# gluten
## English
### Etymology

From Middle French gluten, borrowed from Latin glūten (“glue”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡluːtən/, /ˈɡluːtn̩/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːtən

### Noun

gluten (countable and uncountable, plural glutens)
* (obsolete) Fibrin (formerly considered as one of the "animal humours"). [16th–19th c.]
** 1621, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Division of the Body. Humors, Spirits.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and Iames Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 1, member 2, subsection 2, page 20:The Radicall or innate, is dayly ſupplied by nouriſhment, which ſome call Cambium, and make thoſe ſecundary Humors of Ros and Gluten to maintaine it: […]
* (rare) Any gluey, sticky substance. [from 17th c.]
** 1665, Robert Hooke, Micrographia, XXXVII:[T]he Fly suspends it self very firmly and easily, without the access or need of any such Sponges fill'd with an imaginary gluten, as many have, for want of good Glasses, perhaps, or a troublesome and diligent examination, suppos'd.
** 1990, Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae:The tyrant machine is the female body, grinding and milling the pulp of matter, the gluten of human flesh.
* (cooking, biochemistry) The major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread. [from 19th c.]
** 2004, Harold McGee, chapter 10, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:Chew on a small piece of dough, and it becomes more compact but persists as a gum-like, elastic mass, the residue that the Chinese named “the muscle of flour” and that we call gluten. It consists mainly of protein, and includes what may well be the largest protein molecules to be found in the natural world.
** 2010 June 10, Felicity Cloake, Word of Mouth Blog, The Guardian:Unfortunately, wholemeal bread is, according to many experts, a tricky thing to get right, as the lower gluten content of the flour makes for dense results […]
* (geology) A gluey, sticky mass of clay, bitumen etc. [from 19th c.]
** 1988, James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford, published 2004, page 669:Despite constant rain that turned roads to gluten, the Yankees kept moving.

#### Derived terms

* antigluten
* glutard
* glutelin
* gluten bread
* gluten casein
* gluten fibrin
* gluten-free
* glutenfree
* glutenin
* glutenless
* gluteny
* glutinoid
* nongluten

#### Related terms

* gluta-
* glutamic
* glutinaceous
* glutinous

#### Translations
### Further reading

* gluten on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Anagrams

* Lutgen, englut

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gluten (“glue”).

### Noun

gluten m (plural glutens)
* gluten

### Further reading

* “gluten” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “gluten”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “gluten” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “gluten” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gluten (“glue”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: glu‧ten

### Noun

gluten n (uncountable)
* gluten

#### Derived terms

* glutenvrij

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin glūten (“glue”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡly.tɛn/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

gluten m (plural glutens)
* gluten

### Further reading

* “gluten”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* lugent

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *gloiten, from Proto-Indo-European *glóh₁ytn̥, from *gleh₁y- (“to stick; to spread, to smear”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡluː.ten/, [ˈɡɫ̪uːt̪ɛn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈɡlu.ten/, [ˈɡluːt̪en]

### Noun

glūten n (genitive glūtinis); third declension
* glue

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

#### Derived terms

* glūtinō

#### Descendants

* → Catalan: gluten (learned)
* → Corsican: glutinu (learned)
* → Dutch: gluten (learned)
* → Esperanto: gluteno (learned)
* → Finnish: gluteeni (learned)
* → French: gluten (learned)
** → English: gluten
*** → Hijazi Arabic: قلوتن (glūtin)
*** → Korean: 글루텐 (geulluten)
** → Romanian: gluten
** → Russian: глюте́н (gljutɛ́n)
* → German: Gluten (learned)
** → Japanese: グルテン (guruten)
** → Yiddish: גלוטען (gluten), גלוטן (glutn) (learned)
* → Greek: γλουτένη (glouténi) (learned)
* → Ido: gluteno (learned)
* → Interlingua: glutine (learned)
* → Italian: glutine (learned)
* Old French: glu
** → Middle English: glew, glu, glue, glewe, gleu, glowe, glyw, glyu, gleuwe, gluwe
*** English: glue
**** → Esperanto: gluo
**** → Ido: gluo
**** → Irish: gliú
**** → Welsh: gliw
** French: glu
** Norman: cliute (Jersey)
* → Old Irish: gláed
** Irish: glae
** Scottish Gaelic: glaodh
* → Polish: gluten, glut (learned)
* → Persian: گلوتن (g(e)luten) (learned)
* Portuguese: grude; → glúten (learned)
* → Proto-Brythonic: *glʉd
** Middle Welsh: glut
*** Welsh: glud
* → Spanish: gluten (learned)
* → Swedish: gluten (learned)

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glūten, -inis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 266-7

### Further reading

* “gluten”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gluten”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "gluten", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* gluten in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “glue”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin glūten. Doublet of glut and glutyna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡlu.tɛn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -utɛn
* Syllabification: glu‧ten

### Noun

gluten m inan
* (cooking, biochemistry) gluten (the major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread)
    Synonym: (in chemistry) glutyna

#### Derived terms

* glutenowy

### References

* ↑ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “gluten”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “gluten”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

### Further reading

* gluten in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* gluten in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “gluten”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “gluten”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 837
* gluten in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French gluten.

### Noun

gluten n (uncountable)
* gluten

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gluten (“glue”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡluten/ [ˈɡlu.t̪ẽn]
* Rhymes: -uten
* Syllabification: glu‧ten

### Noun

gluten m (plural glútenes)
* (biochemistry) gluten

### Further reading

* “gluten”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gluten (“glue”).

### Noun

gluten n
* gluten

### Anagrams

* tungel