# 宋

| 宋 | U+5B8B, &#23435; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B8B |
| ← 宊 [U+5B8A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 完 → [U+5B8C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

宋 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十木 (JD) or 難十木 (XJD), four-corner 3090$_4$, composition ⿱宀木)

#### Derived characters

* 俕, 𠳼, 𭎥, 𡜻, 𫶀, 𢚗, 㧲, 浨, 𰗮, 𤥤, 𥒬, 䊉, 𰫧, 𫋀, 𰴺, 𧱍, 𨠼
* 𣒐, 䫅, 𦯕, 𣇆, 筞, 𬴪, 𢚠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 282, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7078
* Dae Jaweon: page 554, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 915, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5B8B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 宋 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 浨 | *ruːmʔ |
| 俕 | *sluːms |
| 宋 | *sluːŋs |
* 宋 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 宋 (Cantonese)
* 宋 (Classical)
* 宋 (Gan)
* Sòng (Chiu) (Southern Min)
* Song dynasty (English)
* Song (Chinese name) (English)
* Song (State) (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): sòng (song$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): song$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sung$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhuung$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): sung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sung
    (Hailu, HRS): sung$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sung$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): sung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): so̤̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sóng / sáe̤ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sang$^4$ / sorng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sàng / sòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): song$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$son
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): song$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sòng
*** Wade–Giles: sung$^4$
*** Yale: sùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sonq
*** Palladius: сун (sun)
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: song$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sung
*** Sinological IPA : /soŋ²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sung$^3$
*** Yale: sung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sʊŋ³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhuung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɵŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: sung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /suŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sung
*** Hakka Romanization System: sung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /suŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sung$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /suŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sʊŋ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: sung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /suŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: so̤̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sóng / sáe̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /souŋ²¹³/, /sɔyŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sang$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sa̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬaŋ⁴²/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sorng$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: so̤̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɒŋ⁴²/
* sang4 - vernacular (incl. surname in Putian);
* sorng4 - literary (incl. surname in Xianyou and part of Putian).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit宋 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /suŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /suŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /suŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /suŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /səŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /suŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /suŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /suə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /suŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /sũn¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /suŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /soŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /soŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /soŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /soŋ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /soŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /səŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /suəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /suŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /sũŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /soŋ³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /soŋ⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /soŋ⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /soŋ⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /sʌ̃³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /san⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /soŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /sən⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /suŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /suŋ⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /suŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /soŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɬuŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /suŋ³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /souŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /sɔŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /soŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /soŋ³⁵/ /taŋ³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: sowngH
Rime :
| Character | 宋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 冬 (5) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 蘇統切 |
| Baxter | sowngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /suoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /suoŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /soŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /soŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /suoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /suoŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤuŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sluːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 宋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ˁuŋ-s/ |
| English | (place name) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 宋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12061 |
| Phonetic component | 宋 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 宋 |
| Old Chinese | /*sluːŋs/ |
| Notes | 疑林省聲 |

### Definitions

宋
* (～朝) Song dynasty of China (960–1279), reigning from the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to the beginning of the Yuan
* Song or Liu Song (420–479), the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period
* a surname, listed 118th in the Baijiaxing
    宋美齡／宋美龄 ― Sòng Měilíng ― Soong Mei-ling
    宋楚瑜 ― Sòng Chǔyú ― James Soong (Taiwanese politician)
* (～國) Song, a state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Sòng rén yǒu shàn wéi bù jūnshǒu zhī yào zhě, shìshì yǐ píngpìkuàng wéi shì. [Pinyin]
    There was a man of Song who was skilful at making a salve which kept the hands from getting chapped; and (his family) for generations had made the bleaching of cocoon-silk their business.
* A Chinese constellation, considered a part of the Left Wall of the Heavenly Market Enclosure

#### See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history :
| Name | Time period | Divisions | Divisions |
| Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代) | 2070 – 1600 BCE | | |
| Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代) | 1600 – 1046 BCE | | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Western Zhou 西周 | |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Spring and Autumn period 春秋 |
| Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代) | 1046 – 256 BCE | Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周 | Warring States period 戰國 / 战国 |
| Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代) | 221 – 206 BCE | | |
| Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) | 206 BCE – 220 C.E. | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 | Western Han 西漢 / 西汉 |
| Xin 新 (～朝) ||
| Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉 ||
| Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国 | 220 – 280 C.E. | Wei 魏 | Wei 魏 |
| Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉 ||
| Wu 吳 / 吴 ||
| Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) | 265 – 420 C.E. | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 | Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋 |
| Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋 ||
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Wei 北魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Western Wei 西魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Zhou 北周 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Northern dynasties 北朝 | Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐 |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代) |
| Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 | 420 – 589 C.E. | Southern dynasties 南朝 | Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代) |
| Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代) | 581 – 618 C.E. | | |
| Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代) | 618 – 907 C.E. | | |
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国 | 907 – 960 C.E. | | |
| Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) | 907 – 1125 C.E. | | |
| Song 宋 (～朝, ～代) | 960 – 1279 C.E. | Northern Song 北宋 | Northern Song 北宋 |
| Southern Song 南宋 ||
| Western Xia 西夏 | 1038 – 1227 C.E. | | |
| Jin 金 (～朝, ～代) | 1115 – 1234 C.E. | | |
| Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽 | 1124 – 1218 C.E. | | |
| Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代) | 1271 – 1368 C.E. | | |
| Ming 明 (～朝, ～代) | 1368 – 1644 C.E. | | |
| Qing 清 (～朝, ～代) | 1636 – 1912 C.E. | | |

#### Descendants

* → English: Song, Sung, Soong

### Compounds

* 下宋窯 / 下宋窑 (Xiàsòngyáo)
* 上宋窯 / 上宋窑 (Shàngsòngyáo)
* 仿宋本
* 仿宋體 / 仿宋体 (fǎngsòngtǐ)
* 兩宋 / 两宋 (Liǎng-Sòng)
* 劉宋 / 刘宋 (Liúsòng)
* 北宋 (Běi Sòng)
* 南宋 (Nán Sòng)
* 呂宋島 / 吕宋岛
* 呂宋菸 / 吕宋烟 (lǚsòngyān)
* 大宋 (Dàsòng)
* 大宋小宋
* 宋三彩
* 宋仁宗
* 宋儒 (sòngrú)
* 宋元學案 / 宋元学案
* 宋史
* 宋哲宗
* 宋四大書 / 宋四大书
* 宋埠
* 宋太宗
* 宋太祖
* 宋學 / 宋学
* 宋徽宗
* 宋斤魯削 / 宋斤鲁削
* 宋書 / 宋书
* 宋會要 / 宋会要
* 宋朝 (Sòngcháo)
* 宋本
* 宋板
* 宋欽宗 / 宋钦宗
* 宋江陣 / 宋江阵
* 宋洛 (Sòngluò)
* 宋瓷
* 宋畫 / 宋画
* 宋畫吳冶 / 宋画吴冶
* 宋真宗
* 宋神宗
* 宋襄之仁 (sòngxiāngzhīrén)
* 宋襄公
* 宋詞 / 宋词 (Sòngcí)
* 宋詩鈔 / 宋诗钞
* 宋頭巾 / 宋头巾
* 宋體字 / 宋体字 (sòngtǐzì)
* 宋高宗
* 小宋 (Xiǎosòng)
* 屈宋
* 影宋抄本
* 房杜姚宋
* 才過屈宋 / 才过屈宋
* 杞宋無徵 / 杞宋无征
* 東宋 / 东宋 (Dōngsòng)
* 班香宋豔 / 班香宋艳
* 皕宋樓 / 皕宋楼 (Bìsònglóu)
* 羅宋湯 / 罗宋汤 (luósòngtāng)
* 老宋體 / 老宋体
* 衙官屈宋
* 趙宋 / 赵宋 (Zhàosòng)
* 鄭昭宋聾 / 郑昭宋聋

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* Song (Chinese dynasty)

#### Readings

(Can we verify this pronunciation?)
* Go-on: そ (so)
* Kan-on: そう (sō)
* Tō-on: そん (son)
* Nanori: おき (oki)、くに (kuni)、すえ (sue)

#### Compounds

* 屈(くっ)宋(そう) (Kussō)
* 呂(ル)宋(ソン) (Ruson, “Luzon”)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 宋
* そう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 宋 (MC sowngH). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ː]

### Proper noun

宋(そう) • (Sō)
* Song (former Chinese dynasty):
** name of the state during the Zhou dynasty (Can we verify this sense?)
** the 劉宋 (Ryūsō), around 420-479
** the 北宋 (Hokusō, “Northern Song”) and 南宋 (Nansō, “Southern Song”) dynasties, spanning around 960-1279
* a surname

#### Derived terms

* 宋音(そうおん) (Sō-on)
* 宋学(そうがく) (Sō-gaku)
* 宋詞(そうし) (Sō-shi)
* 宋朝(そうちょう) (Sō-chō)
* 入宋(にゅうそう) (nyū-Sō)

## Korean
### Hanja

宋 (eum 송 (song))
* referring to the Song Dynasty (宋朝)
* A surname

## Vietnamese
### Han character

宋: Hán Nôm readings: tống
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.