# 縣

| 縣 | U+7E23, &#32291; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7E23 |
| ← 縢 [U+7E22] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 縤 → [U+7E24] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 縣 |
| Shinjitai | 県 |
| Simplified | 县 |

### Han character

縣 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 月火竹女火 (BFHVF), four-corner 6299$_3$, composition ⿰⿱⿴𠀃三小系(GT) or ⿰県系(HJK))

#### Derived characters

* 纛 懸 𠐴 𣟠 𥌭 𡈴 𡾥 𦇨 𧔤 𪈉

#### Descendants

* 县 (simplification)
** also simplified within the compound character 悬 from 懸
* 県 (simplification)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 934, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27784
* Dae Jaweon: page 1373, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3435, character 11
* Unihan data for U+7E23

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 縣 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 縣 | *ɡʷeːn, *ɡʷeːns |
| 懸 | *ɡʷeːn |
Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 𥄉 + 系 – to hang 系 by the head 𥄉 (hair hanging down).
Original form of 懸. Originally in bronze and bamboo slip scripts, Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 目 + 木 + 糸 - to hang with the string 糸 by the head 目 (using an eye to represent a head) on a tree 木. In Qin bamboo slip scripts, some of 目 + 木 were corrupted to 県 (with one straight horizontal line rather than 𠃊) which interpreted to a reversed 首 head by Shuowen, and 糸 was corrupted to 系.

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): xiān
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): xiēn
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щян (xi͡an, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun$^6$ / jyun$^{6-2}$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): joen$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yon$^5$ / yon$^{5*}$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xien$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yen / yan
    (Hailu, HRS): rhan$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yan$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): gâing
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ge$^5$ / giⁿ$^5$ / hoeng$^5$ / hyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koāiⁿ / kūiⁿ / koān / koǎn / hiān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guin$^7$ / guain$^7$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): guai$^1$ / hieng$^7$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): jyun$^6$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^6$yoe / $^6$ghoe / $^5$ioe / $^6$yen / $^6$yoen / $^6$yu
** (Jinhua): $^6$ioe; $^6$iuan
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xienn$^5$ / xienn$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: xiān
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiã⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: xiēn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): xien$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щян (xi͡an, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiæ̃⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^6$ / jyun$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: yuhn / yún
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^6$ / jyn$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^6$ / yun$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²²/, /jyːn²²⁻³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: joen$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /zøn³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yon$^5$ / yon$^{5*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /jᵘɔn³²/, /jᵘɔn³²⁻³²⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xien$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yen
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yan
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhan$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒan¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ian⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄ing
*** Sinological IPA : /kyiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gâing
*** Sinological IPA : /kaiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ge$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gā̤ⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ke²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: giⁿ$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kĩ²¹/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hē̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ²¹/
* ge5/giⁿ5 - vernacular;
* hoeng5/hyeng5 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit縣 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦyø²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦiø³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦiẽ̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /jy²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /yɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ⁵⁵/ /ɕiẽ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ian⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒen⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jyn²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jin²²/ /yn²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jyn²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hian²²/ /kuãi²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaiŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kyiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kũi³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sin³⁵/ /kɔi²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: hwenH
Rime :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (86) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 黃練切 |
| Baxter | hwenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwen$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷen$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuen$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣiwen$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣiwen$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ʷˤe[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷeːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.[ɡ]ʷˁe[n]-s/ |
| English | district |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 13578 |
| Phonetic component | 縣 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷeːns/ |

#### Definitions

縣
* A type of administrative division:
** (historical, in ancient China) district; prefecture
** (in Mainland China) county (third level division that is now generally restricted to rural areas, contrasted with urban districts (區／区 (qū)))
** (in Taiwan) county (first level division that used to be under the jurisdiction of a province but are now directly administered by the central government)
** (in Japan) prefecture
** (in the United States) county (second level division under the jurisdiction of a state, excluding Alaska and Louisiana)
    洛杉磯縣／洛杉矶县 ― luòshānjī xiàn ― Los Angeles County
** (in Vietnam) rural district
* (in many cases but not always) county seat (the town which serves as the seat of government of such divisions)
* a surname

##### See also

* (first-level divisions): 省 (shěng), 市 (shì); 道 (dào) (historical)
* (second-level divisions): 區／区 (qū); 州 (zhōu), 市 (shì), 府 (fǔ), 郡 (jùn), 道 (dào) (historical)

#### Compounds

* 五峰土家族自治縣 / 五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
* 京縣 / 京县
* 他鄉外縣 / 他乡外县
* 倚郭縣 / 倚郭县
* 唐縣 / 唐县 (Tángxiàn)
* 均縣 / 均县 (Jūnxiàn)
* 外縣 / 外县
* 夫人縣君 / 夫人县君
* 容縣 / 容县 (Róngxiàn)
* 州縣 / 州县 (zhōuxiàn)
* 庪縣 / 庪县
* 故縣 / 故县 (Gùxiàn)
* 梅縣 / 梅县 (Méixiàn)
* 畿縣 / 畿县
* 知縣 / 知县 (zhīxiàn)
* 神州赤縣 / 神州赤县
* 縣丞 / 县丞
* 縣主 / 县主
* 縣尹 / 县尹
* 縣令 / 县令
* 縣佐 / 县佐
* 縣侯 / 县侯
* 縣君 / 县君
* 縣圃 / 县圃
* 縣城 / 县城 (xiànchéng)
* 縣境 / 县境 (xiànjìng)
* 縣太爺 / 县太爷 (xiàntàiyé)
* 縣學 / 县学
* 縣官 / 县官 (xiànguān)
* 縣宰 / 县宰
* 縣尉 / 县尉 (xiànwèi)
* 縣尊 / 县尊
* 縣府 / 县府 (xiànfǔ)
* 縣志 / 县志 (xiànzhì)
* 縣政府 / 县政府 (xiànzhèngfǔ)
* 縣民 / 县民 (xiànmín)
* 縣治 / 县治 (xiànzhì)
* 縣河 / 县河 (Xiànhé)
* 縣界 / 县界 (xiànjiè)
* 縣立 / 县立 (xiànlì)
* 縣議員 / 县议员
* 縣議會 / 县议会
* 縣象 / 县象
* 縣賞 / 县赏
* 縣跂 / 县跂
* 縣轄市 / 县辖市
* 縣道 / 县道 (xiàndào)
* 縣長 / 县长 (xiànzhǎng)
* 肅北蒙古族自治縣 / 肃北蒙古族自治县
* 舊縣 / 旧县 (Jiùxiàn)
* 花縣 / 花县 (Huāxiàn)
* 藤縣 / 藤县 (Téngxiàn)
* 贛縣 / 赣县 (Gànxiàn)
* 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn)
* 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu)
* 輝縣 / 辉县 (Huīxiàn)
* 郡縣 / 郡县 (jùnxiàn)
* 部縣 / 部县
* 阿克塞哈薩克族自治縣 / 阿克塞哈萨克族自治县 (Ākèsài Hāsàkèzú Zìzhìxiàn)
* 附郭縣 / 附郭县
* 首縣 / 首县

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 県(けん) (ken); 県(げん) (gen)
* → Korean: 현(縣) (hyeon)
* → Vietnamese: huyện (縣)
Others:
* → English: hsien, xian
* → Iu Mien: nquenc
* → Lingao: hin⁴
* → Lü: ᦶᦉᧃᧈ (ṡaen¹)
* → Mongolian: сияан (sijaan)
* → Zhuang: yen

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xuán (xuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuán
*** Wade–Giles: hsüan$^2$
*** Yale: sywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyuan
*** Palladius: сюань (sjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hwen
Rime :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (86) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 胡涓切 |
| Baxter | hwen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuen/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣiwen/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣiwen/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ʷˤe[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷeːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xuán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ʷˁe[n]/ |
| English | suspend |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 縣 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 13576 |
| Phonetic component | 縣 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 玄 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷeːn/ |

#### Definitions

縣
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 懸 / 悬 (xuán, “to hang; to suspend”)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bù shòu bù liè, hú zhān ěr tíng yǒu xuán chún xī? [Pinyin]
    You do not follow the chase; — How do we see the quails hanging in your courtyards?

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 県 |
| Kyūjitai | 縣 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 県)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): けん (ken)
* Kun: かける (kakeru, 縣ける)、かかる (kakaru, 縣かる)、あがた (agata, 縣)

## Korean
### Hanja

縣 (eumhun 고을 현 (go'eul hyeon))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
縣 (eumhun 매달 현 (maedal hyeon))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

縣: Hán Nôm readings: huyện
* chữ Hán form of huyện (“district”).