# 歷

| 歷 | U+6B77, &#27511; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B77 |
| ← 歶 [U+6B76] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 歸 → [U+6B78] |
| 歷 | U+F98C, &#63884; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98C |
| ← 曆 [U+F98B] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 轢 → [U+F98D] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 歷 |
| Shinjitai | 歴 |
| Simplified | 历 |

### Han character

歷 (Kangxi radical 77, 止+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木一 (MHDM) or 一木卜中一 (MDYLM), four-corner 7121$_1$, composition ⿸厤止)

#### Derived characters

* 儮 嚦 壢 㠣 攊 瀝 㺡 櫪 㱹 爏 瓑 㿨 礰 𧞿 䍽 讈 䟐 𨊛 轣 䥶 𣦰 𠫏 藶 䍥 靂 癧

#### Related characters

* 曆, 磿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 577, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16340
* Dae Jaweon: page 968, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1445, character 9
* Unihan data for U+6B77
* Unihan data for U+F98C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 歷
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 秝 | *reːɡ |
| 歷 | *reːɡ |
| 曆 | *reːɡ |
| 磿 | *reːɡ |
| 靂 | *reːɡ |
| 癧 | *reːɡ |
| 櫪 | *reːɡ |
| 藶 | *reːɡ |
| 瀝 | *reːɡ |
| 攊 | *reːɡ |
| 厤 | *reːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *reːɡ): phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 止.

### Etymology

Schuessler (2007) considered this word to be of Sino-Tibetan origin and a cognate to Burmese ရေ (re, “to count”), Kinnauri ri (“to count”), Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “to count; to calculate”), and རྩིས་པ (rtsis pa, “astronomer”); however, STEDT derives Burmese ရေ (re) & Tibetan རྩི (rtsi) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsjəj (“to count”) and does not compare them to Chinese 歷.
    One derivative is 曆 (OC *rêk), meaning "calendrical calculations" (Shu) → "calendar";
    Another derivative is exopassive 麗 (OC *rê(k)h), meaning "what is calculated → number" (Shi), whose possible allofam is 麗 (OC *rêh).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lì (li$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lik$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): let$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): li̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): lid$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lid$^6$
* Northern Min (KCR): lĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): leh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): le̍k / lia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lêh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$liq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lì
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lì
*** Wade–Giles: li$^4$
*** Yale: lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
*** Palladius: ли (li)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lik$^6$
*** Yale: lihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪk̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: let$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /let̚³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: lid
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lid$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /li²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: leh$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: le̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /lɛʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: leh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɛʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
*** Tâi-lô: li̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lek
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lêh$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /leʔ⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$liq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/
* Middle Chinese: lek
Rime :
| Character | 歷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎擊切 |
| Baxter | lek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /liek̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /liek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 歷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁek/ |
| English | pass by; in turn |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 歷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7980 |
| Phonetic component | 秝 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靂 |
| Old Chinese | /*reːɡ/ |

### Definitions

歷
* to experience; to go through; to undergo
* experience; history; record
* to surpass; to exceed; to overstep
* to offend; to go against; to undermine
    From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Mín yǒu bùshì nóngsāng, rènqì yóuxiá, fànlì fǎjìn, bùcóng lìjiào zhě, shāng wáng zhī huà. [Pinyin]
    When the people are not engaged in agriculture and sericulture but instead give rein to their tempers and travel about as bravados, outstepping and transgressing the laws and prohibitions, not following the instructions of the officials, it harms the king's transforming influence.
* to travel through; to go travelling
* extensively; all over; completely
* many times; repeatedly
* one by one; one at a time
* all of the previous (occurrences); all past
* to take charge of; to assume (a role)
* to choose; to select (a date)
* to examine; to scrutinise; to observe; to calculate
* clear; distinct; lucid
* few and far between; sporadic
* a surname

### Compounds

* 來歷 / 来历 (láilì)
* 來歷不明 / 来历不明 (láilìbùmíng)
* 凌歷
* 口述歷史 / 口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
* 多歷年代 / 多历年代
* 多歷年所 / 多历年所 (duō lì niánsuǒ)
* 大來歷 / 大来历
* 學歷 / 学历 (xuélì)
* 寂歷 / 寂历 (jìlì)
* 履歷 / 履历 (lǚlì)
* 履歷表 / 履历表 (lǚlìbiǎo)
* 嶔崎歷落 / 嵚崎历落
* 心路歷程 / 心路历程
* 意識歷程 / 意识历程
* 捫參歷井 / 扪参历井
* 旅歷 / 旅历
* 欹嶔歷落 / 欹嵚历落
* 歷下 / 历下
* 歷久 / 历久 (lìjiǔ)
* 歷久不衰 / 历久不衰 (lìjiǔbùshuāi)
* 歷久彌新 / 历久弥新 (lìjiǔmíxīn)
* 歷亂 / 历乱
* 歷代 / 历代 (lìdài)
* 歷任 / 历任 (lìrèn)
* 歷來 / 历来 (lìlái)
* 歷劫 / 历劫
* 歷劫歸來 / 历劫归来
* 歷口 / 历口 (Lìkǒu)
* 歷史 / 历史 (lìshǐ)
* 歷史劇 / 历史剧
* 歷史名詞 / 历史名词
* 歷史唯心主義 / 历史唯心主义
* 歷史唯物主義 / 历史唯物主义 (lìshǐ wéiwù zhǔyì)
* 歷史學 / 历史学 (lìshǐxué)
* 歷史小說 / 历史小说 (lìshǐ xiǎoshuō)
* 歷史年表 / 历史年表
* 歷史性 / 历史性 (lìshǐxìng)
* 歷史文學 / 历史文学
* 歷史時代 / 历史时代
* 歷史線圖 / 历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
* 歷史觀 / 历史观 (lìshǐguān)
* 歷史語詞 / 历史语词
* 歷史重演 / 历史重演
* 歷夏經秋 / 历夏经秋
* 歷審 / 历审
* 歷屆 / 历届 (lìjiè)
* 歷山 / 历山
* 歷年 / 历年 (lìnián)
* 歷數 / 历数 (lìshǔ)
* 歷日 / 历日 (lìrì)
* 歷日曠久 / 历日旷久
* 歷時 / 历时 (lìshí)
* 歷有年所 / 历有年所
* 歷朝 / 历朝 (lìcháo)
* 歷次 / 历次 (lìcì)
* 歷正 / 历正
* 歷歷 / 历历 (lìlì)
* 歷歷可數 / 历历可数 (lìlìkěshǔ)
* 歷歷可紀 / 历历可纪
* 歷歷可考 / 历历可考
* 歷歷可見 / 历历可见
* 歷歷可辨 / 历历可辨
* 歷歷在目 / 历历在目 (lìlìzàimù)
* 歷歷如繪 / 历历如绘
* 歷歷落落 / 历历落落
* 歷沴 / 历沴
* 歷溪 / 历溪 (Lìxī)
* 歷瀾 / 历澜
* 歷盡 / 历尽 (lìjìn)
* 歷盡滄桑 / 历尽沧桑
* 歷盡艱辛 / 历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
* 歷盡艱險 / 历尽艰险
* 歷碌 / 历碌
* 歷程 / 历程 (lìchéng)
* 歷經 / 历经 (lìjīng)
* 歷經波折 / 历经波折
* 歷練 / 历练 (lìliàn)
* 歷練之才 / 历练之才
* 歷練老成 / 历练老成
* 歷落 / 历落 (lìluò)
* 歷覽 / 历览 (lìlǎn)
* 歷訪 / 历访
* 歷遍 / 历遍 (lìpiàn)
* 歷險 / 历险 (lìxiǎn)
* 歷齒 / 历齿
* 沒來歷 / 没来历
* 沒有來歷 / 没有来历
* 涉歷 / 涉历 (shèlì)
* 游歷 / 游历 (yóulì)
* 蒸漚歷瀾 / 蒸沤历澜
* 爰歷篇 / 爰历篇
* 病歷 / 病历 (bìnglì)
* 病歷表 / 病历表
* 的歷 / 的历
* 簡歷 / 简历 (jiǎnlì)
* 簿歷 / 簿历
* 經歷 / 经历 (jīnglì)
* 綿歷 / 绵历
* 薊訓歷家 / 蓟训历家
* 親歷 / 亲历 (qīnlì)
* 親身經歷 / 亲身经历 (qīnshēn jīnglì)
* 諳歷 / 谙历
* 買物歷 / 买物历
* 資歷 / 资历 (zīlì)
* 身歷聲 / 身历声 (shēnlìshēng)
* 辟歷施鞭
* 遍歷 / 遍历 (biànlì)
* 遊歷 / 游历 (yóulì)
* 過歷 / 过历
* 閱歷 / 阅历 (yuèlì)

### References

* “歷”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 歴 |
| Kyūjitai | 歷 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 歴)
* take place, past, history

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): れき (reki)、りゃく (ryaku)
* Kun: へる (heru, 歷る)

## Korean
### Hanja

歷 (eumhun 지낼 력 (jinael ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 지낼 역 (jinael yeok))
* hanja form of 력/역 (“go through”)
* hanja form of 력/역 (“experience”)
* hanja form of 력/역 (“undergo”)
* hanja form of 력/역 (“use up”)
* hanja form of 력/역 (“exhaust”)

#### Compounds

* 역사 (歷史, yeoksa, “history”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

歷: Hán Nôm readings: lịch, lếch, lệch, rếch
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.