# 獨

| 獨 | U+7368, &#29544; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7368 |
| ← 獧 [U+7367] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 獩 → [U+7369] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 独 |
| Simplified | 独 |
| Traditional | 獨 |

### Han character

獨 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 大竹田中戈 (KHWLI), four-corner 4622$_7$, composition ⿰犭蜀)

#### Derived characters

* 𤣡, 𮭞, 𧁿, 𪈌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 719, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20725
* Dae Jaweon: page 1130, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1372, character 3
* Unihan data for U+7368

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 獨 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 襡 | *toːʔ, *toːɡs, *doːʔ, *doːɡ, *djoɡ |
| 噣 | *toːɡs, *tuɡs, *rtoːɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 斣 | *toːɡs |
| 歜 | *sdoːmʔ, *tʰjoɡ |
| 斀 | *rtoːɡ |
| 孎 | *rtoːɡ, *toɡ |
| 濁 | *rdoːɡ |
| 鐲 | *rdoːɡ, *zroːɡ, *djoɡ |
| 鸀 | *rdoːɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 擉 | *sʰroːɡ |
| 獨 | *doːɡ |
| 髑 | *doːɡ |
| 韣 | *doːɡ, *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 斸 | *toɡ |
| 钃 | *toɡ |
| 欘 | *toɡ |
| 躅 | *doɡ |
| 蠋 | *doɡ, *tjoɡ |
| 燭 | *tjoɡ |
| 囑 | *tjoɡ |
| 矚 | *tjoɡ |
| 屬 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 属 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 蠾 | *tjoɡ, *djoɡ |
| 觸 | *tʰjoɡ |
| 臅 | *tʰjoɡ |
| 觕 | *sʰlaː, *zlaːʔ, *tʰjoɡ |
| 蜀 | *djoɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *doːɡ): semantic 犭 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).

### Etymology

Perhaps related to 特 (OC *dɯːɡ, “single, alone”); see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dú (du$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): dú
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): důq
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дў (dw, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): duk$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): uuk$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): tuh$^7$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tug$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): dueh$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): dŭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ta̍k / to̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dag$^8$ / dog$^8$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$doq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dú
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dú
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^2$
*** Yale: dú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwu
*** Palladius: ду (du)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: du$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: du
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: dú
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²⁴/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: důq
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): duq$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuʔ⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дў (dw, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: duk$^6$
*** Yale: duhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: duk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʊk̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: uuk$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵk̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: tuh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuʔ²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: tug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: dueh$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuəʔ⁵⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /tuʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta̍k / to̍k
*** Tâi-lô: ta̍k / to̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dak, dok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tak̚²⁴/, /tɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tak̚¹²¹/, /tɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
* ta̍k - vernacular;
* to̍k - literary.
* Middle Chinese: duwk
Rime :
| Character | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 屋 (3) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒谷切 |
| Baxter | duwk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dəwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /duk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /duk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | duk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ duwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁok/ |
| English | alone; only |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11818 |
| Phonetic component | 蜀 |
| Rime group | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 獨 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːɡ/ |

### Definitions

獨
* alone; single; solitary
    獨自／独自 ― dúzì ― by oneself
    獨奏／独奏 ― dúzòu ― solo
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Mò jiàn hū yǐn, mò xiǎn hū wēi. Gù jūnzǐ shèn qí dú yě. [Pinyin]
    There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Kuàizhì suǒ tóng yě, yángzǎo suǒ dú yě. [Pinyin]
    For mince and broiled meat there is a common [liking], while that for sheep-dates was peculiar.
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Wú qīngxiàng fǔzuǒ zú rènshǐ zhě, wèi zhī dú. [Pinyin]
    If he has no premier, prime minister, counselors, or assistants who can be given responsibilities, then he is called 'alone.'"
* the old and childless
* only
    不獨／不独 ― bùdú ― not only
    唯獨／唯独 ― wéidú ― only; all except
* (literary) Indicates a rhetorical question: is it possible that...
    Synonyms: 豈 / 岂 (qǐ), 寧 / 宁 (nìng)
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Zǐ dú bù jiàn lí shēng hū? [Pinyin]
    Have you not seen a wildcat or a weasel?
* (in compounds) separatism
    謀獨／谋独 ― móudú ― to plot / scheme for independence
    港獨／港独 ― Gǎngdú ― Hong Kong Independence Movement
    臺獨／台独 ― Táidú ― Taiwan Independence Movement

### Compounds

* 一枝獨秀 / 一枝独秀 (yīzhīdúxiù)
* 不獨 / 不独 (bùdú)
* 匠心獨具 / 匠心独具 (jiàngxīndújù)
* 匠心獨運 / 匠心独运 (jiàngxīndúyùn)
* 千古獨步 / 千古独步
* 千載獨步 / 千载独步
* 司法獨立 / 司法独立
* 古調獨彈 / 古调独弹
* 合獨 / 合独
* 吃獨食 / 吃独食 (chī dúshí)
* 各自獨立 / 各自独立
* 向隅獨泣 / 向隅独泣 (xiàngyúdúqì)
* 唯吾獨尊 / 唯吾独尊
* 唯我獨尊 / 唯我独尊 (wéiwǒdúzūn)
* 唯獨 / 唯独 (wéidú)
* 唱獨角戲 / 唱独角戏 (chàng dújiǎoxì)
* 單人獨馬 / 单人独马 (dānréndúmǎ)
* 單打獨鬥 / 单打独斗 (dāndǎdúdòu)
* 單獨 / 单独 (dāndú)
* 單獨行為 / 单独行为
* 塊然獨處 / 块然独处
* 壟斷獨登 / 垄断独登
* 大權獨攬 / 大权独揽 (dàquándúlǎn)
* 失獨 / 失独 (shīdú)
* 奮身獨步 / 奋身独步
* 孤獨 / 孤独 (gūdú)
* 孤獨園 / 孤独园
* 孤眠獨宿 / 孤眠独宿
* 孤衾獨枕 / 孤衾独枕
* 專斷獨行 / 专断独行
* 小姑獨處 / 小姑独处
* 巋然獨存 / 岿然独存
* 幽獨 / 幽独
* 得天獨厚 / 得天独厚 (détiāndúhòu)
* 微獨 / 微独
* 情有獨鍾 / 情有独钟 (qíngyǒudúzhōng)
* 惸獨 / 惸独
* 慎獨 / 慎独 (shèndú)
* 慧眼獨具 / 慧眼独具
* 打獨磨 / 打独磨
* 推群獨步 / 推群独步
* 民賊獨夫 / 民贼独夫
* 江東獨步 / 江东独步
* 無獨有偶 / 无独有偶 (wúdú-yǒu'ǒu)
* 煢獨 / 茕独
* 特立獨行 / 特立独行 (tèlìdúxíng)
* 獨一無二 / 独一无二 (dúyīwú'èr)
* 獨享 / 独享 (dúxiǎng)
* 獨享權益 / 独享权益
* 獨來獨往 / 独来独往 (dúláidúwǎng)
* 獨具一格 / 独具一格 (dújùyīgé)
* 獨具匠心 / 独具匠心 (dújùjiàngxīn)
* 獨具慧眼 / 独具慧眼
* 獨具隻眼 / 独具只眼
* 獨出心裁 / 独出心裁
* 獨出機杼 / 独出机杼
* 獨到 / 独到 (dúdào)
* 獨到之處 / 独到之处 (dúdàozhīchù)
* 獨到之見 / 独到之见
* 獨創 / 独创 (dúchuàng)
* 獨創一格 / 独创一格
* 獨力 / 独力 (dúlì)
* 獨力難持 / 独力难持
* 獨力難支 / 独力难支
* 獨勁 / 独劲 (dújìn)
* 獨占 (dúzhàn)
* 獨占花魁
* 獨占資本 / 独占资本
* 獨占鰲頭 / 独占鳌头 (dúzhàn'áotóu)
* 獨占鼇頭 / 独占鳌头
* 獨吃自痾 / 独吃自疴
* 獨吟 / 独吟
* 獨吞 / 独吞 (dútūn)
* 獨唱 / 独唱 (dúchàng)
* 獨善 / 独善
* 獨善其身 / 独善其身
* 獨垂青盼 / 独垂青盼
* 獨大 / 独大 (dúdà)
* 獨夫 / 独夫 (dúfū)
* 獨夫民賊 / 独夫民贼 (dúfūmínzéi)
* 獨奏 / 独奏 (dúzòu, “solo”)
* 獨子 / 独子 (dúzǐ)
* 獨學孤陋 / 独学孤陋
* 獨學寡聞 / 独学寡闻
* 獨守尺寸 / 独守尺寸
* 獨守空房 / 独守空房
* 獨家 / 独家 (dújiā)
* 獨家報導 / 独家报导
* 獨家新聞 / 独家新闻
* 獨家生意 / 独家生意
* 獨宿 / 独宿
* 獨尊 / 独尊 (dúzūn)
* 獨居 / 独居 (dújū)
* 獨居監禁 / 独居监禁
* 獨峙 / 独峙
* 獨幕劇 / 独幕剧 (dúmùjù)
* 獨弦哀歌 / 独弦哀歌
* 獨弦琴 / 独弦琴 (dúxiánqín)
* 獨往 / 独往
* 獨往獨來 / 独往独来
* 獨抒性靈 / 独抒性灵 (dúshūxìnglíng)
* 獨挑 / 独挑
* 獨持異議 / 独持异议
* 獨捐 / 独捐
* 獨掌 / 独掌
* 獨排眾議 / 独排众议 (dúpáizhòngyì)
* 獨擅勝場 / 独擅胜场
* 獨攬 / 独揽 (dúlǎn)
* 獨斷 / 独断 (dúduàn)
* 獨斷專行 / 独断专行 (dúduànzhuānxíng)
* 獨斷獨行 / 独断独行 (dúduàndúxíng)
* 獨曲 / 独曲
* 獨有 / 独有 (dúyǒu)
* 獨木不林 / 独木不林
* 獨木橋 / 独木桥 (dúmùqiáo)
* 獨木舟 / 独木舟 (dúmùzhōu)
* 獨木船 / 独木船
* 獨木難支 / 独木难支
* 獨根孤種 / 独根孤种
* 獨樂樂 / 独乐乐
* 獨樂樂不如眾樂樂 / 独乐乐不如众乐乐 (dú yuè lè bùrú zhòng yuè lè)
* 獨樹一幟 / 独树一帜 (dúshùyīzhì)
* 獨樹一格 / 独树一格
* 獨步 / 独步 (dúbù)
* 獨步一時 / 独步一时
* 獨步天下 / 独步天下 (dúbùtiānxià)
* 獨步當時 / 独步当时
* 獨沽一味 / 独沽一味 (dúgūyīwèi)
* 獨特 / 独特 (dútè)
* 獨獨 / 独独
* 獨生 / 独生 (dúshēng)
* 獨生女 / 独生女 (dúshēngnǚ)
* 獨生子 / 独生子 (dúshēngzǐ)
* 獨當 / 独当 (dúdāng)
* 獨當一面 / 独当一面 (dúdāngyīmiàn)
* 獨白 / 独白 (dúbái)
* 獨眼龍 / 独眼龙 (dúyǎnlóng)
* 獨秀 / 独秀
* 獨立 / 独立 (dúlì)
* 獨立不群 / 独立不群
* 獨立千古 / 独立千古
* 獨立國 / 独立国 (dúlìguó)
* 獨立宣言 / 独立宣言
* 獨立自主 / 独立自主 (dúlìzìzhǔ)
* 獨立語 / 独立语
* 獨腳戲 / 独脚戏 (dújiǎoxì)
* 獨腳腿 / 独脚腿
* 獨自 / 独自 (dúzì)
* 獨自個 / 独自个
* 獨萿 / 独萿
* 獨處 / 独处 (dúchǔ)
* 獨行 / 独行 (dúxíng)
* 獨行俠 / 独行侠 (dúxíngxiá)
* 獨行其是 / 独行其是
* 獨行其道 / 独行其道
* 獨行大盜 / 独行大盗
* 獨行獨斷 / 独行独断
* 獨裁 / 独裁 (dúcái)
* 獨裁者 / 独裁者 (dúcáizhě)
* 獨見 / 独见
* 獨覺 / 独觉
* 獨角戲 / 独角戏 (dújiǎoxì)
* 獨角赦書 / 独角赦书
* 獨語 / 独语
* 獨資 / 独资 (dúzī)
* 獨身 / 独身 (dúshēn)
* 獨身主義 / 独身主义 (dúshēn zhǔyì)
* 獨軌鐵路 / 独轨铁路
* 獨輪車 / 独轮车 (dúlúnchē)
* 獨酌 / 独酌 (dúzhuó)
* 獨醒 / 独醒
* 獨鍾 / 独钟
* 獨門 / 独门
* 獨門兒 / 独门儿
* 獨門子貨 / 独门子货
* 獨門獨院 / 独门独院
* 獨門絕活 / 独门绝活
* 獨闢蹊徑 / 独辟蹊径 (dúpìxījìng)
* 獨院 / 独院 (dúyuàn)
* 獨霸 / 独霸 (dúbà)
* 獨霸一方 / 独霸一方
* 獨領風騷 / 独领风骚 (dúlǐngfēngsāo)
* 獨體 / 独体
* 獨龍 / 独龙 (Dúlóng)
* 獨龍族 / 独龙族 (Dúlóngzú)
* 獨龍語 / 独龙语 (dúlóngyǔ)
* 眾人皆醉我獨醒 / 众人皆醉我独醒 (zhòngrén jiē zuì wǒ dú xǐng)
* 眾醉獨醒 / 众醉独醒
* 矜寡孤獨 / 矜寡孤独
* 矜貧恤獨 / 矜贫恤独
* 絕世獨立 / 绝世独立
* 統獨 / 统独 (tǒngdú)
* 聯合獨占 / 联合独占
* 譙周獨笑 / 谯周独笑
* 超然獨立 / 超然独立
* 超然獨處 / 超然独处
* 踽踽獨行 / 踽踽独行 (jǔjǔdúxíng)
* 遺世獨立 / 遗世独立
* 金雞獨立 / 金鸡独立
* 隻眼獨具 / 只眼独具
* 非獨 / 非独 (fēidú)
* 鰥寡孤獨 / 鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)
* 鰲頭獨占 / 鳌头独占
* 鼇頭獨占 / 鳌头独占

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 独(どく) (doku); 独(とく) (toku)
* → Korean: 독(獨) (dok)
* → Vietnamese: độc (獨)

### References

* “獨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 独 |
| Kyūjitai | 獨 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 独)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: どく (doku)
* Kan-on: とく (toku)
* Kun: ひとり (hitori, 獨り)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 獨 (MC duwk).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 똑〮 (Yale: ttwók) | 똑〮 (Yale: ttwók) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 호을 (Yale: hwòùl) | 독〮 (Yale: twók) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [to̞k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [독]

### Hanja

Wikisource 獨 (eumhun 홀로 독 (hollo dok))
* hanja form of 독 (“alone”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 고독 (孤獨, godok)
* 단독 (單獨, dandok)
* 독거 (獨居, dokgeo)
* 독립 (獨立, dongnip)
* 독백 (獨白, dokbaek)
* 독신 (獨身, doksin)
* 독일 (獨逸, dogil)
* 독재 (獨裁, dokjae)
* 독점 (獨占, dokjeom)
* 독창 (獨創, dokchang)
* 독특 (獨特, dokteuk)
* 독학 (獨學, dokhak)

### Proper noun

* Hanja in this term
* 獨
獨 • (Dok) (hangeul 독)
* (in news headlines) Short for 獨(독)逸(일) (Dogil, “(South Korea) Germany”).

#### Usage notes

A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

獨: Hán Nôm readings: độc, dọc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.