# 荒

| 荒 | U+8352, &#33618; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8352 |
| ← 荑 [U+8351] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 荓 → [U+8353] |
| 荒 | U+FAB3, &#64179; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAB3 |
| ← 者 [U+FAB2] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 華 → [U+FAB4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

荒 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿卜女山 (TYVU), four-corner 4421$_1$, composition ⿱艹巟)

#### Derived characters

* 慌, 謊

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1031, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30953
* Dae Jaweon: page 1490, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3209, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8352
* Unihan data for U+FAB3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 荒 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 忙 | *maːŋ |
| 芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 茫 | *maːŋ |
| 恾 | *maːŋ |
| 吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
| 汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
| 朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
| 邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
| 荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
| 肓 | *hmaːŋ |
| 衁 | *hmaːŋ |
| 巟 | *hmaːŋ |
| 詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
| 慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
| 謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
| 喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
| 亡 | *maŋ |
| 望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 莣 | *maŋ |
| 朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 鋩 | *maŋ |
| 硭 | *maŋ |
| 忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
| 网 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 蛧 | *maŋʔ |
| 網 | *mlaŋʔ |
| 輞 | *maŋʔ |
| 棢 | *maŋʔ |
| 惘 | *maŋʔ |
| 菵 | *maŋʔ |
| 誷 | *maŋʔ |
| 魍 | *maŋʔ |
| 妄 | *maŋs |
| 盲 | *mraːŋ |
| 蝱 | *mraːŋ |
| 虻 | *mraːŋ |
| 氓 | *mraːŋ |
| 甿 | *mraːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs): semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 巟 (OC *hmaːŋ). Note: The middle part could be found as 亾 instead of 亡.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The voiceless initial is possibly from the devoicing effect of an early (i.e. Proto-Sino-Tibetan) causative prefix *s- on 亡 (i.e. PST *s-maŋ > *hmaŋ > Middle Chinese hwɑŋ) which was subsequently lost.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huāng (huang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fong$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fong$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fong$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fông
    (Hailu, HRS): fong$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fong$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): huon$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): huáng
* Eastern Min (BUC): huŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): horng$^1$ / hng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hong / hng / huiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^1$ / hng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huang
*** Wade–Giles: huang$^1$
*** Yale: hwāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huang
*** Palladius: хуан (xuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$
*** Yale: fōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: huon$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huáng
*** Sinological IPA : /xuaŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ho̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hŋ̍⁵³³/
* horng1 - literary;
* hng1 - vernacular (e.g. 放荒).
* Middle Chinese: xwang, xwangH
Rime :
| Character | 荒 | 荒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (102) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 呼光切 | 呼浪切 |
| Baxter | xwang | xwangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hwɑŋ/ | /hwɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷɑŋ/ | /hʷɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɑŋ/ | /xuɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwaŋ/ | /hwaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xuɑŋ/ | /xuɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xuɑŋ/ | /xuɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xwɑŋ/ | /xwɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huāng | huàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fong$^1$ | fong$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmaːŋ/, /*hmaːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 荒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwang › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁaŋ/ |
| English | wasteland; uncultivated land |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 荒 | 荒 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 12649 | 12659 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 | 亡 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 荒 | 荒 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmaːŋ/ | /*hmaːŋs/ |

### Definitions

荒
* wasteland; uncultivated land; desert
* uncultivated; barren; desolate
* unreasonable; absurd

### Compounds

* 不荒不忙
* 作荒
* 備荒 / 备荒 (bèihuāng)
* 八荒 (bāhuāng)
* 兵荒
* 兵荒將亂 / 兵荒将乱
* 兵荒馬亂 / 兵荒马乱 (bīnghuāngmǎluàn)
* 凶荒
* 包荒
* 北大荒 (Běidàhuāng)
* 卹荒
* 古陌荒阡
* 四荒
* 地老天荒 (dìlǎotiānhuāng)
* 地荒
* 坵荒
* 墾荒 / 垦荒 (kěnhuāng)
* 大荒 (dàhuāng)
* 天荒
* 天荒地老 (tiānhuāngdìlǎo)
* 忽荒
* 房荒
* 打飢荒 / 打饥荒
* 打饑荒 / 打饥荒
* 投荒
* 拋荒 / 抛荒 (pāohuāng)
* 拓荒 (tuòhuāng)
* 拓荒者 (tuòhuāngzhě)
* 拉飢荒 / 拉饥荒
* 拾荒 (shíhuāng)
* 撂荒 (liàohuāng)
* 放肆荒唐
* 放荒 (fànghuāng)
* 救荒 (jiùhuāng)
* 柴荒米貴 / 柴荒米贵
* 樂而不荒 / 乐而不荒
* 歲荒 / 岁荒 (suìhuāng)
* 水荒 (shuǐhuāng)
* 沙荒
* 洪荒 (hónghuāng)
* 洪荒時代 / 洪荒时代
* 流連荒亡 / 流连荒亡
* 活饑荒 / 活饥荒
* 滿目荒涼 / 满目荒凉
* 災荒 / 灾荒 (zāihuāng)
* 熟荒
* 燒荒 / 烧荒
* 生荒 (shēnghuāng)
* 破天荒 (pòtiānhuāng)
* 神奇荒怪
* 禽荒
* 耄荒
* 腹熱腸荒 / 腹热肠荒
* 色荒
* 荒亂 / 荒乱 (huāngluàn)
* 荒亡
* 荒佚
* 荒信
* 荒傖 / 荒伧
* 荒僻 (huāngpì)
* 荒冗冗
* 荒功好頑 / 荒功好顽
* 荒原 (huāngyuán)
* 荒唐 (huāngtáng)
* 荒唐不經 / 荒唐不经
* 荒唐之言
* 荒唐無稽 / 荒唐无稽
* 荒土 (huāngtǔ)
* 荒地 (huāngdì)
* 荒地稅 / 荒地税
* 荒塚 / 荒冢
* 荒外
* 荒失
* 荒寧 / 荒宁
* 荒居
* 荒山 (huāngshān)
* 荒島 / 荒岛 (huāngdǎo)
* 荒年 (huāngnián)
* 荒年穀 / 荒年谷
* 荒幼
* 荒廢 / 荒废 (huāngfèi)
* 荒忙
* 荒忽
* 荒急 (huāngjí)
* 荒怠
* 荒怪不經 / 荒怪不经
* 荒政
* 荒旱
* 荒時暴月 / 荒时暴月
* 荒月
* 荒服 (huāngfú)
* 荒村 (huāngcūn)
* 荒歉 (huāngqiàn)
* 荒涼 / 荒凉 (huāngliáng)
* 荒淫 (huāngyín)
* 荒淫無度 / 荒淫无度 (huāngyínwúdù)
* 荒淫無恥 / 荒淫无耻 (huāngyínwúchǐ)
* 荒淫無道 / 荒淫无道
* 荒湎
* 荒渺不經 / 荒渺不经
* 荒漠 (huāngmò)
* 荒漠甘泉
* 荒煙蔓草 / 荒烟蔓草
* 荒狂
* 荒疏 (huāngshū)
* 荒瘠 (huāngjí)
* 荒腆
* 荒草 (huāngcǎo)
* 草荒 (cǎohuāng)
* 荒荒
* 荒茫 (huāngmáng)
* 荒蕪 / 荒芜 (huāngwú)
* 荒裔
* 荒誕 / 荒诞 (huāngdàn)
* 荒誕不經 / 荒诞不经 (huāngdànbùjīng)
* 荒誕無稽 / 荒诞无稽
* 荒謬 / 荒谬 (huāngmiù)
* 荒謬劇 / 荒谬剧
* 荒謬小說 / 荒谬小说
* 荒謬絕倫 / 荒谬绝伦 (huāngmiùjuélún)
* 荒遐
* 荒郊 (huāngjiāo)
* 荒郊曠野 / 荒郊旷野
* 荒郊草野
* 荒郊野外 (huāngjiāoyěwài)
* 荒野 (huāngyě)
* 荒銀 / 荒银
* 荒陬
* 荒雞 / 荒鸡
* 荒頓 / 荒顿
* 落荒 (luòhuāng)
* 落荒而走 (luòhuāngérzǒu)
* 落荒而逃 (luòhuāng'értáo)
* 蓁荒
* 蔓徑荒草 / 蔓径荒草
* 蝦荒蟹亂 / 虾荒蟹乱
* 蠻荒 / 蛮荒 (mánhuāng)
* 血荒
* 要荒
* 逃荒 (táohuāng)
* 遍地荒旱
* 遐荒
* 邊荒 / 边荒
* 酒荒
* 錢荒 / 钱荒 (qiánhuāng)
* 開荒 / 开荒 (kāihuāng)
* 開荒劍 / 开荒剑
* 饑荒 / 饥荒 (jīhuāng)
* 鬧荒 / 闹荒 (nàohuāng)
* 鬧荒荒 / 闹荒荒
* 鬧饑荒 / 闹饥荒
* 龍荒 / 龙荒

### References

* “荒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “荒”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 255.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* uncultivated, wild
* desolate, barren

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あれる (areru, 荒れる, Jōyō)、あらい (arai, 荒い, Jōyō)、あらす (arasu, 荒らす, Jōyō)、あばら (abara, 荒)、あばら (abara, 荒ら)、すさむ (susamu, 荒む)
* Nanori: ら (ra)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 荒
* あばら Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 荒 – see the following entry. :
| 【あばら】 | [adjective] (archaic, possibly obsolete) 荒ら, 荒, 疎ら, 疎: loosely spaced, sparse, with large gaps, wide open [adjective] (archaic, possibly obsolete) 荒ら, 荒, 疎ら, 疎: broken down, ruined, wild [adjective] (archaic, possibly obsolete) 荒ら, 荒, 疎ら, 疎: not heartfelt, insincere, flippant (as of behavior or attitude) Alternative spellings 荒ら, 疎ら, 疎 |
(This term, 荒, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

荒 (eumhun 거칠 황 (geochil hwang))
* rough; sparse; wild

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

荒 (eumhun 공허할 강 (gongheohal gang))
* empty, blank

## Vietnamese
### Han character

荒: Hán Nôm readings: hoang, hoăng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.