# 認

| 認 | U+8A8D, &#35469; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A8D |
| ← 誌 [U+8A8C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 誎 → [U+8A8E] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 認 |
| Simplified | 认 |
| Japanese | 認 |
| Korean | 認 |

### Han character

認 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口尸戈心 (YRSIP), four-corner 0763$_2$, composition ⿰訁忍)

#### Descendants

* 认

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1161, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35502
* Dae Jaweon: page 1626, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3980, character 11
* Unihan data for U+8A8D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 涊 | *nɯːnʔ, *njɯnʔ |
| 紉 | *nɯn |
| 忍 | *njɯnʔ |
| 荵 | *njɯnʔ |
| 刃 | *njɯns |
| 認 | *njɯns, *njɯŋs |
| 仞 | *njɯns |
| 軔 | *njɯns |
| 韌 | *njɯns |
| 肕 | *njɯns |
| 牣 | *njɯns |
| 杒 | *njɯns |
| 訒 | *njɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯns, *njɯŋs): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 忍 (OC *njɯnʔ).

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njan (“to hear; to listen”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཉན (nyan, “to listen”), Mizo en (“to look; to look at”). Schuessler (2007) suggests another cognate Jingpho non⁵⁵ (“to think; to consider”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rèn (ren$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jing$^6$ / jan$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyin$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngin
    (Hailu, HRS): ngin$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngin$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): reng$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ning$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): līn / jīn / jīm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ring$^7$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$gnin / $^6$zen / $^6$zyun
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rèn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^4$
*** Yale: rèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renn
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^6$ / jan$^6$
*** Yale: yihng / yahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^6$ / jan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^6$ / yen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ²²/, /jɐn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngin$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡin³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyin$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲin¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngin
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: reng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐəŋ⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nêng
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ning$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nīng
*** Sinological IPA : /niŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: līn
*** Tâi-lô: līn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lin
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²²/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīn
*** Tâi-lô: jīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jin
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jīm
*** Tâi-lô: jīm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jim
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zim³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ring$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jīng
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡ziŋ¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gnin
*** MiniDict: nyin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$nyin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲin²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /n̠ʲin²³¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /n̠ʲiŋ¹¹³/
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /zən²³¹/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /zen¹¹³/
** (Northern: Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zyun
*** MiniDict: zoen$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /zz̩ʷøŋ¹¹³/
* 6gnin - vernacular;
* 6zen/6zyun - literary.
* Middle Chinese: nyinH, nyingH
Rime :
| Character | 認 | 認 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 而振切 | 而證切 |
| Baxter | nyinH | nyingH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn$^H$/ | /ȵɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin$^H$/ | /ȵɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen$^H$/ | /ȵʑieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin$^H$/ | /ȵiŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn$^H$/ | /ȵiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn$^H$/ | /ȵʑĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn$^H$/ | /ȵʑi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rèn | rèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^6$ | jing$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nə[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯns/, /*njɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 認 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nə[n]-s/ |
| English | know |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 認 | 認 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10832 | 10840 |
| Phonetic component | 刃 | 刃 |
| Rime group | 文 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 刃 | 認 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯns/ | /*njɯŋs/ |

### Definitions

認
* to recognize; to know; to understand; to acknowledge
* to accept; to agree
* to admit (defeat); to resign (oneself to something)
* to treat as; to consider as
* to adopt; to take on
* to undertake (to do something)

#### Synonyms

* (to recognize):
* 分 (literary, or in compounds)
* 分別 / 分别 (fēnbié)
* 分化 (fēnhuà)
* 分揀 / 分拣 (fēnjiǎn) (literary)
* 分辨 (fēnbiàn)
* 判別 / 判别 (pànbié)
* 別白 / 别白 (biébái) (literary)
* 劃分 / 划分 (huàfēn)
* 區 / 区 (literary, or in compounds)
* 區分 / 区分 (qūfēn)
* 區別 / 区别 (qūbié)
* 區劃 / 区划 (qūhuà) (literary)
* 甄別 / 甄别 (zhēnbié)
* 科別 / 科别 (kēbié) (literary)
* 識別 / 识别 (shíbié)
* 辨別 / 辨别 (biànbié)
* 辨明 (biànmíng)
* 辨析 (biànxī) (to differentiate and analyze)
* 辨白 (biànbái) (literary)
* 辨認 / 辨认 (biànrèn)
* 辨識 / 辨识 (biànshí)
* 鑒別 / 鉴别 (jiànbié)
* 鑒識 / 鉴识 (jiànshí)
* (to accept): 承認／承认 (chéngrèn)

### Compounds

* 不認 / 不认
* 不認人 / 不认人
* 不認帳 / 不认帐
* 不認得 / 不认得
* 不認得字的 / 不认得字的
* 供認 / 供认 (gòngrèn)
* 俯首認罪 / 俯首认罪
* 六親不認 / 六亲不认 (liùqīnbùrèn)
* 公認 / 公认 (gōngrèn)
* 冒認 / 冒认 (màorèn)
* 半道兒認姐姐 / 半道儿认姐姐
* 只認錢不認人 / 只认钱不认人
* 否認 / 否认 (fǒurèn)
* 國家承認 / 国家承认
* 強制認領 / 强制认领
* 承認 / 承认 (chéngrèn)
* 招認 / 招认 (zhāorèn)
* 指認 / 指认
* 攤認 / 摊认
* 文書認證 / 文书认证
* 死不認錯 / 死不认错
* 法定認領 / 法定认领
* 無可否認 / 无可否认 (wúkěfǒurèn)
* 理性認識 / 理性认识
* 相認 / 相认 (xiāngrèn)
* 矢口否認 / 矢口否认 (shǐkǒufǒurèn)
* 確認 / 确认 (quèrèn)
* 給個棒錘當針認 / 给个棒锤当针认
* 翻臉不認人 / 翻脸不认人 (fānliǎn bù rèn rén)
* 自認 / 自认 (zìrèn)
* 自認倒楣 / 自认倒楣
* 色認 / 色认
* 記認 / 记认 (jìrèn)
* 認了 / 认了
* 認分 / 认分
* 認可 / 认可 (rènkě)
* 認同 / 认同 (rèntóng)
* 認同卡 / 认同卡
* 認命 / 认命 (rènmìng)
* 認字 / 认字 (rènzì)
* 認定 / 认定 (rèndìng)
* 認屍 / 认尸 (rènshī)
* 認帳 / 认帐 (rènzhàng)
* 認床 / 认床 (rènchuáng)
* 認得 / 认得 (rènde)
* 認捐 / 认捐
* 認旗 / 认旗
* 認清 / 认清 (rènqīng)
* 認準 / 认准 (rènzhǔn)
* 認為 / 认为 (rènwéi)
* 認犯頭 / 认犯头
* 認生 / 认生 (rènshēng)
* 認真 / 认真 (rènzhēn)
* 認知 / 认知 (rènzhī)
* 認祖歸宗 / 认祖归宗 (rènzǔguīzōng)
* 認罪 / 认罪 (rènzuì)
* 認義 / 认义
* 認股 / 认股
* 認背 / 认背
* 認親 / 认亲 (rènqīn)
* 誤認 / 误认 (wùrèn)
* 認識 / 认识
* 認證 / 认证 (rènzhèng)
* 認識論 / 认识论
* 認賊作父 / 认贼作父 (rènzéizuòfù)
* 認賊為子 / 认贼为子
* 認賠 / 认赔
* 認購 / 认购 (rèngòu)
* 認路 / 认路
* 認輸 / 认输 (rènshū)
* 認錯 / 认错 (rèncuò)
* 認領 / 认领 (rènlǐng)
* 認頭 / 认头 (rèntóu)
* 認養 / 认养
* 認養人 / 认养人
* 識認 / 识认 (shírèn)
* 身分認證 / 身分认证
* 辨認 / 辨认 (biànrèn)
* 追認 / 追认 (zhuīrèn)
* 錯認顏標 / 错认颜标
* 體認 / 体认 (tǐrèn)
* 默認 / 默认 (mòrèn)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 認 |
| Kyūjitai | 認󠄁 認+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 認󠄃 認+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* recognize, appreciate

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 認 (MC nyinH):
* Go-on: にん (nin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: じん (jin)
From Middle Chinese 認 (MC nyingH):
* Go-on: にょう (nyō)
* Kan-on: じょう (jō)
From native Japanese roots:
* Kun: みとめる (mitomeru, 認める, Jōyō)、したためる (shitatameru, 認める)
* Nanori: もろ (moro)

#### Compounds

* 認(にん)可(か) (ninka)
* 認(にん)識(しき) (ninshiki)
* 認(にん)証(しょう) (ninshō)
* 認(にん)知(ち) (ninchi)
* 認(にん)定(てい) (nintei)
* 確(かく)認(にん) (kakunin)

### Proper noun

認(みとむ) • (Mitomu)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1971 (paper), page 1037 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

認 (eumhun 알 인 (al in))
* hanja form of 인 (“know”)
* hanja form of 인 (“recognition”)
* hanja form of 인 (“authorization”)
* hanja form of 인 (“approval”)

#### Compounds

* 인지 (認知, inji, “recognition”)
* 인정 (認定, injeong, “recognition, acknowledgment, authorization”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

認: Hán Nôm readings: nhận

### Verb

認
chữ Hán form of nhận.
* to receive; to get; to obtain
* to recognise; to identify
* to admit (to); to acknowledge; to accept; to confess
* to agree (to)