# quiver
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkwɪvə/
* (General American, Canada) enPR: kwĭˈvər, IPA: /ˈkwɪvɚ/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪvə(ɹ)
* Hyphenation: quiv‧er

### Etymology 1

From Middle English quiver, from Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare (source of Dutch koker, and cognate to Old English cocer (“quiver, case”)), from Proto-West Germanic *kokar (“container”), said to be from Hunnic, possibly from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür (“leather vessel for liquids”); see there for more. Replaced early modern cocker, the inherited reflex of that West Germanic word.
The mathematical sense originated as German Köcher in a paper by Pierre Gabriel; it was likely chosen because a quiver contains arrows, while a digraph contains directed edges (also called "arrows").

#### Noun

quiver (plural quivers)
* (weaponry) A container for arrows, crossbow bolts or darts, such as those fired from a bow, crossbow or blowgun.
** 1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], line 271:Don Pedro: Nay, if Cupid have not spent all his quiver in Venice, thou wilt quake for this shortly.
** 1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons, page 39:Arrows were carried in quiver, called also an arrow case, which served for the magazine, arrows for immediate use were worn in the girdle.
* (figuratively) A ready storage location for figurative tools or weapons.
    He's got lots of sales pitches in his quiver.
* (obsolete) A vulva.
* (obsolete) The collective noun for cobras.
* (mathematics) A multidigraph, especially in the context of representation theory.

##### Derived terms

* arrow in the quiver
* Auslander-Reiten quiver
* quiverful
* Quiverfull
* quiver tree

##### Translations

Afrikaans: koker
Albanian: kukur
Arabic: جَعْبَة f (jaʕba)
Armenian: կապարճ (hy) (kaparč)
Azerbaijani: oxdan, oxqabı, sadaq, oxluq
Bashkir: һаҙаҡ (haźaq)
Belarusian: калча́н (kalčán)
Bulgarian: колча́н (bg) m (kolčán)
Buryat: һаадаг (haadag)
Catalan: carcaix (ca) m, buirac (ca) m
Chinese:
Mandarin: 箭圖 / 箭图 (jiàntú), 箭袋 (jiàndài), 一袋箭 (yī dài jiàn), 箭筒 (jiàntǒng), 箙 (zh) (fú) (literary)
Czech: toulec (cs) m
Danish: kogger n, pilekogger n
Dutch: koker (nl) m, pijlkoker (nl) m
Egyptian: (jspt)
Esperanto: sagujo
Estonian: nooletupp
Faroese: ørvahúsi m, pílahúsi m
Finnish: nuolikotelo (fi), viini (fi)
French: carquois (fr) m
Galician: carcán m, goldre m, coldre m, alxaba f, carcás m
Georgian: კაპარჭი (ka) (ḳaṗarč̣i), საისრე (saisre)
German: Köcher (de) m
Greek: φαρέτρα (el) f (farétra)
Ancient: φαρέτρα f (pharétra), βελοθήκη f (belothḗkē), γωρυτός m (gōrutós)
Greenlandic: qarsulivik
Hindi: तरकश (hi) m (tarkaś), खोलि (hi) f (kholi)
Hungarian: tegez (hu), puzdra (hu)
Icelandic: örvamælir m
Indonesian: tarkas (id)
Italian: faretra (it) f
Japanese: 矢筒 (ja) (やづつ, yadzutsu), 箙 (ja) (えびら, ebira)
Kalmyk: саадг (saadg)
Kannada: please add this translation if you can
Kazakh: қорамсақ (qoramsaq)
Khmer: បំពង់ព្រួញ (bɑmpŭəng pruəñ)
Korean: 화살통 (hwasaltong), 전동(箭桐) (ko) (jeondong), 동개(筒箇) (donggae)
Kyrgyz: саадак (saadak)
Lao: ແລ່ງ (lǣng)
Latin: gōrȳtos m, pharetra f
Latvian: bultu maks m
Lithuanian: strėlinė f
Lushootseed: ʔičəd
Macedonian: тул m (tul)
Malayalam: ആവനാഴി (ml) (āvanāḻi)
Maori: pūkoro pere c
Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭭𐭲𐭢𐭫 (kntgl)
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: саадаг (mn) (saadag)
Navajo: kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh
Norwegian:
Bokmål: kogger n
Old English: cocer m
Old Norse: örmalr
Ottoman Turkish: اوقلق (okluk)
Pali: bāṇadhi m
Pawnee: pacuuʼuʼ, raawacuuʼuʼ
Persian: تیردان (fa) (tirdân), ترکش (fa) (tarkaš), تیرکش (fa) (tirkaš), شگا (fa) (šagâ)
Polish: kołczan (pl) m
Portuguese: aljava (pt) f, fáretra f, carcás m
Romanian: tolbă (ro) f
Russian: колча́н (ru) m (kolčán), (dated) тул (ru) m (tul)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: то̀болац m
Roman: tòbolac (sh) m
Slovak: tulec m
Slovene: tul m
Spanish: aljaba (es) f, carcaj (es) m, goldre m, carcax (es) m (karkash), carcaza f
Swahili: podo (sw), ziaka, pongono
Swedish: koger (sv) n
Tagalog: salungan, talanga
Tajik: тирдон (tirdon), тиркаш (tirkaš)
Tamil: அம்பறாத் தூணி (ampaṟāt tūṇi)
Tatar: ук савыты (uq sawıtı), садак (sadaq)
Telugu: అంబులపొద (ambulapoda), తూణీరము (te) (tūṇīramu)
Thai: แล่ง (lɛ̂ɛng)
Tibetan: གཞུ་ཤུབས (gzhu shubs)
Turkish: okluk (tr), sadak (tr)
Turkmen: sagdak (tk)
Tuvan: колчан (kolçan), согун саадаа (sogun saadaa)
Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎘𐎔𐎚 (ủṯpt)
Ukrainian: сагайда́к (uk) m (sahajdák), колча́н m (kolčán), ту́ла (uk) f (túla)
Urdu: تَرْکَش m (tarkaś)
Uzbek: o'qdon (uz), sadoq (uz), tirdon
Vietnamese: ống tên, bao tên
West Frisian: koker n
ǃXóõ: ǃúla :

### Etymology 2

From Middle English quiver, cwiver, from Old English *cwifer, probably related to cwic (“alive”).

#### Adjective

quiver (comparative more quiver, superlative most quiver)
* (archaic) Nimble, active.
** c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], line 281:[...] there was a little quiver fellow, and 'a would manage you his piece thus; and 'a would about and about, and come you in and come you in.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English quiveren, probably from the adjective.

#### Verb

quiver (third-person singular simple present quivers, present participle quivering, simple past and past participle quivered)
* (intransitive) To shake or move with slight and tremulous motion.
    Synonyms: tremble, quake, shudder, shiver
** c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii], line 12:The birds chaunt melodie on euerie buſh, The ſnakes lies rolled in the chearefull ſunne, The greene leaues quiuer with the cooling winde, And make a checkerd ſhadow on the ground: [...]
** 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene iv, page 2:And left the limbs still quivering on the ground.
** 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 84, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 410:Next moment with a rapid, nameless impulse, in a superb lofty arch the bright steel spans the foaming distance, and quivers in the life spot of the whale.
** 1919 October, John Galsworthy, chapter VIII, in Saint’s Progress, London: William Heinemann, published December 1919, →OCLC, part III, page 300:And the moonlight on the Church seemed to shift and quiver—some pigeons perhaps had been disturbed up there.

##### Derived terms

* aquiver
* quivering
* quiversome

##### Translations
### References

* ↑ Etymology dictionary, enacademic.com, "quiver"

### Further reading

* quiver on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of coker.

#### Alternative forms

* quyver, qwyver, qwywere, qwyvere, whyver

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkwivər/

#### Noun

quiver (plural quivers)
* A quiver (a receptacle for arrows)
* (rare, vulgar) A vulva.

##### Descendants

* English: quiver

##### References

* “quiver, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-04.
* ↑ “quiver”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

### Etymology 2

From Old English *cwifer, probably related to cwic (“alive”).

#### Alternative forms

* quyver, quyvere, cwiver

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkwivər/

#### Adjective

quiver
* fast, speedy, rapid
* energetic, vigourous, vibrant

##### Descendants

* English: quiver

##### References

* “quiver, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-04.