# 海水
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hǎishuǐ
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ фи (he fi, II-II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoi$^2$ seoi$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hoi$^2$ sui$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hói-súi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hoi$^3$ sui$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): huǒi-sṳ̌
* Eastern Min (BUC): hāi-cūi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai$^3$ zui$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hái-chúi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^2$ zui$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$he-sy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hǎishuǐ [Phonetic: háishuǐ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄕㄨㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hǎishuěi
*** Wade–Giles: hai$^3$-shui$^3$
*** Yale: hǎi-shwěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haeshoei
*** Palladius: хайшуй (xajšuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ фи (he fi, II-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɛ⁵¹ fi⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ seoi$^2$
*** Yale: hói séui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ soey$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ sêu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hoi$^2$ sui$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hᵘɔi⁵⁵ sui⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói-súi
*** Hakka Romanization System: hoi$^ˋ$ sui$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hoi$^3$ sui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹ su̯i³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hoi$^3$ sui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hoɪ³¹ suɪ³¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huǒi-sṳ̌
*** Sinological IPA : /xuɛ²¹ sy²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hāi-cūi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³⁻³⁵ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒui³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hai$^3$ zui$^3$ [Phonetic: hai$^5$ lui$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hâi-cûi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai⁴⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡s-)}$lui⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hai$^3$ zui$^3$ [Phonetic: hai$^5$ lui$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³³²⁻²¹ $^{(t͡s-)}$lui³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hái-chúi
*** Tâi-lô: hái-tsuí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hayzuie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^2$ zui$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hái tsúi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sui⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$he-sy
*** MiniDict: he$^去$ sy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$he-sr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /he³³ sz̩⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xojX sywijX
Rime :
| Character | 海 | 水 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 脂 (18) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 呼改切 | 式軌切 |
| Baxter | xojX | sywijX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hʌi$^X$/ | /ɕˠiuɪ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /həi$^X$/ | /ɕʷᵚi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɒi$^X$/ | /ɕiuɪ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /həj$^X$/ | /ɕjwi$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xᴀi$^X$/ | /ɕjui$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xɒi$^X$/ | /ɕwi$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xɑ̆i$^X$/ | /ɕwi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hǎi | shuǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^2$ | seoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ s.turʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmlɯːʔ qʰʷljilʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 海 | 水 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hǎi | shuǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xoj$^X$ › | ‹ sywij$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-) | /*s.turʔ/ (E dialect: *-r > *-j) |
| English | sea | water; river |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 海 | 水 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9283 | 11948 |
| Phonetic component | 母 | 水 |
| Rime group | 之 | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 海 | 水 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmlɯːʔ/ | /*qʰʷljilʔ/ |

### Noun

海水
* seawater; ocean water
    海水淡化 ― hǎishuǐ dànhuà ― seawater desalinization

#### Derived terms

* 半海水 (bànhǎishuǐ)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 海水(かいすい) (kaisui)
* → Korean: 해수(海水) (haesu)

### References

* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “90 潮水”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 299.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 水 |
| かい Grade: 2 | すい Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 海水 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From 海 (kai, "sea," "ocean") + 水 (sui, "water," "cold water").

### Noun

海(かい)水(すい) • (kaisui)
* seawater

#### Derived terms

* 海水(かいすい)パンツ (kaisui pantsu): men's bathing suit
* 海水温(かいすいおん) (kaisuion): seawater temperature
* 海水魚(かいすいぎょ) (kaisuigyo): saltwater fish
* 海水着(かいすいぎ) (kaisuigi): bathing suit
* 海水帽(かいすいぼう) (kaisuibō): bathing cap
* 海水浴(かいすいよく) (kaisuiyoku): sea bathing
* 海水浴場(かいすいよくじょう) (kaisuiyokujō): swimming area