# حبر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Syriac ܚܒܪܐ (ḥeḇrā, “ink”), from the root ܚ ܒ ܪ related to darkness. Merged with the root ح ب ر (ḥ b r).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħibr/

#### Noun

حِبْر • (ḥibr) m (plural أَحْبَار (ʔaḥbār))
* ink
    Synonyms: مِدَاد (midād), نِقْس (niqs)
    Holonyms: مِحْبَرَة (miḥbara), دَوَاة (dawāh)
* beauty

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Senses related to ink, writing, and discoloration are from Etymology 1 (see above).

#### Verb

حَبَرَ • (ḥabara) I (non-past يَحْبُرُ (yaḥburu), verbal noun حَبْر (ḥabr) or حُبُور (ḥubūr)) (transitive)
* to make happy; to elate
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:ar:make happy
    Hyponyms: كَرَّمَ (karrama), نَعَّمَ (naʕʕama), رَفَّهَ (raffaha), أَرَاحَ (ʔarāḥa)
* to ink, to fill, cover, smear, mark, write, draw, illustrate, or outline with ink
** to write
    Synonyms: كَتَبَ (kataba), نَمَقَ (namaqa)
* (dated) to improve the overall quality of (a text, a performance, a skill, and so on), to refine, to polish; to perfect
    Synonym: حَسَّنَ (ḥassana)
* (dated) to improve the shape, form, style, structure, or composition of (handwriting, voice, and so on), to beautify; to embellish; to pretty
    Synonym: جَمَّلَ (jammala)
** to improve in aspect or appearance, to make visually pleasing, to deck, to decorate, to ornament
    Synonyms: زَيَّنَ (zayyana), نَمَّقَ (nammaqa), زَوَّقَ (zawwaqa)
** to pattern (a garment); to embroider
    Synonyms: نَقَشَ (naqaša), طَرَّزَ (ṭarraza), وَشَّى (waššā)

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

حَبِرَ • (ḥabira) I (non-past يَحْبَرُ (yaḥbaru), verbal noun حَبَر (ḥabar)) (intransitive)
* to be or become glad or happy, to cheer up, to brighten
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:ar:become happy
* (of teeth) to become discolored (as if stained with ink), to become dark, to yellow

##### Conjugation
#### Noun

حَبْر • (ḥabr) m
* verbal noun of حَبَرَ (ḥabara) (form I)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Denominal verb of حِبْر (ḥibr, “ink”). Senses related to improvement, perfection, and embellishment are from or influenced by the root ح ب ر (ḥ b r) (see above).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħab.ba.ra/

#### Verb

حَبَّرَ • (ḥabbara) II (non-past يُحَبِّرُ (yuḥabbiru), verbal noun تَحْبِير (taḥbīr)) (transitive)
* to ink, to fill, cover, smear, mark, write, draw, illustrate, or outline with ink
** to write (especially in an elegant style), to compose
    Synonym: نَمَّقَ (nammaqa)
* (dated) to better or improve in quality, appearance, etc. to enhance; to polish up; to perfect
** (dated) to prettify; to bedeck, to adorn

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 4

Borrowed from Biblical Hebrew חָבֵר (ḥɔḇer, “comrade”) in a specific meaning as used for sectarian cadres. Merged with Etymology 3 by analogy with the use of ink by religious clerks and scribes, hence "a man of learning", hence "a scholarly theologian", hence "an authority in matters of religion".

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħabr/, /ħibr/

#### Noun

حَبْر or حِبْر • (ḥabr or ḥibr) m (plural أَحْبَار (ʔaḥbār)) (countable)
* (loosely) a scholar (especially one that is highly regarded and respected by a certain group and is deemed to be an authority)
** (with ال (al-, “the”)) the Scholar (one of the titles and designations of Ibn Abbas, one of companions of Muhammad)
* (religion, chiefly Abrahamism) a well-versed religious scribe; a learned theologian; a religious authority
** (Christianity) a bishop
    Synonym: أُسْقُف (ʔusquf)
** (Judaism) a rabbi
    Synonyms: حَاخَام (ḥāḵām), حَكِيم (ḥakīm)
** (Islam) an esteemed authoritative theologian, an imam
    Synonyms: إِمَام (ʔimām), مَرْجَع (marjaʕ), مُقَلَّد (muqallad)

##### Declension
### References

* Ahrens, Karl (1930) “Christliches im Qoran. Eine Nachlese”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 84, page 20
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 247
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 61
* Geiger, Abraham (1833, 1902) Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? (in German), 2nd edition, Leipzig: M. W. Kaufmann, page 48

## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic حِبْر (ḥibr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħɪ.bɪr/

### Noun

حبر • (ḥibir) m (before il- حِبْر (ḥibr), plural احبار (aḥbār))
* ink
* Ellipsis of قلم حبر (qalam ḥibir, “pen”)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic حِبْر (ḥibr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ħi.bir/, [ħɪ.bɪr]

### Noun

حبر • (ḥibir) m (construct state حِبْر (ḥibr), plural أحبار (ʔaḥbār))
* ink