# -to
## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ˈto/ [-ˈtɔ]

### Suffix

-tó
* Form of -ytó used after nouns ending in consonants.

#### Declension

absolutive
-tó
predicative
-tó
subjective
-tó
genitive
-tó
Postpositioned forms
l-case
-tól
k-case
-tók
t-case
-tót
h-case
-tóh :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Basque
### Etymology 1

Unknown, probably attested in Aquitanian *nescato.

#### Suffix

-to
* Diminutive suffix.
* (rare, non-productive) Augmentative suffix.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Unknown.

#### Suffix

-to
* (Biscayan) Forms adverbs from adjectives.
    Synonym: -ki

##### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ “-to [1]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
* ↑ “-to [2]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

### Further reading

* “-to” in Labayru Hiztegia

## Chuukese
### Suffix

-to
* here; used to modify verb direction

## Ingrian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian -то (-to).

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-to/, [-to̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-to/, [-to̞]

### Particle

-to
* Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.
    Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!

### References

* Elena Markus (2022) “Diskursusepartiklid isuri keele Soikkola murdes”, in Keel ja kirjandus, page 86

## Japanese
### Romanization

-to
* Rōmaji transcription of と

## Kalo Finnish Romani
### Suffix

-to
* Used to form ordinal numbers.

#### Usage notes

The first two ordinal numbers have irregular forms in addition to the regular forms, iekto and duito: vaaguno and vauro. The third and fourth are somewhat irregular: tritto and startto instead of the expected *triinto and *staarto.

## Latin

* The Tea room is discussing this entry at the moment.
* Please come along and share your opinions on this and the other topics being discussed there. The user who started this topic summarised the issue as: “I think saying t-starting suffixes are in latin added to the supine form is inherently wrong, see also Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium at 'Latin cursim, passim, sparsim, etc.' ”

### Etymology 1

Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.

#### Suffix

-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation
* Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action. For examples, see here.

##### Usage notes

The suffix uses the past participle/supine stem as the base, see the usage notes at -tus for more. It is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.

##### Conjugation

$^1$The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

##### Derived terms

* -itō
* -titō

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-tō
* masculine/neuter dative/ablative singular of -tus

### References

* ↑ B. L. Gildersleeve and Gonzalez Lodge (1895), Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, §191 A.

## Taos
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɑ/

### Postposition

-to
* in, within, on, at

#### Related terms

* hìwkwíalto
* pǫ̂to
* wę̀puopʼôto

## Ye'kwana
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* -cho (allomorph after i)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-to]

#### Suffix

-to
* Forms the plural of nonpast tenses.
* Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)
* Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.

##### Usage notes

This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

##### Derived terms

* -akento
* -anto
* -ato
* -a'to
* -icho
* -neto

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-to]

#### Suffix

-to
* Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗to”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 124, 213–222