# Ἄρης
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* Ἄρευς (Áreus)
* Ἆρες (Âres) — Ionic, Epic

### Etymology

Usually derived from the Ionic word ἀρή (arḗ, “bane, ruin”), which could be related to Sanskrit इरस्या (irasyā, “malevolence”), suggesting a Proto-Indo-European origin.
However, Morris Silver and Pierre Chantraine propose a derivation from ἄρος (áros, “use, profit, help”) instead.
𐀀𐀩 (a-re), found in Linear B, is thought to be the oldest attested form of the name.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /á.rɛːs/ → /ˈa.ris/ → /ˈa.ris/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /á.rɛːs/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈa.re̝s/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈa.ris/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈa.ris/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈa.ris/
The α (a) is usually short in Homer and tragedy, but sometimes long, e.g. Iliad 5.31, Iliad 2..767, Argonautica 3.1187; and Aeschylus and Sophocles regularly use long ᾱ (ā).

### Proper noun

Ἄρης • (Árēs) m (genitive Ᾰ̓́ρεως); third declension
* (Greek mythology) Ares
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.29–33: […] ἀτὰρ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη χειρὸς ἑλοῦσ’ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα θοῦρον Ἄρηα: “Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα οὐκ ἂν δὴ Τρῶας μὲν ἐάσαιμεν καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς μάρνασθ’, ὁπποτέροισι πατὴρ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀρέξῃ[…] atàr glaukôpis Athḗnē kheiròs heloûs’ epéessi prosēúda thoûron Árēa: “Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta ouk àn dḕ Trôas mèn eásaimen kaì Akhaioùs márnasth’, hoppotéroisi patḕr Zeùs kûdos oréxēi{...} And flashing-eyed Athene took furious Ares by the hand and spake to him, saying: “Ares, Ares, thou bane of mortals, thou blood-stained stormer of walls, shall we not now leave the Trojans and Achaeans to fight, to whichsoever of the two it be that father Zeus shall vouchsafe glory?”
    English translation by A.T. Murray @perseus
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.455:Apollo speaks the same phrase: Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)Apollo speaks the same phrase: Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)
* Mars (planet)
* war, warlike spirit
* epithet of Zeus, "avenger"

#### Derived terms

* Ἀρειθῠ́σᾰνος (Areithŭ́sănos)
* Ἀρεϊκός (Areïkós)
* Ᾰ̓ρειμᾰνής (Ăreimănḗs)
* Ἀρειμᾰ́νῐος (Areimắnĭos)
* Ἀρειμᾰνῐότης (Areimănĭótēs)
* ἄρειος (áreios)
* Ἄρειος (Áreios)
* Ἄρειος πᾰ́γος (Áreios pắgos)
* Ἀρείτολμος (Areítolmos)
* Ἀρείφᾰτος (Areíphătos)
* Ἄρεος (Áreos)
* Ᾰ̓ρηΐθοος (Ărēḯthoos)
* Ᾱ̓ρηϊκτάμενος (Ārēïktámenos)
* Ἀρηΐφθορος (Arēḯphthoros)
* Ἀρηΐφῐλος (Arēḯphĭlos)
* ἀρηΐφιλος (arēḯphilos)

#### Descendants

* Greek: Άρης (Áris)
* Latin: Arēs
* → Russian: Аре́с (Arés), Аре́й (Aréj)
* → Old Church Slavonic: Арисъ (Arisŭ)
* Coptic: ⲁⲣⲏⲥ (arēs)

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “Ares”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
* ↑ “Ἄρης”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ 1992, Morris Silver, Taking ancient mythology economically, page 162; citing Pierre Chantraine's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque
* ↑ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

### Further reading

* “Ἄρης”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “Ἄρης”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “Ἄρης”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* Ἄρης in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Ἄρης in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* Ἄρης in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* “Ἄρης”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,002
* Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN