# Ianuarius
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* iānuārius, Jānuārius, jānuārius, Ian., Jan.

### Etymology

From Iānus (“Janus”) +‎ -ārius.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /i̯aː.nuˈaː.ri.us/, [i̯äːnuˈäːriʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ja.nuˈa.ri.us/, [jänuˈäːrius]

### Adjective

Iānuārius (feminine Iānuāria, neuter Iānuārium); first/second-declension adjective
* of January

#### Usage notes

In Classical Latin, month names were regularly used as adjectives, generally modifying a case-form of mēnsis m sg (“month”) or of one of the nouns used in the Roman calendar to refer to specific days of the month from which other days were counted: Calendae f pl (“calends”), Nōnae f pl (“nones”), Īdūs f pl (“ides”). However, the masculine noun mēnsis could be omitted by ellipsis, so the masculine singular forms of month names eventually came to be used as proper nouns.
The accusative plural adjective forms Aprīlīs, Septembrīs, Octōbrīs, Novembrīs, Decembrīs are ambiguous in writing, being spelled identically to the genitive singular forms of the nouns; nevertheless, the use of ablative singular forms in -ī and comparison with the usage of other month names as adjectives supports the interpretation of -is as an accusative plural adjective ending in Classical Latin phrases such as "kalendas Septembris".

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

### Proper noun

Iānuārius m (genitive Iānuāriī or Iānuārī); second declension
* January
* a male given name

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.
$^1$Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

#### Descendants

* Padanian:
** Romansch: schaner
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: janviér
** Old French: janvier
*** Middle French: janvier
**** French: janvier
***** Haitian Creole: janvye
***** → Iranian Persian: ژانویه (žânviye)
***** → Ladino: janviye
***** → South Azerbaijani: ژانویه (janviyə)
***** → Tunisian Arabic: جانفي (jānvi)
**** Norman: janvyi, jaunvyi, djãvi
*** Walloon: djanvî
*** ⇒ Anglo-Norman: janever
**** → Middle English: Janevere
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: janeyro, janeiro
*** Galician: xaneiro
*** Portuguese: janeiro (see there for further descendants)
*** → Mirandese: Janeiro
** Old Spanish: janero
*** Spanish: enero (see there for further descendants)
* Vulgar Latin:
** ienuārius (see there for further descendants)

##### Borrowings

* → Abkhaz: ажьырныҳәа (ažərnəḥʷa)
* → Afrikaans: Januarie
* → Albanian: janar
* → Amharic: ጃንዩዌሪ (ǧanyuweri)
* → Ancient Greek: Ἰανουάριος (Ianouários)
** Byzantine Greek: Ιανουάριος (Ianouários)
*** Greek: Ιανουάριος (Ianouários)
*** → Romanian: ianuarie (also influenced by Slavic languages)
** → Old Armenian: յունուար (yunuar), յանուար (yanuar), յունվար (yunvar), յանվար (yanvar), յունուվար (yunuvar), յունուարիոս (yunuarios)
*** Armenian: հունվար (hunvar)
* → Arabic: يناير (yanāyir)
* → Breton: Genver
* → Bulgarian: януари (januari)
* → Byzantine Greek: Γεννάριος (Gennários)
** Greek: Γενάρης (Genáris)
*** → Aromanian: Yinar, Yenar, Yienar
*** → Romanian: ghenar
** → Old East Slavic: генуарь (genuarĭ), генуарии (genuarii)
*** → Russian: январь (janvarʹ) (see there for further descendants)
* → Cornish: Genver, Jenver
* → Danish: januar
* → Dutch: januari
* → Dutch Low Saxon: jannewaori
* → Etruscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌉𐌀𐌗 (aniax)
* → Ewe: Yanuar
* → Faroese: januar
* → Old Georgian: იანვარი (ianvari)
** Georgian: იანვარი (ianvari)
* → Greenlandic: januaari
* → German: Januar
** → Estonian: jaanuar
** → Hebrew: יָנוּאָר (yánuar)
** → Hunsrik: Januer
** → Kashubian: januar
** → Luxembourgish: Januar
** → Yiddish: יאַנואַר (yanuar)
* → German Low German: Januar
* → Hungarian: január
* → Icelandic: janúar
* → Irish: Eanáir
* → Kölsch: Jannowaa
* → Latvian: janvāris
* → Limburgish: jannewarie
* → Livonian: janvār
* → Lower Sorbian: januar
* → Luxembourgish: Januar
* → Macedonian: јануари (januari)
* → Maltese: Jannar
* → Middle English: Januarie, januari
** English: January (see there for further descendants)
** Scots: Januar
* → Middle High German: jenner
** Alemannic German: Jänner
    Alsatian: Jänner
    Sense: Jenner, Jänner
    Swabian: Jenner
** Bavarian: Jenna, Jänna
** German: Jänner, Jenner
** Rhine Franconian:
    Galician Palatine German: Jänner
    Lorraine Franconian: Jänner
    Pennsylvania German: Yenner, Yenar
* → North Frisian: janewoore
* → Norwegian Bokmål: januar
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: januar
* → Old Prussian: Janwārs
* → Pennsylvania German: Yanuaar
* → Plautdietsch: Jaun'woa
* → Carpathian Rusyn: януар (januar)
* → Saterland Frisian: Januoar
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: јануар
    Latin script: januar
* → Slovak: január
* → Slovene: januar
* → Somali: janaayo
* → Swedish: januari
* → Tatar: гыйнвар (ğıynwar)
* → Upper Sorbian: januar
* → Proto-Brythonic: *jọnọr
** Middle Welsh: Ionawr
*** Welsh: Ionawr
* → West Flemish: januoari
* → West Frisian: jannewaris

### See also

* Roman calendar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 31, 85
* ↑ Gaeng, Paul A. (1968) An Inquiry into Local Variations in Vulgar Latin: As Reflected in the Vocalism of Christian Inscriptions, page 183
* ↑ Frost, P. (1861) The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, page 161

### Further reading

* “Iānuārius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “Iānuārius” on page 817/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

## Old English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin Iānuārius.

### Proper noun

Ianuarius m
* January
    Synonym: æfterra ġēola

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “Ianuarius”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.