# 矜

| 矜 | U+77DC, &#30684; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77DC |
| ← 矛 [U+77DB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 矝 → [U+77DD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

矜 (Kangxi radical 110, 矛+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹人戈弓 (NHOIN), four-corner 1822$_7$, composition ⿰矛今)

#### Derived characters

* 𱣼, 㥤, 㮗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 822, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23852
* Dae Jaweon: page 1233, character 29
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2764, character 6
* Unihan data for U+77DC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 矜 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Corrupted from 矝, which is a Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ): semantic 矛 (“spear”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). Modern Mandarin pronunciation follows the corrupted phonetic part 今 (jīn).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīn (jin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kĭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng / khim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^1$ / gêng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jin
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$
*** Yale: jīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$
*** Yale: gīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng / khim
*** Tâi-lô: king / khim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kefng, qym
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /kʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³/, /kʰim³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /kʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /kʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/, /kʰim⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^1$ / gêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳng / keng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ³³/, /keŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: king
Rime :
| Character | 矜 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居陵切 |
| Baxter | king |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-riŋ/, /*k-riŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 矜 | 矜 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīn | jīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ king › | ‹ king › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-riŋ/ (dialect: *k-r- > k-, *-iŋ > MC -ing) | /*k-riŋ/ |
| English | pity (v.) | boastful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 矜 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 6631 |
| Phonetic component | 今 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 兢 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

矜
* (literary) to pity; to feel sorry for; to show sympathy for
* (literary) to be self-important
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Jiǎlìng Hán Xìn xuédào qiānràng, bù fá jǐ gōng, bù jīn qí néng, zé shùjǐ zāi, yú hànjiā xūn kěyǐ bǐ Zhōu, Zhào, Tàigōng zhī tú, hòushì xuèshí yǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* restrained; reserved
    矜持 ― jīnchí ― reserved
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ jīn ér bù zhēng, qún'érbùdǎng.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "The superior man is dignified, but does not wrangle. He is sociable, but not a partisan."

#### Compounds

* 不矜
* 不矜不伐
* 不矜名節 / 不矜名节
* 不矜細行 / 不矜细行
* 剛而自矜 / 刚而自矜
* 可矜
* 哀矜 (āijīn)
* 奮矜 / 奋矜
* 好自矜誇 / 好自矜夸
* 弔詭矜奇 / 吊诡矜奇
* 恃才矜己
* 棘矜
* 矜人 (jīnrén)
* 矜伐
* 矜免
* 矜功
* 矜功不立
* 矜功伐善
* 矜功恃寵 / 矜功恃宠
* 矜功自伐
* 矜功負勝 / 矜功负胜
* 矜功負氣 / 矜功负气
* 矜名嫉能
* 矜哀
* 矜奇立異 / 矜奇立异
* 矜寵 / 矜宠
* 矜己任智
* 矜己自飾 / 矜己自饰
* 矜式
* 矜張 / 矜张
* 矜張顯著 / 矜张显著
* 矜恤 (jīnxù)
* 矜惜
* 矜愍
* 矜憫 / 矜悯 (jīnmǐn)
* 矜才使氣 / 矜才使气
* 矜持 (jīnchí)
* 矜智負能 / 矜智负能
* 矜滿 / 矜满
* 矜矜
* 矜矜業業 / 矜矜业业
* 矜糾收繚 / 矜纠收缭
* 矜育 (jīnyù)
* 矜能負才 / 矜能负才
* 矜莊 / 矜庄
* 矜誇 / 矜夸 (jīnkuā)
* 矜貧恤獨 / 矜贫恤独
* 矜貧救厄 / 矜贫救厄
* 矜貴 / 矜贵 (jīnguì)
* 矜重
* 矜鑒 / 矜鉴
* 矜飾 / 矜饰
* 自矜 (zìjīn)
* 驕矜 / 骄矜 (jiāojīn)
* 驕矜狂妄 / 骄矜狂妄
* 驕矜自喜 / 骄矜自喜

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qín (qin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qín
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cín
*** Wade–Giles: chʻin$^2$
*** Yale: chín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
*** Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kan$^4$
*** Yale: kàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ken$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: gin, gj+n
Rime :
| Character | 矜 | 矜 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 巨巾切 | 巨斤切 |
| Baxter | gin | gj+n |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiɪn/ | /ɡɨn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚin/ | /ɡɨn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡien/ | /ɡiən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gjin/ | /gɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjĕn/ | /ɡiən/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡǐĕn/ | /ɡĭən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯ĕn/ | /gi̯ən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qín | qín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kan$^4$ | kan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɡriŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯn/, /*ɡɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 矜 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gin › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡriŋ/ |
| English | kind of lance |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 矜 | 矜 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 6629 | 6630 |
| Phonetic component | 今 | 今 |
| Rime group | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𥎊 | 勤 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯn/ | /*ɡɯn/ |
| Notes | 𥎊下注古體 | 𥎊下注古體 |

#### Definitions

矜
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) handle of a spear

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guān (guan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guan
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^1$
*** Yale: gwān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaan$^1$
*** Yale: gwāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaːn⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

矜
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 鰥 / 鳏 (guān, “old man with no wife”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 瘝 (guān, “to be ill”)

#### Compounds

* 矜寡孤獨 / 矜寡孤独

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* pride
* respect

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)、けん (ken)、ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)、きょう (kyō)、きん (kin)
* Kan’yō-on: きん (kin)
* Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 矜れむ)、つつしむ (tsutsushimu, 矜む)、ほこる (hokoru, 矜る)

## Korean
### Hanja

矜 • (geung, geun) (hangeul 긍, 근, revised geung, geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭng, kŭn, Yale kung, kun)
* pity
* feel sorry for
* show sympathy for