# 宙

| 宙 | U+5B99, &#23449; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B99 |
| ← 官 [U+5B98] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 定 → [U+5B9A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

宙 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十中田 (JLW), four-corner 3060$_2$, composition ⿱宀由)

#### Derived characters

* 𥇻, 𦁖, 𫈛, 𡧹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 283, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7108
* Dae Jaweon: page 559, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 921, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5B99

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 袖 | *ljɯwɢs |
| 岫 | *ljɯwɢs |
| 牰 | *ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs |
| 抽 | *l̥ʰɯw |
| 妯 | *l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ |
| 紬 | *l'ɯw |
| 怞 | *l'ɯw |
| 鮋 | *l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw |
| 菗 | *rlɯw |
| 宙 | *l'ɯwɢs |
| 胄 | *l'ɯwɢs |
| 冑 | *l'ɯwɢs |
| 伷 | *l'ɯwɢs |
| 駎 | *l'ɯwɢs |
| 油 | *lɯw, *lɯwɢs |
| 由 | *lɯw |
| 蚰 | *lɯw |
| 秞 | *lɯw |
| 邮 | *lɯw |
| 釉 | *lɯwɢs |
| 柚 | *lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ |
| 鼬 | *lɯwɢs |
| 苖 | *l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ |
| 笛 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 迪 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 頔 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 軸 | *l'ɯwɢ |
| 舳 | *l'ɯwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'ɯwɢs): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw). It originally represented the farthest place accessible by boat or vehicle and, by extension, came to express the idea of spatial expansion or vastness.

#### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 軸／轴 (zhóu, “axle”)?”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhòu (zhou$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zau$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhiu
* Eastern Min (BUC): dêu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): diu$^4$ / diu$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiū / tiǔ
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zeu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhòu
*** Wade–Giles: chou$^4$
*** Yale: jòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jow
*** Palladius: чжоу (čžou)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zau$^6$
*** Yale: jauh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzau$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zeo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐu̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiu
*** Hakka Romanization System: qiu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qiu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯u⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dêu
*** Sinological IPA : /tiɛu²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: diu$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: diu̍
*** Sinological IPA : /tiu⁴²/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: diu$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: diū
*** Sinological IPA : /tiu²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiū
*** Tâi-lô: tiū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diu
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiu³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiu²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiǔ
*** Tâi-lô: tiǔ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiu²²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zeu
*** MiniDict: zeu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zeu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zɤ²³/
* Middle Chinese: drjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 宙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直祐切 |
| Baxter | drjuwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'ɯwɢs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 宙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15519 |
| Phonetic component | 由 |
| Rime group | 奧 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 胄 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'ɯwɢs/ |

### Definitions

宙
* (obsolete) (of a house) ridgepole and beams
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Ér yànquè jiǎo zhī, yǐwèi bùnéng yǔ zhī zhēng yú yǔzhòu zhījiān. [Pinyin]
    So the swallows and sparrows mocked them (the fenghuang), saying that they were incapable of matching them in squabbling among the eaves and roof, ridgepole, and beams.
* (obsolete, except in 宇宙) infinite time
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǒu shí ér wú hū chù, yǒu cháng ér wú hū běnpiāo, yǒu suǒchū ér wú qiào zhě yǒu shí. Yǒu shí ér wú hū chù zhě, yǔ yě; yǒu cháng ér wú běn piāo zhě, zhòu yě. [Pinyin]
    He has a real existence, but it has nothing to do with place; he has continuance, but it has nothing to do with beginning or end. He has a real existence, but it has nothing to do with place, such is his relation to space; he has continuance, but it has nothing to do with beginning or end, such is his relation to time.
    From: 《黃帝陰符經》(The Yellow Thearch's Classic of the Hidden Talisman), circa 8th century CE, translated based on James Legge's version.
    Yǔzhòu zài hū shǒu. [Pinyin]
    All space and time are at his disposal.
* (obsolete) heaven, sky
    From: 7th century CE, Wang Bo,《七夕賦》 (Rhapsody on the Seventh Month's Seventh Night).
    Shuāng níng bì zhòu, shuǐ yíng dān xiāo. [Pinyin]
    Dew forms in the cerulean sky; water-droplets glisten in the scarlet welkin.
* (geology) eon (geochronologic unit)

#### Compounds

* 孔宙碑
* 宇宙 (yǔzhòu)
* 宇宙塵 / 宇宙尘 (yǔzhòuchén)
* 宇宙射線 / 宇宙射线 (yǔzhòu shèxiàn)
* 宇宙年
* 宇宙火箭
* 宇宙站
* 宇宙線 / 宇宙线 (yǔzhòuxiàn)
* 宇宙觀 / 宇宙观 (yǔzhòuguān)
* 宇宙速度 (yǔzhòu sùdù)
* 宇宙鋒 / 宇宙锋
* 宇宙飛船 / 宇宙飞船 (yǔzhòu fēichuán)
* 宙斯 (Zhòusī)
* 島宇宙 / 岛宇宙
* 漢孔宙碑 / 汉孔宙碑
* 膨脹宇宙 / 膨胀宇宙

### References

* “宙”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “宙”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 312.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* mid-air

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゅう (jū)
* Kan-on: ちゅう (chū, Jōyō)
* Kun: そら (sora, 宙)、も (mo, 宙)

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 宙
* ちゅう Grade: 6
* kan'on
* (Tokyo) ちゅう [chúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨː]

### Noun

宙(ちゅう) • (chū)
* mid-air

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 宙 (MC drjuwH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 뜌ᇢ〮 (Yale: ttyúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 듀〯 (tywǔ) (Yale: tyǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕu(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 宙 (eumhun 집 주 (jip ju))
* hanja form of 주 (“infinite time in 우주 (宇宙, uju, “space”)”)
* hanja form of 주 (“house; ridgepole; pillar”)

#### Compounds

* 대우주 (大宇宙, dae'uju, “macrocosm”)
* 소우주 (小宇宙, souju, “microcosm”)
* 우주 (宇宙, uju, “space”)
* 우주만물 (宇宙萬物, ujumanmul, “all things”)
* 우주복 (宇宙服, ujubok, “spacesuit”)
* 우주비행사 (宇宙飛行士, ujubihaengsa, “astronaut”)
* 우주선 (宇宙船, ujuseon, “spaceship”)
* 우주왕복선 (宇宙往復船, ujuwangbokseon, “space shuttle”)
* 우주인 (宇宙人, uju'in, “alien; astronaut”)
* 주합루 (宙合樓, Juhamnu, “Juhamnu”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

宙: Hán Nôm readings: trụ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.