# 桀

| 桀 | U+6840, &#26688; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6840 |
| ← 栿 [U+683F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 桁 → [U+6841] |

## Translingual
### Han character

桀 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓手木 (NQD), four-corner 2590$_4$, composition ⿱舛木)

#### Derived characters

* 傑, 𠹳, 嵥, 搩, 滐, 榤, 㻧, 磔, 謋, 䮪, 椉(乘,乗), 𡩣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14753
* Dae Jaweon: page 913, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1203, character 5
* Unihan data for U+6840

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 桀
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 桀 | *ɡrad |
| 傑 | *ɡrad |
| 榤 | *ɡrad |
| 嵥 | *ɡrad |
| 滐 | *ɡrad |
| 搩 | *ɡrad |
| 謋 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
In Chu slips, Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡrad): phonetic 匄 (OC *kaːds) + semantic 木. In the modern script, 匄 has corrupted into 舛.

### Etymology 1

According to Schussler (2007), 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and 傑 (OC *ɡrad) are the same word meaning "outstanding > hero"; insides Sinitic, it is cognate to 朅 (OC *kʰrad, “martial”); outsides Sinitic, it is related to either Mizo hrât (“valiant, resolute”) or Tibetan གྱད (gyad, “strength; champion, athlete”).
STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gjat (“hero, champion”) for 傑 (OC) ~ 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and གྱད (gyad).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jié (jie$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): git$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kia̍t
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jié
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jié
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$
*** Yale: jyé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
*** Palladius: цзе (cze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: git$^6$
*** Yale: giht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: git$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːt̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kia̍t
*** Tâi-lô: kia̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiat
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛt̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛt̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: gjet
Rime :
| Character | 桀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (83) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠列切 |
| Baxter | gjet |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /giat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛt̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jié |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | git$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]<r>at/, /*m-[k]<r>at/, /*[k]<r>at/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 桀 | 桀 | 桀 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jié | jié | jié |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjet › | ‹ gjet › | ‹ kjet › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-[k]<r>at/ | /*m-[k]<r>at/ | /*[k]<r>at/ |
| English | remarkable; hero | perch for fowls | lift, raise |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 桀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6461 |
| Phonetic component | 桀 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 傑 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrad/ |

#### Definitions

桀
* chicken roost
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jī qī yú jié, rì zhī xī yǐ, yáng niú xià kuò. [Pinyin]
    The fowls roost on their perches; and in the evening of the day, the goats and cows come down and home;
* Jie of Xia, an ancient emperor
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wéi Gù jì fá, Kūnwú Xiàjié. [Pinyin]
    Having smitten [the princes of] Wei and Gu, [he smote] [the prince of] Kunwu, and with Jie of Xia.
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
    Jié dé, wéi nǎi fú zuò wǎng rèn, shì wéi bàodé wǎng hòu. [Pinyin]
    Jie’s character was such that he did not follow precedents in making appointments, and therefore his character was violent and ruined the future [of his kingdom].
* fierce; brutal; cruel
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's version
    Jūn bùxiào ér cèshì xián, tàizǐ qīng ér shùzǐ kàng, guānlì ruò ér rénmín jié, rúcǐ zé guó zào; guó zào zhě, kěwáng yě. [Pinyin]
    If the ruler is unworthy but his half-brothers are worthy; if the heir apparent is powerless and the concubine's son surpasses him; or if the magistrates are weak and the people are fierce; then the state will be seized with a panic. And a panic-stricken state is liable to ruin.
* to lift; to raise; to shoulder; to bear
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Qí Gāo Gù rù Jìnshī, jié shí yǐ tóu rén, qín zhī; ér chéng qí chē, jì sāngběn yān, yǐ xùn Qí lěi, yuē: “Yù yǒng zhě, gǔ yú yúyǒng.” [Pinyin]
    Gao Gu of Qi entered the ranks of the Jin army, raised a stone and hurled it against a Jin man, took him captive; and then rode in his [the captive's] chariot, tying it to a mulberry trunk with its roots. He paraded around the Qi fortifications, saying, “Those who want valor can buy my surplus.”
* Alternative form of 傑 / 杰 (jié, “outstanding; hero”)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bó xī qiè xī, bāng zhī jié xī. [Pinyin]
    My noble husband is how martial-like! The hero of the country!

##### Usage notes

Barnwell (2013) proposes that the 桀 (jié, “hero”) mentioned in Classic of Poetry "Airs of Wey - Bo Xi" was indeed Jié of Xià (夏桀).

#### Compounds

* 五桀
* 俊桀
* 傲桀
* 凶桀
* 助桀
* 助桀為惡 / 助桀为恶
* 助桀為暴 / 助桀为暴
* 助桀為虐 / 助桀为虐
* 口桀
* 喬桀 / 乔桀
* 夏桀 (Xiàjié)
* 大桀小桀
* 姦桀 / 奸桀
* 小桀
* 庶桀
* 暴桀
* 材桀
* 桀俊
* 桀健
* 桀傲
* 桀傲不恭
* 桀傲不馴 / 桀傲不驯
* 桀出
* 桀壁
* 桀士
* 桀奡
* 桀奴
* 桀宋
* 桀心
* 桀悍
* 桀惡 / 桀恶
* 桀慢
* 桀敖不馴 / 桀敖不驯
* 桀暴
* 桀木
* 桀桀
* 桔桀
* 桀橫 / 桀横
* 桀溺
* 桀然
* 桀犬
* 桀犬吠堯 / 桀犬吠尧
* 桀猾
* 桀異 / 桀异
* 桀畤
* 桀立
* 桀紂 / 桀纣 (jiézhòu)
* 桀虐
* 桀虜 / 桀虏
* 桀解
* 桀誖
* 桀豎 / 桀竖
* 桀貪驁詐 / 桀贪骜诈
* 桀賊 / 桀贼
* 桀起
* 桀跖
* 桀跱
* 桀逆
* 桀逆放恣
* 桀雄
* 桀駑 / 桀驽
* 桀駿 / 桀骏
* 桀驁 / 桀骜 (jié'ào)
* 桀驁不恭 / 桀骜不恭
* 桀驁不遜 / 桀骜不逊
* 桀驁不馴 / 桀骜不驯 (jié'àobùxùn)
* 桀驁自恃 / 桀骜自恃
* 桀驁難馴 / 桀骜难驯
* 桀黠
* 梟桀 / 枭桀
* 狡桀
* 秀桀
* 竦桀
* 英桀
* 豪桀 (háojié)
* 賢桀 / 贤桀
* 邦桀
* 陰桀 / 阴桀
* 雄桀
* 駿桀 / 骏桀
* 驍桀 / 骁桀
* 驕桀 / 骄桀
* 魁桀
* 黠桀

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ke̍h / ke̍eh
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke̍h
*** Tâi-lô: ke̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keh
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /keʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /keʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /keʔ¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke̍eh
*** Tâi-lô: ke̍eh
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛʔ¹²¹/
* Zhangzhou:
** ke̍eh - “to be not in harmony; to contradict; to get stuck”;
** ke̍h - “to impede”.

#### Definitions

桀
* (Hokkien) to be not in harmony; to be incompatible; to be contrary
* (Hokkien) to impede; to obstruct; to hinder
* (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) to get stuck; to wedge
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to contradict (people)
* (Xiamen Hokkien) hard to get along with others

#### Compounds

* 對桀 / 对桀
* 更桀
* 桀口話 / 桀口话
* 桀味
* 桀喙
* 桀目
* 桀耳
* 桀話 / 桀话
* 桀跤
* 桀館 / 桀馆
* 橫桀 / 横桀
* 相桀

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khe̍h / khe̍eh
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe̍h
*** Tâi-lô: khe̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qeh
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰeʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰeʔ⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe̍eh
*** Tâi-lô: khe̍eh
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛʔ¹²¹/

#### Definitions

桀
* (Hokkien) to have estrangement; to be in conflict with each other (often reduplicated)
       In lióng lâng khe̍h khe̍h. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Both of them are in conflict with each other.
* (Xiamen Hokkien) to hit something
       Óaⁿ khe̍h tio̍h piah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       The bowl hit the wall.
* (Quanzhou Hokkien) to have a crack (of a jar, vat, etc.)

### References

* ↑ Barnwell, Scott A. (2013). "The Evolution of the Concept of De 德 in Early China" Sino-Platonic Paper, 235. p. 24-25, fn. 86

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): けつ (ketsu)
* Kun: はりつけ (haritsuke)

## Korean
### Hanja

桀 (eum 걸 (geol))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

桀: Hán Nôm readings: kiệt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.