# 講古
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎnggǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^2$ gu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kóng-kú
    (Hailu, HRS): gong$^ˊ$ gu$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gong$^3$ gu$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gorng$^3$ gou$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kóng-kó͘ / káng-kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^2$ gou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎnggǔ [Phonetic: jiánggǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎnggǔ
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^3$-ku$^3$
*** Yale: jyǎng-gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeangguu
*** Palladius: цзянгу (czjangu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^2$ gu$^2$
*** Yale: góng gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^2$ gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^2$ gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³⁵ kuː³⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$港股 講古 / 讲古
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kóng-kú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˋ$ gu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^3$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ³¹ ku³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˊ$ gu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴⁻³³ ku²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gong$^3$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɔŋ³¹ ku³¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gorng$^3$ gou$^3$ [Phonetic: gorng$^5$ gou$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gô̤ng-gô
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ kɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gorng$^3$ gou$^3$ [Phonetic: gorng$^5$ gou$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ kɔu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Taichung, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kóng-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kóng-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofngkor
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /kɔŋ⁵³⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Tainan, Hsinchu, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káng-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: káng-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafngkor
*** IPA (Lukang): /kaŋ⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kɔ⁵⁵/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Yilan, Tainan): /kaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kɔ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^2$ gou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káng kóu
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kou⁵²⁻²¹/

### Verb

講古
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) to tell stories (especially as an art, often accompanied by music)
    講古佬／讲古佬 [Cantonese] ― gong$^2$ gu$^2$ lou$^2$ [Jyutping] ― orator
    聽講古／听讲古 [Cantonese] ― teng$^1$ gong$^2$ gu$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to listen to a narration
* (Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien) to chat

#### Synonyms

* (to tell stories):
    學古 / 学古 (oh$^8$ gou$^2$) (Teochew)詖古 / 诐古 (puêh$^8$ gou$^2$) (Teochew)說書 / 说书 (shuōshū)
* (to chat):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 聊, 閒談, 聊天, 談天, 閒聊, 攀談, 扯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 聊天兒, 拉呱, 拉呱兒, 嘮嗑兒, 扯句兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 聊天 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 聊天, 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 聊天兒, 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 聊天, 嘮嗑兒, 嘮扯, 閒扯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 聊天, 嘮嗑兒, 嘮扯, 閒扯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 閒拉, 閒扯, 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 聊天兒, 嘮嗑兒, 閒扯, 拍話兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 閒扯, 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 嘮嗑兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 嘮嗑兒, 閒扯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 聊天兒, 嘮嗑兒, 嘮嗑, 閒扯, 瞎聊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 聊天兒, 談天, 閒聊, 打嘮兒, 嘮嗑兒, 閒扯 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 談天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 搭咯 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 聊天兒, 談天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 聊天兒, 談天兒, 閒扯, 瞎聊, 說閒話兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 聊天兒, 說話兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 談天 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 閒扯, 拉呱兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 拉呱兒, 拉拉, 拉, 聊天兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 嘮嗑兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 閒聊, 嘮嗑兒, 閒嘮嗑兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 拉呱兒, 說話兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 拉呱兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 拉呱, 拉呱兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 拉呱兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 談天兒, 聊天兒, 說閒話兒, 扯卵蛋, 拍話兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 閒諞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 拉呱兒, 閒拉 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 閒諞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 閒拍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 拉呱兒, 閒扯 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 談天兒, 聊天兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 說閒話兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 拍脖兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 聊天, 拍古今 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 聊天兒, 談天兒, 閒扯, 瞎聊, 拉閒話, 諞閒傳, 諞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 閒扯, 閒諞, 諞閒傳 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 搞閒哩, 諞閒傳 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 喧話, 喧板, 諞傳, 諞, 扯雜, 扯乾蛋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 聊天兒, 拉呱兒, 閒侃, 閒扯 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 拉呱, 閒扯 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 扯磨, 諞閒傳, 𠷨, 閒諞 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 聊天, 扯閒談, 喧官, 諞傳, 諞閒傳, 諞乾傳, 閒諞, 諞 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 聊天, 閒談, 諞 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 喧荒, 諞 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 閒扯, 喧荒, 閒諞, 諞傳子, 諞, 喧 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 擺龍門陣, 擺談, 擺, 衝殼子, 吹殼子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 聊天, 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 吹牛兒, 擺龍門陣, 吹空老靠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 談天, 閒扯, 談家常, 聒天, 閒聒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 聊天, 談天, 瞎聊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 聊天兒, 談天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 談天, 款白話 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 擺龍門陣, 衝殼子, 吹殼子, 衝牛殼, 吹牛殼, 吹牛, 閒扯 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 吹牛, 擺龍門陣, 吹殼子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 擺龍門陣, 吹牛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 款白嘮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 衝殼子, 擺龍門陣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 衝殼子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 聊天, 談天, 扯閒, 衝殼子, 譜賓白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 衝殼子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 扯談, 談板路, 扯板路, 聒聊天 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 聒聊天, 扯大炮, 傾偈, 聊天, 扯淡, 講嘴 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 講白話 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 扯懶談 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 諞閒傳, 擺龍門陣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 聊天, 閒扯, 聒白, 聒聒, 聒聒白, 拉呱, 吹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 聊天, 談天, 談心, 閒扯, 吹牛, 吹, 沰談話 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 擦呱 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 擦呱 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 聊天, 講閒話, 閒談, 扯呱 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 閒扯 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 閒聊, 聒聒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 閒談, 聒淡, 聒聒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 談天, 閒扯, 聒天, 閒聒 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 傾偈, 打牙骹, 黐牙音 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 傾偈, 打牙骹, 吹水 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 打牙交 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 傾偈, 打牙骹 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 傾偈, 打牙骹 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 講時聞, 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 傾偈, 打牙骹 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 傾偈, 打牙骹 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 講嘴, 傾偈, 傾 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 傾 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 傾偈, 車大炮 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 傾偈, 傾低, 車大炮 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 傾偈, 傾一傾 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 傾 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 傾偈 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 傾偈 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 談坨, 談天 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 話閒事, 學事 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 打閒講 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 閒談, 講閒談, 講牙蛇 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 傾偈 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 打牙花 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 講閒話 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 打牙骹 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 打牙花 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 傾偈 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 閒尞 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 講閒談, 講仙天 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 閒談 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 喥牙談, 講嘴哩 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 閒談 |
| Hakka | Changting | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 講閒談 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 聊天 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 吵天, 打吱喳 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 嘈閒天 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 談閒天 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 講閒天 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 打嘴鼓, 譫哆 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 打嘴鼓, 譫哆 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 打嘴鼓 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 打嘴鼓 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 打嘴鼓, 閒談 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 打嘴鼓, 譫哆 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 打嘴鼓, 譫哆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 打嘴鼓, 譫哆 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 答嘴鼓, 答詑 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 講水古 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 車大炮 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 傾偈, 車大炮 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 尞 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 談天, 聒談 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 談天, 談心 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 倒楔, 呱答 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 聊天, 談天, 閒扯, 瞎聊, 瞎扯, 拉咕呱兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 呱答 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 閒扯, 圪扯, 閒叨拉, 閒拍達, 閒拉呱, 叨拉, 拍達, 拉呱, 胡叨拉 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 聊天, 拉閒話, 告訴 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 閒扯, 瞎拍 |
| Jin | Linhe | 拉話, 閒拍 |
| Jin | Jining | 瞎聊 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 搗拉, 拉呱 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 閒扯 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 閒拍搭 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 拉閒話 |
| Jin | Handan | 聊天兒, 談天 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 拍閒 |
| Jin | Suide | 拉話 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 冇講, 講故事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 攀講, 講症 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 攀講 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 攀講 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冇談, 練仙, 答喙鼓, 拍喙鼓, 觸喙鼓, 拍拉涼, 敲嘓, 練牙, 練㾪牙, 練㾪話, 練戇話, 喝仙 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 喝仙 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冇談, 練仙, 答喙鼓, 拍喙鼓, 敲嘓, 練㾪話, 喝仙 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 講古 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 練仙, 答喙鼓, 拍喙鼓, 觸喙鼓, 敲嘓, 練牙, 練㾪話, 喝仙 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 拍嘓, 設潲 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 開講, 答喙鼓, 敲虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 破豆, 開講, 答喙鼓, 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 破豆, 開講, 答喙鼓, 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 開講, 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 開講, 破豆 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 開講, 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 開講 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 答喙鼓, 開講 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 開講, 畫虎𡳞 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 傾偈 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 敲嘓, 傾偈 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 講古 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 傾偈 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 詖閒話 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 詖話, 䛩奅 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 詖話 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 拍法 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 敲嘓, 詖涼詖熱 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 講四方, 講善喻, 傾談, 落灑 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 傾偈 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 傾偈 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 聊天 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 講張, 茄山河, 講閒話 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 講神 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 講張 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 扯, 扯老空 |
| Wu | Danyang | 談閒 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 談天 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 講大道, 講聊天, 談山海經 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 講閒談 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 談天 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 講白搭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 扯閒談, 扯談, 扯經, 扯粟殼 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 扯談 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 談天, 談平, 打講, 打平講, 扯談 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 扯談, 打講 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 談白, 聊天 |

#### Derived terms

* 老人毋講古，少年毋捌寶 / 老人毋讲古，少年毋捌宝
* 講古仙 / 讲古仙
* 講古佬 / 讲古佬

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: kongko (“to chat”)
* →? English: talk story (calque) (Hawaiian pidgin)

### References

* “講古”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.