# ba
## Translingual
### Symbol

ba
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Bashkir.

## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Egyptian bꜣ,

#### Noun

ba (plural bas)
* (Egyptian mythology) A being's soul or personality, represented as a bird-headed figure, which survives after death but must be sustained with offerings of food.
** 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 220:Any ordinary person who has ever floated out of his body during a nap knows what a Ba is, but unfortunately the dogmas of our materialistic culture constrain the person to ignore and repress his experience.
** 1983, Norman Mailer, Ancient Evenings:But the Ba, I remembered, could be seen as the mistress of your heart and might or might not decide to speak to you, just as the heart cannot always forgive.

### Etymology 2

The sound is very commonly made by infants, and is interpreted by parents as a reference to themselves.

#### Noun

ba (plural bas) (not generally used in the plural)
* (colloquial and in direct address) Father, baba.

### Etymology 3
#### Alternative forms

* ba'

#### Noun

ba (uncountable)
* (historical) A medieval football game played in parts of Scotland around Christmas and New Year.
** 2011, Alistair Moffat, The Borders:The townsmen played ba often and clearly knew what they were doing.

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

ba (plural bas)
* (in real estate ads) Abbreviation of bathroom.
    Coordinate term: br (“bedroom”)
    Alternative form: BA
    2 beds, 1 ba

### Etymology 5

From Mandarin 吧 (ba).

#### Alternative forms

* bah

#### Pronunciation

* (Singapore) IPA: [p˭ɑ˨]

#### Particle

ba
* (Manglish, Singlish, rare) Used to soften the tone of a suggestion.
    I think you should go see a doctor ba.
* (Manglish, Singlish, rare) Indicates confident speculation.
** 2024 June 7, Vegas, “Planning to get new Rims & Tyres”, in MyCarForum‎, archived from the original on 21 June 2024:rich pple in here... 15" Conti for 800? thats a little steep... same class as ps4s? / 18" tires about 600 to 750 bah...

### See also

* ba-dum-ching
* ba-dum-tss

### Anagrams

* -ab, A&B, A.B., A/B, AB, Ab, a.b., ab, ab-, ab.

## Akan
### Verb

ba
* (Fante) come

### References

* Rose-Juliet Anyanwu, Fundamentals of Phonetics, Phonology and Tonology (2008)

## Anguthimri
### Noun

ba
* (Mpakwithi) island

### References

* Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 184

## Australian Kriol
### Preposition

ba
* Alternative form of blanga

## Bakung
### Noun

ba
* water (clear liquid H₂O)
* water (mineral water)

## Bambara
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ba
* mother

##### Synonyms

* bamuso
* ma

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

bà
* goat

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

bá
* river, stream, lake

### Etymology 4
#### Numeral

bà
* one thousand

##### Synonyms

* waa

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/, [ba]

### Etymology 1
#### Particle

ba
* Alternative form of ba-
    Ba al zatoz? ― Are you coming?
    Ba ote al dago inor etxean? ― Is anyone home?
    Ba omen zegoen bidea ezagutzen zuen norbait. ― There was someone who knew the way.

##### Usage notes

See usage notes at ba-.

### Etymology 2

Clipping of bada (“it is”)

#### Particle

ba
* so, then, well
    Ez nizun ba esan. ― Well, I didn't tell you.

### Etymology 3

Clipping of bai (“yes”).

#### Particle

ba
* (Northern) yes

### Etymology 4

Probably from Spanish bah.

#### Interjection

ba
* Indicates disdain or unbelief.

### Further reading

* “ba”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
* “ba”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

## Borôro
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbaː/

### Noun

ba
* egg

## Buhi'non Bikol
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaq, from Proto-Austronesian *baSaq.

### Noun

bâ
* flood

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation 1

* (Standard Cebuano) IPA: /ˈba/
* Rhymes: -a

#### Particle

ba
* interrogative particle
    Kini ba ang Kabisay-an? ― Is this the Visayas?
    Kamao ka ba molangoy? ― Do you know how to swim?

### Pronunciation 2

* (Standard Cebuano) IPA: /ˈbaː/
* Rhymes: -a

#### Etymology

Short for baba.

#### Verb

ba
* to piggyback; to carry someone on the back

## Chichewa
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jíba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɓa/

### Verb

-ba (infinitive kubá)
* steal

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -bera
** Other formations: -ba mawu (“eavesdrop”)
* Nominal derivations:
** wakuba (“thief”)

## Chickasaw
### Conjunction

ba
* Alternative spelling of ba'

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* bo

### Etymology

From Middle High German wā, from Old High German wār, hwār, from Proto-West Germanic *hwār, from Proto-Germanic *hwar (“where”). Cognate with German wo, English where.

### Pronoun

ba
* (Sette Comuni, relative) that; which; who
    dar faff ba de pridighet ― the priest who preaches

### Adverb

ba (dative bannont)
* (Sette Comuni, interrogative) where
    Ba pisto gabéest in gantzen tag?Where have you been all day?

### Adverb

ba
* (Sette Comuni, attributive only) how (modifier used to express surprise, delight, etc.)
    Ba khalt! ― How cold!

### Related terms

* éppadabaa

### References

* “ba” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Dagbani
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ba (plural banima)
* father
* a title of respect

##### Usage notes

* obligatorily possessed: includes father's brothers, and in the plural all relatives on the father's side, particularly those of his generation.

#### See also

* ma

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ba
* Third-person, animate, singular, neutral, object pronoun them

#### See also

* bɛ
* o
* ban
* bana

## Dama (Sierra Leone)
### Etymology

Cognate with Vai [script needed] (ba), Mende wa.

### Adjective

ba
* big

### References

* Dalby, T. D. P. (1963) “The extinct language of Dama”, in Sierra Leone Language Review, volume 2, Freetown: Fourah Bay College, pages 50–54

## Duun
### Etymology

Onomatopoeic?

### Noun

ba
* goat

### Further reading

* Duungooma ABC (alphabet duun), page 3

## Eastern Penan
### Noun

ba
* water

### References

* Dictionary of Eastern Penan

## Fijian
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *baRa (cognates include Maori pā (“fortified village, blockade”) and Hawaiian pā (“wall”)) from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baRa related to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pager (“enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field”) (compare with Malay pagar (“fence”)).

### Noun

ba
* a special fence or enclosure made from reeds to catch fish trapped during tides.

### References

* Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “paa.1”, in POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online
* Gatty, Ronald (2009) “ba”, in Fijian-English Dictionary, Suva, Fiji: Ronald Gatty, →ISBN, page 10

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from English ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ba
* (Egyptian mythology) ba

## Fula
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Particle

ba
* (Pular) interrogative particle
    Si himo ka suudu ba, si o alaa ton ba.Whether he's at the house, or whether he's not there.

#### Usage notes

* Placed at the end of a phrase
* Implies an alternative

### Adverb

ba
* (Maasina) not even
    ba nde wooterenot even once
    ba gootonot even one
* nothing
* even
    Synonym: fay
    ba joonineven now
    ba naaneneven a short while ago

#### See also

* yalli

### References

* Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
* Richard Smith, Urs Niggli, Dictionnaire fulfulde - anglais - français, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2016.

## Garo
### Etymology

Probably from Bengali বা (ba), which is a short form of কিংবা (kiṅba).

### Conjunction

ba
* or

## Ghomala'
### Particle

ba (prepositional)
* and, also, as well, too
    Ba myə gaə̂ sɔ'. ― I came also.
    Lwɔ̂' bə́ nə̂ bâwə́lə́. ― Each one has a shortcoming.
    Myə̂ mŋo' bâwə́lə̂ bə́ á nə́ é. ― Each one has shortcomings.

### See also

* bawə
* bàtə̀

### References

* Erika Eichholzer (editor) et al, Dictionnaire ghomala’ (2002)

## Gothic
### Romanization

ba
* Romanization of 𐌱𐌰

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/

### Verb

ba
* give

#### Synonyms

* ban
* bay

## Hlai
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Hlai, Baoding) IPA: /pa˥˧/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Hlai *hmaː (“five”), from Pre-Hlai *maː (Norquest, 2015).

#### Numeral

ba
* five

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Hlai *hmaː (“dog; hunting dog”), from Pre-Hlai *maː (Norquest, 2015). Compare Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“dog”) (whence Thai หมา (mǎa)).

#### Noun

ba
* dog, hunting dog

## Iban
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [baʔ]
* Rhymes: -ba, -a

### Preposition

ba
* in
    ba Kuchingin Kuching
* at
    ba sungaiat the river
* on
    ba atas jalaion the road

## Iriga Bicolano
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaq, from Proto-Austronesian *baSaq.

### Noun

bâ
* flood

## Irish
### Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /bˠɑ(h)/
* (Aran) IPA: /bˠɑ/
* (Connemara, Mayo) IPA: /bˠa/
* (Ulster) IPA: /bˠah/

#### Noun

ba f pl
* plural of bó
    Tá na ba sa mhá. ― The cows are in the field.

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish ba.

#### Alternative forms

* (affirmative): b’ (used before a vowel sound except for the pronouns é, í, iad, ea)
* (relative): ab (used before a vowel sound)
* badh (archaic)
* budh (superseded)
* dob, dob' (dialectal equivalent of b’)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bˠə/, (before é, í, iad, ea) /bˠəj/
* (Munster, also) IPA: /bˠɔ/

#### Particle

ba (triggers lenition)
* past/conditional affirmative of is
    Ba é Dónall an múinteoir. ― Dónall was the teacher.
    Ba mhaith liom cupán tae. ― I would like a cup of tea.
* past/conditional direct relative of is (used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives)
    fear ba shine ná m'athair ― a man (who was) older than my father

##### Related terms

$^v$ Used before vowel sounds

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 59
* ↑ Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1925) Foghraidheacht Ghaedhilge an Tuaiscirt [Pronunciation of Northern Irish]‎ (in Irish), Béal Feirste [Belfast]: Brún agus Ó Nualláin [Browne and Nolan], section 2
* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 88

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈba/
* Rhymes: -a
* Hyphenation: bà

### Interjection

ba
* bah!
* oh well!

### Anagrams

* ab-

## Japanese
### Romanization

ba
* The hiragana syllable ば (ba) or the katakana syllable バ (ba) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kongo
### Noun

ba class 5 (singular diba, plural maba)
* palm tree

## Lhao Vo
### Etymology

Uncertain.

### Noun

ba
* sun

### Verb

ba
* to know; to understand.

### References

* Dr. Ola Hanson, A Dictionary of the Kachin Language (1906).

## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ba (“for”).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Conjunction

bà
* for

### References

* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 75

## Malagasy
### Etymology 1

From English bar.

#### Noun

ba
* (music) bar; measure

### Etymology 2

From French bas (“stocking”).

#### Noun

ba
* stockings; socks
* knitting

## Mandarin
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Liaoning):(file)

### Romanization

ba (ba$^5$ / ba$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄅㄚ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 吧, 罷 / 罢

### Romanization

ba
* Nonstandard spelling of bā.
* Nonstandard spelling of bá.
* Nonstandard spelling of bǎ.
* Nonstandard spelling of bà.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle English
### Etymology

Form of *bān, from (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Verb

bā
* Imperative form of of *bān (“to kiss”)
** 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:Com neer, my spouse, lat me ba thy cheke!Come here, my spouse, let me kiss your cheeks!

## Miraya Bikol
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaq, from Proto-Austronesian *baSaq.

### Noun

bâ
* flood

## Nias
### Preposition

ba
* in, at, on (general preposition for locative adjuncts)

### References

* Sundermann, Heinrich. 1905. Niassisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Moers: Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, p. 22–23.

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *HwáHatah (“wind”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬋 (vātō), Pashto and Persian باد (bâd)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwáHatas (“wind”) (compare Sanskrit वात (vā́ta)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“blowing”), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɑː/
* Rhymes: -ɑː
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

| Central Kurdish | با (ba) |
| Zazaki | vay |
ba m (Arabic spelling با)
* weather
* wind

#### Derived terms

* babelîsk
* baberik
* badar
* badarî
* bader
* bager
* bahoz
* bakur
* bakurî
* bakêş
* bareş
* barove
* başûr
* başûrî
* hireba
* sîseban

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* bad

### Verb

ba
* simple past of be

## Old English
### Determiner

bā
* neuter/feminine nominative/accusative singular of beġen

## Old Irish
### Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Alternative forms

* (2nd sg. pres. subj.): be

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ba]

#### Verb

ba
* inflection of is:
** first/second/third-person singular present subjunctive
** second-person singular imperative
** third-person singular preterite/imperfect indicative nonrelative/relative

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [va(ː)]

#### Conjunction

ba
* Alternative form of fa (“or”)

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ba. First attested in the 15th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ba/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ba/

### Particle

ba
* nay, or rather, or should I say, moreover, hell used to say that what has been said thus far is true, but could be said more accurately
** Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 181:A ci... mąk nie wierzyli ani czci, ani dostojeństwa, ba i wstania przychodzącego sądu przeli (nam et resurrectionem mortuorum futuram negabant), mnimając, aby dusze po społu s ciały umirały[A ci... mąk nie wierzyli ani czci, ani dostojeństwa, ba i wstania przychodzącego sądu przeli (nam et resurrectionem mortuorum futuram negabant), mnimając, aby dusze pospołu z ciały umirały]
* transition particle; well, well then
** Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 731:Drugi potem przybieżąc uderzył ji w ciemię i rzekł: O Jesusie, snadź ci mirzka w [o]czu, ba pokrzep sie im, dobry druże; takeś omdlał, jakoby nie miał boga ojca, ba pochwaci sie, ale nie daj sie sromocić[Drugi[m] potem przybieżąc uderzył ji w ciemię i rzekł: "O Jesusie, snadź ci mirzka w [o]czu, ba, pokrzep sie im, dobry druże! Takeś omdlał, jako by nie miał Boga Ojca. Ba, pochwaci sie, ale nie daj sie sromocić!"]

#### Descendants

* Polish: ba
* Silesian: ba

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “ba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Mańczak, Witold (2017) “ba”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “ba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ba”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Olukumi
### Etymology

Compare with Yoruba bàbá, Ekiti Yoruba àbá, Ekiti Yoruba bà, Ondo Yoruba bàí, Yoruba ụba, Owo Yoruba iba

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bā/

### Noun

ba
* father; old man or elder

#### Coordinate terms

* yé (“mother”)

#### Derived terms

* bá bá (“grandfather”)
* ba ba mì líla (“(my) great-grandfather”)
* énẹ́bá (“fatherlessness”)

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/

### Particle

ba (discourse, Perso-Arabic spelling بہ)
* Marker with a (switch-)topic function (variously corresponding to 'and, however, instead, as for, but')

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “ba”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Phuthi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-báa.

### Verb

-ba
* to be
* to become

#### Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈba/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈba/
* (Masovia):
** (Ostróda) IPA: /ˈba/
** (Warmia) IPA: /ˈba/
** (Masuria) IPA: /ˈba/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ba
* Homophone: -ba

### Particle

ba
* nay, or rather, or should I say, moreover, hell (used to say that what has been said thus far is true but could be said more accurately)
    Synonyms: mało tego, więcej
    To danie jest dobre, ba, przepyszne! ― This dish is good, nay, delicious!
* duh, obviously (used when the speaker believes what has been said is obvious)
    „On jest trochę głupi, co?” „Ba!” ― “He's a little dumb, isn't he?” “Duh!”
* denotes disappointment; bah
* (obsolete) that's easy to say
* (obsolete, repeated) well, well
* (obsolete) that's another thing
* (Middle Polish) used to urge a command.
    Synonym: no
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Introduces a continued statement; well, so
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Used to answer a question; well
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Used to respond to a request; unfortunately
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Adds to a statement furthermore

### Interjection

ba
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Denotes surprise; there you have it!

### Conjunction

ba
* (Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, contrastive) but; just

#### Derived terms

* ba i co to
* bajbardzo
* no ba

### Further reading

* ba in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* ba in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ba”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (19.01.2017) “BA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “ba”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ba”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “ba”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 77
* Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “ba”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 1, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, page 137

## Romagnol
### Alternative forms

* bab

### Etymology

From Latin *babbus (“dad”), of Onomatopoeic origin.

### Pronunciation

   * (Central Romagnol): IPA: [ˈbaɐ̯]

### Noun

ba m (plural bëb)
* father, dad
    Ba ’d famèja ― Paterfamilias

### References

* Masotti, Adelmo (1996) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano [Romagnol-Italian dictionary] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, page 51
* Ercolani, Libero (1971) Vocabolario Romagnolo-Italiano, Monte di Ravenna, page 33

## Shona
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jíba.

### Verb

-bá (infinitive kubá)
* to steal

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈba/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ba

### Particle

ba
* Expresses negation or disagreement; obviously not

### Further reading

* Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “ba”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 32

## Spanish
### Verb

ba
* Alternative form of va

## Sumerian
### Romanization

ba
* Romanization of 𒁀 (ba)

## Swazi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-báa.

### Verb

-ba
* to be
* to become

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Swedish
### Alternative forms

* ba'

### Etymology

Apocopic form of bara.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɑː/, /bɑ/

### Adverb

ba (not comparable)
* (colloquial) Pronunciation spelling of bara ("just, only")
    Asså allt ba spåra' [spårade] direktY'know everything just went crazy the second it started
    Ba gört [gör det]!Just do it!
** 2019, Veronica Maggio, "Tillfälligheter" (song), Fiender är tråkigt (album)
    Klockan är tre så ba säg vad du heter.It's three o'clock so just tell me your name.

### Verb

ba (preterite ba)
* (colloquial, defective) Used colloquially to indicate speech or action. Compare English be like, like.
    Ja ba: ”Vafan är det!” o han ba: ”Ingen aning!”.I was (just) like: ”Wtf is that!” and he was (just) like: ”No idea!”.
    Han ba, hon ba, ja [jag] ba!He like ..., she like ..., I was like ...! [implying something sexual, sometimes with accompanying gestures (though clear enough anyway) – widespread joke]

#### Usage notes

Only used in the preterite (past) and infinitive forms.

### Anagrams

* AB, Ab

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba, or shortened form of baga. Cognate with Cebuano ba and Malagasy va.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ba/ [bɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ba

#### Particle

ba (Baybayin spelling ᜊ)
* marks a sentence as interrogative
    Synonyms: (dialectal) ga, (dialectal) baga, (obsolete) kaya
    Mayroon ka bang pera?Do you have money?

##### Usage notes

* The particle sometimes disappears in informal contexts and the sentence can be inferred as interrogative depending on the tone of the speaker.
    Mayroon kang pera?You have money?

##### Derived terms

* ano ba

### Etymology 2

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜊ (ba).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ba/ [bɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ba

#### Noun

ba (Baybayin spelling ᜊ)
* the name of the Latin-script letter B/b, in the Abakada alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) bi, (in the Abecedario) be

##### See also

* baba

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ba/ [bɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ba

#### Interjection

ba (Baybayin spelling ᜊ)
* Clipping of aba.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈbaʔ/ [ˈbaʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Syllabification: ba

#### Interjection

bâ (Baybayin spelling ᜊ)
* boo (used in play-scare with babies)
    Synonyms: ga, bulaga

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈbaʔ/ [ˈbaʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Syllabification: ba

#### Noun

bâ (Baybayin spelling ᜊ)
* Clipping of amba.

### Further reading

* “ba”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*ba₅”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Tày
### Pronunciation

* (Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA: [ɓaː˧˧]
* (Trùng Khánh) IPA: [ɓaː˦˥]

### Verb

ba
* to be (horizontally) spread out
    xu ba ― big ear

### References

* Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt [Tay-Vietnamese dictionary]‎ (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên

## Tetum
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

ba
* to go

### Further reading

* Fransiskus Monteiro (1985) Kamus Tetun-Indonesia [Tetum-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan

## Tiruray
### Noun

ba
* (anatomy) mouth

## Uneapa
### Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *bʷa, possibly from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/

### Verb

ba
* to not be
    Synonym: bali

### Further reading

* Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 374

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔɓaː˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔɓaː˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔɓaː˧˧]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)
* Audio (Saigon):(file)

### Etymology 1

Attested quite late in Vietnamese literature. Likely a loan from some variety of Chinese 爸 (bà) (if so distantly related to bố). The resemblance to French papa is probably coincidental.
In Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị (1895), the imitative ba ba was annotated as [t]iếng con nít hay kêu ("a word that children often use"), while glossed as cha, the chief and/or formal word for "father".

#### Noun

ba
* (chiefly Southern Vietnam) father
    Synonyms: áng, bác, bọ, bố, cậu, cha, thầy, tía

##### Derived terms

* ba má
* ba mẹ

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *paː, from Proto-Austroasiatic *peːʔ (“three”). Cognate with Muong pa, Khmer បី (bəy), Halang pe, Pacoh pe, Mon ပိ, Santali ᱯᱮ (pe).

#### Numeral

ba • (𠀧, 巴)
* three

#### Adjective

ba • (𠀧, 巴)
* (Southern Vietnam, of a sibling) secondborn
    anh/chị ba ― second eldest brother/sister
    bác ba ― second eldest brother/sister of one's parent
    chú ba ― secondborn younger brother of one's father

##### Derived terms

* ba phải
* ba que
* ba que xỏ lá
* Ba Tàu
* ba xạo
* dăm ba
* tháng ba
* thứ ba

#### Determiner

ba
* (colloquial) some, an indefinite quantity greater than one
    Ba cái đó chả đáng quan tâm.There's no need to be concerned about those.

### Etymology 3

Sino-Vietnamese word from 波.

#### Noun

ba
* (only in compounds) wave; ripple

##### Derived terms

* âm ba (音波, “sound wave”)
* Ba Lan (波蘭, “Poland”)
* Ba Tư (波斯, “Persia”)
* bôn ba (奔波, “to scurry; bustle; rush around”)
* vi ba (微波, “microwave”)

##### See also

* sóng

## Volapük
### Adverb

ba
* perhaps
** 1931, Arie de Jong, Gramat Volapüka, § 256:Sevol-li ba? kiöpo (kitopo) söl : R. lödom.Do you perhaps know where Mr. R. lives?
** 1946, “Nuns”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:Söl: ‚Tarnow’ äbinom konletan zilik dinas valik teföl valemapükis valasotik. Bukem valemapükik omik, kel äbinon ba gretikün un Deutän, ye pedistukon ti löliko.Mr. Tarnow was an industrious collector of all things in the field of world languages of all kinds. His library about world languages, which was perhaps the largest in Germany, has, however, been almost completely destroyed.

## West Albay Bikol
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahaq, from Proto-Austronesian *baSaq.

### Noun

bâ
* flood

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/

### Noun

ba
* the vagina

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## Woiwurrung
### Conjunction

ba
* and

### References

* ↑ https://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/documents/alcv/partsofthebody.pdf

## Xhosa
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-báa.

### Verb

-ba
* to be
* to become

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Yapese
### Verb

ba
* (auxiliary) to be (doing something); forms the present tense

## Yola
### Alternative forms

* b', bee, be

### Etymology

From Middle English been, from Old English bēon, from Proto-West Germanic *beun.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bə/, /b/, /biː/
* Homophone: bye

### Verb

ba (inflected forms aam, yarth, is, beeth, bin, waz, wasth, war)
* be
** 1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 100:A laafe ing lemethès chote wel ta ba zang,A leaf in tatters, I know well to be sung,
* is
* are
* been

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 24

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bà/

#### Verb

bà
* to ferment
    kòkó ti bà ― The cocoa seeds have fermented
* to carry out the process of fermentation on seeds or plants

##### Usage notes

* ba before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìbà (“act of fermenting”)
* ìdíbá-nǹkan (“fermentation”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bà/

#### Verb

bà
* (horticulture) to plant seeds in prepared pots for future transplanting into a farm (when it becomes an established seedling)
    ba òrom̀bó ― To plant lemon seeds for future transplanting

##### Usage notes

* ba before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìbà

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bà/

#### Verb

bà
* to press a wound; to apply a warm compress on a wound
    Synonym: mọ́
    ba ojú egbò ― To apply a warm compress to a wound

##### Usage notes

* ba before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìbà

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bà/

#### Verb

bà
* to hit (with an impact)
    ọfà á bà wọ́n ― The arrow hit them
* to be overcome with fear (literally, to be hit with fear)
    ẹ̀rú bà wá ― Fear overcame us
* (usually used with ilẹ̀) to be too long or oversized (to hit the ground)
    agbádá yìí bà mí nílẹ̀ ― The agbada was too big for me
* to perch
    Lékeléke bà mí lékè, ẹyẹ àdàbà bà mí lékè ― An egret perched on me, a dove perched on me
* to braid; to plait
    Synonym: dì

##### Usage notes

* ba before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìbà
* dẹ́rù bà (“to scare”)
* bẹ̀rù (“to fear”)
* ìbẹ̀rù (“fear”)

## Zaghawa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba/

### Noun

ba
* arm

### References

* Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad

## Zoogocho Zapotec
### Etymology 1

Cognate with Yatzachi Zapotec ba.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba˦/

#### Noun

ba
* hot weather (clarification of this definition is needed)

##### Derived terms

* chex̱ba
* gwba
* lagüeꞌ ba

### Etymology 2

Cognate with Isthmus Zapotec baꞌ, Yatzachi Zapotec ba.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba˩/

#### Noun

ba
* grave, tomb

### Etymology 3

Cognate with Yatzachi Zapotec ba-.

#### Adverb

ba
* already

### References

* Long C., Rebecca, Cruz M., Sofronio (2000) Diccionario zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 38)‎ (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Coyoacán, D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 3

## Zou
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba˧/

#### Verb

ba
* (transitive) to owe

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba˧˩/

#### Noun

bà
* bat (mammal)

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 44, 45

## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-báa.

### Verb

-ba
* to be
* to become

#### Inflection
### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-ɓa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ɓa”