# 炎

| 炎 | U+708E, &#28814; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-708E |
| ← 炍 [U+708D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 炏 → [U+708F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

炎 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 火火 (FF), four-corner 9080$_9$, composition ⿱火火)

#### Derived characters

* 烾, 㥕, 㷠, 菼, 扊, 氮, 䆦, 痰
* 倓, 啖, 埮, 婒, 惔, 掞, 淡, 晱, 棪, 㷋, 琰, 腅, 睒, 裧, 䊏, 緂(𰬧), 䎦, 舕, 䗊, 談(谈), 賧(赕), 醈, 錟(锬), 燄, 燅, 餤(𱃿)
* 毯, 颷(𩙪), 燚, 剡, 郯, 敥, 欻, 㲜, 煔, 㷥, 覢(𬊦), 顃(𩖖)
* 𰟎, 𪹝, 𬫨, 𤎭, 𤎫, 𤐥, 𤑋, 𠊌, 𡨼, 𤉞, 𤈹, 𢉘, 𭻞, 𦋎, 𪐗, 𠪛, 𤐺, 𤑖, 𤒞, 𤓕
* 𢃔, 𤟇, 𮥐, 𣨬, 𪺯, 𤯇, 𤲩, 𤾃, 𥟢, 𦖠, 𦩗, 𧣹, 𨁹, 𨌹, 𨤮, 𮪋, 𩩧, 𭶟, 𩸥, 𪉧, 𪏋, 𪑓
* 𮫣, 𮭽, 𢻑, 𢽻, 𤊼, 𭵞, 𦧡, 𤌜, 𦫟, 𤏭, 𤐞, 𩗹, 𤐕, 𪂈(𬸖), 𤒳, 𤓧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 667, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18910
* Dae Jaweon: page 1076, character 21
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2193, character 6
* Unihan data for U+708E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 炎 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 倓 | *l'oːmʔ, *l'aːm, *l'aːms |
| 緂 | *l̥ʰaːm, *l̥ʰaːmʔ, *l̥ʰjam |
| 毯 | *l̥ʰaːmʔ |
| 菼 | *l̥ʰaːmʔ |
| 裧 | *l̥ʰaːmʔ, *l̥ʰjam, *l̥ʰjams |
| 賧 | *l̥ʰaːms |
| 睒 | *l̥ʰaːms, *hljamʔ |
| 舕 | *l̥ʰaːms |
| 談 | *l'aːm |
| 郯 | *l'aːm |
| 惔 | *l'aːm, *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms |
| 錟 | *l'aːm |
| 淡 | *l'aːm, *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms, *lamʔ |
| 痰 | *l'aːm |
| 餤 | *l'aːm |
| 啖 | *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms |
| 腅 | *l'aːms |
| 剡 | *ɦljamʔ, *lamʔ |
| 覢 | *hljamʔ |
| 掞 | *hljams |
| 炎 | *ɦlam |
| 琰 | *lamʔ |
| 棪 | *lamʔ |
| 扊 | *lamʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 火 (“fire”) + 火 (“fire”). Vertical duplication of 火 (“fire”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ljam (“tongue; lick; flame”) (STEDT). Cognate with Chepang लेम्‍ह्‌सा (lemh‑, “to lick”), Burmese အလျှံ (a.hlyam, “flame; iridescence”). Within Chinese, cognate with 焰 (OC *loms, “to flame up”), 舔 (OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ, “to lick”). Compare also Khmer លាម (liəm, “to flare up”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yán (yan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yiam$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yàm / yam
    (Hailu, HRS): rham$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yam$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ièng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iām / iâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iam$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jim$^4$
*** Yale: yìhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jim$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːm²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yiam$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiam³²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàm / yam
*** Hakka Romanization System: iam$^ˇ$ / iam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yam$^2$ / yam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯am¹¹/, /i̯am⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàm / yam
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iam$^ˇ$ / (r)iam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yam$^2$ / yam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯am¹¹/, /(j)i̯am⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rham$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒam³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /iam¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ièng
*** Sinological IPA : /ieŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iām
*** Tâi-lô: iām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iam
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iam²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iam³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iâm
*** Tâi-lô: iâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iaam
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iam²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iam¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: iam$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iām
*** Sinological IPA : /iam¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
* Middle Chinese: hjem
Rime :
| Character | 炎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (154) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 于廉切 |
| Baxter | hjem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠiᴇm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚiɛm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiæm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦjiam/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣjɛm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭɛm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯ɛm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jim$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)am/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦlam/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 炎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjem › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)am/ |
| English | burn, blazing |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 炎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14315 |
| Phonetic component | 炎 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 炎 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦlam/ |

### Definitions

炎
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) flame; blaze; rising flame
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to burn; to blaze
* blazing; burning hot; scorching
* red; bright red
* (figurative) power and influence
* (medicine) inflammation
* (mythology) Yan Emperor (ancient legendary Chinese ruler)

### Compounds

* 世態炎涼 / 世态炎凉 (shìtàiyánliáng)
* 中耳炎 (zhōng'ěryán)
* 乳腺炎 (rǔxiànyán)
* 內耳炎 / 内耳炎 (nèi'ěryán)
* 副鼻腔炎 (fùbíqiāngyán)
* 卵巢炎 (luǎncháoyán)
* 口炎
* 口角炎 (kǒujiǎoyán)
* 咽喉炎 (yānhóuyán)
* 咽頭炎 / 咽头炎
* 喉炎 (hóuyán)
* 大腸炎 / 大肠炎
* 子宮頸炎 / 子宫颈炎 (zǐgōngjǐngyán)
* 孫炎 / 孙炎
* 尿道炎 (niàodàoyán)
* 心內膜炎 / 心内膜炎 (xīnnèimóyán)
* 扁桃腺炎 (biǎntáoxiàn yán)
* 支氣管炎 / 支气管炎 (zhīqìguǎnyán)
* 日本腦炎 / 日本脑炎 (Rìběn nǎoyán)
* 會厭炎 / 会厌炎 (huìyànyán)
* 毛囊炎 (máonángyán)
* 氣管炎 / 气管炎 (qìguǎnyán)
* 消炎 (xiāoyán)
* 消炎片
* 消炎藥 / 消炎药 (xiāoyányào)
* 淚囊炎 / 泪囊炎
* 炎上 (yánshàng)
* 炎丘
* 炎光
* 炎土
* 炎夏 (yánxià)
* 炎天
* 炎帝 (Yándì)
* 炎徼
* 炎方 (yánfāng)
* 炎日
* 炎旱
* 炎暑 (yánshǔ)
* 炎氣 / 炎气
* 炎涼 / 炎凉 (yánliáng)
* 炎涼世態 / 炎凉世态
* 炎漢 / 炎汉
* 炎火
* 炎炎 (yányán)
* 炎炎夏日 (yányánxiàrì)
* 炎焰
* 炎熱 / 炎热 (yánrè)
* 炎症 (yánzhèng, “inflammation”)
* 炎精
* 炎精之數 / 炎精之数
* 炎陽 / 炎阳 (yányáng)
* 炎陽炙人 / 炎阳炙人
* 炎黃 / 炎黄 (Yán-Huáng)
* 炎黃子孫 / 炎黄子孙 (Yán-Huáng zǐsūn)
* 牙髓炎
* 發炎 / 发炎 (fāyán)
* 皮膚炎 / 皮肤炎 (pífūyán)
* 皮膚肌炎 / 皮肤肌炎 (pífūjīyán)
* 盲腸炎 / 盲肠炎 (mángchángyán)
* 瞼腺炎 / 睑腺炎
* 筋膜炎 (jīnmóyán)
* 結膜炎 / 结膜炎 (jiémóyán)
* 肋膜炎
* 肝火上炎
* 肝炎 (gānyán)
* 肺炎 (fèiyán)
* 股關節炎 / 股关节炎
* 胃炎 (wèiyán)
* 胰腺炎 (yíxiànyán)
* 胸膜炎 (xiōngmóyán)
* 腎炎 / 肾炎 (shènyán)
* 腎盂炎 / 肾盂炎
* 腦炎 / 脑炎 (nǎoyán)
* 腸炎 / 肠炎 (chángyán)
* 腮腺炎 (sāixiànyán)
* 腹膜炎 (fùmóyán)
* 腦膜炎 / 脑膜炎 (nǎomóyán)
* 膀胱炎 (pángguāngyán, “cystitis”)
* 舌炎 (shéyán)
* 角膜炎 (jiǎomóyán)
* 貴勢炎炎 / 贵势炎炎
* 赫赫炎炎
* 趨炎奉勢 / 趋炎奉势
* 趨炎附勢 / 趋炎附势 (qūyánfùshì)
* 趨炎附熱 / 趋炎附热
* 闌尾炎 / 阑尾炎 (lánwěiyán)
* 關節炎 / 关节炎 (guānjiéyán)
* 附炎
* 骨膜炎
* 骨髓炎 (gǔsuǐyán)
* 髓膜炎
* 鼓膜炎
* 鼻炎 (bíyán)
* 鼻竇炎 / 鼻窦炎 (bídòuyán)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 炎(えん) (en)
* → Korean: 염(炎) (yeom)
* → Vietnamese: viêm (炎)

### References

* “炎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kun: ほのお (honoo, 炎, Jōyō)、ほむら (homura, 炎)、もえる (moeru, 炎える)

#### Compounds

* 陽炎(かぎろい) (kagiroi), 陽炎(かげろう) (kagerō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 炎
* ほのお Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 焔 焰 燄 (rare)
⟨po no$_2$ po⟩ → */ponəpo/ → /ɸonoɸo/ → /ɸonowo/ → /honowo/ → /hono.o/
From Old Japanese 炎 (pono$_2$po).
Compound of 火 (ho, combining form of hi, “fire”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 穂 (ho, “ear, head”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほのお [hóꜜnòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) ほのお [hònóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ho̞no̞o̞]

#### Noun

炎(ほのお) • (honoo)
* a flame
    ハリー・ポッターと炎(ほのお)のゴブレット
       Harī Pottā to Honoo no Goburetto
       Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
    燃(も)え広(ひろ)がる炎(ほのお)
       Moehirogaru Honoo
       Catching Fire
** 1079, Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi, page 5 (front):
    燄 保乃保
** 2001 December 22, “真紅眼の黒竜(レッドアイズ・ブラックドラゴン) [Red-Eyes Black Dragon]”, in Premium Pack 5, Konami:
    真(しん)紅(く)の眼(め)を持(も)つ黒(こく)竜(りゅう)。怒(いか)りの黒(くろ)き炎(ほのお)はその眼(め)に映(うつ)る者(もの)全(すべ)てを焼(や)き尽(つ)くす。
       Shinku no me o motsu kokuryū. Ikari no kuroki honoo wa sono me ni utsuru mono subete o yakitsukusu.
       A black dragon with crimson eyes. Its black flames of fury burn away anything that’s reflected in those eyes.
* (figuratively) an intense emotion, passion

##### Derived terms

* 炎(ほのお)検出(けんしゅつ)器(き) (honoo kenshutsu ki)
* 炎(ほのお)細(さい)胞(ぼう) (honoo saibō)
* 炎(ほのお)スペクトル (honoo supekutoru)
* 踊(おど)り炎(ほのお) (odori honoo)
* 瞋(しん)恚(い)の炎(ほのお) (shin'i no honoo)
* 胸(むね)の炎(ほのお) (mune no honoo)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 炎
* ほむら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 焔 焰 燄 (rare)
Compound of 火 (ho, “fire”, combining form) +‎ 群 (mura, “gathering, group”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほむら [hòmúrá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ほむら [hóꜜmùrà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ho̞mɯ̟ɾa̠]

#### Noun

炎(ほむら) • (homura)
* a flame
* (figuratively) an intense emotion, passion

##### Derived terms

* 瞋(しん)恚(い)の炎(ほむら) (shin'i no homura)
* 胸(むね)の炎(ほむら) (mune no homura)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 炎
* えん Grade: S
* on'yomi
/emʉ/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 炎 (MC hjem).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

#### Suffix

炎(えん) • (-en)
* (medicine) -itis, inflammation of...

##### Derived terms

* 炎(えん)症(しょう) (enshō)
* 胃(い)炎(えん) (ien)
* 肝(かん)炎(えん) (kan'en)
* 強(きょう)膜(まく)炎(えん) (kyōmakuen, “scleritis”)
* 筋(きん)炎(えん) (kin'en, “myositis”)
* 結(けつ)膜(まく)炎(えん) (ketsumakuen)
* 虹(こう)彩(さい)炎(えん) (kōsaien)
* 口(こう)内(ない)炎(えん) (kōnaien)
* 細(さい)気(き)管(かん)支(し)炎(えん) (saikikanshien, “bronchiolitis”)
* 腎(じん)盂(う)炎(えん) (jin'uen, “pyelitis”)
* 神(しん)経(けい)炎(えん) (shinkeien, “neuritis”)
* 膵(すい)臓(ぞう)炎(えん) (suizōen, “pancreatitis”)
* 脊(せき)髄(ずい)炎(えん) (sekizuien, “myelitis”)
* 舌(ぜつ)炎(えん) (zetsuen)
* 大(だい)腸(ちょう)炎(えん) (daichōen)
* 胆(たん)嚢(のう)炎(えん) (tannōen)
* 膣(ちつ)炎(えん) (chitsuen, “vaginitis”)
* 虫(ちゅう)垂(すい)炎(えん) (chūsuien)
* 尿(にょう)道(どう)炎(えん) (nyōdōen)
* 肺(はい)炎(えん) (haien)
* 葡(ぶ)萄(どう)膜(まく)炎(えん) (budōmakuen)
* 膀(ぼう)胱(こう)炎(えん) (bōkōen)
* 盲(もう)腸(ちょう)炎(えん) (mōchōen)
* 網(もう)膜(まく)炎(えん) (mōmakuen, “retinitis”)

#### Affix

炎(えん) • (en)
* flame, blaze
* burning
* firehot, red-hot

##### Derived terms

* 炎(えん)炎(えん), 炎(えん)々(えん) (en'en)
* 煙(えん)炎(えん) (en'en)
* 炎(えん)干(かん) (enkan)
* 炎(えん)暑(しょ) (ensho)
* 炎(えん)上(じょう) (enjō)
* 炎(えん)色(しょく) (enshoku)
* 炎(えん)帝(てい) (entei)
* 炎(えん)天(てん) (enten)
* 炎(えん)熱(ねつ) (ennetsu)
* 炎(えん)涼(りょう) (enryō)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 炎
* えん Grade: S
* on'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 焔 焰 燄 (rare)
炎 is a daiyōji replacing 焔.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

炎(えん) • (en)
* flame, blaze
* (figurative) passion, emotion

##### Derived terms

* 炎(えん)色(しょく) (enshoku)
* 火(か)炎(えん) (kaen)
* 外(がい)炎(えん) (gaien)
* 気(き)炎(えん) (kien)
* 光(こう)炎(えん) (kōen)
* 情(じょう)炎(えん) (jōen)
* 酸(さん)化(か)炎(えん) (sankaen)
* 内(ない)炎(えん) (naien)
* 爆(ばく)炎(えん) (bakuen)
* 防(ぼう)炎(えん) (bōen)
* 余(よ)炎(えん) (yoen)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Tsukishima, Hiroshi (1079) Kojisho Ongi Shūsei 12: Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, published 1979, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 炎 (MC hjem). Recorded as Middle Korean 염 (yem) (Yale: yem) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 炎 (eumhun 불꽃 염 (bulkkot yeom))
* hanja form of 염 (“flame”)
* hanja form of 염 (“(medicine) inflammation”)

#### Compounds

* 간염 (肝炎, ganyeom)
* 건초염 (腱鞘炎, geonchoyeom)
* 관절염 (關節炎, gwanjeoryeom)
* 냉염 (冷炎, naeng'yeom)
* 뇌염 (腦炎, noeyeom)
* 맹장염 (盲腸炎, maengjang'yeom)
* 비염 (鼻炎, biyeom)
* 염증 (炎症, yeomjeung)
* 외이염 (外耳炎, oeiyeom)
* 위염 (胃炎, wiyeom)
* 인두염 (咽頭炎, induyeom)
* 인후염 (咽喉炎, inhuyeom)
* 장염 (腸炎, jang'yeom)
* 중이염 (中耳炎, jung'iyeom)
* 폐렴 (肺炎, pyeryeom)
* 폭염 (暴炎, pogyeom)
* 피부염 (皮膚炎, pibuyeom)
* 후두염 (喉頭炎, huduyeom)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Compound of 火 (po, combining form of pi$_2$, “fire”) +‎ の (no$_2$, possessive particle) +‎ 穗 (po, “ear, head”).

### Noun

炎 (pono$_2$po) (kana ほのほ)
* a flame
** c. 759, Man’yōshū‎, book 13, poem 3344:...螢成髣髴聞而大土乎火穗跡而......potaru nasu pono$_2$ka ni ki$_1$ki$_1$te opotuti wo pono$_2$po to$_2$ pumi$_1$te...(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 炎 (honō)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese
### Han character

炎: Hán Nôm readings: viêm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.