# ille
## Galician
### Verb

ille
* inflection of illar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Interlingua
### Etymology

From Latin.

### Adjective

ille
* that

#### Synonyms

* aquelle

### Pronoun

ille
* he

## Irish
### Contraction

ille
* Contraction of i leith

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ille”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* olle (for the pronoun; archaic)

### Etymology

From Old Latin olle (“he, that”) (also ollus, olla), from Proto-Italic *olnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no-s or *h₂l̥-no-s, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Latin ūls (“beyond”), alius (“other”), and alter (“the other”); Umbrian ulu (“to that place”), Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”, literally “in that (year)”).
Initial i- from o- has no parallel case and may be owing to contamination from is, iste and/or due to the palatalizing effect of l exilis.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈil.le/, [ˈɪlːʲɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈil.le/, [ˈilːe]

### Determiner

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative determiner
* that; those (in the plural)
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.153:ille regit dictīs animōs et pectora mulcetthat [man], by having spoken, guides [their] minds and soothes [their] hearts
** 4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 3:24
    in illo tempore exauditae sunt preces amborum in conspectu gloriae summi Deiat that time the prayers of them both were heard in the sight of the glory of the most high God

#### Derived terms

* *ecce ille
* *eccum ille

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Romanian: ăl, ăla, aia, ăia, alea, ăluia, ăleia, ălora (regional)
* Italo-Romance:
** Central Italian: illi (M.PL)
** Old Neapolitan: illo (Salentino)
** Sicilian: iḍḍu
* Padanian:
** Ligurian: lò (Pigna)
** Piedmontese: lò
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: le, la, els (last attested 13th c.)
** Old Occitan: lo
*** Occitan: le (Toulouse)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Spanish: lo
* Insular Romance:
** Old Sardinian: illu

#### References

* Sornicola, Rosanna. 2011. Per la storia dei dimostrativi romanzi: i tipi neutri [tso], [so], [ço], [tʃo] e la diacronia dei dimostrativi latini. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 127. 1–80. §2.1.2.

### Pronoun

ille (feminine illa, neuter illud); demonstrative pronoun (pronominal)
* that one; that (thing); those ones (in the plural); those (things); he, she, it
* (Late Latin) he, she, it (third-person personal pronoun)
** Late 4th c., Vulgate, Luke 22:38:
    At ille dixit eis: satis est.
       And He said unto them 'It is enough'.

#### Descendants

* Aragonese: el, er, ell, ella, era, els, ers, ells, ellas, eras
* Aromanian: el, ea, elj, eali, lui, ljei, lor, ãlj, li, lã, ãl, u
* Asturian: él~elli, ella, ello, ellos, elles, ellas
* Catalan: ell, ella, ells, elles, llur
* Dalmatian: jal, jala, jali, jale, louro
* Franco-Provençal: el, elli, il, elles, lui, lei, lor, li
* Old French: il (M.SG/PL), ele, lei, li, lui, lor, eus
** French: il, elle, ils, elles, lui, leur, eux, lei (dialectal, Burgundy, Normandy)
*** Louisiana French : alle
** Norman: il (M.SG/PL), alle, lei, li, leux
* Friulian: lui, jê, lôr
* Istriot: el, gila, luri
* Italian: egli, ella, lui, lei, loro, lo, la, li, le
* Ladin: ëi, i
* Megleno-Romanian: iel, ieľ
* Neapolitan: lloro, llo/'o, lla, 'a, lle/'e
* Galician: el, ela, eles, elas
* Occitan: el, ela, eles, elas
* Portuguese: ele, ela, eles, elas, o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, nas
* Romanian: el, ea, ei, ele, lui, ei, lor, îi, le, îl, o
* Romansch: el, ella, els, ellas, lur
* Sicilian: iḍḍu/iddu, iḍḍa/idda, iḍḍi/iddi
* Spanish: él, ella, ello, ellos, ellas, lo, la, los, las, le, les
* Venetan: eło/elo, eła, ełe, łorec, łori

### Article

ille (definite) (Late Latin ?, Early Medieval Latin)
* the
** p. 384 CE, Egeria, Itinerarium Egeriae 1.1:
    Intereā ambulantēs peruēnimus ad quendam locum ubi sē tamen montēs illī inter quōs ībāmus aperiēbant
       While we were walking, we arrived at a certain place, where the mountains, through which we went, nevertheless were open

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: -lu, -a
* Asturian: el, la, lo, los, les, las
* Aragonese: o, lo, ro, el, a, ra, la, os, ros, los, els, ers, es, as, ras, las, les
* Bourguignon: lou
* Catalan: el, lo, la, els, los, les
* Champenois: lou
* Dalmatian: el, la, i, le
* Franco-Provençal: lo, la, los, les
* Friulian: il, la, i, lis
* Galician: o, a, os, as
* Istriot: el, la
* Italian: il, lo, la, i, gli, le
* Ladin: l, la, i
* Neapolitan: llo/'o, lla/'a, lle/'e
* Occitan: lo, la, los, las
* Old French: li (M.SG/PL.NOM article), le (M.SG.OBL), la (F.SG), les (PL), lu (Norman variant of le), lo (eastern variant of le)
** French: le, la, les
** Bourguignon: le, lai, les, lou (variant of le)
** Champenois: lou, lai, les, lu (Ardennese variant of lou)
** Lorrain: lo, lai, les
** Norman: le, la, les
** Picard: el
** Walloon: li, les
* Portuguese: o, a, os, as
* Romanian: -l, -ul, -a, -ua, -i, -le, -lui, -ei, -lor
* Romansch: il, la, ils, las
* Sicilian: lu, la, li
* Spanish: el, la, lo, los, las
* Venetan: el, ła, i, łe

### Usage notes

* This demonstrative determiner/pronoun is used to refer to a person or thing, or persons or things, away from both speaker and listener. It contrasts with hic (“this”), which refers to people or things near the speaker, and iste (“this/that”), which refers to people or things near the listener.
* As Latin had no person pronouns specifically meaning "he", "she" or "it", any of ille, iste, hic or (most frequently) is could assume that function. In Vulgar latin, ille weakened its meaning and frequently came to mean merely "the" (as a determiner) or "he/she/it" (as a pronoun). This is in fact the origin of French le (“the”) and il (“he”), Spanish el (“the”) and él (“he”), etc. The original meaning of a far demonstrative was maintained when augmented with ecce or eccum, cf. Italian quello, Spanish aquel, Old French cel.
* In Classical usage, ille can have a secondary, appreciative function of casting the referent in a positive light: ille homō can mean "that (famous/renowned) man". The opposite, pejorative function is assumed by iste, and iste homō frequently means "that (no good) man". Such functions were not present in Vulgar Latin, and iste came to mean "this" (cf. Spanish este, Portuguese este).

### Declension

Demonstrative pronoun (pronominal).

### Derived terms

* eccillum
* illāc
* illic
* illim
* illinc
* illōc
* illūc
* ōlim

### Related terms

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

### See also

* ūnus

### References

* “ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ille”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ille in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles summus vir illius aetatis a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus hence these tears; there's the rub: hinc illae lacrimae (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. 61) what will become of him: quid illo fiet? I console myself with..: hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor the memory of this will never fade from my mind: numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12) those views are out of date: illae sententiae evanuerunt those ideas have long ago been given up: illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5. 8. 23) Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis) he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste: elegantia in illo est there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse: ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent that Greek proverb contains an excellent lesson: bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur my relations with him are most hospitable: mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit the aristocracy (as a party in politics): boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt this much he said: haec (quidem) ille this passage is obscure: hic (ille) locus obscurus est (ambiguous) I console myself with..: haec (illa) res me consolatur (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas Platonis commenticia (ambiguous) Plato's ideal republic: illa civitas, quam Plato finxit
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* ill, il

### Etymology

From Old Norse illr, from Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /il/

### Adjective

ille (plural and weak singular ille, comparative worse, superlative worst)
* evil; wicked

#### Descendants

* English: ill
* Scots: ill
* Yola: ill

#### References

* “il(le, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

From Danish ilde. The form ille introduced into Riksmål in 1907, but the form ilde was still used at least until 1919 (e.g. by Kristian Elster).

#### Adjective

ille (indeclinable, comparative verre, indefinite superlative verst, definite superlative verste)
* bad

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse illa.

#### Pronunciation

* (Fredrikstad dialect) IPA: [ˈɪ̂l̺.l̺ɛ̝]

#### Adverb

ille
* badly
* (dialect, Fredrikstad) very
    ille bra ― very good

##### Derived terms

* illeluktende

### References

* “ille” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “ille” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From the Old Norse adverb illa.

#### Adverb

ille
* unlucky, miserably
* ill
* hurtful, condescending, enemy
* (dialectal, Fredrikstad) very

##### Derived terms

* ille ute
* ille stelt

#### Adjective

ille
* bad

### Etymology 2

From the Old Norse verb illa.

#### Alternative forms

* illa (a-infinitive)

#### Verb

ille (present tense illar, past tense illa, past participle illa, passive infinitive illast, present participle illande, imperative ille/ill)
* (transitive) to blame, think badly of
* (transitive) to anger

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

ille
* definite singular of ill
* plural of ill

### References

* “ille” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Sidamo
### Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Burji illa, Hadiyya ille, Kambaata ille and Oromo ija.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈilːe/
* Hyphenation: il‧le

### Noun

ille f (plural illuwa f)
* eye

### References

* Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 544

## Tatar
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare Turkish elli, Bashkir илле (ille)

### Numeral

ille (Cyrillic spelling илле)
* fifty