# 幸

| 幸 | U+5E78, &#24184; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E78 |
| ← 幷 [U+5E77] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 幹 → [U+5E79] |

## Translingual
### Han character

幸 (Kangxi radical 51, 干+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十 (GTJ), four-corner 4040$_1$, composition ⿱土𢆉)

#### Derived characters

* 倖, 㓑, 啈, 𭎬, 婞, 𭖩, 𢔛, 悻, 涬, 逹, 𣈑, 𪲟, 𬍬, 䁄, 䂔, 緈, 䛭(𰵰), 﨨, 𩜜, 𰖹
* 𭄬, 𠦧, 執, 𠙜, 𢻏, 𢽞, 𪯎, 報, 瓡, 㼬, 𤿹, 報, 𮎙, 𢱬, 𨝜, 𰏮, 𰟚, 𪪉
* 𪡒, 𫳐, 𫈐, 𤲜, 𥦭, 睪, 𢆨, 𢩓, 𦵳, 𢆧, 𢆪, 𨵉, 𫡈, 圉

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 341, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9176
* Dae Jaweon: page 649, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 434, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5E78

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 幸 | *ɡreːŋʔ |
| 倖 | *ɡreːŋʔ |
| 婞 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
| 涬 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
| 緈 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
| 悻 | *ɡeːŋʔ |
| 睪 | *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡreːŋʔ): phonetic 犬 (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ) + semantic 羊. Original meaning is unclear. 羊 often appears as a component with a positive meaning. See 祥, 善 and 義.
Shuowen interprets it as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 屰 (“opposite”) + 夭 (“death”) – lucky to be alive; fortunate.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xìng (xing$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xin$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hang$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hang$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xin$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hen
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hên$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xing$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hāing
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâing / hêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): heng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hěng / hēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hêng$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sìng
*** Wade–Giles: hsing$^4$
*** Yale: syìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinq
*** Palladius: син (sin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xin$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hang$^6$
*** Yale: hahng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hang$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐŋ²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xin$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hen
*** Hakka Romanization System: hen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hen⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hɛn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāing
*** Sinological IPA : /xaiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâing / hêng
*** Sinological IPA : /haiŋ²⁴²/, /hɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: heng$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hēng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hěng
*** Tâi-lô: hǐng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēng
*** Tâi-lô: hīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heng
*** IPA (Singapore): /heŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hiɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /heŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yin
*** MiniDict: yin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦin²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit幸 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕiŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕiŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕiŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕĩn¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕiŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕin³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕin¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕĩ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕin⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕin⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦiŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦin³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦin¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕiʌ̃²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xɛ²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕin²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hen⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hɐŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hɐŋ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiŋ²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɛiŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xaiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /heŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /heŋ³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: heangX
Rime :
| Character | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡耿切 |
| Baxter | heangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨjŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣæŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣæŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hang$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤreŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡreːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁreŋʔ/ |
| English | fortunate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13881 |
| Phonetic component | 幸 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 幸 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡreːŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

幸
* by fluke; lucky
    alt. forms: 倖 / 幸 (xìng)
* fortunate; lucky
    三生有幸 ― sānshēngyǒuxìng ― to be very lucky
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Qiū yě xìng, gǒu yǒu guò, rén bì zhī zhī.” [Pinyin]
    [T]the Master said, "I am fortunate! If I have any errors, people are sure to know them."
* luckily; fortunately
* to rejoice
    幸災樂禍／幸灾乐祸 ― xìngzāilèhuò ― to be gratified by others' misfortunes
* (literary) to hope; to wish
* (historical, of an emperor) to personally visit
* (literary) to favour; to dote on
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (to hope):
* 企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
* 企望 (qǐwàng)
* 企盼 (qǐpàn)
* 冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
* 向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
* 夢想 / 梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
* 寄望 (jìwàng)
* 巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 希望 (xīwàng)
* 引領 / 引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 想望 (xion$^2$ von$^3$) (Jin)
* 承望 (chéngwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期待 (qīdài)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 渴望 (kěwàng)
* 盼 (pàn)
* 盼望 (pànwàng)
* 願 / 愿 (yuàn)
* 願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
* 鵠望 / 鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)
* (to personally visit): 親臨／亲临 (qīnlín)

#### Compounds

* 三生有幸 (sānshēngyǒuxìng)
* 不幸 (bùxìng)
* 不幸之幸 (bùxìngzhīxìng)
* 佞幸
* 僥幸 / 侥幸 (jiǎoxìng)
* 召幸
* 多幸 (duōxìng)
* 大幸 (dàxìng)
* 天幸 (tiānxìng)
* 家門不幸 / 家门不幸
* 家門有幸 / 家门有幸
* 寵幸 / 宠幸 (chǒngxìng)
* 幸不辱命
* 幸位
* 幸倡
* 幸免 (xìngmiǎn)
* 幸喜 (xìngxǐ)
* 幸好 (xìnghǎo)
* 幸得 (xìngdé)
* 幸會 / 幸会 (xìnghuì)
* 幸民
* 幸災樂禍 / 幸灾乐祸 (xìngzāilèhuò)
* 幸為先容 / 幸为先容
* 幸然
* 幸獲識荊 / 幸获识荆
* 幸甚 (xìngshèn)
* 幸生 (xìngshēng)
* 幸福 (xìngfú)
* 幸童
* 幸而 (xìng'ér)
* 幸臣
* 幸蒙
* 幸虧 / 幸亏 (xìngkuī)
* 幸逢
* 幸進 / 幸进
* 幸運 / 幸运 (xìngyùn)
* 幸運兒 / 幸运儿 (xìngyùn'ér)
* 幸運券 / 幸运券
* 得幸
* 徼幸 (jiǎoxìng)
* 恩幸
* 愛幸 / 爱幸
* 慶幸 / 庆幸 (qìngxìng)
* 所幸 (suǒxìng)
* 有幸 (yǒuxìng)
* 望幸
* 榮幸 / 荣幸 (róngxìng)
* 樂禍幸災 / 乐祸幸灾
* 權幸 / 权幸
* 沒幸 / 没幸
* 狼心狗幸 (lángxīn gǒu xìng)
* 短幸
* 萬幸 / 万幸 (wànxìng)
* 竊幸乘寵 / 窃幸乘宠
* 臨幸 / 临幸 (línxìng)
* 藏幸
* 行幸 (xíngxìng)
* 貴幸 / 贵幸
* 巡幸 (xúnxìng)
* 進幸 / 进幸
* 邀天之幸

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 幸(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 행(幸) (haeng)
* → Vietnamese: hạnh (幸)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see 倖 (“to favor; to dote on; by fluke or chance; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 倖).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see 㚔. (This character is a variant form of 㚔).

### References

* “幸”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “幸”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 267.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “幸”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 265.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぎょう (gyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: しあわせ (shiawase, 幸せ, Jōyō)、さいわい (saiwai, 幸い, Jōyō)、さきわい (sakiwai, 幸い)、さき (saki)、さちわい (sachiwai, 幸い)、さち (sachi, 幸, Jōyō)、さつ (satsu)
* Nanori: ゆき (yuki)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 射幸心(しゃっこうしん) (shakkōshin)
* 薄幸(はっこう) (hakkō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* こう Grade: 3
* on'yomi
/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 幸 (hɛng$^X$, literally “lucky, fortunate, auspicious”). The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

幸(こう) • (kō)
* good luck, good fortune; happiness
* an appearance by the emperor or a retired emperor

##### Usage notes

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

##### Synonyms

* (good fortune): 幸(こう)福(ふく) (kōfuku); 幸(さいわ)い (saiwai); 幸(さち) (sachi)
* (happiness): 仕(し)合(あわ)せ, 幸(しあわ)せ (shiawase)
* (imperial appearance): 行幸(みゆき), 御(み)行(ゆき), 御(み)幸(ゆき) (miyuki); 御(ご)幸(こう) (gokō)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* しあわせ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 幸 – see the following entry. :
| 【幸しあわせ】 | [adjective] happy [adjective] fortunate, lucky [noun] a moment when circumstances come together: fate, opportunity (used to indicate both good and bad instances) [noun] happiness [noun] good fortune, good luck [noun] circumstances, the flow of events Alternative spellings 仕合せ, 仕合わせ, 倖せ |
(This term, 幸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さいわい Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/ → /saiwai/
Derived from sakiwai below.
More often spelled as 幸い with the final い to indicate the reading.

#### Alternative forms

* 幸い

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さいわい [sàíwáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sa̠iβ̞a̠i]

#### Adjective

幸(さいわい) • (saiwai) -na (adnominal 幸(さいわい)な (saiwai na), adverbial 幸(さいわい)に (saiwai ni))
* very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
* favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions)
    お返(へん)事(じ)をいただければ幸(さいわ)いです。
       O-henji o itadakereba saiwai desu.
       It would be favorable if I could have your reply. → I would greatly appreciate your reply.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 幸だろ | さいわいだろ | saiwai daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 幸で | さいわいで | saiwai de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 幸だ | さいわいだ | saiwai da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 幸な | さいわいな | saiwai na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 幸なら | さいわいなら | saiwai nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 幸であれ | さいわいであれ | saiwai de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 幸ではない 幸じゃない | さいわいではない さいわいじゃない | saiwai de wa nai saiwai ja nai |
| Informal past | 幸だった | さいわいだった | saiwai datta |
| Informal negative past | 幸ではなかった 幸じゃなかった | さいわいではなかった さいわいじゃなかった | saiwai de wa nakatta saiwai ja nakatta |
| Formal | 幸です | さいわいです | saiwai desu |
| Formal negative | 幸ではありません 幸じゃありません | さいわいではありません さいわいじゃありません | saiwai de wa arimasen saiwai ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 幸でした | さいわいでした | saiwai deshita |
| Formal negative past | 幸ではありませんでした 幸じゃありませんでした | さいわいではありませんでした さいわいじゃありませんでした | saiwai de wa arimasen deshita saiwai ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 幸で | さいわいで | saiwai de |
| Conditional | 幸なら（ば） | さいわいなら（ば） | saiwai nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 幸だったら | さいわいだったら | saiwai dattara |
| Volitional | 幸だろう | さいわいだろう | saiwai darō |
| Adverbial | 幸に | さいわいに | saiwai ni |
| Degree | 幸さ | さいわいさ | saiwaisa |

#### Adverb

幸(さいわい) • (saiwai)
* fortunately, luckily, happily
    幸(さいわい)、怪我(けが)はなかった。
       Saiwai, kega wa nakatta.
       Luckily, no one was hurt.

##### Usage notes

When used as an adverb without a particle, this term usually comes at the start of the sentence. It also appears used with advervial particles に (ni) and と (to), or, perhaps more commonly, in an adverbial construction as 幸なことに.

#### Noun

幸(さいわい) • (saiwai)
* very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
* an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
* (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking

##### Synonyms

* (favorable occurrence): 幸(しあわ)せ (shiawase)
* (happiness): 幸(しあわ)せ (shiawase), 幸福(こうふく) (kōfuku)
* (fish tail and back fins): 尾(お)鰭(ひれ) (ohire)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さきわい Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 幸い
/sakipapi/ → /sakiɸaɸi/ → /sakiwahi/ → /sakiwai/
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸(さきわ)う (sakiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸(さき) (saki, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這(は)う (hau), 延(は)う (hau, “to spread out widely”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠kʲiβ̞a̠i]

#### Noun

幸(さきわい) • (sakiwai)
* (obsolete) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
* (obsolete) good luck or good fortune itself

##### Usage notes

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above.

##### Synonyms

* (good fortune): 幸福(こうふく) (kōfuku); 幸(さいわ)い (saiwai); 幸(さち) (sachi)

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さき Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 先 (saki, “tip, point; future, ahead”) from the idea of [favorable] future. Possibly also related to sachi / satsu below.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠kʲi]

#### Noun

幸(さき) • (saki)
* (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4095:
    大夫能 許己呂於毛保由 於保伎美能 美許登佐吉乎 聞者多布刀美
       大夫の 心思ほゆ 大君の 御言の幸を 聞けば貴み
       ますらをの こころおもほゆ おほきみの みことのさきを きけばたふとみ
       Masurawo no | kokoro omohoyu | Ohokimi no | mikoto no saki wo | kikeba tafutomi
          “Such manliness of spirit is brought to mind. How noble to hear of the happiness / good fortune of the words of the emperor...”

##### Usage notes

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.
Saki in this sense appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

##### Synonyms

* (good fortune): 幸福(こうふく) (kōfuku); 幸(さいわ)い (saiwai); 幸(さち) (sachi)

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さちわい Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
/sat͡ɕipapi/ → /sat͡ɕiɸaɸi/ → /sat͡ɕiwahi/ → /sat͡ɕiwai/
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 幸う (sachiwau, “to meet with good fortune; to prosper”), itself a compound of 幸 (sachi below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う (hau, “to spread out widely”).

#### Alternative forms

* 幸い

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠t͡ɕiβ̞a̠i]

#### Noun

幸(さちわい) • (sachiwai)
* (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
* (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself

##### Usage notes

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above. In historical Japanese, sachiwai appears to be a rarer variant of sakiwai above.

##### Synonyms

* (good fortune): 幸福(こうふく) (kōfuku); 幸(さいわ)い (saiwai); 幸(さち) (sachi)

### Etymology 7

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さち Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.
The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.
This is the standalone form of satsu below.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さち [sáꜜchì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sa̠t͡ɕi]

#### Adjective

幸(さち) • (sachi) -na (adnominal 幸(さち)な (sachi na), adverbial 幸(さち)に (sachi ni))
* very fortunate and happy

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 幸だろ | さちだろ | sachi daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 幸で | さちで | sachi de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 幸だ | さちだ | sachi da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 幸な | さちな | sachi na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 幸なら | さちなら | sachi nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 幸であれ | さちであれ | sachi de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 幸ではない 幸じゃない | さちではない さちじゃない | sachi de wa nai sachi ja nai |
| Informal past | 幸だった | さちだった | sachi datta |
| Informal negative past | 幸ではなかった 幸じゃなかった | さちではなかった さちじゃなかった | sachi de wa nakatta sachi ja nakatta |
| Formal | 幸です | さちです | sachi desu |
| Formal negative | 幸ではありません 幸じゃありません | さちではありません さちじゃありません | sachi de wa arimasen sachi ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 幸でした | さちでした | sachi deshita |
| Formal negative past | 幸ではありませんでした 幸じゃありませんでした | さちではありませんでした さちじゃありませんでした | sachi de wa arimasen deshita sachi ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 幸で | さちで | sachi de |
| Conditional | 幸なら（ば） | さちなら（ば） | sachi nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 幸だったら | さちだったら | sachi dattara |
| Volitional | 幸だろう | さちだろう | sachi darō |
| Adverbial | 幸に | さちに | sachi ni |
| Degree | 幸さ | さちさ | sachisa |

#### Noun

幸(さち) • (sachi)
* (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement
* a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game)
* good fortune, good luck; happiness

#### Derived terms

* 幸(さち)あれ (sachiare)

### Etymology 8

* Kanji in this term
* 幸
* さつ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.
The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.
This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.

#### Alternative forms

* 猟

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sa̠t͡sɨ]

#### Prefix

幸(さつ) • (satsu-)
* (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
    幸(さつ)矢(や)、幸(さつ)弓(ゆみ)、幸(さつ)人(ひと)
       satsuya, satsuyumi, satsuhito
       a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

幸 (eumhun 다행 행 (dahaeng haeng))
* hanja form of 행 (“fortune; good luck”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

幸: Hán Nôm readings: hạnh, may
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.