# شكر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Compare Hebrew שָׂכָר (sakhár, “payment, reward”).

#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

#### Verb

شَكَرَ • (šakara) I (non-past يَشْكُرُ (yaškuru), verbal noun شُكْر (šukr) or شُكْرَان (šukrān))
* to thank, to be thankful, to be grateful
    شَكَرَ لَهُ عَمَلَهُ ― šakara lahu ʕamalahu ― He thanked him for his work.
* to praise, to laud, to extol
* to acknowledge, to acknowledge goodness

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃukr/

#### Noun

شُكْر • (šukr) m
* verbal noun of شَكَرَ (šakara) (form I)
* thankfulness, gratitude

##### Antonyms

* جُحُود (juḥūd)

##### Derived terms

* شُكْراً (šukran, “thanks”, interjection)
* شُكْرِيّ (šukriyy, “of thanks, thanking”, adjective)
* شُكْرِيّ (šukriyy, a male given name, Shukri, meaning ‘thankful’)
* شُكْرِيَّة (šukriyya, a female given name, Shukriyya, meaning ‘thankful’)

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: şükr, şükür
* → Bashkir: шөкөр (şökör)
* → Bengali: শোকর (śōkor)
* → Chagatai: شکر
** Uyghur: شۈكۈر (shükür)
** Uzbek: shukr, shukur, Shukur
* → Hindustani:
** Hindi: शुक्र (śukr)
** Urdu: شُکْر (śukr)
* → Javanese: ꦱꦺꦴꦏꦸꦂ (sokur), ꦱꦸꦏꦸꦂ (sukur)
* → Kazakh: шүкір (şükır)
* → Malay: syukur
** Indonesian: syukur
** → Ternate: suku
** → Tausug: sukul
* → Ottoman Turkish: شُكْر (şükr)
** Turkish: şükür
** → Ladino: shukur
** → Serbo-Croatian:
*** Cyrillic script: шућур
*** Latin script: šućur
* → Pashto: شکر (šukr)
* → Persian: شکر (šokr)
* → Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ੁਕਰ (śukr)
** Shahmukhi script: شُکْر (śukr)
* → Sindhi: شُڪُرُ (śukuru)
* → Swahili: shukuru
* → Tatar: шөкер (şöker)
* → Turkmen: şükür
(Indo-Aryan interjections meaning ‘thank you’, all derived from شُكْر (šukr) + ـِيَّة (-iyya) (not borrowed from Arabic شُكْرِيَّة (šukriyya)):
* ⇒ Bengali: শুকরিয়া (śukriẏa)
* ⇒ Dhivehi: ޝުކުރިއްޔާ (šukuriyyā)
* ⇒ Hindustani:
** Hindi: शुक्रिया (śukriyā)
** Urdu: شُکْرِیَہ (śukriya)
* ⇒ Punjabi:
** Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ੁਕਰੀਆ (śukrīā)
** Shahmukhi script: شُکْرِیَہ (śukriyah)

## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian شكر & Ottoman Turkish شکر (šakar)

### Pronunciation

* (Sharg sub-dialect, Kuwait) IPA: /ʃɪkər/
* (Finṭās sub-dialect, Kuwait) IPA: /ʃəkər/
* (Jibla sub-dialect, Kuwait) IPA: /ʃəkɪr/
See usage notes.

### Noun

شكر • (šikar, šakar, šakir) m
* (uncountable) sugar

#### Usage notes

In Kuwait, some people use the Standard Arabic form (سُكَّر (sukkar)) instead as the pronunciation can be a shibboleth.

### References

* ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150120084008/http://kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?Id=161203
* ↑ http://www.lahjah.com/web/pages/properties.php

## Iraqi Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish شکر (şeker)

### Noun

شَكَر (šakar) m
* sugar

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Persian شکر (šakar), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar, originally meaning grit, gravel”).

#### Noun

شكر • (şeker)
* sugar, sucrose obtained by various plants, such as the sugar cane or the sugar beet
    به شکر به شاب ― neither fish nor fowl (literally, “better sugar or alum”)
* sugar-plum, comfit, a round or oval piece of candy made of boiled sugar

##### Derived terms

* خام شكر (ham şeker, “raw sugar”)
* سوت شكری (süt şekeri, “sugar of milk”)
* شكر ایشی (şeker işi, “confectionery”)
* شكر رنك (şeker renk, “sugar colored”)
* شكر علتی (şeker ʼilleti, “diabetes mellitus”)
* شكر قامشی (şeker kamışı, “sugar cane”)
* شكر كسدرمك (şeker kesdirmek, “to clarify sugar”)
* شكر گفتار (şeker güftar, “suaviloquent”)
* شكرآب (şekerab, “resentment between two persons”)
* شكربار (şekerbar, “sugary”)
* شكرجی (şekerci, “confectioner”)
* شكرریز (şekerriz, “sweet, sugary”)
* شكرستان (şekeristan, “plantation of sugar cane”)
* شكرلك (şekerlik, “quality of sugar”)
* شكرلمك (şekerlemek, “to sugar, sweeten”)
* شكرلنمك (şekerlenmek, “to be sugared, sweetened”)
* شكرلو (şekerli, “containing sugar”)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: şeker
* → Adyghe: шэкэр (šɛkɛr)
* → Albanian: sheqer
* → Armenian: շեքեր (šekʻer)
* → Bulgarian: шеке́р (šekér)
* → Central Kurdish: شەکر (şekir)
* → Crimean Tatar: şeker
* → Gagauz: şeker
* → Gulf Arabic: شكر (shákar)
* → Iraqi Arabic: شكر (shákar)
* → Ladino: sheker
* → Laz: შექერი (şekeri), შეჩერი (şeçeri) — Atina, Vizha, Artasheni
* → Macedonian: шеќер (šeḱer)
* → Northern Kurdish: şekir
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: шећер
    Latin script: šećer
* → Zazaki: şeker

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “şeker”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4450
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “شكر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 288b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “شكر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 731
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Saccharum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1498
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “شكر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 2839–2840
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “شكر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1131

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic شُكْر (šukr, “thankfulness, gratitude”), verbal noun of شَكَرَ (šakara, “to be thankful or gratelful”).

#### Noun

شكر • (şükr, vulg. şükür)
* thankfulness, gratitude, gratefulness, the state of being thankful
    Synonym: شكران (şükran)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: şükür
* → Albanian: shyqyr
* → Ladino: shukur
* → Macedonian: шуќур (šuḱur)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: шућур
    Latin script: šućur

#### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “şükür1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4506
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “شكر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 289a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “شكر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 731
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Gratia”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 665
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “شكر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2841
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “şükür”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “شكر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1131

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَكَرَ (šakara).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.kar/, [ˈʃa.kar]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

شكر • (šakar) I (present بشكر (boškor))
* to thank
    أشكرك (formal, to a male) ― ʔaškorak ― I thank you
    أشكرك (formal, to a female) ― ʔaškorek ― I thank you

#### See also

* شكرا (šukran, “thanks, thank you”)