# ag
## Translingual
### Symbol

ag
* (metrology) Symbol for attogram, an SI unit of mass equal to 10$^{−18}$ grams.

## English
### Etymology 1

Clipping of agriculture or agricultural.

#### Pronunciation

* (General American, Received Pronunciation) IPA: /æɡ/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æɡ

#### Noun

ag
* (chiefly in compounds) Clipping of agriculture.
    He got his degree from the state ag college.
    My class is over on ag campus.
** 2014, Ferd Hoefner, quoted in Jennifer Steinhauer, “Farm Bill Reflects Shifting American Menu and a Senator’s Persistent Tilling”, NYTimes.com (2014 March 8):
    Even the most ag-centric member of the Agriculture Committee […]
** 2014 March 8, Jennifer Steinhauer, “Farm Bill Reflects Shifting American Menu and a Senator’s Persistent Tilling”, NYTimes.com:
    […] fruits and vegetables, oddly referred to in ag-speak as specialty crops, […]

##### Derived terms

* ag-gag
* ag pipe

##### Related terms

* agri-
* Big Ag

### Etymology 2

Clipping of aggregate.

#### Noun

ag (countable and uncountable, plural ags)
* (construction) Clipping of aggregate (small rocks mixed into concrete).
    The mix should include a good selection of large, medium, and small ag.
    If the mix is too fluid, the ags can sink away from the surface.

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Afrikaans ag, from Dutch ach.

#### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ax/

#### Interjection

ag
* (South Africa) Expressing annoyance, remorse, surprise etc.; oh, ah.
** 1962, Jeremy Taylor, “Ag Pleez Deddy”:Ag pleez Deddy won't you take us to the wrestling / We wanna see an ou called Sky High Lee
** 1979, André Brink, A Dry White Season, Vintage, published 1998, page 88:‘Ag, fuck it,’ he said. ‘Let bygones be bygones, man.’
** 1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Abacus, published 2010, page 491:Finally, after placing four books on the desk, he turned to a sheepish Kathy and said, ‘Ag, there's nothing wrong with these desks,’ and walked out.

##### Derived terms

* ag man

### Etymology 4
#### Adverb

ag
* (Stenoscript) Abbreviation of again.

### Etymology 5
#### Noun

ag (plural ags)
* Alternative letter-case form of AG (“aggressive (butch)”)
** 2016 February 26, Laura Horak, Girls Will Be Boys: Cross-Dressed Women, Lesbians, and American Cinema, 1908-1934, Rutgers University Press, →ISBN, page 224:new forms of female masculinity are exploding, ranging from butches, dykes, and studs to transmen, FTMs, ags, genderqueers, individuals masculine-of-center, and many more. Transgender men and masculine women can make their own movies […]
** 2016 June 10, Roberta Uno, Monologues for Actors of Color: Men, Routledge, →ISBN, page 85:I don't know what I'd do without them (smiles) Sometimes, I wonder why studs/ag's/butches/transguys be grilling one another in the club. I mean, in my mind, I'm like Why would you hate someone who look like you, act like you, […]
** 2017 July 31, Eric Friginal, Studies in Corpus-Based Sociolinguistics, Routledge, →ISBN:The context around stud enables us to understand its meaning among the W4W advertisers: Seeking lesbian stud, butch, ag, or tomboish women ONLY I'm a single stud (on the soft side) slim body type, tattoos, cute face, and great smile […]

### Anagrams

* G&A, GA, Ga, Ga.

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aχ/

### Etymology 1

From Dutch acht.

#### Noun

ag (plural agte)
* esteem
* eight

### Etymology 2

From Dutch achten.

#### Verb

ag (present ag, present participle agtende, past participle geag)
* to regard; to deem
    Ek ag hom as 'n belangrike bate in ons maatskappy.I deem him as an important asset in our company.
    Hy word hoog geag.He is highly regarded.
* to heed

### Etymology 3

From Dutch ach. Equivalent of German ach and English oh.

#### Interjection

ag
* oh, oh no, shoot, damn, oh dear

### Etymology 4
#### Numeral

ag
* Alternative form of agt

## Albanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Albanian *(h)aug-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (compare Ancient Greek αὐγή (augḗ, “daylight, splendor”), Serbo-Croatian jȕg (“south”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɡ/

### Noun

ag m (plural agje, definite agu, definite plural agjet)
* dawn, daybreak, predawn light
* semi-darkness, fog
* shine
* pupils

#### Related terms

* agon
* agull
* agullon
* vagëlloj
* vegim
* vegoj

#### References

* ↑ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 72

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* Newmark, L. (1999) “ag”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎
* “ag”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006

## Buhi'non Bikol
### Conjunction

ag
* and
    Synonym: sagkëd

## Hanunoo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʔaɡ/ [ˈʔɐɡ]
* Rhymes: -aɡ
* Syllabification: ag

### Conjunction

ag (Hanunoo spelling ᜠᜤ᜴)
* and
    Synonym: kag

### Further reading

* Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 20

## Indo-Portuguese
### Noun

ag
* water

### Further reading

* Hugo C. Cardoso, The Indo-Portuguese language of Diu (2009), page 345

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Middle Irish oc, ac, ic, from Old Irish oc, occ. Compare Scottish Gaelic aig.

#### Pronunciation

* (particle):
** IPA: /ə/ before a consonant
** IPA: /əɡ/ before a, á, o, ó, u, ú
** IPA: /əɟ/ before e, é, i, í
* (preposition): IPA: /ɛɟ/, /ɪɟ/

#### Particle

ag
* particle used with the verbal noun to mark the progressive aspect:
    ag siúl ― walking
    ag gáire ― laughing
    ag ithe ― eating
    ag ól ― drinking

#### Preposition

ag (plus dative, triggers no mutation)
* at
* of, for (after certain adjectives)
    Bhí sé go deas ag Cáit a dhul leat.It was nice of Cáit to go with you.
    Tá sé éasca agat sin a rá.It’s easy for you to say that.
* of (after an indication of quantity)
    Tá go leor acu anseo.There are plenty of them here.
    Tá duine againn tinn.One of us is ill.
* of (to indicate possession emphatically, used after a noun qualified by seo (“this”) or sin (“that”))
    an teach seo againne ― this house of ours
    na bróga sin agatsa ― those shoes of yours
* used with forms of bí (“to be”) to indicate possession in place of a verb meaning ‘have’
    Tá teach ag Seán.Seán has a house.
* used with forms of bí (“to be”) and a past participle to indicate a perfect tense
    Tá an teach péinteáilte ag Seán.Seán has painted the house.
* used with forms of bí (“to be”) to indicate ability to do something
    Tá Spáinnis agam.I can speak Spanish.
    Tá caint agam.I can talk.
    Tá ceol agam.I can make music.

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

Reduced form of chuig, assimilated in all forms to Etymology 1.

#### Pronunciation

* (preposition): IPA: /ɛɟ/

#### Preposition

ag (plus dative, triggers no mutation)
* (colloquial) Alternative form of chuig (“to (a person or place)”)
    Tá mé ag dul ag an dochtúr.I’m going to the doctor

##### Descendants

* → Yola: ug

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ag”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ag”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 7
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “oc”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* “ag”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Kaingang
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aŋ/, [aɡŋ]

### Pronoun

ag
* they; them (masculine)

### Particle

ag
* masculine plural marker
    Topẽ vỹ ẽprã ke ag to há nĩ.
       God loves the human beings.

### References

* Ursula Gojtéj Wiesemann (2011) “ag”, in Dicionário Kaingang-Português Português-Kaingang‎, 2nd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Curitiba: Editora Esperança, page 13.

## Korlai Creole Portuguese
### Etymology

From Portuguese água.

### Noun

ag
* water

### Further reading

* Clements, J. Clancy (1996) The Genesis of a Language: The Formation and Development of Korlai Portuguese, John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 94

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *agos (“cow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵʰós. Compare Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Sanskrit अही (ahī́).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɣ/

### Noun

ag n
* bullock, cow, ox
* deer, stag

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: agh
* Scottish Gaelic: agh ‘heifer’

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ag”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Parauk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔak/

### Noun

ag
* crossbow (bow).
* arrow.

### Noun

ag
* carbuncle, ulcer, tumor.

## Scots
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɡ/

### Etymology 1

Derived from Old Norse eggja.

#### Noun

ag (plural ags) (Shetland)
* The wash of waves on the sea-shore as by a steady wind from the sea.
* foam near the shore
* stir, eagerness

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ag (third-person singular simple present ags, present participle agin, simple past aged, past participle aged)
* Shetland form of agg (“to drive”)

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

ag (third-person singular simple present ags, present participle agin, simple past aged, past participle aged)
* Shetland form of ak (“to feel sick”)

### References

* “ag”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

IPA: /aɡ/

### Etymology 1

Contraction of aig

#### Particle

ag
* Used before the verbal noun to form the present participle.
    Bha Seumas ag obair. ― James was working.

##### Usage notes

* This is the form used before a vowel. Before consonants it contracts to a'. The sole exception is ag ràdh (“saying”).

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

ag m (genitive singular agaig or aig, no plural)
* doubt
* hesitation

#### Verb

ag (past dh'ag, future agidh, verbal noun agadh)
* hesitate
* doubt

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish ag, agh (“Cladium”).

### Noun

ag c
* grass of the genus Cladium
** especially, of species Cladium mariscus (great fen-sedge, swamp sawgrass).
* various sedges and rushes outside genus Cladium, e.g. in genera Juncus (rushes) and Schoenus (bog rushes)
    Synonym: tåg (Juncus)

#### Declension
### Anagrams

* g:a

## Volapük
### Interjection

ag!
* oh! cry of pain or surprise
* ah! cry of surprise

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* â

### Etymology

From Old Welsh (h)ac ‘and’, from Proto-Brythonic *atkʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ét-kʷe (compare Breton hag and Cornish hag); identical to Latin atque. Doublet of Welsh ac.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɡ/

### Preposition

ag
* with (used before vowels)

#### Usage notes

Unlike â, ag does not cause an aspirate mutation in the following word.

## Wolof
### Preposition

ag
* with