# caelum
## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkae̯.lum/, [ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃe.lum/, [ˈt͡ʃɛːlum]

### Etymology 1

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom (with a gender change to masculine), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i- or *kh₂éy-, originating in the augural sphere and indicating "the whole" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate with Latin caelebs (and perhaps sincērus and caerimōnia), Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”), English whole, holy. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”). The shift from neuter to masculine is irregular.

#### Alternative forms

* caelus (pre-Classical, otherwise rare)
* cael (pre-Classical, in a passage of Ennius’ Annales containing other truncated forms)
* cælum
* coelum, cœlum (Medieval Latin, New Latin, very common)
* cēlum (Medieval Latin)

#### Noun

caelum n or m (genitive caelī); second declension
* (vault of) heaven
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.505–506:illa ego sum, cui tū solitus prōmittere caelum. eī mihi, prō caelō quālia dōna ferō!I am the woman to whom you used to promise heaven. Alas, in place of heaven what kind of gifts do I get? (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)
** Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:12:viditque in somnis scalam stantem super terram et cacumen illius tangens caelumAnd he saw in his dream a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven
* sky
** Horace, Epistles I.xi.27 (translation Eugene Ehrlich, Say It in Latin, →ISBN
    Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.
       Those who cross the sea change the sky not their spirits.
** c. 15 BCE, Vitruvius, De architectura 4.5.1:Regiones autem, quas debent spectare aedes sacrae deorum inmortalium, sic erunt constituendae, uti, si nulla ratio inpedierit liberaque fuerit potestas, aedis signumque quod erit in cella conlocatum, spectet ad vespertinam caeli regionem, uti, qui adierint ad aram immolantes aut sacrificia facientes, spectent ad partem caeli orientis et simulacrum, quod erit in aede, et ita vota suscipientes contueantur aedem et orientem caeli ipsaque simulacra videantur exorientia contueri supplicantes et sacrificantes, quod aras omnes deorum necesse esse videatur ad orientem spectare.The directions which the sacred temples of the immortal gods ought to face should be so arranged that, if there is no reason to the contrary and the architect has full power, the temple and the image in the shrine should face to the west, in order that those who approach the altar to offer or to sacrifice may see to the east the image in the shrine, and that in making their vows they may behold the temple and the east[ern part of the sky], and that the images themselves may appear rising in the east to behold such as offer prayer and sacrifice.
* atmosphere, climate, weather

##### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).
The singular is neuter, the plural masculine. In the singular, the masculine form caelus exists but is archaic. In the plural, a neuter form does not exist. The plural was classically rare and avoided, but is frequent in Christian usage, translating Hebrew שמים and Greek οὐρανοί (ouranoí).

##### Derived terms

* caeles
* caelestīnus
* caelestis
* caelicola
* caelicus
* caelifer
* caelifluus
* caeligenus
* caeliger
* caeliloquus
* caelipotēns
* caelitēs
* caelitus
* caeruleus

##### Descendants

* Balkan-Romance:
** Aromanian: tser, tseru
** Istro-Romanian: țer
** Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser
** Romanian: cer
* Dalmatian:
** cil, sil
* Istriot:
** sìil
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: celu
** Italian: cielo, celo (misspelling)
*** → Esperanto: ĉielo
*** → Lombard: ciel
*** → Piedmontese: cel
** Neapolitan: cielo, cielu
** Sicilian: celu
* Padanian:
** Friulian: cîl
** Ladin: ciël
** Ligurian: çê
** Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)
** Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: cel
** Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu
** Old French: ciel, cel
*** Bourguignon: cier
*** French: ciel
**** Haitian Creole: syèl
*** Norman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel
*** Walloon: cir
** Old Occitan: cel
*** Occitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: chelu, celu
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Navarro-Aragonese: cielo
*** Aragonese: zielo
** Extremaduran: cielu
** Old Leonese:
*** Asturian: cielu
*** Leonese: ceu, cielu
*** Mirandese: cielo
** Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo
*** Fala: ceu
*** Galician: ceo
*** Portuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: cielo, çielo
*** Ladino: sielo
*** Spanish: cielo
**** → Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)
**** → Hiligaynon: sielo
**** → Papiamentu: shelu
* Borrowings:
** → Albanian: qiell
** → Proto-Basque: *zelu
*** Basque: zeru

#### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caelum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 80-81
* ↑ Frazer, James George. 2015. Fastorum libri sex: The Fasti of Ovid. Cambridge Library Collection. Page 367.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *kaid(s)lom, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“cut, hew”) (whence also caedō (“I cut”)).

#### Alternative forms

* cēlum (post-classical)
* coelum

#### Noun

caelum n (genitive caelī); second declension
* chisel

##### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

##### Related terms

* caedēs
* caedō
* caeduus
* caelāmen
* caelātor
* caelātūra
* caelō
* caesa
* caesim
* caesiō
* caesor
* caespes
* caesum
* caesūra
* caesus

##### Descendants

* → English: Caelum

#### References

* “$^1$caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “$^2$caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “caelum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* 1 caelum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* 2 caelum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky: suspicere (in) caelum to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky: oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum climate: caelum or natura caeli healthy climate: caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas) temperate climate: caeli temperatio rough climate: caeli asperitas variable climate: caeli varietas the star-lit sky; the firmament: caelum astris distinctum et ornatum the pole: vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder: tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque (Liv. 1. 16) the heavens are shaken by the thunder: caelum tonitru contremit to extol, laud to the skies: laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere to raise the hands to heaven (attitude of prayer): (supinas) manus ad caelum tendere (ambiguous) to run its course in the sky: cursum conficere in caelo (ambiguous) to be struck by lightning: de caelo tangi, percuti (ambiguous) when it is growing dusk; towards evening: die, caelo vesperascente (ambiguous) to observe the sky (i.e. the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.: de caelo servare (Att. 4. 3. 3)
* “caelum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “caelum”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caedō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 79-80