# شهر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1

Compare Aramaic סהרא (“moon”), Hebrew סַהַר (sáhar, “crescent”) and Old South Arabian 𐩦𐩠𐩧 (s²hr, “beginning of the lunar month”).

#### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ʃa.ha.ra/

#### Verb

شَهَرَ • (šahara) I (non-past يَشْهَرُ (yašharu), verbal noun شَهْر (šahr) or شُهْرَة (šuhra))
* to spread, to make known, to divulge
* to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
* to proclaim, to announce
* to draw (a weapon), to unsheathe

##### Conjugation
#### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ʃah.ha.ra/

### Etymology 1.2
#### Verb

شَهَّرَ • (šahhara) II (non-past يُشَهِّرُ (yušahhiru), verbal noun تَشْهِير (tašhīr))
* to make well-known, to make famous, to make notorious
* to spread, to make known, to divulge
* to proclaim, to announce
* to defame, to slander, to revile, to pillory, to condemn, to denounce

##### Conjugation
### Etymology
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃahr/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

شَهْر • (šahr) m (plural أَشْهُر (ʔašhur) or شُهُور (šuhūr))
* verbal noun of شَهَرَ (šahara) (form I)
* month (unit of time)
* new moon (beginning of the lunar month)
    شَهْر الْعَسَل (šahr al-ʕasal, “honeymoon”)

##### Declension
### References

* Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 186–187
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شهر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 680

## Egyptian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَهْر (šahr).

### Noun

شهر • (šahr) m (dual شهرين (šahrēn), plural شهور (šuhūr), paucal تشهر (tušhur))
* month

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَهْر (šahr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃa.har/

### Noun

شهر • (šahar) m (plural شهور (šuhūr))
* month

#### See also

* سنة (sana)
* شهر (šahar)
* أسبوع (ʔusbūʕ)
* يوم (yōm)
* ساعة (sāʕa)
* دقيقة (dagīga)
* لحظة (laḥẓa)
* ثانية (ṯānya)

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَهْر (šahr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃhar/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

شهر • (šhar) m (dual شهرين (šahrayn), plural شهور (šhūr) or شهورة (šhūra))
* month

### See also

Gregorian calendar months in Moroccan Arabic · شهور التقويم الميلادي (šhūr et-taqwīm el-mīlādi) (layout · text) :
| January | February | March | April |
| شهر واحد (šhar wāḥid) يناير (yanāyir) | شهر جوج (šhar jūj) فبراير (fibrāyir) | شهر تلاتة (šhar tlāta) مارس (māris) | شهر ربعة (šhar rabʕa) أبريل (abrīl) |
| May | June | July | August |
| شهر خمسة (šhar ḵamsa) ماي (māy) | شهر ستة (šhar sitta) يونيو (yūnyu) | شهر سبعة (šhar sabʕa) يوليوز (yūlyūz) | شهر تمنية (šhar tmanya) غشت (ḡušt) |
| September | October | November | December |
| شهر تسعة (šhar tisʕa) شهر تسعود (šhar tisʕūd) شتنبر (šutanbir) | شهر عشرة (šhar ʕašra) أكتوبر (ʔuktūbar) | شهر حداش (šhar ḥdāš) نونبر (nuwanbir) | شهر تناش (šhar tnāš) دجنبر (dujanbir) |

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian شهر (šahr, “city, town”).

### Noun

شهر • (şehir)
* city, a large settlement bigger than a town
    Synonyms: كنت (kent), مدینه (medine)
* (especially) the chief city or capital of a province

#### Derived terms

* آلاشهر (alaşehir, “town in Manisa province”)
* اسكی شهر (eski şehir, “a city in Turkey”)
* شهر امینی (şehir emini, “prefect”)
* شهر اوغلانی (şehir oğlanı, “street Arab”)
* شهربند (şehirbend, “the walls around a city”)
* شهرستان (şehirstan, “country full of cities”)
* شهرلو (şehirli, “townsman”)
* قیر شهری (kır şehri, “Kırşehir, a city and province in Turkey”)
* نوشهر (nevşehir, “Nevşehir, a city and province in Turkey”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: şehir
* → Serbo-Croatian:
** Latin script: šȅher
** Cyrillic script: ше̏хер

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “şehir2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4448
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “شهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 738
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Urbs”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1793
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “شهر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 2886
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “şehir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “شهر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1143

## Persian
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štry /⁠šahr⁠/) (compare Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /⁠xšaça-⁠/)), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám. Compare Pashto ښار (ẍâr), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra) and Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatra).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃahɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃɑːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃɔːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæɦɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦɾ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

شَهْر • (šahr) (plural شهرها (šahr-hâ))
* city, town
    بزرگترین شهر ایران ― bozorgtarin šahr-e irân ― largest city in Iran
* (obsolete) land, country, realm
** c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Tale of Rustam and Isfandiyār”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎:چو او شهر ایران به گشتاسپ داد نیامد ترا هیچ زان تخت یاد سوی او یکی نامه ننوشته‌ای از آرایش بندگی گشته‌ایčū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād nay-āmad tu-rā hēč z-ān taxt yād sōy-i ō yakē nāma na-niwišta'ī az ārāyiš-i bandagī gašta'īWhen he gave the realm of Iran to Gushtāsp, You did not remember that throne at all; You did not write a single letter to him, You turned away from the adornment of vassalage.(Classical Persian romanization)

#### Related terms

* ایرانشهر (ērānšahr / irânšahr, “Iran”)
* شهر سبز (šahr-i sabz / šahr-e sabz, “Shahrisabz”)
* شهر ناو (šahr-i nāw / šahr-e nâv, “Ayutthaya”)
* شهرآورد (šahr-āward / šahr-âvard)
* شهردار (šahrdār / šahrdâr, “mayor”)
* شهرزاد (šahrzād / šahrzâd, “Scheherazade”)
* شهرسازی (šahr-sāzī / šahr-sâzi)
* شهرستان (šahristān / šahrestân, “province”)
* شهرنشین (šahr-nišīn / šahr-nešin)
* شهرک (šahrak / šahrak, “town”)
* شهری (šahrī / šahri, “civic, urban”)
* شهریار (šahryār / šahryâr, “monarch, prince”)

#### Descendants

* Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
* → Azerbaijani: şəhər
* → Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
* → Bengali: শহর (śohor)
* → Crimean Tatar: şeer
* → Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)
* → Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
* → Gurani: شار (şar)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शहर (śahar)
    Urdu: شَہْر (śahr)
* → Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
* → Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
* → Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
* → Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
* → Marathi: शहर (śahar)
* → Nepali: सहर (sahar)
* → Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir) (see there for further descendants)
* → Odia: ସହର (sahara)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)
    Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)
* → Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
* → Uzbek: shahar

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَهْر (šahr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃahr/, [ˈʃa.h(ɪ)r]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

شهر • (šahr) m (plural أشهر (ʔašhor) or شهور (šhūr))
* month

#### See also

* سنة (sane)
* شهر (šahr)
* أسبوع (ʔusbūʕ)
* يوم (yōm)
* ساعة (sāʕa)
* دقيقة (daʔīʔa)
* لحظة (laḥẓa)
* ثانية (ṯānye)
Gregorian calendar months in South Levantine Arabic · أشهر التقويم الميلادي (ʔašhor it-taqwīm il-mīlādi) (layout · text) :
| January | February | March | April |
| شهر واحد (šahr wāḥad), كانون التاني (kānūn it-tāni) | شهر تنين (šahr tnēn), شباط (šbāṭ) | شهر تلاتة (šahr talāte), آذار (ʔāḏār) | شهر أربعة (šahr arbaʕa), نيسان (nīsān) |
| May | June | July | August |
| شهر خمسة (šahr ḵamse), أيّار (ʔayyār) | شهر ستّة (šahr sitte), حزيران (ḥazīrān) | شهر سبعة (šahr sabʕa), تمّوز (tammūz) | شهر تمانية (šahr tamanye), آب (ʔāb) |
| September | October | November | December |
| شهر تسعة (šahr tisʕa), أيلول (ʔēlūl) | شهر عشرة (šahr ʕašara), تشرين الأوّل (tišrīn il-ʔawwal) | شهر حدعش (šahr ḥdaʕš), تشرين التاني (tišrīn it-tāni) | شهر تنعش (šahr tnaʕš), كانون الأوّل (kānūn il-ʔawwal) |

## Tunisian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic شَهْر (šahr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃhar/

### Noun

شهر (šhar) m (dual شهرين (šahrīn), plural أشهرة (ušhra))
* month

### See also

Gregorian calendar months in Tunisian Arabic · أشهرة سوري (layout · text) :
| January | February | March | April |
| جانفي | فيفري | مارس | أفريل |
| May | June | July | August |
| ماي | جوان | جويلية | أوت |
| September | October | November | December |
| سبتمبر | أكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر |