# 京都
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīngdū
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ dou$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-to͘ / keng-to͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngdū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingdu
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-tu$^1$
*** Yale: jīng-dū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingdu
*** Palladius: цзинду (czindu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Yale: gīng dōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-to͘
*** Tâi-lô: kiann-too
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã³³ tɔ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-to͘
*** Tâi-lô: king-too
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kengdof
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/
* kiaⁿ-to͘ - vernacular;
* keng-to͘ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kjaeng tu
Rime :
| Character | 京 | 都 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 舉卿切 | 當孤切 |
| Baxter | kjaeng | tu |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ/ | /to/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ/ | /tɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ/ | /to/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ/ | /tu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | dū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ | dou$^1$ |

#### Noun

京都
* (literary) capital city (of a country)
    From: Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3rd century CE
    Zhuó dào, fèi dì wéi Hóngnóng Wáng ér lì Xiàn Dì, jīngdū dàluàn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    From: 816, Bai Juyi, 琵琶行
    Wén chuán zhōng yè dàn pípá zhě, tīng qí yīn, zhēngzhēng rán yǒu jīngdū shēng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language.

##### Synonyms

* 上國 / 上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
* 京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
* 京師 / 京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
* 京華 / 京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
* 京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
* 國家 / 国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
* 國都 / 国都 (guódū)
* 帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
* 王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
* 王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
* 皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
* 神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
* 都城 (dūchéng)
* 都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
* 都門 / 都门 (dūmén) (literary)
* 鎬京 / 镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
* 長安 / 长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
* 首都 (shǒudū)

##### Derived terms

* 京都排骨
* 京都肉排 (Jīngdū ròupái)
* 京都骨 (jīngdōugǔ)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 京都(きょうと) (Kyōto)

##### See also

* 省會／省会 (shěnghuì)
* 首府 (shǒufǔ)

### Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Jīngdū
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ dou$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kiaⁿ-to͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Jīngdū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄉㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jingdu
*** Wade–Giles: Ching$^1$-tu$^1$
*** Yale: Jīng-dū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jingdu
*** Palladius: Цзинду (Czindu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Yale: gīng dōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ dou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kiaⁿ-to͘
*** Tâi-lô: Kiann-too
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

#### Proper noun

京都
* (～市) Kyoto (a city in Kyoto prefecture, Japan)
* (～府) Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 京 | 都 |
| きょう Grade: 2 | と Grade: 3 |
| goon | kan'on |
* Alternative spelling
* 京都 (kyūjitai)
/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/
From Middle Chinese 京都 (kˠiæŋ tuo, literally “capital city”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きょーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲo̞ːto̞]
* Audio:(file)
* (Kyoto) きょ​ーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Kōki)
* Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
   * (the Edo period) HLL
    ※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌). ※ References:

#### Proper noun

京(きょう)都(と) • (Kyōto)
* a placename, especially:
** Short for 京都府 (Kyōto-fu): Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)
** Short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan)
    Synonyms: 京 (Kyō), 京の都 (Kyō no miyako)
* a surname
* a female given name

##### Derived terms

* 京都五山(きょうとござん) (Kyōto Gozan)
* 京都御所(きょうとごしょ) (Kyōto Gosho)
* 京都所司(きょうとしょし)代(だい) (Kyōto Shoshidai)
* 京都代官(きょうとだいかん) (Kyōto Daikan)
* 京都弁(きょうとべん) (Kyōto-ben)
* 京都盆地(きょうとぼんち) (Kyōto Bonchi)
* 京都守護(きょうとしゅご) (Kyōto Shugo)
* 小(しょう)京都(きょうと) (shō-Kyōto)

##### Descendants

* → English: Kyoto
* → Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)
* → Portuguese: Kyoto
* → Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)
* → Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

##### See also

* 上方(かみがた) (Kamigata)
* 京師(けいし) (Keishi)
* 京阪(けいはん) (Keihan, “Kyoto and Osaka”)
* 京(みやこ), 都(みやこ) (miyako)
* 平安(へいあん)京(きょう) (Heian-kyō)
* 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 京 | 都 |
| みやこ ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 3 |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 京都 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 京都 – see the following entry. :
| 【都みやこ】3 | [noun] (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor [noun] (by extension) a capital city [noun] (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified), an economic and political center, a metropolis [noun] (shogi, colloquial) Short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together [proper noun] a placename [proper noun] a surname [proper noun] a female given name Alternative spelling 京 |
(This term, 京都, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* 1 2 3 “きょうと［キャウト］ 【京都】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 京 | 都 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 3 |
* Alternative spelling
* 京都 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕoːtu/

### Proper noun

京都(ちょーとぅ) (Chōtu)
* Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)
* Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan)

### References

* Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 京 | 都 |

### Proper noun

京都
* chữ Hán form of Kinh Đô (“Kyoto”)., a prefecture of Japan
* chữ Hán form of Kinh Đô (“Kyoto”)., the capital city of Kyoto prefecture, Japan