# भाषा
## Bhojpuri
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

### Noun

भाषा (bhāṣā) f (Kaithi 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰)
* language
    भोजपुरी भाषा ― bhojapurī bhāṣā ― Bhojpuri language

## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/, [bʱäː.ʃäː]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː
* Hyphenation: भा‧षा

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f (Urdu spelling بھاشا)
* language, speech
    संस्कृत बहुत समृद्ध भाषा है।sanskŕt bahut samŕddh bhāṣā hai.Sanskrit is a very rich language.
    वह भाषा की उत्पत्ति पर खोज कर रहा है।vah bhāṣā kī utpatti par khoj kar rahā hai.He is doing research on the origins of language

#### Synonyms

* ज़बान (zabān)
* बोली (bolī)
* लिसान (lisān)
* भाखा (bhākhā)

#### Derived terms

* देशभाषा (deśbhāṣā)
* परिभाषा (paribhāṣā)
* भारतीय आर्य भाषा (bhārtīya ārya bhāṣā)
* भाषा-परिवार (bhāṣā-parivār)
* भाषांतर (bhāṣāntar)
* भाषांतरकार (bhāṣāntarkār)
* भाषागत (bhāṣāgat)
* भाषाविज्ञान (bhāṣāvijñān)
* भाषावैज्ञानिक (bhāṣāvaijñānik)
* मातृभाषा (mātŕbhāṣā)
* राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)

#### References

* Platts, John T. (1884) “भाषा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech, language”), through Old Marathi 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (bhāṣā, “language”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bʱa.ʂa/

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f
* language
    Synonym: बोली (bolī)
    इंग्रजी एक जागतिक भाषा आहे.iṅgrajī ek jāgtik bhāṣā āhe.English is a global language.

#### Derived terms

* अधिकृत भाषा (adhikrut bhāṣā, “official language”)
* जन्मभाषा (janmabhāṣā)
* देवभाषा (devbhāṣā, “Gods' language”)
* बालभाषा (bālbhāṣā)
* बोलीभाषा (bolībhāṣā, “colloquial language”)
* भाषांतर (bhāṣāntar, “translation”)
* भाषांतरकार (bhāṣāntarkār, “translator”)
* भाषाकुळ (bhāṣākuḷ, “language family”)
* भाषाविज्ञान (bhāṣāvidnyān, “linguistics”)
* भाषावैज्ञानिक (bhāṣāvaidnyānik, “linguist”)
* भाषाशैली (bhāṣāśailī)
* मातृभाषा (mātrubhāṣā, “mother tongue”)
* राज्यभाषा (rājyabhāṣā, “state language”)
* राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā, “national language”)
* संस्कृत भाषा (sauskrut bhāṣā, “Sanskrit language”)

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “भाषा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “भाषा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “भाषा”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press
* Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “भाषा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

## Nepali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʱä̤sä]
* Phonetic Devanagari: भासा

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā)
* language
    Synonym: कुरा (kurā)

#### Declension
## Newar
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bʱasa]

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā)
* language

## Old Gujarati
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f
* talk, utterance

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ভাষা (Assamese script)
* ᬪᬵᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
* ভাষা (Bengali script)
* 𑰥𑰯𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀪𑀸𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* ဘာၑာ (Burmese script)
* ભાષા (Gujarati script)
* ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌭𑌾𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦨꦴꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಭಾಷಾ (Kannada script)
* ភាឞា (Khmer script)
* ຠາຩາ (Lao script)
* ഭാഷാ (Malayalam script)
* ᢨᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᠪᠾᠠᢗᢔᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧅𑧑𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
* ଭାଷା (Odia script)
* ꢩꢵꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆨𑆳𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖥𑖯𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
* භාෂා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩳𑩛𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚡𑚭𑚭 (Takri script)
* ப⁴ாஷா (Tamil script)
* భాషా (Telugu script)
* ภาษา (Thai script)
* བྷཱ་ཥཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒦𑒰𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨡𑨊𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From the root भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”); further origin uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-s- (“to sound”), compare Lithuanian balsas (“voice”) and Latvian balss (“voice”). The retroflexion is in this case due to Fortunatov's law.
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), compare Latin fās (“divine law”). The retroflex ṣ could either be onomatopoeic or to avoid homonymy with root भास् (bhās, “to shine”) (compare originally fully homonymous English flower and flour or German küssen and Kissen).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/

### Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) stem, f
* speech, language (especially common, vernacular or vulgar speech, as opposed to Vedic or in later times to Sanskrit, as the refined speech)
* any Prakrit dialect or a particular group of 5 of them (namely माहाराष्ट्री (māhārāṣṭrī), शौरसेनी (śaurasenī), मागधी (māgadhī), प्राच्या (prācyā) and अवन्ति (avanti), also called पञ्चविधा (pañcavidhā))
* description, definition
* (law) accusation, charge, complaint, plaint
* name of Saraswati
* (music) name of रागिणी (rāgiṇī)

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas

#### Derived terms

* देवभाषा (devabhāṣā)
* पालिभाषा (pālibhāṣā)
* भाषाकुमुदमञ्जरी (bhāṣākumudamañjarī)
* भाषाकौमुदी (bhāṣākaumudī)
* भाषाचित्रक (bhāṣācitraka)
* भाषाज्ञ (bhāṣājña)
* भाषानुशासन (bhāṣānuśāsana)
* भाषान्तर (bhāṣāntara)
* भाषापरिच्छेद (bhāṣāpariccheda)
* भाषापाद (bhāṣāpāda)
* भाषाप्रकाशिका (bhāṣāprakāśikā)
* भाषामञ्जरी (bhāṣāmañjarī)
* भाषारत्न (bhāṣāratna)
* भाषार्णव (bhāṣārṇava)
* भाषालीलावती (bhāṣālīlāvatī)
* भाषाविवृतिगीता (bhāṣāvivṛtigītā)
* भाषावृत्ति (bhāṣāvṛtti)
* भाषावृत्त्यर्थवृत्ति (bhāṣāvṛttyarthavṛtti)
* भाषासम (bhāṣāsama)
* भाषासमिति (bhāṣāsamiti)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
*** Dameli: [script needed] (bâṣa, “language”)
**** Shina: بݜ (baṣ)
***** → Domaaki: [script needed] (bāṣ)
* Pali: bhāsā
** → Balinese: ᬪᬵᬱ (bhāṣa)
** → Burmese: ဘာသာ (bhasa)
** → Indonesian: bahasa
** → Isan: ภาษา (páa-sǎa)
** → Javanese: ꦧꦱ (basa)
** → Khmer: ភាសា (phiəsaa)
** → Khün: ᨽᩣᩈᩣ
** → Northern Thai: ᨽᩣᩈᩣ
** → Lao: ພາສາ (phā sā)
** → Lü: ᦘᦱᦉᦱ (phaaṡaa)
** → Mon: ဘာသာ (pʰesa)
** → Northern Thai: ᨽᩣᩇᩣ (bhasa)
** → Shan: ၽႃႇသႃႇ (phàa sàa)
** → Thai: ภาษา (paa-sǎa)
* Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀸 (bhāsā)
** Eastern:
*** Bengali: ভাস (bhaś)
*** Bihari:
**** Maithili: भास (bhās)
*** Chakma: 𑄞𑄌𑄴 (bhāc)
** Northern:
*** Garhwali: भाख (bhākh)
*** Kumaoni: भाश
*** Nepali: भास (bhās)
** Insular:
*** Dhivehi: ބަސް (bas, “language”)
*** Sinhalese: බහ (baha, “word, saying”)
** Southern:
*** Konkani: भास (bhās)
** Central:
*** Chhattisgarhi: भाखा (bhākhā)
* → Acehnese: بَهْسَا (bahsa)
* → Assamese: ভাষা (bhaxa)
* → Banjarese: بَهَاسَ (bahasa)
* → Bengali: ভাষা (bhaśa)
* → Betawi: bahasa
* → Buginese: ᨅᨔ (basa)
* → Cia-Cia: bahasa / 바하사 (bahasa)
* → Dogri: bhāśā
    Devanagari script: भाशा
    Dogra script: 𑠡𑠬𑠧𑠬
* → Fiji Hindi: भाषा (bhāṣā), bhasa
* → Gujarati: ભાષા (bhāṣā)
* → Hindi: भाषा (bhāṣā)
* → Kachchi: ભાષા (bhāṣā) (learned)
* → Kannada: ಭಾಷೆ (bhāṣe)
* → Madurese: بَهاسَ (basa)
* → Maguindanao: bahasah
* → Makasar: ᨅᨔ (basa)
* → Malay: bahasa (بهاس)
** Indonesian: bahasa
*** → Cia-Cia: bahasa
*** → Dutch: bahasa
*** → English: Bahasa (along with Malay bahasa)
** → English: Bahasa (along with Indonesian bahasa)
** Pattani Malay: بهاس (bahasa)
* → Malayalam: ഭാഷ (bhāṣa), പാഴ (pāḻa) — tadbhava
* → Maranao: basa
* → Minangkabau: بَاسو (baso)
* → Nepali: भाषा (bhāṣā)
* → Newar: भाषा (bhāṣā)
* → Northern Khmer: พซา
* → Old Javanese: bhāṣa
** > Javanese: ꦧꦱ (basa) (inherited)
** → Balinese: ᬪᬵᬱ (basa)
* → Odia: ଭାଷା (bhāshā)
* → Old Marathi: 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (bhāṣā)
** Marathi: भाषा (bhāṣā)
* → Punjabi: ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (bhāśā)
* → Sinhalese: භාෂාව (bhāṣāwa)
* → Sundanese: ᮘᮞ (basa)
* → Tamil: பாசை (pācai), பாடை (pāṭai) — nonstandard, rare, archaic, பாஷா (pāṣā), பாஷை (pāṣai) — tatsama
* → Tausug: bahasa
* → Telugu: భాష (bhāṣa)
* → Tulu: ಬಾಸೆ (bāse), ಭಾಷೆ (bhāṣe), ಭಾಶೆ (bhāśe), ಬಾಶೆ (bāśe)
* → Urdu: بھَاشَا (bhāśā)
* → Yakan: bahasa
* → Proto-Nuristani:
** Waigali: [Term?] (bāṣ, “word”)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHĀṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 261-2

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “भाषा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 755, column 3.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “भाषा”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 1196
* Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “भाषा”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “bhāṣā”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540