# apartheid
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Afrikaans apartheid (literally “separateness, apartness”) (1929 in a South African socio-political context), from Afrikaans apart (“separate”) + suffix -heid, cognate of English -hood.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, strictly) IPA: /əˈpɑːtheɪt/, /əˈpɑːthaɪt/
* (US, strictly) enPR: ə-pärtʹhāt, ə-pärtʹhīt, IPA: /əˈpɑɹtheɪt/, /əˈpɑɹthaɪt/
    Audio (US):(file)
    Audio (US):(file)
* Note: the h is very often not pronounced because of the difficulty of following /t/ with /h/, but the sequence is not pronounced as the digraph th (/ð/, /θ/).
* (US, laxly) enPR: ə-pärʹtīd, IPA: /əˈpɑɹ.taɪd/

### Noun

apartheid (countable and uncountable, plural apartheids)
* (South Africa, historical) The policy of racial separation in South Africa from 1948 to 1990.
    Synonym: plural relations
** 1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Abacus, published 2010, pages 127-128:The premise of apartheid was that whites were superior to Africans, Coloureds and Indians, and the function of it was to entrench white supremacy forever.
* (by extension) Any similar policy of racial separation or segregation and discrimination, particularly when in favor of a minority rule.
    The 1973 Apartheid Convention conferred universal jurisdiction to the state signatories to prosecute those who commit apartheid.
** 1963, Justice William O. Douglas, concurring, Lombard v. Louisiana (373 U.S. 267):
    When the doors of a business are open to the public, they must be open to all regardless of race if apartheid is not to become engrained in our public […] .
** 2006 March 3, Leslie Feinberg, “Civil rights leaders were gay-baited, red-baited”, in Workers World‎:Jim Crow miscegenation laws enforced apartheid in marriage.
* (by extension) A policy or situation of segregation based on some specified attribute.
** 2008, Peter Hewitt, Kenya Cowboy: A Police Officer's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency, →ISBN, page 64:Fifteen minutes drive to the Brown Trout was guaranteed to satisfy my appetite because there, as with other clubs and hotel bars, a form of sex apartheid was practised. The males assembled in the region of the bar and the opposite gender either sat discreetly detached or strayed outside to gossip gaily among themselves.
** 2009, Moorthy Muthuswamy, Defeating Political Islam: The New Cold War, →ISBN, page 120:In these annual reports, the religious apartheid practices in India are not mentioned at all.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:apartheid.

### Verb

apartheid (third-person singular simple present apartheids, present participle apartheiding, simple past and past participle apartheided)
* To impose a policy of segregation of groups of people, especially one based on race.
** 1986, Stanlake John Thompson Samkange, On Trial for that U.D.I.: A Novel, page 79:Yes, apartheiding the apartheiders, is what the rest of the world is doing.
** 1989, Instauration - Volumes 15-16, page 36:Whatever the reason the blacks have for "apartheiding" Boston, whites should be all for it.
** 2003, Mayur K. Lakhani, A Celebration of General Practice, →ISBN, page 183:The most deadly of all ghosts are wandering over Britain and medicine, apartheiding people into superiors and nonentities.
** 2009, Shirley R. Steinberg, Diversity and Multiculturalism: A Reader, →ISBN, page 151:Speaking of the resulting apartheiding of British Columbia, Cole Harris observed, "racism was built into the landscape of settlement."
** 2011, Timothy J. Stanley, Contesting White Supremacy, →ISBN, page 64:By 1922, the apartheiding of British Columbia was cemented into a public and private English-language discourse that took for granted how and where one racialized body was placed in relation to another, and in turn how each related to the state system.

#### Antonyms

* antiapartheid

#### Derived terms

* anti-apartheidism
* anti-apartheidist
* apartheid anthem
* Apartheid Clyde
* Apartheid Defense League
* apartheider
* apartheidesque
* apartheid flag
* apartheidic
* apartheidisation
* apartheidish
* apartheidism
* apartheidist
* apartheidistic
* apartheidization
* apartheidize
* apartheidlike
* apartheidness
* eco-apartheid
* ecoapartheid
* grand apartheid
* petty apartheid
* postapartheid
* preapartheid

#### Related terms

* Jim Crow law

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* hit parade

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch apartheid, equivalent to apart (“separate, apart”) +‎ -heid (“-ness, -hood”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [ɐˈpartɦɛit]

### Noun

apartheid (uncountable)
* apartheid

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌaːˈpɑrt.ɦɛi̯t/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: apart‧heid

### Etymology 1

From apart (“separate, apart”) +‎ -heid (“-hood”).

#### Noun

apartheid f (plural apartheden, diminutive apartheidje n)
* the state of being separate; separateness
* a characteristic that sets something or someone apart

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: apartheid

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Afrikaans apartheid, from Dutch apartheid.

#### Noun

apartheid f (uncountable)
* the policy of racial separation used in South Africa from 1948 to 1990; apartheid
* (by extension) any similar policy of racial separation
** 2007 December 13, “Prins Claus en de NCO”, in Andere Tijden: VPRO:In januari 1972 komt een subsidieaanvraag binnen van het Angola Comité voor een boycotactie van koffie afkomstig uit Angola. Het land is in die tijd een provincie van Portugal, dat hardnekkig weigert de voormalige kolonie op te geven. De actie is tegen kolonialisme, rassendiscriminatie en apartheid.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Derived terms

* apartheidsbeleid
* apartheidspolitiek

### Anagrams

* hitparade

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Afrikaans apartheid (literally “separateness, apartness”) (1929 in a South African socio-political context), from Afrikaans apart (“separate”) + suffix -heid, cognate of English -hood.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɑpɑrthɑi̯d/, [ˈɑ̝pɑ̝r.t̪hɑ̝i̯d]
* Rhymes: -ɑpɑrthɑid

### Noun

apartheid
* apartheid

#### Declension

Possessive forms of apartheid (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
apartheidini
apartheidini
accusative
nom.
apartheidini
apartheidini
gen.
apartheidini
genitive
apartheidini
apartheidieni
partitive
apartheidiani
apartheidejani
inessive
apartheidissani
apartheideissani
elative
apartheidistani
apartheideistani
illative
apartheidiini
apartheideihini
adessive
apartheidillani
apartheideillani
ablative
apartheidiltani
apartheideiltani
allative
apartheidilleni
apartheideilleni
essive
apartheidinani
apartheideinani
translative
apartheidikseni
apartheideikseni
abessive
apartheidittani
apartheideittani
instructive
comitative
—apartheideineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
apartheidisi
apartheidisi
accusative
nom.
apartheidisi
apartheidisi
gen.
apartheidisi
genitive
apartheidisi
apartheidiesi
partitive
apartheidiasi
apartheidejasi
inessive
apartheidissasi
apartheideissasi
elative
apartheidistasi
apartheideistasi
illative
apartheidiisi
apartheideihisi
adessive
apartheidillasi
apartheideillasi
ablative
apartheidiltasi
apartheideiltasi
allative
apartheidillesi
apartheideillesi
essive
apartheidinasi
apartheideinasi
translative
apartheidiksesi
apartheideiksesi
abessive
apartheidittasi
apartheideittasi
instructive
comitative
—apartheideinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
apartheidimme
apartheidimme
accusative
nom.
apartheidimme
apartheidimme
gen.
apartheidimme
genitive
apartheidimme
apartheidiemme
partitive
apartheidiamme
apartheidejamme
inessive
apartheidissamme
apartheideissamme
elative
apartheidistamme
apartheideistamme
illative
apartheidiimme
apartheideihimme
adessive
apartheidillamme
apartheideillamme
ablative
apartheidiltamme
apartheideiltamme
allative
apartheidillemme
apartheideillemme
essive
apartheidinamme
apartheideinamme
translative
apartheidiksemme
apartheideiksemme
abessive
apartheidittamme
apartheideittamme
instructive
comitative
—apartheideinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
apartheidinne
apartheidinne
accusative
nom.
apartheidinne
apartheidinne
gen.
apartheidinne
genitive
apartheidinne
apartheidienne
partitive
apartheidianne
apartheidejanne
inessive
apartheidissanne
apartheideissanne
elative
apartheidistanne
apartheideistanne
illative
apartheidiinne
apartheideihinne
adessive
apartheidillanne
apartheideillanne
ablative
apartheidiltanne
apartheideiltanne
allative
apartheidillenne
apartheideillenne
essive
apartheidinanne
apartheideinanne
translative
apartheidiksenne
apartheideiksenne
abessive
apartheidittanne
apartheideittanne
instructive
comitative
—apartheideinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
apartheidinsa
apartheidinsa
accusative
nom.
apartheidinsa
apartheidinsa
gen.
apartheidinsa
genitive
apartheidinsa
apartheidiensa
partitive
apartheidiaan apartheidiansa
apartheidejaan apartheidejansa
inessive
apartheidissaan apartheidissansa
apartheideissaan apartheideissansa
elative
apartheidistaan apartheidistansa
apartheideistaan apartheideistansa
illative
apartheidiinsa
apartheideihinsa
adessive
apartheidillaan apartheidillansa
apartheideillaan apartheideillansa
ablative
apartheidiltaan apartheidiltansa
apartheideiltaan apartheideiltansa
allative
apartheidilleen apartheidillensa
apartheideilleen apartheideillensa
essive
apartheidinaan apartheidinansa
apartheideinaan apartheideinansa
translative
apartheidikseen apartheidiksensa
apartheideikseen apartheideiksensa
abessive
apartheidittaan apartheidittansa
apartheideittaan apartheideittansa
instructive
comitative
—apartheideineen apartheideinensa :

#### Derived terms

* apartheidpolitiikka

### Further reading

* “apartheid”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

## French
### Etymology

From Afrikaans apartheid (literally “separateness, apartness”) (1929 in a South African socio-political context), from Afrikaans apart (“separate”) +‎ -heid (cognate of English -hood).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.paʁ.tɛd/
* Audio (Paris):(file)
* Hyphenation: a‧par‧theid

### Noun

apartheid m (plural apartheid)
* (history) apartheid (racial separation in South Africa from 1948 to 1990)
* apartheid (any policy of racial separation)

#### Synonyms

* ségrégation
* ségrégationnisme
* séparation

### Anagrams

* hit-parade

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans apartheid (“South Africa policy of racial separation”, literally “separateness, apartness”), from Dutch apartheid.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aparˈteɪt̚]
* Hyphenation: apar‧théid

### Noun

aparthéid (uncountable)
* (historical) apartheid: the policy of racial separation used by South Africa from 1948 to 1990

#### Alternative forms

* aparteid

### Further reading

* “apartheid” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans apartheid (literally “separateness, apartness”) (1929 in a South African socio-political context), from Afrikaans apart (“separate”) + suffix -heid, cognate of English -hood.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.parˈtajd/, (careful style) /a.parˈtɛjd/, (careful style) /a.parˈtejd/
* Rhymes: -ajd, (careful style) -ɛjd, (careful style) -ejd

### Noun

apartheid m (invariable)
* (history) apartheid (racial separation in South Africa from 1948 to 1990)
* apartheid (any policy of racial separation)

### References

* ↑ apartheid in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

### Further reading

* apartheid in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Afrikaans apartheid.

### Noun

apartheid m (definite singular apartheiden, uncountable)
* apartheid

### References

* “apartheid” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “apartheid” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Afrikaans apartheid.

### Noun

apartheid m (definite singular apartheiden, uncountable)
* apartheid

### References

* “apartheid” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans apartheid.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aˈpart.xajt/, /aˈpart.xɛjt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -artxajt, -artxɛjt
* Syllabification: a‧part‧heid

### Noun

apartheid m inan
* (historical) apartheid (policy of racial separation in South Africa from 1948 to 1990)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* apartheid in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* apartheid in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* apartheid in PWN's encyclopedia

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans apartheid, from Dutch apartheid.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /a.paʁˈtaj.d͡ʒi/ [a.pahˈtaɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtej.d͡ʒi/ [a.pahˈteɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtejd͡ʒ/ [a.pahˈteɪ̯d͡ʒ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /a.paʁˈtaj.d͡ʒi/ [a.pahˈtaɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtej.d͡ʒi/ [a.pahˈteɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtejd͡ʒ/ [a.pahˈteɪ̯d͡ʒ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /a.paɾˈtaj.d͡ʒi/ [a.paɾˈtaɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paɾˈtej.d͡ʒi/ [a.paɾˈteɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paɾˈtejd͡ʒ/ [a.paɾˈteɪ̯d͡ʒ]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /a.paʁˈtaj.d͡ʒi/ [a.paχˈtaɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtej.d͡ʒi/ [a.paχˈteɪ̯.d͡ʒi], /a.paʁˈtejd͡ʒ/ [a.paχˈteɪ̯d͡ʒ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /a.paɻˈtaj.de/ [a.paɻˈtaɪ̯.de], /a.paɻˈtejd͡ʒ/ [a.paɻˈteɪ̯d͡ʒ], /a.paɻˈtej.d͡ʒi/ [a.paɻˈteɪ̯.d͡ʒi]
* Hyphenation: apar‧theid

### Noun

apartheid m (plural apartheids)
* (historical) apartheid (policy of racial separation in South Africa)
* apartheid (any policy of racial separation)

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Afrikaans apartheid.

### Noun

apartheid n (uncountable)
* apartheid

#### Declension
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈapartɦeit]

### Noun

apartheid m inan (relational adjective apartheidový)
* apartheid

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “apartheid”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans apartheid (literally “separateness, apartness”) (1929 in a South African socio-political context), from Afrikaans apart (“separate”) + suffix -heid, cognate of English -hood.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /apaɾˈxeid/ [a.paɾˈxei̯ð̞]
* Rhymes: -eid

### Noun

apartheid m (plural apartheids or apartheid)
* (history) apartheid (racial separation in South Africa from 1948 to 1990)
* apartheid (any policy of racial separation)

#### Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

### Further reading

* “apartheid”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “apartheid”, in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas [Panhispanic Dictionary of Doubts] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Royal Spanish Academy; Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, 2023, →ISBN

## Swedish
### Noun

apartheid c
* (South africa, historical) apartheid
* (by extension) apartheid (more generally)

#### Declension
### References

* apartheid in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* apartheid in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)