# -ing
## English
### Alternative forms

* -in', -in (colloquial)
* -ïng (rare or nonstandard)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
** Audio (US):(file)
* (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent) IPA: /ɪŋɡ/
* (Kent, some dialects of General Australian) IPA: /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
** Homophone: ink
* (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA: /in/, /iŋ/
** Homophone: een

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ung, -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).
Unrelated to Brahui -اِنْگ (-iṅg, “-ing”).

#### Suffix

-ing
* Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
** As true nouns.
    My hearing is not good.
    I have had several meetings with him.
** As gerunds.
    Smoking is bad for your health.
    She has a habit of sleeping late.
    I like meeting people.
* Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
    Roofing is material that is used to roof.
    Clothing is material with which one is clothed.
    The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

##### Usage notes

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:
    the activating of the weapon must be stopped
    the act of activating the weapon must be stopped
    the activation of the weapon must be stopped
In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.
There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

##### Synonyms

* (act of doing something, action): -tion, -ment
* (activity): -ery, -ment
* (collection): -age, -ery

##### Derived terms

(collection):
* batting
* bunting
* carpeting
* lining
* packing
* piping
* roofing
* siding
* ticking
* tubing
* wadding
* wiring

##### Translations

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

#### See also

* (collection): work

### Etymology 2

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.
Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, Afrikaans -ende, German -end, Low German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant), Polish -ący, -ąc, Czech -oucí, Ukrainian -учий (-učyj), Serbo-Croatian -ući/-ући. More at -and.

#### Suffix

-ing
* Used to form present participles of verbs.
    Rolling stones gather no moss.
    You are making a mess.
** a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
    If you are connecting to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect, it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind it to an unused local port if necessary.

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

#### Suffix

-ing
* (no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.
    Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing
    Browning, Channing, Ewing
    ‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting
    ‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling
    ‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing
* Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
    ‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting
    ‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting
    ‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding

##### Derived terms

* atheling
* gelding

#### See also

* -ed

### References

* ↑ Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.
* ↑ Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143
* ↑ Jespersen, Otto (1909) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎, volumes I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

### Further reading

* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing¹”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 281–282.
* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing²”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282.
* James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing³”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282, column 2.

### Anagrams

* IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

## Danish
### Alternative forms

* -ning

### Etymology

From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [eŋ]

### Suffix

-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)
* added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
* designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

#### Synonyms

* (added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

#### Derived terms
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪŋ/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

#### Suffix

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)
* Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -inck, -ink

#### Suffix

-ing m
* (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

##### Usage notes

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

## East Central German
### Alternative forms

* -üng

### Suffix

-ing
* (Erzgebirgisch) -ing

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iŋ(ɡ)/
* (Canada) IPA: /ɪŋ/

### Suffix

-ing m (plural -ings)
* Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

#### Usage notes

* Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).

## Fuyug
### Noun

-ing
* plural marker
    amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

### References

* Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.

### Suffix

-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)
* (in English borrowings) -ing
* (productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
    Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport
    Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
** 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
    Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
** 2012, Hans Zippert, “Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke”, in Website of Die Welt:Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

#### Usage notes

* Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

## German Low German
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Low German -inc, from Old Saxon -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

### Suffix

-ing
* (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.

#### Usage notes

* Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
* The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

#### Derived terms

* Bläuming
* Bräuding = Brüderchen (little brother)
* Dirning = Dirnken < Dirn (young girl)
* Döchting = Töchterchen (little daughter)
* fixing
* Körling
* Nahwersching
* nipping

### See also

* -ken
* (East Frisian) -je, -tje, -ke

### References

* Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse's Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [iŋɡ]

### Suffix

-ing
* (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb or to an onomatopoeic stem to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
    kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

#### Usage notes

* (frequentative suffix) Variants:
    -ong is added to back-vowel words
       ‎hajol (“to bend”) + ‎-ing → ‎hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)
    -eng is added to unrounded front-vowel words
       ‎derül (“to clear up”) + ‎-ing → ‎dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)
    -öng is added to rounded front-vowel words
       ‎őrül (“to go insane”) + ‎-ing → ‎őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)
       ‎düh (“fury, rage”) + ‎-ing → ‎dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)
    -ang is added to back-vowel words (rare)
       lappang (“to lurk”)
    -ing is added to front-vowel words (rare)
       kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

### References

* -ng in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, page 568, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

## Icelandic
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

### Suffix

-ing f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -ingar, nominative plural -ingar)
* -ing; indicates an action performed by a verb

#### Derived terms
## Middle English
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

#### Alternative forms

* -inge, -yng, -ynge, -ingue, -inng, -ung, -unge, -eng, -enge

#### Pronunciation

* (mainly Early ME) IPA: /unɡ/, [uŋɡ]
* IPA: /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

#### Suffix

-ing
* Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
* Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".

##### Descendants

* English: -ing, -in', -in
* Scots: -in, -in', -ing
* Yola: -een, -en

#### References

* “-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

### Etymology 2

From Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

#### Suffix

-ing
* Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
* (marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".

##### Descendants

* English: -ing, -in'
* Scots: -in, -in', -ing

#### References

* “-ing, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪŋ/
* Rhymes: -ɪŋ

### Suffix

-ing m or f or m (see below)
* Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
    Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging.
* Used to form demonyms.
    ‎Færøyene + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

#### Usage notes

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.

#### Derived terms

* austlending
* estlending
* finlending
* flamlending
* færøying
* grønlending
* helgelending
* hjaltlending (Nynorsk)
* hollending
* hordalending
* innlending
* irlending
* islending
* leiglending (Nynorsk)
* leilending (Bokmål)
* lettlending
* nederlending
* newzealending
* nordlending
* nyzealending
* shetlending
* swazilending
* sørlending
* thailending
* utlending
* vestlending
* viking
* østlending

### See also

* -ning

### References

* “-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse -ing f.

#### Suffix

-ing f
* Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m.

#### Suffix

-ing m
* Used to form demonyms.
    ‎Færøyane + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

### See also

* -ning

### References

* “-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Ojibwe
### Final

-ing
* used in certain adverbs

#### Derived terms

* ingoding
* ningoding

### Suffix

-ing
* A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun

### See also

* -ang
* -aang
* -iing
* -ng
* -ong

### References

* The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

### Etymology 1

Variant of -ung.

#### Alternative forms

* -ung

#### Suffix

-ing f
* Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

#### Suffix

-ing m
* Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms
## Old Norse
### Alternative forms

* -ung

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

### Suffix

-ing f
* forms gerund nouns from verbs

#### Declension

Note the dative -u that is a staple of the declension of these words

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: -ing, -ung
* Faroese: -ing
* Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
* Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
* Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
** Swedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)
* Danish: -ing

### See also

* -an f
* -ingi m, -ingr m

## Old Sundanese
### Etymology

From aing (“I, me”).

### Pronoun

-ing
* clitic possessive of aing (“I, me”); my
** 14th century, Pendakian Sri Ajnyana (Kropak 625) [The Ascension of Sri Ajnyana]‎, line 10:"...Saurna sang Sri Ajnyana: `Adiing, ambet ka dini. Mulah ceurik nangtung dinya!...""Sri Ajnyana said: 'My little sister, please come here. Do not weep, standing there!"
    anaking – my child
    ambuing – my mother

#### Descendants

* Sundanese: -ing

## Old Swedish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

### Suffix

-ing
* Forms gerund nouns from verbs

#### Descendants

* Swedish: -ing, -ung

## Ottawa
### Suffix

-ing
* locative

### References

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001) Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 194

## Polish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iŋk/
* Rhymes: -iŋk
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ing m inan
* Forms colloquial or humorous nouns.
    ‎grzyb + ‎-ing → ‎grzybing

#### Derived terms
## Scots
### Suffix

-ing
* Alternative form of -in (“ing”)

## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* -in

### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.

### Suffix

-ing m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ings)
* forms verbal nouns from verbs

#### Usage notes

* Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).

#### Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

#### Derived terms
## Swedish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with German -ung.

#### Suffix

-ing c or f
* Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation.

##### Related terms

* -ning
* -ung (archaic)

### Etymology 2

From Old Swedish -inger, from Old Norse -ingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Cognate with Icelandic -ingur, English -ing (derivative suffix).

#### Suffix

-ing c or m
* (rarely productive) added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also -ling.
    ‎Skåne (“Scania”) + ‎-ing → ‎skåning (“Scanian”)
    ‎Island (“Iceland”) + ‎-ing → ‎islänning (“Icelander”)
* (rarely productive) diminutive suffix
    ‎get (“goat”) + ‎-ing → ‎geting (“wasp”)
    ‎släkt (“(extended) family”) + ‎-ing → ‎släkting (“relative”)
    ‎galen (“crazy”) + ‎-ing → ‎galning (“crazy person, lunatic, madman”)

##### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* gin, nig

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* -ng — for roots ending in vowels

### Etymology

Possibly from Spanish -ín. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of Derived terms.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈiŋ/ [ˈiŋ]
* Rhymes: -iŋ
* Syllabification: -ing

### Suffix

-ing (proper noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜅ᜔)
* diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.

#### Derived terms

* Tagalog terms suffixed with -ing bading Berting bosing buking Crising dalaginding Feling gining guwaping Karding Loleng Maning Narding pabling Pedring Ponching Puring Rosing Seniang tabatsing Tonying Trining tsikiting usbing wating Yoling

### See also

* -ay
* -ita
* -ito
* -ng
* -oy

## Uzbek
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Suffix

-ing
* second-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant
    Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

#### Usage notes

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.