# humus
## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin humus.

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: hyo͞o'məs, IPA: /ˈhjuːməs/
* Rhymes: -uːməs

#### Noun

humus (usually uncountable, plural humuses)
* A large group of natural organic compounds, found in the soil, formed from the chemical and biological decomposition of plant and animal residues and from the synthetic activity of microorganisms.

##### Hypernyms

* organic matter

##### Meronyms

* humic acid

##### Translations
#### See also

* compost
* mulch

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Turkish humus or Arabic حُمُّص (ḥummuṣ).

#### Noun

humus (uncountable)
* Alternative spelling of hummus (“chickpea dip”)

### Anagrams

* mu shu

## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin humus (“earth, soil”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈu.mus]

### Noun

humus m (plural humusos)
* humus

#### Derived terms

* húmic

#### Related terms

* humícola
* humífer
* humificació
* inhumació
* inhumar

### Further reading

* “humus” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Czech
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin humus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦumus]
* Hyphenation: hu‧mus

### Noun

humus m inan
* humus

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “humus”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “humus”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin humus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɦy.mʏs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: hu‧mus
* Homophone: hummus (some speakers)

### Noun

humus m (uncountable)
* humus (soil organic matter)
* (by extension) compost

#### Derived terms

* humusrijk

## Finnish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin humus

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhumus/, [ˈhumus̠]
* Rhymes: -umus
* Hyphenation: hu‧mus

### Noun

humus
* humus

#### Declension

Possessive forms of humus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
humukseni
humukseni
accusative
nom.
humukseni
humukseni
gen.
humukseni
genitive
humukseni
humusteni humuksieni
partitive
humustani
humuksiani
inessive
humuksessani
humuksissani
elative
humuksestani
humuksistani
illative
humukseeni
humuksiini
adessive
humuksellani
humuksillani
ablative
humukseltani
humuksiltani
allative
humukselleni
humuksilleni
essive
humuksenani
humuksinani
translative
humuksekseni
humuksikseni
abessive
humuksettani
humuksittani
instructive
comitative
—humuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
humuksesi
humuksesi
accusative
nom.
humuksesi
humuksesi
gen.
humuksesi
genitive
humuksesi
humustesi humuksiesi
partitive
humustasi
humuksiasi
inessive
humuksessasi
humuksissasi
elative
humuksestasi
humuksistasi
illative
humukseesi
humuksiisi
adessive
humuksellasi
humuksillasi
ablative
humukseltasi
humuksiltasi
allative
humuksellesi
humuksillesi
essive
humuksenasi
humuksinasi
translative
humukseksesi
humuksiksesi
abessive
humuksettasi
humuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—humuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
humuksemme
humuksemme
accusative
nom.
humuksemme
humuksemme
gen.
humuksemme
genitive
humuksemme
humustemme humuksiemme
partitive
humustamme
humuksiamme
inessive
humuksessamme
humuksissamme
elative
humuksestamme
humuksistamme
illative
humukseemme
humuksiimme
adessive
humuksellamme
humuksillamme
ablative
humukseltamme
humuksiltamme
allative
humuksellemme
humuksillemme
essive
humuksenamme
humuksinamme
translative
humukseksemme
humuksiksemme
abessive
humuksettamme
humuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—humuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
humuksenne
humuksenne
accusative
nom.
humuksenne
humuksenne
gen.
humuksenne
genitive
humuksenne
humustenne humuksienne
partitive
humustanne
humuksianne
inessive
humuksessanne
humuksissanne
elative
humuksestanne
humuksistanne
illative
humukseenne
humuksiinne
adessive
humuksellanne
humuksillanne
ablative
humukseltanne
humuksiltanne
allative
humuksellenne
humuksillenne
essive
humuksenanne
humuksinanne
translative
humukseksenne
humuksiksenne
abessive
humuksettanne
humuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—humuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
humuksensa
humuksensa
accusative
nom.
humuksensa
humuksensa
gen.
humuksensa
genitive
humuksensa
humustensa humuksiensa
partitive
humustaan humustansa
humuksiaan humuksiansa
inessive
humuksessaan humuksessansa
humuksissaan humuksissansa
elative
humuksestaan humuksestansa
humuksistaan humuksistansa
illative
humukseensa
humuksiinsa
adessive
humuksellaan humuksellansa
humuksillaan humuksillansa
ablative
humukseltaan humukseltansa
humuksiltaan humuksiltansa
allative
humukselleen humuksellensa
humuksilleen humuksillensa
essive
humuksenaan humuksenansa
humuksinaan humuksinansa
translative
humuksekseen humukseksensa
humuksikseen humuksiksensa
abessive
humuksettaan humuksettansa
humuksittaan humuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—humuksineen humuksinensa :

#### Derived terms

* humuskerros
* humuspitoinen
* kangashumus
* kuorihumus

### Further reading

* “humus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

humus m (uncountable)
* humus

### Further reading

* “humus”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Alternative forms

* umo
* umus

### Etymology

From Latin humus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈu.mus/
* Rhymes: -umus
* Hyphenation: hù‧mus

### Noun

humus m (invariable)
* humus

### Further reading

* humus in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* umus
* humum

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *homos, from earlier *xomos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰomós, from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”), from earlier **dʰéǵʰoms through internal reconstruction. Cognates include Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn), and Old Church Slavonic землꙗ (zemlja). Related to homō (“human being, man”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈhu.mus/, [ˈhʊmʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈu.mus/, [ˈuːmus]

### Noun

humus f (genitive humī); second declension
* ground, floor
* earth, soil
    Synonyms: terra, solum, tellūs
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 4.559–560:[Triptolemus] prīmus arābit et seret et culta praemia tollet humō[Triptolemus] will be the first to plow and sow and take away the rewards from cultivated soil. (See Triptolemus, Demophon of Eleusis, and Celeus for the ancient Greek myths about a royal family who are presented as humble country folk in the Fasti.)

#### Declension

Second-declension noun, with locative.
Locative used in the sense "on the ground". Irregular ablative singular humū once used by Varro.

#### Derived terms

* humilis
* humō

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: հումուս (humus)
* → Czech: humus
* → Dutch: humus
* → English: humus
* → Finnish: humus
* → French: humus
** → Turkish: humus
* → Galician: humus
* → German: Humus
* → Greek: χούμος (choúmos)
* → Irish: húmas
* → Italian: umus, umo
* → Malay: humus
* → Polish: humus
* → Portuguese: húmus, humo
* → Romanian: humus, humă
* → Russian: гу́мус (gúmus)
* → Serbo-Croatian: ху́мус (húmus)
* → Spanish: humus
* → Swedish: humus

### References

* “humus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “humus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* humus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “humus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 292

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxu.mus/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -umus
* Syllabification: hu‧mus

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic حمص.

#### Alternative forms

* hummus

#### Noun

humus m inan
* hummus (Levantine Arab dip made of chickpea paste with various additions, such as olive oil, fresh garlic, lemon juice, and tahini, often eaten with pitta bread, or as a meze)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin humus.

#### Noun

humus m inan (related adjective humusowy)
* (literary) humus (large group of natural organic compounds, found in the soil, formed from the chemical and biological decomposition of plant and animal residues and from the synthetic activity of microorganisms)
    Synonym: próchnica

##### Declension
### Further reading

* humus in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* humus in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* humus in PWN's encyclopedia

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French humus, from Latin humus.

### Noun

humus n (uncountable)
* humus (in the soil)

#### Declension
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin humus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xǔːmus/
* Hyphenation: hu‧mus

### Noun

húmus m (Cyrillic spelling ху́мус)
* humus

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈumus/ [ˈu.mus]
* Rhymes: -umus
* Syllabification: hu‧mus

### Noun

humus m (plural humus)
* hummus
* humus

### Further reading

* “humus”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Noun

humus c
* humus

#### See also

* hummus

### References

* humus in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* humus in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* humus in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From French humus.

#### Noun

humus (definite accusative humusu, plural humuslar)
* humus

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
humus
humuslar
definite accusative
humusu
humusları
dative
humusa
humuslara
locative
humusta
humuslarda
ablative
humustan
humuslardan
genitive
humusun
humusların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
humusum
humuslarım
2nd singular
humusun
humusların
3rd singular
humusu
humusları
1st plural
humusumuz
humuslarımız
2nd plural
humusunuz
humuslarınız
3rd plural
humusları
humusları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
humusumu
humuslarımı
2nd singular
humusunu
humuslarını
3rd singular
humusunu
humuslarını
1st plural
humusumuzu
humuslarımızı
2nd plural
humusunuzu
humuslarınızı
3rd plural
humuslarını
humuslarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
humusuma
humuslarıma
2nd singular
humusuna
humuslarına
3rd singular
humusuna
humuslarına
1st plural
humusumuza
humuslarımıza
2nd plural
humusunuza
humuslarınıza
3rd plural
humuslarına
humuslarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
humusumda
humuslarımda
2nd singular
humusunda
humuslarında
3rd singular
humusunda
humuslarında
1st plural
humusumuzda
humuslarımızda
2nd plural
humusunuzda
humuslarınızda
3rd plural
humuslarında
humuslarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
humusumdan
humuslarımdan
2nd singular
humusundan
humuslarından
3rd singular
humusundan
humuslarından
1st plural
humusumuzdan
humuslarımızdan
2nd plural
humusunuzdan
humuslarınızdan
3rd plural
humuslarından
humuslarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
humusumun
humuslarımın
2nd singular
humusunun
humuslarının
3rd singular
humusunun
humuslarının
1st plural
humusumuzun
humuslarımızın
2nd plural
humusunuzun
humuslarınızın
3rd plural
humuslarının
humuslarının :

### Etymology 2

From Arabic حُمُّص (ḥummuṣ).

#### Noun

humus (definite accusative humusu, plural humuslar)
* hummus

### References

* “humus”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu