# perna
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin perna. Compare Spanish pierna and Portuguese perna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈpɛr.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈpɛɾ.na]

### Noun

perna f (plural pernes)
* (obsolete outside fixed expressions) leg (lower limb of a human)

#### Derived terms

* espernegar
* espernetegar
* pern
* pernabatre
* pernada
* pernejar

#### Related terms

* pernil

### Further reading

* “perna” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “perna”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “perna” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “perna” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cornish
### Alternative forms

* prena

### Etymology

From Middle Cornish prena, from Proto-Brythonic *prɨnad, from Proto-Celtic *kʷrinati, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷrinéh₂ti ~ *kʷrinh₂énti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pernə/

### Verb

perna
* (Revived Late Cornish) to buy

## Fala
### Alternative forms

* pelna (Lagarteiru)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese perna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpeɾna/
* Rhymes: -eɾna
* Syllabification: per‧na

### Noun

perna f (plural pernas)
* (Mañegu, Valverdeñu, anatomy) leg

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *përna, possibly from Indo-Iranian, cognate with Estonian põrn (“spleen”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpernɑ/, [ˈpe̞rnɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ernɑ
* Hyphenation: per‧na

### Noun

perna
* (anatomy) spleen

#### Declension

Possessive forms of perna (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pernani
pernani
accusative
nom.
pernani
pernani
gen.
pernani
genitive
pernani
pernojeni pernaini $^{rare}$
partitive
pernaani
pernojani
inessive
pernassani
pernoissani
elative
pernastani
pernoistani
illative
pernaani
pernoihini
adessive
pernallani
pernoillani
ablative
pernaltani
pernoiltani
allative
pernalleni
pernoilleni
essive
pernanani
pernoinani
translative
pernakseni
pernoikseni
abessive
pernattani
pernoittani
instructive
comitative
—pernoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pernasi
pernasi
accusative
nom.
pernasi
pernasi
gen.
pernasi
genitive
pernasi
pernojesi pernaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
pernaasi
pernojasi
inessive
pernassasi
pernoissasi
elative
pernastasi
pernoistasi
illative
pernaasi
pernoihisi
adessive
pernallasi
pernoillasi
ablative
pernaltasi
pernoiltasi
allative
pernallesi
pernoillesi
essive
pernanasi
pernoinasi
translative
pernaksesi
pernoiksesi
abessive
pernattasi
pernoittasi
instructive
comitative
—pernoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pernamme
pernamme
accusative
nom.
pernamme
pernamme
gen.
pernamme
genitive
pernamme
pernojemme pernaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
pernaamme
pernojamme
inessive
pernassamme
pernoissamme
elative
pernastamme
pernoistamme
illative
pernaamme
pernoihimme
adessive
pernallamme
pernoillamme
ablative
pernaltamme
pernoiltamme
allative
pernallemme
pernoillemme
essive
pernanamme
pernoinamme
translative
pernaksemme
pernoiksemme
abessive
pernattamme
pernoittamme
instructive
comitative
—pernoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pernanne
pernanne
accusative
nom.
pernanne
pernanne
gen.
pernanne
genitive
pernanne
pernojenne pernainne $^{rare}$
partitive
pernaanne
pernojanne
inessive
pernassanne
pernoissanne
elative
pernastanne
pernoistanne
illative
pernaanne
pernoihinne
adessive
pernallanne
pernoillanne
ablative
pernaltanne
pernoiltanne
allative
pernallenne
pernoillenne
essive
pernananne
pernoinanne
translative
pernaksenne
pernoiksenne
abessive
pernattanne
pernoittanne
instructive
comitative
—pernoinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
pernansa
pernansa
accusative
nom.
pernansa
pernansa
gen.
pernansa
genitive
pernansa
pernojensa pernainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
pernaansa
pernojaan pernojansa
inessive
pernassaan pernassansa
pernoissaan pernoissansa
elative
pernastaan pernastansa
pernoistaan pernoistansa
illative
pernaansa
pernoihinsa
adessive
pernallaan pernallansa
pernoillaan pernoillansa
ablative
pernaltaan pernaltansa
pernoiltaan pernoiltansa
allative
pernalleen pernallensa
pernoilleen pernoillensa
essive
pernanaan pernanansa
pernoinaan pernoinansa
translative
pernakseen pernaksensa
pernoikseen pernoiksensa
abessive
pernattaan pernattansa
pernoittaan pernoittansa
instructive
comitative
—pernoineen pernoinensa :

#### Synonyms

* lien, splen (medical vocabulary)

#### Derived terms

* pernaruoho
* pernarutto
* pernasairaus
* pernasyöpä

#### References

* ↑ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “perna”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese perna (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin perna. Cognate with Portuguese perna and Spanish pierna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛɾna̝/

### Noun

perna f (plural pernas)
* leg
** 1435, A. López Carreira, Fragmentos de notarios, doc. E2-8:
    ... que aderençaran ao dito Goterre Afonso et que o dito Fernando de Mourelos que sacara a espada da beyna contra o dito Goterre Afonso por lo matar, et seus conpaneiros como lo viran sacar que o ajudaran contra o dito Goterre Afonso, do qual lle logo deran huna grande ferida en huna perna esqerda, en que o feriran debayxo do gionllo ata o qualquanar... they approached said Goterre Afonso and that the mentioned Fernando de Mourelos extracted the sword from its scabbard against said Goterre Afonso, for killing him; and his companions, as they saw this, helped him against said Goterre Afonso, and consequently he gave him a large wound in the left leg, in which he injured him from under the knee till the heel
* (anatomy) shin, the region between the knee and ankle

### See also

* coxa

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “perna”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “perna”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “perna”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “perna”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “perna”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese perna. Cognate with Kabuverdianu perna.

### Noun

perna
* leg

## Ingrian
### Alternative forms

* perta

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *përna. Cognates include Finnish perna and Estonian põrn.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈpernɑ/, [ˈpe̞rn]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈpernɑ/, [ˈpe̞rnɑ]
* Rhymes: -ern, -ernɑ
* Hyphenation: per‧na

### Noun

perna
* pancreas
** 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 83:Vatsanmaost männöö pitkä hoikka sooli. Senen alkuossaa vootaa pernamahla, kumpa tekahuu pernaas, vatsanmaon al.From the stomach stretches the long small intestine. Into its beginning part flows the pancreatic juice, which is formed in the pancreas, below the stomach.

#### Derived terms

* pernamahla

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 399

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology

From Portuguese perna.

### Noun

perna
* leg

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈper.na/, [ˈpɛrnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈper.na/, [ˈpɛrnä]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *persnā, from Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πτέρνη (ptérnē), Sanskrit पार्ष्णि (pā́rṣṇi), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna, “heel”), Persian پاشنه (pâšne, “heel”).

#### Noun

perna f (genitive pernae); first declension
* A haunch or ham together with the leg, gammon.
* (of animals) A thigh-bone, with the meat upon it to the knee-joint, a leg of pork, a ham or gammon of bacon.
* a kind of mussel

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms

* pernārius
* >? Medieval Latin: *pernula – see perula for possible descendants of *pernula

##### Descendants

* Ancient Greek: πέρνα (pérna)
* Asturian: pierna
* Catalan: perna
* Italian: perno
* Mirandese: pierna
* Old Galician-Portuguese: perna
** Fala: perna, pelna
** Galician: perna
** Portuguese: perna (see there for further descendants)
* Sicilian: perna
* Spanish: pierna
* → Translingual: Perna

### Etymology 2

See perula.

#### Noun

perna f (genitive pernae); first declension
* Alternative form of perula

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “perna”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 460-1

### Further reading

* “perna”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “perna”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "perna", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* perna in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Jan Frederik Niermeyer, Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus : Lexique Latin Médiéval–Français/Anglais : A Medieval Latin–French/English Dictionary, fascicle I (1976), page 789/1, “perna”

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin perna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛɾ.na/

### Noun

perna f (plural pernas)
* leg

#### Descendants

* Fala: perna, pelna
* Galician: perna
* Portuguese: perna (see there for further descendants)

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese perna, from Latin perna, from Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”). Compare Galician perna and Spanish pierna.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpɛʁ.nɐ/ [ˈpɛɦ.nɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpɛʁ.nɐ/ [ˈpɛɦ.nɐ]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈpɛɾ.nɐ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈpɛʁ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpɛɻ.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpɛɾ.nɐ/
* Hyphenation: per‧na
* Audio (Brazil):(file)

### Noun

perna f (plural pernas)
* leg
* stint

#### Derived terms

* espernear
* perna de pau
* perna-de-pau
* pernada
* pernão
* perneia
* perneira
* perneta
* perninha
* pernoca

#### Related terms

* pernicurto
* pernigrande
* pernilongo

#### Descendants

* Guinea-Bissau Creole: perna
* Kabuverdianu: perna