# kula
## English
### Etymology 1

From a South Slavic language, from Turkish kule, from Persian قله (qolle), from Arabic قُلَّة (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

#### Noun

kula (plural kulas)
* A tower, turret or steeple in Southeast Europe erected during the period of Ottoman domination on the area.
** 1867, Georgina Mary Muir Mackenzie, Lady Georgina Mary Muir Sebright, Mackenzie Sebright, Adeline Paulina Irby, Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-in-Europe, pages 107–108:Instead of the haïdooks, their next of kin, the zaptiés now hold a kula on the highest point of the pass; here one pauses to rest after scrambling up the vile Turkish road on one side of the ravine, and before scrambling down the vile Turkish road on the other.
** 1998, Adil Zulfikarpašić, Milovan Djilas, Nadežda Gaće, The Bosniak, page 5:The most important kulas of the Čengić-begs are those in Zagorje, in Rataji and the River Odžak near Ustikolina.
** 1998, Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian, page 111:The kulas were indeed like fortresses, with as many as twenty 'guns', i.e. adult men ready to fight.

### Etymology 2

From a Melanesian language.

#### Noun

kula (uncountable)
* A ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea, involving the exchange of bracelets and necklaces, and linked to political authority.

### References

* ↑ “kula, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

### Further reading

* tower houses in the Balkans on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Kula ring on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Kalu, Luka, lauk

## Balinese
### Romanization

kula
* Romanization of ᬓᬸᬮ

## Cebuano
### Noun

kula
* glue; or any sticky adhesive substance

### Verb

kula
* to glue; to join or attach something using glue

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkula]

### Participle

kula
* inflection of kout:
** feminine singular past active participle
** neuter plural past active participle

## Hawaiian
### Noun

kula
* field, open area
    kula mauʻumeadow, field of grass
* school

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkulɒ]
* Hyphenation: ku‧la
* Rhymes: -lɒ

### Noun

kula (plural kulák)
* (slang) shit

#### Declension
## Javanese
### Romanization

kula
* Romanization of ꦏꦸꦭ.

## Khalaj

| Perso-Arabic | Perso-Arabic | کُله |

### Etymology

Ultimately from Persian کل (kol).

### Pronunciation

* (Mansûrâbâdî) IPA: [qulɒ]
* (Xarrâbî) IPA: [kʊla(ː)], [ku̞laː]

### Adjective

kula (comparative kulatar)
* short, small

### References

* Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
* Doerfer, Gerhard (1971) Khalaj Materials, Indiana University, →ISBN

## Lindu
### Noun

kula
* ginger

## Malay
### Etymology

From Javanese ꦏꦸꦭ (kula).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /kulə/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /kula/
* Rhymes: -ulə, -lə, -ə

### Noun

kula (Jawi spelling کولا, plural kula-kula, informal 1st possessive kulaku, 2nd possessive kulamu, 3rd possessive kulanya)
* (Javanese) slave

### Pronoun

kula (Jawi spelling کولا)
* (Javanese, possibly obsolete) I (me, my)

#### Synonyms

* aku
* saya

### Further reading

* “kula” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Mudburra
### Particle

kula
* not (negative particle)

## Ngarrindjeri
### Noun

kula
* male she oak tree.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* kulen

### Noun

kula f
* definite feminine singular of kule

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

kula f
* definite singular of kule

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कुल (kula, “family; clan; lineage; herd; flock”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku.la/
* Rhymes: -la
* Homophones: kula, kūla
* Hyphenation: ku‧la

### Noun

kula
* family
* descent, origin

#### Derived terms

* kakulan
* amarakula
* apsarakula
* buddhakula
* dwijakula
* dānawakula
* gokula
* gurukula
* jinakula
* jātikula
* raṇakula
* ripukula
* rājakula
* rākṣasakula
* sambadhakula
* satkula
* siṅhakula
* tathāgatakula

#### Descendants

* > Javanese: ꦏꦸꦭ (kula) (inherited)
** → Malay: kula
** → Musi: kulo
* → Balinese: ᬓᬸᬮ (kula)

### Noun

kula
* wife of lower rank, second wife to the queen

#### Derived terms

* aṅulani
* kinulan
* kula-kula
* makula-kulan
* pakulan-kulan

### References

* "kula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀓𑀼𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* कुल (Devanagari script)
* কুল (Bengali script)
* කුල (Sinhalese script)
* ကုလ or ၵုလ (Burmese script)
* กุล or กุละ (Thai script)
* ᨠᩩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
* ກຸລ or ກຸລະ (Lao script)
* កុល (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄪𑄣 (Chakma script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit कुल (kula).

### Noun

kula n
* clan, caste, family

#### Descendants

* → Burmese: ကုလား (ku.la:)
* → Thai: กุล (gun)

### References

Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “kula”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

## Polish
### Etymology

Apparently borrowed from Middle High German kūle. In most senses cognate with German Kugel, in the sense “crutch” cognate with German Keule.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈku.la/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kociewie) IPA: /ˈku.la/
** (Chełmno-Dobrzyń) IPA: /ˈku.la/
** (Western Greater Poland) IPA: /ˈku.la/
** (Central Greater Poland) IPA: /ˈku.la/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Rhymes: -ula
* Syllabification: ku‧la
* Homophone: Kula

### Noun

kula f (diminutive kulka)
* ball (spherical object)
    kula śnieżna ― snowball
* (mathematics, geometry, topology) ball
* bullet
* crutch
    chodzić o kulach ― to walk on crutches
* (sports) shot (the heavy iron ball)
    pchnięcie kulą ― shot put
* (Central Greater Poland, humorous or Western Greater Poland, Chełmno, figuratively) Synonym of głowa
* (Kociewie) crooked stick with which a village head convenes a village

#### Descendants

* → Belarusian: ку́ля (kúlja)
* → Russian: пу́ля (púlja) (with sound changes)
* → Ukrainian: ку́ля (kúlja)

#### See also

* piłka
* kłębek

### References

* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “kula I”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “kula II”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

### Further reading

* kula in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* kula in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Oskar Kolberg (1877) “kula”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 19
* Oskar Kolberg (1877) “kula”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 27
* Gustaw Pobłocki (1887) “kula”, in Słownik kaszubski z dodatkiem idyotyzmów chełmińskich i kociewskich (in Polish), 2 edition, Chełmno, page 134
* Gustaw Pobłocki (1887) “kula”, in Słownik kaszubski z dodatkiem idyotyzmów chełmińskich i kociewskich (in Polish), 2 edition, Chełmno, page 153

### Anagrams

* luka

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قله (kulle) (Turkish kule), from Persian قله (qolle), from Arabic قُلَّة (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kǔːla/
* Hyphenation: ku‧la

### Noun

kúla f (Cyrillic spelling ку́ла)
* tower
    Synonym: toranj
* turret
    Synonym: kupola, toranj
* belfry, steeple
    Synonym: zvonik
* (chess) rook

#### Declension
### See also

Chess pieces in Serbo-Croatian · šahovske figure / шаховске фигуре (layout · text) :
| kralj краљ | dama, kraljica дама, краљица | top, kula топ, кула | lovac, trkač, laufer ловац, тркач, лауфер | skakač, konj скакач, коњ | pješak, pešak, pion, pijun пјешак, пешак, пион, пијун |

## Sidamo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkula/
* Hyphenation: ku‧la

### Verb

kula
* (transitive) to tell

### References

* Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 30
* Gizaw Shimelis, editor (2007), “kula”, in Sidaama-Amharic-English dictionary, Addis Ababa: Sidama Information and Culture department

## Sotho
### Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Verb

kula
* to be sick/ill

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

kula (verbal noun of the ku class)
* infinitive of -la

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse kúla (“lump, swelling”), with the meaning of "sphere" influenced by Middle Low German kule (“depression, bulge”) and German Kugel (“ball, sphere, bullet”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -²ʉːla

### Noun

kula c
* a small ball made of earthenware, glass (marble) or a similar hard material; marble: spela kula; of steel in a ball bearing; sphere; testicle, often in the compound pungkula
* a bullet
    En kula träffade honom rakt i tinningen.A bullet hit him right in the temple.
* a den (inhabited cavern or hollow)
    lejonkulalion's den
    rövarkuladen of robbers
* (slang, chiefly in the plural) money
    Jag har tjänat massa kulor med den här bilen.I've made tons of cash with this car.
* (heraldry) roundel
* (athletics) shot put (athletics event)
    Synonym: kulstötning
* (of icecream) scoop

#### Derived terms

* geishakula
* jordkula
* julkula
* knipkula
* kulform
* kulformad
* kulfång
* kulgevär
* kullager
* kulled
* kulspruta (abbreviated ksp )
* kulsprutegevär (abbreviated kg )
* kulsprutepistol (abbreviated kpist )
* kulventil
* lejonkula
* malkula
* pungkula
* samlagskula
* spelkula
* vaginalkula

#### Descendants

* → Finnish: kuula

#### See also

* stöta

### References

* kula in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* kula in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* kula in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Tabaru
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈku.la]

### Verb

kula
* (ditransitive) to give

### References

* Edward A. Kotynski (1988) “Tabaru phonology and morphology”, in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, volume 32, Summer Institute of Linguistics

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

Possibly from Spanish colar (“to sift; to strain”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /kuˈla/ [kʊˈla]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ku‧la

#### Noun

kulá (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓᜎ)
* bleaching of clothes under the sun (usually with blueing)
    Synonym: pagkukula
* clothes being bleached under the sun

##### Derived terms

* ikula
* kulahin
* magkula

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈkula/ [ˈkuː.lɐ]
* Rhymes: -ula
* Syllabification: ku‧la

#### Noun

kula (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓᜎ) (botany)
* Geodorum densiflorum (terrestrial orchid)

### Further reading

* “kula”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* ulak

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʊˈla/
* Hyphenation: ku‧la

### Noun

kula
* accusative singular of kul

## Zacatepec Chatino
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Adjective

kula
* old

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Chatino *kwela, from Proto-Zapotecan *kw-ella.

#### Noun

kula
* fish

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

kula
* star