / 两脚货
* 公有財貨 / 公有财货
* 冒牌貨 / 冒牌货 (màopáihuò)
* 冷貨 / 冷货
* 冷門貨 / 冷门货
* 出口貨 / 出口货
* 出貨 / 出货 (chūhuò)
* 剔莊貨 / 剔庄货
* 劣貨 / 劣货
* 北貨 / 北货 (běihuò)
* 南北貨 / 南北货
* 南貨 / 南货 (nánhuò)
* 卸貨 / 卸货 (xièhuò)
* 叉路貨 / 叉路货
* 吃貨 / 吃货 (chīhuò)
* 呆貨 / 呆货
* 售貨 / 售货 (shòuhuò)
* 售貨合約 / 售货合约
* 售貨員 / 售货员 (shòuhuòyuán)
* 單法貨制 / 单法货制
* 國貨 / 国货 (guóhuò)
* 土貨 / 土货 (tǔhuò)
* 地攤貨 / 地摊货 (dìtānhuò)
* 堆貨 / 堆货
* 塑膠貨幣 / 塑胶货币
* 外國貨 / 外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
* 外貨 / 外货 (wàihuò)
* 大貨車 / 大货车 (dàhuòchē)
* 大路貨 / 大路货 (dàlùhuò)
* 大陸貨 / 大陆货
* 夯貨 / 夯货
* 奇貨 / 奇货
* 奇貨可居 / 奇货可居 (qíhuòkějū)
* 好貨 / 好货
* 存貨 / 存货 (cúnhuò)
* 孱頭貨 / 孱头货
* 完稅貨價 / 完税货价
* 寶貨 / 宝货 (bǎohuò)
* 寶貨難售 / 宝货难售
* 封貨 / 封货
* 小貨 / 小货
* 小貨車 / 小货车
* 尖貨 / 尖货
* 山貨 / 山货 (shānhuò)
* 布貨 / 布货
* 年貨 / 年货 (niánhuò)
* 廣貨 / 广货
* 強勢貨幣 / 强势货币
* 快貨 / 快货
* 打年貨 / 打年货
* 批貨 / 批货 (pīhuò)
* 掉貨 / 掉货
* 掛貨鋪 / 挂货铺
* 提貨單 / 提货单 (tíhuòdān)
* 搶手貨 / 抢手货 (qiǎngshǒuhuò)
* 摟貨 / 搂货
* 攬貨 / 揽货
* 散裝貨 / 散装货
* 料貨 / 料货
* 期貨 / 期货 (qīhuò)
* 本地貨 / 本地货
* 次貨 / 次货 (cìhuò)
* 歪行貨 / 歪行货
* 殃人貨 / 殃人货
* 殖貨 / 殖货
* 殘貨 / 残货 (cánhuò)
* 殺人越貨 / 杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
* 水貨 / 水货 (shuǐhuò)
* 沒添貨 / 没添货
* 法償貨幣 / 法偿货币 (fǎcháng huòbì)
* 泡貨 / 泡货
* 洋廣貨 / 洋广货
* 洋貨 / 洋货 (yánghuò)
* 海貨 / 海货
* 清水貨 / 清水货
* 準貨幣 / 准货币
* 滯貨 / 滞货
* 潑皮貨 / 泼皮货
* 潑腳子貨 / 泼脚子货
* 潑辣貨 / 泼辣货
* 濫貨 / 滥货
* 炒貨 / 炒货 (chǎohuò)
* 炕頭子貨 / 炕头子货
* 烈貨 / 烈货
* 無貨 / 无货
* 熟貨 / 熟货
* 爛汙貨 / 烂污货
* 獄貨非寶 / 狱货非宝
* 獨門子貨 / 独门子货
* 現貨 / 现货 (xiànhuò)
* 現貨市場 / 现货市场
* 生貨 / 生货
* 發貨 / 发货 (fāhuò)
* 百貨 / 百货 (bǎihuò)
* 百貨公司 / 百货公司 (bǎihuò gōngsī)
* 百貨店 / 百货店 (bǎihuòdiàn)
* 百貨業 / 百货业
* 皮貨 / 皮货
* 盤貨 / 盘货 (pánhuò)
* 真貨 / 真货
* 瞎白貨 / 瞎白货
* 瞞貨 / 瞒货
* 硶貨 / 硶货
* 禮行貨 / 礼行货
* 私貨 / 私货 (sīhuò)
* 線上百貨 / 线上百货
* 繡貨 / 绣货
* 缺貨 / 缺货 (quēhuò)
* 老貨 / 老货
* 耍貨 / 耍货
* 膿包貨 / 脓包货
* 舊貨 / 旧货 (jiùhuò)
* 舊貨攤 / 旧货摊 (jiùhuòtān)
* 菜貨 / 菜货
* 落腳貨 / 落脚货
* 蠢貨 / 蠢货 (chǔnhuò)
* 行貨 / 行货 (hánghuò)
* 補助貨幣 / 补助货币
* 訂貨 / 订货 (dìnghuò)
* 訂貨單 / 订货单
* 識貨 / 识货 (shíhuò)
* 財貨 / 财货 (cáihuò)
* 貨主 / 货主 (huòzhǔ)
* 貨倉 / 货仓 (huòcāng)
* 貨價 / 货价
* 貨利 / 货利
* 貨卜 / 货卜
* 貨品 / 货品 (huòpǐn)
* 貨尾 / 货尾 (fo3 mei5)
* 貨布 / 货布
* 貨幣 / 货币 (huòbì)
* 貨幣乘數 / 货币乘数
* 貨幣市場 / 货币市场 (huòbì shìchǎng)
* 貨幣政策 / 货币政策 (huòbì zhèngcè)
* 貨底 / 货底 (huòdǐ)
* 貨暢其流 / 货畅其流
* 貨棧 / 货栈 (huòzhàn)
* 貨樣 / 货样
* 貨機 / 货机 (huòjī)
* 貨櫃 / 货柜 (huòguì)
* 貨櫃船 / 货柜船 (huòguìchuán)
* 貨款 / 货款 (huòkuǎn)
* 貨殖 / 货殖 (huòzhí)
* 貨泉 / 货泉
* 貨源 / 货源 (huòyuán)
* 貨物 / 货物 (huòwù)
* 貨物稅 / 货物税 (huòwùshuì)
* 貨真價實 / 货真价实 (huòzhēnjiàshí)
* 貨短 / 货短
* 貨票 / 货票
* 貨罰 / 货罚
* 貨聲 / 货声
* 貨船 / 货船 (huòchuán)
* 貨艙 / 货舱
* 貨色 / 货色 (huòsè)
* 貨販子 / 货贩子
* 貨賂 / 货赂 (huòlù)
* 貨賄 / 货贿
* 貨賄公行 / 货贿公行
* 貨賂公行 / 货赂公行
* 貨車 / 货车 (huòchē)
* 貨輪 / 货轮 (huòlún)
* 貨運 / 货运 (huòyùn)
* 貨郎 / 货郎 (huòláng)
* 貨郎兒 / 货郎儿
* 貨郎擔兒 / 货郎担儿 (huòlángdànr)
* 貨郎鼓 / 货郎鼓
* 買陳貨 / 买陈货
* 賄貨公行 / 贿货公行
* 賤貨 / 贱货 (jiànhuò)
* 賠錢貨 / 赔钱货
* 起貨 / 起货
* 趁貨兒 / 趁货儿
* 蹩腳貨 / 蹩脚货
* 載貨 / 载货 (zàihuò)
* 輕量貨幣 / 轻量货币
* 辣貨 / 辣货
* 辦貨 / 办货 (bànhuò)
* 退貨 / 退货 (tuìhuò)
* 送貨 / 送货 (sònghuò)
* 通貨 / 通货 (tōnghuò)
* 通貨緊縮 / 通货紧缩 (tōnghuò jǐnsuō)
* 通貨膨脹 / 通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng)
* 進口貨 / 进口货 (jìnkǒuhuò)
* 進貨 / 进货 (jìnhuò)
* 配貨 / 配货
* 金屬貨幣 / 金属货币
* 銀貨兩訖 / 银货两讫 (yínhuòliǎngqì)
* 闒茸貨 / 阘茸货
* 陳貨 / 陈货 (chénhuò)
* 陪錢貨 / 陪钱货
* 隔皮斷貨 / 隔皮断货
* 雌貨 / 雌货
* 雜貨 / 杂货 (záhuò)
* 雜貨店 / 杂货店 (záhuòdiàn)
* 電腦百貨 / 电脑百货
* 食貨 / 食货
* 食貨志 / 食货志
* 騷貨 / 骚货 (sāohuò)
* 驗貨 / 验货 (yànhuò)
* 驗貨單 / 验货单
* 鮮貨 / 鲜货
* 黃貨 / 黄货
* 黑貨 / 黑货 (hēihuò)

### References

* “貨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “貨”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: たから (takara, 貨)

#### Compounds

* 硬貨(こうか) (kōka): coins
* 貨幣(かへい) (kahei): currency

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 貨
* か Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 貨 (MC xwaH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) か [kà] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠]

#### Affix

貨(か) • (ka)
* currency
* goods
* treasure

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 貨
* たから Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 貨 – see the following entry. :
| 【宝たから】6 | [noun] [from 759] treasure Alternative spellings 財, 幣 |
(This term, 貨, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

貨 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

貨: Hán Nôm readings: hóa/hoá
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.