# 芽

| 芽 | U+82BD, &#33469; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82BD |
| ← 芼 [U+82BC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 芾 → [U+82BE] |
| 芽 | U+2F995, &#194965; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F995 |
| ← 芳 [U+2F994] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 苦 → [U+2F996] |

## Translingual
### Han character

芽 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4 in Chinese, 艸+5 in Japanese, 7 strokes in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 廿一女竹 (TMVH), four-corner 4424$_1$, composition ⿱艹牙)

#### Derived characters

* 𫢯, 𠵝, 𡝿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1021, character 13
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30860
* Dae Jaweon: page 1480, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3179, character 13
* Unihan data for U+82BD
* Unihan data for U+2F995

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 邪 | *ljaː, *laː |
| 衺 | *ljaː |
| 牙 | *ŋraː |
| 芽 | *ŋraː |
| 齖 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 呀 | *ŋraː, *hŋraː |
| 枒 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 雅 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 厊 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 庌 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 訝 | *ŋraːs |
| 迓 | *ŋraːs |
| 砑 | *ŋraːs |
| 犽 | *ŋraːs |
| 疨 | *hŋraː |
| 岈 | *hŋraː |
| 谺 | *hŋraː |
| 颬 | *hŋraː |
| 鴉 | *qraː |
| 釾 | *laː |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋraː): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː).

### Etymology

Cognate with 牙 (OC *ŋraː, “tooth”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yá (ya$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yá
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nga$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngà
    (Meixian, Guangdong): nga$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): nia$^1$ / ia$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngà
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gor$^2$ / ga$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gê / gêe / gâ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghê$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nga; $^6$ya
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): nga$^2$ / ia$^2$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): ngo$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yá
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yá
*** Wade–Giles: ya$^2$
*** Yale: yá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
*** Palladius: я (ja)
*** Sinological IPA : /jä³⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: yá
*** Sinological IPA : /ia²⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaa$^4$
*** Yale: ngàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nga$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaː²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nga$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋa³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngà
*** Hakka Romanization System: nga$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nga$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋa¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: nia$^1$ / ia$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /nia¹¹/, /ia¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngà
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋa⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gor$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gó̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ga$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gá
*** Sinological IPA : /ka¹³/
* gor2 - vernacular;
* ga2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ngae
Rime :
| Character | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 五加切 |
| Baxter | ngae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋa/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngaa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-ɢˤ<r>a/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ |
| English | shoot, sprout |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14178 |
| Phonetic component | 牙 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 牙 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋraː/ |

### Definitions

芽
* bud; shoot; sprout
* bud-shaped thing

#### Synonyms

* (bud): (Hokkien) 穎／颖

### Compounds

* 側芽 / 侧芽
* 催芽
* 冠芽
* 出芽 (chūyá)
* 出芽生殖
* 吸芽
* 嫩芽 (nènyá)
* 幼芽 (yòuyá)
* 抽芽 (chōuyá)
* 接芽
* 摘芽
* 新芽 (xīnyá)
* 根芽
* 海帶芽 / 海带芽 (hǎidàiyá)
* 滋芽
* 珠芽
* 發芽 / 发芽 (fāyá)
* 白雪黃芽 / 白雪黄芽
* 肉芽 (ròuyá)
* 胚芽 (pēiyá)
* 胞芽
* 胞芽杯
* 胚芽米
* 胚芽鞘
* 腋芽
* 芽兒 / 芽儿
* 芽孢 (yábāo)
* 芽接法
* 芽眼
* 芽茶 (yáchá)
* 芽菜 (yácài, “bean sprout”)
* 芽豆 (yádòu)
* 芽韭
* 芽體 / 芽体
* 茶芽 (cháyá)
* 萌芽 (méngyá)
* 葉芽 / 叶芽 (yèyá)
* 裸芽
* 豆芽 (dòuyá)
* 豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
* 防芽遏萌
* 雷芽
* 麥芽 / 麦芽 (màiyá)
* 麥芽糖 / 麦芽糖 (màiyátáng)
* 黃芽 / 黄芽
* 黃豆芽 / 黄豆芽 (huángdòuyá)

### References

* “芽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 芽 |
| Kyūjitai | 芽 &#x2f995; or 芽+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 芽󠄀 芽+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 芽󠄄 芽+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* bud, sprout, shoot

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
* Kun: め (me, 芽, Jōyō)、きざし (kizashi, 芽し)、きざす (kizasu, 芽す)、めぐむ (megumu, 芽む)
* Nanori: め (me)、めい (mei)

#### Compounds

* 嫩(どん)芽(が) (donga): young shoot
* 麦(ばく)芽(が) (bakuga): malt
* 木(き)の芽(め) (kinome): leaves of Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) used as condiment

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 芽
* め Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 芽 – see the following entry. :
| 【め】 | [noun] [from 712] 芽: bud, sprout, shoot [noun] [from 1922] 芽: the germ of an idea, an inkling [noun] [date unknown] 芽: (biology) a bird embryo: more specifically, as found on the yolk of an egg, the blastodisk, the germinal disk, the embryonic disk |
(This term, 芽, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 芽
* が Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 芽 (MC ngae).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡa̠]

#### Affix

芽(が) • (ga)
* bud; sprout; shoot

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1805 (paper), page 954 (digital)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [a̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [아]

### Hanja

Wikisource 芽 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Tày
### Noun

芽 (transliteration needed)
* Nôm form of nhả (“grass”).

### References

* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

## Vietnamese
### Han character

芽: Hán Nôm readings: nha
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.