# you
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English you, yow, ȝow (object case of ye), from Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē), from Proto-West Germanic *iwwi (“you”, dative case of *jiʀ), from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz), the Western form of Proto-Germanic *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-European *yūs (“you”, plural), *yū́.
Cognate with Scots you (“you”), Saterland Frisian jou (“you”), West Frisian jo (“you”), Low German jo, joe and oe (“you”), Dutch jou and u (“you”), German euch (“you”), Middle High German eu, iu (“you”, object pronoun), Latin vōs (“you”), Avestan 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “you”), Ashkun yë̃ (“you”), Kamkata-viri šo (“you”), Sanskrit यूयम् (yūyám, “you”).
See usage notes. Ye, you and your are cognate with Dutch jij/je, jou, jouw; Low German ji, jo/ju, jug and German ihr, euch and euer respectively. Ye is also cognate with Danish I and archaic Swedish I.

#### Alternative forms

* ye (archaic nominative, dialectal plural)
* ya, yah, yer, yeh, y', yo, yu, yuh (eye dialect or informal)
* yoo (eye dialect)
* yew (eye dialect or obsolete)
* -cha (informal, after /t/)
* -ja (informal, after /d/)
* u (Internet, informal)
* yuo (Internet, ironic)
* youe, yow, yowe (obsolete)

#### Pronunciation

* (stressed)
** (Received Pronunciation) enPR: yo͞o, IPA: /juː/
*** Audio:(file)
*** Audio:(file)
** (General American) enPR: yo͞o, IPA: /ju/
*** Audio:(file)
** (Canada) IPA: [jʉː], [jɪu̯]
** (General Australian) enPR: yo͞o, IPA: /jʉː/
** (Scotland, Northern Ireland) IPA: /jʉ/
** Rhymes: -uː
* (unstressed)
** (Received Pronunciation) enPR: yo͞o, IPA: /ju/
** (General American, General Australian) enPR: yə, IPA: /jə/
*** Audio:(file)
* Homophones: ewe, u, yew, yu; hew, hue, Hugh (h-dropping)
When a word ending in /t/, /d/, /s/, or /z/ is followed by you, these may coalesce with the /j/, resulting in /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, respectively. This is occasionally represented in writing, e.g. gotcha (from got you) or whatcha doin'? (more formally what are you doing?).

#### Pronoun

you (second person, singular or plural, nominative or objective, possessive determiner your, possessive pronoun yours, singular reflexive yourself, plural reflexive yourselves)
* (object pronoun) The people spoken, or written to, as an object. [from 9th c.]
    Both of you should get ready now.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 42:14, column 1:And Ioſeph ſaid vnto them, That is it that I ſpake vnto you, ſaying, Ye are ſpies.
* (reflexive pronoun, now US colloquial) (To) yourselves, (to) yourself. [from 9th c.]
** c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):If I may counsaile you, some day or two / Your Highnesse shall repose you at the Tower [...].
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis XIX::And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the Lord will destroy this city.
** 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:'Draw near, and wash you in the living flames, and take their virtue into your poor frames in all its virgin strength[.]'
** 1970, Donald Harington, Lightning Bug:‘Pull you up a chair,’ she offered.
** 1975, Joseph Nazel, Death for Hire:You'd better get you a gun and kill him before he kills you or somebody.
* (object pronoun) The person spoken to or written to, as an object. (Replacing thee; originally as a mark of respect.) [from 13th c.]
** c. 1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VIII:I charge you, as ye woll have my love, that ye warne your kynnesmen that ye woll beare that day the slyve of golde uppon your helmet.
* (subject pronoun) The people spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Replacing ye.) [from 14th c.]
    You are all supposed to do as I tell you.
** 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)
    Are you excited? ― Yes, I am excited!
       Audio (US):(file)
* (subject pronoun) The person spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Originally as a mark of respect.) [from 15th c.]
** 1814 May 9, [Jane Austen], chapter IX, in Mansfield Park: […], volume II, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 208:You are right, Fanny, to protest against such an office, but you need not be afraid.
* (object pronoun, colloquial) A person's favorite sports team.
    I get that you're from Southeast Michigan, but I'm still surprised that you're a Detroit Lions fan. You have been on the receiving end of losing seasons for a while now.
* (indefinite personal pronoun) Anyone, one; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object). [from 16th c.]
** 1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter II, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume II, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 18:The ascent is precipitous, but the path is cut into continual and short windings, which enable you to surmount the perpendicularity of the mountain.
** 2001 May 5, Polly Vernon, The Guardian:You can't choose your family, your lovers are difficult and volatile, but, oh, you can choose your friends - so doesn't it make much more sense to live and holiday with them instead?
* (indefinite personal pronoun) A dummy pronoun used in certain constructions, usually with verbs of receiving (such as get or find) or sensing (such as see or hear), typically stating the existence or typicality of something.
    You get a lot of rude people in London.
    It was one of those small-town dive bars you often read about.
** 1973, Soldiers:You find a lot of 'life' in the city but much of it is an act people are putting on.
** 2018 October 4, Javier Marías, Berta Isla, Penguin UK, →ISBN:You get some terrible bullies in Spanish villages too , and they'll doubtless grow up to be complete oafs.
** 2018 January 16, Rick Wolff, Secrets of Sports Psychology Revealed: Proven Techniques to Elevate Your Performance, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:You often hear about athletes having the jitters before a game, or having butterflies in their stomach.

##### Usage notes

* Originally, you was specifically plural (indicating multiple people), and specifically the object form (serving as the object of a verb or preposition; like us as opposed to we). The subject pronoun was ye, and the corresponding singular pronouns were thee and thou, respectively. In some forms of (older) English, you and ye doubled as polite singular forms, e.g. used in addressing superiors, with thee and thou being the non-polite singular forms. In the 1600s, some writers objected to the use of "singular you" (compare objections to the singular they), but in modern (non-dialect) English thee and thou are archaic and all but nonexistent and you is used for both the singular and the plural.
* Several forms of English now distinguish singular you from various marked plural forms, such as you guys, y'all, you-uns, or youse, though not all of these are completely equivalent or considered Standard English.
* The pronoun you is usually, but not always, omitted in imperative sentences. In affirmatives, it may be included before the verb (You go right ahead; You stay out of it); in negative imperatives, it may be included either before the don't, or (more commonly) after it (Don't you dare go in there; Don't you start now).
* The pronoun you is also used in an indefinite sense: the generic you.
* See Appendix:English parts of speech for other personal pronouns.

##### Synonyms

* (subject pronoun: person spoken/written to):
    yer (UK eye dialect)
    plus the alternative forms listed above and at Appendix:English personal pronouns
* (subject pronoun: persons spoken/written to; plural): See Thesaurus:y'all
* (object pronoun: person spoken/written to): thee (singular, archaic), ye, to you, to thee, to ye
* (object pronoun: persons spoken/written to): ye, to you, to ye, to you all
* (one): one, people, they, them

##### Derived terms

* as you go
* as you sow, so shall you reap
* because you touch yourself at night
* believe you me
* can you not
* check you out
* damn you
* damn you all in hell
* damn you all to hell
* funk you
* generic you
* get a dog up you
* get away with you
* get you gone
* go back to where you came from
* how are you
* how are you keeping
* how you get them is how you lose them
* I fuck you not
* if you pay peanuts, you get monkeys
* I know you are but what am I?
* I like to see you try
* IOU
* I shit you not
* it is not just you
* let crazy stick its dick in you
* makes you think
* may God damn you
* mind you
* nice knowing you
* nice to meet you
* nice work if you can get it
* no soup for you
* say you swear
* see you in the funny papers
* see you later
* see-you-next-Tuesday
* see you round
* smell you later
* thank you
* that's mighty white of you
* the more you know
* told you
* told-you-so
* what can I tell you
* what did I tell you
* what do you say
* whatever helps you sleep at night
* whatever you say
* what say you
* you are the doctor
* you can't make this up
* you can't outrun your fork
* you can't polish shit
* you can't turn a hoe into a housewife
* you'd
* you don't know where it's been
* you don't want to know
* you got a name
* you had me at
* you hear what I'm saying
* you kiss your father with that mouth
* you kiss your grandfather with that mouth
* you know
* you'll
* you OK
* you're
* you've

##### Descendants

* Belizean Creole: yu
* Bislama: yu
* Cameroon Pidgin: you
* Jamaican Creole: yuh
* Nigerian Pidgin: yu
* Sranan Tongo: yu
* Tok Pisin: yu
* Torres Strait Creole: yu

##### See also

Dialectal and obsolete or archaic forms are in italics.
personal pronounpossessive pronounpossessive determiner
subjective
objective
reflexive
first personsingular
I me (colloquial)memyself me mysenminemy mine (before vowels, archaic) me
plural
weusourselves ourself oursenoursour
second personsingular
standard (historically formal)
youyouyourself yoursenyours yourn (obsolete outside dialects)your
archaic (historically informal)
thoutheethyself theeself thysenthinethy thine (before vowels)
plural
standard
you ye (archaic)youyourselvesyours yourn (obsolete outside dialects)your
colloquial
you all y'all you guysyou all y'all you guysy'allselvesy'all's you guys' your guys' (proscribed)y'all's your all's (nonstandard) you guys' your guys' (proscribed)
informal / dialectal
(see list of dialectal forms at you and inflected forms in those entries)
third person
singular
masculine
hehimhimself hisself (archaic) hissenhis hisn (obsolete outside dialects)his
feminine
sheherherself hersenhers hern (obsolete outside dialects)her
neuter
it hitit hititself hitselfits his (archaic)its his (archaic) hits
genderless
theythemthemself, themselvestheirstheir
nonspecific (formal)
oneoneoneself–one's
plural
theythem hem, 'emthemselves theirsentheirs theirn (obsolete outside dialects)their :

#### Determiner

you
* The individual or group spoken or written to.
    Have you gentlemen come to see the lady who fell backwards off a bus?
* Used before epithets, describing the person being addressed, for emphasis.
    You idiot!
** 2015, Judi Curtin, Only Eva, The O'Brien Press, →ISBN:'You genius!' I shouted in Aretta's ear. 'You absolute genius! Why didn't you tell us you were so good?'

##### Derived terms

* y'all
* you guys
* yous
* you-uns

##### Translations
#### Verb

you (third-person singular simple present yous, present participle youing, simple past and past participle youed)
* (transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun you (in the past, especially to use you rather than thou, when you was considered more formal).
** 1930, Barrington Hall, Modern Conversation, Brewer & Warren, page 239:Youing consists in relating everything in the conversation to the person you wish to flatter, and introducing the word “you” into your speech as often as possible.
** 1992, Barbara Anderson, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife, Victoria University Press, page 272:Now even Princess Anne had dropped it. Sarah had heard her youing away on television the other night just like the inhabitants of her mother’s dominions beyond the seas.
** 2004, Ellen Miller, “Practicing”, in Brooklyn Noir, Akashic Books:But even having my very own personal pronoun was risky, because it’s pretty tough to keep stopped-hope stopped up when you are getting all youed up, when someone you really like keeps promising you scary, fun, exciting stuff—and even tougher for the of that moment to remain securely devoid of hope, to make smart, self-denying decisions with Dad youing me—the long ooo of it broad and extended, like a hand.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

you (plural yous)
* The name of the Latin-script letter U/u.
** 1969, Michael Feld, The Sabbatical Year, London: Alan Ross Ltd, page 301:‘Eff. You. En,’ said Mr Banstead. ‘Fun! […]’
** 2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:It said, in a whispering, buzzing voice, "Gee-you-ess-ess-ay-dash-em-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-em-eye-en-gee-oh-dash-pee-eye-pee-dash-pee-ee-ar-ar-wye-dash-pee-eye-en-gee-oh."
** 2019, Anand Ranganathan, Chitra Subramaniam, The Rat Eater, Bloomsbury India, →ISBN:‘S-S-C…sitting on a tree…eff-you-cee-kay-i-en-ji.’

##### Alternative forms

* u

##### Derived terms

* doubleyou

### References

* ↑ The British Friend (November 1st, 1861), notes: "In 1659, Thomas Ellwood, Milton's friend and scoretary, thus expresses himself—“ The corrupt and unsound form of speaking in the plural number to a single person, you to one instead of thou, contrary to the pure, plain, and simple language ..."

## Cameroon Pidgin
### Alternative forms

* yu

### Etymology

From English you.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ju/

### Pronoun

you
* thou, thee, 2nd person singular subject and object personal pronoun

#### See also
## Japanese
### Romanization

you
* Rōmaji transcription of よう

#### See also

* yō (yō)

## Karawa
### Noun

you
* water

### References

* transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

## Leonese
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

### Pronoun

you
* I

#### See also

| | | | | nominative | disjunctive | dative | accusative |
| first person | singular | singular | singular | you | min$^1$ | me | me |
| first person | plural | masculine | masculine | nosoutros | nosoutros | nos | nos |
| first person | plural | feminine | feminine | nosoutras | nosoutras | | nos | nos |
| second person | singular | familiar | familiar | tu | ti$^1$ | te | te |
| second person | singular | formal$^3$ | formal$^3$ | vusté | vusté | | |
| second person | plural | familiar | masculine$^2$ | vosoutros | vosoutros | vos | vos |
| second person | plural | familiar | feminine | vosoutras | vosoutras | | vos | vos |
| second person | plural | formal$^3$ | formal$^3$ | vustedes | vustedes | | |
| third person | singular$^4$ | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | él | él | ye | lu |
| third person | singular$^4$ | feminine | feminine | eilla | eilla | ye | la |
| third person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | eillos | eillos | yes | los |
| third person | plural | feminine | feminine | eillas | eillas | yes | las |
| third person | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive | — | sí$^1$ | — | — |
* Not used with cun; cunmiéu, cuntiéu, and cunsiéu are used instead, respectively
* Masculine Leonese pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
* Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity.
* A neuter form eillu exists too.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

you (you$^5$ / you$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄧㄡ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 喲 / 哟

### Romanization

you
* Nonstandard spelling of yōu.
* Nonstandard spelling of yóu.
* Nonstandard spelling of yǒu.
* Nonstandard spelling of yòu.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Pronoun

you
* Alternative form of yow

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

you
* (chiefly Northern and East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þou

## Mirandese
### Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jow/
* Audio (Central):(file)

### Pronoun

you
* I (the first-person singular pronoun)
** 2008, “Ai que cochino!!! (ver. II)”, in Picä Tumilho (band) (music), Faíçca: Ua stória d'amor i laboura:I you cun muita fuorça spetei bien la facaAnd I strongly skewered (with) the knife.

## Paraujano
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjou̯/
* Rhymes: -ou̯
* Syllabification: you

### Verb

you 0 (stative)
* to be big
* to be old

#### Derived terms

* youchee (“to be big-eared”)
* youchüra (“to be big-breasted”)
* youkii (“to be big-headed”)
* youpü (“to be tall”)
* youpüye (“to be long-legged”)
* youyure (“to be potbellied”)

### References

* Álvarez, José, Bravo, María (2008) “you”, in Diccionario básico de la lengua añú [Basic dictionary of the Añú language]‎, Maracaibo, Venezuela: University of Zulia, →ISBN, page 108.

## Pouye
### Noun

you
* water

### References

* transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

## Takia
### Etymology

Borrowed from Bargam yuw and Waskia yu.

### Noun

you
* water

### References

* Malcolm Ross, Andrew Pawley, Meredith Osmond, The Lexicon of Proto-Oceanic: The Culture and Environment (2007, →ISBN
* ↑ Loanwords in Takia, in Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook (edited by Martin Haspelmath, Uri Tadmor), page 761

## Terebu
### Noun

you
* fire

### Further reading

* Malcolm Ross, Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia, Pacific Linguistics, series C-98 (1988)