# 午

| 午 | U+5348, &#21320; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5348 |
| ← 升 [U+5347] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 卉 → [U+5349] |

## Translingual
### Han character

午 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人十 (OJ) or 難人十 (XOJ), four-corner 8040$_0$, composition ⿱𠂉十 or ⿰丿干)

#### Derived characters

* 仵, 吘, 㞰, 忤, 汻, 迕, 旿, 㬳, 杵, 玝, 許(许), 啎, 缶, 年, 㷏
* 𠖴, 𡉦, 𱙈, 𭘔, 𪭟, 𢨵, 𭠕, 𰝿, 𥘪, 𥄭, 𥐭, 𫀩, 𥾿, 𰭷, 𪞸, 𧺴, 𲆨, 𠵦, 𬮫, 𫒍, 𩵱(𬶉), 𬩕, 𬑩
* 𰆍, 𫠧, 𪟳, 𰕝, 𢆏, 𨳱, 𨾟, 𩑤, 𫔦, 𫧬, 𡗧, 𭓠, 𦬶, 𱑔, 𠨺, 𤵍, 𢦩, 𨳰
* 𫏿, 𦥽, 𱑒, 𭘾, 𦈢, 𠉖, 𪷋, 𲅝, 𭬁, 𥿵, 𬝀, 𭅦, 𬆋

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 156, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2703
* Dae Jaweon: page 354, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 406, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5348

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 午 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 卸 | *sŋjaːs |
| 汻 | *hŋaːŋʔ |
| 滸 | *hŋaːʔ |
| 午 | *ŋaːʔ |
| 仵 | *ŋaːʔ |
| 旿 | *ŋaːʔ |
| 忤 | *ŋaːs |
| 迕 | *ŋaːs |
| 杵 | *ŋ̊ʰjaʔ |
| 籞 | *ŋaʔ |
| 蘌 | *ŋaʔ |
| 篽 | *ŋaʔ |
| 禦 | *ŋaʔ, *ŋas |
| 許 | *hŋaʔ |
| 御 | *ŋas |
Pictogram (象形) – a pestle (now written 杵). Unrelated to 干. See the central component of 舂 and 秦 in their original version.

### Etymology 1

Norman (1985) proposed connection with Austroasiatic; Ferlus (2013) noted a "[g]ood correspondence" between Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ (whence Vietnamese ngựa) and Old Chinese reconstructions like *m-qʰˁaʔ (Baxter-Sagart) and *ᵀs.ŋaʔ (Ferlus). Also compare Proto-Hlai *hŋaːʔ (“horse”), Proto-Kra *ŋja C (“horse”).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposed 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ)'s cognacy with 啎 (OC *ŋaːs) "to meet head on" and 御 (OC *ŋas) "to meet in (battle)" and suggested that "the moon at its full phase opposes the sun directly in the sky, meaning *ŋaaʔ 午 is probably to be glossed, given *-ʔ , ‘facing stage’". Schuessler (2007) regarded 午 (OC ŋâh) "to go against" as a mere graphic variant of 啎 and thus deemed the sense "to go against" distinct from the "earthly branch" sense.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wǔ (wu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨˇ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): wǔ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ng$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ńg
    (Hailu, HRS): ng$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): n$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngù
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngū
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ngó͘ / gó͘ / ngō͘ / gō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngou$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$u; $^6$wu; $^6$ng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǔ
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^3$
*** Yale: wǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuu
*** Palladius: у (u)
*** Sinological IPA : /u²¹⁴/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: wǔ
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): wu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /u¹¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ng$^5$
*** Yale: ńgh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ng$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋ̍¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ńg
*** Hakka Romanization System: ng$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋ̍³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ng$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: n$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /n̩³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngù
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋu⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngū
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋu³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gô
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhao'an, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngó͘
*** Tâi-lô: ngóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Taipei): /ŋɔ̃⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Hui'an, Yongchun)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gó͘
*** Tâi-lô: góo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Yongchun): /ɡɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /ɡɔ⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangpu, Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, dated in Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngō͘
*** Tâi-lô: ngōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Xiamen): /ŋɔ̃²²/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /ŋɔ̃u³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gō͘
*** Tâi-lô: gōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: go
*** IPA (Changtai): /ɡeu²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡɔ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Xiamen): /ɡɔ²²/
* ngó͘/gó͘ — literary;
* ngō͘ — popular (俗) variant;
* gō͘ — chiefly in 午時.
* Middle Chinese: nguX
Rime :
| Character | 午 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 疑古切 |
| Baxter | nguX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋo$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋo$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ng$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m].qʰˤaʔ/, /*m-qʰˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 午 | 午 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wǔ | wǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngu$^X$ › | ‹ ngu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[m].qʰˁaʔ/ | /*m-qʰˁaʔ/ |
| English | 7th earthly branch | resist; cross-wise |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 午 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13169 |
| Phonetic component | 午 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 五 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋaːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

午
* the seventh of twelve earthly branches:
** (historical or astrology) the seventh year of the Jovian orbital cycle
** (archaic) the fifth month of the Chinese traditional calendar
** (historical or archaic) the "Chinese" or "double hour" from 11 am to 1 pm
** noon (precisely)

##### Coordinate terms

* (Chinese earthly branches) 地支 (dìzhī); 子 (zǐ), 丑 (chǒu), 寅 (yín), 卯 (mǎo), 辰 (chén), 巳 (sì), 午 (wǔ), 未 (wèi), 申 (shēn), 酉 (yǒu), 戌 (xū), 亥 (hài)

##### Hypernyms

* (as an earthly branch): 地支 (dìzhī)
* (as precisely noon): 小時／小时 (xiǎoshí), 時候／时候 (shíhou)

#### Compounds

* 下午 (xiàwǔ)
* 上午 (shàngwǔ)
* 下午茶 (xiàwǔchá)
* 中午 (zhōngwǔ)
* 交午
* 亭午 (tíngwǔ)
* 亭午夜分
* 傍午 (bàngwǔ)
* 午井 (Wǔjǐng)
* 午供
* 午前 (wǔqián)
* 午夜 (wǔyè)
* 午夜牛郎
* 午宴 (wǔyàn)
* 午後 / 午后 (wǔhòu)
* 午日 (Wǔrì)
* 午時 / 午时 (wǔshí)
* 午正 (wǔzhèng)
* 午炮
* 午牌 (wǔpái)
* 午睡 (wǔshuì)
* 午覺 / 午觉 (wǔjiào)
* 午錯 / 午错
* 午門 / 午门 (wǔmén)
* 午間 / 午间 (wǔjiān)
* 午飯 / 午饭 (wǔfàn)
* 午餐 (wǔcān)
* 卓午
* 卯酉子午
* 向午
* 子午卯酉
* 子午線 / 子午线 (zǐwǔxiàn)
* 子午蓮 / 子午莲
* 工作午餐
* 庭午
* 打午尖
* 旁午
* 晌午
* 晌午歪
* 正午 (zhèngwǔ)
* 營養午餐 / 营养午餐
* 甲午戰爭 / 甲午战争 (Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng)
* 當午 / 当午
* 祁奚舉午 / 祁奚举午
* 端午 (Duānwǔ)
* 端午節 / 端午节 (Duānwǔjié)
* 紅日當午 / 红日当午
* 舛午
* 蜂午並起 / 蜂午并起
* 西午 (Xīwǔ)
* 過午 / 过午
* 重午
* 題鳳題午 / 题凤题午
* 餉午 / 饷午

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 午 – see 舞 (“to dance; dance; dancing; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 舞).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* “午”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* noon

#### Readings

* Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
* Kun: うま (uma, 午)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 午
* うま Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
From 馬 (uma, “horse”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うま [ùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɯ̟ma̠]
* Homophone: 馬

#### Proper noun

午(うま) • (Uma)
* the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
    Hypernyms: 十二支, 地支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 午
* ご Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 午 (ngu$^X$).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ご [góꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡo̞]

#### Noun

午(ご) • (go)
* noon

##### Derived terms

* 午(ご)前(ぜん) (gozen, “a.m.”)
* 午(ご)後(ご) (gogo, “p.m.”)

#### Proper noun

午(ご) • (Go)
* the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches
    Hypernyms: 十二支, 地支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 午 (MC nguX).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅩᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǒ) | ᅌᅩᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǒ) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [o̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [오(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 午 (eumhun 낮 오 (nat o))
* hanja form of 오 (“noon; daytime”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 갑오 (甲午, gabo)
* 단오 (端午, dano)
* 오수 (午睡, osu)
* 오시 (午時, osi)
* 오전 (午前, ojeon, “morning; a.m.”)
* 오찬 (午餐, ochan)
* 오후 (午後, ohu, “afternoon”)
* 정오 (正午, jeong'o, “noon”)
* 하오 (下午, hao)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

午: Hán Nôm readings: ngọ, ngỏ, ngõ
* chữ Hán form of Ngọ (“seventh of the twelve earthly branches”).
    Hypernyms: 地支, 十二支
    Coordinate terms: 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥

#### Compounds

* 丙午 (Bính Ngọ)
* 壬午 (Nhâm Ngọ)
* 庚午 (Canh Ngọ)
* 戊午 (Mậu Ngọ)
* 甲午 (Giáp Ngọ)