# -ier
## English
### Etymology 1

From -y +‎ -er.

#### Suffix

-ier
* spelling of the suffix sequence -y followed by -er, or of any word ending in -(e)y suffixed with -er.
    dicey > dicier; clayey > clayier; gluey > gluier; tomatoey > tomatoier

##### See also

* -ied
* -iest

### Etymology 2

From French -ier.

#### Suffix

-ier
* Used to make agent nouns, particularly with words from French: clothier, perfumier.

### Anagrams

* rie, RIE, ire, eir, Rie, IRE, IrE, rei, Ire., Eri, EIR, Eri.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from French -ier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːr/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-ier m
* appended to a word, it yields a noun which signifies the subject who performs something related to that word

#### See also

* -er

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French -ier, -er, from Old French -ier, -er, from Latin -ārium, the accusative of -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -aire.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /je/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-ier m (plural -iers, feminine -ière)
* forms the names of trees or bushes bearing a particular type of fruit
    ‎banane (“banana”) + ‎-ier → ‎bananier (“banana tree”)
    ‎poire (“pear”) + ‎-ier → ‎poirier (“pear tree”)
* forms the names of ships
    ‎chalut (“trawl net”) + ‎-ier → ‎chalutier (“trawler”)
    ‎pétrole (“oil”) + ‎-ier → ‎pétrolier (“oil tanker”)
* forms the names of jobs
    ‎chocolat (“chocolate”) + ‎-ier → ‎chocolatier (“chocolatier”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ier”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from French -ier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i̯eː/, /jeː/

### Suffix

-ier m
* A noun-forming suffix, used especially to render similar suffixes in borrowings from French.
    ‎Kneipe + ‎-ier → ‎Kneipier
    ‎Pleite + ‎-ier → ‎Pleitier

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ier” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Middle French
### Suffix

-ier
* Alternative form of -er (suffix forming or denoting a verb)
* Alternative form of -er (suffix forming or denoting an agent noun, often a profession)

## Old French
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āre, from Proto-Italic *-āzi.

#### Alternative forms

* -er (present in all varieties but more common in Anglo-Norman than in France)
* -ar (9th and 10th centuries. Only a couple of words are attested with this suffix, salvar, intrar and devastar)

#### Suffix

-ier
* suffix used to form infinitives of first conjugation verbs
    forgier ― to forge

##### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -ier, with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in -er, but there is an extra i before the e of some endings. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

##### Descendants

* Middle French: -er
** French: -er
* Gallo: -ieu
* → Middle High German: -ieren
** German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
*** → Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
*** → Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
*** → Serbo-Croatian: -irati
* Norman: -yi (Jersey)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -ārium.

#### Alternative forms

* -er (present in all varieties but more common in Anglo-Norman than in France)

#### Suffix

-ier
* indicates a profession
    bouchier ― butcher
* indicates location, where one lives
    forestier ― forester

##### Derived terms

* -erie f

##### Descendants

* Middle French: -er
** French: -ier, -er
** → English: -eer, -er
* → Italian: -iere
* → Old Irish: -aire
** Irish: -aire
** Scottish Gaelic: -air
* → Sicilian: -eri

### See also

* Appendix:Old French verbs
* -ir
* -re

## Swedish
### Suffix

-ier
* -an; making a noun, describing a person by nationality, e.g. Indien → indier, Iran, iranier

#### Synonyms

* -an

#### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* -eri