# ka- -an
## Cebuano
### Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an, compare kina- -an, Tagalog ka- -an, Malay ke- -an. Compare ka-, and -an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka an/

### Circumfix

ka- -an (Badlit spelling ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)
* (added to inanimate nouns) indicates a place where such objects are found
    Synonyms: -an, -anan
    ‎sagbot (“grass, weed”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagbotan (“grassland”)
    ‎saging (“banana”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagingan (“banana plantation”)
* (added to nouns) forms collective nouns
    ‎tawo (“human”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katawhan (“people”)
    ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadagatan (“seas (collectively)”)
** forms proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place
    ‎Bisaya (“Visayan people”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisay-an (“Visayas region”)
** forms numerals that are multiples of ten
    ‎duha (“two”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaluhaan (“twenty”)
* (added to adjectives or verbs) forms abstract nouns
    Synonyms: ka-, pagka-, ka- -on
    ‎batan-on (“young”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabatan-onan (“youth”)
    ‎husay (“orderly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahusayan (“peace, resolution”)
    ‎daog (“to win”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadaogan (“victory”)

#### Usage notes

* In forming abstract nouns, ka- and pagka- are more productive in colloquial language.
* Placement of stress:
** Sense 1: Stress is placed on the last syllable (-an)
    ‎ságing → ‎kasagingán
    ‎káhoy → ‎kakahoyán
** The rest: Stress is usually placed on the penultimate syllable after affixation:
    ‎batán-on → ‎kabatan-ónan
    ‎daóg → ‎kadaógan
* When attached directly after a vowel without a glottal stop, an epenthetic /h/ is usually inserted between the two vowels. However, this isn't always the case, as /ʔ/ (glottal stop) may be inserted in this position instead.
    ‎ulo → ‎kaulohan, but
    ‎higala → ‎kahigalaan
** In a handful of cases, an epenthetic /nʔ/ is inserted instead:
    ‎lalaki → ‎kalalakin-an
    ‎babaye → ‎kababayin-an
* In some affixations, the vowel in the syllable before or after the stressed syllable is typically omitted, as long as it does not break the language's CVCCVC syllable structure. After which metathesis or some other sound change may happen to consonants in awkward positions.
    *kaʔupátan > *kaʔpátan > kapʔátan (kap-atan)
    *kabisáyaʔan > Kabisáyʔan (Kabisay-an)
    *kapupúluʔan > *kapupúlʔan > kapupúdʔan (kapupud-an)
** This is not universally observed; more so in colloquial, newly-derived words

## Kangean
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka an/

### Etymology 1
#### Circumfix

ka- -an
* -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".
    kabecekan ― kindness
    kakarepan ― eagerness
    kaleburan ― loveliness
    kanyamanan ― palatableness
* -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.
    kasaraan ― hardship
* -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
    kalempongan ― perplexity
* Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
    kadipatenan ― duchy

### Etymology 2
#### Circumfix

ka- -an
* -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.
    ‎takok (“fright”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katakokan (“frightened”)
    ‎tagersok (“shock”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katagersokan (“shocked”)

### Etymology 3
#### Circumfix

ka- -an
* (usually colloquial) adjective forming for very [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.
    ‎raje (“huge”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karajean (“too big”)
    ‎dumik (“small”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadumikan (“too small”)
    ‎seang (“midday”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaseangan (“too late; overslept”)

## Kankanaey
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /ka an/ [k̠ʌ ʌn]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: ka- -an

### Circumfix

ka- -an
* used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place
    ‎Igorot (“Igorot”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kaigorotan (“the Igorots, Igorot village”)
    ‎Baguio (“Baguio”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabaguioan (“the people of Baguio, the area of Baguio”)
    ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“the people of Manila, the area of Manila”)
* used to form nouns indicating a reciprocal relation
    ‎badang (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabadangan (“helper”)
    ‎inom (“drink”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kainoman (“group of people with whom to drink”)
    ‎turog (“sleep”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katurogan (“group of people with whom to sleep”)
* used to form nouns indicating the time period wherein it is about to happen
    ‎mangan (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamanganan (“about time to eat”)
    ‎bisin (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabisinan (“about to be hungry”)
    ‎riing (“wake up”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kariingan (“about to wake up”)
* used to form nouns indicating the location where it happened
    ‎sitek (“dirty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasitekan (“dirty place”)
    ‎taray (“run”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katarayan (“the place where [the subject] ran”)
    ‎pukaw (“steal”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapukawan (“the place where [the subject] was stolen”)
* used to form nouns indicating the act of doing the action expressed by the root, or the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed
    ‎natey (“death”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanateyan (“cause of death”)
    ‎suro (“teach”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasuroan (“the act of teaching”)
    ‎aramid (“do”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaaramidan (“the act of doing, creating”)
* used to form the superlative degree of an adjective
    ‎laing (“wise”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kalaingan (“wisest”)
    ‎kulit (“naughty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kakulitan (“naughtiest”)
    ‎bangsit (“smelly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabangsitan (“smelliest”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* Jervera C. Domogen (2022 June 21) “The Philippine Kankanaey -An Morpheme”, in IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal‎, volume 4, number 2, →DOI, pages 307-316

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* ca- -an — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling
* ka- -han
* ka- -nan

### Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ka an/ [kɐ ɐn̪]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: ka- -an

### Circumfix

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)
* used to form abstract nouns
    ‎payapa (“peaceful”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapayapaan (“peace”)
    ‎malay (“awareness”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamalayan (“consciousness”)
* used to form nouns indicating a larger location
    ‎gubat (“woods”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagubatan (“forest”)
    ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karagatan (“ocean”)
* used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place
    ‎Tagalog (“Tagalog”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Katagalugan (“Tagalog area”)
    ‎Bisaya (“Visayan”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisayaan (“Visayas; Visayan area”)
    ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila; Manila area”)
* used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”
    ‎ibig (“love”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaibigan (“friend; person who receives love from someone; lover”)
    ‎halik (“kiss”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahalikan (“person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate”)

#### Usage notes

* Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur by epenthesis and /h/ becomes /n/.
    ‎saya + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasiyahan
    ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan
    ‎gusto + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagustuhan
    ‎bihasa + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabihasnan
* Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.
    ‎baliktad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabaliktaran
    ‎lunod + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanluran
    ‎gawad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagawaran
    ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan
    ‎dangal + ‎ka- -an → ‎karangalan
    ‎danas + ‎ka- -an → ‎karanasan
* Sense 4: The ka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts to the penultimate syllable.
* Nouns containing this affix are generally treated as uncountable nouns, but some such words usually referring to people have been used as countable nouns even in formal usage (e.g. public speeches, news reporting), such as with kalalakihan (“men; male people in general”) and kabataan (“youth; young people in general”). Such usage has been repeatedly denounced by the Commission on the Filipino Language (KWF).

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* Kana, naka-, kana, anak