# af
## Translingual
### Symbol

af
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Afrikaans.

## English
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eɪ̯ˈɛf/, /æf/
* Rhymes: -ɛf, -æf
* Homophone: AF

#### Adverb

af (not comparable)
* (Internet slang, text messaging, vulgar) Initialism of as fuck.
    Alternative forms: AF, asf
** 2009 April 6, Ashley Kull, “Bored af!!!!”, in Twitter‎, archived from the original on 2016-06-14:Bored af!!!!
** 2021, Isabel Waidner, Sterling Karat Gold, Peninsula Press, page 16:‘Seen them there a few times. Arrives early, leaves alone. Social though. Friendly. Dishy af.’ Dishy af. You can say that again.

### Etymology 2

* (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of after.

### Anagrams

* F/A, FA, fa

## Afar
### Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔaf, from Proto-Afroasiatic [Term?]. Cognates include Oromo afaan, Somali af and Saho af, furthermore Amharic አፍ (ʾäf) and Arabic فَم (fam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaf/ [ˈʔʌf]

### Noun

áf m (plural afitté f or afoofá f or afoofí f)
* mouth
* cutting edge
* language

#### Usage notes

* The plural afitté is used in the southern dialects, whereas afoofá and afoofí are used in the northern dialects.

#### Declension

absolutive
áf
predicative
áfa
subjective
áf
genitive
aftí
Postpositioned forms
l-case
áfal
k-case
áfak
t-case
áfat
h-case
áfah :

#### Derived terms

* afaató
* afqaró
* aftíyta

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “af”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab. Related to English of, off and German ab.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [a], (in the end of a phrase) [ˈæːˀ]

### Preposition

af
* by
    the active part, originator: En roman af Hemingway - A novel by Hemingway
* of
    indicating connection: Ejeren af huset - The owner of the house
    in descriptions: En mand af format - A man of stature; Et hus lavet af træ - A house made of wood
    part of: ni ud af ti - nine out of ten
* from
    of origin: Jeg hørte det af ham - I heard it from him
* off
    away from: Jeg faldt af cyklen - I fell off the bike
* with
    caused by: grøn af misundelse - green with envy
* out of
    motivated by: Han gjorde det af nysgerrighed - He did it out of curiosity

### Adverb

af
* off
    tage sit tøj af - take off one's clothes
* of
    på grund af - because of

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch af, from Old Dutch af, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑf/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: af
* Rhymes: -ɑf

### Adverb

af
* off
* (postpositional) off, from (implying motion)
    Stomdronken reed de automobilist de weg af.Totally drunk, the motorist drove off the road.

#### Derived terms

* af en aan
* af en toe
* afbakenen
* afbijten
* afbreken, afbraak, afbreuk
* afbrokkelen
* afdwalen
* afgeven
* afhaken
* afhalen
* afkalven
* afkomen, afkomst
* afkopen
* afkorten
* afleggen
* afleiden
* aflopen
* afluisteren
* afmaken
* afmeten
* afplatten
* afprijzen
* afraden
* afscheiden
* afschuren
* afslaan
* afslanken
* afsluiten
* afspiegelen
* afstaan
* afstemmen
* afstoten
* afstraffen
* afstuderen
* aftreden
* aftrekken
* afwassen
* afwerpen
* afwijken
* afwijzen
* afzetten
* afzonderen
* afzweren

#### Descendants

* Jersey Dutch: âf
* Negerhollands: af
* → Indonesian: af

### Adjective

af (used only predicatively, comparative meer af, superlative meest af)
* finished, done (when working on something)
    Het huis is af.The house is ready.
* (games) out, dismissed from play under the rules of the game, e.g. by having been tagged

#### Synonyms

* klaar

#### Antonyms

* onaf

## Gothic
### Romanization

af
* Romanization of 𐌰𐍆

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːv/
* Rhymes: -aːv

### Preposition

af
* off, from [with dative]
* of [with dative]
* by [with dative]

#### Derived terms

* af ásettu ráði
* af hverju
* bíta af sér
* brjóta af sér
* einn af átján
* fara af
* fara af stað
* gull af manni
* hæla sér af
* hælast um af
* koma sér af stað
* margur verður af aurum api
* samanstanda af
* stafa af
* súpa seyðið af
* út af
* út af fyrir sig

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch af (“off”), from Middle Dutch af, from Old Dutch af, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaf]
* Hyphenation: af

### Noun

af (uncountable)
* (medicine, surgery) off; removal

### Further reading

* “af” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːf/
* Rhymes: -aːf

### Verb

af
* imperative singular of jaf

## Mapudungun
### Preposition

af (Raguileo spelling)
* beside; next to.

### References

* Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch af, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

### Adverb

af
* off, out, away
* of, about

#### Usage notes

Generally found in combination with a locative adverb such as hier, daer. Also found combined with a verb. In prepositional usage, van was used.

#### Alternative forms

* āve
* of

#### Descendants

* Dutch: af
* Limburgish: aaf

### Further reading

* “ave (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “af”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

## Middle Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːv/

### Verb

af
* first-person singular present indicative of mynet

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ab, whence also Old English æf, af, of (English of), Old Saxon ab, af, Old High German aba, abo (German ab), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af). Compare also au- in Icelandic auvirði.

### Preposition

af
* of, from, off, by

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: af
* Faroese: av
* Norwegian Nynorsk: av
* Norwegian Bokmål: av
* Norn: av
* Elfdalian: åv
* Old Swedish: af, āf, aff
** Swedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)
* Danish: af

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “af”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Saxon
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ab.

### Preposition

af
* of
* out

## Old Spanish
### Noun

af f (plural aues)
* Apocopic form of aue (“bird”)
** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 97v:Et q̃ deſcẽda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de om̃e q̃ tẽga en la mano dieſtra lança ⁊ en la ſinieſtra un af traſtornada.[Et que descenda sobre [e]sta piedra la vertud de omne que tenga en la mano diestra lanç e en la siniestra un af trastornada.]And may there descend over this stone the virtue of the man holding a spear in his right hand and an upturned bird in his left hand.

## Portuguese
### Interjection

af
* (Internet slang) afe

## Scottish Gaelic
### Interjection

af
* (onomatopoeia) arf, woof

## Somali
### Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔaf-/*yaf-. Cognate with Beja [script needed] (yēf), Oromo afaan and Afar af.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æ̀f/

### Noun

äf m
* mouth
* language

### References

* Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “af”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN, page 35

## Swedish
### Preposition

af
* Archaic spelling of av.

#### Usage notes

* Although phased out in the Swedish spelling reform of 1906, this spelling can still be seen in surnames of nobility, such as af Geijerstam and af Wisborg.
* Appears in some examples on Wiktionary that are actually quotes, where it should probably be replaced with "av" (along with other language modernization, or with the example marked as having archaic language – or moved into a quote).

#### See also

* de
* von

## Tarifit
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Verb

af (Tifinagh spelling ⴰⴼ)
* (transitive) to find, to discover
* (transitive) to stumble upon
* (intransitive, construed with ɣar) to heal, to recover

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* Passive: twafa (“to be found”)
* Verbal noun: twafit (“discovery”)
* ataf (“perhaps”)

#### Related terms

* ffu (“to be at dawn”)

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish عفو ('afv), from Arabic عَفْو (ʕafw).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑf/

### Noun

af (definite accusative affı, plural aflar)
* pardon

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
af
aflar
definite accusative
affı
afları
dative
affa
aflara
locative
afta
aflarda
ablative
aftan
aflardan
genitive
affın
afların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
affım
aflarım
2nd singular
affın
afların
3rd singular
affı
afları
1st plural
affımız
aflarımız
2nd plural
affınız
aflarınız
3rd plural
afları
afları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
affımı
aflarımı
2nd singular
affını
aflarını
3rd singular
affını
aflarını
1st plural
affımızı
aflarımızı
2nd plural
affınızı
aflarınızı
3rd plural
aflarını
aflarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
affıma
aflarıma
2nd singular
affına
aflarına
3rd singular
affına
aflarına
1st plural
affımıza
aflarımıza
2nd plural
affınıza
aflarınıza
3rd plural
aflarına
aflarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
affımda
aflarımda
2nd singular
affında
aflarında
3rd singular
affında
aflarında
1st plural
affımızda
aflarımızda
2nd plural
affınızda
aflarınızda
3rd plural
aflarında
aflarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
affımdan
aflarımdan
2nd singular
affından
aflarından
3rd singular
affından
aflarından
1st plural
affımızdan
aflarımızdan
2nd plural
affınızdan
aflarınızdan
3rd plural
aflarından
aflarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
affımın
aflarımın
2nd singular
affının
aflarının
3rd singular
affının
aflarının
1st plural
affımızın
aflarımızın
2nd plural
affınızın
aflarınızın
3rd plural
aflarının
aflarının :

#### Derived terms

* affetmek
* affedilmek
* affettirmek
* affolunmak
* genel af

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “af”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* a (colloquial)

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard) IPA: /aːv/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /aː/
* (South Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /aːv/
** (South Wales, colloquial) IPA: /aː/
* Rhymes: -aːv

### Verb

af
* (literary) first-person singular present indicative/future of mynd

## Yola
### Preposition

af
* Alternative form of ov (“of”)

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 22