# 革

| 革 | U+9769, &#38761; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9769 |
| ← 靨 [U+9768] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 靪 → [U+976A] |
| ⾰ | U+2FB0, &#12208; KANGXI RADICAL LEATHER |
| ← ⾯ [U+2FAF] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾱ → [U+2FB1] |

## Translingual
### Han character

革 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿中十 (TLJ), four-corner 4450$_6$, composition ⿱廿⿻中一)
* Kangxi radical #177, ⾰.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/革
* 㗆, 𡟍, 𢃲, 愅, 𢯹, 㴖, 𤠇, 𨔷, 㮖, 煂, 𭹤, 䐙, 緙(缂), 𧤒, 諽, 𨍝, 𨐥, 韚, 𫠅, 𮪏, 𩩸
* 勒, 𪟋, 𤭫, 𦑜, 𩔈(𬱭), 䳬, 䨣, 𪔨, 𩍻, 㵮, 䩻, 𦣄

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1385, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42710
* Dae Jaweon: page 1899, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4325, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9769

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 革 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 革 | *krɯːɡ |
| 諽 | *krɯːɡ, *kʰrɯːɡ |
| 緙 | *kʰrɯːɡ |
| 鞂 | *kriːd |
Pictogram (象形) – a stretched animal hide: the upper is head, the bottom is the tail and legs. The hands 臼 around the hide were briefly added later.
Compare 皮 (pí), which also features a hide.

### Etymology 1

Appears to be related to 殼 (OC *kʰroːɡ, “shell, husk”); see there for more (STEDT).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gé (ge$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄜˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ge$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гә (gə, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaak$^3$ / gaap$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gak$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): giet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiet
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gêd$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): gă̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáik
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kek / kiak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$kaq; $^7$keq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ge$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gé
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gé
*** Wade–Giles: ko$^2$
*** Yale: gé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ger
*** Palladius: гэ (gɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ge$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ge
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛ²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гә (gə, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /kə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaak$^3$ / gaap$^3$
*** Yale: gaak / gaap
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaak$^8$ / gaap$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gag$^3$ / gab$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːk̚³/, /kaːp̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kak̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: giet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gêd$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɛt̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kaʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gă̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáik
*** Sinological IPA : /kaiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kek
*** Tâi-lô: kik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou): /kiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiak
*** Tâi-lô: kiak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kiak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kek
*** Sinological IPA : /kek̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$kaq; $^7$keq
*** MiniDict: kah$^入$; keh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$kaq; $^4$keq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kaʔ⁵⁵/, /kəʔ⁵⁵/
* 4kaq - colloquial;
* 4keq - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit革 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kɤ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kɤ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ka¹³/ /kə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kɤ²¹³/ /kei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ke³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kəʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kəʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ka²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰɛʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ka⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kiɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ket̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ket̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kap̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kak̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kak̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kik̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaiʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kek̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kek̚⁵/ /kɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: keak
Rime :
| Character | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古核切 |
| Baxter | keak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kæk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ge |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 革 | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gé | gé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛk › | ‹ kɛk › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁrək/ | /*kˁrək/ |
| English | hide, skin | change (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3835 |
| Phonetic component | 革 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 隔 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

革
* leather; animal hide
* (historical) leather armour and weaponry
* (historical) ornament on the front of the cart
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 勒 (“headstall”)
* to change; to alter; to reform
* to remove; to expel
    革職／革职 ― gézhí ― to dismiss; to remove from office
    革扯 [Cantonese] ― gaak$^3$ ce$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to fire; to dismiss; to remove from office
       I thau-the̍h chhiúⁿ lāi ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ, hō͘ chhiúⁿ ê kā i kek chhut-khì. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       He stole things inside the factory, making the factory fire him.
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
    Nǎi mìng ěr xiānzǔ chéng Tāng gé Xià, jùn mín diàn sìfāng. [Pinyin]
    [Heaven] then directed your first ancestor, Tang the Accomplished, to overturn Xia, [Tang then employed] outstanding men to govern the four quarters of the empire.
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
    Wéi ěr zhī, wéi Yīn xiānrén yǒu cè yǒu diǎn, Yīn gé Xià mìng. [Pinyin]
    You are aware that Yin’s former rulers possessed records and statutes, and that the Yin dynasty overturned Xia’s mandate [to rule].
* 49th hexagram of the I Ching
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 七月革命
* 二月革命 (Èryuè Gémìng)
* 二次革命 (Èrcì Gémìng)
* 兵革 (bīnggé)
* 兵革之禍 / 兵革之祸
* 剗革 / 刬革
* 十月革命 (Shíyuè Gémìng)
* 參革 / 参革
* 反革命 (fǎngémìng)
* 和平改革
* 因革
* 國民革命 / 国民革命
* 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
* 大化革新
* 大馬士革 / 大马士革 (Dàmǎshìgé)
* 宗教改革 (Zōngjiào Gǎigé)
* 工業革命 / 工业革命 (Gōngyè Gémìng)
* 悛革
* 改面革心
* 改革 (gǎigé)
* 政治革新
* 文學革命 / 文学革命 (wénxué gémìng)
* 文革 (Wéngé)
* 斥革 (chìgé)
* 暴力革命
* 民主改革 (mínzhǔ gǎigé)
* 沿革 (yángé)
* 沿革解釋 / 沿革解释
* 洗削更革
* 洗心革志
* 洗心革意
* 洗心革面 (xǐxīngémiàn)
* 洗面革心
* 湯武革命 / 汤武革命
* 漢字改革 / 汉字改革
* 犀革 (xīgé)
* 產業革命 / 产业革命 (Chǎnyè Gémìng)
* 登革熱 / 登革热 (dēnggérè)
* 皮革 (pígé)
* 磨揉遷革 / 磨揉迁革
* 社會改革 / 社会改革 (shèhuì gǎigé)
* 社會革命 / 社会革命
* 經濟改革 / 经济改革
* 綠色革命 / 绿色革命
* 老革
* 肌革
* 膚革 / 肤革
* 興革 / 兴革
* 裁革
* 裹屍馬革 / 裹尸马革
* 裹革
* 褫革
* 變革 / 变革 (biàngé)
* 貫革 / 贯革
* 資訊革命 / 资讯革命
* 軌革 / 轨革
* 辛亥革命 (Xīnhài Gémìng)
* 農地改革 / 农地改革
* 農業改革 / 农业改革
* 釐革
* 金革
* 開革 / 开革
* 革凡成聖 / 革凡成圣
* 革凡登聖 / 革凡登圣
* 革出
* 革勒車 / 革勒车 (Gélèchē)
* 革名
* 革命 (gémìng)
* 革命之母
* 革命先烈
* 革命家 (gémìngjiā)
* 革命戰爭 / 革命战争
* 革命民權 / 革命民权
* 革命法庭
* 革命軍 / 革命军 (gémìngjūn)
* 革囊
* 革容
* 革履 (gélǚ)
* 革帶移孔 / 革带移孔
* 革弊
* 革役
* 革心
* 革故鼎新
* 革新 (géxīn)
* 革易
* 革爭 / 革争
* 革留
* 革職 / 革职 (gézhí)
* 革職查辦 / 革职查办
* 革職留任 / 革职留任
* 革胡 (géhú)
* 革舄
* 革舊 / 革旧
* 革舊鼎新 / 革旧鼎新
* 革車 / 革车
* 革退
* 革除 (géchú)
* 革面
* 革面洗心 (gémiànxǐxīn)
* 鞗革
* 馬革裹屍 / 马革裹尸 (mǎgéguǒshī)
* 鳥革翬飛 / 鸟革翚飞
* 鼎新革故
* 鼎革 (dǐnggé)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jí (ji$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gik$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jí
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jí
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^2$
*** Yale: jí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gik$^1$
*** Yale: gīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪk̚⁵/

#### Definitions

革
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 亟 (“terminally ill; critical”)

#### Compounds

* 病革

### References

* “革”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “革”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 267.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* leather; animal hide; pelt
* become serious
* change; alter

#### Readings

* Go-on: きゃく (kyaku)
* Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
* Kun: かわ (kawa, 革, Jōyō)、あらたまる (aratamaru, 革まる)、あらためる (aratameru, 革める)、かえる (kaeru, 革える)、かわる (kawaru, 革わる)

#### Compounds

* 革易(かくえき) (kakueki)
* 革新(かくしん) (kakushin) : innovation; progress
* 革正(かくせい) (kakusei)
* 革弊(かくへい) (kakuhei)
* 革命(かくめい) (kakumei) : revolution
* 革面(かくめん) (kakumen)
* 沿革(えんかく) (enkaku)
* 改革(かいかく) (kaikaku) : reform
* 皮革(ひかく) (hikaku)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 革
* かわ Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
Specialization of 皮(かわ) (kawa, “skin”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かわ [kàwáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ka̠β̞a̠]

### Noun

革(かわ) • (kawa)
* leather
    革(かわ)の表(ひょう)紙(し)
       kawa no hyōshi
       leather book cover

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

革 • (hyeok, geuk) (hangeul 혁, 극, revised hyeok, geuk, McCune–Reischauer hyŏk, kŭk, Yale hyek, kuk)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

革: Hán Nôm readings: cách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.