# postscriptum
## English
### Alternative forms

* post scriptum; postscript
* PS, P.S., p.s., ps.

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin postscriptum, from From post (“after, behind”) +‎ scrīptum (“text, something written”).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌpəʊstˈskɹɪptəm/

### Noun

postscriptum (plural postscripta or postscriptums)
* (rare) A thing that has been written afterwards; something appended in writing.
** 1820, Humphry Martial [pseudonym], “Sir Jehu Face to Sir Cordovan Bristlemood”, in The Radical Letter-Bag, London: […] W. Wright, […], page 8:Meanwhile, I remain—Ever yours, / Jehu Face. / Postscriptums I hate; but I think you had better / Keep snug to yourself the contents of this letter.
** 1827, M. Corbett, The odd volume, containing a letter purporting to be from King James VI of Scotland to Sandie Fotheringhame, Laird o'Powrie, signed: James, R.
    Postscriptum. — Scotland for ever! The Dane’s beneath the table, and Rab’s on the tap o’t, blawing like the deevil.
** 1900, Honoré de Balzac, Anatole Cerfberr, La Comédie Humaine: Now for the First Time Completely Translated Into English:This confidence so daintily tossed to the baron, in the fashion of a postscriptum, was evidently the compensation for five thousand francs.
** 1902, The Critic, volume 41, page 369:Sometimes she adds short postscriptums, but, though full of her doings and sayings, this correspondence contains but little that is really from Rosa Bonheur’s own pen.
** 1956, The American Journal of Individual Psychology, volumes 12–13, page 169:[…] read the mother’s report to the students and pointed out to them how she evidently could not yet believe in a definite change, this being clear from her postscriptums “I know of” and “though with all the Christmas excitement. . . .”
** 2004, L. G. Aslamazov, A. A. Varlamov, The Wonders Of Physics:Postscriptum for taxpayers: After having started with the high-temperature thriller we turned to applications of conventional superconductors.

#### Usage notes

* Used to indicate a footnote at the end of a letter. Generally abbreviated PS or similar (ps, p.s., etc.).
* Addenda following an initial post script are often abbreviated PPS or similar (p.p.s., P.P.S., etc.), indicating post post scriptum.

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin postscriptum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌpɔstˈskrɪp.tʏm/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

postscriptum n (plural postscriptums or postscripta, diminutive postscriptumpje n)
* post scriptum

#### Usage notes

* Usually abbreviated as P.S.

## French
### Etymology

From Latin post scriptum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔst.skʁip.tɔm/, /pos.kʁip.tɔm/
* Homophones: postscriptums, post-scriptum, post-scriptums, post scriptum

### Noun

postscriptum m (plural postscriptum or postscriptums)
* Alternative form of post-scriptum
** 1872, Joseph II. und Leopold von Toscana. Ihr Briefwechsel von 1781 bis 1790., Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller, page 326:Jusqu’à cette heure j’étais tranquille observateur, et je n’aurais plus rien dit, si le courrier qui vient d’arriver, ne m’eût apporté les lettres ci-jointes de l’Impératrice et les deux postscriptum de Cobentzl qui contiennent des détails très-curieux à ce sujet.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

## Italian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin post scriptum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /postˈskrip.tum/
* Rhymes: -iptum
* Hyphenation: post‧scrìp‧tum

### Noun

postscriptum m (invariable)
* postscript, post scriptum
    Synonym: poscritto

## Latin
### Verb

postscrīptum
* accusative supine of postscrībō

## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin postscrīptum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔstˈskrip.tum/
* Rhymes: -iptum
* Syllabification: post‧scrip‧tum

### Noun

postscriptum n (abbreviation PS)
* (library science, literary) postscriptum (annotation at the end of a letter or article used to inform the reader of something loosely related or unrelated to the subject of the letter or article)
* (library science, literary) postscriptum (series of additional pieces of information given at the end of a programme, speech, or book, or in the form of a separate text, to clarify, supplement, or summarize an earlier message)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* postscriptum in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* postscriptum in Polish dictionaries at PWN