# est
## Translingual
### Symbol

est
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Estonian.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Estonian terms

## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛst/
* Rhymes: -ɛst

### Etymology 1

From Middle English este, from Old English ēst (“will, consent, favour”), from Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz (“favour, affection”), from Proto-Indo-European *ān- (“to notice; face, mouth”) or from *h₃neh₂- (“to bestow, offer, help; to enjoy”).
Cognate with Icelandic ást (“affection, love”), Dutch gunst (“favour, grace, courtesy, privilege”), German Gunst (“favour, goodwill, boon”), Danish yndest (“favour”), Swedish ynnest (“favour, indulgence, grace”).

#### Alternative forms

* este

#### Noun

est (usually uncountable, plural ests)
* (obsolete) Grace; favour.

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* est.

#### Adjective

est (not comparable)
* Abbreviation of established.
    Acme Manufacturing Inc., est 1952
** 2010, Julie Turjoman, Brave New Knits, page 49:Work sleeve, sl raglan marker, work in ribbing as est to cable marker

##### Derived terms

* re-est

### Etymology 3
#### Alternative forms

* EST, Est

#### Proper noun

est
* Initialism of Erhard Seminars Training, a course intended to promote satisfaction with life in the present moment, as opposed to strivings to attain it.

### Anagrams

* tes, Tse, StE, set, TSE, Set, seṭ, ETS, STE, tse, ETs, TEs, Ste, Ste., SET

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* hiu, escu

### Verb

est first-singular present indicative (third-person singular present indicative esti, past participle fute)
* to be

#### Conjugation

| past participle | past participle | past participle | fute | fute | fute | fute |
| singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| | mini | tini | nes, nese, el | noi | voi | nesh, nesi, ei / eyi, eli |
| present | est | esht | esti | him | hits | sent |

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from French est, from Old English ēast.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈest]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

est m (uncountable)
* east
    Synonyms: orient, llevant
    a l'est del paísin the east of the country

#### See also

compass points: punts cardinals:
| nord-oest nord-occidental | nord septentrional | nord-est nord-oriental |
| oest occidental | | est oriental |
| sud-oest sud-occidental | sud meridional | sud-est sud-oriental |

### Further reading

* “est” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “est”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “est” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “est” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cornish
### Etymology

From English east.

### Noun

est m
* east

#### Synonyms

* howldrehevel
* howldrevel

#### Antonyms

* gorlewin
* howlsedhes
* west

#### Derived terms

* north-est (“north-east”)
* soth-est (“south-east”)

## Corsican
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛst/
* Hyphenation: est

### Noun

est m (uncountable)
* Alternative form of este

### References

* “este, est” in INFCOR: Banca di dati di a lingua corsa

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse est, from Proto-Germanic *izi, with addition of -t from the preterite-present verbs. The Germanic form goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁ési, cognate with Latin es, Ancient Greek εἶ (eî), Sanskrit असि (ási).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛsd̥]

### Verb

est
* (archaic) present tense second-person singular of være (“(thou) art”)
** 1812, Udvalgte danske Viser fra Middelalderen, page 19:Om jeg end Engene hver Nat / I Sorgen maa betræde, / Din Magt den har mig altid fat, / Dog du est ej tilstede: ...Even if I, each night, the meadows / Must walk upon, mourningly, / Thy power always has its grip on me, / Though thou art not present: ...
** 1863, Ludvig baron Holberg, Frederik Ludvig LIEBENBERG, Vilhelm MARSTRAND, Ludvig Holbergs Peder Paars, udgivet for det Holbergske Samfund af F. L. Liebenberg, page 152:Jeg nesten gietter hvad til saadant dig har dreven: / Du est vist uden Tvivl for Døden bange bleven. / Rak, giør Dig reede strax, paa Rejsen dig begiv, / Kald Folket sammen; see, du redde kand dit Liv!I can sort of guess what has driven thee to such things: / Undoubtedly, thou art become frightened of death. / Rabble, prepare thyself straight away, commence the journey, / Call together the people; see, thou canst save thy life!

## Elfdalian
### Etymology

From Old Norse hestr, from Proto-Germanic *hanhistaz, an alternative form of *hangistaz. Compare Danish hest.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /esːt/

### Noun

est m
* horse

#### Declension
## French
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French, from Old English ēast.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛst/
* Rhymes: -ɛst

#### Adjective

est (invariable)
* east

#### Noun

est m (uncountable)
* east

#### Derived terms

* Grand Est
* heure normale de l’est

#### Descendants

* → Asturian: este
* → Catalan: est
* → Corsican: este, est
* → Galician: leste
* → Italian: est
* → Occitan: èst
* → Portuguese: este, → leste
* → Romanian: est
* → Spanish: este

#### Synonyms

* orient, levant

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle French est, from Old French est, from Latin est, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Next to Jésus-Christ, it is the only word in which silent internal s remains in modern French spelling. The expected form êt existed, but did not establish itself, in contrast to être and êtes. Possible reasons are the sheer frequency of est, its exact agreement with the Latin form, and the fact that it was usually unstressed and thus shortened.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ/, (in liaison) /ɛ.t‿/ ~ /e.t‿/
* Homophones: aie, aies, aient, ais, ait, es (general), haie, haies, hais, hait (aspirated)

#### Verb

est
* third-person singular present indicative of être

##### Alternative forms

* êt (obsolete)

##### Derived terms

* c’est

### Further reading

* “est”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* set, Ste., tes

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From the es- stem of the verb esik (“to fall”) +‎ -t (noun-forming suffix). See more at este.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛʃt]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛʃt

### Noun

est (plural estek)
* (archaic) evening, eve
    Synonym: este
* (literary, by extension) recital, show in the evening (compare French soirée (“evening activity, party”, literally “evening”))
    műsoros est ― an evening with entertainment

#### Derived terms

* esti
* estike
* dalest
* emlékest
* estebéd
* estharang
* estidő
* fogadóest
* karácsonyest
* kultúrest
* táncest

### References

* ↑ est in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN
* ↑ est in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
* ↑ Eőry, Vilma. Értelmező szótár+ (“Explanatory Dictionary Plus”). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2007. →ISBN

### Further reading

* est in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
* est in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French est, from Old English ēast.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛst/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛst
* Hyphenation: èst

### Noun

est m (invariable)
* east
    Synonyms: oriente, levante

#### Coordinate terms

compass points (Germanic-origin): punti cardinali:
| nordovest | nord | nordest |
| ovest | | est |
| sudovest | sud | sudest |

### Anagrams

* 'ste, set

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Cognate with Sanskrit अस्ति (ásti), Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí), Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (a-s-t-i-y /⁠astiy⁠/), Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒍣 (ēszi), Old Church Slavonic ѥстъ (jestŭ), Gothic 𐌹𐍃𐍄 (ist).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈest/, [ˈɛs̠t̪]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈest/, [ˈɛst̪]

#### Verb

est
* third-person singular present active indicative of sum
    Marcus agricola est. ― "Marcus is a farmer."
    Est senex. ― "He is old."
    Est puella in vīllā. ― "There is a girl in the villa."

##### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:est.

##### Derived terms

* h.e.
* i.e.
* mihi nomen est
* quid est nomen tibi

##### Descendants

* Asturian: ye
* Catalan: és
* French: est
* Galician: é
* Italian: è, este
* Portuguese: é
* Romanian: este, e
* Sardinian: est
* Spanish: es

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti; form of the verb edō (“I eat”). Cognate with Russian есть (jestʹ), Latvian ēst, Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːst/, [ˈeːs̠t̪]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈest/, [ˈɛst̪]

#### Verb

ēst
* third-person singular present active indicative of edō
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.66–67:Ēst mollis flamma medullās intereā, et tacitum vīvit sub pectore vulnus.A soft flame consumes her [Dido's] bonemarrow meanwhile, as a quiet wound lives in her chest.

##### Synonyms
### References

* “est”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Ligurian
### Noun

est m (please provide plural)
* east (cardinal point)

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* æst, este, eest, east, easte

### Etymology

From Old English ēast, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *austr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːst/

### Noun

est
* east, easternness
* A location to the south; the south
* The Orient

#### Coordinate terms

* (compass point): north, south, west

#### Related terms

* esturne
* estward

#### Descendants

* English: east
** → Cornish: est
* Scots: aist, eist

#### References

* “ēst, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 29-03-2018.

### Adverb

est
* To the east, eastwards, eastbound
* From the east, eastern
* In the east

#### Descendants

* English: east
* Scots: aist, eist

## Middle French
### Verb

est
* third-person singular present indicative of estre

## Norman
### Alternative forms

* êt (continental Normandy)
* êst (Jersey)

### Etymology

From Old French, from Old English ēast.

### Noun

est m (uncountable)
* (Guernsey, Sark) east

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* ǣst

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz (“grace, thanks”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *unnaną (“to grant, thank”), from Proto-Indo-European *ān- (“to notice; face, mouth”).
Cognate with Old Saxon anst (“grace, favour”), Old High German anst (“goodwill, benevolence, thanks, grace”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts, “joy, grace, thankfulness”). Related to Old English unnan (“to grant, allow”). More at own.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːst/

### Noun

ēst m or f (nominative plural ēste)
* consent, grace, favor; kindness
* pleasure

#### Declension

* Masculine
Strong i-stem:
* Feminine
Strong i-stem:

#### Synonyms

* ār, āre

#### Descendants

* Middle English: este
** English: est, este (obsolete)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* ẽ

### Verb

est
* third-person singular present indicative of estre

## Old Norse
### Verb

est
* second-person singular present active indicative of vera

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French est, from Old English ēast.

### Noun

est n (uncountable)
* east
    Synonyms: orient, răsărit

#### Coordinate terms

compass points (French/Germanic origin): puncte cardinale:
| nord-vest | nord | nord-est |
| vest | | est |
| sud-vest | sud | sud-est |

### Further reading

* est in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From Latin est, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈest/

### Verb

est
* third-person singular present indicative of èssere

## Scots
### Alternative forms

* aest

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːst/, /øst/

### Noun

est (uncountable)
* (Orkney) envy

### Verb

est (third-person singular simple present ests, present participle estan, simple past ested, past participle ested)
* (Orkney) To envy.

### References

* “est, n. and v.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

est c
* Estonian; a person from Estonia

#### See also

* estländsk
* estniska
* estnisk

### Anagrams

* Set, set, tes

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ɛsd/, [ɛst]
* (South Wales) IPA: /eːsd/, [eːst], /ɛsd/, [ɛst]
* Rhymes: -ɛsd

### Verb

est
* second-person singular preterite colloquial of mynd

#### Synonyms

* aethost (literary)