# -e
## English
### Etymology

From archaic forms ending in e, from Middle English -e, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from Old English.

### Pronunciation

Silent.
For humorous effect, sometimes pronounced as if reading the name of the letter e: IPA: /-i/.

### Suffix

-e
* Used for archaizing.
** 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
** 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
** 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
** 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:“Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”

#### Usage notes

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

#### Derived terms

* Englishe
* olde
* shoppe

### See also

* -eth

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

### Etymology 1

From Dutch -en.

#### Suffix

-e
* The plural ending of many nouns.

##### Usage notes

* As a rule of thumb, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
* A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
** A short stem vowel may be lengthened: ‎skip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎skepe.
** Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: ‎pad (“path”) + ‎-e → ‎paaie.
** Final -g- may be lost: ‎dag (“day”) + ‎-e → ‎dae.
** An underlying final -t- may resurface: ‎nag (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎nagte.

### Etymology 2

From Dutch -e.

#### Suffix

-e
* The attributive ending of many adjectives.

##### Usage notes

* As a rule of thumb, -e is used in polysyllabic adjectives except those ending in -er (including comparatives) and in monosyllabic adjectives that end in -f, -d, -s, -g, while others remain unchanged. However, there are various exceptions to this distribution. Several adjectives also allow both forms, sometimes with a tendency towards semantic distinction. For example, one usually says ’n ryk man (“a rich man”, literally), but ’n ryke kultuur (“a rich culture”, figuratively).
* All adjectives, including normally uninflected ones, do take -e when they are used independently, that is without the referent noun following: ’n arm land en ’n ryke (“a poor country and a rich one”). In such cases, the adjective also inflects for number: arm lande en rykes (“poor countries and rich ones”).
* In the formation of the attributive form, irregularities similar to those described in etymology 1 above may occur, with the exception that vowel lengthening is not found in adjectives.

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.

### Suffix

-e (definite -ja, plural -e)
* forms the feminine forms for many adjectives
* forms feminine equivalents of nouns
    Synonyms: -éshë, -ónjë
    ‎mik (“male friend”) + ‎-e → ‎mike (“female friend”)
    ‎gjysh (“grandfather”) + ‎-e → ‎gjyshe (“grandmother”)

#### Derived terms
## Central Franconian
### Alternative forms

* -en (see usage notes below)

### Etymology

From Middle High German -en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-mi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

### Suffix

-e
* A common noun plural ending, especially in feminines.
* A common adjectival declension ending, especially in the masculine nominative/accusative and the weak dative of all genders.
* A common conjugation ending, especially in the infinitive, first-person singular and plural, and third-person plural.

#### Usage notes

* In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -e. It becomes -en before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before h, d, t, z.
* In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -en, but the final -n is lost when followed by a consonant other than h, d, t, z – a process called Eifeler Regel and also active in Luxembourgish.
* These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.
* The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix -e, whereas the neuter never does: ene jode Mann (“a good man”), e deck Stöck (“a thick piece”). In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take -e only after voiceless stems: en decke Zupp (“a thick soup”), but en jot Zupp (“a good soup”) because the stem in the latter case is jod-. Exceptionally, the suffix -ig becomes -ije.
* Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear -e after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally en jode Zupp). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
* On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.

## Czech
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech -ě.

#### Suffix

-e (adverb-forming suffix)
* used to form adverbs from adjectives
    ‎jednoduchý (“simple”) + ‎-e → ‎jednoduše (“simply”)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

#### Suffix

-e n (noun-forming suffix)
* forms diminutive nouns, usually terms for young animals
    ‎pták + ‎-e → ‎ptáče
    ‎zvěř + ‎-e → ‎zvíře

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ě.

#### Suffix

-e
* desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
    ‎sestra (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎sestře
* desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
    ‎kostrč (“tailbone”) + ‎-e → ‎kostrče
* desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
    ‎pan (“Mr, Sir”) + ‎-e → ‎pane
* desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
    ‎muž (“man”) + ‎-e → ‎muže
* desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
    ‎les (“forest”) + ‎-e → ‎lese
* desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
    ‎stroj (“machine”) + ‎-e → ‎stroje

### See also

* -ě
* -ně
* -y

### Further reading

* -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Danish -æ, from Old Norse -a, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

### Suffix

-e
* A verb-building suffix that can be added to nouns or adjectives.
* Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
* Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
* Marks the plural of some nouns.

#### Derived terms
## Dutch
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French -e.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to form the female equivalent of occupations or other identifying traits.
    Synonyms: -es, -in
    ‎agent (“police officer”) + ‎-e → ‎agente (“female police officer”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /də/, /stə/ (like the ordinal written in full)

#### Suffix

-e
* Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.
    2e = tweede
    8e = achtste
    Synonyms: -de, -ste

##### Usage notes

The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2$^e$, 8$^e$), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.

### Etymology 3

From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.

##### Usage notes

See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

#### Suffix

-e m or f
* Used to form nouns from adjectives, denoting a person that possesses the quality of the adjective.
    ‎volwassen (“adult”) + ‎-e → ‎volwassene (“an adult”)
-e f
* Attached to geographical adjectives to indicate a female inhabitant.
    ‎Amerikaans (“American”) + ‎-e → ‎Amerikaanse (“a female American”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 5

From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

#### Suffix

-e f
* (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.
    Synonyms: -te, -heid
    ‎koud (“cold”) + ‎-e → ‎koude (“the cold”)

### Etymology 6

From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/

#### Suffix

-e
* (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.

### References

* ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180531050044/http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/2

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene (“well”)), perhaps reinforced by Russian -е (-e) and Polish -e.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [e]
* Hyphenation: -e
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-e
* -ly; used to form adverbs
    ‎bona (“good”) + ‎-e → ‎bone (“well”)
    ‎unu (“one”) + ‎-e → ‎unue (“firstly”)
* the ending for correlatives of place

#### Derived terms

* ĉie (“everywhere”)
* ie (“somewhere”)
* kie (“where”)
* nenie (“nowhere”)
* tie (“there”)

## Estonian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ëk and Proto-Finnic *-ëh. Cognate to Finnish -e.

#### Suffix

-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)
* Derives nouns from verbs.
    ‎katma (“to cover”) + ‎-e → ‎kate (“cover”)
    ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“a step”)
    ‎võtma (“to take”) + ‎-e → ‎võte (“trick, mode, way”)
    ‎mõtlema (“to think”) + ‎-e → ‎mõte (“thought”)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)
* Derives nouns from verbs.
    ‎liikuma (“to move”) + ‎-e → ‎liige (“member”)
    ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“step, grade”)
    ‎kastma (“to dip”) + ‎-e → ‎kaste (“sauce”)

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)
* Derives adjectives.
    ‎lamama (“to lay down”) + ‎-e → ‎lame (“flat”)
    ‎krõbisema (“to crunch”) + ‎-e → ‎krõbe (“crunchy”)
    ‎tobu (“fool”) + ‎-e → ‎tobe (“silly, dumb”)

##### Declension
### Derived terms
## Finnish
### Etymology

Conflated:
* Proto-Finnic *-ëk, from Proto-Uralic *-ek
* Proto-Finnic *-ëh, from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës
Historically, *-ëk was deverbal, while *-ëh was denominal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-eˣ/, [-e̞(ʔ)]

### Suffix

-e
* Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.
    ‎ottaa (“to take (hold of)”) + ‎-e → ‎ote (“grip”)
    ‎paha (“bad, evil”) + ‎-e → ‎pahe (“vice”)
    ‎ääntää (“to pronounce, enunciate”) + ‎-e → ‎äänne (“sound (in phonetics)”)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eeni
-eeni
accusative
nom.
-eeni
-eeni
gen.
-eeni
genitive
-eeni
-eideni -eitteni
partitive
-ettani
-eitani
inessive
-eessani
-eissani
elative
-eestani
-eistani
illative
-eeseeni
-eisiini -eihini
adessive
-eellani
-eillani
ablative
-eeltani
-eiltani
allative
-eelleni
-eilleni
essive
-eenani
-einani
translative
-eekseni
-eikseni
abessive
-eettani
-eittani
instructive
comitative
—-eineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eesi
-eesi
accusative
nom.
-eesi
-eesi
gen.
-eesi
genitive
-eesi
-eidesi -eittesi
partitive
-ettasi
-eitasi
inessive
-eessasi
-eissasi
elative
-eestasi
-eistasi
illative
-eeseesi
-eisiisi -eihisi
adessive
-eellasi
-eillasi
ablative
-eeltasi
-eiltasi
allative
-eellesi
-eillesi
essive
-eenasi
-einasi
translative
-eeksesi
-eiksesi
abessive
-eettasi
-eittasi
instructive
comitative
—-einesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eemme
-eemme
accusative
nom.
-eemme
-eemme
gen.
-eemme
genitive
-eemme
-eidemme -eittemme
partitive
-ettamme
-eitamme
inessive
-eessamme
-eissamme
elative
-eestamme
-eistamme
illative
-eeseemme
-eisiimme -eihimme
adessive
-eellamme
-eillamme
ablative
-eeltamme
-eiltamme
allative
-eellemme
-eillemme
essive
-eenamme
-einamme
translative
-eeksemme
-eiksemme
abessive
-eettamme
-eittamme
instructive
comitative
—-einemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eenne
-eenne
accusative
nom.
-eenne
-eenne
gen.
-eenne
genitive
-eenne
-eidenne -eittenne
partitive
-ettanne
-eitanne
inessive
-eessanne
-eissanne
elative
-eestanne
-eistanne
illative
-eeseenne
-eisiinne -eihinne
adessive
-eellanne
-eillanne
ablative
-eeltanne
-eiltanne
allative
-eellenne
-eillenne
essive
-eenanne
-einanne
translative
-eeksenne
-eiksenne
abessive
-eettanne
-eittanne
instructive
comitative
—-einenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eensa
-eensa
accusative
nom.
-eensa
-eensa
gen.
-eensa
genitive
-eensa
-eidensa -eittensa
partitive
-ettaan -ettansa
-eitaan -eitansa
inessive
-eessaan -eessansa
-eissaan -eissansa
elative
-eestaan -eestansa
-eistaan -eistansa
illative
-eeseensa
-eisiinsa -eihinsa
adessive
-eellaan -eellansa
-eillaan -eillansa
ablative
-eeltaan -eeltansa
-eiltaan -eiltansa
allative
-eelleen -eellensa
-eilleen -eillensa
essive
-eenaan -eenansa
-einaan -einansa
translative
-eekseen -eeksensa
-eikseen -eiksensa
abessive
-eettaan -eettansa
-eittaan -eittansa
instructive
comitative
—-eineen -einensa :
Possessive forms of -e (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eeni
-eeni
accusative
nom.
-eeni
-eeni
gen.
-eeni
genitive
-eeni
-eideni -eitteni
partitive
-ettäni
-eitäni
inessive
-eessäni
-eissäni
elative
-eestäni
-eistäni
illative
-eeseeni
-eisiini -eihini
adessive
-eelläni
-eilläni
ablative
-eeltäni
-eiltäni
allative
-eelleni
-eilleni
essive
-eenäni
-einäni
translative
-eekseni
-eikseni
abessive
-eettäni
-eittäni
instructive
comitative
—-eineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eesi
-eesi
accusative
nom.
-eesi
-eesi
gen.
-eesi
genitive
-eesi
-eidesi -eittesi
partitive
-ettäsi
-eitäsi
inessive
-eessäsi
-eissäsi
elative
-eestäsi
-eistäsi
illative
-eeseesi
-eisiisi -eihisi
adessive
-eelläsi
-eilläsi
ablative
-eeltäsi
-eiltäsi
allative
-eellesi
-eillesi
essive
-eenäsi
-einäsi
translative
-eeksesi
-eiksesi
abessive
-eettäsi
-eittäsi
instructive
comitative
—-einesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eemme
-eemme
accusative
nom.
-eemme
-eemme
gen.
-eemme
genitive
-eemme
-eidemme -eittemme
partitive
-ettämme
-eitämme
inessive
-eessämme
-eissämme
elative
-eestämme
-eistämme
illative
-eeseemme
-eisiimme -eihimme
adessive
-eellämme
-eillämme
ablative
-eeltämme
-eiltämme
allative
-eellemme
-eillemme
essive
-eenämme
-einämme
translative
-eeksemme
-eiksemme
abessive
-eettämme
-eittämme
instructive
comitative
—-einemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eenne
-eenne
accusative
nom.
-eenne
-eenne
gen.
-eenne
genitive
-eenne
-eidenne -eittenne
partitive
-ettänne
-eitänne
inessive
-eessänne
-eissänne
elative
-eestänne
-eistänne
illative
-eeseenne
-eisiinne -eihinne
adessive
-eellänne
-eillänne
ablative
-eeltänne
-eiltänne
allative
-eellenne
-eillenne
essive
-eenänne
-einänne
translative
-eeksenne
-eiksenne
abessive
-eettänne
-eittänne
instructive
comitative
—-einenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-eensä
-eensä
accusative
nom.
-eensä
-eensä
gen.
-eensä
genitive
-eensä
-eidensä -eittensä
partitive
-ettään -ettänsä
-eitään -eitänsä
inessive
-eessään -eessänsä
-eissään -eissänsä
elative
-eestään -eestänsä
-eistään -eistänsä
illative
-eeseensä
-eisiinsä -eihinsä
adessive
-eellään -eellänsä
-eillään -eillänsä
ablative
-eeltään -eeltänsä
-eiltään -eiltänsä
allative
-eelleen -eellensä
-eilleen -eillensä
essive
-eenään -eenänsä
-einään -einänsä
translative
-eekseen -eeksensä
-eikseen -eiksensä
abessive
-eettään -eettänsä
-eittään -eittänsä
instructive
comitative
—-eineen -einensä :
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved, but very often inverted.

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -ke
* -ine
* -nne
* -re

## French
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants

#### Suffix

-e f
* forms the feminine of adjectives and nouns
    ‎fort + ‎-e → ‎forte
    ‎garçon + ‎-e → ‎garçonne

### Etymology 2

In the third person, from Latin -at; in the first person generally by analogy.

#### Suffix

-e
* inflection of -er:
** first-person singular present indicative
** first-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular present indicative
** third-person singular present subjunctive
* inflection of -re:
** first-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular present subjunctive

### Etymology 3

From Latin -ā (imperative).

#### Suffix

-e
* second-person singular imperative of -er

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

-$^e$ (plural -$^{es}$)
* abbreviation of -ième when an ordinal number is written with Arabic or Roman numerals
    deuxième → 2$^e$

## Garo
### Suffix

-e
* forms the perfect participle of a verb
    Skul re·e anga nengbeaAfter going to school I was tired

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə/, [ə], [ɘ], (chiefly southern also) [e], (Austria also) [ɛ]

### Etymology 1

From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

#### Suffix

-e
* (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective
    ‎stark (“strong”) + ‎-e → ‎Stärke (“strength”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.
The plural suffix -e derives from a merger of Old High German -a and -i. Neuters usually remained unchanged in the nominative and accusative plural. The spread of the suffix to the neuter occurred by analogy with the masculine, whose declension was otherwise identical. Moreover, there were neuters ending in -e already in the singular; this -e tended to be apocopated, leading to reinterpretation of the fuller form as the plural (e.g. Middle High German stücke > modern Stück, pl. Stücke). Another mainly neuter plural suffix is -er, which see.
Umlaut originally occurred only when the Old High German ending had been -i, but from the High Middle Ages up to the present there has been a steady trend towards analogical expansion of umlaut in masculines, to the degree that umlautable monosyllables with umlautless plural have become rare (e.g. Hunde, Tage). In feminines, umlaut was seldom expanded, but the umlautless forms have switched to the weak suffix -en; therefore the e-plural in feminines is now always accompanied by umlaut (excepted are the suffixes -nis and -sal, both of which vary between feminine and neuter gender). Neuters are not umlauted (the only exception being Floß).

#### Suffix

-e
* used to form the plural of some nouns; usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters
    ‎Baum (“tree”) + ‎-e → ‎Bäume (“trees”)
    ‎Nacht (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎Nächte (“nights”)
    ‎Wort (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎Worte (“words”)
* (chiefly archaic outside of set phrases) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable
    das Haus (“house”) → dem Hause (usually: dem Haus)
* used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular
    schön → die schöne Frau
* used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb
    gehen (geh- + -en) → ich gehe (colloquial or poetic: ich geh)
* used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb
    gehen → er gehe
* used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb
    ging → ich ginge, er ginge

### Etymology 3

A reduced form of du after -st, where /d/ coalesces with /t/, and unstressed /u/ weakens to /ə/. See also pronunciation notes at du.

#### Pronoun

-e
* (colloquial) Contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb.
    hast du → haste
    wärst du → wärste
    hattest du → hatteste, hattste, hatste

### Etymology 4

Masculine weak noun endings attached to a stem, diachronically from Proto-Germanic *-ô. -in is used as a female equivalent, see there.

#### Alternative forms

* -∅ (zero derivation; for the masculine nominative singular form, other forms are the same)

#### Suffix

-e m (weak, genitive -en, plural -en, feminine -in)
* derives nouns referring to a person with a trait specified by the stem, from adjective or noun stems, often from toponyms
    schwedisch or Schweden→ Schwede, Schwedin
    Latin catholicus → Katholik, Katholikin
    jung → Junge
    chinesisch → Chinese, Chinesin (surface analysis)
    Schwaben → Schwabe, Schwäbin
    Synonym: -er (which of the two suffixes is used is not entirely predictable, they may be interchangeable in some cases)

##### Declension

See -in for the feminine forms.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-e
* Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
** (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
    ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
** (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
    Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
** (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
    a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
** (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
    Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.
    Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt (e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt)
** (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
    Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
    Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
** (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
    Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
    jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
    legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
* (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
** Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.
    tud (“to know”) → tudta (“he/she knew it”)
    tud → tudja (“he/she knows it (indicative mood)”)
    tud → tudja (“he/she should know it (subjunctive mood)”)
    kér (“to request, ask for sth”) → kérte (“he/she requested it”)
    kér → kérje (“he/she should request it (subjunctive mood)”)
** Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).
    tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)
    kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)
    -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)
    -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)
    után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)
    fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)

##### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
    -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
** This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -a is added to back-vowel words
    -e is added to front-vowel words
    Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).

##### Declension
#### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

### Etymology 2

* From e (“this”).
* From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).

#### Alternative forms

* -é (rare, mostly dialectal)

#### Particle

-e (clitic)
* whether, if
    Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.
* (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.
    Látod-e már a mezőket? ― Can you see the fields yet?
** 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell
    Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
       Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
          (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)

##### Usage notes

Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

##### Derived terms

* ugye

### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-e
* (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.

### Etymology 4

See at -a.

#### Suffix

-e
* (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ő (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as -é or -i.

##### Derived terms

* cibere (debated)
* cinege
* csibe (debated)
* csöröge
* enyhe
* fene
* fürge
* gügye
* hebe(hurgya)
* hülye
* kele(kótya)
* kerge
* lenge
* lepke
* mese (debated)
* penge
* pille
* pisze
* pörge
* pösze
* réce (debated)
* serte(pertél)
* tele (debated)
* zene(bona)
* zsenge

### Further reading

* (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* (whether, if): -e in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.

#### Suffix

-e
* -ly; used to form adverbs

##### Usage notes

Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-e
* ending for names of consonants

##### Derived terms
## Ingrian
### Etymology

Conflated:
* From Proto-Finnic *-ëk.
* From Proto-Finnic *-ëh.
Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.
The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-e/, [-e̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-e/, [-e̞]

### Suffix

-e
* Used to form nouns from either verbs or adjectives.
    ‎lähtiä (“to begin”) + ‎-e → ‎lähe (“spring”)

#### Declension

| (back-vocalic) Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation) singular plural nominative -e -eet genitive -een -ein partitive -etta -eita illative -eesse -eisse inessive -ees -eis elative -eest -eist allative -eelle -eille adessive -eel -eil ablative -eelt -eilt translative -eeks -eiks essive -eenna, -een -einna, -ein exessive$^{1)}$ -eent -eint $^{1)}$ obsolete $^{*)}$ the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) $^{**)}$ the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka$^?$ or -kä$^?$ to the genitive. | (front-vocalic) Declension of -e (type 6/lähe, no gradation) singular plural nominative -e -eet genitive -een -ein partitive -että -eitä illative -eesse -eisse inessive -ees -eis elative -eest -eist allative -eelle -eille adessive -eel -eil ablative -eelt -eilt translative -eeks -eiks essive -eennä, -een -einnä, -ein exessive$^{1)}$ -eent -eint $^{1)}$ obsolete $^{*)}$ the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) $^{**)}$ the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka$^?$ or -kä$^?$ to the genitive. |

#### Derived terms
## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-iyā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.

#### Suffix

-e f
* Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Simplification of *-nn-ne.

#### Suffix

-e
* Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)

##### See also
### Etymology 3

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-yās, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂-s.

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
* Used to form the feminine genitive singular of first-declension adjectives

### Etymology 4

From a variety of Old Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including -i in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems, -e in neuter i-stems, and -ea in some consonant stems; from various Proto-Celtic endings.

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to form the plural of certain nouns

### Etymology 5

From Old Irish -iu, from Proto-Celtic *-yūs, from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs.

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e/ (stress falls on the preceding syllable)
* Hyphenation: -e

### Suffix

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"

## Japanese
### Romanization

-e
* Rōmaji transcription of え

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Old Latin -ēd (Can this etymology be sourced?), from Proto-Italic *-ēd, probably from a combination of Proto-Indo-European suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps Proto-Germanic *-ê and Proto-Slavic *-ě (adverbial suffixes), though these are also of disputed derivation. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeː/, [ˈeː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈe/, [ˈɛː]

#### Suffix

-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)
* -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.
    Synonyms: -iter, -ō, -ter

##### Usage notes

The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
    Examples:
       ‎clārus (“famous, clear”) + ‎-ē → ‎clārē (“famously, clearly”)
       ‎pulcher (“beautiful”) + ‎-ē → ‎pulchrē (“beautifully”)

##### Descendants

* → Esperanto: -e

### Etymology 2

A regularly declined form of -us.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈe/, [ˈɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈe/, [ˈɛː]

#### Suffix

-e
* vocative masculine singular of -us

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-e
* ablative singular of -s

### See also
## Latvian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-e
* Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
* Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems.
    ‎iestādīt + ‎-e → ‎iestāde
    ‎skatīt + ‎-e → ‎skate

#### Synonyms

* -a

#### Related terms

* -ene
* -niece

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

### Suffix

-e n
* Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.
    ‎robel (“sparrow”) + ‎-e → ‎roble (“baby sparrow”)

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

### Suffix

-e f
* Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.
    Synonyms: -ede, -heit

#### Usage notes

This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).

#### Descendants

* Dutch: -e

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-(ə)/

#### Suffix

-e
* Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.

##### References

* “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-eː/, /-ɛi̯/

#### Suffix

-e (no longer productive)
* Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
* Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
** Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.
** Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.
** Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.
    ‎fige (“fig”) + ‎-e → ‎figee (“fig pudding”)

##### Descendants

* English: -ee, -y
* Scots: -ee, -y

### Etymology 3

From Old English -a.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-(ə)/

#### Suffix

-e (no longer productive)
* Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.

##### References

* “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

-e
* Alternative form of -y

### Etymology 5
#### Suffix

-e
* Alternative form of -yf

### Etymology 6
#### Suffix

-e
* Alternative form of -ie

## Mokilese
### Suffix

-e
* first person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to this (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)
    ‎rais (“rice”) + ‎-e → ‎raisse (“this rice”)

#### Usage notes

This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

#### References

* Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977

## Murui Huitoto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ɛ]

### Classifier

-e
* Classifier with no specific meaning.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎, Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195

## Namuyi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ɛ˧]

### Suffix

-e
* Used to form ingressive verbs.

### References

* Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language‎, Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 49

## Ojibwe
### Final

-e
* an incorporating final

#### Derived terms

* bakade
* bebezhigooganzhii
* manise
* moosewiingwe
* naadoobii
* naawakwe
* ozhige

### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/e-final-1287

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e/

### Etymology 1

From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

#### Suffix

-e
* forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly
    ‎beorht (“bright, clear”) + ‎-e → ‎beorhte (“brightly, clearly”)

##### Alternative forms

* -a, -æ — Northumbrian

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz, but also partly merged with *-jaz and athematic *-iz (compare Proto-Norse -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)). Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

#### Suffix

-e
* forms adjectives from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)
    ‎ān (“one”) + ‎willa (“will”) + ‎-e → ‎ānwille (“stubborn”)
    ‎fela (“many”) + ‎word (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎felawyrde (“long-winded”)
    ‎fīf (“five”) + ‎flōr (“floor”) + ‎-e → ‎fīfflēre (“five-story”)
    ‎fiþer- (“four”) + ‎sċēat (“corner”) + ‎-e → ‎fiþersċīete (“square”)
    ‎forþ (“forward”) + ‎gang (“going”) + ‎-e → ‎forþgenġe (“progressive”)
    ‎īdel (“empty”) + ‎hand (“hand”) + ‎-e → ‎īdelhende (“empty-handed”)
    ‎lang (“long”) + ‎līf (“life”) + ‎-e → ‎langlīfe (“long-lived”)
    ‎ofer- (“over-”) + ‎ǣt (“eating”) + ‎-e → ‎oferǣte (“gluttonous”)
    ‎or- (“out of”) + ‎blōd (“blood”) + ‎-e → ‎orblēde (“bled out”)
    ‎sċeolh (“crooked”) + ‎ēage (“eye”) + ‎-e → ‎sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)
    ‎sīd (“hanging down”) + ‎feax (“hair on the head”) + ‎-e → ‎sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)
    ‎twelf (“twelve”) + ‎winter (“year”) + ‎-e → ‎twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)
    ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎eċġ (“edge”) + ‎-e → ‎twieċġe (“double-edged”)
    ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎fōt (“foot”) + ‎-e → ‎twifēte (“bipedal”)
    ‎un- (“un-”) + ‎ċēap (“cost”) + ‎-e → ‎unċīepe (“free”)

##### Alternative forms

* -i — Early Anglian

#### See also

* Old English terms suffixed with -e (adjectival) -blede -fete flede -flere -hende -hynde -iege -life -menne micelæte -nihte ofhende -siene -strenge twiecge twiecgede tynge -wille -wintre

### Etymology 3

Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singular Proto-West Germanic *-ē after high vowel apocope resulted in the loss of inherited Proto-West Germanic *-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.

#### Suffix

-e
* Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
    ‎drīfan (“to drive”) + ‎-e → ‎drīfe (“I drive”)
    ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-e → ‎fremme (“I perform”)

##### Alternative forms

* -u, -o — Anglian, Kentish

### Etymology 4
#### Alternative forms

* -æ — early

#### Suffix

-e
* Marks the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and the nominative and accusative plural of ō-stem feminine nouns
    ‎talu (“tale”) + ‎-e → ‎tale (“tale, tales”)
* Marks the dative singular of a-stem masculine and neuter nouns
    ‎sċip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎tō þām sċipe (“to the ship”)

### Etymology 5
#### Suffix

-e
* Marks the nominative singular of feminine n-stem nouns
    docce (“dock”)
    berġe (“berry”)
* Forms nouns referring to female people from nouns referring to male people
    ‎cyning (“king”) + ‎-e → ‎cyninge (“queen”)
    ‎ġebedda (“husband, male consort”) + ‎-e → ‎ġebedde (“wife, female consort”)

##### Declension

Weak feminine (n-stem):

##### See also

* Old English terms suffixed with -e (feminine) catte cyninge gebedde -icge

### Etymology 6

Likely derived from the weakening of the plural subjunctive ending -en.

#### Suffix

-e
* (used with postpositioned "ġē") Second person plural imperative ending of strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and class 3 weak verbs.
    Ġebīde ġē on beorge!Tarry ye on the mountain!

##### Related terms

* -ie

## Old French
### Etymology

Latin -a.

### Suffix

-e
* used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives

#### Descendants

* Middle French: -e
** French: -e

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-iyā (whence also Welsh -edd and Cornish -edh), from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.

### Suffix

-e f
* Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.
    ‎cathach (“bellicose”) + ‎-e → ‎cathaige (“warlike spirit”)
    ‎sáer (“free”) + ‎-e → ‎saíre (“freedom, liberty”)

#### Usage notes

This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
* The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
* The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.
Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an /e/ or /i/ between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: -e

## Old Polish
### Alternative forms

* -ie

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ɛː/
* IPA: (15th CE) /e/

### Suffix

-e n
* forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
* forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening

#### Descendants

* Polish: -e

### See also

* -o

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* -ie

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -e.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /e/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: e, ę, -ę

### Suffix

-e n (feminine -a)
* forms neuter nouns denoting a place, typically from a prepositional phrase
    po + ‎bok + ‎-e → ‎pobocze
* forms some plural forms
    ‎list + ‎-e → ‎liście (see liść)
* forms adverbs from adjectives, causes softening
    ‎zwykły + ‎-e → ‎zwykle

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -o

### Further reading

* -e in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Representing French feminine nouns.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /i/
* (Brazil) IPA: /i/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /e/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ɨ/

#### Suffix

-e
* forms the feminine of some proper nouns
    ‎Juliano + ‎-e → ‎Juliane

### Etymology 2

A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.

#### Suffix

-e n (plural -es)
* (gender-neutral, neologism, informal) suffix used to form gender-neutral singular nouns
    Synonym: -x
    ‎filho (“son”)/‎filha (“daughter”) + ‎-e → ‎filhe (“child”)
    ‎moço (“young man”)/‎moça (“young woman”) + ‎-e → ‎moce (“young person”)
    ‎amigo (“male friend”)/‎amiga (“female friend”) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (“friend”)
    ‎aluno (“male student”)/‎aluna (“female student”) + ‎-e → ‎alune (“student”)

## Romani
### Etymology

Compare Hindi -ए (-e).

### Suffix

-e
* Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
    ‎ćhavo (“Romani boy”) + ‎-e → ‎ćhave (“Romani boys”)
* Forms the nominative plural of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
* Forms the oblique of oikoclitic adjectives
* Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person plural past tense.

#### Usage notes

Few conservative dialects use -a to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -ae (“first-declension ending”).

#### Suffix

-e
* (in the plural) -s (feminine/neuter)

##### Usage notes

* This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural -uri):
* mame, from mamă, fem.
* vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.

##### Alternative forms

* -le

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -e (“second-declension vocative ending”).

#### Suffix

-e
* Vocative singular (masculine/neuter)
    Oh!

##### Usage notes

* This suffixed used with masculine and neuter definite nouns in -l and -ul:
       ‎bărbatul (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎bărbatule!
       ‎tatăl (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎tatăle!
       ‎visul (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎visule!
* This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in -le:
       ‎fratele (masc.) + ‎-e → ‎fratele!
       ‎numele (neut.) + ‎-e → ‎numele!

##### Related terms

* -o

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin -ere, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -er, Italian -ere, etc.

#### Suffix

-e
* A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.

##### Related terms

* -a
* -ea
* -i
* -î

#### See also

* -re

## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ə/

### Suffix

-e (type 2 form -je)
* Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

#### Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
* Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.

##### Derived terms

* jáje
* jȁnje, jȁgnje
* kljȗse
* pȉle
* pȕce
* tèle
* tùce
* ždrijȇbe, ždrȇbe

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
* Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.
    ‎Katarína + ‎-e → ‎Káte
    ‎Màrija + ‎-e → ‎Máre
    ‎Jȕrāj + ‎-e → ‎Júre
    ‎Màtija + ‎-e → ‎Máte

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

#### Suffix

-e (Cyrillic spelling -е)
* Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.
    ‎vȗk + ‎-e → ‎vȗče (vocative singular)

### See also

* -ance
* -ašce
* -ce
* -ešce
* -je

## Spanish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -et, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and Latin -it, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

#### Suffix

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* forms the third-person singular (also used with usted) present indicative of -er and -ir verbs

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -em, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and Latin -et, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

#### Suffix

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* forms the first- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -ar verbs

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Latin -ē, Latin -e, and Latin -ī, the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

#### Suffix

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* forms the second-person singular imperative form of -er and -ir verbs

### Etymology 4

Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.

#### Suffix

-e gender-neutral (noun-forming suffix, plural -es)
* (neologism) forms gender-neutral words
    ‎hermano (“brother”)/‎hermana (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎hermane (“sibling”)
    ‎niño (“boy”)/‎niña (“girl”) + ‎-e → ‎niñe (“child”)
    ‎amigo (“male friend”)/‎amiga (“female friend”) + ‎-e → ‎amigue (“friend”)
    ‎abogado (“male lawyer”)/‎abogada (“female lawyer”) + ‎-e → ‎abogade (“lawyer”)

##### Derived terms

* abogade (“lawyer”)
* abuele (“grandparent”)
* alumne (“student”)
* amigue (“friend”)
* argentine (“Argentinian”)
* elle (“they, sie (gender-neutral third-person pronoun)”)
* enemigue (“enemy”)
* extranjere (“foreigner”)
* hermane (“sibling”)
* hije (“offspring”)
* latine (“someone of Latin American descent”)
* médique (“physician”)
* niete (“grandchild”)
* niñe (“child”)
* novie (“romantic partner”)
* prime (“cousin”)
* sobrine (“nibling”)
* vecine (“neighbor”)

### See also

* -a

### Further reading

* “-e”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swahili
### Etymology 1

Other scripts :
| Ajami | ـيْ, ـيِ |

#### Suffix

-e
* (without TAM infix, with -si-, or with -ka-) subjunctive marker
    ili mwende nyumbani ― such that you would go home
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 11:هُنِلِزِ نَمِ كَلِ بَيْنِ ، لِوَاپُ نَسُرَ نِسِ كَتَيْHunelezi nami kali baini, liwapo na-sura nisi katae.Can't you tell it me plainly that I may admit it?
** (without TAM infix) imperative marker
    ikumbukwe ― let it be remembered

##### Usage notes

Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.

#### See also

* Initial
** Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-$^1$
** Negative infinitive: kuto-
** Habitual: hu-$^1$
** Telegrammic: ka-$^1$
* Final
** General (positive indicative): -a
** Positive subjunctive: -e
** Negative present: -i
** Second person plural: -ni
* Infix position positive subject concord
** Positive past: -li-
** Positive present: -na-
** Positive future: -ta-
** Negative subjunctive: -si-$^1$
** Positive present conditional: -nge-
** Negative present conditional: -singe-
** Positive past conditional: -ngali-
** Negative past conditional: -singali-
** Gnomic: -a-$^1$
** Perfect: -me-
** "Already" past: -lisha-
** "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
** "If/When": -ki-$^1$
** "If not": -sipo-
** Consecutive: -ka-$^1$
* Infix position negative subject concord
** Negative past: -ku-$^1$
** Negative future: -ta-
** "Not yet": -ja-$^1$
** Negative present conditional: -nge-
** Negative past conditional: -ngali-
* Relative
** Past: -li-
** Present: -na-
** Future: -taka-
** Negative: -si-
$^1$ Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-e
* suffix used to derive a noun denoting a person or object undergoing an action
    ‎-vimba (“to swell”) + ‎-e → ‎uvimbe (“swelling, expansion”)
    ‎-umba (“to create”) + ‎-e → ‎kiumbe (“creature”)

## Swedish
### Suffix

-e
* Conjugates verbs into the subjunctive mood (archaic except for the past subjunctive of vara: vore)
* Marker of definiteness on past participles ending in -ad
* Marker of plural on past participles ending in -ad
* Marker of definiteness on superlatives ending in -ast
* Marker of definiteness on adjectives describing nouns with masculine semantic gender (sex)
* Creates diminutives of given names and certain nouns, -ie, -y
    Synonyms: -is, -a, -an
    ‎frukost (“breakfast”) + ‎-e → ‎frugge (“brekkie”)
    ‎fisk (“fish”) + ‎-e → ‎firre (“fishie”)
    ‎Jonatan (“Jonathan”) + ‎-e → ‎Jonte (nickname of Jonatan)

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈe/

### Suffix

-e (inflectional)
Form of -a after the vowels E / İ / Ö / Ü.
* to (puts the word into the dative case)

## Tzotzil
### Clitic

-e
* Phrase-final clitic used when an article precedes at least one word.
    ti vinike ― the man

### References

* Aissen, Judith (1987) Tzotzil Clause Structure, p. 3. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. →ISBN

## Ye'kwana
### Alternative forms

* -ye, -ke, -∅ (allomorphs)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-e]

### Suffix

-e
* Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).
* Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate: in order to, for the purpose of, to, for

#### Usage notes

This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form -ke when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of k, -ye when the preceding syllable ends in i, -e when it ends in u or ü or a reduced syllable, and -∅ (a null suffix) after other vowels (a, e, o, ö).
It is unclear if t- -e is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -e.
The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-e”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 151–152, 154, 437