# esse
## English
### Etymology

From Latin esse.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛsi/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

esse (plural esses)
* Essence, essential nature.
** 1788, Emanuel Swedenborg, The Wisdom of Angels Concerning Divine Love and Divine Wisdom, London: […] W. Chalklen, page 136:Hence it is that the Univerſe, which was created from his Eſſe, and which regarded as to Uſes is his Image, obtained theſe three in all and ſingular the Things appertaining to it.
** 1801, Emanuel Swedenborg, Arcana Cœlestia: or, Heavenly Mysteries Contained in the Sacred Scriptures, or Word of the Lord, Manifested and Laid Open, volume X, London: […] J. Hodson, page 482:[…] that is his proprium, since the esse of the life of man is his will;
** 1824–68, A[braham] J[ones] Le Cras, The Theological Contrast: or, Error Exposed, and Truth Elucidated, Being an Investigation into All the Systems of Religion, Now Propagated in the Whole World, London: […] Thomas Goyder, pages 95–97:In like manner Christians treading closely on the heels of Jews, notwithstanding all the divine miracles, which accompanied their first establishment, iu order to call them from the Deistical worship of a supreme esse, extended through all space, and to fix them in the exclusive acknowledgement of the one God in a divine human form, are equally guilty of idolatry, in worshipping Gods or persons, that have no real existence.
** 1961, Gerard Smith, Lottie H. Kendzierski, Philosophy of Being, The Macmillan Company, page 339:Essence is a being by an esse which the essence is. Substance is a being by an esse which the substance is. Ens is a being by an esse which the ens is.
** 2015, Christopher Hughes, Aquinas on Being, Goodness, and God, Routledge, page 62:Agreed, if there are as many esses in an individual as there are forms in that individual, then a plurality of substantial forms in an individual implies a plurality of substantial esses in that individual, just as a plurality of accidental forms in an individual implies a plurality of accidental esses in that individual.

#### Related terms

* agere sequitur esse
* commission de bene esse
* de bene esse
* in esse

### References

* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Esse”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume III (D–E), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 294.

## Afrikaans
### Noun

esse
* plural of es

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈe.sə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈe.se]

### Noun

esse f (plural esses) (Valencia)
* Alternative form of essa

### Further reading

* “esse” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Central Franconian
### Alternative forms

* äße (most dialects)
* eaße (parts of Moselle Franconian)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ezzen, from Old High German ezzan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛsə/

### Verb

esse (third-person singular present iss or itt, preterite oß, past participle jesse or jejesse)
* (Kölsch, nothernmost Ripuarian) to eat

#### Usage notes

* The second and third persons du itts, hä itt are attested for the formerly Low Franconian areas around Düsseldorf. These forms might now be obsolete.

## Corsican
### Alternative forms

* essa (Ultramontane)

### Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Inherited from Latin esse. Compare Italian essere, French être.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈes.sɛ/
* Hyphenation: es‧se

### Verb

esse (Cismontane)
* (copulative) to be
* (intransitive) to be (to exist)
* (intransitive) to be (to occupy a place)
* (auxiliary, + past participle) Forms the passive voice; to be
* (auxiliary, + past participle) Forms the perfect aspect of some verbs; to have

#### Descendants

* Gallurese: esse, essi

### References

* “esse, essa” in INFCOR: Banca di dati di a lingua corsa

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: ace, aces, ès, esses

### Noun

esse m (plural esses)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.

### Further reading

* “esse”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Gallurese
### Alternative forms

* essi

### Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛs.se/

### Verb

esse
* (auxiliary) to be

#### Conjugation
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

esse
* inflection of essen:
** first-person singular present
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive

## Hunsrik
### Alternative forms

* ëse (Wiesemann spelling system)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ezzen, from Old High German ezzan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈesə/
* Rhymes: -esə
* Syllabification: es‧se
* Homophone: Esse

### Verb

esse
* to eat
    Ich esse keen Fleisch.I don't eat meat.
    Heit esse-mer Fisch.Today we eat fish.

#### Inflection

| infinitive | esse |
| past participle | gess |
| auxiliary | hon |
| | present tense |
| 1st person singular | esse |
| 2nd person singular | esst |
| 3rd person singular | essd |
| 1st person plural | esse |
| 2nd person plural | essd |
| 3rd person plural | esse |
| | imperative |
| 2nd person singular | ess |
| 2nd person plural | essd |

#### Derived terms

* mitesse

### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From estää (“to prevent”) +‎ -e. Akin to Finnish este.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈesːe/, [ˈe̞s̠ː]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈesːe/, [ˈe̞ʃːe̞]
* Rhymes: -esː, -esːe
* Hyphenation: es‧se

### Noun

esse
* obstacle

#### Declension
### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 36

## Italian
### Etymology 1

From Latin es (the name of the letter S).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛs.se/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛsse
* Hyphenation: ès‧se

#### Noun

esse f or m (invariable)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.; ess

##### Derived terms

* esse lunga

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta

### Etymology 2

From Latin ipsae, from ipse.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈes.se/
* Rhymes: -esse
* Hyphenation: és‧se

#### Pronoun

esse f pl
* plural of essa; they, them (female)
    Synonym: loro

#### See also

| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Locative | Genitive | Disjunctive |
| Singular | third | m | esso$^1$, egli, elli$^3$ | si, s' | lo, l' | gli | vi, v' | ne, n' | esso, sé |
| Singular | third | f | essa, ella, Ella$^2$ | si, s' | la, l' | le, ella$^3$ | vi, v' | ne, n' | essa, sé |
| Plural | third | m | essi, eglino$^3$, ellino$^3$, elli$^3$ | si, s' | li | loro | vi, v' | ne, n' | essi, sé |
| Plural | third | f | esse, elle$^3$, elleno$^3$ | si, s' | le | loro | vi, v' | ne, n' | esse, elle$^3$, sé |
| $^1$ | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. | Refers predominantly to non-humans. |
| $^2$ | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. | Highly elevated variant of Lei. |
| $^3$ | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. | Archaic. |

### Anagrams

* sese

## Latin
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈes.se/, [ˈɛs̠ːɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes.se/, [ˈɛsːe]

#### Verb

esse
* present active infinitive of sum

#### Noun

esse m (indeclinable) (Medieval Latin)
* state, condition

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːs.se/, [ˈeːs̠ːɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes.se/, [ˈɛsːe]

#### Verb

ēsse
* present active infinitive of edō

### References

* “esse”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "esse", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* essi
* eissi

### Pronoun

esse
* third-person singular feminine of as

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

From Middle High German ezzen, from Old High German ezzan, from Proto-West Germanic *etan. Compare German essen, Dutch eten, English eat, Swedish äta.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛsə/

### Verb

esse
* to eat

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | esse |
| past participle | hot gesse |
| future tense | waerd esse |
| subjunctive | daet esse |
| | present tense |
| 1st person singular | ess |
| 2nd person singular | esscht |
| 3rd person singular | esst |
| 1st person plural | esse |
| 2nd person plural | esst |
| 3rd person plural | esse |
| imperative | du ess, dihr esst |

## Piedmontese
### Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈese/

### Verb

esse
* to be

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | esse |
| present gerundive | essend |
| past participle | stàit |
| | Present indicative | Past indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Past Historic | Present Conditional |
| First-person singular | i son | i j'era | i sarai | i sia | i fussa | I fure | i sarìa |
| Second-person singular | it ses | it j'ere | it saras | it sie | it fusse | it fùrës | it sarìe |
| Third-person singular | a l'é | a l'era | a sarà | a sia | a fussa | fur | a sarìa |
| First-person plural | i soma | i j'ero | i saroma | i sio | i fusso | furo | i sarìo |
| Second-person plural | i seve | i j'ere | i sareve | i sie | i fusse | i fùrës | i sarìe |
| Third-person plural | a son | a j'ero | i saran | a sio | a fusso | a furo | a sarìo |

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese esse, from Latin ipse (“himself”).

#### Alternative forms

* êsse (pre-reform spelling)

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈe.si/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈe.si/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈe.se/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈe.sɨ/
* Hyphenation: es‧se
* Audio (São Paulo):(file)

#### Determiner

esse (feminine essa, masculine plural esses, feminine plural essas)
* that (near you)
    Esse chapéu está limpo?Is that hat clean?
* (Brazil, colloquial) this (near me)
    Synonym: este
    Esse livro é muito bom.This book is very good.

#### Pronoun

esse (feminine essa, masculine plural esses, feminine plural essas, neuter isso) (definite demonstrative pronoun)
* that, that one (near you)
* that (that one); this (this one) (indicates something already mentioned or understood from context)
    Esse é o segredo para vencer.This is the secret to winning.

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:esse.

##### Derived terms

* fazer esse

#### See also
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈɛ.si/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈɛ.si/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈɛ.se/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈɛ.sɨ/
* Hyphenation: es‧se

#### Noun

esse m (plural esses)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.
* something shaped like the letter S

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:esse.

## Swedish
### Noun

esse n
* Only used in vara i sitt esse

### References

* esse in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* esse in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

## Tatar
### Adjective

esse
* hot

## Walloon
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French estre, from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse. Some conjugations reflect Latin stāre (“stand”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/
* Homophones: èç, ès

### Verb

esse
* to be
    Synonym: sey

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | esse (or iesse) / sey | esse (or iesse) / sey | esse (or iesse) / sey | esse (or iesse) / sey | esse (or iesse) / sey |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | estant | estant | estant | estant | estant |
| auxiliary | auxiliary | auxiliary | aveur | aveur | aveur | aveur | aveur |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | sti | sti | — | — |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | — | — | — | — |
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | | dji (dj') | ti (t') | i (il) / ele | dji (dj') / nos | vos | i (il) |
| indicative | present | so | es | est | estans | estoz | sont |
| indicative | imperfect | ere / î / esteu | eres / îs / esteus | ere / ît / esteut | esténs | estîz | estént |
| indicative | preterit | esta / fouri | estas/ fouris | esta / fourit | estîs / fourîns | estîz / fourîz | estît / fourît |
| indicative | future | serè | serès | serè | serans | seroz | seront |
| indicative | conditional | sereu | sereus | sereut | seréns | serîz | serént |
| subjunctive | | ki dj' | ki t' | k' i (il) / k' ele | ki dj' / ki nos | ki vos | k' i (il) |
| subjunctive | present | soeye / fouxhe | soeyes / fouxhes | soeye / fouxhe | soeyanxhe / fouxhanxhe | soeyoxhe / fouxhoxhe | soeyèxhe / fouxhnuxhe |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estaxhe / fouxhe / fourixhe | estaxhes / fouxhes / fourixhes | estaxhe / fouxhe / fourixhe | estaxhénxhe / fouxhénxhe | estaxhîxhe / fouxhîxhe | estaxhénxhe / fouxhénxhe |
| imperative | | — | ti | — | dji / nos | vos | — |
| imperative | affirmative | | soey / fouxhe | | soeyans / fouxhans | soeyoz / fouxhoz | |

### Noun

esse m (plural esses)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.
* Something shaped like the letter S.