# -el
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əl/, /l̩/

### Etymology 1

From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -le, -al

#### Suffix

-el
* Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e.
    runnel, shovel, dotel
* Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin.
    hatchel, hovel, gomeral

### Etymology 2

From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:
* Old English -el (diminutive suffix)
* Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus

#### Suffix

-el
* Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin.
    cupel, chapel, tunnel

##### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* -le, LE, Le, LαE, le

## Abenaki
### Suffix

-el
* Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb.
    n'kezalmô
       I love
    k'kezalmel
       I love you (singular)

#### Usage notes

The suffix is spelled -ol by some writers.

### See also

* -elba

## Breton
### Etymology

Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)

### Suffix

-el
* To make an adjective of a noun; -al
    ‎broad (“nation”) + ‎-el → ‎broadel (“national”)

#### Derived terms
## Cornish
### Etymology

Likely borrowed from English -al.

### Suffix

-el
* Forming adjectives from nouns: -al
    ‎elven (“element”) + ‎-el → ‎elvennel (“elemental”)
    ‎breus (“judgement”) + ‎-el → ‎breusel (“critical”)

#### Derived terms
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech -el, from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ. This suffix should be etymologically masculine. In the Old Czech, it was and the similar feminine suffix was -ěl, but these two suffixes have merged into one today. See e.g. Old Czech kúpěl –> koupel (instead of expected koupěl).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ ɛl]

### Suffix

-el m anim or m inan or f (noun-forming suffix)
* forms nouns
    ‎koza + ‎-el → ‎kozel
    ‎pleva + ‎-el → ‎plevel
    ‎koupat + ‎-el → ‎koupel

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -el in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /el/, [ˈɛlˀ]

### Suffix

-el
* -al

#### Derived terms
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. probably more than one etymology involved

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əl/

### Suffix

-el (unproductive)
* forms diminutive nouns
    ‎koren + ‎-el → ‎korrel
* forms noun denoting an instrument
    Synonym: -er
    ‎sluiten + ‎-el → ‎sleutel

#### Derived terms
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-el
* in [...] way
    -el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree

#### Derived terms

* kiel (“in what way, in what manner, how”)
* tiel (“in that way, in that manner, thus”)
* ĉiel (“in every way, in every manner”)
* iel (“in some way, in some manner, somehow”)
* neniel (“in no way, nohow”)
* (nonce) aliel (“in another way, somehow else”)

## Franco-Provençal
### Pronoun

-el f
* postpositive form of el

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛl/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)
* forms adjectives from nouns: -al

#### Descendants

* → Danish: -el
* → Dutch: -eel
** Afrikaans: -eel
** → Indonesian: -il
* → German: -ell
* → Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
* → Swedish: -ell
* → Turkish: -sel
* → Yiddish: ־על (-el)

### See also

* -al

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əl/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-el n
* suffix in diminutives (regional)
    ‎Kind (“child”) + ‎-el → ‎Kindel (“little child, darling”)
    ‎Haus (“house”) + ‎-el → ‎Häusel (“little house”)
* suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance
    ‎Arm (“arm”) + ‎-el → ‎Ärmel (“sleeve”)
    ‎Eiche (“oak”) + ‎-el → ‎Eichel (“acorn”)
* suffix in agent and instrumental nouns
    Büttel, Meißel, Weisel

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-el” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From -e- +‎ -l.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛl]
* Rhymes: -ɛl

### Suffix

-el
* (personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).
    ‎keres (“to seek”) + ‎-el → ‎keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)
* (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb.
    ‎ebéd (“lunch”) + ‎-el → ‎ebédel (“to eat lunch”)
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role.
    ‎lep (“to cover”) + ‎-el → ‎lepel (“wrap”)

#### Usage notes

| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
| én | -ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -sz | -sz | -sz |
| te | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | -esz |
| te | after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | – | – | – |
| ő maga ön | -ik verbs | -ik | -ik | -ik |
| mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | -ünk |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
| ti | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | -nek |
| ők maguk önök | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | -enek |
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -sz added to verbs not in the categories listed below
       ‎vár (“to wait”) + ‎-sz → ‎vársz (“you wait, you are waiting”)
    -asz added to back-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
       ‎hall (“to hear”) + ‎-asz → ‎hallasz (“you hear, you are hearing”)
       ‎tanít (“to teach”) + ‎-asz → ‎tanítasz (“you teach, you are teaching”)
    -esz added to front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
       ‎dönt (“to decide”) + ‎-esz → ‎döntesz (“you decide, you are deciding”)
       ‎segít (“to help”) + ‎-esz → ‎segítesz (“you help, you are helping”)
    -ol added to back-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
       ‎olvas (“to read”) + ‎-ol → ‎olvasol (“you read, you are reading”)
    -el added to unrounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
       ‎vesz (“to buy”) + ‎-el → ‎veszel (“you buy, you are buying”)
    -öl added to rounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
       ‎főz (“to cook”) + ‎-öl → ‎főzöl (“you cook, you are cooking”)
* (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
    -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.
* (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
    -al is added to back-vowel words
    -el is added to front-vowel words

#### Derived terms
### See also

* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Low German
### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

#### Suffix

-el m
* Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs.
    Lepel, Snavel, Stickel

### Etymology 2

From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.

#### Suffix

-el m
* A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil).

##### Derived terms

* Bückel
* Stickel

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -le

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-əl/

#### Suffix

-el
* Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.

##### Descendants

* English: -le
* Scots: -le

##### References

* “-el, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -ell, -il, -ill, -le, -ul, -yl, -yll, -ylle

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-əl/

#### Suffix

-el
* Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
* Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.

##### Descendants

* English: -le, -el
* Scots: -le, -el

##### References

* “-el, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 3

From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.

#### Alternative forms

* -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ˈɛːl(ə)/, /-ɛl(ə)/

#### Suffix

-el
* Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.

##### Descendants

* English: -el, -le

### Etymology 4
#### Suffix

-el
* Alternative form of -al

### Etymology 5
#### Suffix

-el
* Alternative form of -elen

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.

### Suffix

-el
* makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al

#### Derived terms
## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ.

### Suffix

-el m pers or m animal or m inan (noun-forming suffix)
* forms nouns
    ‎koza + ‎-el → ‎kozel
    ‎s- + viezti + ‎-el → ‎sviezel

#### Descendants

* Czech: -el

#### See also

* -ěl

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /el/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.

#### Suffix

-el
* Alternative form of -ol

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -il

#### Suffix

-el
* (causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs
    ‎crēopan (“to creep”) + ‎-el → ‎crypel (“cripple”)
    ‎bēodan (“to command”) + ‎-el → ‎bydel (“herald, messenger”)
    ‎spittan (“to dig”) + ‎-el → ‎spitel (“shovel”)
    ‎hladan (“to lade”) + ‎-el → ‎hlædel (“ladle”)
    ‎þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + ‎-el → ‎þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)

##### Descendants

* Middle English: -el
** English: -le, -el
** Scots: -le, -el

## Old French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛl/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.

#### Suffix

-el
* used to form an adjective

##### Descendants

* French: -el
** → Danish: -el
** → Dutch: -eel
*** Afrikaans: -eel
*** → Indonesian: -il
** → German: -ell
** → Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
** → Swedish: -ell
** → Turkish: -sel
** → Yiddish: ־על (-el)

### Etymology 2

From Latin -ellus.

#### Suffix

-el
* used to form a diminutive

##### Descendants

* Angevin: -iau
* Bourbonnais-Berrichon: -iau
* Bourguignon: -eâ
* Champenois: -é, -iau
* Franc-Comtois: -é, -ia
* French: -eau
* Gallo: -ë, -iao
* Lorrain: -é
* Norman: -é, iaô
* Picard: -iau, -ieu
* Poitevin-Saintongeais: -ea
* Walloon: -ea
* → Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle
** English: -el, -le

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ělъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛl/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛl
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-el m
* forms masculine agent nouns
    ‎śmierdzieć + ‎-el → ‎śmierdziel

#### Declension

Masculine personal:
Masculine animate:
Masculine inanimate:

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -el in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romani
### Suffix

-el
* Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ellus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /el/

### Suffix

-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)
* used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. ‎băiat (“boy”) + ‎-el → ‎băiețel (“little boy”)
    Synonyms: -uș, -aș, -uț, -șor

#### Related terms

* -ea

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛl/

### Etymology 1

A variation of -il (“derives deverbals and denominals”), from Proto-Turkic *-il or Proto-Turkic *-gil. Both variants are likely merged with homophonic -il (“derives adjectives for onomatopoeia and colors”).
See şırıltı (“onomatopoeia for flowing water”), kızıl (“red”) and yeşil (“green”).
For words from using the same suffix, see güzel (“beautiful”), tombul (“chubby”), tükel (“complete, perfect”), kutsal (“holy, sacred”), çatal (“fork”) and çakıl (“gravel”).
Perhaps influenced by French -al, whence -sel as in göksel or işitsel but not kutsal.

#### Suffix

-el
* Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs.
    özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).

#### Suffix

-el
* Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives.
    ‎ince (“thin”) + ‎-l → ‎(int.) incelmek (“to thin”)
    ‎dar (“narrow”) + ‎-al → ‎(int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)
    ‎çok (“many, much”) + ‎-al → ‎(int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)
    ‎düz (“straight”) + ‎-el → ‎(int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)
    ‎kısa (“short”) + ‎-al → ‎(int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)
    ‎yön (“direction”) + ‎-el → ‎(int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)
    ‎diri (“alive, not dead”) + ‎-l → ‎(int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)

##### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102
* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Al-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “-al”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 184

## Volapük
### Suffix

-el
* Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing.