# 影響
## Chinese
### Etymology

Various senses stemmed from two literal meanings:
* “Shadow and echo” (that closely follow a body or sound) > “to follow or respond swiftly” > “to imitate; to approximate”; “effect; influence”; “to affect; etc.;
* “Shadow and sound” (from the presence of a person or animal) > “trace; trail” > “news; tidings; information”; “impression; outline”; “faint; vague” > “baseless”.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐngxiǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄥˇ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jing$^2$ hoeng$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yáng-hióng
    (Hailu, HRS): rhang$^ˊ$ hiong$^ˊ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ing$^3$ hyong$^3$ / ing$^3$ hyeng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): éng-hióng / éng-hiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ian$^2$ hiang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$in-shian$_5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐngxiǎng [Phonetic: yíngxiǎng]
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˇ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐngsiǎng
*** Wade–Giles: ying$^3$-hsiang$^3$
*** Yale: yǐng-syǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiingsheang
*** Palladius: инсян (insjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^2$ hoeng$^2$
*** Yale: yíng héung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^2$ hoeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^2$ hêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ³⁵ hœːŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yáng-hióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iang$^ˋ$ hiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yang$^3$ hiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯aŋ³¹ hi̯oŋ³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yáng-hióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iang$^ˋ$ hiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yang$^3$ hiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯aŋ³¹ hi̯oŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhang$^ˊ$ hiong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒaŋ²⁴⁻³³ hioŋ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ing$^3$ hyong$^3$ [Phonetic: ing$^5$ hyong$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: îng-hiô̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ hyɒŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ing$^3$ hyeng$^3$ [Phonetic: ing$^5$ hyeng$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ³³²⁻²¹ hyøŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-hióng
*** Tâi-lô: íng-hióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: efnghiorng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-hiáng
*** Tâi-lô: íng-hiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: efnghiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ian$^2$ hiang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iáⁿ hiáng
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ hiaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$in-shian$_5$
*** MiniDict: in$^去$ shian$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$in-xian$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /in³³ ɕiã⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: 'jaengX xjangX
Rime :
| Character | 影 | 響 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於丙切 | 許兩切 |
| Baxter | 'jaengX | xjangX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠiæŋ$^X$/ | /hɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚiaŋ$^X$/ | /hiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiaŋ$^X$/ | /xiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔiajŋ$^X$/ | /hɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiɐŋ$^X$/ | /xiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭɐŋ$^X$/ | /xĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ɐŋ$^X$/ | /xi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐng | xiǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jing$^2$ | hoeng$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qraŋʔ qʰaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qraŋʔ qʰaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 影 | 響 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐng | xiǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjæng$^X$ › | ‹ xjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qraŋʔ/ | /*qʰaŋʔ/ |
| English | shadow (n.) | echo |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 影 | 響 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6837 | 13599 |
| Phonetic component | 京 | 鄉 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 影 | 響 |
| Old Chinese | /*qraŋʔ/ | /*qʰaŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 古作景，顏之推說葛洪字苑始加彡 | |

### Verb

影響
* (figuratively) to have an effect on; to influence; to affect; to disturb
       Líyì jiātíng dàodǐ háishì huì yǐngxiǎng dào háizi. [Pinyin]
       Children from divorced families will be affected in the end.
       Fángkè rúguǒ zhìzào zàoyīn ér yǐngxiǎng ānníng, zěnmebàn? [Pinyin]
       What do you do if tenants create noise and affect the (area’s) tranquility?
* (literary, figuratively) to respond or follow swiftly
* (literary, figuratively) to coordinate (with each other); to collaborate; to echo
* (literary, figuratively) to approximate; to be similar to
* (literary, figuratively) to imitate; to emulate

#### Synonyms

* (to have an effect on): 波及 (bōjí), (literary) 濫觴／滥觞 (lànshāng), 作用 (zuòyòng)

#### Derived terms

* 影響力 / 影响力 (yǐngxiǎnglì)

### Noun

影響
* (figuratively) influence; effect; disturbance (Classifier: 股 m)
    巨大影響／巨大影响 ― jùdà yǐngxiǎng ― tremendous influence
    擴大影響／扩大影响 ― kuòdà yǐngxiǎng ― to extend influence
    產生影響／产生影响 ― chǎnshēng yǐngxiǎng ― to extert influence
    影響空前／影响空前 ― yǐngxiǎng kōngqián ― unprecedented effect
    深受……的影響／深受……的影响 ― shēnshòu...... de yǐngxiǎng ― to be heavily influenced by...; to be deeply affected by...
       Tā zài niánqīngrén zhōngjiān hěn yǒu yǐngxiǎng. [Pinyin]
       He is very influential among young people.
* (literary, literally) shadow and echo
* (literary, literally) shadow and sound
* (literary, figuratively) trace; trail
* (literary, figuratively) news; tidings; information
* (literary, figuratively) impression; outline; rough idea

#### Synonyms

* (effect): 關係／关系 (guānxì), 作用 (zuòyòng)

#### Derived terms

* 影響因子 / 影响因子 (yǐngxiǎng yīnzǐ)
* 杳無影響 / 杳无影响
* 群眾影響 / 群众影响

### Adjective

影響
* (literary, figuratively) faint; vague; indistinct; unclear
* (literary, figuratively) baseless; unfounded; unsubstantiated

#### Derived terms

* 影響之見 / 影响之见
* 影響之談 / 影响之谈

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 影 | 響 |
| えい Grade: S | きょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 影響 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えーきょー [èékyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [e̞ːkʲo̞ː]

### Noun

影(えい)響(きょう) • (eikyō)
* influence, effect
** 1937, 甲賀三郎, ドイルを宗とす:
    多少(たしょう)の影響(えいきょう)を受(う)けているかも知(し)れぬ。
       Tashō no eikyō o ukete iru kamoshirenu.
       It may perchance be influenced to some degree.

#### Derived terms

* 影響力(えいきょうりょく) (eikyōryoku)

### Verb

影(えい)響(きょう)する • (eikyō suru) intransitive suru (stem 影(えい)響(きょう)し (eikyō shi), past 影(えい)響(きょう)した (eikyō shita))
* to influence, to have an effect upon
** 1916, 和辻哲郎, ある思想家の手紙:
    親(おや)たちの顔(かお)に現(あら)われたこういう気持(きも)ちはすぐ子供(こども)に影響(えいきょう)しました。
       Oya-tachi no kao ni arawareta kō iu kimochi wa sugu kodomo ni eikyō shimashita.
       The feeling that showed on the parents' faces had an immediate effect on the children.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 影響し | えいきょうし | eikyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 影響し | えいきょうし | eikyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 影響する | えいきょうする | eikyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 影響する | えいきょうする | eikyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 影響すれ | えいきょうすれ | eikyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 影響せよ¹ 影響しろ² | えいきょうせよ¹ えいきょうしろ² | eikyō seyo¹ eikyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 影響される | えいきょうされる | eikyō sareru |
| Causative | 影響させる 影響さす | えいきょうさせる えいきょうさす | eikyō saseru eikyō sasu |
| Potential | 影響できる | えいきょうできる | eikyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 影響しよう | えいきょうしよう | eikyō shiyō |
| Negative | 影響しない | えいきょうしない | eikyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 影響せず | えいきょうせず | eikyō sezu |
| Formal | 影響します | えいきょうします | eikyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 影響した | えいきょうした | eikyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 影響して | えいきょうして | eikyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 影響すれば | えいきょうすれば | eikyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 影 | 響 |

### Noun

影響 • (yeonghyang) (hangeul 영향)
* hanja form of 영향 (“influence; effect”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 影 | 響 |

### Noun

影響
* chữ Hán form of ảnh hưởng (“influence”).

### Verb

影響
* chữ Hán form of ảnh hưởng (“to influence”).