# 不

| 不 | U+4E0D, &#19981; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0D |
| ← 丌 [U+4E0C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 与 → [U+4E0E] |
| 不 | U+F967, &#63847; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F967 |
| ← 復 [U+F966] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 泌 → [U+F968] |

## Translingual
### Han character

不 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一火 (MF), four-corner 1090$_0$, composition ⿸丆⿰丨丶(GHJKT) or ⿻丆卜(V))

#### Usage notes

This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 𣎴 (U+233B4) or 𤓯 (U+244EF).

#### Derived characters

* 伓, 吥, 坏, 妚, 怀, 抔, 㳅, 还, 阫, 肧, 杯, 炋, 环, 𭾟, 𥐴, 紑, 𦤹, 𧉈, 𰀍, 衃, 䞜, 鈈 (钚), 䬪, 𡮗, 鴀 (𫛜), 㞸, 芣, 罘, 𮅁, 䯱, 丕, 𰀲, 㔻, 否, 奀, 㫘, 㶪, 𠀱, 㶨, 𠀰, 甭, 盃, 歪, 𧖯, 𧗩, 𠀾, 孬, 覔, 𠁆, 䬩, 嫑, 𧶏, 𠁙, 𠁞, 囨

#### Descendants

* ふ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
* フ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
* 𛂰 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19
* Dae Jaweon: page 149, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 11, character 6
* Unihan data for U+4E0D
* Unihan data for U+F967

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 不 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj25391j25392j25393j25394j25395j25396j25397j25398j25399j25400j25401j25402j25403j25404j25405j25406j25407j25408j25409j25410j25411j25412j25413j25414j25415j25416j25417j25418j25419j25420j25421j25422j25423j25424j25425j25426j25427j25428j25429j25430j25431j25432j25433j25434j25435j25436j25437j25438j25439j25440j25441j25442j25443j25444j25445j25446j25447j25448j25449j25450j25451j25452j25453j25454j25455j25456j25457j25458j25459j25460j25461j25462j25463j25464j25465j25466j25467j25468j25469j25470j25471j25472j25473j25474j25475j25476j25477j25478j25479j25480j25481j25482j25483j25484j25485j25486j25487j25488j25489j25490j25491j25492j25493j25494j25495j25496j25497j25498j25499j25500j25501j25502j25503j25504j25505j25506j25507j25508j25509j25510j25511j25512j25513j25514j25515j25516j25517j25518j25519j25520j25521j25522j25523j25524j25525j25526j25527j25528j25529j25530j25531j25532j25533j25534j25535j25536j25537j25538j25539j25540j25541j25542j25543j25544j25545j25546j25547j25548j25549j25550j25551j25552j25553j25554j25555j25556j25557j25558j25559j25560j25561j25562j25563j25564j25565j25566j25567j25568j25569j25570j25571j25572j25573j25574j25575j25576j25577j25578j25579j25580j25581j25582j25583j25584j25585j25586j25587j25588j25589j25590j25591j25592j25593j25594j25595j25596j25597j25598j25599j25600j25601j25602j25603j25604j25605j25606j25607j25608j25609j25610j25611j25612j25613j25614j25615j25616j25617j25618j25619j25620j25621j25622j25623j25624j25625j25626j25627j25628j25629j25630Bronze inscriptionsb16048b16049b16050b16051b16052b16053b16054b16055b16056b16057b16058b16059b16060b16061b16062b16063b16064b16065b16066b16067b16068b16069b16070b16071b16072b16073b16074b16075b16076b16077b16078b16079b16080b16081b16082b16083b16084b16085b16086b16087b16088b16089b16090b16091b16092b16093b16094b16095b16096b16097b16098b16099b16100b16101Small seal scripts08670Transcribed ancient scriptsL35401L35402L35403L35404L35405L35406L35407L18305L18307L18308L18309L18310L18311L18312L18313L18314L18315L18316L18317L18318L18319L18320L18321L18322L18323L18324L18325 |||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 肧 | *pʰlɯː, *pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 俖 | *pʰɯːʔ |
| 娝 | *prɯʔ |
| 痞 | *prɯʔ, *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ |
| 丕 | *pʰrɯ |
| 伾 | *pʰrɯ |
| 秠 | *pʰrɯ, *pʰrɯʔ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ |
| 駓 | *pʰrɯ |
| 怌 | *pʰrɯ |
| 豾 | *pʰrɯ |
| 髬 | *pʰrɯ |
| 魾 | *pʰrɯ, *brɯ |
| 鉟 | *pʰrɯ, *brɯ |
| 嚭 | *pʰrɯʔ |
| 邳 | *brɯ |
| 岯 | *brɯ |
| 否 | *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ |
| 抔 | *bɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 不 | *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ' |
| 紑 | *pɯ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ |
| 鴀 | *pɯ, *pɯʔ |
| 衃 | *pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː |
| 罘 | *bɯ |
| 芣 | *bɯ |
| 杯 | *plɯː |
| 盃 | *plɯː |
| 桮 | *pɯː |
| 坯 | *pʰɯː |
| 胚 | *pʰɯː |
Pictogram (象形): the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.
Following Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.

### Etymology 1

Old Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:
| | *-V | *-ɯd |
| *p-type negatives (< ?) | 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ') | 弗 (OC *pɯd) |
| *m-type negatives (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma) | 毋 (OC *ma) (無 (OC *ma)) | 勿 (OC *mɯd) |
Takahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).
In the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.
It is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).
The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat$^1$, Meixian Hakka bud$^5$, Shanghainese Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).
不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:
* 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);
* 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);
* 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);
* 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and
* 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).
Cognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bù (bu$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): bu$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): bú / bu
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): bůq
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): бу (bu, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bat$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): but$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): biit$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): put
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bud$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): beh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): bŭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): bók
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): boh$^6$ / buoh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): put
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bug$^4$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^7$peq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): bu$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bù
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bù
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^4$
*** Yale: bù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
*** Palladius: бу (bu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: bu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bu
*** Sinological IPA : /pu²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: bú / bu
*** Sinological IPA : /pu²⁴/, /pu/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: bůq
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): buq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /puʔ⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: бу (bu, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /pou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bat$^1$
*** Yale: bāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐt̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: but$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /put̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: biit$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɨt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put
*** Hakka Romanization System: bud$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /put̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bud$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /put̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: beh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /pəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /pu²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bók
*** Sinological IPA : /pouʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: boh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: beoh
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: buoh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /puoʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put
*** Tâi-lô: put
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pud
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /put̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /put̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bug$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puk
*** Sinological IPA : /puk̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^7$peq
*** MiniDict: peh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$peq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pəʔ⁵⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /pəʔ⁴³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: bu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pu²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: pjut
Rime :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 分勿切 |
| Baxter | pjut |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /put̚/ |
| Li Rong | /piuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fat$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/, /*pɯʔ/, /*pɯ'/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ |
| English | not |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 1025 | 1029 | 1048 |
| Phonetic component | 不 | 不 | 不 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 物 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 | 缶 | 弗 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ | /*pɯʔ/ | /*pɯ'/ |
| Notes | | 象花柎與本同源 | 中古才促化 |

#### Definitions

不
* (preceding verbs and adjectives) not
    這個不好。／这个不好。 ― Zhège bù hǎo. ― This is not good.
    他不愛你。／他不爱你。 ― Tā bú ài nǐ. ― He does not love you.
* (between a verb and a complement) cannot
    Antonym: 得
    我看不見你。／我看不见你。 ― Wǒ kàn bú jiàn nǐ. ― I can't see you.
** 1976 revised / 1955–56, 金庸, chapter 5, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 182:
       Nǐ bù xìn tā huà, jiù shì qiáo wǒ bù qǐ. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no (to a positive polar question); yes (to a negative polar question)
       Nǐ shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bú shì. [Pinyin]
       Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.
       Nǐ bú* shì Rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ shì Rìběnrén. [Pinyin]
       *Intonational high pitch here. Aren't you Japanese? Yes, I am Japanese.
** 1965 March 15, “周恩来总理在第三届全国人民代表大会第一次会議上作政府工作报告”, in 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委員会公报, number 77, page 12:
       Nándào zhè shì zuòbudào de ma? Shì chuīniúpí, fàngdàpào ma? Bù, shì zuòdedào de. Jì bùshì chuīniúpí, yě bùshì fàngdàpào. [Pinyin]
       Are these actually unachievable? Is it bragging or big talk? No, these are achievable. It's neither bragging nor big talk.
** 2011, 盧靜文, 《一生不能不懂的教育學故事》, Taipei: 知青頻道, →ISBN, page 137:
       Sūgélādǐ hái zài qǐfā xuéshēng: “Nǐ shuō qīpiàn péngyǒu shì èxìng, kěshì zài zhànzhēng shí tǒngshuài wèi le gǔwǔ shìqì, huì jiǎchēng yuánjūn jiùyào dào le, shíjìshàng bìng wú yuánjūn, nǐ shuō zhè zhǒng qīpiàn shì èxìng ma?” Xuéshēng shuō: “Bù, zhè shì shànxìng.” [Pinyin]
       Socrates enlightened his students, "You said lying to a friend is an evil deed, but if a commander falsely claims in battle that reinforcements are on their way in order to boost morale even though there are no reinforcements in actuality, would you say this kind of lying is evil?" The students said, "No, this is a good deed."
* Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives.
       Tā měitiān búshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
       Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.
* (regional) Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question.
       Nì ngāi chǐ hóngluóbu bu? [Guanzhong Pinyin]
       Do you like eating carrots?
* (colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence.
* (colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǒu zhōu bù xiǎn, dì mìng bù shí. [Pinyin]
    Illustrious was the House of Zhou, And the appointment of God came at the proper season.

##### Synonyms

* (not):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Nenjiang | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Mohe | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tailai | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiyan | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Lanxi | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Boli | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiayin | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Muling | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Dongning | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ning'an | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Linkou | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Zhaozhou | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Zhaodong | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Mishan | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shangzhi | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongjiang | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jingzhou (Shashi) | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Dingxing | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Wudi | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Weifang (Weicheng) | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan (Zhangqiu) | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Dezhou | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tai'an | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xintai | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Zichuan | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Boshan | 不 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Yinan | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Laizhou | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Weihai | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Rongcheng | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 不 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yishui | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ningyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuncheng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Hongtong | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangluo | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luonan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Danfeng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangnan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shanyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhen'an | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ankang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Pingli | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xunyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lueyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Mianxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yangxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Baqiao) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Yanliang) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Lintong) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Chang'an) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Huyi) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an (Gaoling) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhouzhi | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lantian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xianyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xingping | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wugong | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qianxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Liquan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jingyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sanyuan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yongshou | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Changwu | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tongchuan (Wangyi) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tongchuan (Yaozhou) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yijun | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Weinan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Weinan (Huazhou) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Hancheng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Huayin | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tongguan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dali | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Heyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Chengcheng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baishui | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Pucheng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuping | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Huanglong | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yichuan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Huangling | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luochuan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji (Chencang) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fengchang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qishan | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fufeng | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Meixian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Taibai | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fengxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qianyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Longxian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linyou | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Pizhou | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Suqian | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lianyungang (Ganyu) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Donghai | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Bengbu | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Suzhou, Anhui | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Huaibei | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Guangde (Qiuzhuang) | 不 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Qimen (Anling; Junhua) | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Jiuquan | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Shandan | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 不 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Jimsar | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Xindu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Xinfan, Xindu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Huayang, Shuangliu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Pidu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Wenjiang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Shuangliu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu (Xinjin) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jintang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pengzhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dujiangyan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongzhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dayi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pujiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Qionglai | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jianyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiaojin | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jinchuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Songpan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Maoxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lixian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wenchuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Deyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Deyang (Luojiang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mianzhu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shifang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guanghan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhongjiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ziyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Anyue | 沒有 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lezhi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mianyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mianyang (Anzhou) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zitong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiangyou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiangyou (Zhangming) | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingwu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Beichuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yanting | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Santai | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guangyuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guangyuan (Zhaohua) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Cangxi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiange | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Meishan | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pengshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Danling | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hongya | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Qingshen | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Renshou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhou (Naxi) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xuyong | 沒有 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Gulin | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hejiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yibin | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yibin (Nanxi) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Gaoxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changning | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Gongxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xingwen (Gusong) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xingwen (Bowangshan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiang'an | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Junlian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Leshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiajiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Emeishan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ebian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Qianwei | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mabian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jingyan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Neijiang | 沒有 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zizhong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Weiyuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Longchang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Suining | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pengxi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shehong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guang'an | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yuechi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wusheng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Linshui | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanbu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Langzhong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yilong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yingshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Peng'an | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kaijiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wanyuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xuanhan | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bazhong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tongjiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanjiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Fushun | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Rongxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Leibo | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Nanchuan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Dazu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Rongchang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Yongchuan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Bishan) | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Tongliang) | 沒有 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Tongnan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Hechuan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Changshou) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Fuling) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Jiangjin) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Wanzhou) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Shizhu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Kaizhou) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Chengkou) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Dianjiang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Liangping) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Fengdu) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Zhongxian) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Qianjiang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Pengshui) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Youyang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Xiushan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Yunyang) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Wuxi) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Fengjie) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing (Wushan) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan (Jiangxia) | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan (Caidian) | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan (Xinzhou) | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan (Huangpi) | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanchuan | 冇 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Suizhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Suixian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dangyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhijiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yidu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changyang | 不, 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xingshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigui | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wufeng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Enshi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hefeng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Badong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xuan'en | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Laifeng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lichuan | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jianshi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xianfeng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Laohekou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Baokang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanzhang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zaoyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yicheng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Gucheng | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jingzhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jiangling | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shishou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Gong'an | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Songzi | 沒有 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jingmen | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhongchang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jingshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiantao | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Qianjiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shennongjia | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shiyan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhuxi | 冒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhushan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yunxi | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yunyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Danjiangkou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Fangxian | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lhasa | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Baoshan, Yunnan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Qujing | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wenshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pu'er | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Lincang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 沒, 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 沒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhangjiajie | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yongzhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Huitong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ganzhou | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shiquan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ziyang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ningshan | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Langao | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhenping | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong (Nanzheng) | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ningqiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuba | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chenggu | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Foping | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xixiang | 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhenba | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing (Pukou) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing (Luhe) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing (Lishui) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou (Jiangdu) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Baoying | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Gaoyou | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yizheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taixing | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Taizhou (Jiangyan) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jingjiang (Dongxing) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zhenjiang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jurong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang (Haizhou) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Guanyun | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Guannan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Huai'an District) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Huaiyin) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huai'an (Hongze) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xuyi | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jinhu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xinghua | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rugao | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rudong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hai'an | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yancheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Dongtai | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Binhai | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Sheyang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yancheng (Dafeng) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Funing | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jianhu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xiangshui | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Shuyang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Sihong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Siyang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Tongcheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zongyang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chizhou | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Qingyang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu (Wanzhi) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu (Jinghu) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu (Fanchang) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuwei | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hanshan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hexian | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Ma'anshan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Dangtu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xuancheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Langxi | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Feidong | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Feixi | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chaohu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lujiang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Changfeng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huainan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lu'an | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lu'an (Qingshuihe, Jin'an) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Shucheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huoshan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Chuzhou | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lai'an | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Quanjiao | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Mingguang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Tianchang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Ezhou (Echeng) | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huangshi | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Macheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Luotian | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yingshan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xishui | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huangmei | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuxue | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Qichun | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xiaogan | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anlu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yingcheng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yunmeng | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Dawu | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Guangshui | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Zhashui | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Jiujiang | 不 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Ruichang | 不 |
| Mandarin | Ningguo (Gangkou) | 不 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Yonghe) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang (Yangdong) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Yangdong (Yashao) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Yangxi | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Yangjiao) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Gaozhou | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Zhanjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Cangwu (Liubao) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Madong) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Chongzuo (Laituan) | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 唔 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 冇 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 不 |
| Gan | Nanchang (Wangcheng) | 冒 |
| Gan | Anyi | 不 |
| Gan | Hukou | 不 |
| Gan | Lushan | 不 |
| Gan | Yongxiu | 不 |
| Gan | Xiushui | 不 |
| Gan | Pengze | 不 |
| Gan | Duchang | 不 |
| Gan | Wuning (Quankou) | 不 |
| Gan | Poyang | 不 |
| Gan | Yugan | 不 |
| Gan | Wannian | 冒 |
| Gan | Yiyang, Jiangxi | 不 |
| Gan | Hengfeng | 莫 |
| Gan | Leping | 不 |
| Gan | Yichun | 冇 |
| Gan | Yifeng | 不 |
| Gan | Gao'an | 唔 |
| Gan | Fengxin | 不 |
| Gan | Shanggao | 唔 |
| Gan | Wanzai | 唔 |
| Gan | Fengcheng | 不 |
| Gan | Xinyu | 不 |
| Gan | Fuzhou | 不 |
| Gan | Fuzhou (Dongxiang) | 不, 唔 |
| Gan | Nancheng | 不 |
| Gan | Nanfeng | 不 |
| Gan | Yihuang | 不 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 不 |
| Gan | Chongren | 冒 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 冒 |
| Gan | Lianhua | 不, 唔 |
| Gan | Ji'an | 不 |
| Gan | Jishui (Luotian) | 不 |
| Gan | Yongfeng | 不 |
| Gan | Taihe | 唔 |
| Gan | Xiajiang | 冒 |
| Gan | Yongxin | 唔 |
| Gan | Yingtan (Yujiang) | 不 |
| Gan | Guixi | 沒 |
| Gan | Susong | 不 |
| Gan | Susong (Heta) | 不 |
| Gan | Wangjiang | 不 |
| Gan | Qianshan | 不 |
| Gan | Huaining | 不 |
| Gan | Dongzhi | 不 |
| Gan | Shitai | 不 |
| Gan | Yangxin | 不 |
| Gan | Daye | 不 |
| Gan | Xianning | 不 |
| Gan | Xianning (Maqiao) | 不 |
| Gan | Jiayu | 不 |
| Gan | Chongyang | 不 |
| Gan | Chibi | 冒 |
| Gan | Tongshan | 不 |
| Gan | Jianli | 不 |
| Gan | Yueyang | 不 |
| Gan | Pingjiang (Xijiang) | 不 |
| Gan | Liuyang | 不 |
| Gan | Liling (Baitutan) | 不 |
| Gan | Youxian | 不 |
| Gan | Chaling | 唔 |
| Gan | Leiyang | 唔 |
| Gan | Jianning | 唔 |
| Gan | Jinxian | 不 |
| Gan | Jinxi | 冒 |
| Gan | Le'an | 冒 |
| Gan | Guangchang | 冒 |
| Gan | Anfu | 冒 |
| Gan | Suichuan | 唔 |
| Gan | Wan'an | 唔 |
| Gan | Jing'an | 沒 |
| Gan | Zhangshu | 冒 |
| Gan | Xingan | 冒 |
| Gan | Fenyi | 冒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 唔 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 唔 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 唔 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Changting | 唔 |
| Hakka | Shanghang | 唔 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 唔 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 唔 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 唔, 不 |
| Hakka | Qingliu | 唔 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 唔 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 唔 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 唔 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 唔 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 晤 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Nankang) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 唔 |
| Hakka | Quannan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Dingnan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Longnan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Xunwu | 冒 |
| Hakka | Anyuan | 唔 |
| Hakka | Huichang | 冒 |
| Hakka | Chongyi | 唔 |
| Hakka | Xingguo | 莫 |
| Hakka | Yunhe (Jinshuitan) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Tonggu | 唔 |
| Hakka | Fengxin (Zaoxi) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 唔 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 唔 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 無 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 冒 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 冇 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 不 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 不 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 不 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Huizhou) | 不 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 沒 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 不 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 不 |
| Huizhou | Chun'an (Qiandaohu) | 不 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Meicheng) | 弗 |
| Huizhou | Jiande (Shouchang) | 勿 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不 |
| Jin | Jinzhong (Taigu) | 不 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 不 |
| Jin | Heshun | 不 |
| Jin | Qixian | 不 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 不 |
| Jin | Datong | 不 |
| Jin | Guangling | 不 |
| Jin | Suozhou (Pinglu) | 不 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 不 |
| Jin | Wuzhai | 不 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 不 |
| Jin | Shilou | 不 |
| Jin | Linxian | 不 |
| Jin | Wenshui | 不 |
| Jin | Xixian | 不 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 不 |
| Jin | Changzhi (Tunliu) | 不 |
| Jin | Linhe | 不 |
| Jin | Zhangzi | 不 |
| Jin | Qinxian | 不 |
| Jin | Lingchuan | 不 |
| Jin | Jining | 不 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 不 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 不 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 不 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 不 |
| Jin | Handan | 不 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 不 |
| Jin | Suide | 不 |
| Jin | Zizhou | 不 |
| Jin | Mizhi | 不 |
| Jin | Jiaxian | 不 |
| Jin | Wubu | 不 |
| Jin | Shenmu | 不 |
| Jin | Fugu | 不 |
| Jin | Yulin | 不 |
| Jin | Yulin (Hengshan) | 不 |
| Jin | Jingbian | 不 |
| Jin | Yan'an | 不 |
| Jin | Yan'an (Ansai) | 不 |
| Jin | Ganquan | 不 |
| Jin | Zhidan | 不 |
| Jin | Wuqi | 不 |
| Jin | Qingjian | 不 |
| Jin | Zichang | 不 |
| Jin | Yanchuan | 不 |
| Jin | Yanchang | 不 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Lanxi | 弗 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Lianjiang | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Minqing | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Luoyuan | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Xiapu | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Zherong | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Eastern Min | Taishun | 伓 |
| Eastern Min | Cangnan | 冇, 無 |
| Eastern Min | Cixi (Guanhaiwei) | 伓 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Hua'an | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Nanjing | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 毋, 𣍐 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Cangnan | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Langxi (Feili) | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 唔, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 唔, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 唔 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 唔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 唔, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 唔, 𣍐, 無 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 唔 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 伓 |
| Southern Min | Maoming (Xiadong, Dianbai) | 無 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 無 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 無 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 伓, 𣍐 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 冒, 唔 |
| Shaojiang Min | Guangze | 唔 |
| Shaojiang Min | Jiangle | 唔 |
| Shaojiang Min | Mingxi | 唔 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 唔 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冇 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 冇 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 不 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 唔, 𣍐 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 嘸 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Zhengkeng) | 嘸 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Yangpu) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) | 勿, 弗 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Huinan, Pudong) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Fengxian) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jinshan) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Qingpu) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Yuepu, Baoshan) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 弗, 勿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 弗 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Xishan, Wuzhong) | 弗 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) | 弗 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 弗 |
| Wu | Changshu | 弗 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 弗 |
| Wu | Zhangjiagang | 弗 |
| Wu | Qidong | 弗 |
| Wu | Qidong (Lüsi) | 不 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 弗 |
| Wu | Haimen (Sijia) | 不 |
| Wu | Rudong | 弗 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 弗 |
| Wu | Jiashan | 弗 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 弗 |
| Wu | Haining (Xiashi) | 弗 |
| Wu | Tongxiang | 弗 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 弗 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 弗 |
| Wu | Liyang | 弗 |
| Wu | Changzhou (Jintan) | 弗 |
| Wu | Yixing | 勿 |
| Wu | Danyang | 弗 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 不 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 弗 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 不 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 弗 |
| Wu | Changxing | 弗 |
| Wu | Anji | 弗 |
| Wu | Anji (Xiaofeng) | 弗 |
| Wu | Deqing | 弗 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 不 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 弗 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 弗 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Changfa, Lin'an) | 不 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuqian, Lin'an) | 不 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 弗 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 弗 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 勿 |
| Wu | Tonglu (Wusheng) | 不 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 勿 |
| Wu | Shaoxing (Keqiao) | 勿 |
| Wu | Shaoxing (Shangyu) | 勿 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 弗 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 弗 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 弗 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 勿, 嘸沒 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 弗 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Fenghua) | 弗 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Beilun) | 勿 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Yinzhou) | 弗 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 勿 |
| Wu | Cixi | 弗 |
| Wu | Xiangshan | 弗 |
| Wu | Ninghai | 弗 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 弗 |
| Wu | Zhoushan (Dinghai) | 弗 |
| Wu | Daishan | 弗 |
| Wu | Shengsi | 勿 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 弗 |
| Wu | Tiantai | 弗, 勿 |
| Wu | Xianju | 弗 |
| Wu | Sanmen | 弗 |
| Wu | Linhai | 弗 |
| Wu | Wenling | 弗 |
| Wu | Yuhuan | 弗 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 否 |
| Wu | Yueqing | 否 |
| Wu | Yongjia | 否 |
| Wu | Rui'an | 否 |
| Wu | Pingyang | 否 |
| Wu | Taishun | 否 |
| Wu | Wencheng | 否 |
| Wu | Lishui | 否 |
| Wu | Qingtian | 否 |
| Wu | Jinyun | 弗 |
| Wu | Wuyi (Liucheng) | 弗 |
| Wu | Songyang (Xiping) | 弗 |
| Wu | Yunhe | 否 |
| Wu | Jingning | 否 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | 否 |
| Wu | Longquan | 否 |
| Wu | Quzhou | 弗 |
| Wu | Quzhou (Duze, Qujiang) | 弗 |
| Wu | Suichang | 否 |
| Wu | Jiangshan | 弗 |
| Wu | Changshan | 弗 |
| Wu | Kaihua | 弗 |
| Wu | Longyou | 弗 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 弗 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 弗 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 弗 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 弗 |
| Wu | Pujiang | 弗 |
| Wu | Dongyang | 弗 |
| Wu | Wuyi | 弗 |
| Wu | Lanxi | 弗 |
| Wu | Shangrao | 嘸 |
| Wu | Shangrao (Guangfeng) | 唔 |
| Wu | Tongling (Xihu & Shun'an) | 不 |
| Wu | Nanling | 不 |
| Wu | Tongling (Yi'an) | 不 |
| Wu | Huangshan | 不 |
| Wu | Jingxian | 不 |
| Wu | Jingxian (Zhaji) | 不 |
| Wu | Pucheng | 嘸 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 不, 唔 |
| Xiang | Yiyang, Hunan | 不 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 不 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 不 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 不 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 不 |
| Xiang | Xinhua | 唔 |
| Xiang | Lianyuan | 不 |
| Xiang | Shaoyang | 唔, 莫 |
| Xiang | Wugang | 不, 冇 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 不 |
| Xiang | Hengshan | 不 |
| Xiang | Qiyang | 不 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 不 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 沒 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Dong'an | 不 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang) | 唔 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang) | 唔 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang) | 唔 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Zhoutian) | 唔 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Renhua (Shitang) | 不, 唔 |
| Yuebei Tuhua | Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou) | 唔 |

##### Usage notes

* (Mandarin)
** The tone changes from fourth to second tone when followed by a fourth-tone syllable.
** (not):
*** The past-perfect form of 不 is 沒／没 (méi) or 未 (wèi), not *不了.
    我不當兵。／我不当兵。 ― Wǒ bù dāngbīng. ― I am not becoming a soldier.
    我沒當兵。／我没当兵。 ― Wǒ méi dāngbīng. ― I did not become a soldier.
    我未當兵。／我未当兵。 ― Wǒ wèi dāngbīng. ― I have not yet become a soldier.
    我不當兵了。／我不当兵了。 ― Wǒ bù dāngbīng le. ― I am no longer a soldier.
       Note that the 4th sentence does not mean "I have not become a soldier". Syntactically, 不 is a verb prefix that forms a stative verb with the verb to be negated. Therefore it can not be modified by the perfective aspect marker 了 (le), which modifies only dynamic verbs. When 了 appears in a 不 sentence, it usually functions as a marker of "currently relevant state" instead.
*** 不 can not be used before the verb 有 (yǒu, “to have”). Use 沒／没 (méi) instead.
    Incorrect:
       *我不有手機。
    Correct:
       我沒有手機。／我没有手机。 ― Wǒ méiyǒu shǒujī. ― I do not have a mobile phone.
*** 不 can not be used before compounds beginning with 有, or another 不. Depending on the context, other negative particles must be used instead which formally contain a predicate or auxiliary, e.g., 不是 (bùshì), 並非／并非 (bìngfēi), imperfective 沒有／没有 (méiyǒu), epistemic 不會／不会 (bùhuì).
    Incorrect:
       *這個問題不不值一提。
    Correct:
          Zhè ge wèntí bùshì bùzhí yī tí. [Pinyin]
          This problem is not unworth mentioning.
*** The verb can be elided, as in the following:
    爲什麼不呢？／为什么不呢？ ― Wèishénme bù ne? ― Why not?
**** An equivalent construction is not valid in Cantonese.
** (can not):
*** "not" and "can not" are distinguished only by word order.
    他不打開門。／他不打开门。 ― Tā bù dǎkāi mén. ― He does not open the door.
    他打不開門。／他打不开门。 ― Tā dǎ bù kāi mén. ― He can not open the door.
*** Since 不 must be placed before a complement, if there is no complement in the sentence, a placeholder 了 (liǎo) can be used for this purpose.
    我動不了。／我动不了。 ― Wǒ dòng bù liǎo. ― I can not move.
** (no): Although 不 can be used like English no to answer a yes/no question, it is more natural to answer it by changing the question to a negative statement.
       Nǐ rènshí tā ma? Bù. [Pinyin]
       Do you know him? No.
       Nǐ rènshí tā ma? (wǒ) bù rènshí. [Pinyin]
       Do you know him? No.
* When read in Northern Wu languages, such as Shanghainese or Suzhounese, the syllable is pronounced the same as 勿, despite the existing expected pronunciation.

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 不(ふ) (fu)
* → Korean: 불(不) (bul), 부(不) (bu)
* → Vietnamese: bất (不)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fǒu (fou$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fau$^2$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hieo$^3$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): houn$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǒu
*** Wade–Giles: fou$^3$
*** Yale: fǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
*** Palladius: фоу (fou)
*** Sinological IPA : /foʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fau$^2$
*** Yale: fáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: feo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐu̯³⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hâ̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hieu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: houn$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hóuⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /hõũ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: pjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 方久切 |
| Baxter | pjuwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^2$ |

#### Definitions

不
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 否 (negation and question particle)
    From: The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5th century CE
    Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu? [Pinyin]
    Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Fōu (Fou$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄡ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Fōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Fou
*** Wade–Giles: Fou$^1$
*** Yale: Fōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bu
*** Palladius: Фоу (Fou)
*** Sinological IPA : /foʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjuw
Rime :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 甫鳩切 |
| Baxter | pjuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw/ |
| Li Rong | /piu/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fōu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ |
| English | not |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 1025 |
| Phonetic component | 不 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ |

#### Definitions

不
* a surname

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fū (fu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fū
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fu
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^1$
*** Yale: fū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
*** Palladius: фу (fu)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjut
Rime :
| Character | 不 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 分勿切 |
| Baxter | pjut |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨut̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piut̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuət̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /put̚/ |
| Li Rong | /piuət̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭuət̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pi̯uət̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fat$^1$ |

#### Definitions

不
* Original form of 柎 (fū, “calyx”).

### Etymology 5

Onomatopoeic.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bū (bu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bū
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bu
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^1$
*** Yale: bū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
*** Palladius: бу (bu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

不
* Only used in 不不鐙兒 / 不不镫儿 (būbūdèngr).

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): m̄
    (Teochew, Peng'im): m$^6$ / m$^7$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: m̄
*** Tâi-lô: m̄
*** Phofsit Daibuun: m
*** IPA (Xiamen): /m̩²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /m̩⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /m̩²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /m̩³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /m̩³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: m$^6$ / m$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: m̆ / m̄
*** Sinological IPA : /m³⁵/, /m¹¹/

#### Definitions

不
* (Southern Min) Alternative form of 毋

### References

* “不”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* not, non-, un-

#### Readings

* Go-on: ふ (fu, Jōyō)、ほち (hochi)
* Kan-on: ふう (fū)、ふつ (futsu)
* Kan’yō-on: ぶ (bu, Jōyō)
* Kun: ず (zu, 不)、せず (sezu)、にあらず (niarazu)、いなや (inaya)

#### Compounds

* 不(ふ)安(あん) (fuan)
* 不(ふ)一(いつ) (fuitsu), 不(ふ)乙(いつ) (fuitsu)
* 不(ふ)運(うん) (fuun)
* 不(ふ)壊(え) (fue, “indestructibility”)
* 不(ふ)易(えき) (fueki)
* 不(ふ)可(か) (fuka)
* 不(ふ)可(か)解(かい) (fukakai, “incomprehensible”)
* 不(ふ)快(かい) (fukai)
* 不(ふ)許(きょ) (fukyo, “impermissible”)
* 不(ふ)具(ぐ) (fugu, “disability”)
* 不(ふ)倶(ぐ)戴(たい)天(てん) (fugutaiten)
* 不(ふ)言(げん)実(じっ)行(こう) (fugenjikkō)
* 不(ふ)孝(こう) (fukō)
* 不(ふ)幸(こう) (fukō)
* 不(ふ)治(じ) (fuji)
* 不(ふ)死(じ)身(み) (fujimi, “invulnerable”)
* 不(ふ)悉(しつ) (fushitsu)
* 不(ふ)肖(しょう) (fushō)
* 不(ふ)祥(しょう) (fushō)
* 不(ふ)詳(しょう) (fushō)
* 不(ふ)祥(しょう)事(じ) (fushōji)
* 不(ふ)浄(じょう) (fujō, “unclean”)
* 不(ふ)定(じょう) (fujō)
* 不(ぶ)精(しょう) (bushō)
* 不(ふ)尽(じん) (fujin)
* 不(ふ)宣(せん) (fusen)
* 不(ふ)戦(せん) (fusen)
* 不(ふ)全(ぜん) (fuzen)
* 不(ふ)善(ぜん) (fuzen)
* 不(ふ)測(そく) (fusoku)
* 不(ふ)足(そく) (fusoku)
* 不(ふ)貞(てい) (futei)
* 不(ふ)逞(てい) (futei)
* 不(ふ)敵(てき) (futeki)
* 不(ふ)当(とう) (futō)
* 不(ふ)凍(とう)液(えき) (futōeki, “antifreeze”)
* 不(ふ)備(び) (fubi)
* 不(ふ)敏(びん) (fubin)
* 不(ふ)憫(びん) (fubin), 不(ふ)愍(びん) (fubin), 不(ふ)便(びん) (fubin)
* 不(ふ)服(ふく) (fufuku)
* 不(ふ)文(ぶん)律(りつ) (fubunritsu)
* 不(ふ)平(へい) (fuhei)
* 不(ふ)変(へん) (fuhen)
* 不(ふ)満(まん) (fuman)
* 不(ふ)毛(もう) (fumō)
* 不(ふ)問(もん) (fumon)
* 不(ふ)埒(らち) (furachi)
* 不(ふ)慮(りょ) (furyo, “unforeseen, unexpected”)
* 不(ふ)倫(りん) (furin)
* 不(ふ)老(ろう) (furō, “unaging, eternal youth”)
* 不(ふ)惑(わく) (fuwaku)
* 不(ふつ)束(つか) (futsutsuka)
* 不(ふ)思(し)議(ぎ) (fushigi)
* 不知火(しらぬい) (shiranui)
* 不如帰(ホトトギス) (hototogisu)
* 不見転(みずてん) (mizuten)
* Kanji in this term
* 不
* ふ Grade: 4
* goon

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟]
* IPA: [bɯ̟]

### Prefix

不(ふ) or 不(ぶ) • (fu- or bu-)
* un-, non-, in-
    不(ぶ)用(よう)心(じん) (buyōjin, “careless, insecurity”)
* bad, poor
    不(ふ)評(ひょう) (fuhyō, “unpopularity, bad reputation”)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 不 (MC pjut).

#### Hanja

不 (eumhun 아닐 불 (anil bul))
* hanja form of 불 (“not”)

##### Compounds

* 불가(不可) (bulga)
* 불과(不過) (bulgwa)
* 불규칙(不規則) (bulgyuchik)
* 불능(不能) (bulleung)
* 불량(不良) (bullyang)
* 불로(不老) (bullo)
* 불만(不滿) (bulman)
* 불명(不明) (bulmyeong)
* 불명예(不名譽) (bulmyeong'ye)
* 불법(不法) (bulbeop)
* 불사(不死) (bulsa)
* 불신(不信) (bulsin)
* 불안(不安) (buran)
* 불완전(不完全) (burwanjeon)
* 불의(不義) (burui)
* 불쾌(不快) (bulkwae)
* 불편(不便) (bulpyeon)
* 불평(不平) (bulpyeong)
* 불평등(不平等) (bulpyeongdeung)
* 불행(不幸) (bulhaeng)
* 불효(不孝) (bulhyo)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 不 (MC pjuw).

#### Hanja

不 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“not”)

##### Usage notes

* The reading 부 (bu) is primarily used before ㄷ (d) or ㅈ (j).

##### Compounds

* 부당(不當) (budang)
* 부동산(不動産) (budongsan)
* 부실(不實) (busil)
* 부재(不在) (bujae)
* 부정(不定) (bujeong)
* 부정(不正) (bujeong)
* 부족(不足) (bujok)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

不: Hán Việt readings: bất, bưu, bỉ, phi, phu, phầu, phủ
不: Nôm readings: bất
* chữ Hán form of bất (“un-; in-”).

#### Compounds

Template:col3

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).