# —

| — | U+2014, &#8212; EM DASH |
| ← – [U+2013] | General Punctuation | ― → [U+2015] |
| ﹘ | U+FE58, &#65112; SMALL EM DASH |
| ← ﹗ [U+FE57] | Small Form Variants | ﹙ → [U+FE59] |
| ︱ | U+FE31, &#65073; PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EM DASH |
| ← ︰ [U+FE30] | CJK Compatibility Forms | ︲ → [U+FE32] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* - (improper typesetting)
* --, ---, ---- (informal)

### Punctuation mark

— (English name em dash)
* Demarcates parenthetical thought. See — —.
** 1811, [Jane Austen], chapter XV, in Sense and Sensibility […], volume I, London: […] C[harles] Roworth, […], and published by T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, pages 182–183:I have explained it to myself in the most satisfactory way;—but you, Elinor, who love to doubt where you can——It will not satisfy you I know; but you shall not talk me out of my trust in it.A small gap is visible in the double em dash.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:—.
* Indicates a logical consequence.
    Synonym: :
** 1962, Jack Frohlichstein, Mathematical Fun, Games and Puzzles (in English), Courier Corporation, →ISBN, page 9:Bet anyone he can't correctly name the next highest number to every number which you will give him. […] 43 — he will say 44 87 — he will say 88 123 — he will say 124
* Indicates aposiopesis, an abrupt breaking-off in speech. See also … (“the ellipsis”).
* Separates a term from its definition.
** 2011, Adam Rizvi, Click Start to Begin: Windows XP Basics (in English), Click Start Publishing Ltd., →ISBN, page 22:Refresh — This will refresh the current folder, updating it with any new files or settings.
* Indicates a lack of data in a table.
* Alternative form of ― (“horizontal bar; quotation dash; introduces a line of dialogue”)
* Used to censor letters in obscene words.
    Synonym: ⸺
    D—n. [Damn] F—k. [Fuck]
** 1820, Cruikshank, All among the Hottentots capering to shore‎ (painting; in English):D—n the Devil .. he be going to eat me!!! — Rot me if he ain't as bloody minded as a Manchester butcher! Oh! dear! Oh! dear!! D—n your outlandish jaws!!
* (dated, fiction) Used to replace part or all of a person's name, a place name, a date, or so forth. [chiefly 19th c.]
    Synonyms: ⸺, ⸻
** 1748, a Lady, in a Letter to her Friend in the Country, A Free Comment on the Late Mr. W—g—n’s Apology for His Conduct; Which Clears Up the Obscurities of That Celebrated Posthumous Work, and Dissipates the Clouds in Which the Author Has Thought Proper to Envelope His Meaning (in English), London: […] W. Webb, page 15:I hope D—ds—y will look to theſe literal Errors, he being the only one of the Trade I can venture to truſt.
* Used as a ditto mark in lists or tables to indicate a repetition of appropriate content above.
    Synonym: —〃—
    Coordinate term: 〃
** 1950, United States Census, New York, page listing Frank Valasky of New York City:
    Valasky, Frank […]
    —, Edna M […]
* (music) A pointing mark in Anglican chant, used as a placeholder in the text to indicate that a bar of the chant should be omitted; typically used when a verse or half-verse is very short.
    Coordinate terms: |, ', :, *, ·, ‖, †

#### Derived terms

* ⸺ (two-em dash)
* ⸻ (three-em dash)

### See also

* Afrikaans: “ ” · ‘ ’ · „ ” · ‚ ’
* Albanian: „ “ · ‘ ’
* Arabic: « » · ( ) · “ ”
* Armenian: « »
* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: « » · “ ”
* Azerbaijani: « » · ‹ › · “ ” · " " · ‘ ’ · ' '
* Basque: « » · ‹ › · “ ” · ‘ ’
* Belarusian: « » · “ ”
* Bulgarian: „ “ · ’ ’ · ‘ ’ · « » · ’ ’ · ‘ ’ · —
* Catalan: « » · “ ” · ‘ ’, —
* Chinese: “ ” · ‘ ’ · 「 」 · 『 』
* Czech: „ “ · ‚ ‘ · » « · › ‹
* Danish: » « · „ “ · › ‹ · ‚ ’ · ” ” · ’ ’
* Dutch: ‘ ’ · “ ” · ‚ ’ · „ ”
* English U.K.: ' ' · " " · ‘ ’ · “ ”
* English U.S.: " " · ' ' · “ ” · ‘ ’
* Esperanto: (depends on country of publication)
* Estonian: „ “ · « »
* Filipino: “ ” · ‘ ’
* Finnish: ” ” · ’ ’ · » »
* French: « » · ‹ › · “ ” · —
* Georgian: „ “ · ‚ ‘ · » « · › ‹
* German: „ “ · ‚ ‘ ; » « · › ‹ ; regional: « » · ‹ ›
* Greek: « » · “ ” · ‟ ” · —
* Hungarian: „ ” · » « · —
* Icelandic: „ “ · ‚ ‘
* Indonesian: “ ” · ‘ ’
* Interlingua: (depends on country of publication)
* Irish: “ ” · ‘ ’
* Italian: « » · ‹ › · “ ” · ‘ ’
* Japanese: 「 」 · 『 』 · 〝 〟 · 〝 〞
* Korean: “ ” · ‘ ’ · 『 』 · 「 」
* Latvian: « » · „ “
* Lithuanian: « » · „ “
* Lower Sorbian: „ “ · ‚ ‘
* Macedonian: „ “ · ’ ‘ · ‘ ’
* Northern Kurdish: « »
* Norwegian: « » · „ “ · ‘ ’ · ‚ ‘
* Persian: « »
* Polish: „ ” · « » · » « · —
* Portuguese: “ ” · ‘ ’ · « » · —
* Romanian: „ ” · « » · —
* Russian: « » · „ “ · „ ” · —
* Serbo-Croatian: „ ” · ” ” · ‘ ’ · ’ ’ · „ “ · » «
* Slovak: „ “ · ‚ ‘ · » « · › ‹
* Slovene: „ “ · ‚ ‘ · » « · › ‹
* Spanish: « » · “ ” · ‘ ’ · —
* Swedish: ” ” · ’ ’ · » » · » « · —
* Thai: “ ” · ‘ ’
* Turkish: “ ” · ‘ ’ · « » · › ‹ · —
* Ukrainian: « » · „ ” · ‚ ‘
* Vietnamese: “ ” · —
* Welsh: ‘ ’ · “ ”
* Curved double quotation marks: “ ” · ” ” · „ ” · „ “ · ‟ ”
* Curved single quotation marks: ‘ ’ · ’ ’ · ‚ ’ · ‚ ‘ · ’ ‘ · ‛ ’
* Straight double quotation marks: " "
* Straight single quotation marks: ' '
* Guillemets: « » · » « · » »
* Single guillemets: ‹ › · › ‹
* Corner brackets: 「 」 · 『 』
* Angle brackets: 《 》 · 〈 〉
* Prime quotation marks: 〝 〟 · 〝 〞
* Curved double quotation marks: “ · ” · „ · ‟
* Curved single quotation marks and apostrophes: ‘ · ’ · ‚ · ‛
* Straight double quotation mark: "
* Straight single quotation mark and apostrophe: '
* Prime quotation marks: 〝 · 〞 · 〟
* Guillemets: « · »
* Single guillemets: ‹ · ›
* Corner brackets: 「 · 」 · 『 · 』
* Quotation dashes: — (em dash) · ― (horizontal bar) · – (en dash)
Punctuation
* apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ )
* curly brackets or braces (US) ( { } )
* square brackets or brackets (US) ( [ ] )
* colon ( : )
* comma ( , )
* dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― )
* ellipsis ( … )
* exclamation mark ( ! )
* fraction slash ( ⁄ )
* guillemets ( « » ) ( ‹ › )
* hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ )
* interpunct ( · )
* interrobang (rare) ( ‽ )
* brackets or parentheses (US, Canada) ( ( ) )
* full stop or period (US, Canada) ( . )
* question mark ( ? )
* quotation marks (formal) ( ‘ ’ ‚ ) ( “ ” „ )
* quotation marks (informal, computing) ( " ) ( ' )
* semicolon ( ; )
* slash or stroke (UK) ( / )
* space ( ] [ )

### References

* ↑ Joan G. Nagle, Handbook for preparing engineering documents: from concept to completion, 1995, p. 114: We can use the word none or N/D (no data), or insert an em dash; any of these entries show that we haven't simply forgotten to fill the cell. N/A is commonly used for not applicable. It's good practice to footnote N/A or N/D the first time it is used.

## English
### Article

* (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of the.

### Letter

* (Stenoscript) The letter sequence ⟨th⟩.
* (Stenoscript) The sound sequences /(V)nd/, /(V)nt/
* (Stenoscript) The suffixes or sequences mand, mend, mond, and -ment.
    a— — [amendment]

### Derived terms

(letter sequense ⟨th⟩):
* —a (“they”)
* —oz (“those”)
* —r (“their/there”)
* —s (“this”)
* —t (“that”)
* —z (“these”)

### Usage notes

* (Stenoscript) The dash may be written low, along the baseline, or high, at x-height, as convenient for whichever letters it links to. For example, with mo—n for 'more than', the dash is likely to be written at x-height.
* (Stenoscript) When used as punctuation, an en or em dash is doubled, like a long ⹀, to distinguish it from its phonetic use.

## Russian
### Punctuation mark

* Indicates the zero copula (omission of the present tense of быть (bytʹ)).
    Вре́мя — де́ньги.Vrémja — dénʹgi.Time is money.
* Used in — —.
* Replaces ‐ in some appositions, where hyphen would be used to connect the appositive word and the word in apposition if neither of them were a phrase.
    Не́которые госуда́рства — чле́ны ЕС препя́тствуют размеще́нию бе́женцев на свое́й террито́рии.Nékotoryje gosudárstva — člény JeS prepjátstvujut razmeščéniju béžencev na svojéj territórii.Some EU member states prevent placement of refugees on their territory.

#### Usage notes

* ⟨—⟩ is not used when the subject is a pronoun; e.g. я ру́сский (ja rússkij, “I am Russian”) or with predicative adjectives.
* ⟨— —⟩ is preferred over parentheses when the supplemental information is necessary to understand the writer's point and cannot be dropped.
* A dash or a hyphen is used in Russian apposition when the first word (or first words) is not a form of address (e.g. товарищ (tovarišč)) and the second word is an appellative.