# commune
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English commune, comune, from Old French comune, commune, from Medieval Latin commūnia, from Latin commūne (“community, state”), from commūnis (“common”). Doublet of comune. See also community, communion, common.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) enPR: kŏm'yo͞on, IPA: /ˈkɒmjuːn/
* (US) enPR: käm'yo͞on, IPA: /ˈkɑmjuːn/
* Audio (US):(file)

#### Noun

commune (countable and uncountable, plural communes)
* A small community, often rural, whose members share in the ownership of property, and in the division of labour; the members of such a community.
** 1975, Peter J. Seybolt, editor, The Rustication of Urban Youth in China‎, published 2015, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 148:The town of Chu-chou in Hunan Province, carrying out the great directive of Chairman Mao that "educated youths must go to the villages," has put into practice factory-commune links, and under the leadership of cadres, has made a collective settlement of educated youths in commune and brigade farms, forest areas, and tea plantations.
* A local political division in many European countries as well as their former colonies (such as Chile and Vietnam).
* (obsolete) The commonalty; the common people.
* (uncountable, obsolete) Communion; sympathetic conversation between friends.
** 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, (please specify |part=Prologue or Rpilogue, or |canto=I to CXXIX):For days of happy commune dead.
* (historical) A self-governing city or league of citizens.
** 1997, David Nicholas, The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, →ISBN, page 161:In 1117 the commune and archbishop had separate consuls at Milan.

##### Derived terms

* communer
* communise
* communize
* excommune
* house-commune
* intercommune
* people's commune
* urban-rural commune

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Etymology 2

From Middle English communen, comunen, from Old French comunier, communier (“to share”), from Latin commūnico. Doublet of communicate.

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: kəmyo͞on', IPA: /kəˈmjuːn/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːn

#### Verb

commune (third-person singular simple present communes, present participle communing, simple past and past participle communed)
* To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel.
** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:I would commune with you of such things / That want no ear but yours.
* (intransitive, followed by with) To communicate (with) spiritually; to be together (with); to contemplate or absorb.
    He spent a week in the backcountry, communing with nature.
* (Christianity, intransitive) To receive the communion.
** 1681, Gilbert Burnet, “[A Collection of Records, and Original Papers; with Other Instruments Referred to in the Second Part of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England.] Book I.”, in The History of the Reformation of the Church of England. The Second Part, […], London: […] T[homas] H[odgkin] for Richard Chiswell, […], →OCLC, page 207:Namely, in these things, in prohibiting that none should commune alone, in making the People whole Communers, or in suffering them to Commune under both kinds […]

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch commune, from Old French commune, from Latin communia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌkɔˈmynə/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: com‧mu‧ne
* Rhymes: -ynə

### Noun

commune f (plural communes, diminutive communetje n)
* a commune (community living together with common property)

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: komune

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔ.myn/
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Medieval Latin communia, neuter plural of communis.

#### Noun

commune f (plural communes)
* commune (administrative subdivision)

##### Descendants

* → Danish: kommune
* → German: Kommune
* → Malagasy: kaominina
* → Norwegian Bokmål: kommune
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: kommune
* → Persian: کمون (komun)
* → Portuguese: comuna
* → Russian: комму́на (kommúna)
* → Spanish: comuna
* → Swedish: kommun
* → Turkish: komün

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

commune
* feminine singular of commun

### Further reading

* “commune”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Adjective

commune (plural communi)
* (obsolete) Alternative form of comune

### Noun

commune m (plural communi)
* (obsolete) Alternative form of comune

#### Derived terms

* communità

## Latin
### Noun

commūne n (genitive commūnis); third declension
* joint, common or public property and rights
* public places and interests
* common feature, characteristic, general rule or terms
* general
* (Medieval Latin) league or corporation of citizens
* (Medieval Latin) a universal tax

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

### Adjective

commūne
* nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of commūnis

### References

* “commune”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “commune”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "commune", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* commune in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. (ambiguous) we know from experience: usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus (ambiguous) unanimously: uno, communi, summo or omnium consensu (Tusc. 1. 15. 35) (ambiguous) the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech: communis sermonis consuetudo (ambiguous) to be always considering what people think: multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere
* Online Latin dictionary, Olivetti

## Middle English
### Noun

commune
* commons; citizenry
** late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 69-70:
    [...] Biloved and drad, thurgh favour of fortune, Bothe of his lordes and of his commune.[...] Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune, Both by his lords and by his citizenry.