# 共

| 共 | U+5171, &#20849; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171 |
| ← 兰 [U+5170] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 兲 → [U+5172] |

## Translingual
### Han character

共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 4480$_1$, composition ⿱龷八)
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

#### Derived characters

* 供, 㓋, 哄, 垬, 娂, 㤨, 拱, 洪, 䧆, 晎, 㬴, 栱, 烘, 珙, 䀧, 硔, 粠, 舼, 鿁(䜤), 谼, 輁(𰺄), 鉷(𫟹), 䱋(𲍎)
* 䢼, 䳍(𮭥), 衖, 鬨/閧/𬮢, 烡, 異, 粪, 巽, 髸, 龔(龚), 巷, 恭, 拲, 㭟, 㳟, 蛬, 輂(𰺅), 䢽, 蕻
* 𡶵, 𤞒, 𧋄, 𧶯, 𮲡, 𠔹, 𡱒, 𢩉, 𨜕, 𨞠, 𡋍, 𢙄, 𢮪, 𨂚, 𦜞

#### See also

* 暴 殿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
* Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5171

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 共 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Bronze inscriptionsb03459b03460b03461b03462b03463b03464b03465b03466b03467b03468b03469b03470b03471Small seal scripts01989Transcribed ancient scriptsL35581L35582L19017L19018L19019L19020L19021L19022 |||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
| 烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 恭 | *kloŋ |
| 供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
| 龔 | *kloŋ |
| 珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
| 共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
| 髸 | *kloŋ |
| 拱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
| 蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 栱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 舼 | *ɡloŋ |
| 輂 | *kloɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.
Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).
The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gòng (gong$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гун (gun, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gung$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qiung$^5$ / kung$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gung$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^5$ / goeng$^5$ / gyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kāng / kā / kiōng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong$^5$ / gong$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^4$
*** Yale: gùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gong$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung
*** Sinological IPA : /koŋ²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^6$
*** Yale: guhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: guung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵŋ³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qiung$^5$ / kung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiuŋ¹¹/, /kʰuŋ¹¹/
* qiung5 - vernacular;
* kung5 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit共 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kuŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kuŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kuə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kuŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kũn¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kuŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /koŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /koŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /koŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /koŋ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /koŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kuəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kuŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kũŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /goŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /goŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /goŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑyɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kan⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /koŋ⁵⁵/ /koŋ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /gən²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ～雙筷子 /kʰuŋ²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /koŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kuŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kuŋ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiɔŋ²²/ /iŋ²²/ /kaŋ²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /køyŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kɔŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kaŋ³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /koŋ³³/ /kaŋ²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: gjowngH
Rime :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠用切 |
| Baxter | gjowngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ |
| English | together, all |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 4182 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 共 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡloŋs/ |

#### Definitions

共
* common
    共識／共识 ― gòngshí ― common understanding; consensus
* together
    共進晚餐／共进晚餐 ― gòng jìn wǎncān ― to have dinner together
** 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:
       Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]
       Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics] Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]
* to share
* altogether
       Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]
       From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.
* Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
    反共 ― fǎngòng ― anti-communist
** (specifically) the Communist Party of China
    國共／国共 ― guógòng ― Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
* (literary or dialectal) and
** 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section XII:
       hin$^2$ juk$^6$ tung$^2$ tou$^5$ leoi$^5$ cyun$^4$ hai$^6$ nai$^4$ gung$^6$ seoi$^2$ [Jyutping]
       A muscle cask, a belly (or mind) full of nothing but mud and water.
** 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 181:
       tong$^4$ jan$^4$ jau$^5$ kaai$^5$ ngau$^4$ jyu$^5$ gung$^6$ tong$^4$ lai$^4$ gaau$^2$ caa$^4$ jau$^5$ mou$^5$ ne$^1$ [Jyutping]
       Do the Chinese use milk and sugar with their tea?
** 1993, “海闊天空 [Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies]”, performed by Beyond:
       naa$^5$ wui$^5$ paa$^3$ jau$^5$ jat$^1$ tin$^1$ zi$^2$ nei$^5$ gung$^6$ ngo$^5$ [Jyutping]
       not afraid that someday there's only you and me
* (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to
       Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       I tell you.
** 1989, “千千闕歌”, 林振強 (lyrics), performed by 陳慧嫻:
       jan$^1$ nei$^5$ gam$^1$ maan$^5$ gung$^6$ ngo$^5$ coeng$^3$ [Jyutping]
       because you are singing with me on this night
** (Can we date this quote?), “全因為祢”, 西伯 (lyrics)‎performed by 鄧婉玲:
       sei$^2$ jam$^3$ jau$^1$ guk$^1$ zung$^1$, nei$^5$ bun$^6$ ngo$^5$ gwo$^3$ dou$^6$, fun$^1$ jan$^1$ leoi$^5$, fung$^1$ gwong$^1$ leoi$^5$ nei$^5$ gung$^6$ ngo$^5$ tung$^4$ zoi$^6$ [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
       Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Open the door for me.
** 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section I:
       nei$^5$ gung$^6$ ngo$^5$ giu$^3$ go$^3$ muk$^6$ zoeng$^{6-2}$ lai$^4$ [Jyutping]
       You for me call a carpenter.
* (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
       Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Remember this!
* (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
       kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Forget about him.
* (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
    共款 [Hokkien] ― kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― the same
    無共／无共 [Hokkien] ― bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― not the same; different

##### Synonyms

* (and):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 與, 及 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 跟, 和 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 跟, 和 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 和, 跟 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 和, 跟 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 和, 跟, 給 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 和 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 和 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong (Ronghe) | 連 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 跟, 連 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 帶, 和 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 給 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 帶 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 連 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 跟, 和 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 跟, 連, 和 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 跟, 給, 和 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 跟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 跟, 同, 和 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 跟, 和 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 跟, 同, 和 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 告, 跟 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 跟, 交 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 跟 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 同, 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 同, 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 同 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 同 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 同 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 同, 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 同, 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 同, 同埋 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鄧, 同 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 同 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 同 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 同 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 跟, 同 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 和 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 同, 跟 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 同, 摎 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 澗 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 摎 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 同 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 摎 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 同 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 摎 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 和 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 摎 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 佮 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 搭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 和, 跟 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 給 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 邀 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 邀, 儉, 教 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 邀 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 邀, 跟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 共 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 隨 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 傮, 共 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 跟 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 佮, 交 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 佮, 交 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 交 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 佮, 交 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 佮, 共 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 佮 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 共 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 共 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 共 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 共 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 共 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 共 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 同, 同埋 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 跟, 邀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 搭 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 脫 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 搭, 搭仔 |
| Wu | Danyang | 同, 跟 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 同 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 搭, 搭仔 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 伉 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 亨, 跟 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 跟 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 跟 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 跟, 同 |
* (for):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 替, 為 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 給, 替 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 給, 替 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 替 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 給, 替 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 替, 給 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 幫, 給, 跟 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 跟, 幫 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 代, 替 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 代, 幫 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 同, 幫 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 同, 幫 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 替, 幐 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 跟, 幫 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 同, 代 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 替, 給 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 替, 幫 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 替, 共 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 替, 共 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 共 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 共 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 替, 共 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 替, 共 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 代, 個 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 個 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 幫, 搭 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 替, 搭 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 代 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 幫, 跟, 代 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 幫 |
* (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 給 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 給 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 給 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 同 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 共 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 個 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 幫, 交 |
* (particle introducing the object of the verb):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 將, 把 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 把 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 把 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 把 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 把 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 把 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 把 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 把 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 把 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 把 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 把, 幫 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 將, 𢬿 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 將 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 將 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 將 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 將, 𢬿, 討 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 𢬿, 討 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 將 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 將 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 把 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 將, 將把 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 將, 將把, 捉到 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 將 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 將 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 將 |
| Hakka | Changting | 將 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 拿 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 捉 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 把 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 將 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 拿 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 拿 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 將 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 將 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 將 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 將 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 將 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 將 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 把 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 拿, 邀 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 將, 共, 揢 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 揢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 將, 共 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 將, 共 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 將, 共 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 將, 共 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 將 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 共 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 將, 對, 個 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 將, 把將, 對 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 將, 把, 把將, 對, 忐, 個 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 將 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 將, 把將 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 把 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 跟 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 跟 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 拿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 拿 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 搭, 把 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 逮 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 把 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 把 |

##### Note

* For the prepositional usage in Hokkien, if it's succeed by 3rd singular personal pronoun 伊, the pronoun can be omitted. eg.:
       kā pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Forget about him.

#### Compounds

* 一共
* 不共
* 不共天地
* 不共戴天 (bùgòngdàitiān)
* 不共鑣 / 不共镳
* 中共 (Zhōnggòng)
* 中共一大
* 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
* 九共
* 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
* 人神共嫉
* 人神共憤 / 人神共愤 (rénshéngòngfèn)
* 休戚與共 / 休戚与共 (xiūqīyǔgòng)
* 兄弟共妻
* 兩虎共鬥 / 两虎共斗
* 公共 (gōnggòng)
* 公共事業 / 公共事业 (gōnggòng shìyè)
* 公共保險 / 公共保险
* 公共場所 / 公共场所 (gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ)
* 公共安全
* 公共廁所 / 公共厕所 (gōnggòng cèsuǒ)
* 公共建築 / 公共建筑
* 公共建設 / 公共建设
* 公共投資 / 公共投资
* 公共支出
* 公共收入
* 公共政策 (gōnggòng zhèngcè)
* 公共救助
* 公共汽車 / 公共汽车 (gōnggòng qìchē)
* 公共浴場 / 公共浴场
* 公共環境 / 公共环境
* 公共秩序
* 公共租界
* 公共積累 / 公共积累 (gōnggòng jīlěi)
* 公共給水 / 公共给水
* 公共行政 (gōnggòng xíngzhèng)
* 公共衛生 / 公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng)
* 公共設施 / 公共设施
* 公共財政 / 公共财政
* 公共部門 / 公共部门 (gōnggòng bùmén)
* 公共關係 / 公共关系
* 公共電視 / 公共电视
* 公共電話 / 公共电话
* 公同共有
* 共主 (gòngzhǔ)
* 共乘 (gòngchéng)
* 共乳
* 共事 (gòngshì)
* 共事一夫
* 共享 (gòngxiǎng)
* 共享軟體 / 共享软体 (gòngxiǎng ruǎntǐ)
* 共人
* 共侶 / 共侣
* 共偫
* 共傳 / 共传
* 共儉 / 共俭
* 共億 / 共亿
* 共允
* 共兜
* 共具
* 共分
* 共勉 (gòngmiǎn)
* 共勢 / 共势
* 共勤
* 共匪 (gòngfěi)
* 共同 (gòngtóng)
* 共合
* 共名
* 共同代理
* 共同代表
* 共同企業 / 共同企业
* 共同保證 / 共同保证
* 共同努力
* 共同基金 (gòngtóng jījīn)
* 共同市場 / 共同市场
* 共同感覺 / 共同感觉
* 共同正犯 (gòngtóng zhèngfàn)
* 共同科目
* 共同管道
* 共同經營 / 共同经营
* 共同綱領 / 共同纲领 (gòngtóng gānglǐng)
* 共同繼承 / 共同继承
* 共同訴訟 / 共同诉讼
* 共同語 / 共同语 (gòngtóngyǔ)
* 共同語言 / 共同语言 (gòngtóng yǔyán)
* 共同財產 / 共同财产
* 共同趨向 / 共同趋向
* 共同運銷 / 共同运销
* 共同體 / 共同体 (gòngtóngtǐ)
* 共同點 / 共同点 (gòngtóngdiǎn)
* 共命
* 共和 (gònghé)
* 共和制 (gònghézhì)
* 共和國 / 共和国 (gònghéguó)
* 共和時代 / 共和时代
* 共命鳥 / 共命鸟 (gòngmìngniǎo)
* 共商大計 / 共商大计 (gòngshāngdàjì)
* 共喻
* 共國 / 共国
* 共坐
* 共奉
* 共契
* 共姜
* 共存 (gòngcún)
* 共存亡 (gòngcúnwáng)
* 共害
* 共寢 / 共寝 (gòngqǐn)
* 共審制度 / 共审制度
* 共少
* 共居
* 共川鼻飲 / 共川鼻饮
* 共工 (Gònggōng)
* 共己
* 共度 (gòngdù)
* 共弊
* 共張 / 共张
* 共御
* 共德
* 共心
* 共性 (gòngxìng)
* 共恪
* 共患
* 共患難 / 共患难 (gònghuànnàn)
* 共慘黨 / 共惨党 (gòngcǎndǎng)
* 共手
* 共承
* 共抎
* 共持
* 共振 (gòngzhèn)
* 共振器
* 共挽鹿車 / 共挽鹿车
* 共政
* 共敘舊姻 / 共叙旧姻
* 共敝
* 共料
* 共方
* 共有 (gòngyǒu)
* 共有人
* 共枕
* 共格
* 共棲 / 共栖
* 共業 / 共业
* 共榮辱 / 共荣辱
* 共權 / 共权
* 共歲 / 共岁
* 共氣 / 共气
* 共治
* 共沸物 (gòngfèiwù)
* 共洩 / 共泄 (gòngxiè)
* 共濟 / 共济 (gòngjì)
* 共濟一堂 / 共济一堂
* 共為唇齒 / 共为唇齿
* 共為脣齒 / 共为唇齿
* 共營 / 共营
* 共牢
* 共犯 (gòngfàn)
* 共犯罪
* 共理
* 共生 (gòngshēng)
* 共生礦 / 共生矿
* 共產 / 共产 (gòngchǎn)
* 共產主義 / 共产主义 (gòngchǎn zhǔyì)
* 共產主義青年團 / 共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán)
* 共產國家 / 共产国家
* 共產國際 / 共产国际 (Gòngchǎn Guójì)
* 共產宣言 / 共产宣言
* 共產集團 / 共产集团
* 共產黨 / 共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng)
* 共用 (gòngyòng)
* 共登
* 共益權 / 共益权
* 共相 (gòngxiàng)
* 共相脣齒 / 共相唇齿
* 共知 (gòngzhī)
* 共硯席 / 共砚席
* 共祭
* 共禦 / 共御
* 共禦外侮 / 共御外侮
* 共稟 / 共禀
* 共穗
* 共立
* 共筆硯 / 共笔砚
* 共管 (gòngguǎn)
* 共給 / 共给
* 共線點 / 共线点
* 共總 / 共总 (gòngzǒng)
* 共聚 (gòngjù)
* 共聚一堂 (gòngjùyītáng)
* 共職 / 共职
* 共膂
* 共舞 (gòngwǔ)
* 共蔕蓮 / 共蒂莲
* 共處 / 共处 (gòngchǔ)
* 共衾
* 共被
* 共襄盛舉 / 共襄盛举 (gòngxiāngshèngjǔ)
* 共親 / 共亲
* 共觸 / 共触
* 共計 / 共计 (gòngjì)
* 共話 / 共话
* 共話衷腸 / 共话衷肠
* 共語 / 共语 (gòngyǔ)
* 共論 / 共论
* 共談 / 共谈 (gòngtán)
* 共謀 / 共谋 (gòngmóu)
* 共識 / 共识 (gòngshí)
* 共識決 / 共识决
* 共議 / 共议
* 共財 / 共财
* 共貢 / 共贡
* 共貫 / 共贯
* 共貫同條 / 共贯同条
* 共軌 / 共轨
* 共軛弧 / 共轭弧
* 共軛角 / 共轭角
* 共轡 / 共辔
* 共通 (gòngtōng)
* 共通意志
* 共進 / 共进
* 共遞 / 共递
* 共釂
* 共門 / 共门
* 共閱 / 共阅
* 共青團 / 共青团 (gòngqīngtuán)
* 共韻 / 共韵
* 共頭 / 共头
* 共養 / 共养
* 共餐
* 共饗 / 共飨
* 共首
* 共驩 / 共欢
* 共體時艱 / 共体时艰
* 共鯀 / 共鲧
* 共鳴 / 共鸣 (gòngmíng)
* 共鳴器 / 共鸣器
* 共默
* 共點線 / 共点线
* 共鼓
* 分形共氣 / 分形共气
* 分憂共患 / 分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
* 分甘共苦
* 參共 / 参共
* 反共 (fǎngòng)
* 反共義士 / 反共义士 (fǎngòng yìshì)
* 同休共戚
* 同共
* 合共 (hégòng)
* 同床共枕
* 同心共濟 / 同心共济
* 同心共膽 / 同心共胆
* 同惡共濟 / 同恶共济
* 同文共規 / 同文共规
* 同文共軌 / 同文共轨
* 同條共貫 / 同条共贯
* 同源共流
* 同甘共苦 (tónggāngòngkǔ)
* 同生共死 (tóngshēnggòngsǐ)
* 同聲共氣 / 同声共气
* 同胞共乳
* 同胞共氣 / 同胞共气
* 同舟共命
* 同舟共濟 / 同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
* 同衾共枕
* 合衷共濟 / 合衷共济
* 同音共律
* 周召共和
* 和平共存 (hépíng gòngcún)
* 和平共處 / 和平共处 (hépíng gòngchǔ)
* 和衷共濟 / 和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
* 國共 / 国共 (Guó-Gòng)
* 國際共管 / 国际共管
* 執共 / 执共
* 多共少
* 大共
* 大共名
* 天人共棄 / 天人共弃
* 奇文共賞 / 奇文共赏 (qíwéngòngshǎng)
* 好共歹
* 小共
* 弟共
* 患難與共 / 患难与共 (huànnànyǔgòng)
* 懿共
* 攏共 / 拢共 (lǒnggòng)
* 敬共
* 普天共友
* 有目共睹 (yǒumùgòngdǔ)
* 有目共見 / 有目共见 (yǒumùgòngjiàn)
* 有目共賞 / 有目共赏 (yǒumùgòngshǎng)
* 松蘿共倚 / 松萝共倚
* 核磁共振 (hécí gòngzhèn)
* 榮辱與共 / 荣辱与共 (róngrùyǔgòng)
* 汽電共生 / 汽电共生
* 港共 (Gǎnggòng)
* 滿共 / 满共
* 牛驥共牢 / 牛骥共牢
* 生死與共 / 生死与共
* 相共
* 眾所共知 / 众所共知
* 眾目共睹 / 众目共睹
* 眾目共視 / 众目共视
* 神人共悅 / 神人共悦
* 神人共戮
* 禍福與共 / 祸福与共
* 統共 / 统共 (tǒnggòng)
* 綠共 / 绿共 (Lǜgòng)
* 總共 / 总共 (zǒnggòng)
* 老共 (lǎogòng)
* 與共 / 与共 (yǔgòng)
* 芝艾共焚
* 衆所共知 / 众所共知
* 賞共 / 赏共
* 足共
* 車軌共文 / 车轨共文
* 通共 (tōnggòng)
* 通共有無 / 通共有无
* 通憂共患 / 通忧共患
* 連枝共塚 / 连枝共冢
* 通無共有 / 通无共有
* 阿共仔 (a-kiōng-á) (Min Nan)
* 雅俗共賞 / 雅俗共赏 (yǎsúgòngshǎng)
* 靖共
* 首尾共濟 / 首尾共济
* 鹿車共挽 / 鹿车共挽

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: cộng (共)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: cùng

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Gòng, Gōng (Gong$^4$, Gong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ, ㄍㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Gòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Gòng
*** Wade–Giles: Kung$^4$
*** Yale: Gùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gonq
*** Palladius: Гун (Gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Gōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Gong
*** Wade–Giles: Kung$^1$
*** Yale: Gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gong
*** Palladius: Гун (Gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjowng
Rime :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 九容切 |
| Baxter | kjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 4170 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恭 |
| Old Chinese | /*kloŋ/ |

#### Definitions

共
* a surname

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōng (gong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): giong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gong
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giong$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiong
*** Sinological IPA : /kioŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: kjowng
Rime :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 九容切 |
| Baxter | kjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 共 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 4170 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恭 |
| Old Chinese | /*kloŋ/ |

#### Definitions

共
* (literary) Alternative form of 供 (“to provide”)
* (literary) Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”)
* (literary) Alternative form of 宮 / 宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǒng (gong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^3$
*** Yale: gǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^2$
*** Yale: gúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

共
* (literary) Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)

### References

* “共”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* together
* both
* all
* with
* co-

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kun: とも (tomo, 共, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 共(きょう)演(えん) (kyōen)
* 共(きょう)学(がく) (kyōgaku)
* 共(きょう)感(かん) (kyōkan)
* 共(きょう)産(さん) (kyōsan)
* 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
* 共(きょう)存(ぞん) (kyōzon)
* 共(きょう)著(ちょ) (kyōcho)
* 共(きょう)通(つう) (kyōtsū)
* 共(きょう)通(つう)語(ご) (kyōtsūgo)
* 共(きょう)同(どう) (kyōdō)
* 共(きょう)犯(はん) (kyōhan)
* 共(きょう)謀(ぼう) (kyōbō)
* 共(きょう)鳴(めい) (kyōmei)
* 共(きょう)有(ゆう) (kyōyū)
* 共(きょう)用(よう) (kyōyō)
* 共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (kyōwakoku)
* 共(きょう)依(い)存(ぞん) (kyōizon)
* 共(とも)々(ども) (tomodomo), 共(とも)共(ども) (tomodomo)
* 共(きょう)営(えい) (kyōei)
* 共(きょう)栄(えい) (kyōei)
* 共(きょう)益(えき) (kyōeki)
* 共(きょう)起(き) (kyōki)
* 共(とも)襟(えり) (tomoeri)
* 共(きょう)催(さい) (kyōsai)
* 共(きょう)済(さい) (kyōsai)
* 共(きょう)助(じょ) (kyōjo)
* 共(きょう)晶(しょう) (kyōshō)
* 公(こう)共(きょう) (kōkyō)
* 事(こと)共(ども) (kotodomo)
* 社(しゃ)共(きょう) (shakyō)
* 是(ぜ)非(ひ)共(とも) (zehitomo)
* 中(ちゅう)共(きょう) (chūkyō)
* 防(ぼう)共(きょう) (bōkyō)
* 身(み)共(ども) (midomo)
* 諸(もろ)共(とも) (morotomo)
* 容(よう)共(きょう) (yōkyō)
* 両(りょう)方(ほう)共(とも) (ryōhōtomo)
* 私(わたくし)共(ども) (watakushidomo)
* 何(なん)共(とも) (nantomo)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 共
* とも Grade: 4
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とも [tòmó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) とも [tóꜜmò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [to̞mo̞]

#### Noun

共(とも) • (tomo)
* both, all
    ケーキは二(ふた)つとも食(た)べた。
       Kēki wa futatsu tomo tabeta.
       I have eaten both of the cakes.
    二(ふた)人(り)とも行(い)った。
       Futari tomo itta.
       Both of them went.
    今(こん)後(ご)ともよろしくお願(ねが)いいたします。
       Kongo tomo yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.
       Hereafter, please keep me in mind.

#### Suffix

共(とも) • (-tomo)
* altogether
* ...included
    送(そう)料(りょう)共(とも)
       sōryō-tomo
       including shipping fees, including postage

##### Synonyms

* 込(こみ) (komi)

#### Suffix

* Kanji in this term
* 共
* ども Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
共(ども) • (-domo)
* indicates plural:
** when attached to a human noun
** (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
*** c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
    「まづ、女(によう)房(ばう)出(い)でね」とて、童(わらは)の姿(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる髪(かみ)どものすそ、 […]
       “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]
       "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

##### Usage notes

Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

##### Synonyms

* 達(たち) (tachi)

#### Related terms

* 其(そ)れ共(とも) (soretomo)
* 共(とも)食(ぐ)い (tomogui)
* 共(とも)に (tomo ni)
* 共(とも)稼(かせ)ぎ (tomokasegi)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 共
* きょう Grade: 4
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲo̞ː]

#### Prefix

共(きょう) • (kyō-)
* co-

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))
* hanja form of 공 (“common; together”)

#### Compounds

* 공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui)
* 공산주의자 (共産主義者, gongsanjuuija)
* 공동체 (共同體, gongdongche)
* 공통점 (共通點, gongtongjeom)
* 반공 (反共, ban'gong)
* 공비 (共匪, gongbi)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng
* chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”).
* chữ Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999