# тьма
## Old Church Slavonic
### Alternative forms

* Glagolitic: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *tьma, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *timāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.

#### Noun

тьма • (tĭma) f
* darkness
** 2 Коринт. 4:6-15 from Син. евх.:
    б҃ъ рекъі и҅с тъмъі свѣтоу въсиꙗ҅ти· ꙇ҅же въсиꙗ҅ въ ср҃цихъ вашихъ·b:ŭ rekhy is tŭmy světu vŭsijhathi· iže vŭsijha vŭ sr:cixŭ vašixŭ·For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts.

##### Antonyms

* свѣтъ (světŭ)

##### Derived terms

* отьмьнити (otĭmĭniti)
* отьмьнѣти (otĭmĭněti)
* тьмьница (tĭmĭnica)
* тьмьнъ (tĭmĭnŭ)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from an ancestor of Mongolian түм (tüm).

#### Noun

тьма • (tĭma) f
* ten thousand; a myriad
** from Slavonic Josephus, kniga 4, 432б:
    идѧхоу бо по немъ кромѣ ѡроужникъ, четꙑри тмꙑ.idęxu bo po nemŭ kromě oružnikŭ, četyri tmy.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* a large number or multitude (of specified things)

### References

* Nikolić, Svetozar (1989) Staroslovenski jezik: Pravopis, glasovi, oblici, Beograd

## Old East Slavic
### Alternative forms

* тма (tma), тъма (tŭma)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *tьma. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic тьма (tĭma) and Old Polish ćma.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɪˈmɑ/→/tʲɪˈma/→/ˈtʲma/
* (ca. 9th CE) IPA: /tɪˈmɑ/
* (ca. 11th CE) IPA: /tʲɪˈma/
* (ca. 13th CE) IPA: /ˈtʲma/
* Hyphenation: ть‧ма

#### Noun

тьма (tĭma) f
* darkness

##### Antonyms

* свѣтъ (světŭ, “light”)

##### Descendants

* Old Ruthenian: тьма (tʹma)
** Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)
** Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)
* Russian: тьма (tʹma)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from a Mongolic language (compare Mongolian түм (tüm)). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic тьма (tĭma).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɪˈmɑ/→/tʲɪˈma/→/ˈtʲma/
* (ca. 9th CE) IPA: /tɪˈmɑ/
* (ca. 11th CE) IPA: /tʲɪˈma/
* (ca. 13th CE) IPA: /ˈtʲma/
* Hyphenation: ть‧ма

#### Noun

тьма (tĭma) f
* myriad (10.000)
* multitude (large amount)

##### Descendants

* Old Ruthenian: тьма (tʹma)
** Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)
* Russian: тьма (tʹma)

### References

* Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1912) “тьма”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volume 3 (Р – Ꙗ и дополненія), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1081

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tʲma]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old East Slavic тьма (tĭma), from Proto-Slavic *tьma, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *timāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.

#### Noun

тьма • (tʹma) f inan (genitive тьмы, nominative plural тьмы, genitive plural тем)
* dark, darkness
    Synonyms: темнота́ f (temnotá), те́мень f (témenʹ), потёмки f (potjómki), мгла f (mgla), мрак m (mrak)
    Antonym: свет m (svet)
** 1924, Максим Горький [Maxim Gorky], Рассказ о герое; English translation from (Please provide a date or year):Мне всегда́ хоте́лось пощу́пать тьму́, я протя́гивал ру́ку в неосвещённые углы́ и, осторо́жно сжима́я па́льцы в кула́к, ощуща́л ко́жею ладо́ни неприя́тный, вла́жный холодо́к.Mne vsegdá xotélosʹ poščúpatʹ tʹmú, ja protjágival rúku v neosveščónnyje uglý i, ostoróžno sžimája pálʹcy v kulák, oščuščál kóžeju ladóni neprijátnyj, vlážnyj xolodók.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Declension

$^△$Irregular.
$^△$Irregular.

##### Related terms

* впотьма́х (vpotʹmáx)
* затме́ние m (zatménije)
* затми́ть pf (zatmítʹ), затмева́ть impf (zatmevátʹ)
* темни́ца f (temníca)
* тёмный (tjómnyj)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old East Slavic тьма (tĭma), borrowed from a Mongolic language.

#### Noun

тьма • (tʹma) f inan (genitive тьмы, nominative plural тьмы, genitive plural тем)
* (colloquial) thousands, a multitude, a host, lots of

##### Declension

$^△$Irregular.

### References

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic тьма (tĭma), from Proto-Slavic *tьma, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *timāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [tʲma]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

тьма • (tʹma) f inan (genitive тьми, uncountable)
* darkness
    Synonyms: те́мрява (témrjava), те́мінь (téminʹ), темно́та́ (temnótá)
* (figuratively) uneducatedness
    Synonym: неосві́ченість (neosvíčenistʹ)
* (figuratively) wickedness (something vile and evil)

#### Declension
### Noun

тьма • (tʹma) f inan (genitive тьми, nominative plural тьми, genitive plural тем)
* (historical, countable) ten thousand
* (figuratively, colloquial, uncountable) ton (large amount of something)

#### Declension
### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “тьма”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “тьма”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)