# 非

| 非 | U+975E, &#38750; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-975E |
| ← 靝 [U+975D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 靟 → [U+975F] |
| ⾮ | U+2FAE, &#12206; KANGXI RADICAL WRONG |
| ← ⾭ [U+2FAD] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾯ → [U+2FAF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

非 (Kangxi radical 175, 非+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 中一尸卜 (LMSY) or 中一卜卜卜 (LMYYY), four-corner 1111$_1$, composition ⿰⿰三丨⿰丨三(G) or ⿰⿰⿱𠄟㇀丿⿰丨三(HTK) or ⿰⿻⿰𠄟丿㇀⿰丨三(J) or ⿰⿰三丿⿰丨三(V))

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/非
* 俳, 陫, 排, 啡, 徘, 猅, 渄, 悱, 婔, 㫵, 琲, 棑, 腓, 裶, 緋(绯), 誹(诽), 䠊, 輫, 䤵, 馡, 騑(𬴂), 鯡(鲱)
* 毴, 剕, 䫍, 菲, 暃, 罪, 霏, 韭, 㐟, 奜, 婓, 棐, 㹃, 猆, 㻗, 斐, 悲, 裴, 蜚, 翡, 輩(辈), 餥, 裵, 䥆
* 匪, 厞, 屝, 扉, 痱
* 𤊬, 𤗋, 𤾅, 𥇪, 𪿨, 𥟍, 𥺘, 𦖕, 𦩋, 𧍃, 𮤁, 𩋂, 𩎻, 𡁭, 𪁹, 𬚀
* 𨓿, 𡳕, 𲌬, 𤿻, 𪂞, 𡔭, 𡨰, 𣔉, 𭽜, 𥦯, 𦋛, 𫅪, 𬜞, 𧇁, 𮫊
* 𡌦, 𫸝, 𭣻, 𩇭, 𤦅, 𬐤, 𥇖, 𮀦, 𥺟, 𨛬, 𪂏, 𧓊, 𧕿, 𬏿, 𨵈

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1382, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42585
* Dae Jaweon: page 1894, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4086, character 1
* Unihan data for U+975E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 非 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 啡 | *pʰɯːlʔ |
| 排 | *brɯːl |
| 俳 | *brɯːl |
| 輫 | *brɯːl, *buːl |
| 悲 | *prɯl |
| 棑 | *breː, *brɯːls |
| 輩 | *puːls |
| 裴 | *buːl, *bɯl |
| 徘 | *buːl |
| 琲 | *buːlʔ |
| 痱 | *buːlʔ, *pɯds, *bɯl, *bɯls |
| 非 | *pɯl |
| 扉 | *pɯl |
| 緋 | *pɯl |
| 猆 | *pɯl |
| 斐 | *pɯl, *pʰɯlʔ |
| 馡 | *pɯl |
| 騑 | *pɯl, *pʰɯl |
| 誹 | *pɯl, *pɯlʔ, *pɯls |
| 餥 | *pɯl, *pɯlʔ |
| 匪 | *pɯlʔ |
| 棐 | *pɯlʔ |
| 蜚 | *pɯlʔ, *bɯls |
| 篚 | *pɯlʔ |
| 榧 | *pɯlʔ |
| 鯡 | *pɯls |
| 霏 | *pʰɯl |
| 菲 | *pʰɯl, *pʰɯlʔ, *bɯls |
| 婔 | *pʰɯl |
| 裶 | *pʰɯl |
| 悱 | *pʰɯlʔ |
| 奜 | *pʰɯlʔ |
| 腓 | *bɯl, *bɯls |
| 陫 | *bɯlʔ |
| 屝 | *bɯls |
| 厞 | *bɯls |
| 翡 | *bɯls |
Pictogram (象形) - two wings facing opposite directions. Originally, it represented wings; then, according to Xu Shen, its meaning changed into "leave; disobey" (違). Eventually, it was used perhaps as a phonetic loan to mean "not to be".
Unrelated to the Kangxi radical 韭.

### Etymology

非 (OC *pɯj) is the fusion of the negation particle 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and the copula 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”), attested in oracle bone inscriptions.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fēi (fei$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄟ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fei$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fei$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fi$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fî
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fi$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hĭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hi$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hui
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hui$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$fi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fēi
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fei
*** Wade–Giles: fei$^1$
*** Yale: fēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fei
*** Palladius: фэй (fɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /feɪ̯⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: fei$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fei
*** Sinological IPA : /fei⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fei$^1$
*** Yale: fēi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fei$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: féi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fei̯⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fi³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fî
*** Hakka Romanization System: fi$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fi⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hi⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hi$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hi
*** Sinological IPA : /hi⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hui
*** Tâi-lô: hui
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huy
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hui³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hui⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hui$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hui
*** Sinological IPA : /hui³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$fi
*** MiniDict: fi$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$fi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fi⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: pj+j
Rime :
| Character | 非 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (21) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 甫微切 |
| Baxter | pj+j |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʉi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷɨi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuəi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puj/ |
| Li Rong | /piuəi/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwəi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pwe̯i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fēi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fei$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pəj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 非 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fēi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjɨj › |
| Old Chinese | /*pəj/ |
| English | is not |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 非 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3076 |
| Phonetic component | 非 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猆 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯl/ |

### Definitions

非
* not be; is not; not
    非常 ― fēicháng ― unusual
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Chén shì qí jūn, zǐ shì qí fù, fēi yīzhāoyīxī zhī gù. [Pinyin]
    The murder of a ruler by his minister, or of his father by a son, is not the result of the events of one morning or one evening.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, Wiktionary translation
    Zǐ Gòng yuē: “Guǎn Zhòng fēi rén zhě yú?” [Pinyin]
    Zi Gong said, "Guan Zhong, I apprehend, was not a virtuous person."
* to run counter to; to not conform to
    非法 ― fēifǎ ― illegal
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Fēilǐ wù shì, fēilǐ wù tīng, fēilǐ wù yán, fēilǐ wù dòng.” [Pinyin]
    The Master replied, "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety."
* (logic) NOT
* wrong; incorrect
    是非 ― shìfēi ― right and wrong
* to reproach; to blame
    無可厚非／无可厚非 ― wúkěhòufēi ― to give no cause for criticism
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Wéi shàng zé bùnéng ài xià, wéi xià zé hào fēi qí shàng, shì rén zhī yī bì qióng yě. [Pinyin]
    If, as a superior he cannot love his subordinates, or if, as a subordinate, he likes to reproach his superiors — this is the first case in which a person is sure to suffer.
* (colloquial) Used to insist on something. to have got to; to simply must
       Bùxíng, wǒ fēi děi zǒu. [Pinyin]
       No, I must go.
** (Can we date this quote?), 田连元, 05:00 from the start, in 施公案 (评书), episode 2:
       - “[…], nǐ wàng zhèr zhù a? Xiǎoyàngr, zhù di qǐ m nǐ? Kuài zǒu ba nǐ!” - “Nà wǒ yào fēi wàng lǐ zhù ne?” [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2015, “空姐之歌”, performed by 关晓彤:
       ràng nǐ tiáo zhí zuòyǐ kàobèi nǐ fēi bù tiáo, ràng nǐ lā kāi zhēguāngbǎn nǐ bù lā, bù ràng nǐ kāi xínglǐjià nǐ fēi kāi, fēijī zhèngzài qǐfēi nǐ fēi zhàn qǐlái [Pinyin]
       [I] let you adjust the seat back vertical, you insist on not adjusting. [I] let you pull up the window blinds, you don't pull. [I] don't let you open up the overhead bin, you insist on opening it. The plane is taking off, and you insist on standing up.
* Short for 非洲 (Fēizhōu, “Africa”).
    北非 ― běifēi ― North Africa
* (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 非 (MC pj+j)

### Compounds

* 一表非俗
* 一表非凡
* 並非 / 并非 (bìngfēi)
* 人事全非
* 人我是非
* 人非人
* 人非木石
* 人非物換 / 人非物换
* 今是昨非
* 今非昔比 (jīnfēixībǐ)
* 以古非今
* 似懂非懂 (sìdǒngfēidǒng)
* 似是而非 (sìshì'érfēi)
* 分辨是非
* 北非 (Běifēi)
* 北非諜影 / 北非谍影
* 南非 (Nánfēi)
* 口是心非 (kǒushìxīnfēi)
* 向非
* 吠非其主
* 啼笑皆非 (tíxiàojiēfēi)
* 固非
* 塔非亞酒 / 塔非亚酒
* 大是大非 (dàshìdàfēi)
* 大言非夸
* 好丹非素
* 姦非 / 奸非
* 孟非斯
* 學非所用 / 学非所用
* 安非他命 (ānfēitāmìng)
* 尋事生非 / 寻事生非 (xúnshìshēngfēi)
* 尋是尋非 / 寻是寻非
* 引人非議 / 引人非议
* 得意非凡
* 心謗腹非 / 心谤腹非
* 情非得已 (qíngfēidéyǐ)
* 惹事招非
* 惹事生非 (rěshìshēngfēi)
* 想入非非 (xiǎngrùfēifēi)
* 惹是招非
* 惹是生非 (rěshìshēngfēi)
* 所嫁非人
* 所託非人 / 所托非人 (suǒtuōfēirén)
* 才非玉潤 / 才非玉润
* 扯是搬非
* 扭是為非 / 扭是为非
* 招是惹非
* 招是攬非 / 招是揽非
* 拒諫飾非 / 拒谏饰非
* 挑撥是非 / 挑拨是非
* 掠是搬非
* 掩罪飾非 / 掩罪饰非
* 搬弄是非 (bānnòngshìfēi)
* 搬是造非
* 撥弄是非 / 拨弄是非
* 文過遂非 / 文过遂非
* 文過飾非 / 文过饰非 (wénguòshìfēi)
* 斷非 / 断非
* 明辨是非 (míngbiànshìfēi)
* 是古非今
* 是是非非 (shìshìfēifēi)
* 是非 (shìfēi)
* 是非不分 (shìfēibùfēn)
* 是非之地
* 是非之心
* 是非人我
* 昨非今是 (zuófēijīnshì)
* 是非分明 (shìfēifēnmíng)
* 是非善惡 / 是非善恶
* 是非堆
* 是非得失
* 是非曲直 (shìfēiqūzhí)
* 是非題 / 是非题 (shìfēití)
* 是非顛倒 / 是非颠倒 (shìfēidiāndǎo)
* 是非黑白 (shìfēihēibái)
* 未可厚非
* 本非
* 東非 / 东非 (Dōngfēi)
* 橫禍非災 / 横祸非灾
* 止暴禁非
* 死於非命 / 死于非命 (sǐyúfēimìng)
* 泥古非今
* 泛非
* 混淆是非
* 為非作歹 / 为非作歹 (wéifēizuòdǎi)
* 無事生非 / 无事生非 (wúshìshēngfēi)
* 無可厚非 / 无可厚非 (wúkěhòufēi)
* 無可非議 / 无可非议 (wúkěfēiyì)
* 無是無非 / 无是无非
* 無非 / 无非 (wúfēi)
* 物是人非 (wùshìrénfēi)
* 狗吠非主
* 獄貨非寶 / 狱货非宝
* 生非作歹
* 用非其人
* 用非所學 / 用非所学
* 痛悔前非
* 痛改前非 (tònggǎiqiánfēi)
* 痛滌前非 / 痛涤前非
* 直斥其非 (zhíchìqífēi)
* 積非成是 / 积非成是 (jīfēichéngshì)
* 答非所問 / 答非所问 (dáfēisuǒwèn)
* 絕非 / 绝非 (juéfēi)
* 習非 / 习非
* 習非勝是 / 习非胜是
* 習非成是 / 习非成是 (xífēichéngshì)
* 胡作非為 / 胡作非为 (húzuòfēiwéi)
* 若非 (ruòfēi)
* 苟非
* 莫非 (mòfēi)
* 蘧瑗知非
* 西非 (Xīfēi)
* 說是談非 / 说是谈非
* 論列是非 / 论列是非
* 護過飾非 / 护过饰非
* 豈非 / 岂非 (qǐfēi)
* 貌是情非
* 貧非病 / 贫非病
* 赤道非洲
* 身價非凡 / 身价非凡
* 身非木石
* 農轉非 / 农转非
* 迥非
* 錯非 / 错非
* 閑是閑非 / 闲是闲非
* 除非 (chúfēi)
* 非一
* 非七真
* 非人 (fēirén)
* 非人不傳 / 非人不传
* 非他
* 非但 (fēidàn)
* 非俗
* 非冀
* 非凡 (fēifán)
* 非凡氣魄 / 非凡气魄
* 非分 (fēifèn)
* 非同兒戲 / 非同儿戏
* 非同容易
* 非同尋常 / 非同寻常
* 非同小可 (fēitóngxiǎokě)
* 非命 (fēimìng)
* 非塑性
* 非子
* 非定命論 / 非定命论
* 非導體 / 非导体
* 非常 (fēicháng)
* 非常上訴 / 非常上诉
* 非常之事
* 非常之人
* 非常之功
* 非常審判 / 非常审判
* 非常時期 / 非常时期 (fēicháng shíqī)
* 非常總統 / 非常总统
* 非徒
* 非得 (fēiděi)
* 非惟
* 非意
* 非愚則誣 / 非愚则诬
* 非意相干
* 非我
* 非我族類，其心必異 / 非我族类，其心必异 (fēiwǒzúlèi, qíxīnbìyì)
* 非戰公約 / 非战公约
* 非才
* 非據 / 非据
* 非攻
* 非昔是今
* 非時 / 非时
* 非時之物 / 非时之物
* 非書資料 / 非书资料
* 非有先生
* 非望
* 非核武區 / 非核武区
* 非正式 (fēizhèngshì)
* 非死即傷 / 非死即伤 (fēisǐjíshāng)
* 非毀 / 非毁
* 非母語人士 / 非母语人士 (fēi-mǔyǔ rénshì)
* 非比尋常 / 非比寻常
* 非池中物 (fēichízhōngwù)
* 非法 (fēifǎ)
* 非法勾當 / 非法勾当
* 非法性
* 非法行事
* 非法行為 / 非法行为
* 非洲 (Fēizhōu, “Africa”)
* 非洲綠猴 / 非洲绿猴
* 非洲菊
* 非洲菫 / 非洲堇
* 非洲象 (Fēizhōu xiàng)
* 非洲鼓
* 非淺 / 非浅
* 非災 / 非灾
* 非無 / 非无
* 非熊
* 非熊賣屠 / 非熊卖屠
* 非熊非羆 / 非熊非罴
* 非特
* 非獨 / 非独 (fēidú)
* 非理就終 / 非理就终
* 非生物界
* 非異人任 / 非异人任 (fēiyìrénrèn)
* 非病原菌
* 非發光體 / 非发光体
* 非禮 / 非礼 (fēilǐ)
* 非空
* 非笑 (fēixiào)
* 非細 / 非细
* 非羆 / 非罴
* 非聖 / 非圣
* 非肥皂
* 非草書 / 非草书
* 非親非故 / 非亲非故 (fēiqīnfēigù)
* 非言
* 非計 / 非计
* 非訟事件 / 非讼事件 (fēisòng shìjiàn)
* 非語 / 非语
* 非論 / 非论 (fēilùn)
* 非議 / 非议 (fēiyì)
* 非賣品 / 非卖品 (fēimàipǐn)
* 非軍事區 / 非军事区 (fēijūnshìqū)
* 非金屬 / 非金属 (fēijīnshǔ)
* 非鐵金屬 / 非铁金属
* 非難 / 非难 (fēinàn)
* 非非 (fēifēi)
* 非非想 (fēifēixiǎng)
* 非類 / 非类 (fēilèi)
* 非類相從 / 非类相从
* 非驢非馬 / 非驴非马 (fēilǘfēimǎ)
* 非鴉非鳳 / 非鸦非凤
* 面目全非 (miànmùquánfēi)
* 韓非 / 韩非
* 韓非子 / 韩非子 (Hán Fēizǐ)
* 頌古非今 / 颂古非今 (sònggǔfēijīn)
* 頓悟前非 / 顿悟前非
* 顛倒是非 / 颠倒是非 (diāndǎoshìfēi)
* 飾非 / 饰非 (shìfēi)
* 飾非拒諫 / 饰非拒谏
* 飾非文過 / 饰非文过 (shìfēiwénguò)
* 飾非遂過 / 饰非遂过
* 齊大非偶 / 齐大非偶 (qídàfēi'ǒu)
* 齊大非耦 / 齐大非耦

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 非(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 비(非) (bi)
* → Vietnamese: phi (非)

### References

* “非”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ひ (hi, Jōyō)
* Kun: それる (soreru)、そしる (soshiru, 非る)、あらず (arazu, 非ず)

### Pronunciation

(accent only applies as a noun)
* (Tokyo) ひ [híꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çi]

### Prefix

非(ひ) • (hi-)
* negative prefix: in-, non-, un-

#### Compounds

* 非情(ひじょう) (hijō): heartlessness
* 非(ひ)常(じょう)口(ぐち) (hijōguchi): emergency exit
* 非常(ひじょう) (hijō): emergency, extraordinary, unusual
* 非難(ひなん) (hinan): criticize, blame, reproach
* 非行(ひこう) (hikō): delinquency, misconduct

### Noun

非(ひ) • (hi)
* evil, wrong, wrongdoing
    Antonym: 是 (ze)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 非 (MC pj+j). Recorded as Middle Korean 비 (pi) (Yale: pi) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (in 비단 (非但, bidan)):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pi]
** Phonetic hangul: [비]
* (not; un-; in-; non-; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [pi(ː)]
** Phonetic hangul: [비(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 非 (eumhun 아닐 비 (anil bi))
* hanja form of 비 (“not”)
* hanja form of 비 (“un-; in-; non-”)

#### Compounds

* 비난 (非難, binan)
* 비단 (非但, bidan)
* 비도 (非道, bido)
* 비례 (非禮, birye)
* 비리 (非理, biri)
* 비번 (非番, bibeon)
* 비범 (非凡, bibeom)
* 비법 (非法, bibeop)
* 비분 (非分, bibun)
* 비상 (非常, bisang)
* 비아 (非我, bia)
* 비위 (非違, biwi)
* 비인 (非人, biin)
* 비정 (非情, bijeong)
* 비편 (非便, bipyeon)
* 비행 (非行, bihaeng)
* 사이비 (似而非, saibi)
* 시비 (是非, sibi)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

非: Hán Nôm readings: phi
* chữ Hán form of phi (“not”).
* chữ Hán form of phi (“un-; in-; non-”).

#### Compounds

* 是非 (thị phi)
* 除非 (trừ phi)
* 非利潤 (phi lợi nhuận)
* 非常 (phi thường)
* 非政府 (phi chính phủ)
* 非法 (phi pháp)

### References

* ↑ Nguyễn et al. (2009).