# flour
## English
### Alternative forms

* flower (obsolete)

### Etymology

Spelled (until about 1830) and meaning flower in the sense of flour being the "finest portion of ground grain" (compare French fleur de farine, fine fleur). Doublet of flower. Partially displaced native meal.
The U.S. standard of identity comes from 21CFR137.105.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) enPR: flou'ər IPA: /ˈflaʊ̯.ə/
* (US, Canada) IPA: /ˈflaʊ̯.ɚ/
** Audio (US):(file)
* (India) enPR: flär IPA: /flaː(r)/
* (Singapore) enPR: flär IPA: /flɑː/
* (Philippines) IPA: /fləɹ/, /flɑɹ/
* Rhymes: -aʊə(ɹ)
* Homophone: flower (for people who pronounce flour as two syllables or flower as one)

### Noun

flour (usually uncountable, plural flours)
* Powder obtained by grinding or milling cereal grains, especially wheat, or other foodstuffs such as soybeans and potatoes, and used to bake bread, cakes, and pastry.
    Hyponyms: cornflour, rice flour, rye flour, wheatflour, wheat flour; beanflour; bread flour, pastry flour, all-purpose flour, self-raising flour, self-rising flour
    Coordinate term: meal (precisely coordinate; broadly synonymous)
** 1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:Everything a living animal could do to destroy and to desecrate bed and walls had been done. […] A canister of flour from the kitchen had been thrown at the looking-glass and lay like trampled snow over the remains of a decent blue suit with the lining ripped out which lay on top of the ruin of a plastic wardrobe.
* (US standards of identity) The food made by grinding and bolting cleaned wheat (not durum or red durum) until it meets specified levels of fineness, dryness, and freedom from bran and germ, also containing any of certain enzymes, ascorbic acid, and certain bleaching agents.
    Synonyms: smeddum, plain flour, wheat flour, wheatmeal, white flour
* Powder of other material.
    Hyponyms: wood flour; glacial flour, rock flour
    mustard flour
* Obsolete form of flower.
** 1886 May, Thomas Hardy, The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC:that nobody is wished to see my dead body. & that no murnurs walk behind me at my funeral. & that no flours be planted on my grave.

#### Derived terms

* all-purpose flour
* beanflour
* beflour
* bread flour
* cold flour
* cornflour
* cricket flour
* flour beetle
* flour corn
* flour gold
* flourless
* flourlike
* flourman
* flourmill
* flourmill, flour mill
* flour mite
* flour-monger
* flour moth
* floursack
* flour treatment agent
* glacial flour
* graham flour
* moth flour
* national flour
* nonflour
* pastry flour
* rice flour
* rock flour
* rye flour
* second flour
* self-raising flour, self-rising flour
* strong flour
* wood flour

#### Descendants

* → Drehu: falawa
* → Maori: parāoa
* → Palauan: blauang
* → West Uvean: falawa

#### Translations

Adyghe: хьаджыгъэ (ḥadžəğɛ)
Afrikaans: meel (af)
Ainu: アマㇺコホ (amamkoho)
Albanian: miell (sq) m
Aleut: mukax̂
Amharic: ዱቄት ? (duḳet)
Arabic: طَحِين m (ṭaḥīn), دَقِيق (ar) m (daqīq)
Hijazi Arabic: دَقيق m (dagīg)
Moroccan Arabic: دجيج m (dgig), طحين m (ṭḥin)
Armenian: ալյուր (hy) (alyur)
Old Armenian: ալիւր (aliwr)
Aromanian: fãrinã f
Assamese: আটা (ata)
Asturian: fariña f, farina f
Azerbaijani: un (az)
Baluchi: آڑت (ářt)
Bashkir: он (on)
Basque: irin
Bats: ჰ̡აჲრუ̆ (h̡ayrŭ), ჰ̡აჲრი̆ (h̡ayrĭ)
Belarusian: мука́ f (muká)
Bengali: আটা (bn) (aṭa), ময়দা (bn) (moẏoda) (refined)
Bhojpuri: आटा (āṭā)
Breton: bleud (br) m
Brunei Malay: tapung
Bulgarian: брашно́ (bg) n (brašnó)
Burmese: မှုန့် (my) (hmun.), ဂျုံမှုန့် (my) (gyumhmun.) (wheat flour)
Buryat: гурил (guril)
Catalan: farina (ca) f
Cebuano: harina
Chakma: please add this translation if you can
Cherokee: ᎢᏌ (isa), ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏓ (utsalesda), ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ (isv wanige)
Chichewa: ufa
Chinese:
Cantonese: 麵粉 / 面粉 (min$^6$ fan$^2$)
Mandarin: 麵粉 / 面粉 (zh) (miànfěn)
Chuvash: ҫӑнӑх (śănăh)
Classical Syriac: ܩܡܚܐ m (qamḥɑ)
Cornish: bleus m
Corsican: farina (co) f
Czech: mouka (cs) f
Dalmatian: faraina f
Danish: mel (da) n
Daur: golii
Dhivehi: please add this translation if you can
Dongxiang: ghurun
Dutch: meel (nl) n, bloem (nl) f
Eastern Khanty: рак (rak)
Egyptian: (nḏ)
Emilian: faréṅna f
Esperanto: faruno (eo)
Estonian: jahu
Evenki: бурдук (burduk)
Fala: fariña f
Faroese: mjøl n
Finnish: jauho (fi)
French: farine (fr) f
Friulian: farine f
Galician: fariña (gl) f, óleo m (fine)
Georgian: ფქვილი (pkvili)
German: Mehl (de) n
Greek: αλεύρι (el) n (alévri)
Ancient: ἄλευρον n (áleuron)
Mycenaean: 𐀕𐀩𐀄𐀫 (me-re-u-ro)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀎 (ju)
Greenlandic: qajuusat
Guinea-Bissau Creole: forinha
Gujarati: આટો m (āṭo), લોટ m (loṭ)
Haitian Creole: farin
Hebrew: קֶמַח (he) m (kemakh)
Hindi: आटा (hi) m (āṭā)
Hungarian: liszt (hu)
Icelandic: mjöl (is) n
Ido: farino (io)
Indonesian: tepung (id)
Interlingua: farina
Irish: plúr m
Old Irish: men
Istriot: fareîna f
Italian: farina (it) f
Japanese: 穀粉 (ja) (こくふん, kokufun) (general), 小麦粉 (ja) (こむぎこ, komugi-ko) (wheat flour), メリケン粉 (ja) (めりけんこ, meriken-ko) (wheat flour)
Javanese: glepung (jv)
Kabardian: хьэжыгъэ (kbd) (ḥɛžəğɛ)
Kaingang: farĩnh
Kalmyk: һуйр (ğuyr)
Kannada: ಹಿಟ್ಟು (kn) (hiṭṭu)
Karipúna Creole French: fahin
Kazakh: ұн (ūn)
Khiamniungan Naga: wâ
Khmer: ម្សៅ (km) (msav), ម្សៅមី (msav mii)
Komi-Permyak: пызь (pyź)
Korean: 밀가루 (ko) (milgaru), 가루 (ko) (garu)
Korlai Creole Portuguese: fari
Kristang: farinya
Kumyk: ун (un)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: ئارد (ckb) (ard)
Northern Kurdish: ar (ku) m, ard (ku) m, arvan (ku) m
Kyrgyz: ун (ky) (un)
Ladin: please add this translation if you can
Ladino: farina f
Lao: ແປ້ງ (pǣng)
Latin: farīna f
Latvian: milti (lv) m pl
Laz: მქვერი (mkveri)
Ligurian: faænn-a f
Lithuanian: miltai (lt) m pl
Lombard: farinna (lmo) f
Low German: Meel n
Lü: please add this translation if you can
Luxembourgish: Miel n
Macedonian: брашно (mk) n (brašno)
Maguindanao: tapung
Malagasy: koba (mg)
Malay: tepung (ms)
Malayalam: മാവു (māvu)
Maltese: dqiq m
Manchu: ᡠᡶᠠ (ufa)
Maore Comorian: ngano class 9/10
Maori: parāoa (mi)
Maranao: tapong, arina
Marathi: पीठ n (pīṭh)
Mari: ложаш (ložaš)
Marwari: आटौ m (āṭau)
Megleno-Romanian: fărină f
Middle English: flour, mele
Mingrelian: ქვირი (kviri)
Mirandese: farina f
Mohawk: othèːseraʼ
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: гурил (mn) (guril)
Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠯᠢᠷ (ɣulir)
Nahuatl: textli (nah)
Nanai: опа (opa)
Navajo: akʼáán
Neapolitan: please add this translation if you can
Nepali: पिठो (piṭho), आटो (āṭo)
Norman: flieu f (Jersey), flleur f (Guernsey)
Northern Sami: please add this translation if you can
Northern Thai: please add this translation if you can
Norwegian: mjøl n
Bokmål: mel (no) n
Occitan: farina (oc) f
Odia: ଅଟା (aṭā)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: мѫка f (mǫka), брашьно n (brašĭno)
Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⰽⰰ f (mǫka), ⰱⱃⰰⱎⱐⱀⱁ n (brašĭno)
Old English: melu n
Old Javanese: gĕlĕpung
Old Tupi: uí
Pashto: اوړه (ps) m (orha)
Persian: آرد (fa) (ârd)
Piedmontese: farin-a f
Plautdietsch: Mäl n
Polish: mąka (pl) f
Portuguese: farinha (pt) f
Punjabi: ਆੱਟਾ m (āṭṭā)
Quechua: ullpu, haku, kuta
Rohingya: fáki, atha
Romagnol: faròina f
Romani: arro m
Romanian: făină (ro) f
Romansch: farina f
Russian: мука́ (ru) (muká)
Rwanda-Rundi: ifu
Santali: ᱯᱤᱴᱷᱟ (piṭha)
Sardinian: farína f
Saterland Frisian: Meel ?
Scottish Gaelic: flùr m, min f
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: бра̏шно n
Roman: brȁšno (sh) n
Shan: please add this translation if you can
Sherpa: ཕེ (phe)
Sicilian: farina (scn) f
Sindhi: اَٽو m (aṭo)
Sinhalese: පිටි (piṭi)
Skolt Sami: jävv
Slovak: múka (sk) f
Slovene: moka (sl) f
Somali: daqiiq (so) m
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: muka f
Upper Sorbian: muka f, mučka f
Southern Altai: кулур (kulur), ун (un)
Spanish: harina (es) f, farina (es) f (disused), fariña (es) f (manioc flour), granillo (es) m (wheat), chuno m (achira flour, Ecuador)
Svan: ფექ (pek), ფაქუ̂ (pakû)
Swedish: mjöl (sv) n
Sylheti: please add this translation if you can
Tagalog: harina, arina (tl)
Tajik: орд (ord)
Talysh: ordə
Tamil: மாவு (ta) (māvu)
Tarifit: arn
Tat: ard
Tatar: он (tt) (on)
Telugu: పిండి (te) (piṇḍi)
Thai: แป้ง (th) (bpɛ̂ɛng)
Tibetan: ཕྱེ (phye)
Tumbuka: ufu
Turkish: un (tr)
Turkmen: un, uun
Udmurt: пызь (pyź)
Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎎𐎈 (qmḥ)
Ukrainian: бо́рошно (uk) n (bórošno), мука́ f (muká)
Urdu: آٹا (ur) m (āṭā)
Uyghur: ئۇن (un)
Uzbek: un (uz)
Venetan: fior (vec) m
Veps: jauh
Vietnamese: bột (vi), phấn (vi)
Vilamovian: māł n, maoł n (Mr. Gara's orthography)
Volapük: lemeil
Võro: jauh, jahu
Votic: javo
Walloon: farene (wa) f, fleur (wa) f (old)
Welsh: blawd (cy) m, can (cy) m
West Frisian: moal ?
Western Panjabi: آٹا (pnb) (āṭṭā)
Woiwurrung: noorrong
Yagnobi: орта (orta)
Yiddish: מעל f (mel)
Zazaki: ardi (diq)
Zhuang: please add this translation if you can :

#### See also

* bran
* farina
* meal
* smeddum
* wheatmeal

### Verb

flour (third-person singular simple present flours, present participle flouring, simple past and past participle floured)
* (transitive) To apply flour to something; to cover with flour.
* (transitive) To reduce to flour.
* (intransitive) To break up into fine globules of mercury in the amalgamation process.

#### Derived terms

* reflour
* unfloured

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Deterding, David (2007) Singapore English‎, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 27

### Anagrams

* fluor, fluor-, four L, furol, orful, rufol

## Cornish
### Alternative forms

* flowr

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [fluːɹ]

### Adjective

flour
* flower, choice (best of a collective)

### Noun

flour m (plural flourys)
* (botany) flower
* flower (the best of a collective)

#### Synonyms

* blejen, bleujen, blejan
* flowren

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at flower.

#### Alternative forms

* fflour, fflowr, fleur, flor, floure, flower, flowr, flowre, flowyr, flur

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fluːr/

#### Noun

flour (plural floures)
* A flower (often representing impermanence or beauty)
** 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:Whan that Auerill w$^t$ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour […]When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]
* A depiction or likeness of a flower.
* Success or achievement in a contest; victoriousness.
* A virtue or benefit; something desirable.
* That which is unparalleled; the top or most superior.
* Flour (i.e. the best part of a grain)
* A powder; especially one which is white like flour.
* An exemplar or example of a trait or behaviour.
* A woman's menstruation/period.
* (rare) Virginhood; sexual abstinence.

##### Related terms

* flourdelis
* flouren
* flourynge
* floury
* lilie flour

##### Descendants

* English: flower, flour
* Scots: flouer, flour, floor
* → Middle Welsh: fflwr
** Welsh: fflŵr

##### References

* “flǒur, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-09-25.
* “flǒur, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-09-25.

### Etymology 2

From Old English flōr.

#### Noun

flour
* Alternative form of flor

## Occitan
### Noun

flour f (plural flours)
* (Mistralian) Alternative spelling of flor (“flower”)

## Old French
### Noun

flour oblique singular, f (oblique plural flours, nominative singular flour, nominative plural flours)
* Alternative form of flor
** 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 136 of this essay:non pasque les flours touchent a la chair nue car ce seroit doubte que les porres ne se clousissent et de fievre putride.but not that the flowers should touch the naked flesh because this may cause the pores to shut with a putrid fever.

## Romansch
### Noun

flour f (plural flours)
* (Surmiran) Alternative form of flur (“flower”)

## Scots
### Alternative forms

* flouer

### Etymology

From Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at English flower.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfluːr/

### Noun

flour (plural flours)
* a flower
* a bouquet (bunch of flowers)
* (uncountable) Wheat flour

### Verb

flour (third-person singular simple present flours, present participle flourin, simple past flourt, past participle flourt)
* to embroider