# 益

| 益 | U+76CA, &#30410; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76CA |
| ← 盉 [U+76C9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 盋 → [U+76CB] |
| 益 | U+FA17, &#64023; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA17 |
| ← 猪 [U+FA16] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 礼 → [U+FA18] |
| 益 | U+FAA6, &#64166; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAA6 |
| ← 瘟 [U+FAA5] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 盛 → [U+FAA7] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* In Korean hanja, the upper component of the character is written 八 instead of 丷, which is also the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
* A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+FA17 for the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary which contains 八 as its upper component.
* A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+FAA6 for the alternative hanja used in North Korea which contains 丷 as its upper component.

### Han character

益 (Kangxi radical 108, 皿+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿金月廿 (TCBT), four-corner 8010$_7$, composition ⿳䒑八皿(GHTJV or U+FAA6) or ⿱⿳八一八皿(K or U+FA17))

#### Derived characters

* 𪝞, 𭂚, 𭄷, 嗌, 塧, 㜋, 𡺬, 𭛃, 𭛽, 𪬘, 搤, 溢, 獈, 隘, 膉, 榏, 㱲, 𬎃, 䅬, 𮄷, 縊(缢), 𬙻, 𫆌, 艗, 螠, 謚(谥), 貖, 賹, 𬦜, 𬧬, 𨢘, 㬲, 𡒪, 鎰(镒), 𥂺, 𤐹, 𩝱, 𪤴, 𪕶, 齸, 𥃠
* 𪟢, 𨜶, 𣣼, 𬐭, 䚊, 𭘺, 𩔱, 𭾓, 鷁(鹢), 𧔈, 蠲, 𨽪, 𭗆, 𦶩, 𤸸, 𨶂, 𦿯

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 793, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22972
* Dae Jaweon: page 1208, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2560, character 6
* Unihan data for U+76CA
* Unihan data for U+FA17
* Unihan data for U+FAA6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 益 :
| Shang | Western Zhou |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions |
| | Old Chinese |
| 隘 | *qreːɡs |
| 賹 | *qreːɡs |
| 搤 | *qreːɡs, *qreːɡ |
| 縊 | *qleːɡs, *qleɡs |
| 螠 | *qleɡs |
| 謚 | *ɢliɡs, *qleɡ |
| 諡 | *ɢliɡs |
| 蠲 | *kʷliːŋ |
| 溢 | *liɡ |
| 鎰 | *liɡ |
| 齸 | *lig, *qleg |
| 貖 | *qreːɡ |
| 益 | *qleɡ |
| 嗌 | *qleɡ |
| 膉 | *qleɡ |
| 鷁 | *ŋɡleːɡ |
| 艗 | *ŋɡleːɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 水 (“water”) + 皿 (“vessel”). Original form of 溢 (OC *liɡ, “to overflow”). Upper component resembles 氺 (“water”) in a horizontal form.
Compare 易.

### Etymology

Bodman (1980) relates it to Tibetan སྐྱེད (skyed, “growth; increase; profit; to generate”), སྐྱེ (skye, “to be born”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yi$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йи (yi, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jik$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yet$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): it$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yit
    (Hailu, HRS): rhid
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yid$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ia$^5$ / ih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iah / ek / iak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): iah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$iq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yi$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: i
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йи (yi, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jik$^1$
*** Yale: yīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪk̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yet$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jet̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: it$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /it̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yit
*** Hakka Romanization System: id$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /it̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yit
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)id$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)it̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhid
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒit⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /it̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /i²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ék
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ia$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: iā
*** Sinological IPA : /ia²¹/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ih
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ²/
* ia5 - vernacular;
* ih6 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: 'jiek
Rime :
| Character | 益 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 伊昔切 |
| Baxter | 'jiek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔiᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔiɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔiajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*q[i]k/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qleɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 益 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjiek › |
| Old Chinese | /*q[i]k/ (dialect: *-ik > *-ek) |
| English | increase |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 益 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15081 |
| Phonetic component | 益 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 益 |
| Old Chinese | /*qleɡ/ |

### Definitions

益
* (obsolete) Original form of 溢 (yì, “to overflow”).
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Yōngshuǐ bào yì, Jīng rén fú zhī. [Pinyin]
    The Yong River suddenly overflowed, but the Chu people did not know.
* (literary) affluent; well-off
* to increase; to add; to cause gain
    Antonym: 損 / 损 (sǔn)
    延年益壽／延年益寿 ― yánniányìshòu ― to prolong life
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wéixué rì yì, wéidào rì sǔn. [Pinyin]
    He who devotes himself to learning seeks from day to day to increase; he who devotes himself to the Dao seeks from day to day to diminish.
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Yúshì chū sījīn yǐ yì gōngshǎng. [Pinyin]
    Thus he expended his private money to add to the official rewards.
* profit; benefit; gain
    收益 ― shōuyì ― profit
    開卷有益／开卷有益 ― kāijuǎnyǒuyì ― reading is beneficial
* (literary) more; further; even more
    日益 ― rìyì ― day by day; increasingly
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Rú shuǐ yì shēn, rú huǒ yì rè, yì yùn éryǐ yǐ. [Pinyin]
    If you make the water more deep and the fire more fierce, they will in like manner make another revolution.
* 42nd hexagram of the I Ching
* (Cantonese) to benefit; to advantage
       zing$^6$ hai$^6$ jik$^1$ zi$^6$ gei$^2$ jau$^{5-2}$ [Jyutping]
       to only benefit people in one's own circle

#### Synonyms

* (more):
* 加二 ($^1$ka-gni) (Wu)
* 加偌 (Hokkien)
* 又加 ($^6$yi-ka) (Wu)
* 又閣較 / 又阁较 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 彌 / 弥 (literary)
* 愈 (yù)
* 愈加 (yùjiā)
* 愈發 / 愈发 (yùfā)
* 愈益 (yùyì)
* 更 (gèng)
* 更加 (gèngjiā)
* 更見 / 更见 (gen$^4$ jian$^4$) (Sichuanese)
* 益發 / 益发 (yìfā)
* 罔 (muōng) (Eastern Min)
* 越
* 越加 (yuèjiā)
* 越發 / 越发 (yuèfā)
* 重 (Cantonese)
* 閣較 / 阁较 (Hokkien)

### Compounds

* 一謙四益 / 一谦四益
* 三益
* 不無小益 / 不无小益
* 伯益
* 便益
* 保險利益 / 保险利益
* 兌換利益 / 兑换利益
* 公益 (gōngyì)
* 公益事業 / 公益事业 (gōngyì shìyè)
* 公益廣告 / 公益广告 (gōngyì guǎnggào)
* 公益捐
* 公益軟體 / 公益软体
* 公益金 (gōngyìjīn)
* 公賣利益 / 公卖利益
* 共益權 / 共益权
* 冇益
* 利益 (lìyì)
* 利益團體 / 利益团体 (lìyì tuántǐ)
* 利益均霑 / 利益均沾
* 利益輸送 / 利益输送
* 助益 (zhùyì)
* 受益 (shòuyì)
* 受益人 (shòuyìrén)
* 受益憑證 / 受益凭证
* 受益無窮 / 受益无穷
* 受益費 / 受益费
* 同益 (Tóngyì)
* 增益 (zēngyì)
* 多多益善 (duōduōyìshàn)
* 多多益辦 / 多多益办
* 大有助益
* 延年益壽 / 延年益寿 (yánniányìshòu)
* 徒勞無益 / 徒劳无益
* 徒費無益 / 徒费无益
* 得益 (déyì)
* 損上益下 / 损上益下
* 損人益己 / 损人益己
* 損益 / 损益 (sǔnyì)
* 收益 (shōuyì)
* 收益稅 / 收益税
* 效益 (xiàoyì)
* 教益 (jiàoyì)
* 文益
* 斟酌損益 / 斟酌损益
* 新益 (Xīnyì)
* 既得利益 (jìdé lìyì)
* 日增月益
* 日滋月益
* 日益 (rìyì)
* 日益壯大 / 日益壮大
* 日益月滋
* 曾益 (zēngyì)
* 有損無益 / 有损无益
* 有益 (yǒuyì)
* 本益比
* 李益
* 業主權益 / 业主权益
* 權益 / 权益 (quányì)
* 欲益反損 / 欲益反损
* 毗益
* 求益反損 / 求益反损
* 治絲益棼 / 治丝益棼
* 潤益 / 润益
* 無益 / 无益 (wúyì)
* 營業利益 / 营业利益
* 獨享權益 / 独享权益
* 獲益 / 获益 (huòyì)
* 獲益不淺 / 获益不浅
* 獲益匪淺 / 获益匪浅 (huòyìfěiqiǎn)
* 獲益良多 / 获益良多 (huòyìliángduō)
* 益上損下 / 益上损下
* 益友 (yìyǒu)
* 益古演段
* 益壽 / 益寿 (yìshòu)
* 益壽延年 / 益寿延年 (yìshòuyánnián)
* 益州 (Yìzhōu)
* 益智 (yìzhì)
* 益智圖 / 益智图
* 益智班
* 益格
* 益母草 (yìmǔcǎo)
* 益氣 / 益气 (yìqì)
* 益氣生津 / 益气生津
* 益無忌憚 / 益无忌惮
* 益發 / 益发 (yìfā)
* 益者三友
* 益者三樂 / 益者三乐
* 益處 / 益处 (yìchù)
* 益蟲 / 益虫 (yìchóng)
* 益謙虧盈 / 益谦亏盈
* 益鳥 / 益鸟 (yìniǎo)
* 相得益彰 (xiāngdéyìzhāng)
* 私益
* 窮且益堅 / 穷且益坚
* 窮當益堅 / 穷当益坚
* 精益求精 (jīngyìqiújīng)
* 純益 / 纯益
* 老當益壯 / 老当益壮 (lǎodāngyìzhuàng)
* 股東權益 / 股东权益
* 能源效益
* 自益權 / 自益权
* 良師益友 / 良师益友 (liángshīyìyǒu)
* 良朋益友
* 裒多益寡
* 補益 / 补益 (bǔyì)
* 裨益 (bìyì)
* 請益 / 请益 (qǐngyì)
* 謙受益 / 谦受益
* 買菜求益 / 买菜求益
* 進益 / 进益 (jìnyì)
* 邊際利益 / 边际利益
* 錢謙益 / 钱谦益
* 開卷有益 / 开卷有益 (kāijuànyǒuyì)
* 附益 (fùyì)
* 集思廣益 / 集思广益 (jísīguǎngyì)
* 饒益 / 饶益
* 黈益

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 益(えき) (eki); 益(やく) (yaku)
* → Korean: 익(益) (ik)
* → Vietnamese: ích (益)
Others:
* → Thai: อีก (ìik, “again, (do something) more”)

### References

* “益”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 益 |
| Kyūjitai | 益 &#xFA17; or 益+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 益󠄁 益+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 益󠄃 益+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 益)
* benefit
* gain
* profit
* advantage

#### Readings

* Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: えき (eki, Jōyō)
* Kun: ます (masu, 益す)、ますます (masumasu, 益)
* Nanori: あり (ari)、すすむ (susumu)、のり (nori)、まし (mashi)、ます (masu)、また (mata)、み (mi)、みつ (mitsu)、やす (yasu)、よし (yoshi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 益
* えき Grade: 5
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 益 (MC 'jiek, “increase”). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えき [èkí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) えき [éꜜkì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [e̞kʲi]

#### Noun

益(えき) • (eki)
* benefit
* profit

##### Derived terms

* 益(えき)獣(じゅう) (ekijū)
* 益(えき)虫(ちゅう) (ekichū)
* 益(えき)鳥(ちょう) (ekichō)
* 益(えき)する (ekisuru)
* 共(きょう)益(えき) (kyōeki)
* 公(こう)益(えき) (kōeki)
* 国(こく)益(えき) (kokueki)
* 実(じつ)益(えき) (jitsueki)
* 収(しゅう)益(えき) (shūeki)
* 損(そん)益(えき) (son'eki)
* 無(む)益(えき) (mueki)
* 有(ゆう)益(えき) (yūeki)
* 利(り)益(えき) (rieki)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 益
* やく Grade: 5
* goon
From Middle Chinese 益 (MC 'jiek, “increase”). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やく [yáꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ja̠kɯ̟]

#### Noun

益(やく) • (yaku)
* benefit

##### Derived terms

* ご利(り)益(やく) (go-riyaku), 御(ご)利(り)益(やく) (go-riyaku)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 益
* ますます Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 益 – see the following entry. :
| 【ますます】 | [adverb] even more Alternative spellings 益益, 益々, 増増, 増々, 増す増す |
(This term, 益, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ “益”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

益 (eumhun 더할 익 (deohal ik))
* hanja form of 익 (“gain; benefit”)

#### Compounds

* 공익 (公益, gong'ik)
* 권익 (權益, gwonik)
* 다다익선 (多多益善, dadaikseon)
* 수익 (收益, su'ik)
* 유익 (有益, yuik)
* 이익 (利益, iik)
* 편익 (便益, pyeonik)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

益: Hán Việt readings: ích (伊(y)昔(tích)切(thiết))
益: Nôm readings: ích, ịch
* chữ Hán form of ích (“benefit”).
* chữ Nôm form of ịch (“thud”).

#### Compounds

* 利益 (lợi ích)
* 有益 (hữu ích)
* 無益 (vô ích)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).