# 鍋

| 鍋 | U+934B, &#37707; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-934B |
| ← 鍊 [U+934A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鍌 → [U+934C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鍋 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金月月口 (CBBR), four-corner 8712$_7$, composition ⿰釒咼)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1313, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40603
* Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4220, character 6
* Unihan data for U+934B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 碢 | *l'oːl |
| 腡 | *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl |
| 過 | *kloːl, *kloːls |
| 渦 | *kloːl, *qloːl |
| 鍋 | *kloːl |
| 楇 | *kloːl, *ɡloːls |
| 瘑 | *kloːl |
| 緺 | *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 堝 | *kloːl |
| 濄 | *kloːl, *qloːl |
| 鐹 | *kloːlʔ, *kloːls |
| 薖 | *kʰloːl |
| 簻 | *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl |
| 禍 | *ɡloːlʔ |
| 窩 | *qloːl |
| 萵 | *qloːl |
| 檛 | *kr'oːl |
| 膼 | *kr'oːl |
| 蝸 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 媧 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 騧 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 冎 | *kroːlʔ |
| 剮 | *kroːlʔ |
| 諣 | *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls |
| 歄 | *kʷroːl |
| 咼 | *kʰʷroːl |
| 喎 | *kʰʷroːl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kloːl): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

### Etymology 1

Area word; compare Proto-Palaungic *kʔɔɔl (“cooking pot”), Malay kuali (“cooking pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).
For the sense “blame; fault”, it is a clipping of 黑鍋 / 黑锅 (hēiguō).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): guō (guo$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): go$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wo$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vo$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): uo$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kô
    (Hailu, HRS): go$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guo$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gue$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): uá
* Eastern Min (BUC): guŏ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): o$^1$ / go$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): e / er / oe / ko / o
    (Teochew, Peng'im): uê$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ku
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): go$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guō
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guo
*** Wade–Giles: kuo$^1$
*** Yale: gwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guo
*** Palladius: го (go)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: go$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: go
*** Sinological IPA : /ko⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wo$^1$
*** Yale: wō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wo$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /vᵘɔ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: uo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /uo⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kô
*** Hakka Romanization System: go$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: go$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ko²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: go$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ko⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: guo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuo⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gue$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuɤ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: uá
*** Sinological IPA : /ua⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: guŏ
*** Sinological IPA : /kuo⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: eo
*** Sinological IPA : /o⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: o$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ⁵³³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: go$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geo
*** Sinological IPA : /ko⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: go$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵ⁵³³/
* o1 - vernacular;
* go1 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit鍋 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kuo⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kuo⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kuo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kuə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kuə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kuo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kuo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ku⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kuə⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kuə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kuɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kuo⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ko⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ko⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ko⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ko³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʊ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kuɤ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kuei¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kuɤ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ku⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kəu⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ku³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ku³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ko³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /o¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ko³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ko³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /uo⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ko⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ko⁵⁵/ /e⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kuo⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ua⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ue³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ko²³/ /ʔdia²¹³/ 訓鼎 |
* Middle Chinese: kwa
Rime :
| Character | 鍋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古禾切 |
| Baxter | kwa |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwa/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guō |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwo$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kloːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鍋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4364 |
| Phonetic component | 冎 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戈 |
| Old Chinese | /*kloːl/ |
| Notes | 見方言 |

#### Definitions

鍋
* cooking pot; pan; wok (Classifier: 隻／只; 口)
    From: Shi Nai'an, Water Margin, circa 14th century CE
    Huí dào xiāngjīchú xià kàn shí, guō yě méi le, zàotóu dōu tā sǔn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (Mainland China, neologism) blame; fault
    我的鍋／我的锅 ― wǒ de guō ― mea culpa; my bad
    甩鍋／甩锅 ― shuǎi guō ― to deflect blame; to deny responsibility

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 釜 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 鍋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 鍋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 鍋子, 鍋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 鍋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 鍋 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 鍋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 鍋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 鍋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 鍋 †, 䀇子, 煲 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 鍋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 鍋子, 鍋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 鍋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鑊 †, 煲 ‡, 罉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鑊 †, 煲 ‡, 罉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 鑊仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 鑊仔 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 鑊 †, 煲 ‡ |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 鑊 †, 煲 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 煲 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 鑊 †, 煲 ‡ |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 鑊 †, 煲 ‡ |
| Gan | Nanchang | 鍋 †, 鼎罐 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 鑊頭 †, 鑊 †, 煲, 煲仔, 烳鑼 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) | 鑊 † |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) | 鑊 † |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) | 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) | 鑊仔 † |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 鑊 †, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 炒鑊 † |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) | 鑊仔 † |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 鑊俅 † |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) | 鑊俅 † |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 鑊 †, 鑊頭 †, 鑊仔蒂 † |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) | 鑊 † |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 鑊 † |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) | 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) | 鑊頭 †, 鑊仔 † |
| Hakka | Yudu | 鑊頭 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 鑊仔, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 鑊仔, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 鑊仔, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 鑊, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 鑊仔, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 鑊, 鑊頭 † |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 鑊頭 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 鑊頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 鍋, 銚兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 鼎 †, 鍋仔, 鍋 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 鼎 †, 鍋鍋, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 鼎 †, 鍋仔, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 鼎 †, 鍋仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 鼎 †, 鍋仔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 鼎仔 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 鼎 † |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 鼎 †, 鼎仔 †, 鍋仔, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 鍋仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 鼎 †, 鍋 ‡, 木磬 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 鼎 †, 鍋 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 鼎 †, 生鍋 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 鼎 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 鼎 †, 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 鼎 †, 鍋 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 鼎 †, 鍋 ‡ |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 鍋 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 鼎 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 鼎 †, 鍋 ‡ |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鐺 †, 煲 ‡ |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 鼎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 鑊子, 鍋子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 鑊子 †, 鍋子 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 鑊 †, 鉛鍋兒, 鍋兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 鍋子, 鍋 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 鍋子 †, 爐倉 |
| Note | † - wok; ‡ - pot | † - wok; ‡ - pot |

#### Compounds

* 一品鍋 / 一品锅
* 一鍋煮 / 一锅煮
* 一鍋粥 / 一锅粥 (yīguōzhōu)
* 一鍋麵 / 一锅面
* 下油鍋 / 下油锅
* 下鍋 / 下锅 (xiàguō)
* 二鍋頭 / 二锅头 (èrguōtóu)
* 冷灶清鍋 / 冷灶清锅
* 吃大鍋飯 / 吃大锅饭 (chī dàguōfàn)
* 吃火鍋 / 吃火锅 (chī huǒguō)
* 吃舊鍋粥 / 吃旧锅粥
* 回鍋 / 回锅 (huíguō)
* 埋鍋造飯 / 埋锅造饭 (mái guō zàofàn)
* 壓力鍋 / 压力锅 (yālìguō)
* 大鍋 / 大锅 (dàguō)
* 大鍋菜 / 大锅菜
* 大鍋飯 / 大锅饭 (dàguōfàn)
* 小鍋菜 / 小锅菜
* 帥鍋 / 帅锅 (shuàiguō)
* 平底鍋 / 平底锅 (píngdǐguō)
* 快鍋 / 快锅 (kuàiguō)
* 打破沙鍋 / 打破沙锅
* 打鍋 / 打锅
* 扣黑鍋 / 扣黑锅
* 抱砂鍋 / 抱砂锅
* 抱鍋 / 抱锅
* 揭不開鍋 / 揭不开锅
* 揹黑鍋 / 背黑锅 (bēi hēiguō)
* 撩鍋 / 撩锅
* 暖盪撩鍋 / 暖荡撩锅
* 暖鍋 / 暖锅
* 杯鍋 / 杯锅
* 架鍋山 / 架锅山 (Jiàguōshān)
* 氣鍋 / 气锅
* 沙鍋 / 沙锅 (shāguō)
* 汽鍋 / 汽锅
* 油鍋 / 油锅 (yóuguō)
* 涮鍋子 / 涮锅子 (shuàn guōzi)
* 湯鍋 / 汤锅 (tāngguō)
* 火鍋 / 火锅 (huǒguō)
* 炕上安鍋 / 炕上安锅
* 煙袋鍋子 / 烟袋锅子
* 煙鍋 / 烟锅 (yānguō)
* 蒸鍋 / 蒸锅 (zhēngguō)
* 燜燒鍋 / 焖烧锅
* 燉鍋 / 炖锅 (dùnguō)
* 燒鍋 / 烧锅
* 甕子鍋 / 瓮子锅 (wèngzǐguō)
* 甩鍋 / 甩锅 (shuǎiguō)
* 矇著鍋兒 / 蒙著锅儿
* 石頭火鍋 / 石头火锅
* 砂鍋 / 砂锅 (shāguō)
* 砸鍋 / 砸锅 (záguō)
* 砸鍋賣鐵 / 砸锅卖铁 (záguōmàitiě)
* 等米下鍋 / 等米下锅
* 絮鍋兒 / 絮锅儿
* 羅鍋 / 罗锅
* 羅鍋橋 / 罗锅桥
* 背黑鍋 / 背黑锅 (bēi hēiguō)
* 腰鍋 / 腰锅
* 蓋火鍋 / 盖火锅 (gài huǒguō)
* 連鍋端 / 连锅端
* 鍋伙
* 鍋叫門開 / 锅叫门开
* 鍋圈兒 / 锅圈儿
* 鍋垢 / 锅垢
* 鍋子 / 锅子 (guōzi)
* 鍋巴 / 锅巴 (guōbā)
* 鍋渣 / 锅渣
* 鍋煙 / 锅烟
* 鍋煙子 / 锅烟子 (guōyānzi)
* 鍋爐 / 锅炉 (guōlú)
* 鍋盔 / 锅盔 (guōkuī)
* 鍋碗瓢盆 / 锅碗瓢盆 (guōwǎnpiáopén)
* 鍋臍灰 / 锅脐灰
* 鍋臺 / 锅台 (guōtái)
* 鍋莊 / 锅庄 (guōzhuāng)
* 鍋蓋 / 锅盖 (guōgài)
* 鍋貼 / 锅贴 (guōtiē)
* 鍋鏟 / 锅铲 (guōchǎn)
* 鍋門 / 锅门
* 鍋餅 / 锅饼
* 鐵鍋 / 铁锅 (tiěguō)
* 鑼鍋 / 锣锅
* 鑼鍋子 / 锣锅子
* 雙頭汽鍋 / 双头汽锅
* 電子鍋 / 电子锅
* 電暖鍋 / 电暖锅
* 電鍋 / 电锅 (diànguō)
* 電飯鍋 / 电饭锅 (diànfànguō)
* 飯鍋 / 饭锅 (fànguō)
* 高壓鍋 / 高压锅 (gāoyāguō)
* 麻辣火鍋 / 麻辣火锅
* 黑鍋 / 黑锅 (hēiguō)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 鍋 – see 鐹 (“sickle”). (This character is a variant form of 鐹).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: か (ka)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: なべ (nabe, 鍋, Jōyō)

### Etymology

| 鍋: traditional nabe (both the pot and the food) | 土鍋 (donabe): traditional earthenware nabe |
| 中華鍋 (chūka nabe): "Chinese nabe", a.k.a. wok | タジン鍋 (tajin nabe): a Moroccan tajine |
| 火鍋 (hinabe): a fondue pot | スープ鍋 (sūpu nabe): a soup pot or stockpot |
* Kanji in this term
* 鍋
* なべ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
⟨nabe$_2$⟩ → */naⁿbe/ → /nabe/
From Old Japanese, first cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720. In turn, reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *nanpay.
Originally a compound of Old Japanese elements 肴 (na, “small snack, hors d'oeuvre”) +‎ 瓮 (pe, modern he, “a pot or pan for holding food or beverages”). The he changes to be as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なべ [náꜜbè] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [na̠be̞]

### Noun

鍋(なべ) • (nabe)
* [from 720] a broad-bottomed pot or pan
    This term is less specific than English pot or pan, and can often be used to refer to either of these. The sample images in this entry illustrate some of the various items that can be called a nabe in Japanese.
* [from 1885] short for 鍋料理 (nabe ryōri, literally “pot + cooking”) or 鍋物 (nabemono, literally “pot + thing”), a dish where everything is cooked together in a nabe; compare English hot pot or hotdish
    ⇒ 鍋料理 (nabe ryōri)
    ⇒ 鍋物 (nabemono)
* [from 1780] by extension from the sense of someone working with pots and pans: a maidservant
    ⇒ 御鍋 (onabe)
* [1807–??] (historical, slang) by further extension from the sense of maidservant: a woman (in reference to sex)
* [1842–1860s] (historical, slang, archaic) during the late Edo period, a 搗米屋 (tsukigomeya, “rice polisher shop, white rice retailer”) who has run out of stock

#### Related terms

* 釜(かま) (kama): a big pot, a kettle or boiler
* 御釜(おかま) (okama): a maidservant; (slang) one's butt; (slang) a gay man
* 御鍋(おなべ) (onabe): a maidservant; nightwork; (slang) a lesbian

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: nabe
* → Korean: 냄비 (naembi, “pan, saucepan; pot”)
* → Sakizaya: nabi

#### See also

* 鍋 on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$
* nabe on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* 1 2 Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 531
* 1 2 “鍋”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ “鍋”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鍋 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鍋: Hán Nôm readings: oa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.