# karma
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्म (kárma), nom.sg. of कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”); first attested in English in 1785 in a translation of the Bhagavad Gita by Charles Wilkins.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: kärʹ-mə, IPA: /ˈkɑɹmə/
** (UK) IPA: /ˈkɑː.mə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈkɑɹ.mə/
* (India) IPA: /ˈkəɾm(ə)/
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)mə
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma
* Homophones: cama, calmer (non-rhotic)

### Noun

karma (countable and uncountable, plural karmas)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) The sum total of a person's actions, which determine the person's next incarnation in samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.
** 2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, pages 59-60:‘We are all part of a circle of karma. We will be rewarded for the good deeds of our forefathers, and pay the price for their sins.’
* A force or law of nature which causes one to reap what one sows; destiny; fate.
* (uncommon) A distinctive feeling, aura, or atmosphere.
** 2001, Inside the Hits, page 307:That means everything from lighting to the vibes, the karma of the room.
** 2006, Chase Sargent, From Buddy to Boss, page 219:How many times when you have been in a bar have you felt that a confrontation was building up, even without extensive verbal exchanges? Sometimes you can feel the karma or energy of a place change, and you should not ignore that
** 2010, R.L. Roach, Irish Lie, page 135:On the way to Lancaster, which was about an hour and a half from Philly, John felt the karma.
* (Internet) A score assigned to a user or post on some discussion forums, indicating popularity or perceived value.

#### Derived terms

* duskarma
* instant karma
* karma farm
* karmaic
* karma's a bitch
* karma whore
* karmic
* karmic debt

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### References

* “karma”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* karma in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “karma”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Makar, Marak, makar, krama, Karam, Marka

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /karˈma/ [kʌɾˈmʌ]
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Noun

karmá f (plural karmoomí f)
* autumn rainy season

#### Declension

absolutive
karmá
predicative
karmá
subjective
karmá
genitive
karmá
Postpositioned forms
l-case
karmál
k-case
karmák
t-case
karmát
h-case
karmáh :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “karma”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈkar.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈkaɾ.ma]

### Noun

karma m (plural karmes)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Related terms

* kàrmic

### Further reading

* “karma” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkarma]

### Etymology 1

From a commercial name that comes from abbreviated name of its inventor Karel Macháček

#### Noun

karma f
* (technology) tankless water heater, instantaneous water heater

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

#### Noun

karma f
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

##### Declension
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”), possibly via English karma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑr.mɑ/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma
* Rhymes: -ɑrmɑ

### Noun

karma n (uncountable)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Derived terms

* karmisch

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From karmo +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkarma]
* Rhymes: -arma
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Adjective

karma (accusative singular karman, plural karmaj, accusative plural karmajn)
* karmic

## Finnish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”). Appears as headword on p. 341 of the Pieni Tietosanakirja ("Little Encyclopedia") from 1925-28, published by Otava, Helsinki.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑrmɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝rmɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ɑrmɑ
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Noun

karma
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Declension

Possessive forms of karma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karmani
karmani
accusative
nom.
karmani
karmani
gen.
karmani
genitive
karmani
karmojeni karmaini $^{rare}$
partitive
karmaani
karmojani
inessive
karmassani
karmoissani
elative
karmastani
karmoistani
illative
karmaani
karmoihini
adessive
karmallani
karmoillani
ablative
karmaltani
karmoiltani
allative
karmalleni
karmoilleni
essive
karmanani
karmoinani
translative
karmakseni
karmoikseni
abessive
karmattani
karmoittani
instructive
comitative
—karmoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karmasi
karmasi
accusative
nom.
karmasi
karmasi
gen.
karmasi
genitive
karmasi
karmojesi karmaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
karmaasi
karmojasi
inessive
karmassasi
karmoissasi
elative
karmastasi
karmoistasi
illative
karmaasi
karmoihisi
adessive
karmallasi
karmoillasi
ablative
karmaltasi
karmoiltasi
allative
karmallesi
karmoillesi
essive
karmanasi
karmoinasi
translative
karmaksesi
karmoiksesi
abessive
karmattasi
karmoittasi
instructive
comitative
—karmoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karmamme
karmamme
accusative
nom.
karmamme
karmamme
gen.
karmamme
genitive
karmamme
karmojemme karmaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
karmaamme
karmojamme
inessive
karmassamme
karmoissamme
elative
karmastamme
karmoistamme
illative
karmaamme
karmoihimme
adessive
karmallamme
karmoillamme
ablative
karmaltamme
karmoiltamme
allative
karmallemme
karmoillemme
essive
karmanamme
karmoinamme
translative
karmaksemme
karmoiksemme
abessive
karmattamme
karmoittamme
instructive
comitative
—karmoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karmanne
karmanne
accusative
nom.
karmanne
karmanne
gen.
karmanne
genitive
karmanne
karmojenne karmainne $^{rare}$
partitive
karmaanne
karmojanne
inessive
karmassanne
karmoissanne
elative
karmastanne
karmoistanne
illative
karmaanne
karmoihinne
adessive
karmallanne
karmoillanne
ablative
karmaltanne
karmoiltanne
allative
karmallenne
karmoillenne
essive
karmananne
karmoinanne
translative
karmaksenne
karmoiksenne
abessive
karmattanne
karmoittanne
instructive
comitative
—karmoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karmansa
karmansa
accusative
nom.
karmansa
karmansa
gen.
karmansa
genitive
karmansa
karmojensa karmainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
karmaansa
karmojaan karmojansa
inessive
karmassaan karmassansa
karmoissaan karmoissansa
elative
karmastaan karmastansa
karmoistaan karmoistansa
illative
karmaansa
karmoihinsa
adessive
karmallaan karmallansa
karmoillaan karmoillansa
ablative
karmaltaan karmaltansa
karmoiltaan karmoiltansa
allative
karmalleen karmallensa
karmoilleen karmoillensa
essive
karmanaan karmanansa
karmoinaan karmoinansa
translative
karmakseen karmaksensa
karmoikseen karmoiksensa
abessive
karmattaan karmattansa
karmoittaan karmoittansa
instructive
comitative
—karmoineen karmoinensa :

### Further reading

* “karma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
IPA: /kaʁ.ma/

### Noun

karma m (plural karmas)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma
* (slang) an unpleasant or negative environment.

### Further reading

* “karma”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkɒrmɒ]
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma
* Rhymes: -mɒ

### Etymology 1

karom (“claw”) +‎ -a (possessive suffix)

#### Noun

karma
* third-person singular single-possession possessive of karom

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

#### Noun

karma
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

##### Derived terms

* karmikus

### References

* ↑ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

### Anagrams

* kamra, marka

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʰarma/
* Rhymes: -arma

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

#### Noun

karma n (genitive singular karma, no plural)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

karma
* indefinite accusative plural of karmur
* indefinite genitive plural of karmur

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Sanskrit कर्म (karma), कर्मन् (karman), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *kárma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kárma, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /karma/
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Noun

karma
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma,
** (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) the sum total of a person's actions, which determine the person's next incarnation in samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth
** a force or law of nature which causes one to reap what one sows; destiny; fate

#### Related terms

* karya
* kerja

### Further reading

* “karma” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, action, performance”), from the root कृ (kṛ, “to do, make”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷer- (“to do, make, build”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkar.ma/
* Rhymes: -arma
* Hyphenation: kàr‧ma

### Noun

karma m (invariable)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma
* (colloquial) karma (divine retribution in a non-religious context)

#### Derived terms

* karmico

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkar.ma/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Lasovia) IPA: /ˈkar.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -arma
* Syllabification: kar‧ma
* Homophone: Karma

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъrmà.

#### Noun

karma f
* fodder (food for pets)
    Synonym: karm
    Coordinate term: pasza
* (Lasovia) hay and straw mix (hay mixed with straw given to cattle)

##### Usage notes

In Standard Polish, the term karma is used for pets, whereas pasza is used for other domesticated animals, such as livestock or poultry.

##### Related terms

* karmidło
* pokarm
* karmić impf

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman). Doublet of karman.

#### Noun

karma f
* (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism) karma (total effect of a person's actions and conduct during the successive phases of their existence)
    Synonym: karman

##### Declension
### Further reading

* karma in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* karma in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* karma in PWN's encyclopedia
* Szymon Matusiak (1880) “karma”, in “Gwara lasowska w okolicy Tarnobrzega, studyjum dyjalektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (I) (in Polish), volume 8, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 174

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkaʁ.mɐ/ [ˈkaɦ.mɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈkaʁ.mɐ/ [ˈkaɦ.mɐ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈkaɾ.mɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈkaʁ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈkaɻ.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈkaɾ.mɐ/
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Noun

karma m (plural karmas)
* Alternative spelling of carma

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English karma or French karma.

### Noun

karma f (uncountable)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Please edit the entry and supply |def= and |pl= parameters to the {{ro-noun-f}} template.

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kârma/
* Hyphenation: kar‧ma

### Noun

kȁrma m (Cyrillic spelling ка̏рма)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaɾma/ [ˈkaɾ.ma]
* Rhymes: -aɾma
* Syllabification: kar‧ma

### Noun

karma m (plural karmas)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

#### Related terms

* kármico

### Further reading

* “karma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Turkish kar- (“to mix”) + -ma.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaɾˈma/

#### Noun

karma (definite accusative karmayı, plural karmalar)
* mixing

##### Declension
#### Adjective

karma
* mixed
    karma eğitim ― mixed education (coeducation)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaɾ.ma/

#### Verb

karma
* second-person singular negative imperative of karmak

### Etymology 3

Probably from English karma, ultimately from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaɾ.ma/

#### Noun

karma (definite accusative karmayı, plural karmalar)
* (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
karma
karmalar
definite accusative
karmayı
karmaları
dative
karmaya
karmalara
locative
karmada
karmalarda
ablative
karmadan
karmalardan
genitive
karmanın
karmaların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
karmam
karmalarım
2nd singular
karman
karmaların
3rd singular
karması
karmaları
1st plural
karmamız
karmalarımız
2nd plural
karmanız
karmalarınız
3rd plural
karmaları
karmaları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
karmamı
karmalarımı
2nd singular
karmanı
karmalarını
3rd singular
karmasını
karmalarını
1st plural
karmamızı
karmalarımızı
2nd plural
karmanızı
karmalarınızı
3rd plural
karmalarını
karmalarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
karmama
karmalarıma
2nd singular
karmana
karmalarına
3rd singular
karmasına
karmalarına
1st plural
karmamıza
karmalarımıza
2nd plural
karmanıza
karmalarınıza
3rd plural
karmalarına
karmalarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
karmamda
karmalarımda
2nd singular
karmanda
karmalarında
3rd singular
karmasında
karmalarında
1st plural
karmamızda
karmalarımızda
2nd plural
karmanızda
karmalarınızda
3rd plural
karmalarında
karmalarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
karmamdan
karmalarımdan
2nd singular
karmandan
karmalarından
3rd singular
karmasından
karmalarından
1st plural
karmamızdan
karmalarımızdan
2nd plural
karmanızdan
karmalarınızdan
3rd plural
karmalarından
karmalarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
karmamın
karmalarımın
2nd singular
karmanın
karmalarının
3rd singular
karmasının
karmalarının
1st plural
karmamızın
karmalarımızın
2nd plural
karmanızın
karmalarınızın
3rd plural
karmalarının
karmalarının :