# 雄

| 雄 | U+96C4, &#38596; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C4 |
| ← 雃 [U+96C3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 雅 → [U+96C5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

雄 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 大戈人土 (KIOG), four-corner 4001$_4$, composition ⿰厷隹)

#### Derived characters

* 𨗑, 𩀳

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1365, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41972
* Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 3
* Unihan data for U+96C4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 肱 | *kʷɯːŋ |
| 宏 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 閎 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 吰 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 竑 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 谹 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 翃 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 紘 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 鈜 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 浤 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 耾 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 雄 | *ɡʷɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷɯŋ): phonetic 厷 (OC *kʷɯːŋ) + semantic 隹.

### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis, male”) (STEDT), cognate with Karbi chò-kàng (“penis”), Garo ri-gong (“penis”), Lepcha ᰠᰫᰵᰃᰦᰵ (sun̊-gan̊, “penis”), Pattani gàŋ mì (“male”).
However, Zev Handel doubts the Old Chinese word's cognate status, as "OC labialized initial plus schwa vocalism would normally correspond to a rounded vowel in PTB".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xióng (xiong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiong$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hiung$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): hê̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng$^2$ / hyeng$^2$ / horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiông / hêng / hîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiong$^5$ / hêng$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$yon / $^2$yon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xióng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syóng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiung$^2$
*** Yale: syúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyong
*** Palladius: сюн (sjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xiong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xyng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕyoŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^4$
*** Yale: hùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hiung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiʊŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hê̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /xœyŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hé̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ¹³/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: horng$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hó̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒŋ¹³/
* hoeng2/hyeng2 - literary;
* horng2 - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit雄 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕyŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕyŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕyŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕyuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕyə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕyŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕỹn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕioŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕyoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕioŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕioŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕyŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕỹŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦioŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦioŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /joŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕioŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hiuŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hioŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiɔŋ³⁵/ /hiŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hyŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xœyŋ²¹/ /xœyŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hioŋ⁵⁵/ /heŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiɔŋ³¹/ /hiaŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 雄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羽弓切 |
| Baxter | hjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷəŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 雄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xióng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷəŋ/ |
| English | male |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 雄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4140 |
| Phonetic component | 厷 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 雄 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷɯŋ/ |

### Definitions

雄
* (usually of animals) male
    雄虎 ― xióng hǔ ― male tiger
    雄蕊 ― xióngruǐ ― stamen
    From: Shuoyuan, circa 1st century BCE
    Qí zài niǎo zé xióng wèi yáng cí wéi yīn;....... [Pinyin]
    Among birds, males are yang and females are yin; [...].
* masculine; powerful; grand
    雄兵 ― xióngbīng ― powerful army
    雄壯／雄壮 ― xióngzhuàng ― majestic; magnificent
* powerful or influential person or state
    英雄 ― yīngxióng ― hero
    戰國七雄／战国七雄 ― Zhànguó qī xióng ― Seven Warring States
* (Hokkien) ruthless; cruel; mean
* (Hokkien) intense; rapid
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)

#### Usage notes

* Commonly used for animals to mean “male” in academic contexts, less commonly used in non-academic contexts (use 公 instead), and not used for humans (use 男 instead). For example:
    雄雞／雄鸡 ― xióngjī ― cock
    雄牛 ― xióngniú ― bull

#### Antonyms

* 雌 (cí, “female”)

### Compounds

* 一世之雄
* 一決雌雄 / 一决雌雄 (yījuécíxióng)
* 七雄
* 不雌不雄
* 傲視群雄 / 傲视群雄
* 壓倒群雄 / 压倒群雄
* 大雄 (Dàxióng)
* 大雄寶殿 / 大雄宝殿 (dàxióng bǎo diàn)
* 奸雄 (jiānxióng)
* 姦人之雄 / 奸人之雄
* 姦雄 / 奸雄 (jiānxióng)
* 巾幗英雄 / 巾帼英雄 (jīnguóyīngxióng)
* 得雄
* 戰國七雄 / 战国七雄 (Zhànguó Qīxióng)
* 揚雄吐鳳 / 扬雄吐凤
* 揚雄投閣 / 扬雄投阁
* 斷尾雄雞 / 断尾雄鸡
* 梟雄 / 枭雄 (xiāoxióng)
* 民族英雄 (mínzú yīngxióng)
* 民雄 (Mínxióng)
* 氣勢雄偉 / 气势雄伟
* 決一雌雄 / 决一雌雄
* 沉雄 (chénxióng)
* 沉雄古逸
* 決雌雄 / 决雌雄 (jué cíxióng)
* 滔滔雄辯 / 滔滔雄辩
* 烏之雌雄 / 乌之雌雄
* 無名英雄 / 无名英雄 (wúmíngyīngxióng)
* 爭雄 / 争雄 (zhēngxióng)
* 百戰雄師 / 百战雄师
* 百萬雄兵 / 百万雄兵
* 百萬雄師 / 百万雄师 (bǎiwàn xióngshī)
* 知雄守雌
* 稱雄 / 称雄 (chēngxióng)
* 積健為雄 / 积健为雄
* 群雄 (qúnxióng)
* 聖雄 / 圣雄 (shèngxióng)
* 聚葯雄蕊 / 聚药雄蕊
* 聲雄力猛 / 声雄力猛
* 英勇雄壯 / 英勇雄壮
* 英雄 (yīngxióng)
* 英雄主義 / 英雄主义
* 英雄入彀
* 英雄好漢 / 英雄好汉 (yīngxiónghǎohàn)
* 英雄本色
* 英雄末路
* 英雄樹 / 英雄树
* 英雄氣短 / 英雄气短
* 英雄短氣 / 英雄短气
* 英雄豪傑 / 英雄豪杰 (yīngxióngháojié)
* 草莽英雄
* 蓋世雄才 / 盖世雄才
* 象雄 (Xiàngxióng, “Zhangzhung”)
* 豪放雄邁 / 豪放雄迈
* 豪雄
* 赳赳雄風 / 赳赳雄风
* 辭豐意雄 / 辞丰意雄
* 重振雄風 / 重振雄风
* 雄主
* 雄俊
* 雄偉 / 雄伟 (xióngwěi)
* 雄健 (xióngjiàn)
* 雄偉壯麗 / 雄伟壮丽
* 雄傑 / 雄杰
* 雄兒 / 雄儿
* 雄兵 (xióngbīng)
* 雄劍 / 雄剑
* 雄勁 / 雄劲 (xióngjìng)
* 雄勝 / 雄胜
* 雄厚 (xiónghòu)
* 雄器
* 雄圖 / 雄图 (xióngtú)
* 雄壯 / 雄壮 (xióngzhuàng)
* 雄大
* 雄奇 (xióngqí)
* 雄威
* 雄姿 (xióngzī)
* 雄安 (Xióng'ān, “Xiong'an”)
* 雄將 / 雄将
* 雄峻
* 雄師 / 雄师 (xióngshī)
* 雄張 / 雄张
* 雄心 (xióngxīn)
* 雄心勃勃 (xióngxīnbóbó)
* 雄心壯志 / 雄心壮志 (xióngxīnzhuàngzhì)
* 雄心萬丈 / 雄心万丈
* 雄性 (xióngxìng)
* 雄性激素 (xióngxìng jīsù)
* 雄才大略 (xióngcáidàlüè)
* 雄文
* 雄斷 / 雄断
* 雄材偉略 / 雄材伟略
* 雄株
* 雄武
* 雄氣 / 雄气
* 雄渾 / 雄浑 (xiónghún)
* 雄狐
* 雄略
* 雄視 / 雄视
* 雄精
* 雄糾糾 / 雄纠纠 (xióngjiūjiū)
* 雄花 (xiónghuā)
* 雄蕊 (xióngruǐ)
* 雄藩
* 雄蜂 (xióngfēng)
* 雄豪
* 雄赳赳 (xióngjiūjiū)
* 雄起 (xióngqǐ)
* 雄踞 (xióngjù)
* 雄辯 / 雄辩 (xióngbiàn)
* 雄辯滔滔 / 雄辩滔滔 (xióngbiàntāotāo)
* 雄辯高談 / 雄辩高谈
* 雄鎮 / 雄镇
* 雄長 / 雄长
* 雄關 / 雄关 (Xióngguān)
* 雄雄赫赫
* 雄雉
* 雄雞斷尾 / 雄鸡断尾
* 雄雞 / 雄鷄 / 雄鸡 (xióngjī)
* 雄霸一方
* 雄風 / 雄风 (xióngfēng)
* 雄飛 / 雄飞
* 雄飛突進 / 雄飞突进
* 雄麗 / 雄丽
* 雄黃 / 雄黄 (xiónghuáng)
* 雄黃油 / 雄黄油
* 雄黃酒 / 雄黄酒 (xiónghuángjiǔ)
* 雌雄 (cíxióng)
* 雌雄同株
* 雌雄同體 / 雌雄同体 (cíxióng tóng tǐ)
* 雌雄未決 / 雌雄未决
* 雌雄異株 / 雌雄异株
* 雌雄異體 / 雌雄异体
* 雌雄莫辨
* 領先群雄 / 领先群雄
* 顧盼自雄 / 顾盼自雄
* 高談雄辯 / 高谈雄辩
* 高雄港
* 高雄 / 髙雄 (Gāoxióng)
* 鬼雄 (guǐxióng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 雄(ゆう) (yū)

### References

* “雄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “雄”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u)、ゆ (yu)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kun: お (o, 雄, Jōyō)、おす (osu, 雄, Jōyō)
* Nanori: かつ (katsu)、たけ (take)、つよし (tsuyoshi)、ゆ (yu)、よう (yō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 雄
* ゆう Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 雄 (hjuwng, “male”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆう [yúꜜù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [jɯ̟ː]

#### Noun

雄(ゆう) • (yū)
* male
* something or someone excellent (male)
    一(いっ)世(せい)の雄(ゆう)
       issei no yū
       one of the greatest men of his generation

##### Derived terms

* 雄(ゆう)偉(い) (yūi): heroic, grand, excellent
* 雄(ゆう)黄(おう) (yūō): orpiment, an arsenic sulfide mineral
* 雄(ゆう)花(か) (yūka): a male flower

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 雄
* お Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 男 牡 夫
/wo/ → /o/
From Old Japanese. Persists in compounds, such as the first element o- in the modern Japanese term 夫(おっと) (wohito > otto, “husband”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) お [óꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [o̞]

#### Noun

雄(お) • (o)
* (obsolete in isolation) man, male
** 711–712, Kojiki, 上巻 [Kamitsumaki]:
    汝(な)こそは遠(を)にいませば
       na koso wa o ni imaseba
       As you yourself be male / a man...
* (obsolete) husband
** 711–712, Kojiki, 上巻 [Kamitsumaki]:
    吾(わ)はもよ女(め)にしあれば汝(な)を除(き)て男(を)は無(な)し汝(な)を除(き)て夫(つま)は無(な)し
       wa wa moyo me ni shiareba na o kite o wa nashi na o kite tsuma wa nashi
       As I am a woman, without you, there are no husbands. Without you, there are no wives...
* something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine
    雄(お)叫(たけ)び／雄(お)滝(だき)／大(ますら)夫(お)
       otakebi／odaki／masurao
       a war cry / the larger of two waterfalls / manliness
* yang (as opposed to yin)
    女(め)男(お)、陰(め)陽(お)
       meo, meo
       yin-yang (two different kanji spellings, same reading and derivation)

##### Usage notes

* Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.

##### Antonyms

* 雌(め) (me): woman, female

##### Derived terms

* 雄(お)臼(うす) (ousu): in a traditional Japanese stone or wooden mill or grinder, the bottom of the two pieces, two which the drive shaft is attached
* 雄(お)鹿(じか) (ojika): a buck, a male deer
* 雄宝香(オタカラコウ) (otakarakō)
* 雄(お)滝(だき) (odaki): the larger of two waterfalls
* 雄(お)叫(たけ)び (otakebi): a war cry
* 男(おのこ) (onoko): man
* 夫(おっと) (otto): husband
* 雄(お)花(ばな) (obana): a male flower
* 須(す)佐(さ)之(の)男(お) (Susanoo): Susanoo, the male god of storms
* 益(ます)荒(ら)男(お), 丈夫(ますらお), 大夫(ますらお) (masurao): manliness
* 女(め)男(お), 陰(め)陽(お) (meo): yin-yang

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 雄
* おす Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 牡
/wosu/ → /osu/
Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ す (su), but the derivation of the su element is unknown.
See also the etymology of 雌 (mesu).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おす [òsúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [o̞sɨ]

#### Noun

雄(おす) or 雄(オス) • (osu)
* a male (plant or animal)

##### Usage notes

* This is the most common reading of this term in modern Japanese when used as a standalone noun.
* Only used to refer to non-human male organisms.
* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as オス.

##### Synonyms

* (human male): 男(だん)性(せい) (dansei)

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “non-human male”): 雌(めす) (mesu), メス (mesu)
* (antonym(s) of “human male”): 女(じょ)性(せい) (josei)

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 雄
* おん Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 牡
/won/ → /on/
Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ ん (n). The latter -n element might be a contraction of the possessive particle の (no).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おん [òńꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [õ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

雄(おん) • (on)
* male

##### Usage notes

* Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.

##### Derived terms

* 雄(おん)鳥(どり), 雄(おん)鶏(どり) (ondori): a male chicken, a rooster, a cock

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

雄 (eumhun 수컷 웅 (sukeot ung))
* hanja form of 웅 (“(usually of animals) male”)

#### Compounds

* 영웅 (英雄, yeong'ung, “hero”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

雄: Hán Nôm readings: Hùng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.