# 嫌

| 嫌 | U+5ACC, &#23244; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5ACC |
| ← 嫋 [U+5ACB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 嫍 → [U+5ACD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

嫌 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 女廿難金 (VTXC), four-corner 4843$_7$, composition ⿰女兼)

#### Derived characters

* 𥽎, 𫅸

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 269, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6618
* Dae Jaweon: page 536, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1073, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5ACC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 嫌
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 譧 | *r'eːms |
| 賺 | *r'eːms |
| 尲 | *kreːm |
| 鹻 | *kreːmʔ |
| 歉 | *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms |
| 槏 | *kʰreːmʔ |
| 鰜 | *ɡreːm, *keːm |
| 稴 | *ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm |
| 豏 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms |
| 甉 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm |
| 廉 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鎌 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鬑 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 鐮 | *ɡ·rem |
| 簾 | *ɡ·rem |
| 薕 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 蠊 | *ɡ·rem |
| 嬚 | *ɡ·remʔ |
| 溓 | *ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ |
| 嵰 | *kʰremʔ |
| 隒 | *ŋɡremʔ |
| 熑 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 濂 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 燫 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 兼 | *keːm, *keːms |
| 縑 | *keːm |
| 鶼 | *keːm |
| 蒹 | *keːm |
| 搛 | *keːm |
| 謙 | *kʰeːm |
| 膁 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 嗛 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 慊 | *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb |
| 傔 | *kʰeːms |
| 馦 | *qʰeːm |
| 嫌 | *ɡeːm |
| 鼸 | *ɡeːmʔ |
| 尷 | *kreːm |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡeːm): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xián (xian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yiam$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiàm
    (Hailu, HRS): hiam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hiam$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): hǐng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hièng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiam$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xián
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sián
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^2$
*** Yale: syán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jim$^4$
*** Yale: yìhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jim$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːm²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yiam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiam²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiàm
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiam$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯am¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiam
*** Sinological IPA: /hiam⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hiam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiam¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng
*** Sinological IPA : /xiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hièng
*** Sinological IPA : /hieŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiâm
*** Tâi-lô: hiâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiaam
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiam²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiam¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore): /hiam²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiam$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiâm
*** Sinological IPA : /hiam⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit嫌 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕian³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞¹³/ ～疑 /xæ¹³/ ～疼咧 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦi²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiɪ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦiẽ̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ji³¹/ /ɦa³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕiɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hiam¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hiɑm¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jim²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jim²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jim²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiam³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hiam⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiam³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hem
Rime :
| Character | 嫌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 戸兼切 |
| Baxter | hem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦem/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦem/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɛm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦɛm/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣem/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣiem/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣiem/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jim$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤem/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 嫌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hem › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-kˁem/ |
| English | doubt, doubtful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 嫌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6078 |
| Phonetic component | 兼 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嫌 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡeːm/ |

### Definitions

嫌
* to be sick of; to be tired of; to be fed up with
* (Cantonese, transitive) to mind; to dislike; to be dissatisfied of
       hau$^6$ min$^6$ go$^3$ si$^1$ gei$^1$ jim$^4$ ngo$^5$ maan$^6$, zau$^6$ paa$^4$ zo$^2$ ngo$^5$ tau$^4$. [Jyutping]
       The driver behind me is disatisfied of me being so slow, so they cut in front of me.
* (literary, or in compounds) hatred; enmity; resentment; grudge
* (literary, or in compounds) to doubt; to suspect
* (literary, or in compounds) suspicion (the state of being suspected)
* (literary, or in compounds) to be similar to; to be about the same as; to approximate
* (literary, or in compounds) to guess; to surmise; to conjecture

#### Synonyms

* (to be sick of): 膩煩／腻烦 (nìfán), 厭煩／厌烦 (yànfán)
* (hatred):
* 仇怨 (chóuyuàn)
* 仇恨 (chóuhèn)
* 冤 (yuān) (literary, or in compounds)
* 冤仇 (yuānchóu)
* 怨恨 (yuànhèn)
* 敵意 / 敌意 (díyì)
* 梁子 (niang$^2$ zi$^3$) (Sichuanese)
* (to doubt):
* 心存疑惑 (xīncún yíhuò)
* 思疑 (sīyí) (literary)
* 惑疑 (hueh$^4$ i$^1$) (Jin)
* 憢疑 / 𢙒疑 (Hokkien)
* 懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
* 狐疑 (húyí)
* 猜疑 (cāiyí)
* 疑乎 (nyi$^2$ fu$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 疑心 (yíxīn)
* 疑惑 (yíhuò)
* 疑騃 / 疑𫘤 (Hokkien)
* 臭疑 (Hokkien)
* 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
* 青疑 (Hokkien)
* (suspicion):
* 嫌疑 (xiányí)
* 惑志 (huòzhì) (literary)
* 狐疑 (húyí)
* 疑心 (yíxīn)
* 疑惑 (yíhuò)
* 疑義 / 疑义 (yíyì)
* (to be similar to):
* 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
* 接近 (jiējìn)
* 相仿 (xiāngfǎng)
* 相似 (xiāngsì)
* 相像 (xiāngxiàng)
* 相若 (xiāngruò)
* 相近 (xiāngjìn)
* 相類 / 相类 (xiānglèi)
* 近似 (jìnsì)
* 逼肖 (bīxiào) (literary, to bear a close resemblance to)
* 隨 / 随 (suí) (Northern Mandarin, of a parent in appearance or disposition)
* 雷同 (léitóng)
* 類似 / 类似 (lèisì)
* 類同 / 类同 (lèitóng)
* (to guess):
* 估計 / 估计 (gūjì)
* 估量
* 假定 (jiǎdìng)
* 假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
* 假設 / 假设 (jiǎshè)
* 商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
* 忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
* 思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
* 想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
* 懸 / 悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懸想 / 悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
* 懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
* 打估 (Southern Pinghua)
* 推想 (tuīxiǎng)
* 推測 / 推测 (tuīcè)
* 掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 揣度 (formal)
* 擬 / 拟 (nǐ)
* 母量 (mu$^3$ liong) (Gan)
* 派胚 (Hokkien)
* 測 / 测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
* 測估 / 测估 (cègū)
* 測度 / 测度 (cèduó)
* 測算 / 测算 (cèsuàn)
* 猜 (cāi)
* 猜度 (cāiduó)
* 猜想 (cāixiǎng)
* 猜摸 (cāimo)
* 猜料 (cāiliào)
* 猜測 / 猜测 (cāicè)
* 猜詳 / 猜详 (cāixiáng)
* 算 (suàn)
* 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
* 約摸 / 约摸 (yuēmo)
* 臭疑 (Hokkien)
* 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
* 虛擬 / 虚拟 (xūnǐ)
* 要約 / 要约 (iau$^3$ ieh$^4$) (Jin)
* 設 / 设 (shè)
* 設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
* 跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 辦胚 / 办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 青疑 (Hokkien)
* 預計 / 预计 (yùjì)

### Compounds

* 不嫌
* 不避嫌疑
* 主嫌 (zhǔxián)
* 仇嫌
* 休嫌
* 兇嫌 / 凶嫌 (xiōngxián)
* 冒嫌
* 別嫌 / 别嫌
* 前嫌 (qiánxián)
* 取嫌
* 可嫌
* 嗤嫌
* 嗔嫌
* 多嫌
* 嫌三嫌四
* 嫌乎
* 嫌厭 / 嫌厌 (xiányàn)
* 嫌名
* 嫌唬
* 嫌好
* 嫌好道惡 / 嫌好道恶
* 嫌好道歉
* 嫌好道醜 / 嫌好道丑
* 嫌微
* 嫌忌
* 嫌怨
* 嫌怕
* 嫌恨
* 嫌惑
* 嫌惎
* 嫌惡 / 嫌恶 (xiánwù)
* 嫌憎 (xiánzēng)
* 嫌棄 / 嫌弃 (xiánqì)
* 嫌犯 (xiánfàn)
* 嫌猜
* 嫌疑 (xiányí)
* 嫌疑分子
* 嫌疑犯 (xiányífàn)
* 嫌疵
* 嫌舋
* 嫌責 / 嫌责
* 嫌貧愛富 / 嫌贫爱富
* 嫌貳 / 嫌贰
* 嫌郤
* 嫌鄙 (xiánbǐ)
* 嫌釁 / 嫌衅
* 嫌錢腥 / 嫌钱腥
* 嫌長道短 / 嫌长道短
* 嫌間 / 嫌间
* 嫌閒 / 嫌闲
* 嫌隙 (xiánxì)
* 嫌難 / 嫌难
* 嫌韻 / 嫌韵
* 宿嫌
* 小嫌
* 引嫌
* 微嫌
* 怪嫌
* 怨嫌
* 恨嫌
* 惡嫌 / 恶嫌 (wùxián)
* 愛富嫌貧 / 爱富嫌贫
* 憎嫌
* 挑三嫌四
* 挾嫌 / 挟嫌 (xiéxián)
* 搆嫌 / 构嫌
* 搶嫌 / 抢嫌
* 昵嫌
* 時嫌 / 时嫌
* 暱嫌 / 昵嫌
* 曲嫌
* 棄嫌 / 弃嫌 (qìxián)
* 決嫌 / 决嫌
* 涉嫌 (shèxián)
* 無嫌 / 无嫌
* 煩嫌 / 烦嫌
* 特嫌
* 猜嫌 (cāixián)
* 瓜李之嫌
* 瓜田之嫌
* 疏嫌
* 疑嫌
* 睚眥之嫌 / 睚眦之嫌
* 瞋嫌
* 私嫌
* 竊嫌 / 窃嫌
* 罪嫌 (zuìxián)
* 自嫌
* 衽席之嫌
* 親嫌 / 亲嫌
* 討人嫌 / 讨人嫌 (tǎorénxián)
* 討嫌 / 讨嫌 (tǎoxián)
* 說好嫌歹 / 说好嫌歹
* 譏嫌 / 讥嫌
* 讎嫌 / 雠嫌
* 變嫌 / 变嫌
* 責嫌 / 责嫌
* 辟嫌
* 遠嫌 / 远嫌
* 避嫌 (bìxián)
* 避李嫌瓜
* 釋嫌 / 释嫌
* 重嫌
* 防嫌
* 隙嫌
* 齒馬之嫌 / 齿马之嫌

### References

* “嫌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 嫌 |
| Kyūjitai | 嫌󠄁 嫌+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 嫌󠄃 嫌+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
* Kun: いや (iya, 嫌, Jōyō)、きらう (kirau, 嫌う, Jōyō)、うたがう (utagau, 嫌う)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 嫌
* いや Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 嫌 – see the following entry. :
| 【いや】 | [adjective] disagreeable, unpleasant, disgusting, offensive, abhorrent [interjection] yuck, ew Alternative spellings 厭, 厭や |
(This term, 嫌, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ “嫌”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 嫌 (MC hem).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅧᆷ (Yale: hhyem) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 혐 (hyem) (Yale: hyem) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [çʌ̹m]
* Phonetic hangul: [혐]

### Hanja

Wikisource 嫌 (eumhun 싫어할 혐 (sireohal hyeom))
* hanja form of 혐 (“to hate”)
* hanja form of 혐 (“to suspect”)

#### Compounds

* 시혐 (猜嫌, sihyeom)
* 혐기 (嫌忌, hyeomgi)
* 혐기성 (嫌氣性, hyeomgiseong)
* 혐염 (嫌厭, hyeomyeom)
* 혐오 (嫌惡, hyeomo)
* 혐의 (嫌疑, hyeomui)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

嫌: Hán Nôm readings: hiềm, hem, hèm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.