# 培

| 培 | U+57F9, &#22521; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57F9 |
| ← 埸 [U+57F8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 基 → [U+57FA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

培 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土卜廿口 (GYTR), four-corner 4016$_1$, composition ⿰土咅)

#### Derived characters

* 𣼯, 𦟷, 𦹷, 𢊫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 231, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5195
* Dae Jaweon: page 468, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 457, character 2
* Unihan data for U+57F9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 蓓 | *bɯːʔ, *bɯːʔ |
| 倍 | *bɯːʔ |
| 菩 | *bɯːʔ, *bɯʔ, *bɯː, *bɯːɡ |
| 掊 | *bruː, *poːʔ, *bɯ, *bɯ |
| 剖 | *pʰoːʔ, *pʰoʔ |
| 婄 | *pʰɯʔ, *bɯʔ, *bɯː |
| 踣 | *pʰɯs, *bɯːɡ |
| 箁 | *bɯ |
| 咅 | *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs |
| 部 | *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ, *boːʔ |
| 培 | *boːʔ, *bɯː |
| 犃 | *boːʔ |
| 瓿 | *boːʔ, *bɯ, *bo |
| 殕 | *pɯʔ, *pʰoʔ, *qɯːɡ |
| 醅 | *pʰɯ, *pʰɯː |
| 棓 | *bɯ, *broːŋʔ, *bɯː |
| 涪 | *bɯ |
| 賠 | *bɯː |
| 陪 | *bɯː |
| 毰 | *bɯː |
| 焙 | *bɯːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *boːʔ, *bɯː): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): péi (pei$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄆㄟˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pei$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): pēi
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pui$^4$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): pui$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): poi$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phì
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): pei$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): buòi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pôe / pê
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buê$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$be
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: péi
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: péi
*** Wade–Giles: pʻei$^2$
*** Yale: péi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: peir
*** Palladius: пэй (pɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰeɪ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: pei$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: pei
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰei²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: pēi
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰei⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pui$^4$
*** Yale: pùih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pui$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːi̯²¹/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: pui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰui²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: poi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰᵘɔi²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: pei$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /pʰei¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: buòi
*** Sinological IPA : /pui⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pôe
*** Tâi-lô: puê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poee
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /pue²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pê
*** Tâi-lô: pê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pee
*** IPA (Xiamen, Jinjiang): /pe²⁴/
* pôe - literary;
* pê - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: bwoj
Rime :
| Character | 培 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 薄回切 |
| Baxter | bwoj |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /buʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /buoi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /buɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bwəj/ |
| Li Rong | /buᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /buɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱuɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | péi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pui$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 培 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 9865 |
| Phonetic component | 咅 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 裴 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯː/ |

#### Definitions

培
* (agriculture) to hill up; to earth up; to bank up
* to cultivate; to educate; to foster
* to bury
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (to hill up):
* 培土 (péitǔ)
* 培塗 / 培涂 (Hokkien)
* 培泥 (Zhao'an Hakka)
* 壅土 (yōngtǔ)
* 壅泥 (Taiwanese Hakka)
* (to cultivate): 哺育 (bǔyù), 培養／培养 (péiyǎng), 培育 (péiyù), 栽培 (zāipéi)

#### Compounds

* 坎培拉 (Kǎnpéilā)
* 培修 (péixiū)
* 培土 (péitǔ)
* 培土器
* 培基語言 / 培基语言
* 培壅
* 培敦
* 培根 (péigēn)
* 培格索斯
* 培根論 / 培根论
* 培植 (péizhí)
* 培石 (Péishí)
* 培育 (péiyù)
* 培補 / 培补 (péibǔ)
* 培訓 / 培训 (péixùn)
* 培風 / 培风
* 培養 / 培养 (péiyǎng)
* 培養土 / 培养土
* 培養基 / 培养基 (péiyǎngjī)
* 培養液 / 培养液 (péiyǎngyè)
* 培養皿 / 培养皿 (péiyǎngmǐn)
* 安培 (ānpéi)
* 安培定則 / 安培定则
* 安培小時 / 安培小时
* 安培計 / 安培计 (ānpéijì)
* 抑制栽培
* 接替栽培
* 栽培 (zāipéi)
* 栽培植物
* 水耕栽培 (shuǐgēng zāipéi)
* 烘培機 / 烘培机 (hōngpéijī)
* 無土栽培 / 无土栽培
* 礫耕栽培 / 砾耕栽培
* 糊仔栽培
* 組織培養 / 组织培养 (zǔzhī péiyǎng)
* 胚培養法 / 胚培养法
* 鑿培 / 凿培
* 顏闔鑿培 / 颜阖凿培

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pǒu (pou$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pau$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pǒu
*** Wade–Giles: pʻou$^3$
*** Yale: pǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poou
*** Palladius: поу (pou)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰoʊ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pau$^2$
*** Yale: páu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: peo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐu̯³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: buwX
Rime :
| Character | 培 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 蒲口切 |
| Baxter | buwX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bəu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bəu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bəw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /bu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bəu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /bʱə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*boːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 培 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 9848 |
| Phonetic component | 咅 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 部 |
| Old Chinese | /*boːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

培
* (archaic) small hill; barrow; grave

#### Compounds

* 培塿 / 培𪣻 (pǒulǒu)
* 壘培 / 垒培

### References

* “培”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* (Cantonese) 粵音資料集叢

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* cultivate
* foster

#### Readings

* Go-on: ばい (bai, Jōyō)、ぶ (bu)、べ (be)
* Kan-on: はい (hai)、ほう (hō)
* Kun: つちかう (tsuchikau, 培う, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 培植
* 培養

## Korean
### Hanja

培 (eumhun 북을 돋울 배 (bugeul dodul bae))
* hanja form of 배 (“bank up with dirt, raise, cultivate”)
培 (eumhun 언덕 부 (eondeok bu))
* hanja form of 부 (“hill, mound”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

培: Hán Nôm readings: bồi, bổi, bòi, bụi, vùi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.