# lupa
## Basque
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish lupa, from French loupe.

### Noun

lupa inan
* magnifying glass

#### Declension
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈlu.pə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈlu.pa]

### Noun

lupa f (plural lupes)
* magnifying glass

### Further reading

* “lupa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlupa]
* Rhymes: -upa

### Noun

lupa f
* magnifying glass

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “lupa”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “lupa”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “lupa”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From lupo +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈlupa]
* Rhymes: -upa
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Adjective

lupa
* lupine; concerning wolves

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”) (note the descendant Old Norse lof (“praise, permission”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”). Attested since the time of Mikael Agricola (16th century).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈlupɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -upɑ
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa [with illative ‘to’; or with first infinitive ‘to do’ (or the illative of the verbal noun)]
* permission
    Minulla on lupa olla poissa koulusta tänään.I have permission to be absent from the school today.
    Minulla on lupa ampumiseen.I have permission to shoot.
* license, permit

#### Declension

Possessive forms of lupa (Kotus type 10*E/koira, p-v gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lupani
lupani
accusative
nom.
lupani
lupani
gen.
lupani
genitive
lupani
lupieni lupaini $^{rare}$
partitive
lupaani
lupiani
inessive
luvassani
luvissani
elative
luvastani
luvistani
illative
lupaani
lupiini
adessive
luvallani
luvillani
ablative
luvaltani
luviltani
allative
luvalleni
luvilleni
essive
lupanani
lupinani
translative
luvakseni
luvikseni
abessive
luvattani
luvittani
instructive
comitative
—lupineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lupasi
lupasi
accusative
nom.
lupasi
lupasi
gen.
lupasi
genitive
lupasi
lupiesi lupaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
lupaasi
lupiasi
inessive
luvassasi
luvissasi
elative
luvastasi
luvistasi
illative
lupaasi
lupiisi
adessive
luvallasi
luvillasi
ablative
luvaltasi
luviltasi
allative
luvallesi
luvillesi
essive
lupanasi
lupinasi
translative
luvaksesi
luviksesi
abessive
luvattasi
luvittasi
instructive
comitative
—lupinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lupamme
lupamme
accusative
nom.
lupamme
lupamme
gen.
lupamme
genitive
lupamme
lupiemme lupaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
lupaamme
lupiamme
inessive
luvassamme
luvissamme
elative
luvastamme
luvistamme
illative
lupaamme
lupiimme
adessive
luvallamme
luvillamme
ablative
luvaltamme
luviltamme
allative
luvallemme
luvillemme
essive
lupanamme
lupinamme
translative
luvaksemme
luviksemme
abessive
luvattamme
luvittamme
instructive
comitative
—lupinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lupanne
lupanne
accusative
nom.
lupanne
lupanne
gen.
lupanne
genitive
lupanne
lupienne lupainne $^{rare}$
partitive
lupaanne
lupianne
inessive
luvassanne
luvissanne
elative
luvastanne
luvistanne
illative
lupaanne
lupiinne
adessive
luvallanne
luvillanne
ablative
luvaltanne
luviltanne
allative
luvallenne
luvillenne
essive
lupananne
lupinanne
translative
luvaksenne
luviksenne
abessive
luvattanne
luvittanne
instructive
comitative
—lupinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lupansa
lupansa
accusative
nom.
lupansa
lupansa
gen.
lupansa
genitive
lupansa
lupiensa lupainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
lupaansa
lupiaan lupiansa
inessive
luvassaan luvassansa
luvissaan luvissansa
elative
luvastaan luvastansa
luvistaan luvistansa
illative
lupaansa
lupiinsa
adessive
luvallaan luvallansa
luvillaan luvillansa
ablative
luvaltaan luvaltansa
luviltaan luviltansa
allative
luvalleen luvallensa
luvilleen luvillensa
essive
lupanaan lupanansa
lupinaan lupinansa
translative
luvakseen luvaksensa
luvikseen luviksensa
abessive
luvattaan luvattansa
luvittaan luvittansa
instructive
comitative
—lupineen lupinensa :

#### Derived terms

* luvake
* luvallinen
* luvassa
* luvata
* luvaton
* luvittaa
* ajolupa
* ammattiajolupa
* anniskelulupa
* apteekkilupa
* arpajaislupa
* aseenkantolupa
* aselupa
* elinkeinolupa
* erikoislupa
* erityislupa
* hallintolupa
* hallussapitolupa
* hautauslupa
* hirvenkaatolupa
* hirvilupa
* julkaisulupa
* kaatolupa
* kabotaasilupa
* kaivauslupa
* kalastuslupa
* kauttakulkulupa
* kotietsintälupa
* kuljetuslupa
* kulkulupa
* käyttölupa
* lakkolupa
* laskeutumislupa
* liikennelupa
* lupa-anomus
* lupa-asiakirja
* lupahakemus
* lupakirja
* lupakortti
* lupalappu
* lupamaksu
* lupamenettely
* lupanumero
* lupapäivä
* lupapäätös
* lupatarkastaja
* lupatarkastus
* luvananto
* luvanhaku
* luvanhaltija
* luvanvarainen
* lähtölupa
* maahantulolupa
* maahantuontilupa
* metsästyslupa
* myyntilupa
* naimalupa
* nostolupa
* oleskelulupa
* opetuslupa
* ostolupa
* poikkeuslupa
* poistumislupa
* purkulupa
* päästölupa
* radiolupa
* rakennuslupa
* saarnalupa
* siirtolupa
* sukelluslupa
* taksilupa
* televisiolupa
* toimenpidelupa
* toimilupa
* tuontilupa
* työlupa
* työskentelylupa
* valituslupa
* valmistuslupa
* valokuvauslupa
* vastaanottolupa
* vesilupa
* vientilupa
* ympäristölupa

### References

* Häkkinen, Kaisa (2013). Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja. Helsinki: Sanoma Pro OY. →ISBN.

### Further reading

* “lupa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Paul, pula

## Galician
### Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)
* magnifying glass

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay lupa, from Proto-Malayic *lupa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lupa. Compare to Tetum luha (“to forget”), Yamdena namlufe (“to forget”), Nias olifu.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈlupa/ [ˈlu.pa]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -upa
* Syllabification: lu‧pa

### Verb

lupa
* to forget
    Synonyms: melupakan, melupai

#### Derived terms

* kelupaan
* lupa-lupa
* lupa-lupaan
* melupa
* melupai
* melupakan
* pelupa
* terlupa
* terlupakan
* lupa daratan
* lupa diri

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*lupa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
* “lupa” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa. Cognates include Finnish lupa and Estonian luba.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫub̥ɑ]
* Rhymes: -upɑ
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa
* permission

#### Derived terms

* luvata

### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 24
* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 278

## Italian
### Etymology

For Vulgar Latin *lūpa instead of the attested Latin lupa, also reflected by Piedmontese luv and luva, perhaps onomatopoeic of the wolf's howling. Similarly unexpected is French loup (despite Old French leu).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.pa/
* Rhymes: -upa
* Hyphenation: lù‧pa

### Noun

lupa f (plural lupe)
* female equivalent of lupo (she-wolf)

#### Derived terms

* lupanare

### Anagrams

* pula

## Kapampangan
### Etymology

From Sanskrit रूप (rūpa). Compare Ilocano rupa, and Malay rupa.

### Noun

lupa
* face

## Karelian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa, from Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).

### Noun

lupa (genitive [please provide], partitive [please provide])
* permission

## Kinaray-a
### Etymology

From Greater Central Philippine *lupaʔ (“earth”). Compare Tagalog lupa, and Tausug lupa. Possibly related to Sanskrit रुप् (rúp, “earth”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlupaʔ/, [ˈlu.paʔ]

### Noun

lupà
* earth; ground; soil

#### Derived terms

* kalupaan

### Anagrams

* pula

## Latin
### Etymology

The feminine version of lupus. The sense “prostitute” is either a comparison of the prostitutes' predation on men to the wolf's rapacity, as also in Isidore's (often fanciful) opinion, or a reference to the she-wolf's uncleanliness and promiscuity (often culturally conflated), parallelled in English bitch.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈlu.pa/, [ˈɫ̪ʊpä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈlu.pa/, [ˈluːpä]

### Noun

lupa f (genitive lupae); first declension
* she-wolf
* (slang) prostitute

#### Declension

First-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -īs or -ābus).

#### Derived terms

* lupānar

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: lupã
* Asturian: lloba
* Aragonese: lupa
* Catalan: lloba
* French: louve
* Friulian: love
* Italian: lupa
* Neapolitan: lopa
* Occitan: loba
* Portuguese: loba
* Sicilian: lupa
* Spanish: loba
* Venetan: lova

### References

* ↑ J. N. Adams (1983) “WORDS FOR 'PROSTITUTE' IN LATIN”, in Rheinisches Museum für Philologie‎, volume 126, number 3/4, →ISSN, page 333 of 321–358
* ↑ Isidore of Seville, Etymologies 10.163: "lupa, meretrix, a rapacitate uocata, quod ad se rapiat miseros et adprehendat"
* ↑ Servius on Virgil's Aeneid 3.647: "lupae, id est meretrices, dictae ab obscenitatis et odoris similitudine."

### Further reading

* “lupa”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “lupa”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “lupa”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Malay
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lupa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lu.pä/, /lu.pə/
* Rhymes: -pa
* Rhymes: -a

### Verb

lupa (Jawi spelling لوڤا)
* to forget
    Aku sudah lupa yang dia sudah berpindah!I've forgotten that she's moved away!

#### Further reading

* “lupa” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* lupen

### Noun

lupa m or f
* definite feminine singular of lupe

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

lupa f (definite singular lupa, indefinite plural luper or lupor, definite plural lupene or lupone)
* (pre-2012) alternative form of lupe
* definite singular of lupe

### Anagrams

* Paul, laup, pula

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe, from Middle French loupe, from Old French loupe, from Frankish *luppa, from Proto-Germanic *lubbǭ, *lub-, from Proto-Indo-European *lep-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.pa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -upa
* Syllabification: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa f
* magnifying glass

#### Declension
### Further reading

* lupa in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* lupa in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.pɐ/
* Rhymes: -upɐ
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)
* magnifying glass
* stereomicroscope
    Synonym: estereomicroscópio

### References

* ↑ “lupa”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025

## Sicilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lupa/
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Etymology 1

From Latin lupa.

#### Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)
* she-wolf

### Etymology 2

From Latin lupus (“wolf”).

#### Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)
* uncontrollable hunger

### Etymology 3

From the sound of brogna during the fog.

#### Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)
* fog, mist, especially on the sea

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe. Compare English loupe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlupa/ [ˈlu.pa]
* Rhymes: -upa
* Syllabification: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)
* magnifying glass

#### Descendants

* → Basque: lupa

### Further reading

* “lupa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From Greater Central Philippine *lupaʔ (“earth”). Compare Maranao lopa', Maguindanao lopa, and Tausug lupa'. Possibly related to Sanskrit रुप् (rúp, “earth”). An alternate etymology posits it to be from Malay rupa (“form, appearance”), from Sanskrit रूप (rūpa, “outward appearance, color, form, shape”). Compare Ilocano rupa.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈlupaʔ/ [ˈluː.pɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -upaʔ
* Syllabification: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupà (Baybayin spelling ᜎᜓᜉ)
* earth; ground; soil
    Synonym: (uncommon) tiyera
* (by extension, uncommon) clay
    Synonym: luad
    bangang lupa ― clay jar
* earth; world
    Synonyms: mundo, daigdig
* (figurative) country; nation
    Synonyms: bayan, bansa
    tinubuang lupa ― motherland / country of birth (literally, “land where sprouted”)
* land property
* basement; ground floor; downstairs
    Synonym: silong
* (obsolete) act of owning a land property
* (obsolete) embankment

#### Derived terms

* ahente ng lupa
* bulateng-lupa
* bulatlupa
* guho ng lupa
* hampaslupa
* hilig-makalupa
* isalupa
* kalupaan
* katawang-lupa
* laang lupa
* lamang-lupa
* langit at lupa
* langit-lupa
* Lupa
* lupaan
* lupain
* lupaing-bayan
* Lupang Hinirang
* lupang payapa
* lupang-tinubuan
* maglupa
* makalupa
* maylupa
* panlupa
* panginoong maylupa
* pinagsakluban ng langit at lupa
* sabong-lupa
* sangkalupaan
* sumalupa

#### See also

* lupalop

### Further reading

* “lupa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613) Juan de Silva, editor, Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero‎, La Noble Villa de Pila
** page 2: “Abajo) Lupa (pp) en la tierra”
** page 105: “Barro) Lupa (pp) la brado en cantaros o ollas, o el yama ſado ꝑa la brallas”
** page 492: “Poſeſion) Lupa (pp) tierra o ſembrado”
** page 573: “Terraplenar) Lupa (pp) algo”
** page 574: “Tierra) Lupa (pp) la que piſamos”

### Anagrams

* pula, ulap

## Votic
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa, from Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).

### Pronunciation

* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑ]
* Rhymes: -upɑ
* Hyphenation: lu‧pa

### Noun

lupa
* permission

#### Inflection
### References

* Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈl̪u.pa/

### Verb

lupa
* (stative) to be aflame

#### Conjugation
### References

* James Collins (1982) Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎, Pacific linguistics