# kara
## English
### Etymology

From Punjabi ਕੜਾ (kaṛā); see Hindi कड़ा (kaṛā, “bracelet”).

### Noun

kara (plural karas)
* (Sikhism) A bangle worn by Sikhs, one of the five Ks, to remind them to do God's work.

### Anagrams

* rak'a, arak, akra

## Balinese
### Romanization

kara
* Romanization of ᬓᬭ
* Romanization of ᬓᬵᬭ

## Basque
### Noun

kara
* allative singular of ka

## Cornish
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *karɨd. Cognate with Breton karout and Welsh caru.

### Verb

kara (irregular)
* to love

#### Conjugation
### Mutation
## Esperanto
### Etymology

From Italian caro, cara, from Latin cārus. Compare French cher.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkara]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ara
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Adjective

kara (accusative singular karan, plural karaj, accusative plural karajn)
* dear
    Mi amegas vin, mia kara.I love you so much, my dear.
    Kara S-ro Garcio, mi estas skribanta al vi ĉi tiun leteron, ĉar…Dear Mr. Garcia, I am writing you this letter because…

#### Derived terms

* karegulino
* karegulo
* karulino
* karulo

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑrɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝rɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑrɑ
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *kara.

#### Noun

kara
* a dried branch, rib of a leaf or other similar dried part of a plant
    Synonym: karahka
* core (uneaten part of an apple or similar fruit)
    Synonyms: kota, siemenkota
* pin (a piece of wood, partly inserted inside the wall, that supports the frame of a window or door)
* pin, spindle, rod (machine part, often relatively long and narrow, used either as an axle or support)
** spindle (rod which turns, or on which something turns, e.g. of a door or window handle)
*** (machining) spindle (rotary axis of a machine tool or power tool)
*** (automotive) spindle (of a wheel)
** (weaving) core of a pirn (in a weaving shuttle)
** valve stem
** (manufacturing) core (portion of a mold that creates a cavity or impression within the part or that makes a hole in or through the part)
** mandrel (component that guides, grips or clamps)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karani
karani
accusative
nom.
karani
karani
gen.
karani
genitive
karani
karojeni karaini $^{rare}$
partitive
karaani
karojani
inessive
karassani
karoissani
elative
karastani
karoistani
illative
karaani
karoihini
adessive
karallani
karoillani
ablative
karaltani
karoiltani
allative
karalleni
karoilleni
essive
karanani
karoinani
translative
karakseni
karoikseni
abessive
karattani
karoittani
instructive
comitative
—karoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karasi
karasi
accusative
nom.
karasi
karasi
gen.
karasi
genitive
karasi
karojesi karaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
karaasi
karojasi
inessive
karassasi
karoissasi
elative
karastasi
karoistasi
illative
karaasi
karoihisi
adessive
karallasi
karoillasi
ablative
karaltasi
karoiltasi
allative
karallesi
karoillesi
essive
karanasi
karoinasi
translative
karaksesi
karoiksesi
abessive
karattasi
karoittasi
instructive
comitative
—karoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karamme
karamme
accusative
nom.
karamme
karamme
gen.
karamme
genitive
karamme
karojemme karaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
karaamme
karojamme
inessive
karassamme
karoissamme
elative
karastamme
karoistamme
illative
karaamme
karoihimme
adessive
karallamme
karoillamme
ablative
karaltamme
karoiltamme
allative
karallemme
karoillemme
essive
karanamme
karoinamme
translative
karaksemme
karoiksemme
abessive
karattamme
karoittamme
instructive
comitative
—karoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karanne
karanne
accusative
nom.
karanne
karanne
gen.
karanne
genitive
karanne
karojenne karainne $^{rare}$
partitive
karaanne
karojanne
inessive
karassanne
karoissanne
elative
karastanne
karoistanne
illative
karaanne
karoihinne
adessive
karallanne
karoillanne
ablative
karaltanne
karoiltanne
allative
karallenne
karoillenne
essive
karananne
karoinanne
translative
karaksenne
karoiksenne
abessive
karattanne
karoittanne
instructive
comitative
—karoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karansa
karansa
accusative
nom.
karansa
karansa
gen.
karansa
genitive
karansa
karojensa karainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
karaansa
karojaan karojansa
inessive
karassaan karassansa
karoissaan karoissansa
elative
karastaan karastansa
karoistaan karoistansa
illative
karaansa
karoihinsa
adessive
karallaan karallansa
karoillaan karoillansa
ablative
karaltaan karaltansa
karoiltaan karoiltansa
allative
karalleen karallensa
karoilleen karoillensa
essive
karanaan karanansa
karoinaan karoinansa
translative
karakseen karaksensa
karoikseen karoiksensa
abessive
karattaan karattansa
karoittaan karoittansa
instructive
comitative
—karoineen karoinensa :

##### Derived terms

* karahka
* karakki
* Karonen
* hiomakara
* Karakallio
* karapuu
* omenankara
* ruuvikara

#### Further reading

* “kara”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

### Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

#### Noun

kara
* Synonym of koskikara (“bird of the genus Cinclus”)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karani
karani
accusative
nom.
karani
karani
gen.
karani
genitive
karani
karojeni karaini $^{rare}$
partitive
karaani
karojani
inessive
karassani
karoissani
elative
karastani
karoistani
illative
karaani
karoihini
adessive
karallani
karoillani
ablative
karaltani
karoiltani
allative
karalleni
karoilleni
essive
karanani
karoinani
translative
karakseni
karoikseni
abessive
karattani
karoittani
instructive
comitative
—karoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karasi
karasi
accusative
nom.
karasi
karasi
gen.
karasi
genitive
karasi
karojesi karaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
karaasi
karojasi
inessive
karassasi
karoissasi
elative
karastasi
karoistasi
illative
karaasi
karoihisi
adessive
karallasi
karoillasi
ablative
karaltasi
karoiltasi
allative
karallesi
karoillesi
essive
karanasi
karoinasi
translative
karaksesi
karoiksesi
abessive
karattasi
karoittasi
instructive
comitative
—karoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karamme
karamme
accusative
nom.
karamme
karamme
gen.
karamme
genitive
karamme
karojemme karaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
karaamme
karojamme
inessive
karassamme
karoissamme
elative
karastamme
karoistamme
illative
karaamme
karoihimme
adessive
karallamme
karoillamme
ablative
karaltamme
karoiltamme
allative
karallemme
karoillemme
essive
karanamme
karoinamme
translative
karaksemme
karoiksemme
abessive
karattamme
karoittamme
instructive
comitative
—karoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karanne
karanne
accusative
nom.
karanne
karanne
gen.
karanne
genitive
karanne
karojenne karainne $^{rare}$
partitive
karaanne
karojanne
inessive
karassanne
karoissanne
elative
karastanne
karoistanne
illative
karaanne
karoihinne
adessive
karallanne
karoillanne
ablative
karaltanne
karoiltanne
allative
karallenne
karoillenne
essive
karananne
karoinanne
translative
karaksenne
karoiksenne
abessive
karattanne
karoittanne
instructive
comitative
—karoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karansa
karansa
accusative
nom.
karansa
karansa
gen.
karansa
genitive
karansa
karojensa karainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
karaansa
karojaan karojansa
inessive
karassaan karassansa
karoissaan karoissansa
elative
karastaan karastansa
karoistaan karoistansa
illative
karaansa
karoihinsa
adessive
karallaan karallansa
karoillaan karoillansa
ablative
karaltaan karaltansa
karoiltaan karoiltansa
allative
karalleen karallensa
karoilleen karoillensa
essive
karanaan karanansa
karoinaan karoinansa
translative
karakseen karaksensa
karoikseen karoiksensa
abessive
karattaan karattansa
karoittaan karoittansa
instructive
comitative
—karoineen karoinensa :

##### Derived terms

* koskikara

### Etymology 3

Clipping of karamboli.

#### Noun

kara
* carom billiards, carambole

##### Declension

Possessive forms of kara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karani
karani
accusative
nom.
karani
karani
gen.
karani
genitive
karani
karojeni karaini $^{rare}$
partitive
karaani
karojani
inessive
karassani
karoissani
elative
karastani
karoistani
illative
karaani
karoihini
adessive
karallani
karoillani
ablative
karaltani
karoiltani
allative
karalleni
karoilleni
essive
karanani
karoinani
translative
karakseni
karoikseni
abessive
karattani
karoittani
instructive
comitative
—karoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karasi
karasi
accusative
nom.
karasi
karasi
gen.
karasi
genitive
karasi
karojesi karaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
karaasi
karojasi
inessive
karassasi
karoissasi
elative
karastasi
karoistasi
illative
karaasi
karoihisi
adessive
karallasi
karoillasi
ablative
karaltasi
karoiltasi
allative
karallesi
karoillesi
essive
karanasi
karoinasi
translative
karaksesi
karoiksesi
abessive
karattasi
karoittasi
instructive
comitative
—karoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karamme
karamme
accusative
nom.
karamme
karamme
gen.
karamme
genitive
karamme
karojemme karaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
karaamme
karojamme
inessive
karassamme
karoissamme
elative
karastamme
karoistamme
illative
karaamme
karoihimme
adessive
karallamme
karoillamme
ablative
karaltamme
karoiltamme
allative
karallemme
karoillemme
essive
karanamme
karoinamme
translative
karaksemme
karoiksemme
abessive
karattamme
karoittamme
instructive
comitative
—karoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karanne
karanne
accusative
nom.
karanne
karanne
gen.
karanne
genitive
karanne
karojenne karainne $^{rare}$
partitive
karaanne
karojanne
inessive
karassanne
karoissanne
elative
karastanne
karoistanne
illative
karaanne
karoihinne
adessive
karallanne
karoillanne
ablative
karaltanne
karoiltanne
allative
karallenne
karoillenne
essive
karananne
karoinanne
translative
karaksenne
karoiksenne
abessive
karattanne
karoittanne
instructive
comitative
—karoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karansa
karansa
accusative
nom.
karansa
karansa
gen.
karansa
genitive
karansa
karojensa karainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
karaansa
karojaan karojansa
inessive
karassaan karassansa
karoissaan karoissansa
elative
karastaan karastansa
karoistaan karoistansa
illative
karaansa
karoihinsa
adessive
karallaan karallansa
karoillaan karoillansa
ablative
karaltaan karaltansa
karoiltaan karoiltansa
allative
karalleen karallensa
karoilleen karoillensa
essive
karanaan karanansa
karoinaan karoinansa
translative
karakseen karaksensa
karoikseen karoiksensa
abessive
karattaan karattansa
karoittaan karoittansa
instructive
comitative
—karoineen karoinensa :

### Anagrams

* arka

## Gagauz
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish قَرَه (qara), from Proto-Turkic *kara. Compare Turkish kara, Azerbaijani qara, Uzbek qora, Turkmen gara.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑˑˈrɑ/
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Adjective

kara (comparative taa kara, superlative en kara, intensive kapkara)
* black, dark
    kara balık deredä üzerthe black fish is swimming in the river
* (figurative) dark, woeful, sad
    kara günnerdän geçtikwe went through dark days
** 2022 March 18, “Bu yıl cenktän dä taa çirkin, kömürdän dä taa kara, pelindän dä taa acı”, in Ana Sözü‎:Bu yıl cenktän dä taa çirkin, kömürdän dä taa kara, pelindän dä taa acıThis year is even uglier than war, even darker than coal, even more bitter than wormwood

#### Derived terms

* kara aaç (“elm”)
* kara ardıç (“juniper”)
* kara beegir (“dark horse”)
* kara booday (“buckwheat”)
* kara ceer (“liver”)
* kara çam (“pine”)
* kara er (“graveyard”)
* kara kayıp
* kara naanä (“mint”)
* kara sülük (“leech”)
* karabaa (“a type of rope”)
* karaca (“deer, elk”)
* karacı (“slanderer”)
* karacılık (“slander”)
* Karadeniz (“black-sea”)
* karagöz (“dark-eyed”)
* karakuş (“starling”)
* karalamaa (“to dirty”)
* karalık (“blackness”)
* karaman
* karamuk (“blackberry”)
* karannık (“darkness”)
* kararmaa (“to darken”)

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kara”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ András Rajki, A Concise Gagauz Dictionary with etymologies and Turkish, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar and Turkmen cognates, 2007

### Further reading

* Ciachir, Mihail (1938) “cara”, in Dicționar gagauzo (tiurco)–român pentru gagauzii din Basarabia (in Romanian), Chișinău, page 26
* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “kara”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 92
* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кара”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 247
* Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “kara”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 46

## Gothic
### Romanization

kara
* Romanization of 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From kar +‎ -a (possessive suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkɒrɒ]
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Noun

kara
* third-person singular single-possession possessive of kar (“faculty; ensemble”)

#### Usage notes

For the possessive of kar in the sense “arm, lever”, see karja.

#### Declension
## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkara/

### Adjective

kara
* dear

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.ra/
* Rhymes: -ra
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦫ (kara), from Old Javanese kara.

#### Noun

kara (plural kara-kara)
* (botany) hyacinth bean, lablab bean, bonavist bean, bonavist pea, dolichos bean, sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian bean, Australian pea; Lablab purpureus

##### Derived terms

* kara benguk
* kara kaji

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Toraja-Sa'dan [Term?]

#### Noun

kara (plural kara-kara)
* jewelry made from shells, round with a hole in the middle, usually attached to clothes, large shields, or hats worn by war dancers at death feasts

### Further reading

* “kara” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Japanese
### Romanization

kara
* Rōmaji transcription of から

## Javanese
### Romanization

kara
* Romanization of ꦏꦫ

## Jingpho
### Noun

kara
* hair

## Karaim
### Adjective

kara
* black

#### References

* dnathan.com

## Karao
### Noun

kara
* purpose; motive; intention

## Kashubian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.ra/
* Rhymes: -ara
* Syllabification: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara.

#### Noun

kara f
* punishment; penalty, fine (negative result of something bad that was done)
    Synonym: sztrôfa

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Polish kara (“cart”).

#### Noun

kara f
* wheelbarrow

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from German Karre.

#### Noun

kara f
* (Canada, United States) car

### Further reading

* Stanislow Frymark (2020) “kara”, in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand; Lexical Interferences in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand, Zómk Zôbòrsczi, →ISBN
* Sychta, Bernard (1968) “I-II kara”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 2 (H – L), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 135
* Jan Trepczyk (1994) “kara”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “kara”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “kara”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Khalaj

| Perso-Arabic | Perso-Arabic | کَره |

### Alternative forms

* kərə

### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian کره (kare).

### Pronunciation

* (Xarrâbî) IPA: [kaɾa]

### Noun

kara (definite accusative karañ, plural karalar)
* butter

#### Declension
### References

* Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

## Latvian
### Noun

kara m
* genitive singular of karš

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German karre, ultimately from Latin carrus, from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkara/

### Noun

kara f (diminutive karka)
* cart, wagon

#### Declension
### References

* Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

## Mapudungun
### Noun

kara (Raguileo spelling)
* town, city
    Synonym: waria

### References

* Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

## Nias
### Noun

kara (mutated form gara)
* stone

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑːrɑ/

#### Noun

kara n
* definite plural of kar

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²kɑ(ː)rɑ/

#### Noun

kara m
* (non-standard since 1983) definite plural of kar

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

kara n
* definite plural of kar

## Nupe
### Etymology 1

From Yoruba àkàrà.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kà.ɾà/

#### Noun

kàrà
* akara

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kā.ɾā/

#### Noun

kara (plural karazhì)
* crab

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kà.ɾà/

#### Noun

kàrà
* load; luggage; cargo
* burden

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ká.ɾà/

#### Noun

kárà (plural káràzhì)
* wall surrounding a compound (that does not connect to the houses)

#### See also

* sókùn (“compound wall built from one house to another”)

## Old Javanese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /su.hun/
* Rhymes: -ra
* Homophones: kara, kāra, khara
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर (kara, “finger”), कृ (kṛ, “to make”).

#### Noun

kara
* hand
* finger
* ray of light, beam

##### Derived terms

* akara-karā
* makara-karā
* bāmakara

##### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦏꦫ (kara) (inherited)
* → Balinese: ᬓᬭ (kara)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

kara
* Alternative spelling of kāra (“making, doing”)

### Etymology 3

Unknown, probably borrowed from Sanskrit खर (khara, “thorny plant”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

kara
* (botany) hyacinth bean, lablab bean, bonavist bean, bonavist pea, dolichos bean, sem bean, lablab bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Indian bean, Australian pea; Lablab purpureus.

##### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦏꦫ (kara) (inherited)

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

kara
* Alternative spelling of khara

### Etymology 5

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

kara
* animals that may not be eaten
* crow

### Further reading

* "kara" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German karre. First attested in 1471.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /kara/
* IPA: (15th CE) /kara/

### Noun

kara f
* (attested in Greater Poland) light cart with one or two wheels
    Synonym: jednokole
** 1908 [c. 1500], Bolesław Erzepki, editor, Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. I. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika drukowanego w roku 1490‎, Lubiń, page 27:Karrą albo yednokolye biga, ein karre, carruca idem est[Kara albo jednokole biga, ein karre, carruca idem est]
** 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 46:Dwogye kary aut gyednokole duorum burdonum[Dwoje kary aut jednokole duorum burdonum]
** c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 19r:Biga ein karre carruca idem est karrą albo yednokolye vel liber[Biga ein karre carruca idem est kara albo jednokole vel liber]

#### Descendants

* Polish: kara (“cart”)
** → Kashubian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)
** → Ukrainian: ґара (gara)
** → Slovincian: kara
* Silesian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)

### References

* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kara”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “kara, pl. tantum kary”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
* Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “kara”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

## Old Saxon
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *karu. Cognate with Old English caru, Old High German chara (“grief”), Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

### Noun

kara f
* grief, sorrow
* anxiety

#### References

Köbler, Gerhard, Altsächsisches Wörterbuch (5th edition 2014)

## Oroqen
### Adjective

kara
* dark

### References

* Whaley, Lindsay & Li, Fengxiang. (1998). The Suffix -Kan in Oroqen. Studies in Language. 22. 447-471. 10.1075/sl.22.2.06wha.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀓𑀭 (Brahmi script)
* कर (Devanagari script)
* কর (Bengali script)
* කර (Sinhalese script)
* ကရ or ၵရ (Burmese script)
* กร or กะระ (Thai script)
* ᨠᩁ (Tai Tham script)
* ກຣ or ກະຣະ (Lao script)
* ករ (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄢 (Chakma script)

### Noun

kara ?
* the Pali root kar
** c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎ (overall work in Pali), page 288; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:करस्स सप्पच्चयस्स काहो ॥२४॥24. Karassa sappaccayassa kāho24. Conditionally kāha from kara

#### Declension
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.ra/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈka.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ara
* Syllabification: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara. First attested in 1564.

#### Noun

kara f
* punishment; penalty, fine (negative result of something bad that was done) [with za (+ accusative) ‘for what’]

##### Derived terms

* kara główna
* kara śmierci
* ławka kar

##### Related terms

* bezkarny
* bezkarnie
* bezkarność
* karać impf

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish kara.

#### Noun

kara f
* (obsolete) cart with two wheels and a box on top for carrying things

##### Descendants

* → Kashubian: kara (“wheelbarrow”)
* → Ukrainian: ґара (gara)
* → Slovincian: kara

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from French carré. First attested in the middle of the 19th century.

#### Noun

kara f
* (geometry, rare) quadrangle
    Synonyms: czworobok, czworokąt

##### Declension
### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

kara
* inflection of karo:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural

### Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

kara
* feminine nominative/vocative singular of kary

### References

* ↑ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kara”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* ↑ Mańczak, Witold (2017) “kara”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* ↑ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1, kara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
* ↑ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 3”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

### Further reading

* kara in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* kara in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “KARA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kara”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 254
* Wanda Decyk-Zięba, editor (2018-2022), “kara”, in Dydaktyczny Słownik Etymologiczno-historyczny Języka Polskiego [A Didactic, Historical, Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 1”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

## Rapa Nui
### Noun

kara
* wing

## Serbo-Croatian
### Verb

kara (Cyrillic spelling кара)
* third-person singular present of karati

## Silesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.ra/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ara
* Syllabification: ka‧ra

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kara.

#### Noun

kara f
* punishment

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish kara.

#### Noun

kara f
* wheelbarrow
    Synonyms: targŏcz, tragŏcz

##### Declension
### Further reading

* kara in dykcjonorz.eu
* kara in silling.org
* Bogdan Kallus (2020) “kara/kary”, in Słownik Gōrnoślōnskij Gŏdki, IV edition, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, →ISBN, page 320
* Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022) “kara”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 86
* Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “kara”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 301

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قره (kara), from Old Anatolian Turkish قَرَه (qara), from Proto-Turkic *kara (“dark, black”). Compare Azerbaijani qara, Gagauz kara, Turkmen gara, Uzbek qora.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈɾa/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ka‧ra

#### Adjective

kara (intensive kapkara)
* black, dark
    Synonym: siyah
    Antonyms: ak, beyaz
* brunette
* dark skinned
* (figuratively) evil, wicked, villainous
    kara büyü ― black magic
* (figuratively, archaic) courageous
* (figurative) sad, woeful, dark

##### Declension

For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

##### Descendants

* → Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)

#### Noun

kara (definite accusative karayı, plural karalar)
* black
    Synonym: siyah
    Antonym: ak
* (figurative) slander
    Synonym: iftira
* (archaic) north
* (Samsun, Ordu) fault, mistake
    ben karamı söylüyorum inkâr etmiyorumI tell my mistakes and do not deny them
* (Çorum) gendarmerie
* (Konya) key
    Synonym: anahtar
* (Şanlıurfa) a black person
    Synonyms: zenci, arap, siyahi

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
kara
karalar
definite accusative
karayı
karaları
dative
karaya
karalara
locative
karada
karalarda
ablative
karadan
karalardan
genitive
karanın
karaların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
karam
karalarım
2nd singular
karan
karaların
3rd singular
karası
karaları
1st plural
karamız
karalarımız
2nd plural
karanız
karalarınız
3rd plural
karaları
karaları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamı
karalarımı
2nd singular
karanı
karalarını
3rd singular
karasını
karalarını
1st plural
karamızı
karalarımızı
2nd plural
karanızı
karalarınızı
3rd plural
karalarını
karalarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
karama
karalarıma
2nd singular
karana
karalarına
3rd singular
karasına
karalarına
1st plural
karamıza
karalarımıza
2nd plural
karanıza
karalarınıza
3rd plural
karalarına
karalarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamda
karalarımda
2nd singular
karanda
karalarında
3rd singular
karasında
karalarında
1st plural
karamızda
karalarımızda
2nd plural
karanızda
karalarınızda
3rd plural
karalarında
karalarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamdan
karalarımdan
2nd singular
karandan
karalarından
3rd singular
karasından
karalarından
1st plural
karamızdan
karalarımızdan
2nd plural
karanızdan
karalarınızdan
3rd plural
karalarından
karalarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
karamın
karalarımın
2nd singular
karanın
karalarının
3rd singular
karasının
karalarının
1st plural
karamızın
karalarımızın
2nd plural
karanızın
karalarınızın
3rd plural
karalarının
karalarının :

##### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| kuzeybatı | kuzey şimal kara | kuzeydoğu |
| batı garp ak | | doğu şark gök |
| güneybatı | güney cenup kızıl | güneydoğu |

#### See also

Colors in Turkish · renkler (layout · text) :
| beyaz, ak | gri, boz | siyah, kara |
| kırmızı, kızıl; al | turuncu; kahverengi, konur, boz | sarı; bej |
| limon çürüğü | yeşil | nane yeşili |
| camgöbeği; turkuaz | gök, mavi | lacivert |
| eflatun; mor | pembe; mor | yavruağzı |

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قاره (kara), from Arabic قَارَّة (qārra).

#### Noun

kara (definite accusative karayı, plural karalar)
* land, field
    Antonym: deniz
    kara göründü! ― land ahoy!
    kara, deniz ve hava kuvvetleri ― land, sea, and air forces

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
kara
karalar
definite accusative
karayı
karaları
dative
karaya
karalara
locative
karada
karalarda
ablative
karadan
karalardan
genitive
karanın
karaların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
karam
karalarım
2nd singular
karan
karaların
3rd singular
karası
karaları
1st plural
karamız
karalarımız
2nd plural
karanız
karalarınız
3rd plural
karaları
karaları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamı
karalarımı
2nd singular
karanı
karalarını
3rd singular
karasını
karalarını
1st plural
karamızı
karalarımızı
2nd plural
karanızı
karalarınızı
3rd plural
karalarını
karalarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
karama
karalarıma
2nd singular
karana
karalarına
3rd singular
karasına
karalarına
1st plural
karamıza
karalarımıza
2nd plural
karanıza
karalarınıza
3rd plural
karalarına
karalarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamda
karalarımda
2nd singular
karanda
karalarında
3rd singular
karasında
karalarında
1st plural
karamızda
karalarımızda
2nd plural
karanızda
karalarınızda
3rd plural
karalarında
karalarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
karamdan
karalarımdan
2nd singular
karandan
karalarından
3rd singular
karasından
karalarından
1st plural
karamızdan
karalarımızdan
2nd plural
karanızdan
karalarınızdan
3rd plural
karalarından
karalarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
karamın
karalarımın
2nd singular
karanın
karalarının
3rd singular
karasının
karalarının
1st plural
karamızın
karalarımızın
2nd plural
karanızın
karalarınızın
3rd plural
karalarının
karalarının :

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

kara
* third-person singular optative of karmak

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

kara
* (Artvin) Alternative form of kere

### Further reading

* “kara”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
* “kara”, in Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü [Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1982

## Veps
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

kara
* bay, inlet

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “бухта”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

## Wanyi
### Noun

kara
* country
* stone

### References

* Mary Laughren, Rob Pensalfini, Tom Mylne, Accounting for verb-initial order in an Australian language, in Verb First: On the syntax of verb-initial languages (2005)