# 黨

| 黨 | U+9EE8, &#40680; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9EE8 |
| ← 黧 [U+9EE7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 黩 → [U+9EE9] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 党 |
| Simplified | 党 |
| Traditional | 黨 |

### Han character

黨 (Kangxi radical 203, 黑+8, 20 strokes, cangjie input 火月口田火 (FBRWF), four-corner 9033$_1$, composition ⿱𫩠黑)

#### Derived characters

* 儻, 𭍀, 𰋆, 𡤭, 𡿓, 戃, 攩, 灙, 𤣞, 曭, 𣎲, 欓, 爣, 𪼲, 㿩, 矘, 𥤗, 𡆊, 𥽻, 𫄗, 讜, 𨏻, 钂, 𩽳
* 䣣, 𧅗, 𥸈, 𪺌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1520, character 36
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48132
* Dae Jaweon: page 2055, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4750, character 5
* Unihan data for U+9EE8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 黨 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 襠 | *taːŋ |
| 鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
| 簹 | *taːŋ |
| 璫 | *taːŋ |
| 檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
| 蟷 | *taːŋ |
| 擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
| 黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 讜 | *taːŋʔ |
| 欓 | *taːŋʔ |
| 譡 | *taːŋs |
| 闣 | *taːŋs |
| 瓽 | *taːŋs |
| 鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
| 鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
| 曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
| 戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
| 淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
| 趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
| 堂 | *daːŋ |
| 坣 | *daːŋ |
| 棠 | *daːŋ |
| 糛 | *daːŋ |
| 螳 | *daːŋ |
| 隚 | *daːŋ |
| 橖 | *daːŋ |
| 掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
| 廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
| 敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
| 常 | *djaŋ |
| 嘗 | *djaŋ |
| 裳 | *djaŋ |
| 徜 | *djaŋ |
| 尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 甞 | *djaŋ |
| 鋿 | *djaŋ |
| 嫦 | *djaŋ |
| 償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
| 賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
| 瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
| 牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
| 埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 黑 (“black”) – black; dark.

### Etymology 1

* 黨 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 黨 (Cantonese)
The endoactive of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dǎng (dang$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄤˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dang$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дон (don, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dong$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ong$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): dong$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tóng
    (Hailu, HRS): dong$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): dong$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): don$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dōng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tóng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$taon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǎng
*** Wade–Giles: tang$^3$
*** Yale: dǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daang
*** Palladius: дан (dan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: dang$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dang
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дон (don, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dong$^2$
*** Yale: dóng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dong$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔːŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: dong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: dong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /toŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: dong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /toŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: dong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /tɔŋ³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: don$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tɒ̃⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dōng
*** Sinological IPA : /touŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dô̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɒŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tóng
*** Tâi-lô: tóng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: táng
*** Sinological IPA : /taŋ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$taon
*** MiniDict: taon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$taan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tɑ̃³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: dan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tan⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: tangX
Rime :
| Character | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 多朗切 |
| Baxter | tangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /taŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dong$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*taːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁaŋʔ/ |
| English | 500 families; relatives |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 11113 |
| Phonetic component | 尚 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黨 |
| Old Chinese | /*taːŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

黨
* community; fellow community member
    鄉黨／乡党 ― xiāngdǎng ― neighbours; local community
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Yuán Sī wèi zhī zǎi, yǔ zhī sù jiǔbǎi, cí. Zǐyuē: “Wú! Yǐ yǔ ěr línlǐxiāngdǎng hū!” [Pinyin]
    Yuan Si being made governor of his town by the Master, he gave him nine hundred measures of grain, but Si declined them. The Master said, "Do not decline them. May you not give them away in the neighborhoods, hamlets, towns, and villages?"
** 1924, “National Anthem of the Republic of China”, Sun Yat-sen (lyrics):
       Sānmínzhǔyì, wú dǎng suǒ zōng. [Pinyin]
       The Three Principles of the People is the foundation of our citizens.
* gang; faction
    結黨／结党 ― jiédǎng ― to form a faction
    黑手黨／黑手党 ― hēishǒudǎng ― mafia (lit. black hand gang)
* (politics) party
    政黨／政党 ― zhèngdǎng ― political party
    自由黨／自由党 ― Zìyóudǎng ― Liberal Party
** (for one-party states, in press releases or official media) the ruling party
*** (chiefly Mainland China, specifically) the Communist Party of China
    黨的十八大／党的十八大 ― Dǎng de Shíbā Dà ― The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
    黨鐵／党铁 [Cantonese] ― dong$^2$ tit$^3$ [Jyutping] ― The "Commie" MTR
*** (Vietnam, specifically) Communist Party of Vietnam
*** (Wa State, specifically) United Wa State Party
* (Hong Kong, used as suffix) a group or class of people with negative attribute, or a member of it
    寶藥黨／宝药党 [Cantonese] ― bou$^2$ joek$^6$ dong$^2$ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    祈福黨／祈福党 [Cantonese] ― kei$^4$ fuk$^1$ dong$^2$ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (used as suffix in Internet slang) a group or class of people, or a member of it
    標題黨／标题党 ― biāotídǎng ― a person who writes articles or news using off-topic or misleading headlines; these kinds of people
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 三黨 / 三党
* 上黨梆子 / 上党梆子
* 中央黨部 / 中央党部
* 亂黨 / 乱党 (luàndǎng)
* 伐異黨同 / 伐异党同
* 內外姻黨 / 内外姻党 (nèiwàiyīndǎng)
* 兩黨制 / 两党制 (liǎngdǎngzhì)
* 共和黨 / 共和党 (Gònghédǎng)
* 共慘黨 / 共惨党 (gòngcǎndǎng)
* 共產黨 / 共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng)
* 凶黨
* 反對黨 / 反对党 (fǎnduìdǎng)
* 反黨 / 反党 (fǎndǎng)
* 同黨 / 同党 (tóngdǎng)
* 國民黨 / 国民党 (Guómíndǎng)
* 在野黨 / 在野党 (zàiyědǎng)
* 執政黨 / 执政党 (zhízhèngdǎng)
* 多黨制 / 多党制 (duōdǎngzhì)
* 太子黨 / 太子党 (Tàizǐdǎng)
* 夫黨 / 夫党
* 奸黨 (jiāndǎng)
* 妻黨 / 妻党
* 姻黨 / 姻党
* 姦黨 / 奸党 (jiāndǎng)
* 孽黨 / 孽党
* 建黨 / 建党 (jiàndǎng)
* 忠黨愛國 / 忠党爱国 (zhōngdǎng'àiguó)
* 惡黨 / 恶党 (èdǎng)
* 成群結黨 / 成群结党
* 戚黨 / 戚党
* 拆白黨 / 拆白党 (chāibáidǎng)
* 挾朋樹黨 / 挟朋树党
* 政黨 / 政党 (zhèngdǎng)
* 放黨 / 放党
* 政黨政治 / 政党政治
* 族黨 / 族党
* 會黨 / 会党 (huìdǎng)
* 朋黨 / 朋党 (péngdǎng)
* 朋黨之爭 / 朋党之争
* 朋黨比周 / 朋党比周
* 朋黨論 / 朋党论
* 朔黨 / 朔党
* 東林黨 / 东林党
* 植黨 / 植党
* 植黨營私 / 植党营私
* 樹黨 / 树党
* 死黨 / 死党 (sǐdǎng)
* 母黨 / 母党
* 民主進步黨 / 民主进步党 (Mínzhǔ Jìnbù Dǎng)
* 民主黨 / 民主党 (mínzhǔdǎng)
* 民進黨 / 民进党 (Mínjìndǎng)
* 洛黨 / 洛党
* 清黨 / 清党 (qīngdǎng)
* 無偏無黨 / 无偏无党
* 無黨無偏 / 无党无偏
* 父黨 / 父党
* 牛李黨爭 / 牛李党争
* 犵黨 / 犵党
* 狐朋狗黨 / 狐朋狗党
* 狐群狗黨 / 狐群狗党 (húqún-gǒudǎng)
* 狗黨狐群 / 狗党狐群
* 童黨 / 童党 (tóngdǎng)
* 納粹黨 / 纳粹党
* 結黨 / 结党 (jiédǎng)
* 結黨營私 / 结党营私 (jiédǎngyíngsī)
* 結黨聚群 / 结党聚群
* 結黨連群 / 结党连群
* 綠黨 / 绿党 (lǜdǎng)
* 群而不黨 / 群而不党 (qún'érbùdǎng)
* 肆奸植黨
* 脫黨 / 脱党
* 自由黨 / 自由党 (Zìyóudǎng)
* 與黨 / 与党
* 虎克黨 / 虎克党
* 蜀黨 / 蜀党
* 賊黨 / 贼党 (zéidǎng)
* 跨黨 / 跨党
* 輝格黨 / 辉格党
* 部黨 / 部党
* 鄉黨 / 乡党 (xiāngdǎng)
* 鄉黨尚齒 / 乡党尚齿
* 鄰里鄉黨 / 邻里乡党
* 里黨
* 金光黨 / 金光党 (jīnguāngdǎng)
* 鉤黨 / 钩党 (gōudǎng)
* 閭黨姻婭 / 闾党姻娅
* 閹黨 / 阉党 (yāndǎng)
* 阿黨 / 阿党
* 餘黨 / 余党 (yúdǎng)
* 黑手黨 / 黑手党 (hēishǒudǎng)
* 黨人 / 党人 (dǎngrén)
* 黨伍 / 党伍
* 黨內初選 / 党内初选
* 黨務 / 党务 (dǎngwù)
* 黨同伐異 / 党同伐异 (dǎngtóngfáyì)
* 黨員 / 党员 (dǎngyuán)
* 黨員大會 / 党员大会
* 黨國 / 党国 (dǎngguó)
* 黨團 / 党团 (dǎngtuán)
* 黨團會議 / 党团会议 (dǎng tuán huìyì)
* 黨城灣 / 党城湾 (Dǎngchéngwān)
* 黨報 / 党报 (dǎngbào)
* 黨委 / 党委 (dǎngwěi)
* 黨徒 / 党徒 (dǎngtú)
* 黨徽 / 党徽 (dǎnghuī)
* 黨性 / 党性 (dǎngxìng)
* 黨政軍 / 党政军 (dǎngzhèngjūn)
* 黨旗 / 党旗 (dǎngqí)
* 黨校 / 党校 (dǎngxiào)
* 黨棍 / 党棍 (dǎnggùn)
* 黨派 / 党派 (dǎngpài)
* 黨爭 / 党争 (dǎngzhēng)
* 黨產 / 党产 (dǎngchǎn)
* 黨禁 / 党禁 (dǎngjìn)
* 黨禍 / 党祸 (dǎnghuò)
* 黨籍 / 党籍 (dǎngjí)
* 黨籍碑 / 党籍碑
* 黨紀 / 党纪 (dǎngjì)
* 黨綱 / 党纲 (dǎnggāng)
* 黨群 / 党群 (dǎngqún)
* 黨羽 / 党羽 (dǎngyǔ)
* 黨見 / 党见 (dǎngjiàn)
* 黨論 / 党论
* 黨證 / 党证 (dǎngzhèng)
* 黨部 / 党部 (dǎngbù)
* 黨錮 / 党锢 (dǎnggù)
* 黨錮之禍 / 党锢之祸
* 黨閥 / 党阀 (dǎngfá)
* 黨鞭 / 党鞭 (dǎngbiān)
* 黨章 / 党章 (dǎngzhāng)
* 黨魁 / 党魁 (dǎngkuí)
* 黨齡 / 党龄 (dǎnglíng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 党(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 당(黨) (dang)
* → Vietnamese: đảng (黨)
Others:
* → Zhuang: dangj

### Etymology 2

Identified as an ancient Chu dialect word in Han Dynasty scholar Yang Xiong's Fangyan.
Schuessler (2007) compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mə-taŋ (“to see; to look”), whence Tibetan མཐོང (mthong, “to see; to perceive”).
Alternatively, it may be of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *tiɲ ~ *təɲ (“to know”), whence Khmer ដឹង (dəng), Eastern Bru ດັງ (dáng) (Behr, 2008; Ye, 2014).
Perhaps related to 懂 (dǒng, “to understand”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dǎng (dang$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dǎng
*** Wade–Giles: tang$^3$
*** Yale: dǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: daang
*** Palladius: дан (dan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dong$^2$
*** Yale: dóng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dong$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔːŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

黨
* (ancient Chu dialect) to know
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Fǎxiānwáng, shùn lǐyì, dǎng xuézhě, rán'ér bù hào yán, bù lè yán, zé bì fēi chéngshì yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tǎng (tang$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǎng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻang$^3$
*** Yale: tǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: taang
*** Palladius: тан (tan)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɑŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tong$^2$
*** Yale: tóng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tong$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɔːŋ³⁵/
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 11132 |
| Phonetic component | 尚 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 注通作儻 |

#### Definitions

黨
* Alternative form of 倘 (tǎng)

### References

* “黨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 党 |
| Kyūjitai | 黨 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 党)
* (political) party

#### Readings

* Go-on: とう (tō)
* Kan-on: とう (tō)
* Kun: なかま (nakama, 黨)、むら (mura, 黨)

### Noun

黨(とう) • (tō)
* Kyūjitai form of 党: political party

## Korean
### Hanja

黨 (eumhun 무리 당 (muri dang))
* hanja form of 당 (“political party”)

#### Compounds

* 야당 (野黨, yadang, “opposition party”)
* 여당 (與黨, yeodang, “ruling party”)
* 탈당 (脫黨, taldang, “defection from a party”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

黨: Hán Nôm readings: đảng, đoảng

### Noun

黨
* chữ Hán form of đảng (“(politics) a political party”).