# meng-
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay meng-, from Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /məŋ/
* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

mêng
* transitive verbal prefix for active subject or agent focus, specifically it indicates that there is an agent doing the action of the transitive verb; not used when the sentence is direct imperative, or when the clause is defining relative with the patient in the front of the sentence
    ‎meng- + ‎atur → ‎mengatur (“to arrange; arranges; arranging”)
    ‎meng- + ‎baca (“to read”) → ‎membaca (“to read; reads; reading”)
    ‎meng- + ‎cabut → ‎mencabut (“to remove; removes; removing”)
    ‎meng- + ‎derma (“donation”) → ‎menderma (“to donate; donates; donating”)
    ‎meng- + ‎elak → ‎mengelak (“to avoid; avoids; avoiding”)
    ‎meng- + ‎paham → ‎memahami (“to understand; understands; understanding”)
    ‎meng- + ‎fitnah → ‎memfitnah (“to lie; lies; lying (about someone)”)
    ‎meng- + ‎gali → ‎menggali (“to dig; digs; digging”)
    ‎meng- + ‎hantar → ‎menghantar (“to deliver; delivers; delivering”)
    ‎meng- + ‎ikat (“tie”) → ‎mengikat (“to tie; ties; tying”)
    ‎meng- + ‎jolok → ‎menjolok (“to poke; pokes; poking”)
    ‎meng- + ‎kira → ‎mengira (“to count; counts; counting”)
    ‎meng- + ‎lamar → ‎melamar (“to propose; proposes; proposing”)
    ‎meng- + ‎makan (“to eat”) → ‎memakan (“to eat; eats; eating”)
    ‎meng- + ‎nyanyi → ‎menyanyi (“to sing; sings; singing”)
    ‎meng- + ‎olah → ‎mengolah (“to edit; edits; editing”)
    ‎meng- + ‎pukul → ‎memukul (“to hit; hits; hitting”)
    ‎meng- + ‎rawat → ‎merawat (“to treat; treats; treating”)
    ‎meng- + ‎sapu → ‎menyapu (“to sweep; sweep; sweeping”)
    ‎meng- + ‎tambah → ‎menambah (“to add; adds; adding”)
    ‎meng- + ‎urus → ‎mengurus (“to manage; manages; managing”)
    ‎meng- + ‎bom (“bomb”) → ‎mengebom (“to bomb; bombs; bombing”)
* intransitive verbal prefix of a nominal root
** to become as the root
    ‎meng- + ‎batu (“stone”) → ‎membatu (“to become a stone”)
** to function as the root, or to become similar as the root
    ‎meng- + ‎supir (“driver”) → ‎menyupir (“to become a supir (“driver”), to drive”)
** to consume the root
    ‎meng- + ‎rokok (“cigarette”) → ‎merokok (“to consume a cigarette, to smoke”)
** to go toward the root
    ‎meng- + ‎laut (“sea”) → ‎melaut (“to go toward sea, to sail”)
** (dated) to gather the root
    ‎meng- + ‎damar (“resin”) → ‎mendamar (“to gather the resin”)
    ‎meng- + ‎rotan (“rattan”) → ‎merotan
    ‎meng- + ‎rumput (“grass”) → ‎merumput
** to sound as the root
* intransitive verbal prefix of an adjectival root
** to become as the root
** to give effect as the root
* (unproductive) intransitive verbal prefix of an numeral root
    ‎meng- + ‎satu (“one”) → ‎menyatu (“to become one”)
    ‎meng- + ‎dua (“two”) → ‎mendua

#### Usage notes

* Along with the prefix peng-, this prefix are affected by initial consonant mutations.
* The standard forms are shown in the list below:
** me- (IPA: /mə/, before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /j/ ⟨y⟩.)
** mem- (IPA: /məm/, before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/, except initial per-, will remove initial /p/)
** men- (IPA: /mən/, before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d/, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, /t/, and /z/, will remove initial /t/.)
** meng- (IPA: /məŋ/, before initials of /g/, /h/, /k/ and all vowels /a/, /ə/ ⟨e⟩, /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ ⟪é⟫, /i/, /o/, /u/, will sometimes remove initial /k/.)
** menge- (IPA: /məŋə/, before monosyllabic roots.)
** meny- (IPA: /məɲ/, before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/.)
** Such initial consonant losses are known as kaidah KPST "KPST rule", and those beginning in consonant clusters can be optionally undeleted as a form of non-standard spelling (program → memrogram, memprogram; kritik → mengritik, mengkritik, stabil → menytabilkan, menstabilkan). Note that the medial consonant clusters -mr-, -ngr- /ŋr/, -nyt- /ɲt/ is somewhat unusual, but the first forms are usually less common than second ones.
* The colloquial forms are shown, because of Betawi n-, in the list below:
** n-
** ng-
** nge-
* For the word mempunyai, the initial /p/ is not removed because of habit or etymological reasons.
* For the word kaji has two prefixed forms, (regular) mengaji and (irregular) mengkaji, which have different meanings. The former means "to read Quran", while the latter means "to study".

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “meng-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* me-, mem-, men-, meny-, menge-

### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.

### Pronunciation

* (with ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨ny⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨y⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /mə-/
** Written as ⟨me-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎lawan (“to fight”) → ‎melawan
* (with ⟨p⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /məm-/
** Written as ⟨mem-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or unnativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎pakai (“to wear”) → ‎memakai
    ‎meng- + ‎proses (“to process”) → ‎memproses
* (with ⟨b⟩ and ⟨f⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /məm-/
** Written as ⟨mem-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎buat (“to do; to make”) → ‎membuat
* (with ⟨t⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /mən-/
** Written as ⟨men-⟩ without initial consonant except in unnativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎telan (“to swallow”) → ‎menelan
    ‎meng- + ‎tafsir (“to interpret”) → ‎mentafsir
* (with ⟨d⟩ and ⟨z⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /mən-/
** Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎dapat (“to get”) → ‎mendapat
* (with ⟨k⟩ and vowel-initial stems)
** IPA: /məŋ-/
** Written as ⟨meng-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or non-nativized words
    ‎meng- + ‎korek (“to dig”) → ‎mengorek
    ‎meng- + ‎kritik (“to critique”) → ‎mengkritik
* (with ⟨g⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨h⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /məŋ-/
** Written as ⟨meng-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎gambarkan (“to imagine”) → ‎menggambarkan
* (with ⟨s⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /məɲ-/
*** In native or nativized words
*** Written as ⟨meny-⟩ without initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎sambut (“to celebrate”) → ‎menyambut
** IPA: /mən-/
*** In non-native or unnativized words
*** Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
*** ‎meng- + ‎stabilkan (“to stabilize”) → ‎menstabilkan
* (with ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩-initial stems)
** IPA: /məɲ-/
** Written as ⟨men-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎cari (“to search for”) → ‎mencari
* (with monosyllabic stems)
** IPA: /məŋə-/
** Written as ⟨menge-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎meng- + ‎cat (“to paint”) → ‎mengecat

### Prefix

meng- (Jawi spelling مڠ-)
* Agent focus or active voice marker of a verb.
** Gives a meaning of doing an action.
*** Forms the formal active form of a transitive verb.
    ‎meng- + ‎karang (“to compose”) → ‎mengarang (formal active form of karang)
*** Letting out a voice.
    ‎meng- + ‎aum (“roar”) → ‎mengaum (“to roar”)
*** Throwing away, searching for, or collecting something.
    ‎meng- + ‎rumput (“grass”) → ‎merumput (“to cut grass”)
*** Approaching a target.
    ‎meng- + ‎tepi (“side”) → ‎menepi (“to go to one's side”)
*** Acting like or to be akin to something.
    ‎meng- + ‎bukit (“hill”) → ‎membukit (“to act like a hill”)
** Gives a meaning of stating a condition o state.
*** Living as something.
    ‎meng- + ‎bujang (“single”) → ‎membujang (“to be single”)
*** Becoming something.
    ‎meng- + ‎putih (“white”) → ‎memutih (“to whiten, to become white”)

#### Usage notes

* In everyday spoken Malay, this prefix is usually not used with transitive verbs.

#### See also

* meng- -i (active causitive or locative)
* meng- -kan (active causitive or benefactive)
* memper- (active causitive)
* di- (3rd person passive)