# 瓜

| 瓜 | U+74DC, &#29916; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74DC |
| ← 瓛 [U+74DB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 瓝 → [U+74DD] |
| ⽠ | U+2F60, &#12128; KANGXI RADICAL MELON |
| ← ⽟ [U+2F5F] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽡ → [U+2F61] |

## Translingual
### Han character

瓜 (Kangxi radical 97, 瓜+0, 5 strokes in Chinese, 6 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 竹女戈人 (HVIO) or 竹戈人 (HIO), four-corner 7223$_0$, composition ⿸𠂆⿰厶㇏ or ⿻𤓰丶)
* Kangxi radical #97, ⽠.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/瓜
* 呱, 坬, 孤, 弧, 㧓, 泒, 狐, 柧, 胍, 畖, 蛌, 觚, 軱(𮝴), 鈲(𨱃), 䩝, 䱄, 苽, 窊, 罛, 笟, 㽿
* 𠇗, 𡜁, 𨸯, 𥄼, 𥑔, 𭄱, 𧙆, 𦍳, 𦧔, 𮕟, 𧦼, 𧲲, 𧵟, 𧿼, 𨠋, 𮞖, 𩈕, 𩛃, 𩢍(𬳷), 𬷊
* 𠛒, 𣢚, 𦤻, 𪀅, 𡗷, 𤽡, 𦊡, 𩂡, 𢈅

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 746, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21371
* Dae Jaweon: page 1154, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2654, character 1
* Unihan data for U+74DC

## Chinese

* 瓜 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Melon (English)
* Gourd (English)
* Radical 97 (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瓜 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 瓜 | *kʷraː |
| 坬 | *kʷraːs |
| 窊 | *qʷraː, *qʷraːs |
| 畖 | *qʷraː |
| 搲 | *qʷraːs |
| 攨 | *qʷraːs |
| 孤 | *kʷaː |
| 苽 | *kʷaː |
| 胍 | *kʷaː |
| 泒 | *kʷaː |
| 呱 | *kʷaː |
| 觚 | *kʷaː |
| 柧 | *kʷaː |
| 罛 | *kʷaː |
| 軱 | *kʷaː |
| 菰 | *kʷaː |
| 箛 | *kʷaː |
| 狐 | *ɡʷaː |
| 弧 | *ɡʷlaː |
Pictogram (象形) - a pictograph of a melon suspended by its vines.

### Etymology 1

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).
Possibly a borrowing from Proto-Hmong-Mien *klˠa (“cucumber”) (Ostapirat, 2016).
Compare also Tibetan ཀུ་བ (ku ba, “gourd”), Burmese သခွား (sa.hkwa:, “cucumber”) (Luce, 1981).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): guā (gua$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gua$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): guǎ
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): guà
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гуа (gua, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gwaa$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gwaa$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ga$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gua$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kôa
    (Hailu, HRS): gua$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gua$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gua$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): guá
* Eastern Min (BUC): guă
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koe / koa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guê$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): gue$^1$ / gua$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gwaa$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$ko / $^1$kua / $^1$kuo
** (Jinhua): $^1$kua
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gua$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guā
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gua
*** Wade–Giles: kua$^1$
*** Yale: gwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gua
*** Palladius: гуа (gua)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gua$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gua
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: guǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /kua²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: guà
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kua³¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гуа (gua, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /kua²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaa$^1$
*** Yale: gwā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaː⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gwaa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷa²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ga$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ka³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôa
*** Hakka Romanization System: gua$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku̯a²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gua$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kua⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kua⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kua¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guá
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guă
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gua$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gua
*** Sinological IPA : /kua⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koe
*** Tâi-lô: kue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koef
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kue³³/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /kuɛ⁵⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kue⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa
*** Tâi-lô: kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koaf
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kua³³/
* Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan:
** koe - vernacular;
** koa - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit瓜 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kua⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kuɑ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kua²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kua²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kua²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kua²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kua³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kua⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kua⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kua⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kua̠⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kuɑ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kua²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kua¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kuɑ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kua³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ko⁵³/ /kua⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ko⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kuɑ³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kuo³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kua³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kuːə¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kua³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kuɒ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kuɑ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kuɑ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kwa⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʷa⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kwa⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kua⁵⁵/ /kue⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kua⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kua⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kue³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kue²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: kwae
Rime :
| Character | 瓜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古華切 |
| Baxter | kwae |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /kua/ |
| Wang Li | /kwa/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaa$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 瓜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷˁra/ |
| English | melon, gourd |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 瓜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4340 |
| Phonetic component | 瓜 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 瓜 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷraː/ |

#### Definitions

瓜
* melon; gourd; squash
    西瓜 ― xīguā ― watermelon
    南瓜 ― nánguā ― pumpkin
    冬瓜 ― dōngguā ― winter melon
* (Mainland China, slang, neologism) storyful news
    今年最大的瓜 ― jīnnián zuìdà de guā ― the most storyful news this year
    See also: 吃瓜
* (Singapore, colloquial) fellow; dude
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 一瓜一蒂
* 佛手瓜 (fóshǒuguā)
* 倭瓜 (wōguā)
* 傑克南瓜燈 / 杰克南瓜灯 (jiékè-nánguādēng)
* 傻瓜 (shǎguā)
* 傻瓜相機 / 傻瓜相机 (shǎguā xiàngjī)
* 冬瓜 (dōngguā)
* 刺瓜 (cìguā)
* 劉全進瓜 / 刘全进瓜
* 匏瓜 (páoguā)
* 匏瓜空懸 / 匏瓜空悬
* 南瓜 (nánguā)
* 南瓜燈 / 南瓜灯 (nánguādēng)
* 厄瓜多 (Èguāduō)
* 及瓜
* 及瓜而代
* 呆瓜 (dāiguā)
* 哈密瓜 (hāmìguā)
* 嗑瓜子
* 地瓜 (dìguā)
* 地瓜簽 / 地瓜签
* 地若瓜分
* 寒瓜
* 尼加拉瓜 (Níjiālāguā)
* 打瓜子
* 打響瓜兒 / 打响瓜儿
* 投瓜
* 抱蔓摘瓜
* 故侯瓜
* 有瓜葛
* 木瓜 (mùguā)
* 木瓜酵素 (mùguā jiàosù)
* 李下瓜田 (lǐxiàguātián)
* 東瓜茄子 / 东瓜茄子 (dōngguā qiézi)
* 東陵瓜 / 东陵瓜
* 水底納瓜 / 水底纳瓜
* 水裡納瓜 / 水里纳瓜
* 沉李浮瓜
* 洋香瓜
* 浮瓜沉李
* 浮瓜避暑
* 滾瓜兒 / 滚瓜儿
* 滾瓜溜圓 / 滚瓜溜圆
* 滾瓜爛熟 / 滚瓜烂熟 (gǔnguālànshú)
* 澆瓜之惠 / 浇瓜之惠
* 灌瓜之義 / 灌瓜之义
* 王瓜
* 瓜仁 (guārén)
* 瓜代 (guādài)
* 瓜分 (guāfēn)
* 瓜分豆剖 (guāfēndòupōu)
* 瓜剖豆分
* 瓜地馬拉 / 瓜地马拉 (Guādìmǎlā)
* 瓜子
* 瓜子仁
* 瓜子殼 / 瓜子壳
* 瓜子臉 / 瓜子脸 (guāzǐliǎn)
* 瓜子金
* 瓜字初分
* 瓜州 (Guāzhōu)
* 瓜搭
* 瓜時 / 瓜时
* 瓜月
* 瓜期
* 瓜李之嫌
* 瓜果 (guāguǒ)
* 瓜果筵
* 瓜架
* 瓜條 / 瓜条
* 瓜棚
* 瓜洲
* 瓜熟蒂落 (guāshúdìluò)
* 瓜瓞
* 瓜瓞綿綿 / 瓜瓞绵绵
* 瓜瓤 (guāráng)
* 瓜田之嫌
* 瓜田李下 (guātiánlǐxià)
* 瓜皮帽 (guāpímào)
* 瓜祭
* 瓜科
* 瓜秧
* 瓜笠仔
* 瓜紐 / 瓜纽
* 瓜蒂 (guādì)
* 瓜葛 (guāgé)
* 瓜葛之親 / 瓜葛之亲
* 瓜蓮 / 瓜莲 (guālián)
* 瓜蔓
* 瓜蔓抄
* 瓜藤 (guāténg)
* 瓜農 / 瓜农
* 瓜連 / 瓜连
* 瓟瓜
* 瓠瓜 (hùguā)
* 甘瓜苦蒂
* 甜瓜 (tiánguā)
* 番木瓜 (fānmùguā)
* 番瓜 (fānguā)
* 癩瓜 / 癞瓜 (làiguā)
* 白瓜 (báiguā)
* 矮冬瓜 (ǎidōngguā)
* 砍瓜切菜
* 破瓜 (pòguā)
* 稍瓜打驢 / 稍瓜打驴
* 種瓜得瓜 / 种瓜得瓜 (zhòngguādéguā)
* 糖瓜 (tángguā)
* 絲瓜 / 丝瓜 (sīguā)
* 絲瓜絡 / 丝瓜络 (sīguāluò)
* 綿綿瓜瓞 / 绵绵瓜瓞
* 老倭瓜
* 老王賣瓜 / 老王卖瓜
* 老醃瓜 / 老腌瓜
* 胡瓜 (húguā)
* 腦瓜頂兒 / 脑瓜顶儿
* 腦袋瓜 / 脑袋瓜 (nǎodaiguā)
* 腦袋瓜子 / 脑袋瓜子
* 花木瓜
* 花瓜
* 苦瓜 (kǔguā)
* 苦瓜臉 / 苦瓜脸 (kǔguāliǎn)
* 菜瓜 (càiguā)
* 菜瓜布
* 蒲瓜 (púguā)
* 西瓜 (xīguā)
* 西瓜子兒 / 西瓜子儿
* 西瓜帽 (xīguāmào)
* 豆剖瓜分
* 越瓜 (yuèguā)
* 醉瓜
* 醬瓜 / 酱瓜 (jiàngguā)
* 金瓜 (jīnguā)
* 金瓜石
* 阿空卡瓜
* 頂瓜皮 / 顶瓜皮
* 順藤摸瓜 / 顺藤摸瓜 (shùnténgmōguā)
* 香瓜 (xiāngguā)
* 馬拿瓜 / 马拿瓜
* 馬鈴瓜 / 马铃瓜
* 鯽瓜兒 / 鲫瓜儿
* 黃瓜 / 黄瓜 (huángguā)

#### Descendants

* → Bouyei: gval
* → Zhuang: gve
* → Thai: กวา (gwaa)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to Mandarin 掛 'to die'?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaa$^1$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gua$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaa$^1$
*** Yale: gwā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaː⁵⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯a̠³³/

#### Definitions

瓜
* (Wuhan Mandarin, Cantonese, Xiang, humorous) to die
** 1954, 朱頂鶴, 陳雲, directed by 譚伯葉, 鄧轟, and 陳中堅, 好女十八嫁 [Eighteen Marriages of a Smart Girl], spoken by 阮母 (梁淑卿 [Leung Suk Hing]):
       nei$^5$ waa$^6$ nei$^5$ seoi$^1$ hau$^2$ seoi$^1$ min$^6$ cung$^1$ gwaa$^1$ jan$^4$ dei$^6$ go$^3$ zai$^2$ aa$^4$, zoeng$^1$ loi$^4$ jan$^4$ dei$^6$ m$^4$ jung$^4$ heoi$^2$ nei$^5$, ni$^1$ syu$^3$ nei$^5$ dou$^1$ mai$^5$ sai$^2$ zi$^2$ ji$^3$ faan$^1$ lei$^4$ aa$^3$! [Jyutping]
       Say you "ward off" their son to death with your dejected face. If they don't keep you in the future, you don't stand a chance of coming back here!

##### Synonyms

* (to die):
* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
* 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫 / 死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
* 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
* 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
* 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
* 過去 / 过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 死, 亡, 歿, 卒 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼, 謝世, 離開人間 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 撂, 撂條, 故去 †, 吹燈 †, 吹燈拔蠟 †, 吹臺 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 彎回去 †, 毛兒提 Hui |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 死, 過世 † |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 † |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 § |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡ |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 歿 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 † |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 死, 過世 †, 不在 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 死 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 § |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 死, 不在 †, 老 † |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot, 唔食廣東米 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 過身, 去 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 去歸, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 過身 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 死, 善, 去 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 死, 登仙 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 過身, 死 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 死 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 § |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 死, 過身 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡ |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 死, 過身 † |
| Gan | Nanchang | 死, 過世 †, 老 † |
| Gan | Lichuan | 死 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡ |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 過身, 香 † |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 過身, 死 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 死 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 死, 過身 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤ |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 死, 消, 過身 †, 往生 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 消 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 死, 過身 †, 上神桌 †, 轉長山賣鴨卵 † |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 過身, 老 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡ |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 § |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 死, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 § |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 死去, 老 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 † |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 † |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 去蘇州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去塗州賣鴨卵 †, 轉去蘇州賣鴨卵 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 † |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †, 老去 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 † |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 死, 過身 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 § |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 § |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 死 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 死 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 § |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤ |
| Wu | Suzhou | 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 § |
| Wu | Danyang | 死 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 † |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤ |
| Wu | Jinhua | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Xiang | Changsha | 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 死, 過世 †, 故 † |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 死 |
| Note | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful |

#### Compounds

* 做瓜
* 瓜柴
* 瓜直
* 瓜碼子 / 瓜码子
* 瓜老襯 / 瓜老衬

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* gourd, squash, melon

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: うり (uri, 瓜)

#### Compounds

* 瓜田(かでん) (kaden)
* 南瓜(かぼちゃ) (kabocha, “pumpkin”)
* 西(すい)瓜(か), 水瓜(すいか) (suika, “watermelon”)
* 冬瓜(とうがん) (tōgan)
* 南(なん)瓜(か) (nanka)
* 破瓜(はか) (haka)
* 糸瓜(へちま), 天糸瓜(へちま) (hechima)
* 木瓜(ぼけ) (boke)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 瓜
* うり Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ori. Found in the Man'yōshū, compiled some time after 759 CE.
Possibly derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 熟る (uru), modern form 熟れる (ureru, “to ripen”).
Possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi, “cucumber”); compare other terms in the Japonic family, such as Kikai 瓜 (ui) and Yoron 瓜 (ui).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うり [úꜜrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɯ̟ɾʲi]

### Noun

瓜(うり) or 瓜(ウリ) • (uri)
* gourd, squash, melon

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウリ.

#### Derived terms

* 瓜草(うりくさ) (urikusa)
* 烏瓜(からすうり) (karasu uri)
* 胡瓜(きゅうり) (kyūri), 黄瓜(きうり) (kiuri, “cucumber”)
* 白瓜(しろうり) (shiro uri)
* 苦瓜(にがうり) (nigauri)
* 哈密瓜(はみうり) (hami uri)
* 隼人瓜(はやとうり) (hayato uri)
* 真桑瓜(まくわうり), 甜瓜(まくわうり) (makuwa uri)

#### Idioms

* 瓜(うり)の蔓(つる)には茄子(なすび)はならぬ (uri no tsuru ni wa nasubi wa naranu): “an eggplant won't grow on a gourd vine” → like father, like son, or the apple does not fall far from the tree
* 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)ったよう (uri o futatsu ni watta yō), 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)りたる如(ごと)し (uri o futatsu ni waritaru gotoshi): “like a gourd split in two” → like two peas in a pod
* 瓜二(うりふた)つ (uri futatsu): “two gourds” → like two peas in a pod
* 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)らずそのまま (uri o futatsu ni warazu sono mama): “like a gourd that hasn't even been split in two” → like two peas in a pod, more emphatically

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Kikai
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”).

### Noun

瓜(うい) (ui)
* gourd

#### Compounds

* 胡瓜 (きうい, kiui, “cucumber”)

## Korean
### Hanja

瓜 (eumhun 오이 과 (oi gwa))
* cucumber

## Miyako
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”), possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi).

### Noun

瓜(うーㇲ゙) (ūdz)
* melon
* gourd

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: うい (ui, 瓜)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 瓜
* うい Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”), possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi).

### Noun

瓜(うい) (ui)
* melon
* gourd

## Tày
### Noun

瓜 (qua)
* Nôm form of qua (“melon”).

## Vietnamese
### Han character

瓜: Hán Việt readings: qua
瓜: Nôm readings: qua, dưa, co
* chữ Hán form of qua (“melon”).
* chữ Nôm form of dưa (“melon”).

#### Compounds

* 木瓜 (mộc qua)
* 苦瓜 (khổ qua)

### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* ↑ Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).

## Yoron
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”).

### Noun

瓜(うい) (ui)
* cucumber, gourd