# 借

| 借 | U+501F, &#20511; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-501F |
| ← 倞 [U+501E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倠 → [U+5020] |

## Translingual
### Han character

借 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人廿日 (OTA), four-corner 2426$_1$, composition ⿰亻昔)

#### Derived characters

* 𠺦, 𮇴, 𡩤

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 781
* Dae Jaweon: page 230, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 171, character 5
* Unihan data for U+501F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 借
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts05790Transcribed ancient scriptsL23875
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 借 | *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ |
| 唶 | *ʔsjaːɡs |
| 藉 | *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ |
| 躤 | *zjaːɡs |
| 蜡 | *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs |
| 齰 | *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ |
| 醋 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 錯 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 措 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 厝 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 逪 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 剒 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 鵲 | *sʰaɡ |
| 碏 | *sʰaɡ |
| 踖 | *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 趞 | *sʰaɡ |
| 皵 | *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ |
| 舄 | *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ |
| 斮 | *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 簎 | *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 諎 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 矠 | *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 庴 | *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 籍 | *zjaːɡ |
| 耤 | *zjaːɡ |
| 猎 | *zjaːɡ |
| 昔 | *sjaːɡ |
| 惜 | *sjaːɡ |
| 腊 | *sjaːɡ |
| 焟 | *sjaːɡ |
| 棤 | *sjaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiè (jie$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җе (ži͡ə, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ze$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chia
    (Hailu, HRS): zia$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): jia$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cióh / ciâ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zieo$^5$ / zia$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chioh / chià / chiak / chek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziêh$^4$ / zioh$^4$ / zia$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$cia
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiè
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^4$
*** Yale: jyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieh
*** Palladius: цзе (cze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җе (ži͡ə, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ze$^3$
*** Yale: je
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dze$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zé$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chia
*** Hakka Romanization System: jia
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jia$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡si̯a⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zia$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sia¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: jia$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sia⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cióh / ciâ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suɔʔ²⁴/, /t͡siɑ²⁴²/
* cióh - colloquial;
* ciâ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tsjaeH, tsjek
Rime :
| Character | 借 | 借 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 子夜切 | 資昔切 |
| Baxter | tsjaeH | tsjek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sia$^H$/ | /t͡siᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sia$^H$/ | /t͡siɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sia$^H$/ | /t͡siæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sia$^H$/ | /t͡siajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sia$^H$/ | /t͡siɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭa$^H$/ | /t͡sĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯a$^H$/ | /t͡si̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiè | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ze$^3$ | zik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]Ak-s/, /*[ts]Ak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsjaːɡs/, /*ʔsjaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 借 | 借 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiè | jiè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjæ$^H$ › | ‹ tsjek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]Ak-s/ | /*[ts]Ak/ |
| English | loan, borrow | loan, borrow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 借 | 借 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13269 | 13298 |
| Phonetic component | 昔 | 昔 |
| Rime group | 暮 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 唶 | 積 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsjaːɡs/ | /*ʔsjaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

借
* to lend
       Wǒ méi yǒu shū, nǐ néng jiè wǒ yī běn ma? [Pinyin]
       I haven' t got any book; can you lend me one ?
       ho$^2$ m$^4$ ho$^2$ ji$^5$ ze$^3$ zyu$^6$ ng$^5$ sap$^6$ man$^1$ bei$^2$ ngo$^5$ sin$^1$? [Jyutping]
       Can you lend me $50?
* to borrow
       Wǒ kěyǐ jiè nǐ de shū ma? [Pinyin]
       Can I borrow your book?
* (alt. form 藉) to make use of; to take advantage of (an opportunity)
    借故 ― jiègù ― to find an excuse
       Tā jiè zhe wēiruò de zhúguāng dúshū. [Pinyin]
       She was reading by the faint light of the candle.
       Wǒ xiǎng jiè cǐ jīhuì gǎnxiè dàjiā de zhīchí. [Pinyin]
       I wish to use this opportunity to thank everyone for your support.
* (alt. form 藉) to rely on; to depend on
* (alt. form 藉) to use as a pretext

##### Synonyms

* (to lend): (on interest) 貸／贷 (dài)

#### Compounds

* 不借
* 使用借貸 / 使用借贷
* 借一步
* 借主
* 借交報仇 / 借交报仇
* 借代 (jièdài)
* 借令
* 借住 (jièzhù)
* 借位 (jièwèi)
* 借使
* 借債 / 借债 (jièzhài)
* 借光 (jièguāng)
* 借典
* 借刀殺人 / 借刀杀人 (jièdāoshārén)
* 借券 (jièquàn)
* 借劍殺人 / 借剑杀人
* 借助 (jièzhù)
* 借勢 / 借势
* 借口 (jièkǒu)
* 借古諷今 / 借古讽今 (jiègǔfěngjīn)
* 借名
* 借問 / 借问 (jièwèn)
* 借單 / 借单 (jièdān)
* 借喻
* 借壽 / 借寿
* 借契
* 借妻
* 借字 (jièzì)
* 借客報仇 / 借客报仇
* 借宿 (jièsù)
* 借寇恂
* 借對 / 借对
* 借屍還魂 / 借尸还魂 (jièshīhuánhún)
* 借手
* 借提
* 借據 / 借据 (jièjù)
* 借支 (jièzhī)
* 借故 (jiègù)
* 借方 (jièfāng)
* 借書證 / 借书证
* 借東風 / 借东风
* 借條 / 借条 (jiètiáo)
* 借款 (jièkuǎn)
* 借水推船
* 借水行舟 (jièshuǐxíngzhōu)
* 借火
* 借用 (jièyòng)
* 借端 (jièduān)
* 借箸
* 借約 / 借约 (jièyuē)
* 借聽於聾 / 借听于聋
* 借腹生子
* 借花獻佛 / 借花献佛 (jièhuāxiànfó)
* 借茶活捉
* 借詞 / 借词 (jiècí)
* 借調 / 借调 (jièdiào)
* 借貸 / 借贷 (jièdài)
* 借貸無門 / 借贷无门
* 借道 (jièdào)
* 借酒澆愁 / 借酒浇愁 (jièjiǔjiāochóu)
* 借重
* 借錢 / 借钱 (jièqián)
* 借鏡 / 借镜 (jièjìng)
* 借鑑 / 借鉴 (jièjiàn)
* 借韻 / 借韵
* 借題 / 借题
* 借題發揮 / 借题发挥 (jiètífāhuī)
* 借風使船 / 借风使船
* 借齒牙 / 借齿牙
* 假借 (jiǎjiè)
* 假借義 / 假借义
* 典借
* 出借 (chūjiè)
* 勒借
* 告借
* 商借 (shāngjiè)
* 國際貸借 / 国际贷借
* 大借款
* 孔明借箭
* 張良借箸 / 张良借箸
* 憑借 / 凭借 (píngjiè)
* 拆借 (chāijiè)
* 挪借 (nuójiè)
* 摘借
* 東挪西借 / 东挪西借
* 求借
* 浮借
* 消費借貸 / 消费借贷 (xiāofèi jièdài)
* 游湖借傘 / 游湖借伞
* 獎借 / 奖借
* 租借 (zūjiè)
* 租借地 (zūjièdì)
* 租借法案
* 背城借一 (bèichéng-jièyī)
* 西原借款
* 諸葛亮借東風 / 诸葛亮借东风 (Zhūgě Liàng jiè dōngfēng)
* 貸借 / 贷借
* 賒借 / 赊借
* 那借
* 附會假借 / 附会假借
* 靦顏借命 / 䩄颜借命
* 預借 / 预借
* 館際互借 / 馆际互借 (guǎnjì hùjiè)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 借 – see 藉 (“to rely on”). (This character is the simplified form of 藉).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Further reading

* “借”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* to borrow

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha)、しゃく (shaku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しゃ (sha)、せき (seki)
* Kun: かる (karu, 借る)、かりる (kariru, 借りる, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 貸借(たいしゃく) (taishaku): debit and credit; a loan

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 借
* か(り) Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 借り (in running text)
Originally the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 借る (karu, “to borrow”), now also the 連用形 (ren'yōkei) of modern verb 借りる (kariru, “to borrow”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かり [kàrí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾʲi]

### Noun

借(かり) • (kari)
* borrowing, a debt, a loan (for the borrower, not the lender)
* (obsolete) in the Edo period, a system for arranging house calls by prostitutes
* (accounting, abbreviation) borrower, debtor: short for 借り方 (karikata)

#### Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “borrowing, debt”): 貸(か)し (kashi): lending, a credit, a loan (for the lender, not the borrower)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

借 (eum 차 (cha))
借 (eum 적 (jeok))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

借: Hán Nôm readings: tá
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.