# 窟

| 窟 | U+7A9F, &#31391; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A9F |
| ← 窞 [U+7A9E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 窠 → [U+7AA0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

窟 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十金尸山山 (JCSUU), four-corner 3027$_2$, composition ⿱穴屈)

#### Derived characters

* 𠏅, 𡀙, 𡑣, 𡼿, 𢷈, 㵠, 𦡆, 𥖚, 𠟶

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 866, character 33
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25552
* Dae Jaweon: page 1294, character 32
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2734, character 14
* Unihan data for U+7A9F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 聉 | *r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd |
| 贅 | *kljods |
| 祟 | *sqʰluds |
| 出 | *kʰljuds, *kʰljud |
| 茁 | *ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud |
| 欪 | *qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud |
| 貀 | *ŋr'uːd |
| 袦 | *ŋr'oːd |
| 咄 | *ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 柮 | *sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd |
| 拙 | *kljod |
| 炪 | *kljod, *l̥ʰud |
| 掘 | *ɡlod, *ɡlud |
| 鈯 | *l'uːd |
| 啒 | *kluːd, *qʰluːd |
| 淈 | *kluːd, *ɡluːd |
| 窟 | *kʰluːd |
| 泏 | *kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud |
| 堀 | *kʰluːd, *ɡlud |
| 胐 | *kʰluːd |
| 窋 | *ʔl'ud |
| 絀 | *ʔl'ud |
| 黜 | *l̥ʰud |
| 屈 | *klud, *kʰlud |
| 趉 | *klud |
| 鶌 | *klud |
| 詘 | *kʰlud |
| 倔 | *ɡlud |
| 崛 | *ɡlud, *ŋɡlud |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːd): semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Perhaps related to Burmese ဂူ (gu, “cave”).”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kū (ku$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fat$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fut
    (Hailu, HRS): fud
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiud$^5$ / fud$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): káuk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koh$^6$ / kuoh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khut
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kug$^4$ / kuh$^4$ / uh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$khoq; $^7$khueq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kū
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ku
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^1$
*** Yale: kū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
*** Palladius: ку (ku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fat$^1$
*** Yale: fāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fut
*** Hakka Romanization System: fud$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /fut̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fud
*** Sinological IPA: /fut⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiud$^5$ / fud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiut̚¹/, /fut̚¹/
* Meixian:
** kiud5 - literary;
** fud5 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: khwot
Rime :
| Character | 窟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦骨切 |
| Baxter | khwot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuət̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuot̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwət̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ku |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fat$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤut/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 窟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khwot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁut/ |
| English | cave, hole |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 窟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1565 |
| Phonetic component | 出 |
| Rime group | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 窟 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːd/ |

### Definitions

窟
* cave; hole; cavity
    石窟 ― shíkū ― rock cave
    狡兔三窟 ― jiǎotùsānkū ― a crafty person has more than one hideout (literally, “a crafty rabbit has three burrows”)
* den; lair; a place where a certain kind of people or things gather
    魔窟 ― mókū ― place occupied by sinister forces
    貧民窟／贫民窟 ― pínmínkū ― slum
* (Hokkien) depression; dip; hollow
* (Hokkien) Classifier for holes, cavities, or hollows.
* (obsolete) house made of earth

#### Synonyms

* (depression): 凹陷 (āoxiàn)

### Compounds

* 云岡石窟
* 克孜爾石窟 / 克孜尔石窟
* 吳哥窟 / 吴哥窟 (Wúgēkū)
* 四大石窟
* 屎窟
* 敦煌石窟
* 洞窟 (dòngkū)
* 狡兔三窟 (jiǎotùsānkū)
* 石窟 (shíkū)
* 窟窿 (kūlong)
* 窟窿眼 (kūlongyǎn)
* 窟窿碰撞
* 窟臀
* 莫高窟 (Mògāokū)
* 蟳窟 / 𫊻窟 (Xúnkū)
* 財政窟窿 / 财政窟窿
* 貧民窟 / 贫民窟 (pínmínkū)
* 銷金窟 / 销金窟 (xiāojīnkū)
* 魔窟 (mókū)
* 麥積山石窟 / 麦积山石窟
* 龍門石窟 / 龙门石窟

### References

* “窟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “窟 (～窿)”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 239.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* hole, cave

#### Readings

* Go-on: こち (kochi)
* Kan-on: こつ (kotsu)
* Kan’yō-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: いわや (iwaya, 窟)

### Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 窟 – see the following entry. :
| 【岩屋いわや】 | [noun] a cave [noun] a cavern Alternative spelling 石屋 |
(This term, 窟, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 窟 (MC khwot).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 코ᇙ〮 (Yale: khwólq) | 코ᇙ〮 (Yale: khwólq) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 구무 (Yale: kwùmwù) | 굴〮 (Yale: kwúl) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ku(ː)ɭ]
* Phonetic hangul: [굴(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 窟 (eumhun 굴 굴 (gul gul))
* hanja form of 굴 (“cave; hole”) [noun]

#### Compounds

* See the hangul entry at 굴 (gul) for compounds of 窟.

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

窟: Hán Nôm readings: quật
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.