# 煙管
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yānguǎn
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢ ㄍㄨㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jin$^1$ gun$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yānguǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢ ㄍㄨㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yanguǎn
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^1$-kuan$^3$
*** Yale: yān-gwǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iangoan
*** Palladius: яньгуань (janʹguanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jin$^1$ gun$^2$
*** Yale: yīn gún
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jin$^1$ gun$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yin$^1$ gun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːn⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

### Noun

煙管
* smoke pipe or tube; flue header

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien, Teochew) 薰吹

#### Derived terms

* 煙管麵 / 烟管面 (yānguǎnmiàn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 煙 | 管 |
| きせる ||
| Grade: S | Grade: 4 |
| jukujikun ||

### Etymology 1

From Khmer ខ្សៀរ (khsiěrô) or ខ្សៀ (khsiě, “a pipe for smoking”). Tobacco trade from Europe first went through Southeast Asia before reaching Japan. One source suggests that the Khmer word itself was a borrowing from Spanish que sorber or Portuguese que sorver, “that which is sucked upon”.
Variant readings include kiseri and kisero, although these are rare.
The kanji spelling 煙管 is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きせる [kìsérú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲi̥se̞ɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

煙管(きせる) or 煙管(キセル) or 煙管(キセリ) or 煙管(キセロ) • (kiseru or kiseri or kisero)
* a tobacco pipe with a metal stem
* (slang) a way of cheating on one's train fare
    The train rider purchases two tickets, one for a short distance at the start of the journey, and one for a short distance at the end of the journey. In this way, the rider can avoid having to pay full fare for the total distance travelled.
    A pun on the way that there is 金 (kane, “metal; money”) on both ends, but not in the middle, similar to a kiseru pipe.
    Synonyms: (official, formal) 不正乗車 (fusei jōsha), (not paying any fare at all) 只乗り (tadanori)
* (slang) a way of buying votes for an election
    The vote buyer pays the voter part before the election and part after (assuming the election buyer wins).
    A pun on the way that there is 金 (kane, “metal; money”) on both ends, but not in the middle, similar to a kiseru pipe.
* (obsolete) during the Edo period, someone who sold slow match to theater-goers to use to light their pipes
    Synonym: 火縄売 (hinawa-uri)

##### Derived terms

* 煙管(きせる)草(そう) (kiserusō)
* 長(なが)煙管(ぎせる) (nagagiseru)
* 鉈豆(なたなめ)煙管(ぎせる) (natanamegiseru)
* 南蛮(ナンバン)煙管(ギセル) (nanbangiseru)
* 水(すい)煙管(ぎせる) (suigiseru)

##### Descendants

* → Ainu: キセリ

#### Verb

煙管(きせる)する • (kiseru suru) suru (stem 煙管(きせる)し (kiseru shi), past 煙管(きせる)した (kiseru shita))
* (slang) to cheat on one's train fare

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 煙管し | きせるし | kiseru shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 煙管し | きせるし | kiseru shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 煙管する | きせるする | kiseru suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 煙管する | きせるする | kiseru suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 煙管すれ | きせるすれ | kiseru sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 煙管せよ¹ 煙管しろ² | きせるせよ¹ きせるしろ² | kiseru seyo¹ kiseru shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 煙管される | きせるされる | kiseru sareru |
| Causative | 煙管させる 煙管さす | きせるさせる きせるさす | kiseru saseru kiseru sasu |
| Potential | 煙管できる | きせるできる | kiseru dekiru |
| Volitional | 煙管しよう | きせるしよう | kiseru shiyō |
| Negative | 煙管しない | きせるしない | kiseru shinai |
| Negative continuative | 煙管せず | きせるせず | kiseru sezu |
| Formal | 煙管します | きせるします | kiseru shimasu |
| Perfective | 煙管した | きせるした | kiseru shita |
| Conjunctive | 煙管して | きせるして | kiseru shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 煙管すれば | きせるすれば | kiseru sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 煙 | 管 |
| えん Grade: S | かん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 煙管 (MC 'en kwanX, literally “smoke + tube”). Compare modern Mandarin 煙管 / 烟管 (yānguǎn).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えんかん [èńkáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ẽ̞ŋkã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

煙(えん)管(かん) • (enkan)
* a fire tube or boiler tube in a steam engine: a pipe that conducts hot gasses from combustion to heat the boiler
    Synonym: ファイア チューブ (faia chūbu)
* a smokestack or chimney
    Synonyms: 煙筒 (entō), 煙突 (entotsu)
* a tobacco pipe with a metal stem (same as above; kiseru reading more common)

##### Further reading

* 蒸気機関車の構成要素 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$ -- (fire tube): see #28 in the diagram
* Fire-tube boiler on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Suzuki, Tatsuya (1999 November) 喫煙伝来史の研究 (Kitsuen Denraishi no Kenkyū, “Research into the History of the Introduction of Smoking”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shibunkaku, →ISBN, retrieved 2013-06-06
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN