# 鞏

| 鞏 | U+978F, &#38799; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-978F |
| ← 鞎 [U+978E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鞐 → [U+9790] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鞏 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+6, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一弓廿中十 (MNTLJ), four-corner 1750$_6$, composition ⿱巩革)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1387, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42819
* Dae Jaweon: page 1902, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4333, character 4
* Unihan data for U+978F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鞏 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koŋʔ): phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 革.

### Etymology 1

* 鞏姓

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǒng (gong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiúng
    (Hailu, HRS): giung$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̄ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koeng$^3$ / kyeng$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khióng / kióng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^3$
*** Yale: gǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^2$
*** Yale: gúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: giung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: giung$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiuŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̄ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kê̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kyeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰyøŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
*** Tâi-lô: khióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
*** Tâi-lô: kióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$kon
*** MiniDict: kon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$kon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kjowngX
Rime :
| Character | 鞏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居悚切 |
| Baxter | kjowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)oŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鞏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjowng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k(r)oŋʔ/ |
| English | bind with leather straps |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鞏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4067 |
| Phonetic component | 工 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 拱 |
| Old Chinese | /*koŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

鞏
* to fasten using a leather band
* to secure; to consolidate
* firm; secure
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 栱 (gǒng, “post, pillar”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 恐 (kǒng, “to fear”)
* (～國) (historical) State of Gong (a small state during the Spring and Autumn period in modern-day Henan)
* (～縣) (historical) Gong County (in modern-day Gongyi, Henan)
* (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Gong County, Sichuan)
* (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Longxi County, Gansu)
* a surname, Gong
    鞏俐／巩俐 ― Gǒng Lì ― Gong Li

##### Synonyms

* (firm):
* 堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
* 堅實 / 坚实 (jiānshí)
* 堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
* 扎實
* 深厚 (shēnhòu) (figurative, of foundations)
* 牢 (láo)
* 牢固 (láogù)
* 牢牢 (láoláo)
* 牢靠 (láokào)
* 瓷 (cí)
* 穩固 / 稳固 (wěngù)
* 結實 / 结实
* 緊實 / 紧实 (jǐnshí)
* 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)

#### Compounds

* 岑鞏 / 岑巩
* 東鞏 / 东巩 (Dōnggǒng)
* 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)
* 鞏家灣 / 巩家湾 (Gǒngjiāwān)
* 鞏留 / 巩留 (Gǒngliú)
* 鞏縣 / 巩县
* 鞏縣石窟 / 巩县石窟
* 鞏義 / 巩义 (Gǒngyì)
* 鞏膜 / 巩膜 (gǒngmó)
* 鞏膜炎 / 巩膜炎 (gǒngmóyán)
* 鞏華城 / 巩华城

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khōng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng
*** Tâi-lô: khōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qong
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³/

#### Definitions

鞏
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) to build with bricks or cement
** 1991, “故鄉”, in 鄭進一, 陳維祥 (lyrics), 鄭進一 (music), 故鄉, performed by 葉啟田:
       ū kúi keng chhù iōng chng-á khōng, khòaⁿ--khí-lâi phó͘-thong phó͘-thong [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       There are a few houses built with bricks that look quite ordinary

### References

* “鞏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
* Kun: かたい (katai)

## Korean
### Hanja

鞏 (eum 공 (gong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鞏: Hán Nôm readings: củng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.