# er
## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: ûr, IPA: /ɜː/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
* Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.

### Etymology 1

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

#### Interjection

er
* (informal) Said when hesitating in speech.
    Synonyms: ah, eh, erm, uh, um
** 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
** 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
    Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

##### Translations
#### Verb

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)
* (informal, transitive, intransitive) To utter the word er when hesitating in speech.
    Synonyms: ah, eh, um; hem and haw
    um and er
    He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

er (plural ers)
* The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

### Anagrams

* 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æːr/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

## Alemannic German
### Etymology

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

### Pronoun

er m
* (personal) he; it

#### Declension
## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* ea (phonetic spelling)
* a (unstressed form)

### Etymology

From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eɐ̯/

### Pronoun

er
* he

### See also
## Breton
### Contraction

er
* Contraction of e ur (“in a(n)”).
* Contraction of e ar (“in the”).

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* èar (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

### Pronoun

er
* (Luserna) he, it

#### Inflection
### References

* “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Cornish
### Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛr]

#### Preposition

er
* for, by, on account of

##### Derived terms

* erbynn (“by, against”)
* er kov (“in memory of”)
* mos er y bynn (“address”)

### Etymology 2

From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [ɛːr]
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [eːr]

#### Noun

er m (plural eryon or eres)
* eagle

##### Alternative forms

* her

### Etymology 3

From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

#### Noun

er m (plural erys)
* heir

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

#### Noun

er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)
* (anatomy) temple

### Etymology 5

From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

#### Noun

er m
* challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

### Etymology 6

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

er
* Soft mutation of ger.

### References

* “er” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

## Crimean Tatar
### Adjective

er
* every

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛr]

### Noun

er n (indeclinable)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

### Further reading

* “er”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “er”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

### Verb

er
* present of være

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

#### Adverb

er
* there (unspecific to distance)
* pronominal adverb form of het: it; him, her, them
    Ik heb ermee gewerkt.I have worked with it/them.
    Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.You can see the mountains above it/them.

##### Usage notes

* Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
* With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

##### Descendants

* Petjo: d'r

### Etymology 2

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

#### Adverb

er
* (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
    Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
       My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
    Ik zie er geen meer.
       I don't see any more (of them).

##### Synonyms

* ervan

##### Derived terms

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

##### Related terms

* daar
* hier
* waar

##### See also

* er zijn

### Anagrams

* re

## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːɹ/

### Verb

er
* third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Hann er skipari.He is a captain/skipper.
    Hon er úr Føroyum.She is from the Faroe Islands.
    Tað er í ordan.It's all right.

## Gagauz
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eɾ/

### Noun

er
* place, location
* the ground
* earth

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

### Pronunciation

* (standard) IPA: /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]
   * Audio:(file)
   * Audio:(file)
   * Audio:(file)
   * Rhymes: -eːɐ̯
   * Homophone: Ehr
* (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA: /ɐ/

### Pronoun

er
* (personal) he.
    Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?
    Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
* (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
    Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
* (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
    Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
* (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
** (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
    Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
** 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎, page 27:Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

#### Declension

$^1$These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters.   $^2$enclitic, colloquial   $^3$archaic
* In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
** for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
** with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
* Older forms/spellings include:
** jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
** ihme (dative)

#### Derived terms

* hatter (hat er; colloquial)

### Further reading

* “er” in Duden online
* “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
* “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Hunsrik
### Alternative forms

* ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

### Etymology

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛɐ/

### Pronoun

er
* he

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːr/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

#### Verb

er
* first-person singular indicative present of vera
    Ég er skemmtilegur.I am fun (masculine)
    Hver er ég?Who am I?
* third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Veit einhver hvar pabbi minn er?Does anybody know where my dad is?
    Hver er hann?Who is he?

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

#### Pronoun

er
* (relative) which
    Maður er sá, er Jón heitir.There is a man who is named John.
    Konan, er hann var að tala við.The woman to whom he was talking.
    Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.This is the city from which he originated.
    Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.The town to which she's heading.
* (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun
    Það er sú bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.There is a book whose author people don't know.

#### Conjunction

er
* (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
** Judges 2:19
    En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
    Þar er ég kom.There whence I came.
    Þá er myndin var búin.When the movie was finished.

##### Derived terms

* þá er þegar

### References

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “er”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr/, [ɛr]

### Noun

èr (plural er-er)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

#### Synonyms

* ar (Standard Malay)

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

### Further reading

* “er” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* (Rome) IPA: /(e)ɾ/

### Article

er m sg
* (Roman) Dialectal form of el, whence modern il

#### Usage notes

* In modern times, the initial e- survives mostly only when the article precedes a word beginning with r- (or more rarely even when the previous word ends in a consonant), such as in er resto (“the change”) where a hypothetical **rresto (“change”) would be unacceptable because of its homophony with resto since geminated r’s don't exist in Roman; this is also reflected in the writing where the e- is omitted, as in rcane (“the dog”).

## Jamtish
### Verb

er
* present indicative of vara

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* ler(ラー) (-rā)

### Etymology

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [a̠ː]

### Suffix

er(アー) • (-ā)
* (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

#### Related terms

* ist(イスト) (-isuto)

### Further reading

* 難波功士 [Koji Nanba] (2006) “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in 関西学院大学社会学部紀要‎, number 100, pages 181–189

## Kembra
### Noun

er
* water

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːr/, [ˈeːr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈer/, [ˈɛr]

#### Noun

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension
* hedgehog

##### Usage notes

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

##### Declension

Third-declension noun.

##### Related terms

* ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈer/, [ˈɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈer/, [ˈɛr]

#### Noun

er f (indeclinable)
* The name of the letter R.

##### Usage notes

* Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irre).

##### Coordinate terms

* (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

##### Descendants

* >? Spanish: erre
* >? French: erre
* >? Italian: erre

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

### Further reading

* "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

## Latvian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛɾ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

er m (invariable)
* The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

#### See also

* Latvian letter names:
    a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

## Low German
### Pronoun

er
* Alternative spelling of ehr

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr/

### Noun

er m inan
* The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

## Malay
### Etymology

Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ə]

### Interjection

er
* Used to express hesitation; er, uh.
    Synonym: a
    Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?Er, where are we going?

## Mambae
### Noun

er
* water

### References

* Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

## Mandarin
### Romanization

er
* Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
* Nonstandard spelling of ér.
* Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
* Nonstandard spelling of èr.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Manx
### Etymology

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
* ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
* for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
* íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.

### Preposition

er
* on
* onto
* during
* for

#### Inflection
### Pronoun

er
* third-person singular of er
    on him/it

#### Derived terms

* ersyn (emphatic)

## Middle Dutch
### Adverb

er
* unstressed form of dāer

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːr/

#### Adverb

er
* early
* earlier
* formerly
* rather

##### Derived terms

* erly

##### Descendants

* English: ere
* Scots: air
* Yola: ear

##### References

* “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.

### Etymology 2
#### Determiner

er
* Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)

#### Pronoun

er
* Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

er
* Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

er
* Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)

### Etymology 5
#### Determiner

er
* Alternative form of here (“their”)

## Middle High German
### Etymology

Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).

### Pronoun

ër
* (personal) he

#### Descendants

* Alemannic German:
    Low Alemannic:
       Alsatian: ar, er, ër
       Badisch: er
    High Alemannic: er, är
       Bernese: är
       Lucerne: aer
       Northeastern: ar
    Walser: är
* Swabian: er, ear
    Swabian Jura: ear
* Bavarian: er
** Cimbrian: èar, er, ar
** Mòcheno: er
* Central Franconian:
    Moselle Franconian: er
** Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
* East Central German:
    High Prussian: er
    Silesian East Central German:
       Lower Silesian East Central German: a
       Upper Silesian East Central German: a
       North Moravian: ar
    Thuringian: er
       Central Thuringian: er
       West Thuringian: aa
    Upper Saxon German: är
       Meißnisch: är
       Osterländisch: är
    Erzgebirgisch: aorr
    Lusatian: ar
* German: er
    Berlinerisch: er/ea
* East Franconian: er, ea
    Unterfränkisch: ar
    Hohenlohisch: er
* Rhine Franconian:
    Upper Hessian: er
    Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa
    Palatine German: er
** Pennsylvania German: er
* Yiddish: ער (er)

### References

* Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

## Mòcheno
### Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

### Pronoun

er
* he, it

#### Inflection
### References

* “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːɾ/, [æːɾ]

### Verb

er
* present of være (=to be)
    Han er ikke hjem. ― He is not home.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/

### Verb

er
* is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
    Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.
* (auxiliary) be
    Boka er skriven. ― The book is written
    Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.

### References

* “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

### Preposition

ēr
* before, earlier than

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: êer
** Dutch: eer
*** Afrikaans: eer
** Limburgish: ieër

#### Further reading

* “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

### Conjunction

ēr
* ere, afore

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: êer
** Dutch: eer
*** Afrikaans: eer
** Limburgish: ieër

#### Further reading

* “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

### Adverb

ēr
* previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
* earlier, before a certain time or period

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: êer

#### Further reading

* “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old Frisian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

#### Adverb

ēr
* earlier, previously

#### Preposition

ēr (+ dative)
* before (of time)

#### Descendants

* Saterland Frisian: eer
* West Frisian: ear't

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeːr/, [ˈɛːr]

#### Noun

ēr f
* Alternative form of ēre

### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old High German
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːr/

#### Adjective

ēr
* early

#### Adverb

ēr
* ere, before
* formerly

#### Conjunction

ēr
* before, until

#### Preposition

ēr (+ dative)
* before

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːr/

#### Noun

ēr n
* ore
* brass

##### Descendants

* Middle High German: er
** Alemannic German: Eer
*** ⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
* ⇒ Old High German: ērīn
** Middle High German: ērīn
*** German: ehern

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

#### Alternative forms

* her (northern)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /er/

#### Pronoun

er
* he
** c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
    […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […] […] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]

##### Inflection

Old High German personal pronouns :
| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
| Singular | First | | ih (ihha, ihcha) | mīn | mir | mih |
| Singular | Second | | dū | dīn | dir | dih |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia |
| Singular | Third | Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz |
| Plural | First | | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih |
| Plural | Second | | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
| Plural | Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie |
| Plural | Third | Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio |
| Plural | Third | Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu |
| Polite form | Second | | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |

##### Descendants

* Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

### References

* Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

## Old Norse
### Alternative forms

* es, -'s

### Etymology 1

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

#### Pronoun

er
* who, which, that
** verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
    en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getrbut the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

#### Conjunction

er
* where
* when
    En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldinand when he died, the whole world cried.

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: er
* Faroese: er
* Old Swedish: ær

#### Usage notes

* The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

### Etymology 2

From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

#### Verb

er
* third-person singular indicative present of vera

##### Usage notes

* See above; the same rules apply.

##### Descendants

* Icelandic: er
* Faroese: er
* Norwegian:
** Norwegian Bokmål: er
** Norwegian Nynorsk: er
* Jamtish: er
* Elfdalian: ir
* Old Swedish: ær
** Swedish: är
* Danish: er
* Old Gutnish: ier

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “er”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Prussian
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).

### Preposition

er + (optionally another preposition)
* until, to, up to

#### Derived terms

* ergi

### Particle

er
* as well as

### See also

* er-

### References

* Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎ (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283

## Old Saxon
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːr/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

#### Adjective

ēr
* early

##### Declension
#### Adverb

ēr
* before, ere
* formerly

#### Conjunction

ēr
* before

#### Preposition

ēr (+ dative)
* before

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

#### Noun

ēr ?
* copper, bronze
* ore

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: ēr

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

#### Noun

ēr m
* messenger, herald

## Old Tupi
### Etymology

Back-formation from era (“name”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɛɾ
* Hyphenation: er

### Adjective

er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)
* named; having a name

#### Derived terms

* seryba'e

### References

* ↑ Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “era”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 109, column 1

## Palauan
### Preposition

er
* Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
    el mo er a medad ― in the future.
    er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.
    rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.

### References

* er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
* er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
* er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛɐ̯/

### Pronoun

er
* he

#### Declension

$^1$ unstressed

## Polabian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German ere / eren / here.

### Noun

er m ?
* master, gentleman

### Adverb

er
* Alternative form of ar

### References

* Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145
* Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
* Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛr
* Syllabification: er

### Noun

er f
* genitive plural of era

## Salar
### Etymology 1

From Old Turkic erür.

#### Noun

er
* is, are

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.

#### Noun

er
* man

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.

#### Adjective

er
* (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early

#### Adverb

er
* morning
* long time ago

##### Derived terms

* ergi
* ette
* er-geş (“morning and evening”)

### References

* Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
* 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎, 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
* 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
* 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎, Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
* Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103

## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ər/

### Pronoun

er
* unstressed form of hie (“he”)

#### See also
### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Scots
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

er
* (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
* (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
* (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
    A'm er so!(please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Usage notes

Used emphatically. See ir.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

er (plural ers)
* Shetland form of air (“beach”)

#### References

* “er, n.$^4$”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Swedish
### Etymology

Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːr/

### Pronoun

er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)
* you (plural, object)
    Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
* (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
    Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder
* (reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
    Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?

#### Usage notes

* See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
* Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).

#### Declension
### Anagrams

* -re, re-

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛɾ/, [æɾ]
* Rhymes: -æɾ

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

#### Adverb

er
* (dialectal) early
    Synonym: erken

##### Usage notes

* Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار (er), from Old Anatolian Turkish ار (är), from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰼 (er), Azerbaijani ər.

#### Noun

er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)
* brave
* man, male
* noble
* conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)
* tribesman
* warrior

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
er
erler
definite accusative
eri
erleri
dative
ere
erlere
locative
erde
erlerde
ablative
erden
erlerden
genitive
erin
erlerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
erim
erlerim
2nd singular
erin
erlerin
3rd singular
eri
erleri
1st plural
erimiz
erlerimiz
2nd plural
eriniz
erleriniz
3rd plural
erleri
erleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
erimi
erlerimi
2nd singular
erini
erlerini
3rd singular
erini
erlerini
1st plural
erimizi
erlerimizi
2nd plural
erinizi
erlerinizi
3rd plural
erlerini
erlerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
erime
erlerime
2nd singular
erine
erlerine
3rd singular
erine
erlerine
1st plural
erimize
erlerimize
2nd plural
erinize
erlerinize
3rd plural
erlerine
erlerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
erimde
erlerimde
2nd singular
erinde
erlerinde
3rd singular
erinde
erlerinde
1st plural
erimizde
erlerimizde
2nd plural
erinizde
erlerinizde
3rd plural
erlerinde
erlerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
erimden
erlerimden
2nd singular
erinden
erlerinden
3rd singular
erinden
erlerinden
1st plural
erimizden
erlerimizden
2nd plural
erinizden
erlerinizden
3rd plural
erlerinden
erlerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
erimin
erlerimin
2nd singular
erinin
erlerinin
3rd singular
erinin
erlerinin
1st plural
erimizin
erlerimizin
2nd plural
erinizin
erlerinizin
3rd plural
erlerinin
erlerinin
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
erim
erlerim
2nd singular
ersin
erlersin
3rd singular
er erdir
erler erlerdir
1st plural
eriz
erleriz
2nd plural
ersiniz
erlersiniz
3rd plural
erler
erlerdir :

##### Derived terms

* er bezi

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

er
* second-person singular imperative of ermek

### Further reading

* “er”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.

### Noun

er (plural erlar)
* man
    Synonym: erkak
* husband
    Synonym: zavj
    Antonym: xotin

#### Derived terms

* er-xotin

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛr/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).

#### Conjunction

er
* although
** 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.
** 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …

#### Preposition

er (triggers soft mutation)
* (literary) since
    Synonym: ers
* (archaic) in spite of, despite
    Synonym: er gwaethaf
* (archaic) in order to
    Synonyms: er mwyn, i
* (archaic) for the sake of
    Synonym: er mwyn
* (obsolete) because of
    Synonyms: achos, o achos, oherwydd, oblegid
* (obsolete) for, in exchange for
    Synonym: am
* (obsolete) resulting in
* (obsolete) through
    Synonyms: trwy, drwy

#### Usage notes

* In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
       Saif y castell yma er 1284.The castle has stood here since 1284.
       Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.
    Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
       Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.The castle has been here for centuries.
    In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.

#### Derived terms

* er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
* er gwaethaf (“despite”)
* ers (“since”)

#### Inflection
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

er f (plural eriau)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## West Frisian
### Pronoun

er
* clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.