# graf
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

### Etymology 1

From German Graf (“count”). Doublet of graaf and grave.

#### Noun

graf (plural grafs)
* (uncommon, now historical) A German or Austrian count (nobleman).
** 1843 February, "Graf de Tropp", in Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country, volume 27, [books.google.com/books?id=9ZUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA200 page 200]:
    Without ceremony, the Graf, on his entering the drawing-room, seated himself at the piano-forte, and proposed affording his new friends "a leetle example" how music was performed in Hungary.

##### Coordinate terms

* gräfin

##### Derived terms

* grafship

### Etymology 2

Phonetic respelling of clipping of paragraph.

#### Noun

graf (plural grafs)
* (journalism, slang) A paragraph.
** 2010 January 27, Matt Taibbi, “Populism: Just Like Racism!”, in True/Slant‎, archived from the original on 2013-01-19:Brooks lays out the crux of his case his case in his first three grafs of his article:
** 2025 February 13, Joshua Benton, “Trump wants news outlets to get on board with ‘Gulf of America’ — or else. Will they?”, in Nieman Journalism Lab‎, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nieman Foundation for Journalism, retrieved 2025-02-13:This Wednesday story includes a graf on Reuters’ stance:

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

graf (uncountable)
* Alternative spelling of graff (“graffiti”)
** 2002, Janice Rahn, Painting Without Permission: Hip-hop Graffiti Subculture, page 7:For example, a current trend in graf is to simulate a three-dimensional effect (see Figure 1.2). No one graf artist is associated with having developed this method.
** 2012, P. D. Smith, City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age, page 84:Naar had been photographing the 'palimpsest of writings and marks on walls' since 1955 and he says his interest in graf is 'political, in the Greek sense of engagement with the life of the "polis", or city-state'.

##### Derived terms

* graf artist

### Anagrams

* frag

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch graf and graft (see the plural).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /χraf/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

graf (plural grafte)
* grave

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* grah — Standard, Tosk

### Verb

graf (aorist grafa, participle grafë)
* Gheg form of grah (“to incite; bellow, roar; rattle”)

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “graf ~ grah”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɡɾaf]

### Noun

graf m (plural grafs)
* (mathematics) graph

### Further reading

* “graf” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “graf”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## Czech
### Etymology

Derived from Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡraf]
* Rhymes: -af

### Noun

graf m inan
* graph (mathematical diagram)
* (graph theory) graph (nodes and edges connecting the nodes)
* chart (graphical presentation)

#### Derived terms

* grafový
* koláčový graf
* neorientovaný graf
* orientovaný graf
* podgraf
* teorie grafů
* úplný graf

#### Related terms

* grafický
* grafik
* grafika
* grafikon
* grafoman

#### See also

* diagram

### Further reading

* “graf”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “graf”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Etymology

From English graph.

### Noun

graf
* graph, visualization of an equation or a function
* (graph theory) graph

#### Derived terms

* grafteori, grafisk

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣrɑf/
* Rhymes: -ɑf
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch graf, from Old Dutch *graf, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”).

#### Noun

graf n (plural graven, diminutive grafje n)
* grave

##### Derived terms

* familiegraf
* grafgift
* graflucht
* grafmongool
* grafsteen
* graftak
* massagraf

##### Related terms

* graven

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: graf
* Negerhollands: graf
* → Papiamentu: graf

### Etymology 2

From French grave (“serious, grave”). Most likely influenced by Dutch erg which can mean "serious, grave" as well as "very". The alternative form graaf (“very”), also slang, has the same origin and meaning, but stays closer to the original French pronunciation.

#### Adverb

graf
* (slang, Belgium) very
    Dat is graf duur — That's very expensive

## French
### Noun

graf m (plural grafs)
* (slang) Clipping of graffiti.
    L’usage du tag et du graf s’affirme d’autant plus comme un pouvoir de communication tribale constituant un code secret.The use of tags and graffiti is establishing itself all the more as a means of tribal communication constituting a secret code.

### Further reading

* “graf”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Icelandic
### Noun

graf n (genitive singular grafs, nominative plural gröf)
* graph, chart

#### Declension
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡraf/
* Rhymes: -ɡraf, -raf, -af, -f
* Hyphenation: graf

### Noun

graf (plural graf-graf)
* (linguistics, typography) graph: A graphical unit on the token-level, the abstracted fundamental shape of a character or letter as distinct from its ductus (realization in a particular typeface or handwriting on the instance-level) and as distinct by a grapheme on the type-level by not fundamentally distinguishing meaning.
    Synonym: huruf

#### Related terms

* grafik
* grafika
* grafis

### Further reading

* “graf” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

### Noun

graf m (genitive singular graif, nominative plural graif)
* graph, chart

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
graf
graif
vocative
a ghraif
a ghrafa
genitive
graif
graf
dative
graf
graif
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an graf
na graif
genitive
an ghraif
na ngraf
dative
leis an ngraf don ghraf
leis na graif :
* Alternative plural: grafanna

#### Derived terms

* grafach (“graphic(al)”, adjective)
* grafeolaíocht f (“graphology”)
* grafpháipéar m (“graph paper”)
* graiftheoiric f (“graph theory”)

#### Related terms

* grafachas m (“graphism”)

### Verb

graf (present analytic grafann, future analytic grafaidh, verbal noun grafadh, past participle grafa)
* (ambitransitive, literary) write; draw, sketch
* (transitive, mathematics, statistics) graph, plot, chart

#### Conjugation

| verbal noun | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh | grafadh |
| past participle | graftha | graftha | graftha | graftha | graftha | graftha | graftha | graftha |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | grafaim | grafann tú; grafair$^†$ | grafann sé, sí | grafaimid | grafann sibh | grafann siad; grafaid$^†$ | a ghrafann; a ghrafas / a ngrafann* | graftar |
| past | ghraf mé; ghrafas | ghraf tú; ghrafais | ghraf sé, sí | ghrafamar; ghraf muid | ghraf sibh; ghrafabhair | ghraf siad; ghrafadar | a ghraf / ar ghraf* | grafadh |
| past habitual | ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡ | ghraftá / ngraftá‡‡ | ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡ | ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡ | ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡ | a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh* | ghraftaí / ngraftaí‡‡ |
| future | grafaidh mé; grafad | grafaidh tú; grafair$^†$ | grafaidh sé, sí | grafaimid; grafaidh muid | grafaidh sibh | grafaidh siad; grafaid$^†$ | a ghrafaidh; a ghrafas / a ngrafaidh* | grafar |
| conditional | ghrafainn / ngrafainn‡‡ | ghrafá / ngrafá‡‡ | ghrafadh sé, sí / ngrafadh sé, sí‡‡ | ghrafaimis; ghrafadh muid / ngrafaimis‡‡; ngrafadh muid‡‡ | ghrafadh sibh / ngrafadh sibh‡‡ | ghrafaidís; ghrafadh siad / ngrafaidís‡‡; ngrafadh siad‡‡ | a ghrafadh / a ngrafadh* | ghrafaí / ngrafaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go ngrafa mé; go ngrafad$^†$ | go ngrafa tú; go ngrafair$^†$ | go ngrafa sé, sí | go ngrafaimid; go ngrafa muid | go ngrafa sibh | go ngrafa siad; go ngrafaid$^†$ | — | go ngraftar |
| past | dá ngrafainn | dá ngraftá | dá ngrafadh sé, sí | dá ngrafaimis; dá ngrafadh muid | dá ngrafadh sibh | dá ngrafaidís; dá ngrafadh siad | — | dá ngraftaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | grafaim | graf | grafadh sé, sí | grafaimis | grafaigí; grafaidh$^†$ | grafaidís | — | graftar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “graf”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Kashubian
### Alternative forms

* grôf

### Etymology

Borrowed from German Graf.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡraf/
* Rhymes: -af
* Syllabification: graf

### Noun

graf m inan
* count
    Synonym: hrabia

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Sychta, Bernard (1967) “grafa”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 1 (A – Ǵ), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 354
* Jan Trepczyk (1994) “hrabia”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “hrabia”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “graf”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Middle English
### Noun

graf
* Alternative form of grave

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

### Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafer, definite plural grafene)
* graph (diagram)

### References

* “graf” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from English graph.

### Noun

graf m (definite singular grafen, indefinite plural grafar, definite plural grafane)
* graph (diagram)

### References

* “graf” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Etymology

Uncertain, lacking cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps from grafan (“to dig”), similar to drāf (“drove”) and drifan.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑːf/

### Noun

grāf ?
* grove

#### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Middle English: grove, grave, grof
** English: grove
** Scots: grave (obsolete)

### References

* ↑ Puppel, S. (2010). Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on His 60th Birthday. Germany: De Gruyter., p. 134-135

## Old Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡɾaɸ]?

### Adjective

graf m or f (plural graves)
* Apocopic form of grave; serious; grave; major
** c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17v:e la coſa graf q̃ nã podrã iudgar adugã la aty. e iudgar laas.And any grave matter they cannot judge themselves they will bring to you, so that you may judge it.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡraf/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -af
* Syllabification: graf
* Homophone: -graf

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish grof. Doublet of grabia and hrabia.

#### Noun

graf m pers
* (historical) count (male ruler of a county)
    Synonyms: grabia, hrabia

##### Derived terms

* grafowski
* grafiątko
* grafina
* grafini
* grafostwo

### Etymology 2

Internationalism; compare English graph, French graphe, German Graph, ultimately from Ancient Greek γράφειν (gráphein).

#### Noun

graf m inan
* (mathematics) graph
    Hypernym: wykres

##### Derived terms

* grafowy

### Etymology 3

Clipping of autograf.

#### Noun

graf m inan
* (slang) autograph
    Synonym: autograf

##### Declension
### Further reading

* graf in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* graf in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French graph.

#### Noun

graf n (plural grafuri)
* graph

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Graf.

#### Noun

graf m (plural grafi)
* count

##### Declension
## Scottish Gaelic
### Noun

graf m (genitive singular grafa, plural grafaichean)
* graph

#### Derived terms

* clò-ghrafachd

## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

grȁf m (Cyrillic spelling гра̏ф)
* (mathematics) graph
* (graph theory) graph

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From English graph, shortened from graphic formula.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑːf/
* Rhymes: -ɑːf

#### Noun

graf c
* (mathematics) graph, the set $\left\{(x,F({x}))\right\}$
* (graph theory) graph; an ordered set (V,E) of edges which joins to the vertices such that each of the edge's ends is located at a vertex

##### Related terms

* grafik
* grafiker
* grafisk
* grafteori
* telegraf

##### See also

* diagram
* ritning

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑːv/

#### Noun

graf c
* Obsolete spelling of grav.

##### Declension
## Volapük
### Noun

graf (nominative plural grafs)
* count (ruler of a county)

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Derived terms

* grafän