# pod
## English
### Etymology

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Middle English *pod ("seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in pod-ware (“legume seed; seed grain”)), itself possibly from Old English pād (“an outer garment, covering, coat, cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *paidu, from Proto-Germanic *paidō (“coat, smock, shirt”), from Proto-Indo-European *baiteh₂- (“woolen clothes”). If so, then cognate with Old Saxon pēda (“skirt”), German dialectal Pfeid, Pfeit (“shirt”), Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida, “mantle, skirt”), and perhaps Albanian petk (“gown, garment, dress, suit”) and Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “goat-skin, fur-coat, tent”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ˈpɒd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (US) IPA: /ˈpɑd/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒd
* Homophone: pawed (cot–caught merger)

### Noun

pod (plural pods)
* (botany) A seed case for legumes (e.g. peas, beans, peppers); a seedpod.
    Synonyms: capsule, case, container, hull, husk, shell, seedpod, vessel
* A small vehicle, especially used in emergency situations.
* (obsolete, UK, dialect) A bag; a pouch.
** 1557 February 13 (Gregorian calendar), Thomas Tusser, A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie, London: […] Richard Tottel, →OCLC; republished London: […] Robert Triphook, […], and William Sancho, […], 1810, →OCLC:cart, that is clouted and shod, cart ladder and wimble, with perser and pod
* (collective, zoology) A group of whales, dolphins, seals, porpoises or hippopotami.
    Synonym: gam
* (by extension) A group of people who regularly interact.
** 2016, Joseph Henrich, chapter 8, in The Secret of Our Success […] , Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:These matrilineal groups associate with related families, who are probably sister lineages, to form pods.
** 2021 October 1, Calder Katyal, “Schools Need to Undo the Damage of Pods”, in The Atlantic‎:For many people forming pods last year, finding compatible people to group with was not a cost but a goal. Private companies that create educational software for pods report that people prefer to group with their friends in order to reduce the incentive to have social contacts outside of their pods.
* A small section of a larger office, compartmentalised for a specific purpose.
* A subsection of a prison, containing a number of inmates.
* A very small room or space for one person to inhabit, as in a capsule hotel.
* A nicotine cartridge.
* A lie-flat business or first class seat.
* A tapered, cylindrical body of ore or minerals.
* A straight channel or groove in the body of certain forms of, usually tapered, augers and boring-bits.
* (informal, Internet) Clipping of podcast.
** 2022, Sean Thor Conroe, Fuccboi‎, Hachette, →ISBN:I'd started shopping at 2 a.m., and the pod I listened to while shopping was almost through, so had to be 3 damn near.
* (broadcasting) A set of commercials to be shown together.
** 2014, Lisa P. Masteralexis, Carol A. Barr, Mary Hums, Principles and Practice of Sport Management (page 448)
    These ads are shown during commercial breaks when there is no game action. Usually, multiple spots are grouped into a pod of commercials.
* In rugby union, a small group (usually 3 or 4) of forwards working together as a group in open play.

#### Hyponyms

* iPod
* pea pod
* peapod
* seedpod

#### Derived terms

* azipod
* bagpod
* black pod
* bladderpod
* buddy pod
* coffee pod
* conopodous
* cosmopod
* crotalaria pod borer
* cryopod
* diaper pod
* drop pod
* egg pod
* escape pod
* fringepod
* holopod
* lacepod
* lancepod
* like peas in a pod
* like two peas in a pod
* monkeypod
* monkey pod
* nanopod
* nappy pod
* orped
* people pod
* pod auger
* pod bit
* podcar
* podcase
* pod corn
* podder
* poddy
* podhead
* pod hotel
* podiform
* podlet
* podlike
* podmate
* pod mod
* pod person
* pod shaver
* pod slurping
* pod vegetable
* protopod
* rattlepod
* rocket pod
* rod pod
* satinpod
* scimitar pod
* screw pod mesquite
* seedpod
* sicklepod
* sidepod
* superpod
* tail-pod radish
* waxpod

#### See also

* podcast

### Verb

pod (third-person singular simple present pods, present participle podding, simple past and past participle podded)
* (intransitive) To bear or produce pods
** 1849, Herman Melville, Mardi, and a Voyage Thither:Wherefore it was, that many ignorant Mardians, who had not pushed their investigations into the science of physiology, sagely divined, that the Tapparians must have podded into life like peas, instead of being otherwise indebted for their existence.
** 1939, Leonard Alfred George Strong, The Open Sky, page 64:David looked seawards along the river. He stared, rubbed his eyes, and stared again. One of the rocks seemed to have podded into something swollen, black and smooth.
** 2012, Deborah Moggach, You Must Be Sisters, →ISBN, page 219:In the herbaceous border many flowers had seeded and podded; spears of them, brown, now rose up behind the mauve blur of the michaelmas daisies.
* (transitive) To remove peas from their case.
* (transitive, intransitive) To put into a pod or to enter a pod.
** 1955, Military Review - Volume 35, Issue 9, page 81:Thus the torpedoes will have to be stored internally or be podded into streamline containers.
** 1957, Aviation Week - Volume 66, page 23:Lycoming is working on a twin T53 or T55 turboprop installation whereby two engines would be podded together to drive a single propeller.
** 2004, Yefim Gordon, Dmitriy Komissarov, Antonov An-12 Cub, page 90:One, called An- 12BZ-2, was a single-point hose-and- drogue tanker similar to the RAF's Lockheed C-130K Hercules C.1K, except that the hose drum unit was podded, not built in.
** 2006, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society - Volume 59, page 130:This was to be achieved by increasing the number of Lotarev D-18T engines to 8 by podding the inboard pylons on each side to take two engines (see Fig. 7).
** 2011, Roger Cliff, Chad J. R. Ohlandt, David Yang, Ready for Takeoff: China's Advancing Aerospace Industry, →ISBN:In June 2009, the company opened another facility in Tianjin to provide nacelle and thrust-reverser MRO services and to support engine buildup and podding work for the new Airbus A320 assembly line in the same city.
** 2012, Gabriel Blue Melchizedek, The Alienvirus, →ISBN:Then i was podded by a buddie of mine, working the burrough next to mine, all humans had a blue rabbit glow around them and seemed to sleep walk out of the burrough out in to a field while a sound like; ta-ta-dah-taaa, soundeḍ ̣̪continously [sic], where they waited while looking up in the sky.
* (intransitive) To swell or fill.

#### Translations
### References

* “pod”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* DOP, DPO, ODP, PDO, dop

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: pod

### Adverb

pod
* (focus) also; too
* (after a negative) either

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech pod.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpot]
* Audio:(file)

### Preposition

pod
* under (direction, + accusative case)
    Potřebuju se dostat pod ten most. ― I need to get under that bridge.
* below, under (location, + instrumental case)
    Synonym: pode
    Antonym: nad
    Kočka leží pod stolem. ― The cat is under the table.

### Further reading

* “pod”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “pod”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Lower Sorbian
### Preposition

pod
* Superseded spelling of pód.

## Old Czech
### Alternative forms

* pode

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈpod/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈpot/

### Preposition

pod
* denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]
* denotes movement up, upward [with accusative]
* denotes movement down, below, downward [with accusative]
* denotes duration to, until; by [with accusative]
* denotes amount under; less than [with accusative]
* denotes inferiority sub, less than [with accusative]
* denotes subordination to under [with accusative]
* according to [with accusative]
* as a result of [with accusative or instrumental]
* for, to (an end, an aim, a purpose) [with accusative or instrumental]
* denotes location near; under, underneath [with instrumental]
* denotes relation of items worn under; in, dressed in [with instrumental]
* denotes subordination under [with instrumental]
* denotes duration during; in [with instrumental]
* denotes elapsing of time in; after [with instrumental]
* denotes period of someone's rule during [with instrumental]
* denotes amount up to [with instrumental]
* denotes inferiority sub, less than [with instrumental]
* creates an adverb from a noun. [with instrumental]
* denotes form or shape under; in the form of [with instrumental]
* denotes instrumentality through, with, by means of [with instrumental]
* used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of [with instrumental]
* according to [with instrumental]
* denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental]
* denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]
* despite, in spite of [with instrumental]

#### Descendants

* Czech: pod

### References

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “pod”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Polish
### Alternative forms

* pode

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /pɔt/
* IPA: (15th CE) /pɔt/

### Preposition

pod
* denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]
* denotes near location; near; under, at [with instrumental]
* denotes comitative location; with [with instrumental]
* denotes time when something took place; during [with instrumental]
* denotes sequence in time; after [with instrumental]
    Synonym: po
* used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of; as a result of [with instrumental]
* despite, against [with instrumental]
* denotes form or shape under; in the form of [with instrumental]
* denotes subordination under [with instrumental]
* denotes period of someone's rule during [with instrumental]
* denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental or accusative]
* denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental or accusative]
* denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]
* denotes movement; to; toward [with accusative]
* denotes preceding time just before [with accusative]
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
** denotes following time just after [with accusative]
* denotes source of a given right or authority under [with accusative]
* The meaning of this term is uncertain.
** 1956 [Fifteenth century], Jerzy Woronczak, editor, Teksty polskie w rękopisie nr 43 Biblioteki Kapitulnej we Wrocławiu z połowy XV wieku‎, Silesia, page 112r:Ibant apostoli gaudentes a conspectu, pod oblicze (pro od oblicza?), concilli (Act 5, 41)[Ibant apostoli gaudentes a conspectu, pod oblicze (pro od oblicza?), concilli (Act 5, 41)]

#### Descendants

* Polish: pod
* Silesian: pod

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “pod”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “pod”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “pod, pode”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* pode

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pod.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔt/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈpɔt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔt
* Syllabification: pod
* Homophones: pod-, pot

### Preposition

pod
* denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]
    Synonyms: popod, poniżej
    Antonyms: nad, ponad
    pod ziemią ― underground
* denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]
    Antonyms: na, nad
* denotes movement against; against [with accusative]
    Antonym: z
    pod wiatr ― against the wind
    Nie płyń pod prąd! ― Don't swim against the current!
* denotes near location; near [with instrumental]
    Synonyms: popod, blisko, nad, niedaleko, nieopodal, obok, opodal, przy, u stóp, w pobliżu
    Mieszkała pod Warszawą ― She lived near Warsaw.
* denotes movement to a near location; toward [with accusative]
    Synonyms: popod, nad
    Antonym: spod
* denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental]
* denotes motion towards protection, guidance, or watching to under [with accusative]
    Antonym: spod
* denotes cause under; under [with instrumental]
    pod przymusem ― under duress
    pod wpływem ― under the influence of
* denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]
* denotes name of object; under [with instrumental]
    pod tytułem ― under the title of
* denotes location, particularly of addresses; at [with instrumental]
* denotes movement, particularly of addresses; to [with accusative]
* denotes instrumentality or cause; because of, with [with instrumental]
    Synonym: spod
    pod piórem ― by (an author)
* denotes recepient; to, aimed at [with accusative]
* (colloquial) denotes amount less than; under [with accusative]
* (colloquial) denotes object of eating immediately after drinking [with accusative]
* (colloquial) denotes cause of celebration [with accusative]
    Synonym: z okazji

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), pod is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 157 times in scientific texts, 153 times in news, 109 times in essays, 165 times in fiction, and 84 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 668 times, making it the 70th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “pod”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 381

### Further reading

* pod in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* pod in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pod, pode”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], (Can we date this quote?)
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “pod”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 330

## Romanian
### Alternative forms

* под (pod) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic подъ (podŭ), from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpod/
* Audio (male voice):(file)
* Audio (female voice):(file)
* Rhymes: -od
* Hyphenation: pod

### Noun

pod n (plural poduri)
* bridge
* attic
* (dated) street paved with wood

#### Derived terms

* podeț
* podiș

#### See also

* mansardă
* punte

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pôd/

#### Noun

pȍd m (Cyrillic spelling по̏д)
* floor
    pasti na pod ― to fall to the floor
* ground

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

#### Alternative forms

* poda (enclitic pronominal form)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pôd/

#### Preposition

pȍd (Cyrillic spelling по̏д)
* under, beneath (with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]
    Antonyms: ȉznad, nȁd
    S(j)ela je pod stablo. ― She sat down under the tree.
    Pao je pod vlak. ― He fell under the train.
* under, beneath (stationary, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]
    Antonyms: ȉznad, nȁd
    pod suncem ― under the sun
    Ona s(j)edi pod stablom. ― She is sitting under the tree.
* under, beneath (being in a particular condition) [with instrumental]
    biti pod sumnjom ― to be under suspicion
    biti pod pritiskom ― to be under pressure
    biti pod dojmom ― to be under impression
    pod oružjem ― under arms
    biti pod nadzorom ― to be under supervision/surveillance
    biti pod nečijom zaštitom ― to be under someone's protection
    biti pod naglaskom ― to be accented (stressed), to be under the accent (stress)
    pisati pod pseudonimom ― to write under the pen name, pseudonymously
    biti pod zakletvom ― to be under oath
* near, toward, in (temporal, with nouns denoting a final temporal segment) [with accusative]
    pod jesen ― toward fall
    pod kraj ― near the end
    pod starost ― in one's old age
* during (temporal) [with instrumental]
    pod odmorom ― during the (school) break
    pod pauzom ― during the (job) break
    pod satom ― during the (school) lesson
    pod vladavinom ― during the reign of
* as, instead of, in lieu of [with accusative]
    pokušati prodati mrkvu pod rotkvu ― to try selling carrot as radish
* miscellaneous idiomatic meanings
    baciti pod noge ― to reject, throw away
    nebu pod oblake ― far away
    pod uv(j)etom/uslovom da ― under the condition of, on the condition that
    pod izgovorom ― under the pretext
    pod Zagrebom ― near Zagreb
    pod Velebitom ― at the foot of Velebit, on the foothills of Velebit
    pod korovom ― covered/overgrown with weed
    ništa pod (milim) bogom ― absolutely nothing
    pod kontrolom (with genitive) ― under the control (of)
    pod tim(e) mislim ― by that I mean
    biti pod antibioticima ― to be on antibiotics
    pod pravim kutom ― perpendicular
    To je pod moranje. ― That is obligatory.

## Silesian
### Alternative forms

* pode

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish pod.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔt/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔt
* Syllabification: pod

### Preposition

pod
* denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]
* denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]
* denotes near location; near; under, at [with instrumental]
* denotes movement; to; toward [with accusative]
* denotes name of object; under [with instrumental]
    pod tytułym ― under the title of
* denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]

### Further reading

* pod in dykcjonorz.eu
* pod in silling.org

## Slovak
### Alternative forms

* podo

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɔt]

### Preposition

pod (+ instrumental)
* below
    Antonym: nad

### Further reading

* “pod”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ́t/

### Noun

pȍd m inan
* floor (lower part of a room)
    Synonym: tla

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* spodaj

### Further reading

* “pod”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Volapük
### Noun

pod (nominative plural pods)
* apple

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only