# 箜篌
## Chinese

* 箜篌 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 箜篌 (Classical)
* Konghou (English)

### Etymology

In the Records of the Grand Historian 《史記·封禪書》, a fretted zither plucked with a slender stick was attested as the form 空侯 (OC *kʰoːŋ ɡoː) during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han [111 BCE]. It is uncertain whether the name of the later instruments (angular harp and arched harp) bearing the (orthographically normalised) name 箜篌 (kōnghóu) had inherited from the Han-era one. The name might have originated as transcription of a foreign term from the west.
Compare Sogdian [script needed] (cngryʾ /⁠čangaryā⁠/), [script needed] (cyngryʾ /⁠čingaryā⁠/), both names of this instrument in the Sogdian language, as well as Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽳𐽺𐽷𐽲𐽰𐽳 (kwnkqʾw /⁠küŋġau⁠/), Persian چنگ (čang) and Turkish çeng. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kōnghóu
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄏㄡˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$ hau$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kōnghóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄏㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: konghóu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^1$-hou$^2$
*** Yale: kūng-hóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: konghour
*** Palladius: кунхоу (kunxou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$ hau$^4$
*** Yale: hūng hàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$ hau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$ heo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯²¹/
* Middle Chinese: khuwng huw
Rime :
| Character | 箜 | 篌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 苦紅切 | 戸鉤切 |
| Baxter | khuwng | huw |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɦəu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɦəu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɣəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəwŋ/ | /ɦəw/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɣu/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɣəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuŋ/ | /ɣə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kōng | hóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ | hau$^4$ |

### Noun

箜篌
* (music, chiefly historical) a term used to refer to one of a number of different plucked string instruments (mostly harps) used in the music of ancient China

#### Usage notes

* This instrument has been revived in modernized form in the 20th century.

#### Synonyms

* 坎侯

#### Derived terms

* 臥箜篌 / 卧箜篌 (wòkōnghóu)
* 豎箜篌 / 竖箜篌
* 鳳首箜篌 / 凤首箜篌 (fèngshǒu kōnghóu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 箜 | 篌 |
| く > くう Hyōgai | ご Hyōgai |
| irregular | kan'yōon |
Kanji in this term :
| 箜 | 篌 |
| く Hyōgai | ご Hyōgai |
| goon | kan'yōon |

### Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in a text from 780.
Also found with the lengthened reading kūgo. This appears to be less commonly used.

### Pronunciation

Standard:
* (Tokyo) くご [kúꜜgò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ɡo̞]
Lenthened:
* (Tokyo) くうご [kúꜜùgò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ːɡo̞]

### Noun

箜(く)篌(ご) or 箜(くう)篌(ご) • (kugo or kūgo)
* (music) a konghou, a kind of ancient Chinese harp
    Synonym: 百済琴 (Kudara-goto)

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 箜 | 篌 |

### Noun

箜篌 • (gonghu) (hangeul 공후)
* hanja form of 공후 (“any of a number of harps used in ancient East Asia”)