# kuna
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian kúna/ку́на.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -uːnə

### Noun

kuna (plural kunas or kune)
* The former (until 2023) currency of Croatia, divided into 100 lipa.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Kuan, NKAU

## Baagandji
### Alternative forms

* guna

### Etymology

From Proto-Karnic *kuna, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Noun

kuna
* excrement, faeces, shit

### References

* Barry Alpher, Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method (2004; edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Kochl published in Amsterdam and Philadelphia by the John Benjamins Publishing Company)

## Chuukese
### Verb

kuna
* to see

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech kuna, from Proto-Slavic *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkuna]

### Noun

kuna f (relational adjective kunový)
* marten
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

#### Derived terms

* kuní
* kuně

### Further reading

* “kuna”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “kuna”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “kuna”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Dieri
### Etymology

From Proto-Karnic *kuna, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Noun

kuna
* excrement, faeces, shit

### References

* Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)

## Esperanto
### Etymology

From kun +‎ -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkuna]
* Rhymes: -una
* Hyphenation: kun‧a

### Adjective

kuna (accusative singular kunan, plural kunaj, accusative plural kunajn)
* joint; combined

## Estonian
### Etymology

Originally essive singular form of Proto-Finnic *ku.

### Conjunction

kuna
* because
    Ma ei lähe homme kooli, kuna ma pean linna minema.I won't go to school tomorrow, because I have to go to the city.
* as, when, at the same time as
    Ema tõusis hommikul varakult, kuna pere jäi veel magama.Mother rose early, as the family was still sleeping.

#### Synonyms

* sest

### Adverb

kuna (not comparable)
* (interrogative, colloquial) when
    Kuna me rahad siis saame?When will we get our money then?

#### Synonyms

* kunas
* millal

## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkunɑ/, [ˈkunɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -unɑ
* Hyphenation: ku‧na

### Etymology 1

From Serbo-Croatian kuna.

#### Noun

kuna
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

##### Declension

Possessive forms of kuna (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kunani
kunani
accusative
nom.
kunani
kunani
gen.
kunani
genitive
kunani
kunieni kunaini $^{rare}$
partitive
kunaani
kuniani
inessive
kunassani
kunissani
elative
kunastani
kunistani
illative
kunaani
kuniini
adessive
kunallani
kunillani
ablative
kunaltani
kuniltani
allative
kunalleni
kunilleni
essive
kunanani
kuninani
translative
kunakseni
kunikseni
abessive
kunattani
kunittani
instructive
comitative
—kunineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kunasi
kunasi
accusative
nom.
kunasi
kunasi
gen.
kunasi
genitive
kunasi
kuniesi kunaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
kunaasi
kuniasi
inessive
kunassasi
kunissasi
elative
kunastasi
kunistasi
illative
kunaasi
kuniisi
adessive
kunallasi
kunillasi
ablative
kunaltasi
kuniltasi
allative
kunallesi
kunillesi
essive
kunanasi
kuninasi
translative
kunaksesi
kuniksesi
abessive
kunattasi
kunittasi
instructive
comitative
—kuninesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kunamme
kunamme
accusative
nom.
kunamme
kunamme
gen.
kunamme
genitive
kunamme
kuniemme kunaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
kunaamme
kuniamme
inessive
kunassamme
kunissamme
elative
kunastamme
kunistamme
illative
kunaamme
kuniimme
adessive
kunallamme
kunillamme
ablative
kunaltamme
kuniltamme
allative
kunallemme
kunillemme
essive
kunanamme
kuninamme
translative
kunaksemme
kuniksemme
abessive
kunattamme
kunittamme
instructive
comitative
—kuninemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kunanne
kunanne
accusative
nom.
kunanne
kunanne
gen.
kunanne
genitive
kunanne
kunienne kunainne $^{rare}$
partitive
kunaanne
kunianne
inessive
kunassanne
kunissanne
elative
kunastanne
kunistanne
illative
kunaanne
kuniinne
adessive
kunallanne
kunillanne
ablative
kunaltanne
kuniltanne
allative
kunallenne
kunillenne
essive
kunananne
kuninanne
translative
kunaksenne
kuniksenne
abessive
kunattanne
kunittanne
instructive
comitative
—kuninenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
kunansa
kunansa
accusative
nom.
kunansa
kunansa
gen.
kunansa
genitive
kunansa
kuniensa kunainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
kunaansa
kuniaan kuniansa
inessive
kunassaan kunassansa
kunissaan kunissansa
elative
kunastaan kunastansa
kunistaan kunistansa
illative
kunaansa
kuniinsa
adessive
kunallaan kunallansa
kunillaan kunillansa
ablative
kunaltaan kunaltansa
kuniltaan kuniltansa
allative
kunalleen kunallensa
kunilleen kunillensa
essive
kunanaan kunanansa
kuninaan kuninansa
translative
kunakseen kunaksensa
kunikseen kuniksensa
abessive
kunattaan kunattansa
kunittaan kunittansa
instructive
comitative
—kunineen kuninensa :

#### Further reading

* “kuna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

kuna
* (interrogative, archaic) essive singular of kuka
* (indefinite, archaic) essive singular of kuka

### Anagrams

* akun, naku

## French
### Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian kuna.

### Noun

kuna m or f (plural kunas)
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

#### Usage notes

* Used as a masculine and a feminine noun interchangably

## Hawaiian
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *tuna, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuna, from Proto-Austronesian *tuNa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈku.na/, [ˈku.nə]

### Noun

kuna
* a variety of freshwater eel

### References

* Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “kuna”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkuna/
* Hyphenation: ku‧na

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦸꦤ (kuna).

#### Adjective

kuna
* Alternative spelling of kuno (“ancient”)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian kúna/ку́на.

#### Noun

kuna (plural kuna-kuna)
* kuna: the former (until 2023) currency of Croatia, divided into 100 lipa

### Further reading

* “kuna” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Noun

kuna f (plural kune)
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

## Javanese
### Romanization

kuna
* Romanization of ꦏꦸꦤ

## Kituba
### Adverb

kuna
* there

### Verb

kuna
* to plant
* to sow

## Lingala
### Adverb

kuna
* there

### References

* “kuna” in Ekolongonelo ya Lingala: an introductory course, page 25

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkuna]

### Noun

kuna f
* marten

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kuna”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kuna”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Martuthunira
### Etymology

From Proto-Ngayarda *kuna, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kuna/

### Noun

kuna
* dung, poo, excrement, shit

### References

* Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)
* Dench, Alan Charles. 1995. Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125.

## Masbatenyo
### Noun

kuna
* crib; cradle

## Ngiyambaa
### Etymology

From Proto-Central New South Wales *gunaŋ, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Noun

kuna
* excrement, faeces, shit

### References

* Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian kúna, ку́на (“marten”).

### Noun

kuna m (definite singular kunaen, indefinite plural kunaar or kunaer, definite plural kunaane or kunaene)
* (numismatics) kuna

### References

* “kuna” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Pitjantjatjara
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkʊnɐ]

### Noun

kuna
* excrement, dung
* bowels

#### Derived terms

* kuna aḻa (“anus”)
* kuna ngingkirmananyi (“break wind”)
* kuna pati (“constipated”)
* kunaṉi (“to eviscerate”, transitive verb)
* kunaṟinganyi (“to defecate”)

## Pitta-Pitta
### Etymology

From Proto-Karnic *kuna, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Noun

kuna
* dung, poo, excrement, shit

### Verb

kuna
* (intransitive) to defecate

### Derived terms

* kunakirra

### References

* Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈku.na/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈku.na/
* (Masovia):
** (Near Masovian) IPA: /ˈku.na/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Rhymes: -una
* Syllabification: ku‧na
* Homophone: Kuna

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuna.

#### Noun

kuna f (related adjective kuni)
* marten (any mustelid of the genus Martes)
* leather marten skin
* (historical) jougs (chained iron collar)
    Synonym: kunica
* (Kuyavia) certain part of a wagon
* (Kuyavia) iron hoop at a church door to which criminals are attached
* (Near Masovian) hoop in which the trunnion of a barn's tower rotates

##### Derived terms

* kunica
* kuniec

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian kuna.

#### Noun

kuna f
* (historical) kuna (former currency of Croatia)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Clipping of kurwa.

#### Interjection

kuna
* (minced oath) moderately vulgar swearword

### Further reading

* kuna I in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* kuna II in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* kuna in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* kuna in PWN's encyclopedia
* Józef Bliziński (1860) “kuna”, in Abecadłowy spis wyrazów języka ludowego w Kujawach i Galicyi Zachodniej (in Polish), Warszawa, page 624
* Oskar Kolberg (1867) “kuna”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 272
* Władysław Matlakowski (1891) “kuna”, in “Zbiór wyrazów ludowych dawnej ziemi czerskiej”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 364

## Portuguese
### Noun

kuna m or f (plural kunas)
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* kn (abbreviation, currency)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kǔːna/
* Hyphenation: ku‧na

### Noun

kúna f (Cyrillic spelling ку́на)
* marten
* kuna (former currency of Croatia, until 2023)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “kuna”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkuna]

### Noun

kuna f (relational adjective kuní)
* marten
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “kuna”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kùːna/

### Noun

kúna f
* marten
* kuna (former currency of Croatia)

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “kuna”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkuna/ [ˈku.na]
* Rhymes: -una
* Syllabification: ku‧na

### Noun

kuna f (plural kunas)
* kuna

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-kuna (infinitive kukuna)
* to scrape, scratch
* to grate, shred

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -kuna :
| Positive present | -nakuna |
| Subjunctive | -kune |
| Negative | -kuni |
| Imperative singular | kuna |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kukuna |
| Negative | kutokuna |
Imperatives :
| Singular | kuna |
| Plural | kuneni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | hukuna |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -likuna |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kukuna |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -takuna |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -takuna |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sikune |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngekuna |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singekuna |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalikuna |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalikuna |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mekuna |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshakuna |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jakuna |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kikuna |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipokuna |
| Consecutive | kakuna / positive subject concord + -kakuna |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kakune |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

### Verb

kuna
* inflection of -wa na:
** ku class subject inflected present affirmative
** ku locative class subject inflected present affirmative
** (in a distant or indefinite location): there is/are

#### Related terms

* hakuna
* mna
* pana

## Upper Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kūnà.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkuna/
* Rhymes: -una
* Hyphenation: ku‧na
* Syllabification: ku‧na

### Noun

kuna f
* (zoology) marten

#### Declension
### References

* “kuna” in Soblex

## Veps
### Etymology

Akin to Karelian kunne.

### Adverb

kuna
* to where, whither (interrogative)

#### Derived terms

* koje-kuna
* kuna-ni
* kuna-se
* nikuna

### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “куда”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

## Warlpiri
### Etymology

From Proto-Ngayarda *kuna , from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

### Noun

kuna
* excrement, dung

### References

* Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)

## Yoruba
### Etymology

From kù +‎ ọ̀nà (“path”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kù.nã̀/

### Verb

kùnà
* (transitive, intransitive) to miss (the way or mark), to go in the wrong direction
    Synonym: ṣìnà
* (intransitive) to fail (in one's attempt)

#### Derived terms

* ìkùnà (“failure, the act of missing”)
* akùnà (“a failure”)

#### Related terms

* àìyege (“lack of success”)

## Yukpa
### Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *tuna.

### Noun

kuna
* water

### References

* Sergio Meira, Primeras observaciones sobre la lengua yukpa (2005) (as kuna)
* The Languages of the Andes (2004, Willem F. H. Adelaar, Pieter C. Muysken) (as kúna)