# run
## Translingual
### Symbol

run
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Kirundi.

## English
### Alternative forms

* rin, ren (dialectal)

### Etymology

From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen, yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).
Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), Alemannic German ränne (“to run”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Rhein, Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

### Pronunciation

* (General American, UK) IPA: /ɹʌn/
** Audio (US):(file)
** Audio:(file)
** Audio (General Australian):(file)
* (Northern England, Ireland) IPA: /ɹʊn/
* Rhymes: -ʌn

### Verb

run (third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run or (nonstandard, colloquial) ran)
* To move swiftly.
** (intransitive) To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot. (Compare walk.)
    Run, Sarah, run!
*** 1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 122:Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.
*** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
** (intransitive) To go at a fast pace; to move quickly.
    I have been running all over the building looking for him.
    Sorry, I've got to run; my house is on fire!
*** 1965, Ed Cobb, “Tainted Love”, in Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret‎, performed by Soft Cell, published 1981:Once I ran to you (I ran) / Now I run from you / This tainted love you've given / I give you all a boy could give you
** (transitive) To cover (a course or a distance) by running.
    I can run a mile, but I can't run the cross-country course.
** (transitive) To complete a running course or event in (a given time).
    I was hoping to make the team, but I didn't run the qualifying time.
** (intransitive) To move briskly or smoothly with a motion of sliding, rolling, sweeping etc.
    The shuttle runs back and forth on these rollers.
    As its name suggests, the monorail runs on a single rail.
    I felt her fingers running over my cheek.
** (transitive) To cause to move quickly or lightly.
    Every day I run my dog across the field and back.
    I'll just run the vacuum cleaner over the carpet.
    Run your fingers through my hair.
*** 1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:Challenger and I ran Summerlee along, one at each of his elbows, while Lord John covered our retreat, firing again and again as savage heads snarled at us out of the bushes.
** (transitive or intransitive) To compete in a race.
    The horse will run in the Preakness next year.
    I'm not ready to run a marathon.
    The car could not be repaired in time for the race and did not run.
** (transitive) To transport (someone or something), notionally at a brisk pace.
    Could you run me over to the store?
    Please run this report upstairs to director's office.
** (transitive, intransitive) Of a means of transportation: to travel (a route).
    The bus (train, plane, ferry boat, etc) runs between Newport and Riverside.
*** 1997, Karl-Heinz Reger, Nelles Verlag Staff, Malaysia - Singapore - Brunei, Hunter Publishing, Inc, →ISBN, page 91:Small planes run between Alor and Langkawi. BUS: Express busses leave the bus terminal on the corner of Jl. Langgar and Jl. Stesyen for K. Kedah, […]
*** 2013 April 15, Mary Ann Sternberg, Along the River Road: Past and Present on Louisiana's Historic Byway, LSU Press, →ISBN, page 62:The first steam ferry or tug, the Little Minnie, ran the river in the 1870s. When vehicles were to cross, a barge was affixed to the Minnie to carry them.
** (transitive) To cause (a vehicle) to travel a route
*** 2024 11, David Peter Alan, “NJ Transit Runs Special Trains to “Railroad Museum [for a day]””, in Lackawanna Coalition Railgram‎:This year, NJ Transit allowed nonmotorists […] } to reach the event by running special trains every 2 hours 4 round trips). The location was the old Lackawanna Railroad freight house, about a 10-minute walk from the Boonton Station, which normally has service only during peak-commuting hours on weekdays.
** (transitive) To transit (a length of a river), as in whitewater rafting.
*** 1979, United States. Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Region, Piedra River: Final Environmental Impact Statement & Wild & Scenic River Study, page 74:To put it frankly, if you people had to hire others to run the river and survey it for you, if, in short, you can't even run it yourself, why do think you can decide who is and who is not competent? River running, as has been […]
** (intransitive) Of fish, to migrate for spawning.
** (American football, transitive or intransitive) To carry (a football) down the field, as opposed to passing or kicking.
*** 2019 December 29, Chad Finn, “24 thoughts on the Patriots’ loss to the Dolphins”, in Boston Globe‎:Then, on their second possession, Isaiah Ford ran for 11 yards after abandoning a flea flicker. [...] The Patriots ran the ball just 27 times despite averaging 5 yards per carry.
** (Should we delete this sense?) (transitive) To achieve or perform by running or as if by running.
    The horse ran a great race.
** (intransitive) To flee from a danger or towards help.
    Whenever things get tough, she cuts and runs.
    When he's broke, he runs to me for money.
    When the alarm went off, the thief dropped the booty and ran.
** (figurative, transitive) To pass (without stopping), typically a stop signal, stop sign, or duty to yield the right of way.
    The car in front just ran a red light.
    If you have a collision with a vehicle oncoming from the right, after having run priority to the right, you are at fault.
** (transitive, juggling, colloquial) To juggle a pattern continuously, as opposed to starting and stopping quickly.
* (fluids) To flow.
** (intransitive) Of a liquid, to flow.
    The river runs through the forest.
    There's blood running down your leg.
** (intransitive, figuratively) To move or spread quickly.
    There's a strange story running around the neighborhood.
    The flu is running through my daughter's kindergarten.
** (intransitive) Of an object, to have a liquid flowing from it.
    Your nose is running.
    Why is the hose still running?
** (transitive) To make a liquid flow; to make liquid flow from or into an object.
    You'll have to run the water a while before it gets hot.
    Could you run a bath for me, please?
** (intransitive) To become liquid; to melt.
*** 1717 [a. 18 CE], Ovid, translated by Joseph Addison, Ovid's Metamorphoses in fifteen books. Translated by the most eminent hands. Adorn'd with sculptures‎, Book the Third, The Story of Narcissus, page 92:As Wax dissolves, as Ice begins to run,
*** 1729, John Woodward, An Attempt Towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England, Tome I, page 223:The Sussex ores run pretty freely in the Fire for Iron-Ores; otherwise they would hardly be worth working.
** (intransitive) To leak or spread in an undesirable fashion; to bleed (especially used of dye or paint).
    During washing, the red from the rug ran onto the white sheet, staining it pink.
** To fuse; to shape; to mould; to cast.
    to run bullets
*** 1718, Henry Felton, A Dissertation on Reading the Classics, and Forming a Just Style‎, page 6:But, my Lord, the fairest Diamonds are rough till they are polished, and the purest Gold must be run and washed, and sifted in the Oar.
* (nautical, of a vessel) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing close-hauled.
* (transitive) To control or manage; to be in charge of.
    My uncle ran a corner store for forty years.
    She runs the fundraising.
    My parents think they run my life.
    He is running the candidate's expensive campaign.
** 1972 December 29, Richard Schickel, “Masterpieces underrated and overlooked”, in Life, volume 73, number 25, page 22:A friend of mine who runs an intellectual magazine was grousing about his movie critic, complaining that though the fellow had liked The Godfather (page 58), he had neglected to label it clearly as a masterpiece.
** 2013 May 11, “What a waste”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 12:India is run by gerontocrats and epigones: grey hairs and groomed heirs.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
* (intransitive) To be a candidate in an election.
    I have decided to run for governor of California.
    We're trying to find somebody to run against him next year.
* To make participate in certain kinds of competitions.
** (transitive) To make enter a race.
    He ran his best horse in the Derby.
    We're running two cars in today's rally.
** (transitive) To make stand in an election.
    The Green Party is running twenty candidates in this election.
* To exert continuous activity; to proceed.
    to run through life; to run in a circle
* (intransitive) To be presented in the media.
    The story will run on the 6-o'clock news.
    The latest Robin Williams movie is running at the Silver City theatre.
    Her picture ran on the front page of the newspaper.
* (transitive) To print or broadcast in the media.
    run a story; run an ad
* (transitive) To smuggle (illegal goods).
    to run guns; to run rum
** 1728, Jonathan Swift, “An answer to a paper, called A memorial of the poor inhabitants, tradesmen, and labourers of the kingdom of Ireland”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 175:[...]whereas in the business of laying heavy impositions two and two never made more than one ; which happens by lessening the import, and the strong temptation of running such goods as paid high duties
* (transitive, agriculture) To sort through a large volume of produce in quality control.
    Looks like we're gonna have to run the tomatoes again.
* To extend or persist, statically or dynamically, through space or time.
** (intransitive) To extend in space or through a range (often with a measure phrase).
    The border runs for 3000 miles.
    The leash runs along a wire.
    The grain of the wood runs to the right on this table.
    It ran in quality from excellent to substandard.
** (intransitive) To extend in time, to last, to continue (usually with a measure phrase).
    The sale will run for ten days.
    The contract runs through 2008.
    The meeting ran late.
    The book runs 655 pages.
    The speech runs as follows: …
** (transitive) To make (something) extend in space.
    I need to run this wire along the wall.
** (intransitive) Of a machine, including computer programs, to be operating or working normally.
    My car stopped running.
    That computer runs twenty-four hours a day.
    The buses don't run on Sundays.
** (transitive) To make a machine operate.
    It's full. You can run the dishwasher now.
    Don't run the engine so fast.
* (transitive) To execute or carry out a plan, procedure, or program.
    They ran twenty blood tests on me and they still don't know what's wrong.
    Our coach had us running plays for the whole practice.
    I will run the sample.
    Don't run that software unless you have permission.
    My computer is too old to run the new OS.
* To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation.
    to run from one subject to another
** 1697, Joseph Addison, “An essay on the Georgics”, in The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis‎, by John Dryden:Virgil was so well acquainted with this Secret, that to set off his first Georgic, he has run into a set of Precepts, which are almost foreign to his Subject,
* (copulative) To become different in a way mentioned (usually to become worse).
    Our supplies are running low.
    They frequently overspent and soon ran into debt.
** 1712, Joseph Addison, Cato, a Tragedy, act IV, scene i:Have I not cause to rave, and beat my breast, / To rend my heart with grief and run distracted?
** 1968, Paul Simon, “The Boxer”:I was no more than a boy / In the company of strangers / In the quiet of the railway station / Running scared.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
* (transitive) To cost an amount of money.
    Buying a new laptop will run you a thousand dollars.
    Laptops run about a thousand dollars apiece.
* (intransitive) Of stitches or stitched clothing, to unravel.
    My stocking is running.
* (transitive) To cause stitched clothing to unravel.
** 1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure
    He took off the nylons & had runned one. He said "now I really look like a street whore!"
* To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation.
** 1692, Robert South, “Discourse I. The creation of man in God’s image”, in Discourses on Various Subjects and Occasions‎, published 1827, page 1:To run the world back to its first original and infancy, and, as it were, to view nature in its cradle,
** 1695, Jeremy Collier, “A Thought”, in Miscellanies upon Moral Subjects by Jeremy Collier‎, page 88:Methinks, if it might be, I would gladly understand the Formation of a Soul, run it up to its Punctum Saliens, and see it beat the first conscious Pulse.
* To cause to enter; to thrust.
    to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into one's foot
** 1814, Sir Walter Scott, Waverley:“You run your head into the lion's mouth,” answered Mac-Ivor.
** 1844, Charles Dickens, The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit:With that he took off his great-coat, and having run his fingers through his hair, thrust one hand gently in the bosom of his waistcoat
** 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:There was also hairdressing: hairdressing, too, really was hairdressing in those times — no running a comb through it and that was that. It was curled, frizzed, waved, put in curlers overnight, waved with hot tongs; […].
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
* To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 27:41:They ran the ship aground.
** 1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation:[...]besides all this, a talkative person must needs be impertinent, and speak many idle words, and so render himself burdensome and odious to Company, and may perchance run himself upon great Inconveniences, by blabbing out his own or other’s Secrets;
** 1706, John Locke, Of the Conduct of the Understanding‎, Section 24. Partiality:[...]and others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions and the abstract generalities of logic ;
* To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine.
    to run a line
* (transitive) To encounter or incur (a danger or risk).
    to run the risk of losing one's life
** 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Friendship”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:He runneth two dangers.
* (transitive, obsolete) To put at hazard; to venture; to risk.
** 1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the [Sheldonian] Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them.
* (transitive, obsolete) To tease with sarcasms and ridicule.
* To sew (a seam) by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time.
* To control or have precedence in a card game.
    Every three or four hands he would run the table.
* To be in form thus, as a combination of words.
** 1722 [1647], Robert Sanderson, translated by Thomas Lewis, A Preservative Against Schism and Rebellion, in the Most Trying Times‎, volume 1, translation of De juramenti promissorii obligatione, page 355:Which Sovereignty, with us, ſo undoubtedly reſideth in the Perſon of the King, that his ordinary Style runneth — Our Sovereign Lord the King: […]
** 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:The departure was not unduly prolonged. In the road Mr. Love and the driver favoured the company with a brief chanty running: “Got it?—No, I ain't, 'old on,—Got it? Got it?—No, 'old on sir.”
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:run.
* (archaic) To be popularly known; to be generally received.
** c. 1685, William Temple, Upon the Gardens of Epicurus‎, published 1908, page 27:[...]great captains, and even consular men, who first brought them over, took pride in giving them their own names (by which they run a great while in Rome)
** 1603, Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes, […], London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC:Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himselfe.
* To have growth or development.
    Boys and girls run up rapidly.
** 1707, J[ohn] Mortimer, The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC:or the Richness of the Ground cause them [turnips] to run too much to Leaves
* To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline.
** 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Nature in Men”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds.
** 1708, Jonathan Swift, “The Sentiments of a Church-of-England Man with respect to Religion and Government”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 235:It hath been observed, that the temperate climates usually run into moderate governments, and the extremes into despotic power.
* To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company.
    Certain covenants run with the land.
** c. 1665, Josiah Child, Discourse on Trade:Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.
* To encounter or suffer (a particular, usually bad, fate or misfortune).
** 1748, [Samuel Richardson], chapter 8, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume I, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], →OCLC:Don't let me run the fate of all who show indulgence to your sex […].
* (golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole.
* (video games, rare) To speedrun.
* (sports, especially baseball) To eject from a game or match.
    Jackson got himself run in the top of the sixth for arguing a borderline strike three call.
* To press (a bank, etc.) with immediate demands for payment.

#### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

#### Derived terms

* also-ran
* bank-run
* hit-and-run
* overrun
* re-run
* robin-run-in-the-hedge
* runaround
* runaway
* run-down
* run-in
* runner
* runner-up
* runny
* run-off
* run-of-the-mill
* runtime
* run-up
* runway
* uprun
* well-run
* a lie can run around the world before the truth can get its boots on
* bump and run
* clock is running
* close-run
* cut and run
* end run
* family-run
* front run
* front runner
* grab and run
* hard-run
* hit and run
* hit-run
* hit the ground running
* hold with the hare and run with the hounds
* in the running
* jayrun
* jump and run
* knock and run
* know how to walk before one can run
* learn to walk before one can run
* look like who did it and ran
* lose the run of oneself
* make someone's blood run cold
* make the blood run cold
* marble run
* milk run
* mole run
* monkey run
* Naruto run
* never change a running system
* no horse run
* off and running
* one can run but one can't hide
* one's blood runs cold
* one's race is run
* out of the running
* pay run
* pick up the ball and run with it
* proverbs run in pairs
* re-run
* robin-run-in-the-grass
* robin-run-the-hedge
* run a bath
* run about
* run about with
* run across
* run adrift
* run a fever
* run afoul
* run afoul of
* run after
* run against
* run aground
* run ahead
* run along
* run a mile
* run amok
* run amuck
* run a muck
* run and gun
* run-and-gun
* run and repeat
* run an errand
* run a red light
* run a risk
* run around
* run around after
* run around in circles
* run around like a chicken with its head cut off
* run around with
* run around with one's hair on fire
* run at
* run a temperature
* run a train
* run at the mouth
* run away
* run away from
* run away together
* run away with
* run back
* run barefoot through
* run batted in
* run before
* run behind
* run by
* run circles around
* run circles round
* run counter
* run deep
* run, don't walk
* run down
* run down the clock
* run dry
* run errands
* run for cover
* run for it
* run for one's life
* run for one's money
* run for the exercise
* run for the hills
* run for the roses
* run from the tongue
* run game on
* run hands
* run high
* run hot
* run hot and cold
* run in
* run in circles
* run interference
* run in the family
* run into
* run into a brick wall
* run into one
* run into the ground
* run in with
* run its course
* run it up
* run late
* run like a dry creek
* run like a top
* run lines
* run low
* run mad
* run nowhere
* run off
* run off at the mouth
* run off on
* run off one's mouth
* run off the tongue
* run off with
* run of the mill
* run on
* run on empty
* run one on
* run one's face
* run one's mouth
* run one's mouth off
* run one's name
* run on fumes
* run out
* run out of gas
* run out of road
* run out of steam
* run out of town
* run out on
* run out the clock
* run over
* run past
* run rampant
* run rate
* run rings around
* run rings round
* run riot
* run roughshod over
* run round in circles
* run scared
* run sheep run
* run short
* run someone off their feet
* run someone ragged
* run someone's file
* run something up the flagpole
* run the clock down
* run the gamut
* run the gauntlet
* run the guard
* run the risk
* run the rule over
* run the show
* run the table
* run thin
* run through
* run through the garden
* run time
* run to
* run to earth
* run to fat
* run to ground
* run to seed
* run to the ground
* run to the hills
* run to waste
* run up
* run up against
* run up in
* run up in it
* run up on
* run upon sorts
* run up the score
* run-walk
* run wild
* run with
* run with scissors
* run with the hare and hunt with the hounds
* scoop and run
* scud run
* snatch and run
* someone's blood runs cold
* start a hare running
* state-run
* still water runs deep
* still waters run deep
* stop and run
* take the ball and run with it
* that dog don't run
* the course of true love never did run smooth
* up and running
* way to run a railroad
* you can't run with the hare and hunt with the hounds
* you don't miss the water till the well runs dry
* you never miss the water till the well runs dry
* you never miss the water until the well runs dry

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Noun

run (plural runs)
* Act or instance of running, of moving rapidly using the feet.
    I just got back from my morning run.
** 2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport‎:Krohn-Dehli took advantage of a lucky bounce of the ball after a battling run on the left flank by Simon Poulsen, dummied two defenders and shot low through goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg's legs after 24 minutes.
* Act or instance of hurrying (to or from a place) (not necessarily on foot); dash or errand, trip.
** 1759, N. Tindal, The Continuation of Mr Rapin's History of England, volume 21 (continuation volume 9), page 92:
    […] and on the 18th of January this squadron put to sea. The first place of rendezvous was the boy of port St. Julian, upon the coast of Patagonia, and all accidents were provided against with admirable foresight. Their run to port St. Julian was dangerous […]
** 1987 April 25, Kim Westheimer, “A Black Gay Fireman's Story”, in Gay Community News, page 1:Jackson said the white firefighters attempted to make him and other Black firefighters miss runs by not waking them up along with everyone else.
    I need to make a run to the store.
* A pleasure trip.
    Let's go for a run in the car.
** 1842 December – 1844 July, Charles Dickens, chapter 30, in The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1844, →OCLC:And I think of giving her a run in London for a change.
* Flight, instance or period of fleeing.
** 2006, Tsirk Susej, The Demonic Bible, →ISBN, page 41:During his run from the police, he claimed to have a metaphysical experience which can only be described as “having passed through an abyss.”
* Migration of fish.
* A group of fish that migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.
* A literal or figurative path or course for movement relating to:
** A (regular) trip or route.
    The bus on the Cherry Street run is always crowded.
*** 1977, Star Wars (film)
    You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon? It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs.
** The route taken while running or skiing.
    Which run did you do today?
** (skiing, bobsledding) A single trip down a hill, as in skiing and bobsledding.
** The distance sailed by a ship.
    a good run; a run of fifty miles
** A voyage.
    a run to China
** A trial.
    The data got lost, so I'll have to perform another run of the experiment.
** (mathematics, computing) The execution of a program or model
    This morning's run of the SHIPS statistical model gave Hurricane Priscilla a 74% chance of gaining at least 30 knots of intensity in 24 hours, reconfirmed by the HMON and GFS dynamical models.
** (video games, speedrunning) A playthrough, or attempted playthrough; a session of play.
    This was my first successful run without losing any health.
    That NPC bugged out and killed my run.
* Unrestricted use. Only used in have the run of.
    He can have the run of the house.
* An enclosure for an animal; a track or path along which something can travel.
    He set up a rabbit run.
* (Australia, New Zealand) A rural landholding for farming, usually for running sheep, and operated by a runholder.
* State of being current; currency; popularity.
** 1715 June 5 (Gregorian calendar), Joseph Addison, “The Free-holder: No. 45. Wednesday, May 25. [1715.]”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; […], volume IV, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], published 1721, →OCLC:It is impossible for detached papers[...] to have a general run, or long continuance, if they are not diversified[...].
* Something continuous or sequential.
** A continuous period (of time) marked by a trend; a period marked by a continuing trend.
    I’m having a run of bad luck.
*** 1782 Frances Burney Cecilia
    “ […] had had the preceding night an uncommon run of luck”.
    He went to Las Vegas and spent all his money over a three-day run.
*** 1795–1797, Edmund Burke, “(please specify |letter=1 to 4)”, in, London: [Rivington]:They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure [...] put a seal on their calamities.
*** 2011 June 28, Piers Newbery, “Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport‎:German wildcard Sabine Lisicki conquered her nerves to defeat France's Marion Bartoli and take her amazing Wimbledon run into the semi-finals.
** A series of tries in a game that were successful.
    If our team can keep up their strong defense, expect them to make a run in this tournament.
** A production quantity (such as in a factory).
    Yesterday we did a run of 12,000 units.
    The book’s initial press run will be 5,000 copies.
** The period of showing of a play, film, TV series, etc.
    The run of the show lasted two weeks, and we sold out every night.
    It is the last week of our French cinema run.
*** 1856 February, [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “Oliver Goldsmith”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC:A canting, mawkish play [...] had an immense run.
** (slang) A period of extended (usually daily) drug use.
*** 1964, The Velvet Underground, Heroin:And I'll tell ya, things aren't quite the same / When I'm rushing on my run.
*** 1975, Lloyd Y. Young, Mary Anne Koda-Kimble, Brian S. Katcher, Applied Therapeutics for Clinical Pharmacists:Frank Fixwell, a 25 year-old male, has been on a heroin "run" (daily use) for the past two years.
*** 1977, Richard P. Rettig, Manual J. Torres, Gerald R. Garrett, Manny: a criminal-addict's story, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) →ISBN
    I was hooked on dope, and hooked bad, during this whole period, but I was also hooked behind robbery. When you're on a heroin run, you stay loaded so long as you can score.
*** 2001, Robin J. Harman, Handbook of Pharmacy Health Education, Pharmaceutical Press, →ISBN, page 172:This can develop quite quickly (over a matter of hours) during a cocaine run or when cocaine use becomes a daily habit.
*** 2010, Robert DuPont, The Selfish Brain: Learning from Addiction, Hazelden Publishing, →ISBN, page 158:DA depletion leads to the crash that characteristically ends a cocaine run.
** (card games) A sequence of cards in a suit in a card game.
** (music) A rapid passage in music, especially along a scale.
* A flow of liquid; a leak.
    The constant run of water from the faucet annoys me.
    a run of must in wine-making
    the first run of sap in a maple orchard
* (chiefly eastern North Midland US, especially Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) A small creek or part thereof. (Compare Southern US branch and New York and New England brook.)
    The military campaign near that creek was known as "The battle of Bull Run".
* A quick pace, faster than a walk.
    He broke into a run.
** (of horses) A fast gallop.
* (banking) A sudden series of demands on a bank or other financial institution, especially characterised by great withdrawals.
    Financial insecurity led to a run on the banks, as customers feared for the security of their savings.
* Any sudden large demand for something.
    There was a run on Christmas presents.
* Various horizontal dimensions or surfaces
** The top of a step on a staircase, also called a tread, as opposed to the rise.
** The horizontal length of a set of stairs
** (construction) Horizontal dimension of a slope.
* A standard or unexceptional group or category.
    He stood out from the usual run of applicants.
* In sports
** (baseball) A score when a runner touches all bases legally; the act of a runner scoring.
** (cricket) The act of passing from one wicket to another; the point scored for this.
** (American football) A running play.
    [...] one of the greatest runs of all time.
*** 2003, Jack Seibold, Spartan Sports Encyclopedia, page 592:Aaron Roberts added an insurance touchdown on a one-yard run.
** (golf) The movement communicated to a golf ball by running it.
** (golf) The distance a ball travels after touching the ground from a stroke.
** The distance drilled with a bit, in oil drilling.
*** 1832, Records and Briefs of the United States Supreme Court, page 21:Well, when you compare the cone type with the cross roller bit, you get a longer run, there is less tendency of the bit to go flat while running in various formations. It cleans itself better.
* A line of knit stitches that have unravelled, particularly in a nylon stocking.
    I have a run in my stocking.
** 1975, Joni Mitchell, “The Boho Dance”, in The Hissing of Summer Lawns:A camera pans the cocktail hour / Behind a blind of potted palms / And finds a lady in a Paris dress / With runs in her nylons
* (nautical) The stern of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward.
* (mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by licence of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.
* A pair or set of millstones.

#### Synonyms

* (horizontal part of a step): tread
* (unravelling): ladder (British)
* (computing): execute, start
* See also Thesaurus:walk

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “horizontal part of a step”): rise, riser
* (antonym(s) of “horizontal distance of a set of stairs”): rise

#### Derived terms

* against the run of play
* all-run four
* a run for one's money
* at a run
* bank run
* beer run
* bombing run
* break into a run
* bull run
* cannonball run
* cannonball rune
* captain's run
* chicken run
* common run
* corpse run
* dead run
* dice run
* dog run
* drink run
* drug run
* dry run
* dummy run
* earned run
* end run
* fowl-run
* free run
* fun run
* get a run on
* good run
* hacking run
* hash run
* have the run of
* hen run
* home run
* horizontal run
* ice run
* in the long run
* in the short run
* land run
* let go by the run
* long run
* long run for a short slide
* maiden run
* make a run for it
* marble run
* midnight run
* milk run
* mill run
* mole run
* monkey run
* mud run
* Naruto run
* net run rate
* nude run
* nudie run
* on the run
* payrun
* pig run
* poker run
* practice run
* pressrun
* print run
* rat run
* required run rate
* rise over run
* river run
* Rock Run
* run book
* run chase
* run feast
* run-flat
* run for the money
* run game
* runholder
* run-length encoding
* run of house
* run of month
* run of paper
* run of play
* run of press
* run of station
* run of the ball
* run of the balls
* run-of-the-river
* run of week
* run of year
* run-on
* run on the bank
* run on the banks
* runout
* runpast
* run point
* run sheet
* run tee
* run-through
* run year
* school run
* sheep-run
* short run
* short-run
* showrun
* shuttle run
* ski run
* solo run
* speed run
* take a run at
* test run
* the run of
* the runs
* thunder run
* tippity runs
* trial run
* ultrarun
* undie run
* visa run

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### See also

* (computer science): trajectory

### Adjective

run (not comparable)
* In a liquid state; melted or molten.
    Put some run butter on the vegetables.
** 1921, L. W. Ferris, H. W. Redfield, W. R. North, “The Volatile Acids and the Volatile Oxidizable Substances of Cream and Experimental Butter”, in Journal of Dairy Science, volume 4, page 522:Samples of the regular run butter were sealed in 1 pound tins and sent to Washington, where the butter was scored and examined.
* Cast in a mould.
** 1735, Thomas Frankz, A tour through France, Flanders, and Germany: in a letter to Robert Savil, page 18:[...] the Sides are generally made of Holland's Tiles, or Plates of run Iron, ornamented variously as Fancy dictates, [...]
** 1833, The Cabinet Cyclopaedia: A treatise on the progressive improvement and present state of the Manufactures in Metal, volume 2, Iron and Steel (printed in London), page 314:
    Vast quantities are cast in sand moulds, with that kind of run steel which is so largely used in the production of common table-knives and forks.
** c. 1839, (Richard of Raindale, The Plan of my House vindicated, quoted by) T. T. B. in the Dwelling of Richard of Raindale, King of the Moors, published in The Mirror, number 966, 7 September 1839, page 153:
    For making tea I have a kettle,
    Besides a pan made of run metal;
    An old arm-chair, in which I sit well —
    The back is round.
* Exhausted; depleted (especially with "down" or "out").
* (of a zoology) Travelled, migrated; having made a migration or a spawning run.
** 1889, Henry Cholmondeley-Pennell, Fishing: Salmon and Trout, fifth edition, page 185:The temperature of the water is consequently much higher than in either England or Scotland, and many newly run salmon will be found in early spring in the upper waters of Irish rivers where obstructions exist.
** 1986, Arthur Oglesby, Fly fishing for salmon and sea trout, page 15:It may be very much a metallic appearance as opposed to the silver freshness of a recently run salmon.
** 2005, Rod Sutterby, Malcolm Greenhalgh, Atlantic Salmon: An Illustrated Natural History, page 86:Thus, on almost any day of the year, a fresh-run salmon may be caught legally somewhere in the British Isles.
* Smuggled.
    run brandy

### Verb

run
* past participle of rin

### Anagrams

* Nur, URN, nur, urn

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

run
* inflection of runnen:
** first-person singular present indicative
** (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
** imperative

## Gothic
### Romanization

run
* Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌽

## Mandarin
### Romanization

run
* Nonstandard spelling of rún.
* Nonstandard spelling of rùn.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Norman
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

run m (plural runs)
* (nautical) beam (of a ship)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* rón f, rjón n (dialectal)

### Etymology

From Old Norse rún f (“rune, secret”), from Proto-Norse *ᚱᚢᚾᚢ (*runu /⁠rūnu⁠/), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō. Akin to English roun (“secret; rune”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rʉːn/

### Noun

run f (definite singular runa, indefinite plural runer, definite plural runene)
* witchcraft
    taka run på ein ― use witchcraft on someone
** 1911, Torkell Mauland, Trolldom [Witchcraft], page 147:Han [Johan] hadde den hausten lege i trætta med Omund Horpestad um ein kvernastad, og daa hadde han truga med at han skulde taka run paa Omund. So sa i minsto Omund Horpestad daa han bad lensmannen, Mons Øksnavad, stemna Johans til Haugs-tinget ²⁷/₁₁ 1650.He [Johans] had that autumn been in a quarrel with Omund Horpestad about a milling place, and had then threatened with using witchcraft on Omund. This is at least what Omund Horpestad told when he asked the sheriff, Mons Øksnavad, to subpoena Johans to the Haugating at 27th November 1650.
* (chiefly in the plural):
** secret or magic aids
** rune (a letter of runic alphabet)
    Synonym: rune f

#### Derived terms

* bergeruner
* fjetringruner
* runa
* runeblad
* runebok
* runebokstav
* runebumme, runebomme (“Sámi drum”)
* runebøn
* runedropar (“love potion”)
* runeeple
* runefinn (“Sámi person that practices wizardry”)
* runefolk
* runegransking
* runeinnskrift (“rune inscription”)
* runekall, runekar (“wizard”)
* runekjend
* runekjerring
* runekjevle (“rolling pin with rune inscriptions”)
* runekone
* runekonge
* runekunst
* runekvad
* runekvedar
* runelærdom
* runemann
* runemeister
* runemål
* runeord
* runerekkje (“rune alphabet”)
* runering
* runeristar
* runeråd
* runeskrift (“rune writing”)
* runespegel
* runestav
* runestein (“rune stone”)
* runesvevn
* runeteikn
* runetull
* runevers
* runevise
* runing, runeri

#### Related terms

Female given names:
* Alvrun
* Dagrun
* Fastrun
* Gudrun
* Kristrun
* Myrun
* Oddrun
* Olrun
* Runa
* Runbjørg
* Runfrid
* Runhild
* Sigrun
* Solrun
* Svanrun
* Trudrun
* Ulvrun
* Vardrun
* Verun
* Øyrun
Male given names:
* Runalv
* Runar
* Runbjørn
* Rune
* Runfast
* Rungisl
* Runing, Ryning
* Runke
* Runolv, Runulv
* Runstein
* Runvid

### References

* “Runer” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *rūnu. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ruːn/

### Noun

rūn f
* whisper
* rune
* mystery, secret
* advice
* writing

#### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

#### Derived terms

* ġerȳne
* rūnere
* rūnian

#### Descendants

* Middle English: roun
** Scots: rune, roun, round
** English: roun, round

### See also

* dierne (adjective)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrun/
* Rhymes: -un
* Syllabification: run

### Noun

run n
* genitive plural of runo

### Noun

run f
* genitive plural of runa

### Anagrams

* urn

## Spanish
### Noun

run m (plural runes)
* (Honduras) armadillo

### Further reading

* “run”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Vietnamese
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *-ruːn.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [zun˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʐun˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Verb

run • (惇, 慵, 敦, 𢹈)
* to tremble, to shiver (due to cold)

#### Derived terms

* rét run
* run rẩy
* run sợ

#### Related terms

* rung (“to shake”)

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾũ̀/

#### Verb

rùn
* to smell; to stink

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾṹ/

#### Verb

rún
* to crumble; to shatter
    Ó ti rún wómúwómú ― It has completely crumbled
* to chew
    Mo fẹ́ rún obì ― I want to chew a kola nut
* to crinkle; to be wrinkled
    Ṣé ẹ̀wù mi ti rún? ― Are my clothes creased?

##### Derived terms

* èérún (“crumb”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾṹ/

#### Verb

rún
* to tan (leather)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾũ̄/

#### Verb

run
* to destroy; to ruin
* to perish

##### Derived terms

* runlé-rùnnà
* àkúrun (“extinction”)
* ìparun (“destruction”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾũ̄/

#### Verb

run
* (with inú) to ache
    Inú ń rún un. ― Her stomach is aching.