# aral
## Cornish
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *arall, from Proto-Celtic *aralyos (“other”) (compare Welsh arall, Breton arall, Irish araile), a dissimilated reduplication of *alyos (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

### Adjective

aral (plural erel)
* other (not the one previously referred to)

## Daur
### Noun

aral
* yoke

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay aral, from Persian عَرَض ('araz), from Arabic عَرَض (ʕaraḍ, “accident”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaral/
* Rhymes: -ral, -al, -l
* Hyphenation: aral

### Noun

aral (plural aral-aral)
* obstacle, hindrance
    Synonyms: alangan, rintangan

### References

* ↑ Erwina Burhanuddin, Abdul Gaffar Ruskhan, R.B. Chrismanto (1993) Penelitian kosakata bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Indonesia [Research on Arabic vocabulary in Indonesian]‎, Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, →ISBN, →OCLC

### Further reading

* “aral” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Etymology

From New Latin arillus, from Medieval Latin arilli.

### Noun

aral m (genitive singular arail, nominative plural arail)
* (botany) aril

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
aral
arail
vocative
a arail
a arala
genitive
arail
aral
dative
aral
arail
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an t-aral
na harail
genitive
an arail
na n-aral
dative
leis an aral don aral
leis na harail :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “aral”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian عَرَض ('araz, “accident”), from Arabic عَرَض (ʕaraḍ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaral/ [ˈa.ral]

### Noun

aral (Jawi spelling عرل, plural aral-aral, informal 1st possessive aralku, 2nd possessive aralmu, 3rd possessive aralnya)
* obstacle, hindrance

#### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* mengaralkan [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: aral

### Further reading

* “aral” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Possibly from Malay ajar, from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “teacher; master”). Compare Cuyunon adal, Masbatenyo adal, Masbate Sorsogon adal, Waray Sorsogon adal, Bikol Central adal, Ilocano adal, Asi aray.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /ˈʔaɾal/ [ˈʔaː.ɾɐl] (noun)
*** Audio:(file)
*** Rhymes: -aɾal
** IPA: /ʔaˈɾal/ [ʔɐˈɾal] (adjective)
*** Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: a‧ral

### Noun

aral (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇᜎ᜔)
* study; studying
    Synonym: pag-aaral
* instruction; education
    Synonym: turo
* moral lesson; moral teaching (especially from a story)
    Synonym: leksiyon
    Puno ng aral ang Bibliya.The Bible is full of lessons.
* counsel; admonition; advice
    Synonym: payo

#### Derived terms

* aral-aralan
* aral-kapatid
* aralan
* aralin
* araling panlipunan
* araling-pambahay
* bahay-paaralan
* ipangaral
* kaaral
* kamag-aral
* mababang paaralan
* mag-aaral
* mag-aral
* magpaaral
* mangangaral
* mangaral
* mataas na paaralan
* may-pinag-aralan
* napag-aralan
* paaralan
* paaralang bayan
* paaralang elementarya
* paaralang primarya
* paaralang sekundarya
* pag-aaral
* pag-aralan
* paksang-aralin
* palaaral
* pampaaralan
* pangangaral
* pangaral
* pangaralan
* papag-aralin
* pinag-aralan
* silid-aralan
* silid-paaralan
* takdang-aralin

### Adjective

arál (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇᜎ᜔)
* studious; given to studying; studied
* trained; well-trained; educated

### References

* Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016) Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates, Lulu Press, →ISBN, page 51
* Zorc, David Paul (1977) The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction (Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44)‎, Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, page 213
* Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera (1887) El sanscrito en la lengua tagalog‎ (in Spanish), Paris: Imprimerie de la Faculté de Médecine, A. Davy, page 17
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier

### Further reading

* “aral”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* “aral”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* lara

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish آرال (aral, “archipelago”), from a Mongolic language, ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *aral, compare Mongolian арал (aral), Uyghur ئارال (aral).

### Noun

aral (definite accusative aralı, plural arallar) (obsolete)
* archipelago
* island

### References

* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ارال”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 11
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “aral”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 276
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ارال”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 58