# 西北
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīběi
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ ㄅㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sai$^1$ bak$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sî-pet
    (Hailu, HRS): si$^ˋ$ bed
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sai$^1$ bah$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sai-pak / se-pak
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīběi
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ ㄅㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siběi
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^1$-pei$^3$
*** Yale: syī-běi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shibeei
*** Palladius: сибэй (sibɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sai$^1$ bak$^1$
*** Yale: sāi bāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sai$^1$ bak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sei$^1$ beg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sî-pet
*** Hakka Romanization System: xi$^ˊ$ bed$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xi$^1$ bed$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /si²⁴ pet̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: si$^ˋ$ bed
*** Sinological IPA: /si⁵³ pet⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sai$^1$ bah$^6$ [Phonetic: sai$^2$ ah$^6$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sai-bah
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ $^{(p-)}$aʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sai$^1$ bah$^6$ [Phonetic: sai$^2$ bhah$^6$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ $^{(p-)}$βaʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sai-pak
*** Tâi-lô: sai-pak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sai'pag
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se-pak
*** Tâi-lô: se-pak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: se'pag
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/
* sai-pak - vernacular (all senses);
* se-pak - literary (“northwest; Northwestern China”).
* Middle Chinese: sej pok
Rime :
| Character | 西 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 先稽切 | 博墨切 |
| Baxter | sej | pok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sei/ | /pək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sei/ | /pək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɛi/ | /pək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɛj/ | /pək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /sei/ | /pək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /siei/ | /pək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /siei/ | /pək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xī | bo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sai$^1$ | bak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-nˤər pˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sɯːl pɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 西 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xī | běi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sej › | ‹ pok › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-nˁər/ | /*pˁək/ |
| English | west | north |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 西 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13236 | 414 |
| Phonetic component | 西 | 北 |
| Rime group | 微 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 西 | 北 |
| Old Chinese | /*sɯːl/ | /*pɯːɡ/ |

### Noun

西北
* northwest
* (Hokkien, Puxian Min) summer shower; convectional rain

#### Synonyms

* (summer shower):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雷陣雨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雷陣雨, 西北雨 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雷陣雨 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 雷陣雨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 雷暴雨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 雷雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 偏東雨, 雷陣雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 雷陣雨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雷陣雨, 雷雨, 雷暴雨 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雷暴雨 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 雷陣雨 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 雷陣雨 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 雷陣雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 風時水 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 風時雨 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 西北雨 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 西北雨 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 忽雷雨 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 忽雷雨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 晡時雨 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 晡時雨 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 西北雨, 西北, 方時雨 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 西北雨, 西北 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 西北雨, 西北, 方時雨 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 西北雨 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 時雨 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 西北雨, 西北 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 西北雨, 西北 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Danyang | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雷雨, 雷陣雨 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 天雷雨, 天雷猛雨 stronger |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雷陣雨 |

#### Coordinate terms

compass points: 方位 (fāngwèi):
| 西北 (xīběi) | 北 | 東北 / 东北 (dōngběi) |
| 西 (xī) | | 東 / 东 (dōng) |
| 西南 (xīnán) | 南 | 東南 / 东南 (dōngnán) |

#### Derived terms

* 吸西北風 / 吸西北风
* 喝西北風 / 喝西北风 (hē xīběifēng)
* 嗑西北風 / 嗑西北风
* 落西北
* 西北地區 / 西北地区 (Xīběi Dìqū)
* 西北季風 / 西北季风
* 西北雨 (xīběiyǔ)
* 西北風 / 西北风 (xīběifēng)
* 西北颱 / 西北台

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 西北(せいほく) (seihoku)
* → Korean: 서북(西北) (seobuk)
* → Vietnamese: tây bắc (西北)

### Proper noun

西北
* (～地區) Northwest China (a region of China; consisting of Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)
* (～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Xi'an, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)

#### Derived terms

* 大西北 (Dàxīběi)
* 東南一尉，西北一候 / 东南一尉，西北一候

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “西北”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 457.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 西 | 北 |
| せい Grade: 2 | ほく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

西(せい)北(ほく) • (seihoku)
* northwest

#### Coordinate terms

compass points: 方角 (hōgaku):
| 北西 (hokusei) 西北 (seihoku) | 北 (kita) | 北東 (hokutō) 東北 (tōhoku) |
| 西 (nishi) | | 東 (higashi) |
| 西南 (seinan) 南西 (nansei) | 南 (minami) | 東南 (tōnan) 南東 (nantō) |

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 西 | 北 |

### Noun

西北 • (seobuk) (hangeul 서북)
* hanja form of 서북 (“northwest”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 西 | 北 |

### Noun

西北
* chữ Hán form of tây bắc (“northwest”).

### Verb

西北
* chữ Hán form of tây bắc (“to northwest”).

#### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| tây bắc (西北) | bắc (北) | đông bắc (東北) |
| tây (西) | | đông (東) |
| tây nam (西南) | nam (南) | đông nam (東南) |