# 粘

| 粘 | U+7C98, &#31896; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C98 |
| ← 粗 [U+7C97] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 粙 → [U+7C99] |

## Translingual
### Han character

粘 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火木卜口 (FDYR), four-corner 9196$_0$, composition ⿰米占)

#### Derived characters

* 𦟶, 𬖭, 𬖷, 𫃔, 𭟀, 𭲲, 𬗀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 907, character 40
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26901
* Dae Jaweon: page 1334, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3144, character 12
* Unihan data for U+7C98

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 頕 | *taːm |
| 煔 | *ɦlaːm, *hljems, *hl'eːms |
| 炶 | *ɦlaːm |
| 詀 | *rteːm, *rdeːms, *teːm, *tʰjeb |
| 站 | *rteːms |
| 檆 | *sreːm |
| 黏 | *nem |
| 粘 | *nem |
| 枮 | *slem, *ʔl'ɯm |
| 霑 | *tem |
| 沾 | *tem, *teːms, *tʰeːm |
| 覘 | *tems, *tʰem |
| 鉆 | *tʰem, *ɡrem, *tʰeːb |
| 占 | *ʔljem, *tjems |
| 颭 | *tjemʔ |
| 佔 | *tjems, *teːm |
| 苫 | *hljem, *hljems |
| 痁 | *hljem, *teːms |
| 蛅 | *njem |
| 阽 | *lem |
| 敁 | *teːm |
| 掂 | *tiːm |
| 點 | *teːmʔ |
| 玷 | *teːmʔ, *teːms |
| 店 | *tiːms |
| 坫 | *tiːms, *tim |
| 黇 | *tʰeːm |
| 扂 | *deːmʔ |
| 拈 | *neːm |
| 鮎 | *neːm |
| 砧 | *ʔl'ɯm |
| 笘 | *teːb |
| 跕 | *teːb, *tʰeːb |
| 貼 | *tʰeːb |
| 帖 | *tʰeːb |
| 怗 | *tʰeːb |
| 呫 | *tʰeːb |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *nem): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems) – glutinous, sticky rice.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhān (zhan$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄢ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җан (žan, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nim$^1$ / nim$^4$ / zim$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiam / liâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liam$^1$ / niam$^1$ / niang$^1$ / liam$^5$ / niam$^5$ / niang$^5$ / ziam$^1$ / ziang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$gni
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhān
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhan
*** Wade–Giles: chan$^1$
*** Yale: jān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jan
*** Palladius: чжань (čžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җан (žan, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂæ̃²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nim$^1$ / nim$^4$ / zim$^1$
*** Yale: nīm / nìhm / jīm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nim$^1$ / nim$^4$ / dzim$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nim$^1$ / nim$^4$ / jim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːm⁵⁵/, /niːm²¹/, /t͡siːm⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiam
*** Tâi-lô: tsiam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciafm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siam⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâm
*** Tâi-lô: liâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liaam
*** IPA (Taipei): /liam²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam²³/
* chiam/liâm - literary;
* chiam - vernacular (Zhangzhou).
* Middle Chinese: nrjem
Rime :
| Character | 粘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 娘 (12) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (154) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 女廉切 |
| Baxter | nrjem |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɳˠiᴇm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɳᵚiɛm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /niæm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɳjiam/ |
| Li Rong | /njɛm/ |
| Wang Li | /nĭɛm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ni̯ɛm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nim$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*nem/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 粘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16699 |
| Phonetic component | 占 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黏 |
| Old Chinese | /*nem/ |

#### Definitions

粘
* to adhere; to stick
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 惹草粘花
* 沾粘
* 粘板岩
* 粘皮帶骨 / 粘皮带骨
* 粘稠 (niánchóu)
* 粘竿
* 粘花惹絮
* 粘花惹草
* 粘著
* 粘補 / 粘补
* 粘貼 / 粘贴
* 粘連 / 粘连
* 腸粘連 / 肠粘连
* 飯粘 / 饭粘

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Nián (Nian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄢˊ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Liâm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Nián
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Nián
*** Wade–Giles: Nien$^2$
*** Yale: Nyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Nian
*** Palladius: Нянь (Njanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛn³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Liâm
*** Tâi-lô: Liâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liaam
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /liam²⁴/

#### Definitions

粘
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 粘 – see 黏 (“sticky; glutinous; to adhere; to stick”). (This character is a variant form of 黏).

### References

* “粘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* sticky, glutinous
* to stick to, to cling to
* to persevere

#### Readings

* Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: でん (den)
* Kun: ねばる (nebaru, 粘る, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 념 (nyeom) based on Middle Chinese 粘 (MC nrjem).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 념 (Yale: nyem) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʌ̹m]
* Phonetic hangul: [점]

### Hanja

Wikisource 粘 (eumhun 붙을 점 (buteul jeom))
* hanja form of 점 (“sticky”)

#### Compounds

* 점괴 (粘塊, jeomgoe)
* 점도 (粘度, jeomdo)
* 점막 (粘膜, jeommak)
* 점성 (粘性, jeomseong)
* 점질 (粘質, jeomjil)
* 점착 (粘着, jeomchak)
* 점착제 (粘着劑, jeomchakje)
* 점체 (粘體, jeomche)
* 점토 (粘土, jeomto)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

粘: Hán Nôm readings: niêm, chiêm, dính
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.