# 飢餓
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jī'è
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gei$^1$ ngo$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kî-ngo
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĭ-ngô̤
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ki-gō
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jī'è
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ji-è
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^1$-o$^4$
*** Yale: jī-è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieh
*** Palladius: цзиэ (czie)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$積惡 / 积恶 飢餓 / 饥饿
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gei$^1$ ngo$^6$
*** Yale: gēi ngoh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gei$^1$ ngo$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: géi$^1$ ngo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei̯⁵⁵ ŋɔː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî-ngo
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi$^ˊ$ ngo
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^1$ ngo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋo⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ-ngô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ki⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋɔ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-gō
*** Tâi-lô: ki-gō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ki'goi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ ɡo⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡo³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡɤ³³/
* Middle Chinese: kjij ngaH
Rime :
| Character | 飢 | 餓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 居夷切 | 五个切 |
| Baxter | kjij | ngaH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kiɪ/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ki/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kjɪ/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ki/ | /ŋa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ki/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ki/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki/ | /ŋɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jī | è |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gei$^1$ | ngo$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.k<r>ə[j] ŋˤaj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kril ŋaːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 飢 | 餓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jī | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kij › | ‹ nga$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.k<r>ə[j]/ | /*ŋˁaj-s/ |
| English | hungry | hungry |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 飢 | 餓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5757 | 13044 |
| Phonetic component | 几 | 我 |
| Rime group | 脂 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 飢 | 餓 |
| Old Chinese | /*kril/ | /*ŋaːls/ |

### Adjective

飢餓
* (formal) hungry; starving
       Jī'è hé kǒukě de wèntí kěyǐ tuōyán yīxià. [Pinyin]
       Hunger and thirst can wait.

#### Synonyms

* (hungry):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 飢, 餓 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 餓, 飢餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 餓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 餓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 飢困 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 餓 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 餓 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 餓 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 餓, 飢困 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 餓, 飢困 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 飢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 飢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 餓, 飢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 飢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 飢, 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 飢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 餓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 餓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 餓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 餓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 餓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 餓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 餓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 餓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 肚餓, 餓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 肚餓, 餓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 肚胈餓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 肚胈餓 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 肚飢 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 肚飢 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 屎肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 飢 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 飢, 餓 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 飢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 餓, 肚餓 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 餓 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 肚餓 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 餓 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 肚飢, 餓 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 餓 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 豺 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 餓 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 餓 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 肚𤸁 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 肚飢, 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 肚胈飢 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 肚𤸁 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 餓 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 肚屎𤸁 |
| Hakka | Changting | 腹飢, 餓 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 豺 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 腹飢 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 腹底飢, 腹飢, 餓 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 腹裡飢, 腹飢, 飢 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 腹飢 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Laiyuan) | 腹飢, 餓肚屎, 肚屎空 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 腹飢 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 肚飢, 肚籮捏飢 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 肚飢, 肚枵 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 肚屎枵, 肚枵 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 肚飢, 肚屎枵, 肚枵 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 肚屎枵, 肚枵 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 屎肚枵 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 餓 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 肚胈餓 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 肚餓 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 餓 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 肚屎枵, 肚屎飢, 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 肚屎飢 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 肚飢 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 肚𤸁 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 餓 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 餓 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 餓, 飢 |
| Jin | Datong | 飢 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 餓 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 餓 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 飢 |
| Jin | Linhe | 餓 |
| Jin | Jining | 餓 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 餓 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 餓, 飢 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 餓 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 餓 |
| Jin | Handan | 餓, 飢 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 飢 |
| Jin | Suide | 餓 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 腹飢, 餓 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 空, 枵 dated |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 腹肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 枵, 腹肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 枵, 腹肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 枵, 腹肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 枵, 肚困, 肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 肚困, 枵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 肚困, 枵 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 肚困 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 肚枵 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 枵 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 肚困, 枵 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 肚困 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 困, 肚困 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 困, 肚困 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 枵, 飢 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 枵 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 枵, 飢 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 枵 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 枵 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 枵 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 枵 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 肚餓 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 餓, 肚餓 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 餓 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 餓 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 肚飢 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 餓 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 肚飢 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 餓, 䐬 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 肚䐬, 餓 intensified |

#### Derived terms

* 飢餓感 / 饥饿感 (jī'ègǎn)
* 飢餓線 / 饥饿线 (jī'èxiàn)

#### Related terms

* 饑荒／饥荒 (jīhuāng)

#### See also

* 餓／饿 (è)
* 飢／饥 (jī)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 飢 | 餓 |
| き Grade: S | が Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 饑餓

### Etymology

Middle Chinese 飢餓 (kiɪ ŋɑ$^H$)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きが [kíꜜgà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲiɡa̠]

### Noun

飢(き)餓(が) • (kiga)
* hunger, starvation, famine
    絶(た)え間(ま)ない飢(き)餓(が)、ウラモグ
       Taemanai Kiga, Uramogu
       Ulamog, the Ceaseless Hunger
** 2016 April 23, “ウラモグの道(みち)滅(ほろ)ぼし [Pathrazer of Ulamog]”, in エルドラージ覚醒 [Eldrazi Awakening], Wizards of the Coast:
    飢(き)餓(が)以(い)外(がい)に思(し)想(そう)無(な)し。破(は)壊(かい)以(い)外(がい)に戦(せん)略(りゃく)無(な)し。
       Kiga igai ni shisō-nashi. Hakai igai ni senryaku-nashi.
       No thought but hunger. No strategy but destruction.
** 1948, 豊島与志雄, 花ふぶき:
    空腹(くうふく)どころではなく、全(まった)く飢餓(きが)だった。
       Kūfuku dokoro de wa naku, mattaku kiga datta.
       It was not any mere hunger, it was absolute starvation.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 飢 | 餓 |

### Noun

飢餓 • (gia) (hangeul 기아)
* hanja form of 기아 (“hunger, starvation”)