# hart
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /hɑːt/
* (General American) IPA: /hɑɹt/
* Audio (UK):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)t
* Homophone: heart

### Etymology 1

From Middle English hert, from Old English heorot (“stag”), from Proto-West Germanic *herut, from Proto-Germanic *herutaz (compare Dutch hert, German Hirsch, Danish/Norwegian/Swedish hjort), from Pre-Germanic *kerudos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”).
Compare Welsh carw (“deer”), Latin cervus (“deer”), cervīx (“nape of the neck”), Lithuanian kárvė (“cow”), Russian коро́ва (koróva, “cow”), Ancient Greek κόρυδος (kórudos, “crested lark”), κορυφή (koruphḗ, “summit, crown of the head”), κορύπτω (korúptō, “to butt with horns”), Avestan 𐬯𐬭𐬏 (srū), 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (sruuā, “horn; claw, talon”), Sanskrit शरभ (śarabhá, “mythical antelope”). More at horn.

#### Noun

hart (countable and uncountable, plural hart or harts)
* (countable) A male deer, especially the male of the red deer after his fifth year.
    Synonyms: buck; stag (sometimes hyponymous)
    Hypernyms: red deer; deer; cervid; ungulate
    Hyponyms: brocket, knobber, knobbler, pricket, spitter
    Coordinate term: hind (the female)
** c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:With milke-white Hartes vpon an Iuorie ſled, Thou ſhalt be drawen amidſt the froſen Pooles, And ſcale the yſie mountaines lofty tops: Which with thy beautie will be soone reſolu’d.
** 1612, Michael Drayton, “The thirteenth Song”, in [John Selden], editor, Poly-Olbion. Or A Chorographicall Description of Tracts, Riuers, Mountaines, Forests, and Other Parts of this Renowned Isle of Great Britaine, […], London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for M[athew] Lownes; I[ohn] Browne; I[ohn] Helme; I[ohn] Busbie, →OCLC, page 213:Then, finding Herds of luſtie Deare, / She Huntreſſe-like the Hart purſues; […]
* (uncountable) The meat from this animal.
** 1891 July 8, L. S., “Twenty Hidden Towns in One State”, in Good Housekeeping […], volume XIII, number 2 (154 overall), Springfield, Mass., published 1891 August, →OCLC, page 95, column 1:We are to have hart for dinner on Jack’s birthday; you call it deer in Grenada.
** 1999, James B[iser] Whisker, “Hunting in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition”, in The Right to Hunt, revised edition, Bellevue, Wash.: Merril Press, →ISBN, page 38:The people of Israel knew something of hunting, as in the stories of eating hart and roebuck, and venison.
** 2003, Richard D. Taber, Neil F. Payne, “Ancient Warrior-Rulers”, in Wildlife, Conservation, and Human Welfare: A United States and Canadian Perspective, Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 30:Still, the people of Israel certainly knew about hunting, because they ate hart (red deer) and roe deer.

##### Derived terms

* hart of grease
* hartshorn
* Hertford
* White Hart Lane

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

See heart.

#### Noun

hart (plural harts)
* Obsolete spelling of heart.
** c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], signature B, recto:For this reliefe much thanks, tis bitter cold, / And I am ſick at hart.

### Anagrams

* Arth, Rath, Thar, rath, tahr, thar

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch hart, from Middle Dutch herte, harte, from Old Dutch herta, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

hart (plural harte)
* heart

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɦɑrt/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: hart
* Rhymes: -ɑrt
* Homophone: hard

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch herte, harte, from Old Dutch herta, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

#### Noun

hart n or f (plural harten, diminutive hartje n)
* heart, main muscle pumping blood through the body
* the center point or zone of an object, image etc.
* the core or essence of some thing, reasoning etc.
* compassionate or similar feelings

##### Usage notes

* Previously the gender of this word could be feminine, which is still reflected in fossilized expressions such as ter harte nemen, which uses feminine case forms (ter). In modern usage the word is always neuter, however (leaving aside the mentioned fossilized expressions).

##### Alternative forms

* hert, herte

##### Derived terms

* dorpshart
* Groene Hart
* hartaanval
* hartelijk
* harteloos
* hartfalen
* hartkamer
* hartritme
* hartschelp
* hartslag
* hartstilstand
* hartstocht
* hartstoornis
* hartverlamming
* hartverzakking
* hartvormig
* hartzeer
* hartziekte
* na aan het hart liggen
* stadshart
* ter harte nemen
* van ganser harte
* van harte

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: hart
* Negerhollands: hert, hart, hat
* → Sranan Tongo: ati
** → Saramaccan: áti, háti

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

hart n (plural harten, diminutive hartje n)
* (Northern) Archaic form of hert (“deer”).

## Faroese
### Etymology

See harður (“hard, loud”)

### Adjective

hart (neuter of harður)
* hard
* loud

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French hart, from Old French hart, hard, a borrowing from Frankish *heʀdā.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aʁ/, /aʁt/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

hart f (plural harts)
* (archaic) cord, rope; halter (hangman's rope)

### Further reading

* “hart”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German hart, Old High German hart, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, from Proto-Indo-European *kortús (“strong; powerful”). Cognate with Low German hard, hart, Dutch hard, English hard, Danish hård.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hart/, [haʁt], [haɐ̯t], [haːt]
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Audio (Austria):(file)
* Homophones: harrt (general), haart (some speakers)

### Adjective

hart (strong nominative masculine singular harter, comparative härter, superlative am härtesten)
* hard
* severe, harsh
** 1981, “Polizisten”, performed by Extrabreit:Sie rauchen "Milde Sorte" / Weil–das Leben ist doch hart genug(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2012 May 2, Die Welt, page 10:Die harten Einschnitte zum Schuldenabbau standen in vielen EU-Ländern im Zentrum der Kritik der Demonstranten.The severe cuts for the reduction of debt were in many EU countries at the center of criticism by the protesters.
* (figurative) unmoved, cold, cruel
** 1924, Thomas Mann, Der Zauberberg [The Magic Mountain], volume 1, Berlin: S. Fischer, page 528:Seit vier Jahren hier oben, war die Mittellose von harten Verwandten abhängig, die sie schon einmal, da sie doch sterben müsse, von hier fortgenommen und nur auf Einspruch des Hofrats wieder heraufgeschickt hatten.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* härten
* Härte

### Adverb

hart
* hard (with force or effort)
    Sie haben die ganze Woche hart gearbeitet.They worked hard all week.
* sharply, roughly, severely
* close [with an (+ dative) ‘to someone/something’]

### Further reading

* “hart” in Duden online
* “hart” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Icelandic
### Adjective

hart
* neuter nominative/accusative of harður

## Irish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from English heart.

#### Alternative forms

* hartas

#### Noun

hart m (genitive singular hairt, nominative plural hairt)
* (card games) heart

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
hart
hairt
vocative
a hairt
a harta
genitive
hairt
hart
dative
hart
hairt
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an hart
na hairt
genitive
an hairt
na hart
dative
leis an hart don hart
leis na hairt :

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

hart
* h-prothesized form of art

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “hart”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Middle Dutch
### Alternative forms

* hert

### Etymology

From Old Dutch hart.

### Adjective

hart
* hard (not soft)
* solid, sturdy
* hard, harsh, cruel

#### Descendants

* Dutch: hard
** Jersey Dutch: hārd
** Negerhollands: hart
** Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt

### Further reading

* “hart”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “hart (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II

## North Frisian
### Alternative forms

* Hart (Sylt)

### Etymology

From Old Frisian herte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā. Cognates include West Frisian hert.

### Noun

hart n (plural harten)
* (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring) heart
    At hart klopet/böget.My heart is beating.

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī).

### Adjective

hart (comparative hardiro, superlative hardist)
* hard

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: hart, hert
** Dutch: hard
*** Jersey Dutch: hārd
*** Negerhollands: hart
*** Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt

#### Further reading

* “hart (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old High German
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, whence also Old Saxon hard, Old Dutch hart, Old English heard, Old Norse harðr, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kert-, *kret- (“strong; powerful”).

### Adjective

hart
* hard

#### Derived terms

* hartī

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: hart, herte
** Alemannic German: hert
    Swabian: hirrt
** Bavarian: hoat
** Central Franconian: haat
** German: hart
** Luxembourgish: haart
** Yiddish: האַרט (hart)

## Old Norse
### Adjective

hart
* strong neuter nominative/accusative singular of harðr

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Härte, from Old High German hartī.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈxart/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -art
* Syllabification: hart
* Homophone: chart

### Noun

hart m inan
* strength, resilience, fortitude

#### Derived terms

* hartowany
* hartować

### Further reading

* hart in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* hart in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish hart, from Old Swedish harþer, from Old Norse harðr. Doublet of hård.

### Adverb

hart (not comparable)
* Only used in hart när

### References

* hart in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* hart in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* hart in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian hert, from Proto-West Germanic *herut.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hat/

### Noun

hart n (plural harten, diminutive hartsje)
* deer

#### Derived terms

* reahart

#### Further reading

* “hart (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

## Yola
### Noun

hart
* Alternative form of hearth
** 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 10, page 88:Oore hart cam' t' oore mouth, an zo w' all ee green;Our hearts came to our mouth, and so with all in the green;

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 88