# gem
## Translingual
### Symbol

gem
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-5 language code for Germanic languages.

## English
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle English gemme, gimme, yimme, ȝimme, from Old English ġimm, from Proto-West Germanic *gimmu (“gem”) and Old French gemme (“gem”), both from Latin gemma (“a swelling bud; jewel, gem”). Doublet of gemma and Gemma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒɛm/
** (pin–pen merger) IPA: /d͡ʒɪm/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛm

### Noun

gem (countable and uncountable, plural gems)
* A precious stone, usually of substantial monetary value or prized for its beauty or shine.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto X”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 144:And on her head she wore a tyre of gold, Adornd with gemmes and owches wondrous fayre, Whose passing price vneath was to be told;
** c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:Of six preceding ancestors, that gem, Conferr’d by testament to the sequent issue, Hath it been owed and worn. This is his wife; That ring’s a thousand proofs.
** 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 647-649:[…] then silent Night With this her solemn Bird and this fair Moon, And these the Gemms of Heav’n, her starrie train:
** 2012 March, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist‎, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 14 June 2012, page 128:Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.
* (figuratively) Any precious or highly valued thing or person.
    She's an absolute gem.
** 2017 January 20, Annie Zaleski, “AFI sounds refreshed and rejuvenated on its 10th album, AFI (The Blood Album)”, in The Onion AV Club‎:Standout “Hidden Knives” is the kind of new wave-leaning punk gem John Hughes would’ve loved, while “So Beneath You” is a teeth-baring, roiling tune.
* Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits, which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or value, such as a small picture, a verse of poetry, or an epigram.
    a gem of wit
* (obsolete) A gemma or leaf-bud.
** c. 1668, John Denham (translator), Of Old Age by Cato the Elder, Part 3, in Poems and Translations, with The Sophy, London: H. Herringman, 4th edition, 1773, p. 35,
    Then from the Joynts of thy prolifick Stemm
    A swelling Knot is raised (call’d a Gemm)
** a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Summer”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC:Among the crooked Lanes, on every Hedge, / The Glow-Worm lights his Gem […] .
** 1803, John Browne Cutting, “A Succinct History of Jamaica” in Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, p. xcii,
    In about twelve days the sprouts from the gems of the planted cane are seen […]
* A geometrid moth of the species Orthonama obstipata.
* (computing) A package containing programs or libraries for the Ruby programming language.
* (uncountable, printing, uncommon, obsolete) A size of type between brilliant (4-point) and diamond (4½-point), running 222 lines to the foot.
* (Internet slang, 4chan, soyjak.party slang) Internet content of good quality.
    Antonyms: coal, brimstone

#### Synonyms

* (precious stone): gemstone, jewel, precious stone; see also Thesaurus:gemstone

#### Derived terms

* begem
* gem clip
* Gem County
* gemcutter
* gem cutter
* gem-cutter
* gem-diol
* gem-diolate
* gem-disubstituent effect
* gemerald
* gem-faced civet
* gemfish
* gem-hydrogenation
* gemless
* gemlike
* gemmer
* gemmery
* gemmy
* gemology
* gemsetter
* gemsetting
* gemsmith
* gemsona
* Gem State
* gemstone
* gem tree
* gemwork
* gemwright
* hidden gem
* mountaingem
* plasma gem

#### Translations
### Verb

gem (third-person singular simple present gems, present participle gemming, simple past and past participle gemmed)
* (transitive) To adorn with, or as if with, gems.
** 1813, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Canto I”, in Queen Mab; […], London: […] P. B. Shelley, […], →OCLC, page 6:[T]he fair star / That gems the glittering coronet of morn, / Sheds not a light so mild, so powerful, / As that which, bursting from the Fairy's form, / Spread a purpureal halo round the scene, / Yet with an undulating motion, / Swayed to her outline gracefully.
** 1827, Various, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10,‎:A few bright and beautiful stars gemmed the wide concave of heaven […] .
** 1872, J. Fenimore Cooper, The Bravo‎:Above was the firmament, gemmed with worlds, and sublime in immensity.
** 1920, John Freeman, Poems New and Old‎:The rain Shook from fruit bushes in new showers again As I brushed past, and gemmed the window pane.
** 1922 February, Miriam Campbell, “A Dream of Brittany”, in The Educational Times: A Review of Ideas and Methods, volume IV (new series)/LXXIV (old series), page 64, column 1:And those salt tears your lashes gemmed / Were but the breath of flame distilled; / Flame white and pure, and diademmed / With suffering,—pain with joy fulfilled.

#### Synonyms

* begem

### References

* Gemstones on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “gem”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* EGM, EMG, MEG, MGE, Meg, meg, meg-

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* gemb

### Etymology

Together with gemb, a phonetic variant of gjemb.

### Noun

gem m
* branch

#### Derived terms

* gemtë

#### Related terms

* gjemb

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gem”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 112

### Further reading

* “gem”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* ghèban (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

From Middle High German geben, from Old High German geban, from Proto-West Germanic *geban, from Proto-Germanic *gebaną.
Cognate with German geben, Dutch geven, obsolete English yive, Icelandic gefa.

### Verb

gem (strong class 5 , auxiliary håm)
* (Luserna) to give

### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Danish
### Verb

gem
* imperative of gemme

## Meriam
### Noun

gem
* body

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English game, from Middle English game, gamen, gammen, from Old English gamen (“sport, joy, mirth, pastime, game, amusement, pleasure”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną (“amusement, pleasure, game”), from *ga- (collective prefix) + *mann- (“man”); or alternatively from *ga- + a root from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think, have in mind”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡɛm/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛm
* Syllabification: gem

### Noun

gem m inan
* (tennis) game (part of a set)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* gem in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* gem in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology 1

From English jam.

#### Noun

gem n (plural gemuri)
* jam (sweet mixture of fruit boiled with sugar)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Verb

gem
* inflection of geme:
** first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** third-person plural present indicative

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡeːm/, /jeːm/
* Rhymes: -eːm
* Homophone: game

### Etymology 1

The paper clip's most common design was originally thought to be made by The Gem Manufacturing Company in Britain in the 1870s. More at paper clip.

#### Noun

gem n
* a paper clip

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English game.

#### Noun

gem n
* Alternative spelling of game

### References

* gem in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* gem in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* gem in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* ↑ Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project", Journal of Engineering Education, October 1998, p. 445

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish كم (gem, “bit”), from Greek κημός (kimós, “muzzle; nosebag”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡem/
* Hyphenation: gem

### Noun

gem (definite accusative gemi, plural gemler)
* rein

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
gem
gemler
definite accusative
gemi
gemleri
dative
geme
gemlere
locative
gemde
gemlerde
ablative
gemden
gemlerden
genitive
gemin
gemlerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
gemim
gemlerim
2nd singular
gemin
gemlerin
3rd singular
gemi
gemleri
1st plural
gemimiz
gemlerimiz
2nd plural
geminiz
gemleriniz
3rd plural
gemleri
gemleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
gemimi
gemlerimi
2nd singular
gemini
gemlerini
3rd singular
gemini
gemlerini
1st plural
gemimizi
gemlerimizi
2nd plural
geminizi
gemlerinizi
3rd plural
gemlerini
gemlerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
gemime
gemlerime
2nd singular
gemine
gemlerine
3rd singular
gemine
gemlerine
1st plural
gemimize
gemlerimize
2nd plural
geminize
gemlerinize
3rd plural
gemlerine
gemlerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
gemimde
gemlerimde
2nd singular
geminde
gemlerinde
3rd singular
geminde
gemlerinde
1st plural
gemimizde
gemlerimizde
2nd plural
geminizde
gemlerinizde
3rd plural
gemlerinde
gemlerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
gemimden
gemlerimden
2nd singular
geminden
gemlerinden
3rd singular
geminden
gemlerinden
1st plural
gemimizden
gemlerimizden
2nd plural
geminizden
gemlerinizden
3rd plural
gemlerinden
gemlerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
gemimin
gemlerimin
2nd singular
geminin
gemlerinin
3rd singular
geminin
gemlerinin
1st plural
gemimizin
gemlerimizin
2nd plural
geminizin
gemlerinizin
3rd plural
gemlerinin
gemlerinin
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
gemim
gemlerim
2nd singular
gemsin
gemlersin
3rd singular
gem gemdir
gemler gemlerdir
1st plural
gemiz
gemleriz
2nd plural
gemsiniz
gemlersiniz
3rd plural
gemler
gemlerdir :

#### Derived terms

* gemi azıya almak (idiom)

### Further reading

* gem on the Turkish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{tr}$

## Volapük
### Etymology

Perhaps borrowed from French germain.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡem/, [ɡem]

### Noun

gem (nominative plural gems)
* sibling
** 1949, “Lifajenäd brefik cifala: ‚Jakob Sprenger‛”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, issue 4, 13-14:‚Jakob‛ äbinom cil mälid se gems vel: blods lul e sörs tel.Jakob was the sixth child out of seven siblings: five brothers and two sisters.

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

#### Hyponyms

* blod (“brother”)
* higem (“brother”)
* jiblod (“sister”)
* jigem (“sister”)
* sör (“sister”)

#### Derived terms

* (collective) gemef (“brother(s) and/or sister(s)”)
* (adjective) gemik (“sibling”)

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Latin gemma.

### Noun

gem m or f (plural gemau, diminutive gemyn or gemen)
* gem, jewel

#### Derived terms

* gemog (“bejewelled”, adjective)
* gemoleg f (“gemology”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.