# banyaga
## Cebuano
### Etymology

From Malay berniaga (“trade”), ultimately from Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “merchant”), derived from वाणिज (vāṇija, “merchant, trader”), with semantic change to “rascal”. Compare Ilocano baniaga (“trade”), Tagalog banyaga (“foreigner”).

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: ban‧ya‧ga
* IPA: /banˈjaɡaʔ/ [bɐn̪ˈja.ɡɐʔ]

### Adjective

banyagà
* evil; wicked; mean

### Noun

banyagà
* rascal; scoundrel

## Kapampangan
### Alternative forms

* bangyaga

### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay berniaga (“trade”), ultimately from Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “merchant”), derived from वाणिज (vāṇija, “merchant, trader”). Compare Tagalog banyaga (“foreigner”), Ilocano baniaga. Second sense is a semantic loan from Tagalog banyaga.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bənˈjaɡə/ [bənˈjäː.ɡə]
* Hyphenation: ban‧ya‧ga

### Noun

banyága
* trade
* foreigner

#### Derived terms

* magbanyaga

## Mansaka
### Etymology

From Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka), derived from वाणिज (vāṇija, “merchant, trader”), possibly via Cebuano banyaga (“wicked”).

### Adjective

banyaga
* rude; ill-mannered; uncouth; ungentlemanly

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* baniaga — obsolete

### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay berniaga (“trade”), ultimately from Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “merchant”), derived from वाणिज (vāṇija, “merchant, trader”), with semantic shift to “foreigner”. Compare Ilocano baniaga (“trade”), Kapampangan banyaga (“trade”), Cebuano banyaga (“rascal”), and Tausug banyaga' (“slave”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /banˈjaɡaʔ/ [bɐˈɲaː.ɣɐʔ]
** IPA: (no yod coalescence) /banˈjaɡaʔ/ [bɐn̪ˈjaː.ɣɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -aɡaʔ
* Syllabification: ban‧ya‧ga

### Adjective

banyagà (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜈ᜔ᜌᜄ)
* foreign; alien

### Noun

banyagà (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜈ᜔ᜌᜄ)
* foreigner; alien
    Synonyms: dayuhan, elyen
* (obsolete) wanderer who goes town to town like a stranger [18th–19th c.]
* (obsolete) merchant, peddler, or dealer who goes town to town; huckster [16th–18th c.]

#### Derived terms

* ipagbanyaga
* magbanyaga
* mamanyaga
* pagbanyagaan
* pambanyaga

#### See also

* magbabaliwas
* magdaragang
* maglalako
* mangangalakal

### Further reading

* “banyaga”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* “banyaga”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier
* Santos, Fr. Domingo de los (1835) Tomas Oliva, editor, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: primera, y segunda parte.‎ (in Spanish), La imprenta nueva de D. Jose Maria Dayot
* San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613) Juan de Silva, editor, Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero‎, La Noble Villa de Pila
** page 186: “Contratar) Banyaga (pp) en chifles (q̃ decimos)”
** page 418: “Mercachifles) Banyaga [(pp)] que no para andando daqui paralli.”
** page 586: “Tratante) Banyaga (pp) q̃ anda de vn pueblo en otro”
* Wolff, John U. (1976) “Malay borrowings in Tagalog”, in C.D. Cowan & O.W. Wolters, editors, Southeast Asian History and Historiography: Essays Presented to D. G. E. Hall‎, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, page 351
* Chang, T'ien-Tse (1962) “Malacca and the Failure of the first Portuguese Embassy to Peking”, in Journal of Southeast Asian History‎, volume 3, number 2, The National University of Singapore, page 47