# os
## Translingual
### Symbol

os
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Ossetian.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Ossetian terms

## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɒs/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ɑs/
* Rhymes: -ɒs

#### Noun

os (plural ossa)
* (anatomy) Synonym of bone.
** 1749, Henry Fielding, “Containing the great Address of the Landlady; the great Learning of a Surgeon, and the solid Skill in Casuistry of the worthy Lieutenant”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 109:I was once, I remember, called to a Patient, who had received a violent Contuſion in his Tibia, by which the exterior Cutis was lacerated, ſo that there was a profuſe ſanguinary Diſcharge; and the interior Membranes were ſo divellicated, that the Os or Bone very plainly appeared through the Aperture of the Vulnus or Wound.

##### Usage notes

Used in anatomical terminology (e.g., Terminologia Anatomica) and sometimes by doctors and surgeons in practice, but seldom used by medical laypeople.

##### Hyponyms

* os breve (short bone)
* os irregulare (irregular bone)
* os longum (long bone)
* os planum (flat bone)
* os sesamoideum (sesamoid bone)

##### Derived terms

* os capitatum
* os clitoridis
* os clitoris
* os cordis
* os coxae
* os cuneiforme
* os innominatum
* os magnum
* os paracuneiforme
* os penis
* os trapezoideum
* os trochleare calcanei

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɒs/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ɑs/
* Rhymes: -ɒs

#### Noun

os (plural ora)
* (anatomy, sometimes botany) An opening or entrance to a passage, particularly one at either end of the cervix, internal (to the uterus) or external (to the vagina).
    Synonym: orifice
** 1891, Texas Medical Association, Transactions, volume 23, page 175:The instrument closed, as seen in Fig. 1, is then passed along the finger to the os, in and through the cervix up to the fundus of the uterus, which may be determined both by the distance and the resistance to the broad rounded head of the Capiat.
** 2009 July 6, Armen Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:[…] monocolpate (“unisulcate”) pollen grains still have a continuous aperture membrane devoid of special openings (ora) in the exine for the emergence of the pollen tube.

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Swedish ås.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɒs/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ɑs/
* Rhymes: -ɒs

#### Noun

os (plural osar)
* An osar or esker.

### Etymology 4

From o +‎ -s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əʊz/
* (General American) IPA: /oʊz/
* Rhymes: -əʊz

#### Noun

os
* (rare) Alternative form of o's.

### References

* “os”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “os”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* SO, S/O, s.o., so, So, So., S&O, s/o, S.O.

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch os.

### Noun

os (plural osse, diminutive ossie)
* ox (castrated bull)

#### Derived terms

* ossewa

## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *lōs, from Latin illōs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈos/
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: os

### Article

os m pl
* the
    Os lugars d'AragónThe villages of Aragon

#### Usage notes

* The form los, either pronounced as los or as ros, can be found after words ending with -o.
* Some dialects use the form els, often shortened to es.

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* osu

### Etymology

From Latin ossum, from os. Compare Romanian os.

### Noun

os n (plural oasi or oase)
* bone

#### Derived terms

* usos

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan os, from Latin ossum, non-standard variant of os.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɔs]

#### Noun

os m (plural ossos)
* bone

##### Derived terms

* os de sant
* os frontal
* os parietal
* os pisiforme
* ossada
* ossam
* ossera
* osset

##### Related terms

* ossa
* ossari
* ossi

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin ursus, from Proto-Italic *orssos. Compare French ours, Occitan ors, Spanish oso.

#### Alternative forms

* ós (pre-2016 spelling)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈos]
* Audio (Valencia):(file)
* Rhymes: -os

#### Noun

os m (plural ossos, feminine ossa)
* bear (mammal)

##### Derived terms

* os blanc
* os bru
* os d'Alaska
* os malai
* os morrut
* os negre americà
* os polar
* os tibetà
* os formiguer
* os marí
* os rentador
* all d'os

##### Related terms

* ursí
* Úrsula

#### Further reading

* “os” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “os”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “os” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “os” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈos]

#### Noun

os
* plural of o (“the letter O”)

## Danish
### Etymology 1

From Old Norse oss (“us”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/, [ʌs], [ɒ̽s]

#### Pronoun

os
* us, objective of vi
* (reflexive pronoun) ourselves
* (pluralis majestatis) ourself

##### See also

| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | common | neuter | plural |
| Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
| Singular | Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine |
| Singular | Second | formal (uncommon) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Singular | Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | hans | hans |
| Singular | Third | feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | hendes | hendes |
| Singular | Third | common (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | neuter (noun) | det | det | dets | dets | dets |
| Singular | Third | indefinite | man | en | ens | ens | ens |
| Singular | Third | reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine |
| Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | vores | vores |
| Plural | First | archaic / formal | vi | os | vor | vort | vore |
| Plural | Second | – | I | jer | jeres | jeres | jeres |
| Plural | Third | – | de | dem | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Third | reflexive | – | sig | deres | deres | deres |

### Etymology 2

Disputed.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oːs/, [oːˀs]

#### Noun

os c (singular definite osen, not used in plural form)
* smoke
* reek
* fug

#### Verb

os
* imperative of ose

## Daur
### Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *usun. Compare Mongolian ус (us).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/, [ɔs]

### Noun

os
* water
    En osii ter nyadem waagw tunpund suree.Please pour water into that washbowl.

### References

* Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch osse, from Old Dutch *osso, earlier *ohso, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: os
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Noun

os m (plural ossen, diminutive osje n)
* ox (castrated bull)

#### Derived terms

* ossenhuid
* ossenpikker
* ossenstaart
* ossentong
* ossenwagen

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: os
* Negerhollands: os

### Further reading

* “os” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

## Fala
### Alternative forms

* us (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /os/
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: os

### Article

os m pl (singular o, feminine a, feminine plural as)
* (Mañegu) Masculine plural definite article; the
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:En esti territorio se han assentau, en os anus que se indican, os habitantis siguientis:In this territory there were living, in the years specified, the following (amount of) inhabitants:

### Pronoun

os
* (Mañegu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them

#### See also

Dialects:  $^L$ Lagarteiru   $^M$ Mañegu   $^V$ Valverdeñu

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French os, from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

### Pronunciation

* (singular) IPA: /ɔs/
** Audio (France):(file)
** Audio:(file)
** Rhymes: -ɔs
* (plural) IPA: /o/
** Rhymes: -o
** Homophones: au, aulx, aux, eau, eaux, ho, o, ô, oh (general), haut, hauts (aspirated)
* After consonants other than /z/, the plural may alternatively be pronounced like the singular (cf. the same in œufs).
* Colloquially, some speakers use the hybrid form /os/ for both singular and plural.

### Noun

os m (plural os)
* bone
    Le chien a enterré un os.The dog buried a bone.
* (informal) snag, hitch
    Synonyms: hic, accroc, anicroche
    Il y a un os. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* coûter un os
* en chair et en os
* l’avoir dans l’os
* n’avoir que la peau sur les os
* os ethmoïde
* os frontal
* os hyoïde
* os lacrymal
* os nasal
* os occipital
* os palatin
* os pariétal
* os pisiforme
* os sphénoïde
* os temporal
* os trapèze
* os trapézoïde
* os zygomatique
* ossature
* osseux
* ossifier
* ossu
* ossuaire
* tomber sur un os

### Further reading

* “os”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* SO

## Galician
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs, accusative plural of ille (“that”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʊs/
* Hyphenation: os

#### Article

os m pl (masculine singular o, feminine singular a, feminine plural as)
* (definite) the
    Libros que encerran os fondos secretos da cencia.Books that contain the secret treasures of science.

##### Usage notes

The definite article o (in all its forms) regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con os ("with the") contracts to cos, and en os ("in the") contracts to nos.

##### Derived terms

* aos
* cos
* dos
* nos
* ós

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronoun

os
* accusative of eles

##### See also

| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine |
| Definite articles (the) | o | a | os | as |
| Indefinite articles (a, an, some) | un | unha | uns | unhas |

### Further reading

* “o”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “os”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “os”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “os”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese osso. Cognate with Kabuverdianu osu.

### Noun

os
* bone

## Iberian
### Etymology

Can be compared to Proto-Basque *oso (“whole, complete”) and to Basque oso.

### Adjective

os
* whole
* great

### References

* Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ɔsˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ʌsˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish oss, from Proto-Celtic *uxsū, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).

#### Noun

os m (genitive singular ois, nominative plural ois)
* (literary) deer
    Synonym: fia

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
os
ois
vocative
a ois
a osa
genitive
ois
os
dative
os
ois
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an t-os
na hois
genitive
an ois
na n-os
dative
leis an os don os
leis na hois :

##### Derived terms

* oiseoil
* oisín
* osbhuí

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish úas, ós, from Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-.

#### Preposition

os (plus dative, triggers no mutation)
* over, above

##### Derived terms

* os ard
* os cionn
* os coinne
* os comhair
* os grian
* os íseal
* os meán
* os méid
* os neart
* os talamh
* os-

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “os”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* “os”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Istro-Romanian
### Etymology

From Latin ossum, from os.

### Noun

os n (plural ose, definite singular osu, definite plural osele)
* bone

## Latin

Picture dictionary :
os
calvāria
cerebrum
oculus
labium
nāsus
ōs
mentum
māxilla
auris
tempus
collum :

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈoːs/, [ˈoːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈos/, [ˈɔs]

#### Noun

ōs n (genitive ōris); third declension
* mouth
    Synonym: bucca
    Hyponyms: buccula, ōsculum
** 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.2.35–36:opprimet hanc animam flūctūs, frūstrāque precantī ōre necātūrās accipiēmus aquāsWaves will crush this life, and just as I am uselessly praying, by mouth we will swallow waters soon to destroy us. (The poet laments his storm-tossed sea voyage to exile.)
** Genesis, Vulgate 8.11:at illa venit ad eum ad vesperam portans ramum olivae virentibus foliis in ore suo intellexit ergo Noe quod cessassent aquae super terramBut it came to him in the evening carrying a green-leaved olive branch in its mouth, therefore Noah understood that the waters above the land were coming to an end.
* (transferred sense) (in general) head or face
    Synonym: caput
    Synonyms: (Vulgar Latin) cara, faciēs, frōns, vultus
    ad aliquem ora convertere ― to turn the head or face towards someone
** 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.124:Gorgonis os pulcherrimum cinctum anguibus revellit atque abstulit, […] 1856 translation by Charles Duke Yonge […] he tore off and took away a very fine head of the Gorgon with snakes for hair;
** c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 1.61:adiacebant fragmina telorum equorumque artus, simul truncis arborum antefixa ora.1864–1877 translation by Alfred John Church and William Jackson BrodribbNear, lay fragments of weapons and limbs of horses, and also human heads, prominently nailed to trunks of trees.
* (transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.328–329:“[...] Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, [...].”“If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [lizards were gone], would recall lizards by his appearance, [...].”
* (poetic) speech
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.423: […] primi clipeos mentitaque tela / adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.1697 translation by John DrydenThey first observe, and to the rest betray, / Our diff'rent speech; our borrow'd arms survey.
* mouth, lips, opening, entrance, aperture, orifice
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.659–660:Dīxit et ōs impressa torō, [...] / ait [...].[Dido] spoke and, having pressed her lips upon the bed, cried out: [...]. (Although many translations have Dido bury her “face” in the “couch,” still others convey the symbolism of a farewell kiss. See: Fitzgerald, 1981: “And here she kissed the bed”; Ruden, 2021: “She kissed the bed”.)
* beak of a ship
* edge of a sword
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

##### Inflection

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

##### Derived terms

* cōram
* ōrālis
* ōrārium
* ōreae
* ōrō
* ōscillum
* ōscitō
* ōsculum
* Ostia
* ōstīgō
* ōstium

##### Descendants

* → English: os

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

#### Alternative forms

* ossum, ossu, ossua

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈos/, [ˈɔs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈos/, [ˈɔs]

#### Noun

os n (genitive ossis); third declension
* (literal, anatomy) bone
* (figurative) bone as a metaphor for something deep within the body or frame, one’s innermost being or feeling, a generalized physical presence more than a specific anatomical location
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.100-101:“[...] Habēs tōtā quod mente petīstī: ārdet amāns Dīdō, trāxitque per ossa furōrem.”[Juno says to Venus:] “You have what you sought with all your heart: Dido burns [with] love, and it has drawn the passion through her bones.”
** Anonymous, Regula Magistri :ipsorum ore respondent se lassis post viam ossibus non posse de lecto surgereBy the same mouth they respond that, due to their weary bones after travel, it is not possible to arise from bed.
** (transferred sense) hard or innermost part of trees or fruits; heartwood
* (figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

##### Inflection

Third-declension noun (neuter, i-stem).

##### Derived terms

* exos
* exossō
* osseus
* ossiculum
* ossifraga
* ossifragus
* ossilagō
* ossilegium
* ossuārius
* ossuōsus

##### Related terms

* exossātus
* ossuārium

##### Descendants

* Aragonese: güeso
* Aromanian: os
* Asturian: güesu
* Catalan: os
* Corsican: ossu
* Dalmatian: vuas
* Fala: osu
* Franco-Provençal: ôs
* French: os
* Friulian: vues
* Galician: óso
* Istriot: uosso
* Istro-Romanian: os
* Italian: osso
* Megleno-Romanian: uos
* Mirandese: uosso
* Occitan: òs
* Piedmontese: òss
* Portuguese: osso
* Romanian: os
* Romansch: ies, oss
* Sardinian: ossu
* Sicilian: ossu
* Spanish: hueso
* Venetan: oso
* → English: os

### References

* "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "ŏs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "os", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* os in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1095.
* "os", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to praise a man to his face: aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare to be in every one's mouth: in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5) physics; natural philosophy: physica (-orum) (Or. 34. 119); philosophia naturalis logic, dialectic: dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et scientia) all agree on this point: omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt unanimously: una voce; uno ore mathematics: mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1. 24. 57) arithmetic: arithmetica (-orum) arithmetic: numeri (-orum) no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei) maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word): favete ore, linguis = εὐφημειτε to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore (ambiguous) to draw every one's eyes upon one: omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere (ambiguous) to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri (ambiguous) to be a subject for gossip: in ora vulgi abire
* Dizionario Latino italiano, Olivetti

## Middle English
### Pronoun

os
* Alternative form of us

## Middle French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

### Noun

os m (plural os)
* bone

#### Descendants

* French: os

## Middle Low German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /œs/

### Pronoun

ös
* (personal pronoun, dative, accusative) Alternative form of uns.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /uːs/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse óss. Same as Latin os.

#### Noun

os m or n (definite singular osen or oset, indefinite plural osar or os, definite plural osane or osa)
* an outlet, estuary, river mouth (where a river runs out of a lake, or enters a lake or the ocean)

### Etymology 2

Unknown.

#### Noun

os m (definite singular osen, indefinite plural osar, definite plural osane)
* to fume, smoke
* to reek, malodorousness

##### Derived terms

* ose

### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

os
* obsolete spelling of oss.
** 1770, Edvard Storm, “Guten aa Jenta paa Fjøshjellen”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 233:Dæmæ venda os aat Bygdenthus we turn towards the village

### Etymology 4
#### Verb

os
* past tense of ase
* imperative of ose

### Further reading

* “os” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “os”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

## Old Czech
### Alternative forms

* osě, osa (later)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈos/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈos/

### Noun

os f
* axis, shaft
** 15th century, Alexandreida, zlomek svatovítský:Tu kořist vzkladú na koně, každý kóň pojide stóně. Vztřěštěchu osi i kola, nebo jim kořist odola.They put the booty on the horses, every horse rode moaning. The shafts as well as wheels cracked because the booty overpowered them.

#### Descendants

* Czech: osa

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “os”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old English
### Etymology

From earliest Old English *ons, from Proto-West Germanic *ansu, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“engender, beget”). Cognate with Old Norse áss.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /oːs/

### Noun

ōs m
* a god
* the runic character ᚩ (/o/ or /oː/)

#### Usage notes

* The genitive plural ēsa (attested in ēsa gescot “the shot of the ēse”) and names such as Esegar display i-mutation, despite being a u-stem. This is likely a fossilization from an earlier stage between Proto-West Germanic *ansu and early Old English *ons, in which i-mutation was applied to the attested declined forms due to the word’s archaic meaning, rather than its active usage.
* The nominative plural likely had the same process from above applied to it as well, in the form of *ēse.
* Both i-mutated, and typically-expected forms for each affected declension are provided in the table below:

#### Declension

U-stem, irregular:

#### Synonyms

* god

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/

### Noun

os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)
* bone

#### Descendants

* Middle French: os
** French: os

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* as, es, is (aberrant Würzburg forms)

### Etymology

Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts. Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.
A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.

### Conjunction

os (third-person plural ot)
* disjunctive conjunction

#### Usage notes

* The conjunction takes on the form ot when used with the third-person plural pronoun é and os elsewhere.

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: os

### References

* ↑ Hamp, Eric P. (1978) “Varia II”, in Ériu‎, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved August 27, 2022, pages 149–154
* ↑ García Castillero, Carlos (2013) “OLD IRISH TONIC PRONOUNS AS EXTRACLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS”, in Ériu‎, volume 63, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 1–39

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 os”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Saxon
### Noun

os m
* Alternative form of as

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔs
* Syllabification: os
* Homophone: oz

### Noun

os f
* genitive plural of osa
    Synonym: ós

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /us/
* (Brazil) IPA: /us/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /uʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /os/
* (Portugal) IPA: /uʃ/
* Hyphenation: os

#### Article

os
* masculine plural of o
** 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 546:Está na hora de testarmos os nossos talentos no mundo real, você não acha?It's time to test the talents of ours in the real world, don't you think?
** 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...You noticed her hair (“her hairs”), it's dark and brilliant and soft...
** 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 373:Devíamos fechar os olhos dele.We should close his eyes (“the eyes of him”).

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

##### See also
#### Pronoun

os
* third-person plural direct objective personal pronoun; them
    Synonyms: (indirect objective) lhes, eles, (prepositional) elas
    Encontrei-os na rua.I met them at the street.

##### Usage notes

* Becomes -los after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.
    After ver: Posso vê-los? ― May I see them?
    After pôs: Pô-los ali. ― He put them there.
    After fiz: Fi-los ficarem contentes. ― I made them become happy.
    After nos: Deu-no-los relutantemente. ― He gave them to us reluctantly.
    After eis: Ei-los! ― Behold them!
* Becomes -nos after a nasal diphthong: -ão, -am [ɐ̃w̃], -õe [õj̃], -em, -êm [ẽj̃].
    Detêm-nos como prisioneiros. ― They detain them as prisoners.
* In Brazil it is being abandoned in favor of the nominative form eles.
    Eu os vi. → Eu vi eles. ― I saw them.

##### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:os.

##### Descendants

* → Ambonese Malay: os

##### See also
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈɔs/, /ˈos/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈɔs/, /ˈos/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈɔʃ/, /ˈoʃ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈɔʃ/, /ˈoʃ/
* Hyphenation: os

#### Noun

os m
* plural of o

## Romagnol
### Noun

os m (invariable) (Bassa Romagna)
* door

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, from Proto-Italic *ōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.
Compare Catalan os, French os, Italian osso, Portuguese osso, Sardinian ossu, Spanish hueso.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -os

### Noun

os n (plural oase)
* bone

#### Related terms

* osamă
* oseminte
* osifica
* osificabil
* osificare
* osificat
* osificator
* osificație
* osos

### Further reading

* os in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish ós, úas (“above, over”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs̪/

#### Preposition

os (+ dative, no mutation)
* (obsolete) over, above

##### Usage notes

* Now used only in the compounds listed below.

##### Derived terms

* os cionn
* os ìosal
* os làimh

### Etymology 2

Eye-dialect spelling of ars.

#### Verb

os
* Alternative form of arsa used before vowels
    "Ial, ial," os a' chailleach ― "Ial, ial," said the old woman

## Serbo-Croatian
### Alternative forms

* ȏsa (Bosnia, Serbia)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ôːs/

### Noun

ȏs f (Cyrillic spelling о̑с)
* (Croatia) axis

#### Declension
## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɔs]

### Noun

os f (relational adjective osový, diminutive oska or osička)
* (geometry) axis
* axle

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “os”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *osь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /óːs/

### Noun

ọ̑s f
* axis (geometry: imaginary line)

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “os”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “os”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Slovincian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔs/
* Rhymes: -ɔs
* Syllabification: os

### Conjunction

os
* and

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “ǻu̯s”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 9

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (accusative), vōbīs (dative).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /os/ [os]
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: os
* Homophone: (Latin America) hoz

### Pronoun

os
* (Spain) you, to you, for you; dative and accusative of vosotros

### See also

| | | | | nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive |
| first person | singular | singular | singular | yo | me | me | mí$^1$ |
| first person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | nosotros | nos | nos | nosotros |
| first person | plural | feminine | feminine | nosotras | nos | nos | nosotras |
| second person | singular | tuteo | tuteo | tú | te | te | ti$^1$ |
| second person | singular | voseo | voseo | vos | te | te | vos |
| second person | singular | formal$^3$ | formal$^3$ | usted | le, se$^4$ | lo/la$^5$ | usted |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | masculine$^2$ | vosotros | os | os | vosotros |
| second person | plural | familiar$^6$ | feminine | vosotras | os | os | vosotras |
| second person | plural | formal/general$^3$ | formal/general$^3$ | ustedes | les, se$^4$ | los/las$^5$ | ustedes |
| third person | singular | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | él | le, se$^4$ | lo | él |
| third person | singular | feminine | feminine | ella | le, se$^4$ | la | ella |
| third person | singular | neuter | neuter | ello$^7$ | le, se$^4$ | lo | ello |
| third person | plural | masculine$^2$ | masculine$^2$ | ellos | les, se$^4$ | los | ellos |
| third person | plural | feminine | feminine | ellas | les, se$^4$ | las | ellas |
| third person | reflexive | reflexive | reflexive | — | se | se | sí$^1$ |
* Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
* Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
* Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
* If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
* Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
* Used primarily in Spain
* Used only in rare circumstances

### Further reading

* “os”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

Disputed. Possibly related to Latin odor, or alternatively Sanskrit वास (vāsa, “perfume”).

#### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

os n
* (uncountable) fumes, vapors (with a particular odor and slightly suffocating, especially from cooking)
    stekosgreasy [frying] fumes

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Old Norse óss.

#### Noun

os n
* a river mouth; the place where a creek, stream or river enters into a lake
* indefinite genitive singular of o

##### Declension
### See also

* osa

### References

* os in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* os in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* os in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* SO, so

## Volapük
### Pronoun

os
* (impersonal pronoun) it

## Welsh
### Etymology

o (“if”) +‎ -s (“him, her, it, them”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔs/
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Conjunction

os
* if (used with factual conditionals, i.e., those that are considered likely or plausible)
    Os ydw i’n iawn, yna mae wedi canu arnat ti.If I’m right, then you’re done for.

#### See also

* pe (used with counterfactual conditionals)

## White Hmong
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔɒ˩/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔap (“duck”), borrowed from Middle Chinese 鴨 (MC 'aep, “duck”).

#### Noun

os (classifier: tus)
* a duck

### Etymology 2

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Not mentioned by Ratliff at all. Probably a natural exclamation in the same vein as English eh.”

#### Interjection

os
* a final emphatic particle, usually used to express sincerity
    Nyob zoo os. ― Hello.
    Tuaj os. ― You've come.
    Noj mov os. ― Please eat.

### References

* Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 4.
* ↑ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 129; 280.