# ram
## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK, General American) enPR: răm, IPA: /ɹæm/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -æm

### Etymology 1

From Middle English ram, rom, ramme, from Old English ramm (“ram”), from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“ram”), possibly from *rammaz (“strong”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Rom (“ram”), Dutch ram (“a male sheep”), German Ramm, Ramme (“ram”). Possibly akin also to Danish ram (“sharp; acrid; rank”), Swedish ram (“strong; perfect”), Faroese ramur (“strong; competent”), Icelandic rammur (“strong; sturdy”).

#### Noun

ram (plural rams)
* (zoology, agriculture) A male sheep, typically uncastrated.
* A battering ram; a heavy object used for breaking through doors.
* (military, nautical, chiefly historical) A warship intended to sink other ships by ramming them.
** 1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 178:About a couple of miles out lay an ironclad very low in the water, almost, to my brother's perception, like a water-logged ship. This was the ram Thunder Child.
* (military, nautical, chiefly historical) A reinforced section of the bow of a warship, intended to be used for ramming other ships.
* A piston powered by hydraulic pressure.
* An act of ramming.
* A weight which strikes a blow, in a ramming device such as a pile driver, steam hammer, or stamp mill.
** 1952 July, W. R. Watson, “Sankey Viaduct and Embankment”, in Railway Magazine, page 487:He describes the operation thus: "The heavy ram employed to impart the finishing strokes, hoisted up with double purchase and snail's pace to the summit of the Piling Engine, and then falling down like a thunderbolt on the head of the devoted timber, driving it perhaps a single half inch in to the stratum below, is well calculated to put to the test the virtue of patience, while it illustrates the old adage of—slow and sure."

##### Hyponyms

(warship intended to sink ships by ramming):
* torpedo ram

##### Coordinate terms

(male sheep):
* chilver
* ewe
* lamb

##### Derived terms

* hydraulic ram
* ram air
* ram air turbine
* ram bow
* ram-cat
* ram cichlid
* ramjet
* ram-pack
* ram-packed
* ram press
* ram pressure
* ramrod
* tunnel ram
* water ram

##### Translations

Abkhaz: аҭыӷь (atəğʲ)
Albanian: dash (sq) m, dak (sq) m
Arabic: كَبْش m (kabš)
Chadian Arabic: كبش m (kabiš)
Egyptian Arabic: خروف m (xarūf)
Aragonese: mardán
Archi: баӏкӏ (bạkʼ)
Armenian: խոյ (hy) (xoy)
Aromanian: birbec (roa-rup), areati (roa-rup) m
Asturian: carneru (ast), oveyu (ast), castrón (ast)
Azerbaijani: qoç, qoyun (az)
Bashkir: тәкә (təkə), һарыҡ тәкәһе (harıq təkəhe)
Basque: ahari (eu)
Belarusian: бара́н m (barán)
Breton: maout (br) m, tourz (br) m
Budukh: викьер (viqʼer)
Bulgarian: ове́н (bg) m (ovén), коч (bg) m (koč)
Burmese: သိုးထီး (my) (sui:hti:)
Catalan: marrà (ca) m
Chinese:
Mandarin: 公羊 (zh) (gōngyáng)
Crimean Tatar: qoçqar
Czech: beran (cs) m
Danish: vædder c
Dutch: ram (nl) m
Egyptian: (zr)
Esperanto: virŝafo
Estonian: oinas (et) (castrated; wether), jäär; (et) (non-castrated), päss (non-castrated)
Faroese: veðrur m, (archaic) veður
Finnish: pässi (fi)
French: bélier (fr) m
Friulian: roc m
Galician: carneiro (gl) m, marón m, brexo m, borro (gl) m, carnocho m, rexelo (gl) m, bidente m
Georgian: ვერძი (verʒi)
German: Schafbock (de) m, Schafsbock (de) m, Widder (de) m, Hammel (de) m (castrated), Schöps (de) m (castrated; regional, eastern Germany, Austria)
Greek: κριάρι (el) n (kriári), κριός (el) m (kriós)
Ancient: κριός m (kriós)
Gutnish: vädrä m
Hebrew: אַיִל (he) m (áyil)
Hindi: मेंढ़ा m (mẽṛhā), भेड़ा (hi) m (bheṛā), मेष (hi) m (meṣ)
Hungarian: kos (hu)
Icelandic: hrútur (is) m
Inari Sami: vierccâ
Ingrian: porona, pässi
Irish: reithe m
Italian: ariete (it) m, montone (it) m
Japanese: 雄羊 (ja) (おひつじ, ohitsuji)
Javanese: bandhot (jv)
Kashmiri: کَٹھ (kaṭh)
Kazakh: қой (qoi), қошқар (qoşqar)
Korean: 숫양 (ko) (sudyang)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بەران (beran)
Laki: ڤِرەن (viren)
Northern Kurdish: beran (ku) m, beran (ku) m
Southern Kurdish: وەرەن (ku) (weren)
Kyrgyz: кой (ky) (koy), кочкор (kockor)
Ladin: muton m, bagot m, curnëtl
Latin: aries (la) m
Latvian: auns (lv) m, tekulis m
Lithuanian: avinas (lt) m, tekis (lt) m
Low German: Ramm m
Luxembourgish: Widder m, Schofsbock m
Macedonian: овен m (oven)
Manchu: ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka)
Manx: rea m, conrea m (with undescended testes), faase rea m (half-castrated)
Maori: hipi toa
Megleno-Romanian: ăreati m
Mingrelian: ერჯი (erǯi)
Navajo: deenástsʼaaʼ
Northern Sami: vierca
Norwegian:
Bokmål: vær (no) m, saubukk m, sauebukk m
Nynorsk: vêr (nn) m, saubukk m, sauebukk m
Occitan: marran (oc) m
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: овьнъ m (ovĭnŭ)
Glagolitic: ⱁⰲⱐⱀⱏ m (ovĭnŭ)
Old East Slavic: баранъ m (baranŭ), боранъ m (boranŭ)
Ossetian: фыр (fyr)
Ottoman Turkish: قوچ (koç)
Persian: قوچ (fa) (quč), تکل (fa) (tekel), راک (fa) (râk)
Middle Persian: warān
Polabian: sťüp m
Polish: tryk (pl) m, baran (pl) m
Portuguese: carneiro (pt) m, aríete (pt) m
Romani: bakro m
Romanian: berbec (ro) m, arete m
Russian: бара́н (ru) m (barán), (archaic, poetic) ове́н (ru) m (ovén)
Sanskrit: उरण (sa) m (uraṇa)
Scots: tuip
Scottish Gaelic: rùda m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: ован m, баран m (regional)
Roman: ovan (sh) m, baran (sh) m (regional)
Sicilian: crastu (scn) m
Slovak: baran (sk) m
Slovene: oven (sl) m
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: baran m
Spanish: carnero (es) m, morueco m, ariete (es) m, ramiro m
Sundanese: badot
Swedish: bagge (sv), gumse (sv)
Tajik: гӯсфанд (tg) (güsfand), гӯспанд (güspand), қӯшқор (qüšqor), тагал (tagal)
Tarifit: išarri m
Tatar: тәкә (tt) (täkä)
Telugu: పొట్టేలు (te) (poṭṭēlu)
Turkish: koç (tr), koyun (tr)
Ukrainian: бара́н (uk) m (barán)
Uyghur: قوچقار (qochqar)
Uzbek: qoʻchqor (uz), qoʻy (uz)
Vietnamese: cừu đực
Volapük: hijip (vo), hojip (vo) (castrated)
Welsh: hwrdd (cy) m (South), maharen (cy) m (North)
Wolof: kuuy mi
Yiddish: ווידער m (vider)
Yoruba: àgbò
Zazaki: beran (diq) :
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

##### See also

* ewe
* hog
* shearling
* teg
* wether

### Etymology 2

From Middle English rammen, from the noun (see above). Compare Old High German rammen.

#### Verb

ram (third-person singular simple present rams, present participle ramming, simple past and past participle rammed)
* (ambitransitive) To collide with (an object), usually with the intention of damaging it or disabling its function.
    The man, driving an SUV, then rammed the gate, according to police.
** 2016 December 29, M. Kumar, “Snatch thieves accidentally rammed by victim”, in The Star‎, Malaysia:Two snatch thieves who snatched a woman's bag experienced swift karma when their victim accidentally rammed into their motorcycle.
** 2018 October 17, Drachinifel, 25:35 from the start, in Last Ride of the High Seas Fleet - Battle of Texel 1918‎, archived from the original on 4 August 2022:The other ships, either not caring or too badly-damaged to do anything about it, proceed on their mission, with König the last to fall silent, shot to pieces in a last attempt to ram the Bellerophon.
** 2021 December 29, Drachinifel, 21:03 from the start, in The USN Pacific Submarine Campaign - The Dark Year (Dec'41 - Dec'42)‎, archived from the original on 19 July 2022:The only amusing highlight was Gudgeon having managed to exploit U.S. codebreaking efforts to ambush and destroy the submarine I-173, albeit not for the lack of the Mark 14's trying to sabotage the effort, as the torpedo that had hit the sub had refused to detonate; it seemed, however, that the car-crash levels of kinetic energy involved in the dud simply ramming the sub had nonetheless done enough to fatally damage it.
* (transitive) To strike (something) hard, especially with an implement.
    To build a sturdy fence, you have to ram the posts deep into the ground.
* (transitive) To seat a cartridge, projectile, or propellant charge in the breech of a firearm by pushing or striking.
    After placing the cartridge in the musket, ram it down securely with the ramrod.
* (transitive, also figuratively) To force, cram or thrust (someone or something) into or through something.
** 2023 July 4, Marina Hyde, “Who’s for political Bazball with Rishi? Voters? Tories? Anyone?”, in The Guardian‎:Again: great to take lessons in ethics from a guy currently trying to ram through a policy of freighting refugees off to cuddly Rwandan president Paul Kagame.
* (transitive) To fill or compact by pounding or driving.
    rammed earth walls
* (slang) To thrust during sexual intercourse.
** 1999, Mr.Web, Size Matters review by mr. web review Group: rec.arts.movies.erotica
    like feel a soft butt against their pelvis or ram a girl really hard with piston-like speed while she begs and screams for more

##### Derived terms

* overram
* ram home
* ram-jam
* rammed earth
* rammer
* ram something down someone's throat

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Likely from Old Norse ramr, rammr (“strong, rank, bitter”), from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“strong, overbearing; acrid, rank”), perhaps ultimately related to Etymology 1 above. Compare Scots ram (“a rank odour”). Compare also Middle English rammish (“rank, offensive in smell”).

#### Adjective

ram (comparative more ram, superlative most ram)
* (Northern England) Rancid; offensive in smell or taste.

### See also

* ram-don

### Anagrams

* -mar-, AMR, ARM, Arm, Arm., MAR, MRA, Mar, Mar., RMA, arm, mar, mar-

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rāmus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈram]
* Rhymes: -am

### Noun

ram m (plural rams)
* bouquet, bunch
* (architecture) flight of stairs
* (figurative) branch (area in business or of knowledge, research)

#### Derived terms

* ramal
* ramegall
* ramejar
* ramell

### Further reading

* “ram” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “ram” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “ram”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɑm/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ram
* Rhymes: -ɑm

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch ram (“a male sheep”), from Old Dutch *ram, of West-Germanic origin, possibly from Proto-Germanic *rammaz (“strong”). Cognate to English ram (“a male sheep”). The sense "battering ram" was borrowed as a semantic loan from Latin ariēs in Middle Dutch.

#### Noun

ram m (plural rammen, diminutive rammetje n, feminine ooi)
* ram (male sheep)
* male rabbit
* battering ram

##### Derived terms

* rammen
* stormram

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: ram

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ram
* inflection of rammen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### Anagrams

* arm

## Elfdalian
### Adjective

ram
* hoarse

#### Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

## Friulian
### Etymology 1

From Latin rāmus.

#### Noun

ram m (plural rams)
* branch

##### Related terms

* rame

### Etymology 2

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-. Compare Italian rame.

#### Noun

ram m
* copper

## Gerka
### Alternative forms

* ɣam

### Etymology

Related to Ngas am (“water”).

### Noun

ram
* water

### References

* Takács, Gábor (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian, volume 3, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 201, →ISBN:
    […] we should carefully distinguish the following Ch. roots from AA *m-ˀ "water" [GT]:
    (1) Ch. *h-m "water" [GT]: WCh. *hama [Stl.]: AS *ham (Gmy. *hām) [GT 2004, 153] = *am [Stl. 1977] = *ham [Dlg.] = *ham [Stl. 1987]: Gerka ram [ɣam, ref. < *ham] [Ftp. 1911, 221] = ɣàm "Wasser" [Jng. 1965, 174], […]

## Haruai
### Noun

ram
* house

### Further reading

* Dicky Gilbers, John A. Nerbonne, J. Schaeken, Languages in Contact (2000, →ISBN), page 84: "Examples of basic vocabulary items that are shared by Haruai and Kobon but not by Hagahai (on the basis of the lists in Davies and Comrie (1984)) include, for instance: Haruai ram, Kobon ram 'house';"

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈram/, [ˈram]
* Rhymes: -ram
* Hyphenation: ram

### Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic

#### Noun

ram (plural ram-ram)
* rumbling, roaring

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Dutch raam (“window; frame”), from Middle Dutch rame.

#### Noun

ram (plural ram-ram)
* frame
    Synonym: pemidangan
* mesh
* (colloquial) window
    Synonym: jendela

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

ram
* Alternative spelling of eram

### Further reading

* “ram” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Kobon
### Noun

ram
* house

### Further reading

* Bernard Comrie, Switch Reference in Huichol, in Switch-reference and Universal Grammar, edited by John Haiman, Pamela Munro, page 29 (in notes):
    hol bɨ kaj pak-ul ram ud ar-bul
    we-two man pig strike SS-1DU house take go I-1DU
    'we two killed a pig and took it home'
* Dicky Gilbers, John A. Nerbonne, J. Schaeken, Languages in Contact (2000, →ISBN), page 84: "Examples of basic vocabulary items that are shared by Haruai and Kobon but not by Hagahai (on the basis of the lists in Davies and Comrie (1984)) include, for instance: Haruai ram, Kobon ram 'house';"

## Maltese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian rame (“copper”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /raːm/

### Noun

ram m
* (chemistry) copper

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* rame, ramme, rem
* rom (West Midlands)

### Etymology

From Old English ramm, from Proto-West Germanic *ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ram/, (West Midlands) /rɔm/

### Noun

ram (plural rammes)
* male sheep, ram
* (astrology) Aries
* pile driver, battering ram

#### Descendants

* English: ram
* Scots: ram

#### References

* “ram, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-03.

## Middle High German
### Noun

ram
* Alternative form of rame (“frame”)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

ram
* imperative of ramme

## Old English
### Noun

ram m
* Alternative form of ramm

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin rāmus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French raim.

### Noun

ram m (oblique plural rams, nominative singular rams, nominative plural ram)
* branch (of a tree, etc.)

#### Related terms

* ramel

#### Descendants

* Occitan: ram

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rāmus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 39

## Old Tupi
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ram.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní -rã.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɾãm]
* Rhymes: -ãm
* Hyphenation: ram

### Adjective

ram (noun form rama)
* future; coming
    Antonym: pûer
* shall be
** 1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter VII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, Da formição dos Præteritos, & Futuros dos nomes, page 33v:[…] xerâm, nderâm, yrâm.[ […] xe ram, nde ram, i ram.]I shall be, you shall be, they shall be.

#### Derived terms

* pûeram
* -pûeram
* -ram
* -rambûer
* rambûer

#### Descendants

* ⇒ Nheengatu: arama

### References

* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2005) chapter 8, in Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos [Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries]‎ (in Portuguese), 3 edition, São Paulo: Global Editora, →ISBN, O tempo nominal em tupi, pages 108–110
* Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “ram”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 426, column 1

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rāmus, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈram/
* Rhymes: -am
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ram n (plural ramuri)
* (rare) branch, bough
    Synonyms: creangă, ramură

#### Related terms

* dărâma
* ramură
* rămuros

## Romansch
### Etymology 1

From Latin rāmus.

#### Noun

ram m (plural rams)
* (Puter) branch (of tree, river, etc.)
* (Puter, education) subject

##### Alternative forms

* rom (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader)

##### Synonyms

* (branch): (Puter) manzina

### Etymology 2

Germanic borrowing, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *hramu (“frame”).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Noun

ram m (plural rams)
* (Puter) frame, framework

##### Alternative forms

* rom (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader)
* rama (Sursilvan)

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

ram f (plural rams)
* (Puter) knot, gnarl

##### Alternative forms

* rom (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader)

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɑːm/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Swedish rama, borrowed from Middle Low German rāme, from Old Saxon hrama.

#### Noun

ram c
* frame (e.g. around a painting)
* frame, boundaries (the set of options for actions given)
* frame (a context for understanding)
* bicycle frame

##### Descendants

* → Finnish: raami
* → Ingrian: raami

### Etymology 2

From Old Swedish ramber, Old Norse hrammr (“bear's claw; paw”).

#### Noun

ram c
* a front paw of a bear
* (figuratively) a large hand

##### See also

* labb
* tass

### References

* ram in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ram in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ram in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* arm, mar

## Ternate
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾam]

### Verb

ram
* (transitive) to wipe with both hands

#### Conjugation
### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English rum.

### Noun

ram
* rum

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [zaːm˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʐaːm˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɹaːm˧˧]

### Etymology 1
#### Verb

ram • (𤓆)
* (cooking) to sauté then braise with added water or coconut water
    sườn ram ― ribs cooked with such a method

#### See also

* rim

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ram
* (Central Vietnam) fried spring roll
    Synonyms: nem rán, chả giò

### Etymology 3

From French rame.

#### Noun

ram
* ream