# been
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English been (past participle), from Old English (ġe)bēon; equivalent to be +‎ -en.

#### Pronunciation

* (General American, Received Pronunciation) IPA: /bɪn/
** Audio (US):(file)
** Homophone: bin
** Rhymes: -ɪn
* (General American, particularly common in the Great Lakes, Midwest) IPA: /bɛn/
** Homophone: Ben
** Rhymes: -ɛn
* (Received Pronunciation, US dialectal) IPA: /biːn/
** Audio (UK):(file)
** Homophone: bean
** Rhymes: -iːn

#### Verb

been
* past participle of be.
    All the fries have been eaten.
    They been here since yesterday. (dialectal, e.g. AAVE, omitting have)
* (Southern US or African-American Vernacular) remote past form of be.
    He been had that job.
    We been knew they was doing this.
** 2013, DayQuan Miller, Back Blocks, StealthMode Entertainment, page 147:
    She was disloyal, Casper was disloyal, so them muthafuckas gotta go. Like you said[,] we been knew we was going to have to kill Frost, so let's do it and Light too.” Star said. “Say no more. I'ma handle Kisha myself.” Max said walking to the door.

##### Further reading

* Alexander Pollatsek, Rebecca Treiman (2015) The Oxford Handbook of Reading, Oxford Library of Psychology, →ISBN, page 433: “For example, the remote past “been” is used as part of the verb to express something that took place in the distant past: 'he been reading story books.'”
* Mary Kohn, Walt Wolfram, Charlie Farrington, Jennifer Renn, Janneke Van Hofwegen (2020) African American Language: Language development from Infancy to Adulthood, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 231: “Remote past 'been' ([RPB], coded on word) = been is used to mark action in the remote past; in such cases the word been is always stressed (e.g., he been[RPB] had that job; I been[RPB] bought her clothes).”

### Etymology 2

Either from Middle English been (“to be”, infinitive) (from Old English bēon), or from a dialectal use of the preceding past tense form as an infinitive form (compare dialectal use of (I)'s, (I) is in the first person, (he) am in the third person, etc).

#### Verb

been
* (Southern US or African-American Vernacular, rare) Synonym of be (infinitival sense).
    It useta been five foot long.
** 1875, Minstrel Gags and End Men's Hand-book, New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, page 83; republished New York: Literature House, 1969:"Bones", says he, "I tink dey's a-goin' to been a war ober de Alabamy question […]
** 1888, Mary Augusta Ward, “Book I”, in Robert Elsmere‎, London: Macmillan and Company, page 20:Yur a boald 'un to tell the missus theer to hur feeace as how ya wur 'tossicatit whan ya owt to been duing yur larful business.
** 1966, DARE Tape SC10, quotee, “be v”, in Frederic G. Cassidy, Joan Houston Hall, editors, Dictionary of American Regional English‎, volume 1, Harvard University Press, published 1985, page 178:[…] But one time it use' to been so cold right first of the winter.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English been (plural indicative form); equivalent to be +‎ -en.

#### Verb

been
* (obsolete) plural simple present of be.
** 1584, George Peele, The Arraignment of Paris, I, ii:My love is fair, my love is gay, / As fresh as been the flowers in May;
** 1606, N[athaniel] B[axter], Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia, That Is, Endimions Song and Tragedie, Containing All Philosophie, London: […] Ed. Allde, for Edward White, […], →OCLC, signature G, recto:Theſe Beaſtes been of higheſt Regard and Price / To pleaſure Princes and to murder vice.
** c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC,:Where when men been, there's ſeldome eaſe,
** 1641, Ben Jonson, The Sad Shepherd, I, iii:O Friar, those are faults that are not seen, / Ours open, and of worse example been.
** 1686, Edward Fairfax, transl., Godfrey of Bulloigne: Or, The Recovery of Jerusalem‎, section 20, page 8:Some of green Boughs their slender Cabbins frame, / Some lodged were Tortoſa's streets about, / Of all the Hoſt the Chief of Worth and Name / Aſſembled been, a Senate grave and ſtout;

### Etymology 4

From Middle English been, bene, ben, beon, from Old English bēon (“bees”), equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural ending).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biːn/

#### Noun

been
* (UK dialectal) plural of bee

### References

Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey: been. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

### Anagrams

* Bene, Eben, NEbE, bene, eben, neeb

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch been, from Middle Dutch bêen, from Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

been (plural bene or beendere, diminutive beentjie)
* leg of a human or humanoid
* bone
* (in the diminutive) Synonym of ossikel (“ossicle”)

#### Usage notes

* The plural beendere is used alternatively in the sense “bone”, especially collectively.

#### Synonyms

* poot (leg, of an animal)
* boud (leg, a cut of meat)

#### Derived terms

* penisbeen

## Basque
### Noun

been
* genitive plural of be

## Dutch

Picture dictionary :
been
knie
enkel
knie
enkel
heup
dij
knie
kuit
enkel
voet :

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /beːn/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: been
* Rhymes: -eːn

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch bêen, from Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.

#### Noun

been n (plural benen, diminutive beentje n)
* leg, limb of a person, horse (other animals' would have poten) and certain objects (again many have poten)
    De benen van een passer. ― The legs of a pair of compasses.
* (mathematics) side, leg
    De benen van een hoek. ― The sides of an angle.
* the upper part of a sock, above the ankle

##### Usage notes

* The contemporary plural benen is derived from an analogy to other nouns with regular plurals. Originally, been was left unchanged in the plural; such use is preserved only in set phrases like op de been (“upright, standing, awake”).

#### Noun

been n (plural beenderen or benen or (obsolete) beenders, diminutive beentje n)
* bone, constituent part of a skeleton
    Synonyms: bot, knook, knekel
    De archeologen vonden oude beenderen van een dinosaurus in de opgraving.The archaeologists found ancient bones of a dinosaur in the excavation.
* (uncountable) bone, the chalky material bones are made of
    Synonym: bot

##### Derived terms

* beenafzetting
* beenbreek
* beenbreker
* beenbreuk
* beenprothese
* beenveeg
* beenvis
* beenvlies
* benen
* benig
* bijbenen
* borstbeen
* bovenbeen
* darmbeen
* de benen nemen
* de benen strekken
* dijbeen
* er met gestrekt been ingaan
* etalagebeen
* gebeente
* heiligbeen
* heupbeen
* jukbeen
* kraakbeen
* kuitbeen
* middenhandsbeen
* middenvoetsbeen
* onderbeen
* ontbenen
* op de been
* penisbeen
* schaambeen
* schedelbeen
* scheenbeen
* sleutelbeen
* spaakbeen
* spillebeen
* staartbeen
* tongbeen
* trombosebeen
* tweebeen
* tweebenig
* uitbenen
* verbenen
* zeefbeen
* zitbeen

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: been
* Berbice Creole Dutch: been
* Jersey Dutch: beîn
* Negerhollands: been
* → Lokono: bèna

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

been
* inflection of benen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### Anagrams

* bene

## Dutch Low Saxon
### Etymology

From Low German Been, from Middle Low German bên, from Old Saxon bēn.

### Noun

been
* leg

### See also

* German Low German: Been

## Finnish
### Noun

been
* genitive/accusative singular of bee

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch bēn, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.

### Noun

bêen n
* leg
* foot
* bone

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Alternative forms

* bein (Limburgish)

#### Descendants

* Dutch: been
** Afrikaans: been
** Berbice Creole Dutch: been
** Jersey Dutch: beîn
** Negerhollands: been
** → Lokono: bèna
* Limburgish: bein

### Further reading

* “been”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “been”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti (see Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-) and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti.

#### Alternative forms

* be, bean, ben, beon, boen
* (from *h₁ésti, rare) seen, sen

#### Pronunciation

* (Early Middle English) IPA: /bøːn/
* IPA: /beːn/

#### Verb

been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)
* (intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:
** (intransitive) To occur; to come to be.
** (with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation.
** (transitive) To be to or for someone or something.
* (copulative) To be something or someone.
** c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Apocalips 3:15, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:I woot þi werkis · foꝛ nei[þer] þou art coold nei[þer] þou art hoot / I wolde þat þou were coold ei[þer] hootI know your actions: you aren't cold, but neither are you hot. I'd like it if you were either cold or hot.
** 1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:[…] Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent […](please add an English translation of this quotation)
** (with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession.
** (auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect.
*** c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / Thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.
** (auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs.
* (auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions.

##### Usage notes

* ben may be used elliptically if the subject, complement, or predicate is implicit.
* The perfect tense is usually formed with haven; see that entry for more.

##### Conjugation

$^1$ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

##### Descendants

* English: be; been (dialectal)
* Scots: be
* Yola: ba, b', bee, be

##### References

* “bẹ̄n, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2

From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).

#### Noun

been
* ben (moringa tree)

##### Descendants

* English: ben

#### References

* “bēn, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 3

From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural suffix).

#### Noun

been
* plural of bee (“bee”)

### Etymology 4

From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- +‎ be +‎ -en (participial suffix).

#### Alternative forms

* ybeen, ybe

#### Verb

been
* past participle of been (“to be”)

##### Descendants

* English: been
* Scots: been

### Etymology 5

From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

#### Alternative forms

* be

#### Verb

been
* plural present indicative of been (“to be”)

##### Usage notes

The usual plural form of been is aren in the North, been in the Midlands, and beth in the South; sind also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area.

##### Descendants

* English: been (obsolete as the plural)

### Etymology 6

From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

#### Verb

been
* plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)

##### Descendants

* English: be
* Scots: be

### Etymology 7
#### Noun

been (plural beenes or beenen)
* Alternative form of bene (“bean”)

## Scots
### Etymology

From Middle English ybeen, from Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”).

### Verb

been
* past participle of be

## Yola
### Etymology

From Middle English bee, from Old English bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /biːn/

### Noun

been
* bees
** 1867, “THE BRIDE'S PORTION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 102:A heeve o' been, an dwanty shilleen.A hive of bees, and twenty shillings.
** 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 104:Lickweese mee been deeth in aar heeve.Likewise my bees die in their hive.

#### Derived terms

* bumble-bee
* tyel-been

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 25