# شجر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Of the root ش ج ر (š j r). See it for more.

#### Verb

شَجَرَ • (šajara) I (non-past يَشْجُرُ (yašjuru), verbal noun شَجْر (šajr) or شُجُور (šujūr))
* to occur, to happen
* to break out (of a disturbance, etc.)
* to be complex, to be intricate, to be complicated
* to be disputed [with بَيْنَ (bayna) ‘between/among people’]

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

شَجَرَ • (šajara) I (non-past يَشْجُرُ (yašjuru), verbal noun شَجْر (šajr))
* to pierce [with accusative ‘someone/something’ and بِ (bi) ‘with a weapon, etc.’]
* to tie up, to chain [with accusative ‘something’ and إِلَى (ʔilā) ‘to something’]
* to turn away from, to avert [with accusative ‘someone/something’ and عَن (ʕan) ‘from something’]
* to refuse, to keep off, to hinder [with accusative ‘someone/something’ and عَن (ʕan) ‘from something’]
* to prop up, to support with a pole
* to raise, to lift (e.g. a garment)
* to force open (e.g. someone's mouth) with a stick
* to force (an animal) to open the mouth (by pulling on the reins)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Noun

شَجْر • (šajr) m
* verbal noun of شَجَرَ (šajara) (form I)
* object of dispute, disputed matter or question

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.1
#### Noun

شَجَر • (šajar) m (collective, singulative شَجَرَة f (šajara), dual شَجَرَتَان (šajaratān), plural أَشْجَار (ʔašjār), paucal شَجَرَات (šajarāt))
* trees
    شَجَر (šajar) = trees (in general) (collective)
    شَجَرَة (šajara) = a tree (singulative)
    شَجَرَتَان (šajaratān) = two trees (dual)
    شَجَرَات (šajarāt) = 3 to 10 trees, some trees, a few trees (paucal, little plural)
    أَشْجَار (ʔašjār) = (kinds of) trees (big plural)
* shrubs, bushes
* stock, origin, pedigree, background, genealogy
* family, tribe, support system, connections

##### Declension
### Etymology 2.2
#### Noun

شِجَر or شَجَر • (šijar or šajar) m (collective, singulative شِجَرَة f (šijara) or شَجَرَة (šajara), plural أَشْجَار (ʔašjār))
* (al-Andalus, Morocco) fig trees
** a. 1135, Ibn ʿAbdūn, “Un document sur la vie urbaine et les corps de métiers à Séville au début du XII$^e$ siècle: Le traité d’Ibn ʿAbdūn publié avec une introduction et un glossaire”, in Évariste Lévi-Provençal, editor, Journal asiatique‎, number 2, published 1934, page 248 (٥٦) 16:

##### Alternative forms

* شِجَار (šijār)

### Etymology 2.3
#### Verb

شَجَّرَ • (šajjara) II (non-past يُشَجِّرُ (yušajjiru), verbal noun تَشْجِير (tašjīr))
* to plant with trees
* to afforest

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3
#### Noun

شَجْر • (šajr) m (plural أَشْجَار (ʔašjār) or شُجُور (šujūr) or شِجَار (šijār))
* chin
* corner of the mouth, opening of the mouth

##### Declension
## Persian
### Etymology

From Arabic شَجَر (šajar).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃa.ˈd͡ʒaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.d͡ʒǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃä.d͡ʒǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃä.d͡ʒǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃä.d͡ʒǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæ.d͡ʒǽɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃä.d͡ʒǽɾ]

### Noun

شجر • (šajar) (plural اشجار)
* (rare) tree
    Synonym: درخت (deraxt)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Alternative forms

* سجر (sajar, Galilee)

### Etymology

From Arabic شَجَر (šajar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.ʒar/, [ˈʃa.ʒɑrˤ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Noun

شجر • (šajar) m (collective, singulative شجرة f (šajara), paucal شجرات (šajarāt))
* (collective) trees

#### See also

* غابة (ḡābe, “forest; jungle”), حرش (ḥurš, “forest, wood”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شجر (šajar), itself from Arabic شَجَر (šajar).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʃə.d͡ʒəɾ/
* Rhymes: -əɾ
* Hyphenation: شَ‧جَر

### Noun

شَجَر • (śajar) m (formal plural اشجار, Hindi spelling शजर)
* (formal or poetic) tree
    Synonyms: درخت (draxt), پیڑ (peṛ)
** 2010, Javed Akhtar, Jidhar Jaate Hain Sab [Whither Everyone Goes] :بلندی پر انہیں مٹی کی خوشبو تک نہیں آتی یہ وہ شاخیں ہیں جن کو اب شجر اچھا نہیں لگتاbulandī par unhẽ miṭṭī kī xuśbū tak nahī̃ ātī ye vo śāxẽ haĩ jin ko ab śajar acchā nahī̃ lagtā.At that lofty height, the fragrance of the soil does not reach Those branches, to whom the tree no longer seems good.

### Further reading

* “شجر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “شجر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “شجر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.