# 愛

| 愛 | U+611B, &#24859; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B |
| ← 愚 [U+611A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愜 → [U+611C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愛 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 2024$_7$, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

#### Derived characters

* 僾(𫣊), 噯(嗳), 嬡(嫒), 懓(𭞄), 曖(暧), 燰(𬊺), 璦(瑷), 皧, 瞹, 薆(𫉁), 鑀, 靉(叆), 鱫, 𣜬(𪳗), 𤻅, 𥖦, 𥣁, 𥴨(𫂖), 𦆔, 𦡝(𫆫), 𧓁, 𧞇, 𨙤, 𨣥, 𩡣(𩡖), 𪇈, 𪒱, 𭩊, 𮙀

#### Related characters

* 爱 (Simplified Chinese)

#### Descendants

* 𛀃 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 395, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
* Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
* Unihan data for U+611B

## Chinese

* 愛 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 愛 (Cantonese)
* 愛 (Classical)
* 愛 (Gan)
* Oi (Hakka)
* Ái (Eastern Min)
* Ài (Southern Min)
* 爱 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愛 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 愛 | *qɯːds |
| 曖 | *qɯːds, *qaːds |
| 僾 | *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ |
| 靉 | *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ |
| 薆 | *qɯːds |
| 璦 | *qɯːds |
| 瞹 | *qaːds |
Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). However, the phonetic component indicates somebody kneeling with an open mouth perhaps while panting.
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 / 忧 (yōu) (from 㥑). Hence, the character changed into 𢙴.
Further corruption of the top component of 𢙴 turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.

### Etymology

Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): ài (ai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngai$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): ngāi
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нэ (ne, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): oi$^3$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): wi$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): oi$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ngai$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): oi
    (Hailu, HRS): oi$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): oi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ghai$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): o̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): ái / ó̤i
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ai$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ain$^3$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): ai$^3$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): aai$^3$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^5$e / $^5$ae / $^5$ai
** (Jinhua): $^5$ae
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngai$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ài
*** Wade–Giles: ai$^4$
*** Yale: ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
*** Palladius: ай (aj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ngai$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngai
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: ngāi
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋæ⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нэ (ne, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /nɛ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: oi$^3$
*** Yale: oi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: oi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: oi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔːi̯³³/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: wi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /vi³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: oi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵘɔi³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ngai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋai³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: oi
*** Hakka Romanization System: oi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /oi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: oi$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /oi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /oɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ghai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣai⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: o̿
*** Sinological IPA : /o³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ái / ó̤i
*** Sinological IPA : /ɑi²¹³/, /ɔy²¹³/
* ái - literary;
* ó̤i - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: 'ojH
Rime :
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 烏代切 |
| Baxter | 'ojH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | oi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[q]ˤə[p]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | ài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ |
| English | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1 |
| Phonetic component | 愛 |
| Rime group | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愛 |
| Old Chinese | /*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | 說文本從心旡聲 |

### Definitions

愛
* to love
    愛國／爱国 ― àiguó ― to love one's country; to be patriotic
    我愛你。／我爱你。 ― Wǒ ài nǐ. ― I love you.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Ài ér bùjiàn, sāoshǒu chíchú. [Pinyin]
    Loving yet not seeing her, I scratch my head, and walk back and forth in perplexity.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Rén zhě ài rén, yǒulǐ zhě jìng rén. Ài rén zhě rén héng ài zhī, jìng rén zhě rén héng jìng zhī. [Pinyin]
    A benevolent person loves others. A person of propriety shows respect to others. Those who love others are constantly loved by them. Those who respect others are constantly respected by them.
    From: 1911, Lin Juemin, Farewell Letter to Yiying (《與妻訣別書》)
    Wú zhì ài rǔ, jí cǐ ài rǔ yī niàn, shǐ wú yǒngyú jiù sǐ yě. [Pinyin]
    I love you deeply, and it is this single thought of loving you that enables me to take courage in the face of imminent death.
* to treasure; to value
    愛面子／爱面子 ― ài miànzi ― to be sensitive about one's reputation
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Xià bù yì qiú, fēi ài qiú yě, nuǎn yǒuyú yě. [Pinyin]
    One does not wear fur in summer not because he treasures fur, but because it is already more than warm.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yuàn dàiwáng wú ài cáiwù. [Pinyin]
    Might I suggest that Your Majesty be not keenly attached to the riches.
* to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
    他愛說話。／他爱说话。 ― Tā ài shuōhuà. ― He likes to talk.
    我不愛吃豬肉。／我不爱吃猪肉。 ― Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu. ― I don't like to eat pork.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Ài zhī yù qí shēng, wù zhī yù qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
    You love a man and wish him to live; you hate him and wish him to die.
    From: 1063, Zhou Dunyi, 《愛蓮說》 (On the Love for the Lotus)
    Yú dú ài lián zhī chū yūní ér bù rǎn. [Pinyin]
    What I like about the lotus is the fact that it grows out of pond dregs yet is not caught in the filth.
* to begrudge; to be reluctant
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shēnshēng bùgǎn ài qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
    I, Shensheng, do not presume to grudge dying.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Qíguó suī biǎnxiǎo, wú hé ài yī niú? [Pinyin]
    But though Qi be a small and narrow State, how should I grudge one ox?
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
    Dú zǐ ài qí sǐ hū? [Pinyin]
    Do you alone begrudge your death?
* to be prone; to be easy to
    愛發脾氣／爱发脾气 ― ài fāpíqì ― to be short-tempered
    鐵愛生鏽。／铁爱生锈。 ― Tiě ài shēngxiù. ― Iron rusts easily.
* love; affection
    From: 1942, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》 (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Shìshàng jué méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de ài, yě méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de hèn. [Pinyin]
    There is absolutely no such thing in the world as love or hatred with out reason or cause.
* love; benevolence
    遺愛人間／遗爱人间 ― yí'àirénjiān ― to leave love behind
* something one loves; someone whom one loves
    割愛／割爱 ― gē'ài ― to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
* Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
    令愛／令爱 ― lìng'ài ― your precious daughter
* beloved
    愛妻／爱妻 ― àiqī ― beloved wife
    愛將／爱将 ― àijiàng ― beloved general
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (an object)
       ngo$^5$ m$^4$ oi$^3$ gam$^3$ do$^1$. [Jyutping]
       I don't want that much.
    From: (Can we date this quote?), 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), Tetsurō Oda (music), 《快樂希望》 (Hakka version of Yume Ippai), performed by 龔心怡
    khoai-lo̍k chhiu he sióng oi mak-ke chhiu tet-tó [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (Hakka, Min, dated in Cantonese) to want (to do)
** 1907, J. Dyer Ball, Cantonese Made Easy, third edition, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, page 16:
       hou$^4$, ngo$^5$ oi$^3$ saang$^1$ sik$^6$. [Jyutping]
       I want to eat the oysters raw
* (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
       Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       There's one thing you must bear in mind.
* (archaic) Alternative form of 薆 / 𫉁 (ài, “ài”)
    From: c. 7th century BCE, Shijing, 《邶風‧靜女》
    ài ér bù xiàn [Pinyin]
    She hides herself and does not appear.
* a surname

#### Usage notes

* When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “overly romantic; corny; cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. Compare Japanese 好き (suki). However, younger Mandarin speakers, especially those who have been in love for some time, seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

#### Synonyms

* (to love): (literary, or in compounds) 戀／恋 (liàn)
* (to like):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 好, 喜好, 愛好, 字 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 喜歡, 喜愛, 喜好, 愛好 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 喜歡, 好希, 稀罕, 愛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 喜歡, 愛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 喜歡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 喜歡 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 喜歡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 喜歡, 愛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 喜歡, 歡喜, 愛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 喜歡, 歡喜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 喜歡, 愛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 喜歡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 歡喜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 喜歡 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 中意, 歡喜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 中意, 好 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 歡喜, 中意 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 爽心, 中意 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 中意, 歡喜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 中意, 喜歡 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 中意, 蘇格 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 中意 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 中意 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 歡喜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 中意, 好 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 中意 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 中意 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 中意 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 中意 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 歡喜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 中意, 好 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 中意, 好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 中意, 好 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 中意, 合意, 好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 中意, 好 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 佮意, 愛 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 中意 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 蘇格 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 喜歡, 歡喜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 喜歡, 待見 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 愛, 喜歡 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 歡喜, 中意, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意, 舒合 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 佮意 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 佮意 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 歡喜, 愛, 佮意, 意愛 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 佮意, 意愛, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 舒合, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 舒合, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 愛, 佮意, 意愛 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 歡喜, 愛, 喜歡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 歡喜 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 好, 尚, 喜歡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 歡喜, 愛, 好, 尚, 喜歡 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 愛, 癮$_2$, 尚, 喜歡 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 喜歡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 舒合 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 歡喜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 中意 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 字 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 歡喜 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 歡喜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 歡喜, 看相, 中意 dated |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 喜歡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 喜歡 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 喜歡 |
* (love):
* 恩 (ēn)
* 恩愛 / 恩爱 (ēn'ài)
* 情愛 / 情爱 (qíng'ài)
* 愛情 / 爱情 (àiqíng)
* 愛河 / 爱河 (àihé) (figurative)
* 戀情 / 恋情 (liànqíng)
* (to want an object):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 要 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 要 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 要 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 要, 愛 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 要, 愛 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 愛, 捰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 要 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 要 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 要 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 愛 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 愛 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 要 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 要 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 讓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 欲挃, 挃 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 欲挃 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 欲挃 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 欲挃 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 欲挃 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 欲挃, 挃, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 要 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 要 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 要 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 要 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 要 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 要 |
* (to want to do something):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 欲$_1$ |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 要, 欲$_1$ |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 要, 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 要 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 要 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 要, 想 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 要, 想 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 愛 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 愛 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 要, 想, 愛 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 要, 想 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 要 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 愛 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Zijin | 愛 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 愛 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 愛, 討 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 愛 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 要 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 讓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 愛, 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 欲$_3$, 愛 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 愛 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 欲$_3$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 欲$_3$ |
| Wu | Shanghai | 要 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 要 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 愛 |
| Wu | Lishui | 樂 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 要 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 要 |

### Compounds

* 三角戀愛 / 三角恋爱 (sānjiǎo liàn'ài)
* 人見人愛 / 人见人爱 (rénjiànrén'ài)
* 仁愛 / 仁爱 (rén'ài)
* 仁愛之家 / 仁爱之家
* 仁民愛物 / 仁民爱物
* 令愛 / 令爱 (lìng'ài)
* 作愛 / 作爱 (zuò'ài)
* 信愛 / 信爱
* 偏愛 / 偏爱 (piān'ài)
* 兼愛 / 兼爱 (jiān'ài)
* 冬日可愛 / 冬日可爱
* 切愛 / 切爱
* 割愛 / 割爱
* 勤政愛民 / 勤政爱民 (qínzhèng'àimín)
* 北愛爾蘭 / 北爱尔兰 (Běi-Ài'ěrlán)
* 博愛 / 博爱 (bó'ài)
* 博愛座 / 博爱座 (bó'àizuò)
* 博愛濟群 / 博爱济群
* 厚愛 / 厚爱 (hòu'ài)
* 友愛 / 友爱 (yǒu'ài)
* 可愛 / 可爱 (kě'ài)
* 吾愛 / 吾爱
* 喜愛 / 喜爱 (xǐ'ài)
* 垂愛 / 垂爱
* 墜入愛河 / 坠入爱河
* 大愛 / 大爱 (dà'ài)
* 嫌貧愛富 / 嫌贫爱富
* 寵愛 / 宠爱 (chǒng'ài)
* 寶愛 / 宝爱 (bǎo'ài)
* 將愛 / 将爱
* 尊賢愛物 / 尊贤爱物
* 屋烏推愛 / 屋乌推爱
* 廝敬廝愛 / 厮敬厮爱
* 心愛 / 心爱 (xīn'ài)
* 忠君愛國 / 忠君爱国 (zhōngjūn'àiguó)
* 忝在愛末 / 忝在爱末
* 性愛 / 性爱 (xìng'ài)
* 恩愛 / 恩爱 (ēn'ài)
* 恃愛 / 恃爱
* 情愛 / 情爱 (qíng'ài)
* 愛丁堡 / 爱丁堡 (Àidīngbǎo)
* 愛上 / 爱上 (àishàng)
* 愛不忍釋 / 爱不忍释
* 愛不釋手 / 爱不释手 (àibùshìshǒu)
* 愛人 / 爱人 (àirén)
* 愛人以德 / 爱人以德
* 愛人兒 / 爱人儿
* 愛人好士 / 爱人好士
* 愛人如己 / 爱人如己 (àirénrújǐ)
* 惹人憐愛 / 惹人怜爱 (rěrénlián'ài)
* 愛侶 / 爱侣 (àilǚ)
* 愛克斯光 / 爱克斯光 (àikèsī guāng)
* 愛克斯射線 / 爱克斯射线 (àikèsī shèxiàn)
* 愛八哥兒 / 爱八哥儿
* 愛別離苦 / 爱别离苦
* 愛勢貪財 / 爱势贪财
* 愛卿 / 爱卿 (àiqīng)
* 愛國 / 爱国 (àiguó)
* 愛國主義 / 爱国主义 (àiguó zhǔyì)
* 愛國如家 / 爱国如家
* 愛國獎券 / 爱国奖券
* 愛國者 / 爱国者 (àiguózhě)
* 愛奧尼亞 / 爱奥尼亚
* 愛女 / 爱女 (àinǚ)
* 愛好 / 爱好 (àihào)
* 愛好兒 / 爱好儿
* 愛妾 / 爱妾
* 愛妻 / 爱妻 (àiqī)
* 愛妾換馬 / 爱妾换马
* 愛姬 / 爱姬 (àijī)
* 愛子 / 爱子 (àizǐ)
* 愛富嫌貧 / 爱富嫌贫
* 愛寵 / 爱宠 (àichǒng)
* 愛將 / 爱将 (àijiàng)
* 愛小 / 爱小 (àixiǎo)
* 愛屋及烏 / 爱屋及乌 (àiwūjíwū)
* 愛巢 / 爱巢 (àicháo)
* 愛巴物兒 / 爱巴物儿
* 愛幸 / 爱幸
* 愛彌兒 / 爱弥儿
* 愛德華島 / 爱德华岛 (Àidéhuá Dǎo)
* 愛德華湖 / 爱德华湖
* 愛心 / 爱心 (àixīn)
* 愛心券 / 爱心券
* 愛心彩券 / 爱心彩券
* 愛怎麼著怎麼著 / 爱怎么着怎么着 (ài zěnme zhāo zěnme zhāo)
* 愛恨交織 / 爱恨交织
* 愛悅 / 爱悦
* 愛惜 / 爱惜 (àixī)
* 愛情 / 爱情 (àiqíng)
* 愛惜羽毛 / 爱惜羽毛 (àixīyǔmáo)
* 愛意 / 爱意 (àiyì)
* 愛慕 / 爱慕 (àimù)
* 愛憐 / 爱怜 (àilián)
* 愛憎 / 爱憎 (àizēng)
* 愛憎分明 / 爱憎分明 (àizēngfēnmíng)
* 愛戀 / 爱恋 (àiliàn)
* 愛戴 / 爱戴 (àidài)
* 愛才 / 爱才 (àicái)
* 愛才如命 / 爱才如命 (àicáirúmìng)
* 愛才好士 / 爱才好士
* 愛才若渴 / 爱才若渴
* 愛撫 / 爱抚 (àifǔ)
* 愛斯 / 爱斯
* 愛斯基摩 / 爱斯基摩 (Àisījīmó)
* 愛斯基摩人 / 爱斯基摩人 (àisījīmórén)
* 愛新覺羅 / 爱新觉罗 (Àixīnjuéluó)
* 愛日 / 爱日
* 愛日惜力 / 爱日惜力
* 愛染 / 爱染
* 愛樹 / 爱树
* 愛毛反裘 / 爱毛反裘
* 愛民如子 / 爱民如子 (àimínrúzǐ)
* 愛沙尼亞 / 爱沙尼亚 (Àishāníyà)
* 愛河 / 爱河 (àihé)
* 愛洛娜 / 爱洛娜
* 愛海 / 爱海
* 愛滋病 / 爱滋病 (àizībìng)
* 愛火 / 爱火
* 愛爾蘭 / 爱尔兰 (Ài'ěrlán)
* 愛爾蘭海 / 爱尔兰海 (Ài'ěrlán hǎi)
* 愛物兒 / 爱物儿
* 愛玉 / 爱玉 (àiyù)
* 愛玉冰 / 爱玉冰 (àiyùbīng)
* 愛玉凍 / 爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
* 愛玩 / 爱玩
* 愛現 / 爱现 (àixiàn)
* 愛理不理 / 爱理不理
* 愛琴文化 / 爱琴文化
* 愛琴海 / 爱琴海 (Àiqín Hǎi)
* 愛的教育 / 爱的教育
* 愛的鼓勵 / 爱的鼓励
* 愛睏 / 爱困 (àikùn)
* 愛神 / 爱神 (àishén)
* 愛稱 / 爱称 (àichēng)
* 愛窩窩 / 爱窝窝 (àiwōwo)
* 愛答不理 / 爱答不理 (àidābùlǐ)
* 愛筵 / 爱筵 (àiyán)
* 愛羅斯 / 爱罗斯
* 愛美 / 爱美 (àiměi)
* 愛群 / 爱群
* 愛老憐貧 / 爱老怜贫
* 愛莫之助 / 爱莫之助
* 愛莫能助 / 爱莫能助 (àimònéngzhù)
* 愛荷華州 / 爱荷华州
* 愛親做親 / 爱亲做亲
* 愛護 / 爱护 (àihù)
* 愛財 / 爱财 (àicái)
* 愛財如命 / 爱财如命 (àicáirúmìng)
* 愛達荷州 / 爱达荷州
* 愛遠惡近 / 爱远恶近
* 愛錢如命 / 爱钱如命
* 愛面子 / 爱面子 (ài miànzi)
* 愛顧 / 爱顾 (àigù)
* 慈愛 / 慈爱 (cí'ài)
* 憂國愛民 / 忧国爱民
* 憐愛 / 怜爱 (lián'ài)
* 戀愛 / 恋爱 (liàn'ài)
* 拊愛 / 拊爱
* 抬愛 / 抬爱
* 拉愛麥 / 拉爱麦
* 推誠愛物 / 推诚爱物
* 摯愛 / 挚爱 (zhì'ài)
* 撫愛 / 抚爱 (fǔ'ài)
* 教育愛 / 教育爱
* 敬上愛下 / 敬上爱下
* 敬天愛民 / 敬天爱民
* 敬愛 / 敬爱 (jìng'ài)
* 敬時愛日 / 敬时爱日
* 昵愛
* 暱愛 / 昵爱
* 杭愛山 / 杭爱山 (Háng'àishān)
* 橫刀奪愛 / 横刀夺爱 (héngdāoduó'ài)
* 母性愛 / 母性爱
* 母愛 / 母爱 (mǔ'ài)
* 永浴愛河 / 永浴爱河
* 求愛 / 求爱 (qiú'ài)
* 氾愛 / 氾爱
* 汎愛 / 泛爱
* 渴愛 / 渴爱 (kě'ài)
* 溺愛 / 溺爱 (nì'ài)
* 潔己愛人 / 洁己爱人
* 潔身自愛 / 洁身自爱 (jiéshēnzì'ài)
* 濟世愛民 / 济世爱民
* 熱愛 / 热爱 (rè'ài)
* 熾愛 / 炽爱
* 父愛 / 父爱 (fù'ài)
* 珍愛 / 珍爱 (zhēn'ài)
* 甘棠遺愛 / 甘棠遗爱
* 男歡女愛 / 男欢女爱 (nánhuānnǚ'ài)
* 畏天愛民 / 畏天爱民
* 疼愛 / 疼爱 (téng'ài)
* 痛愛 / 痛爱
* 百般恩愛 / 百般恩爱
* 相愛 / 相爱 (xiāng'ài)
* 相親相愛 / 相亲相爱 (xiāngqīnxiāng'ài)
* 眷愛 / 眷爱 (juàn'ài)
* 示愛 / 示爱 (shì'ài)
* 禽犢之愛 / 禽犊之爱
* 秦歡晉愛 / 秦欢晋爱
* 節用愛人 / 节用爱人
* 篤志愛古 / 笃志爱古
* 篤愛 / 笃爱
* 簡愛 / 简爱
* 純愛 / 纯爱 (chún'ài)
* 綈袍垂愛 / 绨袍垂爱
* 肌膚之愛 / 肌肤之爱
* 自愛 / 自爱 (zì'ài)
* 自由戀愛 / 自由恋爱
* 舊愛宿恩 / 旧爱宿恩
* 舐犢之愛 / 舐犊之爱
* 色衰愛寢 / 色衰爱寝
* 色衰愛弛 / 色衰爱弛
* 著愛 / 著爱 (tio̍h-ài) (Min Nan)
* 蒙愛 / 蒙爱
* 見愛 / 见爱 (jiàn'ài)
* 覓愛追歡 / 觅爱追欢
* 親愛 / 亲爱 (qīn'ài)
* 親愛的 / 亲爱的 (qīn'ài de)
* 親愛精誠 / 亲爱精诚
* 談情說愛 / 谈情说爱 (tánqíngshuō'ài)
* 談戀愛 / 谈恋爱 (tán liàn'ài)
* 謬愛 / 谬爱
* 貪愛 / 贪爱
* 速食戀愛 / 速食恋爱
* 過愛 / 过爱
* 遺愛 / 遗爱
* 酷愛 / 酷爱 (kù'ài)
* 錯愛 / 错爱 (cuò'ài)
* 鍾愛 / 钟爱 (zhōng'ài)
* 關愛 / 关爱 (guān'ài)
* 隆愛 / 隆爱
* 雅愛 / 雅爱
* 高情厚愛 / 高情厚爱

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
* → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
* → Vietnamese: ái (愛)
Others:
* →? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

### Further reading

* “愛”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: あい (ai, Jōyō)、お (o)
* Kan-on: あい (ai, Jōyō)
* Kun: いつくしむ (itsukushimu, 愛しむ)、いとしい (itoshii, 愛しい)、いとおしい (itooshii, 愛おしい)、いとおしむ (itooshimu, 愛おしむ)、かなしい (kanashii, 愛しい)、おしむ (oshimu, 愛しむ)、まな (mana, 愛)、めでる (mederu, 愛でる)、うい (ui, 愛い)、うつくしい (utsukushii, 愛しい)
* Nanori: あ (a)、あい (ai)、あし (ashi)、え (e)、かな (kana)、なる (naru)、めぐ (megu)、めぐみ (megumi)、よし (yoshi)、ちか (chika)

#### Compounds

* 愛(あい)玩(がん) (aigan)
* 愛(あい)機(き) (aiki)
* 愛(あい)敬(きょう) (aikyō)
* 愛(あい)顧(こ) (aiko)
* 愛(あい)護(ご) (aigo)
* 愛(あい)国(こく) (aikoku)
* 愛(あい)妻(さい) (aisai, “one's beloved wife”)
* 愛(あい)児(じ) (aiji)
* 愛(あい)車(しゃ) (aisha, “one's beloved car”)
* 愛(あい)社(しゃ) (aisha)
* 愛(あい)唱(しょう) (aishō)
* 愛(あい)称(しょう) (aishō)
* 愛(あい)人(じん) (aijin)
* 愛(あい)想(そう) (aisō)
* 愛(あい)憎(ぞう) (aizō)
* 愛(あい)着(ちゃく) (aichaku, “affection (to things)”)
* 愛(あい)鳥(ちょう) (aichō)
* 愛(あい)読(どく) (aidoku, “loving to read”)
* 愛(あい)用(よう) (aiyō, “loving to use”)
* 性(せい)愛(あい) (seiai, “eros”)
* 聖(せい)愛(あい) (seiai, “pure love”)
* 寵(ちょう)愛(あい) (chōai)
* 可愛(かわい)い (kawaii)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 愛
* あい Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あい [áꜜì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [a̠i]

#### Noun

愛(あい) • (ai)
* love
    愛(あい)は強(つよ)い。
       Ai wa tsuyoi.
       The love is strong.
    愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。
       Ai wa katsu.
       The love wins.
* affection
    Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
* tenderness
* fondness, liking
    Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
* (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
* (Christianity) agape

##### Synonyms

* (love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋(こい) (koi), 恋愛(れんあい) (ren'ai)

##### Derived terms

* 愛(あい)する (aisuru, “to love”)
* 愛(あい)らしい (airashii, “lovely”)
* 愛(あい)してる (aishiteru, “I love you”)
* 愛(あい)をする (ai o suru)
* 屋(おく)烏(う)の愛(あい) (okū no ai)

#### Proper noun

愛(あい) • (Ai)
* a female given name
* a surname

#### Affix

愛(あい) • (ai)
* love
* (US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).
** https://books.google.com/books?id=YZ46nNryMzAC&pg=PA2

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 愛
* まな Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 真
Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).
The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) まな [màná] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ma̠na̠]

#### Prefix

愛(まな) • (mana-)
* before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
* before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved

##### Derived terms

* 愛(まな)弟子(でし) (manadeshi)
* 愛(まな)娘(むすめ) (manamusume)

#### Noun

愛(まな) • (mana)
* (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

#### Proper noun

愛(まな) • (Mana)
* a female given name

### Etymology 3

Used as nanori in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many names.

#### Proper noun

愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あゝい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(こゝろ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)
* a female given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy) | ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄃᆞᅀᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: dòzól) | ᄋᆡ〯 (Yale: ǒy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɛ(ː)] ~ [e̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [애(ː)/에(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))
* hanja form of 애 (“love”)

#### Compounds

* 가애(可愛) (gaae)
* 갈애(渴愛) (garae)
* 경애(敬愛) (gyeong'ae)
* 동성애(同性愛) (dongseong'ae)
* 무성애(無性愛) (museong'ae)
* 애견(愛犬) (aegyeon)
* 애고(愛顧) (aego)
* 애교(愛嬌) (aegyo)
* 애국(愛國) (aeguk)
* 애독(愛讀) (aedok)
* 애마(愛馬) (aema)
* 애무(愛撫) (aemu)
* 애식(愛息) (aesik)
* 애완동물(愛玩動物) (aewandongmul)
* 애월(愛月) (aewol)
* 애인(愛人) (aein)
* 애장판(愛藏版) (aejangpan)
* 애정(愛情) (aejeong)
* 애증(愛憎) (aejeung)
* 애차(愛車) (aecha)
* 애착(愛着) (aechak)
* 애처(愛妻) (aecheo)
* 애칭(愛稱) (aeching)
* 애호(愛好) (aeho)
* 애호(愛護) (aeho)
* 이성애(異性愛) (iseong'ae)
* 자기애(自己愛) (jagiae)
* 친애(親愛) (chinae)
* 할애(割愛) (harae)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: かなさん (kanasan, 愛さん)

## Old Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 眞

### Etymology

Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no$_2$)).

### Noun

愛 (mana) (kana まな)
* something dear or loved
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3462:安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐asi-pi$_1$ki$_2$ no$_2$ yamasapabi$_1$to$_2$ no$_2$ pi$_1$to$_2$ sapa ni mana to$_2$ ipu ko$_1$ ga aya ni kanasisa(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* 愛子 (manago$_1$)
* 愛娘 (manamusume$_1$)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

## Tày
### Verb

愛 (ái)
* Nôm form of ái (“to love”).
    𦙦𫢱㐌愛㐌於Slim là đạ ái đạ ưaIn my heart, I've already loved and favored
    門亲愛故許都Mòn thân ái cổ hẩư đoWhatever the parents crave, [the son] fully caters
* Nôm form of ái (“to want”).
    愛晝𫢍賢勤占𲁂𪦸Ái rụ cần hiền cần chiêm slửa lục[If one] wants to know whether the mother's good-natured, [one] needs to gaze at their child's shirts

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愛: Hán Việt readings: ái, áy
愛: Nôm readings: ái, áy, ải
* chữ Hán form of ái (“love”).
* chữ Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).

#### Compounds

* 仁愛 (nhân ái)
* 令愛 (lệnh ái)
* 兼愛 (kiêm ái)
* 博愛 (bác ái)
* 友愛 (hữu ái)
* 可愛 (khả ái)
* 喜怒愛惡 (hỉ nộ ái ố)
* 寵愛 (sủng ái)
* 恩愛 (ân ái)
* 情愛 (tình ái)
* 愛乃 (áy náy)
* 愛力 (ái lực)
* 愛卿 (ái khanh)
* 愛友 (ái hữu)
* 愛國 (ái quốc)
* 愛恩 (ái ân)
* 愛情 (ái tình)
* 愛慕 (ái mộ)
* 憂愛 (ưu ái)
* 戀愛 (luyến ái)
* 敬愛 (kính ái)
* 會愛友 (hội ái hữu)
* 泛愛 (phiếm ái)
* 相親相愛 (tương thân tương ái)
* 自愛 (tự ái)
* 親愛 (thân ái)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).