# ras
## English
### Etymology 1

From Amharic ራስ (ras). More at Etymology 2.

#### Noun

ras (plural rases)
* An Ethiopian king or prince.

### Etymology 2

From Arabic رأس (raʔs, “head(land)”). Doublet of ras (Etymology 1) above, as well as of resh; further related to reis.

#### Noun

ras (plural rases)
* A headland; a cape.

##### Usage notes

Chiefly found in proper names.

### See also

* ras el hanout (etymologically unrelated)
* ras malai (etymologically unrelated)

### Anagrams

* ARS, ARs, ASR, RSA, SAR, Sar, Sar., ars, asr

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rāsus, perfect passive participle of rādere (“scrape, shave”). Cognate to Spanish raso.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈras]

### Participle

ras (feminine rasa, masculine plural rasos, feminine plural rases)
* past participle of raure

### Adjective

ras (feminine rasa, masculine plural rasos, feminine plural rases)
* close-cropped, shorn
* smooth, flat, level
* level, full to the brim (of a container)
    una mesura rasa de farina ― one level measure of flour

### Noun

ras m (plural rasos)
* open country, the open
    al ras ― in the open

#### Derived terms

* al ras
* rasa

### Further reading

* “ras” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “ras” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “ras”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈras]

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

ras m anim
* a knacker, i.e. a person whose job it is to remove animal carcasses
    Synonym: pohodný
* a strict, cruel, even ruthless person

##### Derived terms

* rasejček
* rasíček
* rasík

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ras
* genitive plural of rasa

### Further reading

* “ras”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “ras”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “ras”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /raːs/, [ʁɑːˀs]

### Verb

ras
* imperative of rase

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɑs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ras
* Rhymes: -ɑs

### Etymology 1

Borrowing from French race.

#### Noun

ras n (plural rassen, diminutive rasje n)
* race, breed

##### Derived terms

* hondenras
* paardenras
* rasecht
* rassenhaat
* rassenleer
* rassenscheiding
* rassensegregatie
* raszuiver
* vuilnisbakkenras

##### Descendants

* → Indonesian: ras

### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch rasch, from Old Dutch *rasc, from Proto-Germanic *raskuz. Cognates include English rash, German rasch.

#### Adjective

ras (comparative rasser, superlative meest ras or rast)
* (dated outside fixed expressions) quick
    Synonyms: snel, vlug, rap, rad, kwiek, gezwind
    Het project vordert met rasse schreden. ― The project is advancing rapidly.

##### Usage notes

* This word has mostly fallen in disuse outside of the set phrase met rasse schreden.

##### Derived terms

* alras

## French
### Etymology 1

From Old French rés (remodelled after raser), itself from Latin rāsus. Doublet of rez.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁa/ ~ /ʁɑ/
* Rhymes: -ɑ
* Homophone: raz

#### Adjective

ras (feminine rase, masculine plural ras, feminine plural rases)
* short
* close-cropped (of hair etc.)

##### Derived terms

* à ras de
* au ras de
* au ras des pâquerettes
* à ras bord
* en avoir ras la casquette
* en avoir ras le bol
* en avoir ras le cul
* rase campagne
* table rase

##### Related terms

* rasibus

### Etymology 2

From Amharic.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁas/ ~ /ʁɑs/
* Rhymes: -ɑs
* Homophones: race, races (short a only)

#### Noun

ras m (plural ras)
* ras

### Further reading

* “ras”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch ras, from French race, from Middle French rasse "entirety of ancestors and descendants of the same family or people", from Italian razza (13th century), of uncertain origin (more at razza).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈras]
* Hyphenation: ras

### Noun

ras (plural)
* race
    Synonym: rumpun bangsa

### Further reading

* “ras” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Amharic ራስ (ras, “head”), from Proto-Semitic *raʾš- (“head”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈras/
* Rhymes: -as
* Hyphenation: ràs

### Noun

ras m (invariable)
* (historical) title of the second-highest grade in the hierarchy of the Ethiopian Empire; ras
* (figurative, derogatory) any small local authority who exercises power despotically
* a local boss of organized crime
* (historical) a Fascist party official

#### Synonyms

* (Fascist official): gerarca

#### Related terms

* rais

### See also

* negus
* degiac (ethiopian commander of a unit equivalent to a regiment, composed of two to three thousand men)

## Juba Arabic
### Etymology

From Sudanese Arabic راس (rās), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɾas/, [ˈɾas]

### Noun

ras
* (anatomy) head
* top

### References

* Ian Smith, Morris Timothy Ama (1985) A Dictionary of Juba Arabic & English‎, 1st edition, Juba: The Committee of The Juba Cheshire Home and Centre for Handicapped Children, page 166

## Lithuanian
### Verb

ras
* third-person singular future of rasti
* third-person plural future of rasti

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ras]
** Audio (Malaysia):(file)
** Rhymes: -ras, -as
* (Etymology 1, alternatively, English-based) IPA: [res]
** Audio (Malaysia):(file)
** Rhymes: -res, -es
* Hyphenation: ras

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from English race, from Middle English race, partially from Old English rǣs (“a race, swift or violent running, rush, onset”), from Proto-West Germanic *rās; and partially from Old Norse rás (“a running, race”); both from Proto-Germanic *rēsō (“a course”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁s- (“to flow, rush”).

#### Noun

ras (Jawi spelling رس, plural ras-ras, informal 1st possessive rasku, 2nd possessive rasmu, 3rd possessive rasnya)
* (anthropology) A race.
    Synonyms: keturunan, kaum, bangsa, puak, etnik
    ras Cina ― Chinese race

##### Related terms

* rasis
* rasisme

### Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

#### Noun

ras (Jawi spelling رس, informal 1st possessive rasku, 2nd possessive rasmu, 3rd possessive rasnya)
* (Onomatopoeia) A rustling sound.

### Etymology 3

From Hindi रास (rās) or Urdu راس (rās).

#### Noun

ras (Jawi spelling رس, plural ras-ras, informal 1st possessive rasku, 2nd possessive rasmu, 3rd possessive rasnya)
* The reins used by a horse rider to guide a horse.
    Synonym: kekang

### References

* ↑ Wilkinson, R. J. (Richard James), 1867-1941 (1901) A Malay-English dictionary‎, Kelly & Walsh Ltd, retrieved 30 September 2024, page 326

### Further reading

* “ras” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic رَأْس (raʔs). The word is masculine in standard Arabic, but the feminine is found in some dialects, so there is no need to assume influence by Sicilian testa (though this is not ruled out).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /raːs/

### Noun

ras f (dual (uncommon) rasejn, plural rjus, diminutive rwajsa)
* (anatomy) head
** 1970, Anton Buttigieg, “Lis-Sena l-Ġdida 1964”, in Fl-Arena:X’sejra ġġibilna ġewwa l-fardal tiegħek. ja Sena Ġdida? Ah! biegħed minna il-għelt, il-ġlied, id-demm bejn l-aħwa; rażżan ir-regħba u l-ġibdiet tal-ħakma, rattab l-irjus u l-qlub, ġibilna s-sabar ta’ xulxin, l-imħabba, ġibilna l-għaqda, ġibilna s-sliem, ġibilna l-ħelsien!(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (measure word for livestock or people in a crowd) a single animal or person.
* beginning
* front part
* promontory, headland, cape
* chief, leader
* bulb (of garlic)
* top
* intellect
* (in the plural) chapters

#### Derived terms

* Ras ir-Randan

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse ras, compare with the verb rase.

#### Noun

ras n (definite singular raset, indefinite plural ras, definite plural rasa or rasene)
* an avalanche, landslide, landslip

##### Synonyms

* skred

##### Derived terms

* jordras
* snøras
* steinras
* takras

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ras
* imperative of rase

### References

* “ras” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “ras_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse ras, itself apparently related to rás (“race, course”); compare with rase.

### Noun

ras n (definite singular raset, indefinite plural ras, definite plural rasa)
* an avalanche, landslide, landslip

#### Synonyms

* skred

#### Derived terms

* jordras
* snøras
* steinras
* takras

### References

* “ras” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɑːs/

### Verb

rās
* first/third-person singular preterite indicative of rīsan

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈras/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -as
* Syllabification: ras
* Homophone: raz

### Noun

ras
* genitive plural of rasa

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rāsus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ras/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -as

### Verb

ras (past participle of rade)
* past participle of rade

### Adjective

ras m or n (feminine singular rasă, masculine plural rași, feminine and neuter plural rase)
* shaved, shaven

#### Antonyms

* neras

#### Related terms

* rade
* răsură

## Russenorsk
### Etymology

From Russian разъ (raz, “a time”) with a semantic change of unknown origin.

### Noun

ras
* a day
    Nogli ras paa kastel ju stannom?How many days have you been in the jail?

#### Synonyms

* dag

#### Derived terms

* gammel ras (yesterday)

### References

* Ingvild Broch, Ernst H. Jahr (1984) Russenorsk: Et pidginspråk i Norge [Russenorsk: A pidgin language in Norway], 2 edition, Oslo: Novus Forlag

## Spanish
### Etymology

Deverbal from rasar, from raso (“level”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈras/ [ˈras]
* Rhymes: -as
* Syllabification: ras

### Noun

ras m (plural rases)
* evenness, levelness

#### Derived terms

* a ras
* a ras de tierra
* ras con ras

### Further reading

* “ras”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “ras”, in Diccionario de americanismos [Dictionary of Americanisms] (in Spanish), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language [Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], 2010
* ras | Diccionario • DELE Ahora

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rɑːs/
* Audio (Gotland):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːs

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse rás (“race”), from Proto-Germanic *rēsō.

#### Noun

ras c
* a race (a large group of individuals of the same species set apart from others on the basis of a common heritage), a breed
    hundraser ― dog breeds

##### Derived terms

* hundras
* kattras
* rasben
* rasbiologi
* rasbiologisk
* rasblandning
* rasbråk
* rasdiskriminerande
* rasdiskriminering
* rasdjur
* rasfråga
* rasfrände
* rasfördom
* rasförföljelse
* rasförtryck
* rashat
* rashatare
* rashets
* rashetsare
* rashund
* rashygien
* rashygienisk
* rashäst
* rashögfärd
* rasism
* rasist
* rasistisk
* raskamp
* raskatt
* raskravaller
* raskrig
* raslag
* raslig
* raslära
* rasmotsättning
* rasmässig
* raspolitik
* raspolitisk
* rasproblem
* rasprogram
* rasren
* rasrenhet
* rassegregation
* rasskillnad
* rastillhörighet
* rastänkande
* rasåtskillnad
* renrasig

### Etymology 2

Verbal noun of rasa. Compare Danish and Norwegian ras.

#### Noun

ras n
* a collapse (of a building)
* a mudslide (geological disaster)
* a cave in, a collapse inward or downward
* a fall (of stock market values)
* (archaic to obsolete) romp, frolic (lively play)
** 1891, “Det var dans bort i vägen [There was a dance down the road]”, Gustaf Fröding (lyrics), Helfrid Lambert (music)‎performed by Sven-Ingvars:In i snåret av björkar och alar och hassel, var det viskande snack, det var tissel och tassel, bland de skymmande skuggorna där. Det var ras, det var lek över stockar och stenar, det var kutter och smek, under lummiga grenar. Vill du ha mig, så har du mig här!In the thicket of birches and alders and hazel, there was whispered [whispering] chatter, there was tittling and tattling, among the obscuring shadows there. There was romp, there was play over logs and rocks, there was cooing and caressing, under leafy branches. If you want me, you have me here!

##### Related terms

* rasa
* rasbrant
* rasera
* rasering
* rasgräns
* raskant
* rasmassa
* rasolycka
* rasrisk
* snöras
* stenras

### References

* ras in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ras in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ras in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* -sar, ars

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /raːs/
* Rhymes: -aːs

### Etymology 1

From English race.

#### Noun

ras f (plural rasys, not mutable)
* race (contest)

##### Derived terms

* cae ras m (“racecourse”)
* rasio (“race”, verb)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ras
* Soft mutation of gras (“grace”).

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ras”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies