# -o
## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /əʊ/
* (General Australian) IPA: /əʉ/, [æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ]
* (General American) IPA: /oʊ/
* Homophones: o, owe, oh

### Etymology 1

Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.

#### Alternative forms

* -oh

#### Suffix

-o (plural -os or -oes)
* A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.
    ‎kid + ‎-o → ‎kiddo
    ‎ugly + ‎-o → ‎uggo
** 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’

##### Usage notes

-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.
Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.

##### Derived terms

* agro, aggro
* ambo
* ammo
* beano
* beardo
* boyo
* bucko
* cheapo
* combo
* commo
* convo
* daddy-o
* Davo
* distro
* doggo
* friendo
* hundo
* inspo
* journo
* kiddo
* lameo
* lardo
* lesbo
* litro
* neato
* parmo
* pinko
* posho
* preggo
* preso
* psycho
* rando
* resto
* righto
* sicko
* stinko
* thicko
* thingo
* uggo
* wacko
* weirdo
* whammo
* wino, wine-o
* yobbo
* arvo
* biffo
* bizzo
* bottlo
* compo
* deffo
* dero, derro
* doco
* druggo
* favo
* fisho
* Freo
* garbo
* goodo
* gyno
* kero
* lezzo
* metho
* milko
* muso
* nasho, Nasho
* rabbito
* reffo
* rego
* relo
* sammo
* sando
* seppo, Seppo
* servo
* smoko
* the Salvos
* veggo

##### See also

* -ie, -y

### Etymology 2

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

#### Suffix

-o
* (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.
    no problemo

##### Derived terms

* problemo
* stinko
* enduro

### Etymology 3

Rebracketing of typo.

#### Suffix

-o (plural -os)
* Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.

##### Derived terms

* clicko
* copy-pasto
* hearo
* printo
* scanno
* speako
* spello
* thinko
* writo

### Derived terms
## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ˈo/ [-ˈɔ]

### Suffix

-ó
* Used to form feminine nouns from verbs.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Albanian
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/

#### Suffix

-ó
* Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.
    ‎áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎afró! (“bring closer”)
    ‎báraz (“equal”, adverb) + ‎-o → ‎barazó! (“eqalize!”)
    ‎kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎krahasó! (“compare!”)
    ‎pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + ‎-o → ‎pastró! (“cleanse”)
    ‎zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + ‎-o → ‎zhurmó! (“make a noise, scream!”)

### Etymology 2
#### Particle

-o
* Alternative form of o

## Esperanto
### Etymology

* From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
* Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
* Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [o]
* Hyphenation: -o
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-o
* Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
** amiko (“friend”)
** patro (“father”)
** vorto (“word”)
* -thing. (correlative object ending.)
** kio (“what?, what”)
** tio (“that”)
** ĉio (“everything”)
** io (“something”)
** nenio (“nothing”)

## Finnish
### Etymology

Conflated:
* from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
* from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.

### Suffix

-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö, linguistic notation -O)
* Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
    ‎huutaa (“shout”) + ‎-o → ‎huuto (“shout”)
    ‎keittää (“boil, cook”) + ‎-o → ‎keitto (“cooking; soup”)
    ‎nähdä (“see”) + ‎-o → ‎näkö (“vision”) (ability to see)
* Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.
    ‎hilla (“cloudberry”) + ‎-o → ‎hillo (“jam”)
    ‎lehti (“leaf”) + ‎-o → ‎lehto (“grove”)
    ‎tasa (“level”) + ‎-o → ‎taso (“plane”)

#### Usage notes

* Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with -aa or -ää. Somewhat unusually, the front-vowel form -ö is used only with stems that contain what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e. -ä-, -ö- or -y-; if it only contains neutral vowels (e, i), the back-vocalic form -o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-oni
-oni
accusative
nom.
-oni
-oni
gen.
-oni
genitive
-oni
-ojeni
partitive
-oani
-ojani
inessive
-ossani
-oissani
elative
-ostani
-oistani
illative
-ooni
-oihini
adessive
-ollani
-oillani
ablative
-oltani
-oiltani
allative
-olleni
-oilleni
essive
-onani
-oinani
translative
-okseni
-oikseni
abessive
-ottani
-oittani
instructive
comitative
—-oineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-osi
-osi
accusative
nom.
-osi
-osi
gen.
-osi
genitive
-osi
-ojesi
partitive
-oasi
-ojasi
inessive
-ossasi
-oissasi
elative
-ostasi
-oistasi
illative
-oosi
-oihisi
adessive
-ollasi
-oillasi
ablative
-oltasi
-oiltasi
allative
-ollesi
-oillesi
essive
-onasi
-oinasi
translative
-oksesi
-oiksesi
abessive
-ottasi
-oittasi
instructive
comitative
—-oinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-omme
-omme
accusative
nom.
-omme
-omme
gen.
-omme
genitive
-omme
-ojemme
partitive
-oamme
-ojamme
inessive
-ossamme
-oissamme
elative
-ostamme
-oistamme
illative
-oomme
-oihimme
adessive
-ollamme
-oillamme
ablative
-oltamme
-oiltamme
allative
-ollemme
-oillemme
essive
-onamme
-oinamme
translative
-oksemme
-oiksemme
abessive
-ottamme
-oittamme
instructive
comitative
—-oinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-onne
-onne
accusative
nom.
-onne
-onne
gen.
-onne
genitive
-onne
-ojenne
partitive
-oanne
-ojanne
inessive
-ossanne
-oissanne
elative
-ostanne
-oistanne
illative
-oonne
-oihinne
adessive
-ollanne
-oillanne
ablative
-oltanne
-oiltanne
allative
-ollenne
-oillenne
essive
-onanne
-oinanne
translative
-oksenne
-oiksenne
abessive
-ottanne
-oittanne
instructive
comitative
—-oinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-onsa
-onsa
accusative
nom.
-onsa
-onsa
gen.
-onsa
genitive
-onsa
-ojensa
partitive
-oaan -oansa
-ojaan -ojansa
inessive
-ossaan -ossansa
-oissaan -oissansa
elative
-ostaan -ostansa
-oistaan -oistansa
illative
-oonsa
-oihinsa
adessive
-ollaan -ollansa
-oillaan -oillansa
ablative
-oltaan -oltansa
-oiltaan -oiltansa
allative
-olleen -ollensa
-oilleen -oillensa
essive
-onaan -onansa
-oinaan -oinansa
translative
-okseen -oksensa
-oikseen -oiksensa
abessive
-ottaan -ottansa
-oittaan -oittansa
instructive
comitative
—-oineen -oinensa :
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

#### Derived terms

* -oinen
* -onen
* -os

#### See also

* -u
* -uu

## Franco-Provençal
### Pronoun

-o
* postpositive form of o

## French
### Etymology

Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /o/

### Suffix

-o (informal)
* Added to a clipped noun or adjective

#### See also

* hosto

## Garo
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-o
* (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case

#### Synonyms

* -no (“forms locative”)

#### See also

* -na (“forms dative”)
* -ko (“forms accusative”)
* -chi (“forms instrumental”)
* -ni (“forms genitive”)

## Gothic
### Romanization

-o
* Romanization of -𐍉

## Ido
### Etymology

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.

### Suffix

-o
* Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-o. Cognates include Finnish -o.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-o/, [-o̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-o/, [-o̞]

#### Suffix

-o (front vowel variant -ö)
* Used to form result or action nouns from verbs.
* (rare) Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-oi. Cognates include Finnish -o.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-o/, [-o̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-oi̯/, [-o̞i̯]

#### Suffix

-o (front vowel variant -ö)
* Used to form diminutives.

##### Derived terms
## Italian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).

#### Suffix

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)
* (productive) used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal
    Synonym: -a

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)
* (not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

From Latin -ō.

#### Suffix

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* (productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /oː/, [oː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /o/, [o]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

#### Suffix

-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension
* Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
** forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.
    combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)
    vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)
    cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)
    centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)
    mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)
    Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)
** also forms names, especially cognomina.
    aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)
    incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)
    cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō
    cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō
    vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō
    catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō
    conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)
** (Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.

##### Declension

Third-declension noun.

##### Synonyms

* (forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹, -ārius, -ātor

##### Descendants

* Franco-Provençal: -on
* French: -on
** → English: -oon
* Italian: -one
* Portuguese: -ão
* Romanian: -oi, -oni
* Sicilian: -uni, -una
* Spanish: -ón

#### References

* “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

#### Suffix

-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)
* forms adverbs
    prīmus + -ō → prīmō
    tūtus + -ō → tūtō

##### Derived terms
#### References

* “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:
* Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
* In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).

#### Suffix

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation
* suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
    cūra + -ō → cūrō
    dōnum + -ō → dōnō
    laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō
    multa + -ō → multō
    nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)

##### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb. $^2$The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested. $^3$At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

##### Descendants

(from infinitive -āre:)
* Asturian: -ar
* Catalan: -ar
* Italian: -are
* Franco-Provençal: -ar
* Friulian: -â
* Occitan: -ar
* Old French: -er, -ier
** Middle French: -er
*** French: -er
** Gallo: -ieu
** → Middle High German: -ieren
*** German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
**** → Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
**** → Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
**** → Serbo-Croatian: -irati
** Norman: -yi (Jersey)
* Old Galician-Portuguese: -ar
** Galician: -ar
** Portuguese: -ar
* Romanian: -a
* Sardinian: -are
* Sicilian: -ari
* Spanish: -ar
* Borrowings:
** → English: -ate
** → Ido: -ar

#### References

* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
* “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

### Etymology 4

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.

#### Suffix

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation
* suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
    com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
    prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

#### References

* ↑ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 411

### Etymology 5

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:
* Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti).
* Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).

#### Alternative forms

* -iō

#### Suffix

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
* forms regular third-conjugation verbs

##### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

### Etymology 6

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey. Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.

#### Suffix

-ō
* dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

### Etymology 7

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

#### Suffix

-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension
* form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia
    ‎Aplis m + ‎-o → ‎Aplo f
    ‎Baezus m + ‎-o → ‎Baezo f
    ‎Dasant- m + ‎-o → ‎Dasto f
    ‎Ditus m + ‎-o → ‎Dito f
    ‎Paius m + ‎-o → ‎Paio f
    ‎Vendes m + ‎-o → ‎Vendo f

#### References

* Katičić, Radoslav (1976) Ancient Languages of the Balkans, page 180

### See also

* Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o

## Lithuanian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).

#### Suffix

-õ
* Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
* Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-o
* Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
* Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.

### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-õ
* An illative suffix.
    ‎namas + ‎-o → ‎namo

##### Synonyms

* -op
* -on, -yn, -ėn

## Lower Sorbian
### Suffix

-o
* -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

#### Synonyms

* -je

#### Derived terms
## Mokilese
### Suffix

-o
* Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)
    ‎rais (“rice”) + ‎-o → ‎raisso (“that rice over there, yon rice”)

#### Usage notes

This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

#### References

* Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Suffix

-o
* Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
* (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
* (archaic, nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

## Old Dutch
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.

#### Suffix

-o
* Forms adverbs from adjectives.

##### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: -e

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.

#### Suffix

-o
* Forms agent nouns from verbs.

##### Derived terms
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /o/

### Suffix

-o
* (Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
* Alternative form of -u

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -um.

#### Suffix

-o
* forms the masculine of nouns and adjectives

##### Descendants

* Galician: -o
* Portuguese: -o

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -ō.

#### Suffix

-o
* a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)
    ‎querer (“to want”) + ‎-o → ‎quero (“[I] want”)

##### Descendants

* Galician: -o
* Portuguese: -o

## Old High German
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

#### Suffix

-o
* Forms adverbs from adjectives.

##### Descendants

* Middle High German: -e

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

#### Suffix

-o m
* used to form masculine agents from verbs
    ‎geban (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gëbo (“giver”)
    ‎sprehhan (“to speak”) + ‎-o → ‎sprëhho (“speaker”)
    ‎biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + ‎-o → ‎boto (“messenger”)
    ‎ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + ‎-o → ‎herizogo (“army leader”)
    ‎sagēn (“to say”) + ‎-o → ‎fora-sago (“prophet”)

##### Declension

Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).

##### Descendants

* Middle High German: -e
** German: -e
In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

## Old Polish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ɔ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ɔ/

### Suffix

-o
* forms adverbs from adjectives
    ‎barzy + ‎-o → ‎barzo

#### Descendants

* Polish: -o

#### See also

* -ie

## Old Saxon
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

#### Suffix

-o
* Forms adverbs from adjectives.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).

#### Suffix

-o m
* used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns
    ‎gevan (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gevo (“giver”)
    ‎beddi (“bed”) + ‎-o → ‎gibeddio (“bedfellow”)

##### Descendants

* Middle Low German: -e

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophones: o, o-, -o-

### Suffix

-o
* forms adverbs from adjectives
    ‎beztroski + ‎-o → ‎beztrosko
* forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant
    ‎dziad + ‎-o → ‎dziadzio

#### See also

* -ie

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (stressed on the penultimate syllable) /u/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.

#### Suffix

-o
* forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.

#### Suffix

-o
* a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar
    ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)
* a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-o → ‎como (“[I] eat”)
* a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir
    ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-o → ‎uno (“[I] unite”)

## Romani
### Suffix

-o
* Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
* Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
* Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs

## Romanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic.

### Suffix

-o
* Vocative singular (feminine)
    ‎mamă (“mother”) + ‎-o → ‎mamo
    ‎focă (“seal”) + ‎-o → ‎foco

#### Usage notes

This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

#### Related terms

* -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Suffix

-o
* forms adverbs from adjectives
    ‎primjeran + ‎-o → ‎primjerno
    ‎naporan + ‎-o → ‎naporno
    ‎budan + ‎-o → ‎budno

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.

#### Suffix

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)
* Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun
    ‎azafata (“female flight-attendant”) + ‎-o → ‎azafato (“male flight-attendant”)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -ō.

#### Suffix

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
* suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

## Swahili
### Etymology 1

Other scripts :
| Ajami | ـوُ |
From Proto-Bantu *-ò.

#### Suffix

-o
* suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -aji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix
    ‎-penda (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎upendo (“love”)
    ‎-enda (“to go”) + ‎-o → ‎mwendo (“motion”)
* wa class$_{(II)}$, m class$_{(III)}$, and u class$_{(XI)}$ relative marker
* (archaic, Northern Swahili, poetry) relative marker for any noun class
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, stanza 13:اَوُرَكِيْبُوُ جُوَ نِمَاسِ ، كَكُلَ خَسَرَ اُخَسِرِيِAurakibuo jua ni-mwasi, kwa-kula khasara ukhasiriye.The one who rides it, know you are a rebel; you harm yourself.

##### See also

For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-o
* nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes
** (Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupaoIf you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you

### References

* Thilo C. Schadeberg (1989) “The three relative constructions in Swahili (Kisanifu)”, in Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations‎, pages 33–40: “The concordless morpheme -o- frequently replaces the [relative concord] in old/northern/poetic Swahili[.]”

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish -u, -o, from Old Norse -u.

#### Suffix

-o
* (archaic) dative suffix

##### Derived terms

* allo
* blindo
* borto
* däro
* förevaro
* godo
* häro
* kvaro
* medo
* närvaro
* ondo
* sammanvaro
* sammo
* samvaro
* sutto
* tillvaro
* utevaro
* varo
* vedervaro
* åsido
* äro

### Etymology 2

* Possibly from Tavringer Romani -o, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. buro (“non-Traveller, farmer”), bölo (“bull”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊ/
* When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

#### Suffix

-o
* (colloquial) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance.
    ‎fylla (“drunkenness”) + ‎-o → ‎fyllo (“drunkard”)
    ‎fet (“fat”) + ‎-o → ‎fetto (“a fatty”)
    ‎snygg (“handsome”) + ‎-o → ‎snyggo (“handsome (noun)”)
    ‎puckad (“stupid”) + ‎-o → ‎pucko (“a stupid person”)
    ‎lycklig (“lucky, fortunate”) + ‎-o → ‎lyllo (“a fortunate person”)

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /o/

### Suffix

-o
* (Internet slang) added arbitrarily to words to form slang words
    ‎aşk + ‎-o → ‎aşko
    ‎erkek + ‎-o → ‎erko
    ‎günaydın + ‎-o → ‎güno
    ‎şaka + ‎-o → ‎şako
    ‎sik + ‎-o → ‎sikko

#### Derived terms
## Volapük
### Suffix

-o
* adverb ending
* -wise (in the matter of; with regard to)

#### Derived terms
## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔ/

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-o
* used to form pet names
    ‎Dai + ‎-o → ‎Deio
    ‎Gwen + ‎-o → ‎Gwenno
    ‎Iorwerth + ‎-o → ‎Iolo

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-o
* (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive

### Etymology 3

From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.

#### Suffix

-o
* Forms verbnouns from verb stems.
    Synonyms: -i, -u

##### Usage notes

This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.

##### Related terms

* -io (Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech)

### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 202 iv