# dance
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɑːns/
** (Received Pronunciation, Cockney, Estuary, Jamaica) IPA: [dɑːns]
*** Audio (UK):(file)
** (General American) IPA: /dæns/
*** (æ-tensing) IPA: [dɛəns], [deəns]
*** Audio (US):(file)
** (Northern England, Ireland) IPA: [dæns], [dans], [däns]
** (General Australian) IPA: [dæːns]
** (Cultivated Australian, New Zealand) IPA: [däːns], [dɐːns]
** (India) IPA: [ɖɑːns]
* Rhymes: -ɑːns, -æns

### Etymology 1

From Middle English dauncen, from Anglo-Norman dauncer, from Vulgar Latin *dantiāre, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English sealtian, and partially displaced Old English hlēapan (“to leap, dance, run”) (whence modern leap).

#### Alternative forms

* daunce (obsolete)

#### Noun

dance (countable and uncountable, plural dances)
* A sequence of rhythmic steps or movements usually performed to music, for pleasure or as a form of social interaction.
    I do a dance when she plays the drums!
** 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter II, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:"I ought to arise and go forth with timbrels and with dances; but, do you know, I am not inclined to revels? There has been a little—just a very little bit too much festivity so far …. Not that I don't adore dinners and gossip and dances; not that I do not love to pervade bright and glittering places. […]"
* A social gathering where dancing is the main activity.
    The dance we had in August 2008 is one of the greatest moments of my life!
** 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter II, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:"I ought to arise and go forth with timbrels and with dances; but, do you know, I am not inclined to revels? There has been a little—just a very little bit too much festivity so far …. Not that I don't adore dinners and gossip and dances; not that I do not love to pervade bright and glittering places. […]"
** 1985 April 29, Daniel Southerl, quoting Deng Liqun, “Saturday Night Fever in Peking”, in The Washington Post‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 27 August 2023‎:But, he continued, "the experience of the Peking Municipal Communist Youth League shows that, as long as dance parties are organized and supervised well by the work units concerned and these units organize their own sentries, as long as the people attending these dances are given a little coaching in advance on what is meant by normal socializing and recreation, and as long as these dances are organized, led and guided properly, there will be no incidents."
* (uncountable) The art, profession, and study of dancing.
* (uncountable) A genre of modern music characterised by sampled beats, repetitive rhythms and few lyrics.
* A piece of music with a particular dance rhythm.
** 1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], “A Court Ball”, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC, page 9:They stayed together during three dances, went out on to the terrace, explored wherever they were permitted to explore, paid two visits to the buffet, and enjoyed themselves much in the same way as if they had been school-children surreptitiously breaking loose from an assembly of grown-ups.
* (figurative) A battle of wits, especially one commonly fought between two rivals.
    So how much longer are we gonna do this dance?
* (figurative, dated) Any strenuous or difficult movement, action, or task.
** 1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 170:He that would watch the king's hares must not drag himself along as if he was a lazybones with soles of lead to his boots, or like a fly on a tar-brush, for when the hares began to scamper about on the hill-sides it was quite another dance than lying at home and catching fleas with mittens on.
* (apiology) A repetitive movement used in communication between worker honey bees.
** 1961 November, W. Wittekindt, “An Understanding of Dancing Behaviour”, in G. H. Cale, editor, The American Bee Journal‎, volume 101, number 11, Hamilton, page 434:It was seen that the readiness to dance and intensity of the dance are clearly increased when the temperature in the hive remained between 28-36° C.

##### Hyponyms

* See also Thesaurus:dance

##### Derived terms

* acro dance
* adance
* Africanist dance
* Agadoo dance
* antidance
* avant-dance
* ballroom dance
* barn dance
* belly dance
* belly-dance
* big dance
* booger dance
* bottle dance
* breakdance
* break dance
* break-dance
* bubble dance
* buck dance
* cage dance
* candle dance
* Caribbean dance music
* carpet dance
* ceilidh dance
* chain dance
* chicken dance
* Cinderella dance
* cinedance
* circle dance
* clog dance
* contra dance
* country-dance
* country dance
* cushion-dance
* cushion dance
* danceaholic
* danceathon
* dance band
* dance belt
* dance-card
* dance card
* dancefest
* dance floor
* dance fly
* dance game
* dance-goer
* dancegoer
* dancegoing
* dance gypsy
* dance hall
* dancehall
* dance-hall
* dance-happy
* dance hostess
* danceless
* dancelike
* danceline
* dance machine
* dancemaker
* dancemaking
* dance mat
* dance move
* dance music
* dance of death
* dance-off
* dance of the seven veils
* dance on a rope
* dance on nothing
* dance on someone's grave
* dance pad
* dance platform
* dance pole
* dancepop
* dance-pop
* dancer
* dancercise
* dancery
* dancescape
* dance school
* dancesport
* dance step
* dance studio
* dance-time
* dancetime
* dancewear
* dancy
* devil dance
* dinner dance
* dirty dance
* disco-dance
* dollar dance
* downgrade dance
* eagle dance
* egg dance
* electronic dance music
* Eurodance
* fan-dance
* fan dance
* feminist dance therapy
* flannel dance
* folk dance
* for a song and a dance
* for a song and dance
* furry dance
* ghost dance
* Ghost Dance
* grass dance
* gravedance
* gumboot dance
* hat dance
* highland dance
* ice dance
* intelligent dance music
* Italo dance
* jazz dance
* Juba dance
* kabuki dance
* kissing dance
* lap dance
* lap-dance
* last dance
* lead someone a dance
* lesbian dance theory
* let's dance
* line-dance
* line dance
* line of dance
* lion dance
* maize dance
* medicine dance
* merry dance
* Mexican hat dance
* modern dance
* money dance
* monkey dance
* morris dance
* multiplication dance
* non-dance
* nondance
* oriental dance
* partner dance
* pee-pee dance
* pole dance
* potty dance
* prairie chicken dance
* predance
* rain dance
* riverdance
* round dance
* Sadie Hawkins dance
* sequence dance
* seven-veil dance
* skidance
* skirt dance
* slam-dance
* slam dance
* slow dance
* snake dance
* song and dance
* spiral dance
* spring dance
* square dance
* square-dance
* step dance
* step-dance
* street dance
* St. Vitus' dance
* sun dance
* sundance
* synthdance
* table dance
* tap dance
* tap-dance
* taxi dance
* tea dance
* tear up the dance floor
* toe-dance
* toe dance
* touchdown dance
* tremble dance
* turnabout dance
* veil dance
* vernacular dance
* waggle dance
* war dance
* weasel war dance
* zombie dance

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Verb

dance (third-person singular simple present dances, present participle dancing, simple past and past participle danced)
* (intransitive) To move with rhythmic steps or movements, especially in time to music.
    I danced with her all night long.
    These drum beats are making me dance!
** 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:“Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
* (intransitive) To leap or move lightly and rapidly.
    His eyes danced with pleasure as he spoke. She accused her political opponent of dancing around the issue instead of confronting it.
** 1812–1818, George Gordon [Lord] Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 2, verse 54:And woods along the banks are waving high, / Whose shadows in the glassy waters dance,
** 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:A common and beautiful side-effect of high solar activity is the Aurora Borealis - the northern lights that dance across Arctic skies.
* (transitive) To perform the steps to.
    Have you ever danced the tango?
* (transitive) To cause to dance, or move nimbly or merrily about.
** c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead, By pavèd fountain, or by rushy brook, or in the beachèd margent of the sea, To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind, But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport.
** c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:Thy grandsire loved thee well; / Many a time he danced thee on his knee.
* (figurative, euphemistic) To make love or have sex.
    You make me feel like dancing.
* (apiology, of a worker honey bee) To make a repetitive movement in order to communicate to other worker honey bees.
** 1961 November, W. Wittekindt, “An Understanding of Dancing Behaviour”, in G. H. Cale, editor, The American Bee Journal‎, volume 101, number 11, Hamilton, page 434:It was seen that the readiness to dance and intensity of the dance are clearly increased when the temperature in the hive remained between 28-36° C.
* (figurative, euphemistic) To kick and convulse from the effects of being hanged.
** 1907, Literary Digest‎, volume 34, page 364:If that veil can be maintained, if the workers can be kept from knowing the perfidy of officials, the criminality of capitalism, the murderous vengeance that is planned by the plutocratic powers of America, then Charles Moyer, William D. Haywood, and George Pettibone will dance on empty air, while the ghouls of capitalism rejoice because they have landed another blow upon the body of resisting labor.
** 1926, Walter Noble Burns, The Saga of Billy the Kid‎, page 250:Beneath the shoulder blades of the limp form lying there lay the heart that had hated him, that had beat high at the thought of seeing him kick at the end of a hangman's rope, that had exulted in the prospect of him dancing a death dance on air.
** 2001, Paul Doherty, The Hangman's Hymn (Canterbury Tales Mysteries, Book 5)‎:Simon had seen other men executed at Berkeley, both in the castle and outside in the village. They were usually strung up like rats, left to dance, their death throes sometimes seeming to last forever.
** 2010 January 12, Sara Starbuck, Dread Pirate Fleur and the Hangman's Noose‎, page 342:'Hats off!' the shout went up, not out of respect for those about to die, but for a better view of their death dance. The hangman, who was as drunk as anyone else, uncoiled the rope's free end from each prisoner in turn and threw it up to an assistant balanced precariously on the beam above. Each was tightly fastened, leaving very little slack. When the moment came, the carts would be driven out from under the prisoners, leaving them dancing the Tyburn jig, their legs paddling helplessly in the air.
** 2019 November 7, Carter J. Gregory, The Hangman's Psalm: The Girl at the Gallows‎:Not only will you be whipped, but Jack Ketch will be displeased. He knows how to attach the rope just so...a man's neck can be snaped in an instant and he feels pain for a moment only. Or, at Ketch's pleasure, the man swings in the air, his legs dance in an ungainly manner, his face turns red, his tongue turns purple and protrudes - a poor devil once bit off the tip and spit it out, and he chocked(sic) to death.
** 2022 November 30, John Gardiner, A Hitchhiker's Triptych‎:Initially, all hanging deaths were by the short rope. The victims strangled as they performed a twitching death dance. Over time there was a move to a longer rope. The extra drop meant the victim's neck snapped, causing a more humane death. For a long time adter the long rope was introduced, stories circulated around Aberdeen of executioners slipping in the short rope for criminals convicted of particularly heinous crimes, especially for crimes against children. No quick end for these devils. A slow dancing death, courtesy of the short rope, brouht in by canny executioners.

##### Synonyms

* (move with rhythmic steps or movements): throw shapes
* (to engage in sexual intercourse): do the deed, get some, have sex; see also Thesaurus:copulate

##### Derived terms

* angels dancing on the head of a pin
* bedance
* braindance
* breakdance
* danceability
* danceable
* dance around
* dance attendance
* dance out
* dancer
* dance the hempen jig
* dance the Tyburn jig
* dance to a different tune
* dance to a new tune
* dance to someone's tune
* dance upon nothing
* dance with the devil
* dance with the one that brought you
* dancing juice
* dancing links
* dancingly
* dancingness
* dirty dance
* line dance
* nondancing
* outdance
* put on one's dancing shoes
* undanced
* undancing
* underdanced

##### Descendants

* → Arabic: دانس (dāns)
* → Scottish Gaelic: danns
* → Welsh: dawnsio
* → Zulu: dansa

##### Translations

Albanian: vallëzoj (sq)
American Sign Language: V@NearPalm-FingerDown-OpenB@CenterTrunkhigh-PalmUp Sidetoside
Antillean Creole: dansé, zouké
Arabic: رَقَصَ (ar) (raqaṣa)
Egyptian Arabic: رقص (raʔaṣ)
Moroccan Arabic: شطح (šṭaḥ), زفن (zfan) (dated), رقص (rqaṣ)
Aragonese: bailar
Armenian: պարել (hy) (parel)
Assamese: নচা (nosa), নাচা (nasa) (Central Assamese)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܪܵܩܹܕ (raqed)
Asturian: baillar (ast)
Azerbaijani: rəqs etmək (az), oynamaq (az)
Bashkir: бейеү (beyew)
Basque: dantza egin (eu)
Bassa: dye
Belarusian: танцава́ць impf (tancavácʹ)
Bengali: নাচা (bn) (naca)
Breton: korolliñ (br)
Bulgarian: танцу́вам (bg) impf (tancúvam)
Burmese: က (my) (ka.)
Carpathian Rusyn: плясати impf (pljasaty)
Catalan: ballar (ca), dansar (ca)
Cebuano: sayaw
Cherokee: ᎠᎵᏍᎩᎠ (alisgia)
Chinese:
Cantonese: 跳舞 (tiu$^3$ mou$^5$)
Dungan: тёву (ti͡ovu), винон (vinon)
Mandarin: 跳舞 (zh) (tiàowǔ)
Chuukese: pwöruk
Cornish: karolli
Czech: tančit (cs) impf, tancovat (cs) impf, plesati (cs) impf
Danish: danse (da)
Dutch: dansen (nl)
Egyptian: (ḫbj), (jbꜣ)
Elfdalian: dansa
Emilian: balēr
Esperanto: danci (eo)
Estonian: tantsima (et)
Evenki: хоролдёми (horolʒomi)
Ewe: ɖu ɣe
Faroese: dansa
Finnish: tanssia (fi), jorata (fi)
French: danser (fr)
Friulian: balâ
Galician: danzar (gl), bailar (gl)
Gallurese: baddà
Georgian: ცეკვავს (ceḳvavs)
German: tanzen (de)
Gothic: 𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (plinsjan), 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (laikan)
Greek: χορεύω (el) (chorévo)
Ancient: ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai), χορεύω (khoreúō), βαλλίζω (ballízō)
Greenlandic: qitippoq
Guaraní: jeroky
Haitian Creole: danse
Hebrew: רָקַד (he) (rakád)
Hidatsa: níhshi
Hindi: नाचना (hi) (nācnā), नृत्य करना (nŕtya karnā)
Hungarian: táncol (hu)
Icelandic: dansa (is)
Ido: dansar (io)
Ilocano: agsala
Indonesian: menari (id)
Ingrian: tantsia, karata (rare)
Interlingua: dansar
Irish: rinc
Italian: ballare (it), danzare (it)
Japanese: 踊る (ja) (おどる, odoru), ダンスする (ja) (dansu suru)
Javanese: njoget
Kabuverdianu: badja, baiá, dansa, dansá
Kabyle: ⵞⴻⴹⵃⴻⵖ (čeḍḥeɣ)
Kala Lagaw Ya: girar
Kashmiri: نَژُن (naċun)
Kazakh: билеу (bileu)
Khmer: រាំ (km) (rŏəm)
Korean: 춤추다 (ko) (chumchuda), 추다 (ko) (chuda), 춤을 추다 (chum-eul chuda)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: سەما کردن (sema kirdin)
Northern Kurdish: reqisîn (ku), dans kirin (ku), sema kirin (ku)
Kyrgyz: бийлөө (ky) (biylöö)
Ladin: balé
Lao: ເຕັ້ນລຳ (ten lam), ຟ້ອນ (fǭn), ເຕັ້ນ (ten)
Latin: saltō, tripudiō, ballō, balō
Latvian: dejot, diet
Lithuanian: šokti (lt)
Low German:
German Low German: dansen
Luxembourgish: danzen (lb)
Macedonian: танцува impf (tancuva)
Malay: menari
Malayalam: ആടുക (ml) (āṭuka)
Maltese: żifen
Manchu: ᠮᠠᡴᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳ (maksimbi)
Maore Comorian: uzina
Maori: kanikani
Maranao: sayaw
Marathi: नाचणे (mr) (nācṇe), नृत्य करणे (nrutya karṇe)
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: бүжиглэх (mn) (büžiglex)
Navajo: alzhish
Ngazidja Comorian: uzina
Norman: danser (Jersey), daunchi
Northern Sami: dánset, dánsut
Norwegian:
Bokmål: danse (no)
Nynorsk: dansa
Occitan: dançar (oc)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: плѧсати impf (plęsati)
Old East Slavic: плꙗсати impf (pljasati)
Old English: frīcian, sealtian
Oromo: shubbisuu
Pannonian Rusyn: танцовац impf (tancovac)
Papiamentu: baila
Pashto: ګډېدل (gëḍedël)
Persian:
Iranian Persian: رَقْصیدَن (fa) (rağsidan), رَقْص کَرْدَن (rağs kardan)
Plains Cree: ᓂᒥᐦᑐ (nimihto)
Polish: tańczyć (pl) impf, tańcować (pl) impf (dated, colloquial), pląsać impf (dated)
Portuguese: dançar (pt), bailar (pt)
Quechua: tusuy (qu)
Rapa Nui: 'ori
Romanian: dansa (ro), juca (ro)
Romansch: sautar (Rumantsch Grischun), saltar (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran), suter (Puter), sotar (Vallader), ballar (Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran, Vallader), baller (Puter)
Russian: танцева́ть (ru) impf (tancevátʹ), пляса́ть (ru) impf (pljasátʹ), станцевать (ru) pf (stancevatʹ), потанцевать (ru) pf (potancevatʹ)
Sanskrit: नृत्यति (sa) (nṛtyati)
Sardinian:
Campidanese: baddai, dantzai
Logudorese: baddare, dantzàre
Sassarese: baddà
Scottish Gaelic: danns
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: пле́сати impf, и̏грати impf
Roman: plésati (sh) impf, ȉgrati (sh) impf
Shan: please add this translation if you can
Sinhalese: නටනවා (naṭanawā)
Slovak: tancovať impf
Slovene: plesati (sl) impf
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: rejowaś impf
Upper Sorbian: rejować (hsb) impf
Southern Altai: бийелеер (biyeleer), бијеле- (biǰele-)
Spanish: bailar (es), danzar (es)
Sranan Tongo: dansi
Swahili: -cheza ngoma
Swedish: dansa (sv)
Sylheti: ꠘꠣꠌꠣ (nasa)
Tagalog: sayaw, sumayaw
Tajik: рақс кардан (tg) (raqs kardan), рақсидан (tg) (raqsidan)
Tamil: ஆடு (ta) (āṭu), கூத்தாடு (ta) (kūttāṭu), நடனமாடு (ta) (naṭaṉamāṭu)
Tatar: бие-ргә (biye-rgä)
Telugu: నర్తించు (te) (nartiñcu)
Thai: เต้นรำ (dtên-ram), รำ (th) (ram), เต้น (th) (dtên)
Tibetan: ཞབས་བྲོ་བརྒྱབ (zhabs bro brgyab)
Tocharian B: tsip-
Tumbuka: vina
Turkish: dans etmek (tr)
Turkmen: tans etmek
Ukrainian: танцюва́ти impf (tancjuváty)
Urak Lawoi': ตารี (tari), เมอนารี (menari)
Urdu: ناچْنا (nācnā)
Uyghur: ئۇسسۇل ئوينىماق (ussul oynimaq), تانسا ئوينىماق (tansa oynimaq)
Uzbek: raqs tushmoq, oʻyinga tushmoq, oʻynamoq (uz)
Vietnamese: nhảy (vi), múa (vi)
Volapük: danüdön (vo)
Walloon: danser (wa)
Welsh: dawnsio (cy)
West Frisian: dûnsje
Yao: ŵina
Yiddish: טאַנצן (tantsn)
Yucatec Maya: óokʼot
Yup'ik: yurartuq (native style dancing), agnguartuq (ballroom/popular non-native dancing)
ǃXóõ: ǀxâã :

#### See also

* Appendix:Dances
* acrobatics
* ballet
* ballroom
* disco
* foxtrot
* hiphop
* jazz
* modern
* musical theatre
* tap dancing
* terpsichorean

### Etymology 2

Related to dancy, dancetté, French danché.

#### Noun

dance (plural dances)
* (heraldry) A normally horizontal stripe called a fess that has been modified to zig-zag across the center of a coat of arms from dexter to sinister.
** 1828, Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Walter (of Exeter), The Siege of Carlaverock in the XXVIII Edward I. A. D. MCCC, page 243:The fact appears to have been that Simon de Montacute bore two coats; the one, Argent, three fusils, which it is most probable was a corruption of a fess dancette, or a dance, Gules; and the other, Azure, a griffin segreant […]
** 1902, The Ancestor: A Quarterly Review of County and Family History, Heraldry and Antiquities ..., page 85:It is as follows - being headed by a shield of arms in colours - gold with a dance gules between three croslets fitchy gules.
** 1922, Miscellanea Genealogica Et Heraldica, page 189:Or, a dance gules, in chief 3 lions' faces sable.

### References

* ↑ John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “dance”, in The Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, volumes I (A–O), Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1991, →ISBN, page 387.

### Further reading

* dance on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* dance on Wikibooks.Wikibooks

### Anagrams

* Caden, Decan, acned, caned, decan

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from English dance. Doublet of danse.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɛns/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

dance f (uncountable)
* dance music

## Galician
### Verb

dance
* inflection of danzar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French dance.

### Noun

dance f (plural dances)
* dance

#### Descendants

* French: danse

## Old French
### Etymology

Deverbal from dancier.

### Noun

dance oblique singular, f (oblique plural dances, nominative singular dance, nominative plural dances)
* dance
** c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:Baules et queroles et danceDancing, singing and dance

## Portuguese
### Verb

dance
* inflection of dançar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

### References

* “dance”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
* “dance”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /ˈdanθe/ [ˈd̪ãn̟.θe]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /ˈdanse/ [ˈd̪ãn.se]
* Rhymes: -anθe
* Rhymes: -anse
* Syllabification: dan‧ce

### Verb

dance
* inflection of danzar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative