# crua
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈkɾu.ə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈkɾu.a]

### Adjective

crua
* feminine singular of cru

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish crúaid (“hard, stern”), from Proto-Celtic *kroudis, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

#### Alternative forms

* cruaidh (superseded)

#### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /kɾˠuəɟ/, [kɾˠuɛ̯ɟ] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)
* (Connacht) IPA: /kɾˠuə/
* (Ulster) IPA: /kɾˠuəj/, [kɾˠui̯] (corresponding to the pre-reform spelling cruaidh)

#### Adjective

crua (comparative crua or cruacha)
* hard, firm
* difficult
* severe

##### Declension

$^1$ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. $^2$ When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.
* Alternative comparative form: cruacha (Cois Fharraige)

##### Derived terms

* casacht chrua thirim
* crua sa bholg (“constipated”)
* crua sa chorp
* crua-adhmad (“hardwood”)
* crua-ae (“liver”)
* crua-ailse (“scirrhus”)
* crua-aimsir (“severe weather”)
* crua-chlár
* crua-chré (“stoneware”)
* crua-earra (“(article of) hardware”)
* cruabhéalach
* cruabheirithe
* cruabhruite (“hard-baked; hard-boiled”)
* cruach
* cruachaol (“thin and hardy, wiry”)
* cruachás (“predicament; difficulty, distress”)
* cruacheist (“difficult question; conundrum”)
* cruachiseal (“hardpan”)
* cruachlár (“hardboard”)
* cruachomhla (“hard valve”)
* cruachraicneach
* cruachroíoch
* cruachroíocht (“hard-heartedness”)
* cruacht (“hardness; hardiness; stinginess”)
* cruadhéanta
* cruaigh (“harden”)
* cruáil (“hardship, adversity; cruelty; stinginess”)
* crualuachair (“dwarf club-rush”)
* cruamhuineálach
* cruán (“solid; hard ground”)
* deoch chrua (“drink of strong spirits”)
* uisce crua (“hard water”)

#### Further reading

* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “cruaiḋ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

### Etymology 2

From Middle Irish crúaide, from Old Irish crúaid (“hard”) + -e (noun-forming suffix)

#### Alternative forms

* cruaidhe (superseded)

#### Noun

crua f (genitive singular crua)
* hardness

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
crua
vocative
a chrua
genitive
crua
dative
crua
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an chrua
genitive
na crua
dative
leis an gcrua don chrua :

#### Noun

crua m (genitive singular cruaite)
* Alternative form of cruachan (“hardening”)

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
crua
vocative
a chrua
genitive
cruaite
dative
crua
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an crua
genitive
an chruaite
dative
leis an gcrua don chrua :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

#### Further reading

* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “cruaiḋe”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 202
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crua”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 45, page 24
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 152, page 59

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin crūdam.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɾu.a/
* Rhymes: -ua

### Adjective

crua
* feminine singular of cruu

#### Descendants

* Galician: crúa
* Portuguese: crua

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɾu.ɐ/
* Rhymes: -uɐ
* Hyphenation: cru‧a

### Adjective

crua
* feminine singular of cru

## Venetan
### Adjective

crua f sg
* feminine singular of cruo