# -tus
## Finnish
### Etymology

By analogy with -us derivatives of verbs ending in -ttaa and -staa, which are plenty.

### Suffix

-tus (front vowel harmony variant -tys, linguistic notation -tUs)
* Alternative form of -us (forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event)

#### Usage notes

This variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes:
* 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in -s-
* 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final -ts-

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-tukseni
-tukseni
accusative
nom.
-tukseni
-tukseni
gen.
-tukseni
genitive
-tukseni
-tusteni -tuksieni
partitive
-tustani
-tuksiani
inessive
-tuksessani
-tuksissani
elative
-tuksestani
-tuksistani
illative
-tukseeni
-tuksiini
adessive
-tuksellani
-tuksillani
ablative
-tukseltani
-tuksiltani
allative
-tukselleni
-tuksilleni
essive
-tuksenani
-tuksinani
translative
-tuksekseni
-tuksikseni
abessive
-tuksettani
-tuksittani
instructive
comitative
—-tuksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-tuksesi
-tuksesi
accusative
nom.
-tuksesi
-tuksesi
gen.
-tuksesi
genitive
-tuksesi
-tustesi -tuksiesi
partitive
-tustasi
-tuksiasi
inessive
-tuksessasi
-tuksissasi
elative
-tuksestasi
-tuksistasi
illative
-tukseesi
-tuksiisi
adessive
-tuksellasi
-tuksillasi
ablative
-tukseltasi
-tuksiltasi
allative
-tuksellesi
-tuksillesi
essive
-tuksenasi
-tuksinasi
translative
-tukseksesi
-tuksiksesi
abessive
-tuksettasi
-tuksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-tuksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-tuksemme
-tuksemme
accusative
nom.
-tuksemme
-tuksemme
gen.
-tuksemme
genitive
-tuksemme
-tustemme -tuksiemme
partitive
-tustamme
-tuksiamme
inessive
-tuksessamme
-tuksissamme
elative
-tuksestamme
-tuksistamme
illative
-tukseemme
-tuksiimme
adessive
-tuksellamme
-tuksillamme
ablative
-tukseltamme
-tuksiltamme
allative
-tuksellemme
-tuksillemme
essive
-tuksenamme
-tuksinamme
translative
-tukseksemme
-tuksiksemme
abessive
-tuksettamme
-tuksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-tuksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-tuksenne
-tuksenne
accusative
nom.
-tuksenne
-tuksenne
gen.
-tuksenne
genitive
-tuksenne
-tustenne -tuksienne
partitive
-tustanne
-tuksianne
inessive
-tuksessanne
-tuksissanne
elative
-tuksestanne
-tuksistanne
illative
-tukseenne
-tuksiinne
adessive
-tuksellanne
-tuksillanne
ablative
-tukseltanne
-tuksiltanne
allative
-tuksellenne
-tuksillenne
essive
-tuksenanne
-tuksinanne
translative
-tukseksenne
-tuksiksenne
abessive
-tuksettanne
-tuksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-tuksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-tuksensa
-tuksensa
accusative
nom.
-tuksensa
-tuksensa
gen.
-tuksensa
genitive
-tuksensa
-tustensa -tuksiensa
partitive
-tustaan -tustansa
-tuksiaan -tuksiansa
inessive
-tuksessaan -tuksessansa
-tuksissaan -tuksissansa
elative
-tuksestaan -tuksestansa
-tuksistaan -tuksistansa
illative
-tukseensa
-tuksiinsa
adessive
-tuksellaan -tuksellansa
-tuksillaan -tuksillansa
ablative
-tukseltaan -tukseltansa
-tuksiltaan -tuksiltansa
allative
-tukselleen -tuksellensa
-tuksilleen -tuksillensa
essive
-tuksenaan -tuksenansa
-tuksinaan -tuksinansa
translative
-tuksekseen -tukseksensa
-tuksikseen -tuksiksensa
abessive
-tuksettaan -tuksettansa
-tuksittaan -tuksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-tuksineen -tuksinensa :

#### Derived terms
## Gothic
### Romanization

-tus
* Romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).
Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-þaz, *-daz, *-taz.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]

#### Suffix

-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix
* Forms the past participle of verbs.
* Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
    iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)
    onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)

##### Usage notes

Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:
* Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō).
    ‎agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus
    ‎scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus
* Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc.
    ‎coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus
    ‎exstinguō (“extinguish”) + ‎-tus → ‎exstīnctus
* Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, or the long vowels ō and ū in the case of -ov- and -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.
    ‎caveō (“beware”) + ‎-tus → ‎cautus
    ‎voveō (“vow”) + ‎-tus → ‎vōtus
    ‎iuvō (“aid”) + ‎-tus → ‎iūtus
    ‎vīvō (“live”) + ‎-tus → ‎vīctus
    ‎solvō (“untie,set free,separate”) + ‎-tus → ‎solūtus
* Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.
    ‎cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus
* Stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
    ‎mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus
    ‎tergeō (“rub, cleanse”) + ‎-tus → ‎tersus
* Stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
    ‎currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus
* When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be either retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
* ‎errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus , ‎audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + ‎-tus → ‎audītus
* ‎moneō (monē-) (“advise,remind”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus
* ‎augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + ‎-tus → ‎auctus
Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications; there are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but overall the suffix is rarely found attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns include a long vowel before the -t-, which may in some cases originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba and aurītus from auris), but which at least eventually was subject to reanalysis as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus.

##### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Cognate with Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum), Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tъ.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]

#### Suffix

-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
* Forms action nouns from verbs.
    ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus
    ‎habeō (“I have, possess, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)
    ‎sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus (“expenditure”)

##### Usage notes

The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus.

##### Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtuːs/, [ˈt̪uːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtus/, [ˈt̪us]

#### Suffix

-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
* Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.
    iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)
    senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)

##### Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix.

##### Declension

Third-declension noun.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás).

#### Alternative forms

* -itus

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /tus/, [t̪us]

#### Suffix

-tus (not comparable)
* -ly; used to form adverbs.

##### Synonyms

* (-ly): -ē, -ter, -ō

#### References

* ↑ Pike, Moss (2011) Latin -tās and Related Forms‎. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Page 37
* ↑ Rosén, H. (2007). "A Latin adverbialization: -(i)tus from separative-locative to manner adverb." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, 120, 215–230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40849301
* “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
* “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
* “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)