# torus
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈtɔː.ɹəs/
* (General American, Canada) IPA: /ˈtɔɹəs/, [ˈtɔ.ɹəs]
** Audio (US):(file)
* (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /ˈtoː.ɹəs/
** Audio (Queensland):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔːɹəs
* Homophone: Taurus (horse–hoarse merger)

### Noun

torus (plural tori or toruses)
* (geometry) The standard representation of such a space in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: a surface or solid formed by rotating a closed curve, especially a circle, about a line which lies in the same plane but does not intersect it (e.g. like a ring doughnut).
    Hypernym: toroid
** (topology) A topological space which is a product of two circles.
    Hyponym: solid torus
    A 4-variable Karnaugh map can be thought of, topologically, as being a torus.
*** (topology, in combination, n-torus, 4-torus, etc.) The product of the specified number of circles.
** A ring-shaped object, especially a large ring-shaped chamber used in physical research.
* (architecture) A large convex molding, typically semicircular in cross section, which commonly projects at the base of a column and above the plinth.
* (anatomy) A rounded ridge of bone or muscle, especially one on the occipital bone.
* (botany) The end of the peduncle or flower stalk to which the floral parts (or in the Asteraceae, the florets of a flower head) are attached.
    Synonyms: receptacle, thalamus
* (botany) The thickening of a membrane closing a wood-cell pit (as of gymnosperm tracheids) having the secondary cell wall arched over the pit cavity.

#### Derived terms

* de Bruijn torus
* hypertorus
* keratotorus
* nanotorus
* polytorus
* subtorus
* supertorus
* toric
* toroid

#### Related terms

* torus tubarius

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### See also

* annulus
* hoop

### References

* “torus”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “torus”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* Rusto, Stour, Sutor, Tours, roust, routs, stour, sutor, tours

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin torus.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
Hyphenation: to‧rus

### Noun

torus m (plural torussen, diminutive torusje n)
* (geometry) torus

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Latin torus.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtorus/, [ˈt̪o̞rus̠]
* IPA: /ˈtoːrus/, [ˈt̪o̞ːrus̠] (proscribed)
* Rhymes: -orus
* Hyphenation: to‧rus

#### Noun

torus
* (geometry, topology) torus

##### Declension

Possessive forms of torus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
torukseni
torukseni
accusative
nom.
torukseni
torukseni
gen.
torukseni
genitive
torukseni
torusteni toruksieni
partitive
torustani
toruksiani
inessive
toruksessani
toruksissani
elative
toruksestani
toruksistani
illative
torukseeni
toruksiini
adessive
toruksellani
toruksillani
ablative
torukseltani
toruksiltani
allative
torukselleni
toruksilleni
essive
toruksenani
toruksinani
translative
toruksekseni
toruksikseni
abessive
toruksettani
toruksittani
instructive
comitative
—toruksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
toruksesi
toruksesi
accusative
nom.
toruksesi
toruksesi
gen.
toruksesi
genitive
toruksesi
torustesi toruksiesi
partitive
torustasi
toruksiasi
inessive
toruksessasi
toruksissasi
elative
toruksestasi
toruksistasi
illative
torukseesi
toruksiisi
adessive
toruksellasi
toruksillasi
ablative
torukseltasi
toruksiltasi
allative
toruksellesi
toruksillesi
essive
toruksenasi
toruksinasi
translative
torukseksesi
toruksiksesi
abessive
toruksettasi
toruksittasi
instructive
comitative
—toruksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
toruksemme
toruksemme
accusative
nom.
toruksemme
toruksemme
gen.
toruksemme
genitive
toruksemme
torustemme toruksiemme
partitive
torustamme
toruksiamme
inessive
toruksessamme
toruksissamme
elative
toruksestamme
toruksistamme
illative
torukseemme
toruksiimme
adessive
toruksellamme
toruksillamme
ablative
torukseltamme
toruksiltamme
allative
toruksellemme
toruksillemme
essive
toruksenamme
toruksinamme
translative
torukseksemme
toruksiksemme
abessive
toruksettamme
toruksittamme
instructive
comitative
—toruksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
toruksenne
toruksenne
accusative
nom.
toruksenne
toruksenne
gen.
toruksenne
genitive
toruksenne
torustenne toruksienne
partitive
torustanne
toruksianne
inessive
toruksessanne
toruksissanne
elative
toruksestanne
toruksistanne
illative
torukseenne
toruksiinne
adessive
toruksellanne
toruksillanne
ablative
torukseltanne
toruksiltanne
allative
toruksellenne
toruksillenne
essive
toruksenanne
toruksinanne
translative
torukseksenne
toruksiksenne
abessive
toruksettanne
toruksittanne
instructive
comitative
—toruksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
toruksensa
toruksensa
accusative
nom.
toruksensa
toruksensa
gen.
toruksensa
genitive
toruksensa
torustensa toruksiensa
partitive
torustaan torustansa
toruksiaan toruksiansa
inessive
toruksessaan toruksessansa
toruksissaan toruksissansa
elative
toruksestaan toruksestansa
toruksistaan toruksistansa
illative
torukseensa
toruksiinsa
adessive
toruksellaan toruksellansa
toruksillaan toruksillansa
ablative
torukseltaan torukseltansa
toruksiltaan toruksiltansa
allative
torukselleen toruksellensa
toruksilleen toruksillensa
essive
toruksenaan toruksenansa
toruksinaan toruksinansa
translative
toruksekseen torukseksensa
toruksikseen toruksiksensa
abessive
toruksettaan toruksettansa
toruksittaan toruksittansa
instructive
comitative
—toruksineen toruksinensa :

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtorus/, [ˈt̪o̞rus̠]
* Rhymes: -orus
* Hyphenation: to‧rus

#### Verb

torus
* second-person singular present imperative of torua (with enclitic -s)

### Anagrams

* ruots., rusto, turso

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* torum, thorus

### Etymology

Of uncertain origin.
De Vaan proposes a tentative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *torh₂-os, from *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). This is formally and semantically solid, though there is little linguistic evidence to support it.
An older theory by Leumann derived the word from sternō (“to spread”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend”), but the connection between the two Latin words is semantically dubious (one would expect torus to be derived from a verb meaning "to turn" or "to knot" rather than "to spread").

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈto.rus/, [ˈt̪ɔrʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈto.rus/, [ˈt̪ɔːrus]

### Noun

torus m (genitive torī); second declension
* round, swelling, bulging place; elevation, protuberance
* bulge, knot
* (zootomy, usually poetic) muscular or fleshly part, muscle, brawn of an animal bodies
** (transferred sense, botany) bulge, thickness of trees
* raised ornament, knot on a garland
* (usually poetic) bolster, cushion; bed, couch, sofa
    Synonym: pulvīnar
** marriage bed
*** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.483–484:ausus es ante oculōs adductā paelice nostrōs tam bene compositum sollicitāre torum?Have you dared, by bringing your mistress before my eyes, to disturb our marriage bed so very well-composed? (Ariadne accuses her husband of infidelity.)
** (transferred sense, figuratively) marriage (sometimes any sexual relationship)
    Synonym: thalamus
* embankment, elevation of earth
* (architecture) large round molding at the base of a column
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Inflection

Second-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* toral
* torāria
* torōsus (adjective)
* torulus (diminutive)

#### Descendants

* Asturian: tueru
* → English: torus
* French: toron, tore (borrowed)
* → Galician: toro
* Italian: toro
* → Portuguese: toro
* Spanish: tuero, toro (borrowed)

### References

* “torus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “torus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* torus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “torus”, in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia‎
* “torus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “torus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 625

### Anagrams

* sutor

## Swedish
### Noun

torus c
* (geometry, topology) torus; a shape consisting of a ring, or an object of the same topology residing in a space of higher dimension; especially considered as a Cartesian product of two circles in a four-dimensional space

#### Related terms

* flat torus

### References

* torus in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* oturs