# temporal
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɛm.pə.ɹəl/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛmpəɹəl

### Etymology 1

From Middle English temporal, temporel (“transitory, worldly, material, of secular society”), from Old French temporel or Latin temporālis (“of time (in grammar), temporary, relating to time as opposed to eternity”), from tempus (“time, period, opportunity”) +‎ -ālis.

#### Adjective

temporal (not generally comparable, comparative more temporal, superlative most temporal)
* (relational) Of or relating to the material world, as opposed to sacred or clerical.
    Synonyms: secular, lay, civil
    Antonyms: spiritual, ecclesiastical
    temporal power, temporal courts
    The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled (The official title of the House of Lords)
** 1945 September and October, C. Hamilton Ellis, “Royal Trains—V”, in Railway Magazine, page 252:The [papal] train was in use until 1871, when the Pope [Pius IX] lost his temporal power.
** 2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England, Penguin Books, page 166:Not long before, he had ruefully acknowledged in a letter to his pious mother that most of his appointments to the bench of bishops had been motivated by distinctly temporal impulses.
* (relational) Relating to time:
** Of limited time, transient, passing, not perpetual, as opposed to eternal.
*** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 4:18:The things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal.
*** (euphemistic) Lasting for a short time only.
** Of or relating to time as distinguished from space.
** Of or relating to the sequence of time or to a particular time.
    Synonym: chronological
** (grammar) Relating to or denoting time or tense.

##### Derived terms

* abtemporal
* antitemporal
* atemporal
* biotemporal
* contemporal
* cotemporal
* extratemporal
* geotemporal
* hypertemporal
* intertemporal
* isotemporal
* metatemporal
* microtemporal
* monotemporal
* multitemporal
* nontemporal
* omnitemporal
* phylotemporal
* physiotemporal
* pretemporal
* pseudotemporal
* retrotemporal
* sociotemporal
* spatiotemporal
* spatio-temporal
* spectrotemporal
* supertemporal
* supratemporal
* temporal case
* temporal dead zone
* temporal deixis
* temporal distributive
* temporal hour
* temporalism
* temporality
* temporalize, temporalise
* temporal logic
* temporally
* temporalness
* temporalty
* transtemporal
* unitemporal
* visuotemporal

##### Translations
#### Noun

temporal (plural temporals)
* (chiefly in the plural) Anything temporal or secular; a temporality.
** 1684, John Dryden, The History of the League, translation of Histoire de la Ligue by Louis Maimbourg:for God's people love always to be dealing as well in temporals as spirituals
** 1876, James Russell Lowell, “Dante”, in Among My Books. Second Series., Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co., →OCLC, page 30:He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor in temporals.

### Etymology 2

From Middle English, from Middle French timporal, temporal, from Late Latin temporālis, from tempora (“the temples of the head”) +‎ -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of temporalis.

#### Adjective

temporal (not comparable)
* (anatomy, relational) Of or situated in the temples of the head or the sides of the skull behind the orbits.

##### Derived terms

* anterotemporal
* auriculotemporal
* basotemporal, basitemporal
* bitemporal
* centrotemporal
* corticotemporal
* deep temporal nerve
* dorsotemporal
* extratemporal
* frontotemporal
* inferotemporal
* infratemporal
* intratemporal
* laterotemporal
* mediotemporal
* mesiotemporal
* midtemporal
* nasotemporal
* occipitotemporal
* ophthalmotemporal
* orbitotemporal
* parietotemporal
* posttemporal
* rostrotemporal
* septotemporal
* sphenotemporal
* subtemporal
* superotemporal
* temporal apophysis
* temporal artery
* temporal bone
* temporal fossa
* temporal lobe
* temporal muscle
* temporalward, temporalwards
* temporo-, tempor-
* ventrotemporal
* zygomaticotemporal

##### Translations
#### Noun

temporal (plural temporals)
* (anatomy) Ellipsis of temporal bone.
* (zootomy) Any of a reptile's scales on the side of the head between the parietal and supralabial scales, and behind the postocular scales.

### References

* “temporal”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “temporal”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “temporal”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin temporālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [təm.puˈɾal]
* IPA: (Balearic) [təm.poˈɾal]
* IPA: (Valencia) [tem.poˈɾal]
* Rhymes: -al

### Noun

temporal m (plural temporals)
* storm

### Adjective

temporal m or f (masculine and feminine plural temporals)
* temporary
* temporal

#### Derived terms

* lòbul temporal
* temporalment

#### Related terms

* temps

### Further reading

* “temporal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “temporal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “temporal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “temporal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cimbrian
### Noun

temporàl m
* (Luserna) thunderstorm

### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin temporālis, from tempus (“temple”) (whence tempe).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɑ̃.pɔ.ʁal/

### Adjective

temporal (feminine temporale, masculine plural temporaux, feminine plural temporales)
* (anatomy) temporal
    lobe temporal ― temporal lobe

#### Usage notes

* Not to be confused with temporel.

#### Derived terms

* os temporal

### Further reading

* “temporal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Etymology

13th century. Learned borrowing from Latin temporālis, from tempus (“time”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɛmpoˈɾal/

### Adjective

temporal m or f (plural temporais)
* temporal, pertaining to time
* temporal, transient, as opposed to eternal
* temporal, pertaining to the temples of the head
* (grammar) of a grammatical case in Hungarian

#### Derived terms

* temporalmente

### Noun

temporal m (plural temporais)
* (weather) rainstorm
    Synonyms: ballón, invernada
* (weather) windstorm
    Synonym: vendaval
* (weather) tempest
    Synonym: tempestade

### Noun

temporal m (plural temporais)
* (anatomy) the temporal bone

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “temporal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “temporal”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “temporal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “temporal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “temporal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɛmpoˈʁaːl/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aːl

### Adjective

temporal (strong nominative masculine singular temporaler, not comparable)
* temporal
    Synonym: zeitlich

#### Declension
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin temporālis, from Latin tempus (“time”).

### Adjective

temporal (neuter singular temporalt, definite singular and plural temporale)
* temporal (related to time)
* temporal (related to the temples)

#### Derived terms

* temporalia

#### Related terms

* temporær

### References

* “temporal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “temporal” in The Ordnett Dictionary

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /tẽ.poˈɾaw/ [tẽ.poˈɾaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /tẽ.puˈɾal/ [tẽ.puˈɾaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /tẽ.puˈɾal/ [tẽ.puˈɾaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /tẽ.puˈɾa.li/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
* Hyphenation: tem‧po‧ral

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Latin temporālis (“temporal”), from tempus (“season, time, opportunity”), from Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”).

#### Adjective

temporal m or f (plural temporais, not comparable)
* temporal (relating to time)
    Synonym: crónico
* secular
    Synonym: secular

##### Derived terms

* atemporal

##### Related terms

* tempão
* temperatura
* tempestade
* tempestivo
* tempestuoso
* tempo
* temporada
* temporalidade
* temporão
* temporário
* temporização
* temporizar

### Etymology 2

From tempo (“weather”).

#### Noun

temporal m (plural temporais)
* downpour; heavy rain
    Synonyms: tempestade, vendaval

### Etymology 3

From têmpora (“temple of the head”).

#### Noun

temporal m (plural temporais)
* temporal bone

##### Hypernyms

* osso

##### Holonyms

* crânio

##### Coordinate terms

* occipital, parietal, frontal, esfenoide, etmoide

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French temporel.

### Adjective

temporal m or n (feminine singular temporală, masculine plural temporali, feminine and neuter plural temporale)
* temporal (bone)

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin temporālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tempoˈɾal/ [t̪ẽm.poˈɾal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: tem‧po‧ral

### Adjective

temporal m or f (masculine and feminine plural temporales)
* temporal (of or relating to time)
* temporary
    Synonym: temporario
* (anatomy) temporal (of the temples of the head)

#### Derived terms

* empresa de trabajo temporal
* espaciotemporal
* horquilla temporal
* hueso temporal
* infratemporal
* lóbulo temporal
* temporalmente

#### Related terms

* temporalidad

### Noun

temporal m (plural temporales)
* storm
    Synonyms: tempestad, vendaval

#### Derived terms

* capear el temporal

### Further reading

* “temporal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10