# 缺

| 缺 | U+7F3A, &#32570; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F3A |
| ← 缹 [U+7F39] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 缻 → [U+7F3B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

缺 (Kangxi radical 121, 缶+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人山木大 (OUDK), four-corner 8573$_0$, composition ⿰缶夬)

#### Derived characters

* 蒛, 𠺋, 𧎯, 𨶏(𨸊), 𮉻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 945, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28122
* Dae Jaweon: page 1385, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2936, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7F3A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 缺
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 袂 | *mɡʷeds |
| 夬 | *kʷraːds |
| 快 | *kʰʷraːds |
| 駃 | *kʰʷraːds, *kʷeːd |
| 筷 | *kʰʷraːds |
| 炔 | *kʷeːds |
| 觖 | *kʰʷeds, *kʷeːd |
| 缺 | *kʰʷed, *kʰʷeːd |
| 蒛 | *kʰʷed |
| 吷 | *qʰʷed |
| 妜 | *qʷed, *qʷeːd |
| 決 | *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd |
| 訣 | *kʷeːd |
| 抉 | *kʷeːd, *qʷeːd |
| 玦 | *kʷeːd |
| 芵 | *kʷeːd |
| 赽 | *kʷeːd |
| 鴂 | *kʷeːd |
| 鈌 | *kʷeːd |
| 决 | *kʷeːd |
| 疦 | *kʷeːd, *qʰʷeːd |
| 蚗 | *kʷeːd |
| 趹 | *kʷeːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰʷed, *kʰʷeːd): semantic 缶 (“earthen pot”) + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): quē (que$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄝ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): que$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kyut$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qyot$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiet / khiat
* Jin (Wiktionary): qyeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kiĕ / kṳĕ
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiék / kuók
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kheh / kherh / khoeh / khih / khoat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kuêh$^4$ / kih$^4$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$chiuq / $^7$chioq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qye$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: quē
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyue
*** Wade–Giles: chʻüeh$^1$
*** Yale: chywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiue
*** Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: que$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kye
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰye²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kyut$^3$
*** Yale: kyut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kyt$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: küd$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰyːt̚³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qyot$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰyɵt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet
*** Hakka Romanization System: kied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiat
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯at̚²/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qyeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kiĕ / kṳĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛ²⁴/, /kʰyɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kiék / kuók
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛʔ²⁴/, /kʰuɔʔ²⁴/
* kiék - “incomplete”;
* kuók - “to lack”.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit缺 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰye²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰyə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰyə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰyɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰyɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰyu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰye¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰyə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰyɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰye²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰye³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰie²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰyeʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰyɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰyʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰyaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕʰyɪʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕʰyəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰioʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰyeʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰyɛ⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕʰye²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕʰyæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰyɵʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiat̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰiet̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰyt̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰyt̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kʰyt̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰuat̚³²/ /kʰeʔ³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰwoʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰyɛ²⁴/ /kʰiɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰueʔ²/ /kʰiʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xi⁵⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: khwet, khjwiet
Rime :
| Character | 缺 | 缺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (88) | 薛 (82) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 苦穴切 | 傾雪切 |
| Baxter | khwet | khjwiet |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰwet̚/ | /kʰiuᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰʷet̚/ | /kʰʷiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuɛt̚/ | /kʰjuæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwɛt̚/ | /kʰwiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuet̚/ | /kʰiuɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰiwet̚/ | /kʰĭuɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰiwet̚/ | /kʰi̯wɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | que | que |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hyut$^3$ | hyut$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Nə-[k]ʷʰˤet/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷed/, /*kʰʷeːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 缺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | quē |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khwet › |
| Old Chinese | /*Nə-[k]ʷʰˁet/ |
| English | break; defective |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 缺 | 缺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4412 | 4430 |
| Phonetic component | 夬 | 夬 |
| Rime group | 月 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 缺 | 闋 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰʷed/ | /*kʰʷeːd/ |

### Definitions

缺
* incomplete; uncompleted; deficient
* imperfect; flawed
* to lack; to be short of
* to be absent
* vacancy; gap; deficit
* (colloquial) to be mean; to be wicked
* (colloquial) to be stupid; to be dense
* (Hokkien) chipped part; broken edge (on a bowl, cup, etc.)
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) Classifier for chipped parts on the edge of a container.
* (Shanghainese, when telling time) to
    八點缺十分／八点缺十分 [Shanghainese] ― $^7$paq-ti$_5$ $^7$chiuq $^8$zeq-fen$_1$ [Wugniu] ― ten to eight

#### Synonyms

* (incomplete):
* 欠 (qiàn)
* 殘敗 / 残败 (cánbài)
* 殘破 / 残破 (cánpò)
* 殘缺 / 残缺 (cánquē)
* 殘舊 / 残旧 (cánjiù)
* 破 (pò)
* 破敗 / 破败 (pòbài)
* 破爛 / 破烂 (pòlàn)
* 破缺 (Hokkien)
* 破舊 / 破旧 (pòjiù)
* 破落 (pòluò)
* 破鬖 / 破𩭹 (Min Nan)
* 落柵 / 落栅 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* (vacancy): 空額／空额 (kòng'é)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “imperfect”):
* 健全 (jiànquán)
* 完善 (wánshàn)
* 完美 (wánměi)
* 工巧 (gōngqiǎo)
* 工致 (gōngzhì)
* 幼路 (Hokkien)
* 精妙 (jīngmiào)
* 精工 (jīnggōng)
* 精巧 (jīngqiǎo)
* 精彩 (jīngcǎi)
* 精細 / 精细 (jīngxì)
* 精緻 / 精致 (jīngzhì)
* 精美 (jīngměi)
* 精良 (jīngliáng)
* 細緻 / 细致 (xìzhì)
* 細膩 / 细腻 (xìnì)
* 考究 (kǎojiu)

### Compounds

* 三缺一 (sānquēyī)
* 不可或缺 (bùkěhuòquē)
* 保殘守缺 / 保残守缺
* 候缺
* 先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
* 先缺後空 / 先缺后空
* 兔缺 (tùquē)
* 兔缺烏沉 / 兔缺乌沉
* 出缺 (chūquē)
* 列缺 (lièquē)
* 劣缺
* 劣缺搊搜 / 劣缺𫼝搜
* 匱缺 / 匮缺
* 圓缺 / 圆缺 (yuánquē)
* 奇缺
* 好缺
* 完好無缺 / 完好无缺 (wánhǎowúquē)
* 完美無缺 / 完美无缺 (wánměiwúquē)
* 實缺 / 实缺
* 寧缺勿濫 / 宁缺勿滥 (níngquēwùlàn)
* 寧缺毋濫 / 宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
* 少一缺二
* 嶢嶢易缺 / 峣峣易缺
* 幹缺 / 干缺
* 底缺
* 從缺 / 从缺 (cóngquē)
* 得缺
* 急缺
* 懸缺 / 悬缺
* 或缺
* 抱殘守缺 / 抱残守缺 (bàocánshǒuquē)
* 放缺
* 敗缺 / 败缺
* 書缺簡脫 / 书缺简脱
* 月缺花殘 / 月缺花残
* 月缺難圓 / 月缺难圆
* 欠缺 (qiànquē)
* 殘缺 / 残缺 (cánquē)
* 殘缺不全 / 残缺不全 (cánquēbùquán)
* 短斤缺兩 / 短斤缺两
* 短缺 (duǎnquē)
* 禮壞樂缺 / 礼坏乐缺
* 空缺 (kòngquē)
* 簡缺 / 简缺
* 精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
* 納敗缺 / 纳败缺
* 緊缺 / 紧缺 (jǐnquē)
* 繁缺
* 缺一不可 (quēyībùkě)
* 缺一腳 / 缺一脚
* 缺乏 (quēfá)
* 缺刻
* 缺勤 (quēqín)
* 缺口 (quēkǒu)
* 缺喙 (khih-chhùi) (Min Nan)
* 缺嘴 (quēzuǐ)
* 缺失 (quēshī)
* 缺少 (quēshǎo)
* 缺席 (quēxí)
* 缺德 (quēdé)
* 缺德鬼
* 缺憾 (quēhàn)
* 缺斤少兩 / 缺斤少两 (quējīnshǎoliǎng)
* 缺斤短兩 / 缺斤短两 (quējīnduǎnliǎng)
* 缺月再圓 / 缺月再圆
* 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
* 缺氧症
* 缺水 (quēshuǐ)
* 缺漏 (quēlòu)
* 缺略
* 缺糧 / 缺粮 (quēliáng)
* 缺編 / 缺编
* 缺缺
* 缺考 (quēkǎo)
* 缺脣 / 缺唇
* 缺衣少食 (quēyīshǎoshí)
* 缺課 / 缺课 (quēkè)
* 缺貨 / 缺货 (quēhuò)
* 缺門 / 缺门
* 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
* 缺頁 / 缺页 (quēyè)
* 缺項 / 缺项
* 缺額 / 缺额
* 缺食無衣 / 缺食无衣
* 缺點 / 缺点 (quēdiǎn)
* 署缺
* 美缺
* 肥缺 (féiquē)
* 膨脹缺口 / 膨胀缺口
* 花殘月缺 / 花残月缺
* 行虧名缺 / 行亏名缺
* 補殘守缺 / 补残守缺
* 補缺 / 补缺 (bǔquē)
* 補缺拾遺 / 补缺拾遗
* 遇缺不補 / 遇缺不补
* 遺缺 / 遗缺
* 金甌無缺 / 金瓯无缺 (jīn'ōuwúquē)
* 銜缺相當 / 衔缺相当
* 開缺 / 开缺
* 離缺 / 离缺
* 零缺點 / 零缺点
* 餘缺 / 余缺 (yúquē)

### References

* “缺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 欠 |
| Kyūjitai | 缺 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 欠)
* lack
* gap
* fail

#### Readings

* Go-on: けち (kechi)
* Kan-on: けつ (ketsu)
* Kun: かく (kaku, 缺く)、かける (kakeru, 缺ける)

#### Compounds

* 缺唇(いぐち) (iguchi)
* 兎缺(うぐち) (uguchi)
* 欠(けん)缺(けつ) (kenketsu, “lack”)

#### Usage notes

In modern Japanese, 缺 is mostly replaced by 欠, due to the deprecation of non-tōyō kanji caused by the Japanese script reform.

## Korean
### Hanja

缺 (eumhun 이지러질 결 (ijireojil gyeol))
* hanja form of 결 (“be short of, lack”)
* hanja form of 결 (“gap, deficit”)

#### Compounds

* 결석 (缺席, gyeolseok, “absence”)
* 흠결 (欠缺, heumgyeol, “shortcoming; lack”)
* 결핍 (缺乏, gyeolpip, “lack”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

缺: Hán Nôm readings: khuyết
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.