# 戀

| 戀 | U+6200, &#25088; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6200 |
| ← 懿 [U+61FF] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 戁 → [U+6201] |
| 戀 | U+F990, &#63888; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F990 |
| ← 憐 [U+F98F] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 撚 → [U+F991] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 恋 |
| Simplified | 恋 |
| Traditional | 戀 |

### Han character

戀 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+19, 23 strokes, cangjie input 女火心 (VFP), four-corner 2233$_9$, composition ⿱龻心)

#### Derived characters

* 纞 㜻 𡆕 𡈻 𢦋 𤼣 𦣛 𧆎 𨈌(𨄄) 𬬦

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 409, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11504
* Dae Jaweon: page 751, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2372, character 8
* Unihan data for U+6200
* Unihan data for U+F990

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 蠻 | *mroːn |
| 矕 | *mroːnʔ |
| 變 | *prons |
| 鸞 | *b·roːn |
| 巒 | *b·roːn |
| 灤 | *b·roːn |
| 欒 | *b·roːn |
| 鑾 | *b·roːn |
| 臠 | *b·roːn, *b·ronʔ |
| 羉 | *b·roːn |
| 䜌 | *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons |
| 灓 | *b·roːn, *b·roːns, *b·rons |
| 圝 | *b·roːn |
| 曫 | *b·roːn |
| 孿 | *smroːns, *smrons |
| 彎 | *qroːn |
| 灣 | *qroːn |
| 攣 | *b·ron |
| 孌 | *b·ronʔ, *b·rons |
| 戀 | *b·rons |
| 㪻 | *pʰlons, *klons |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *b·rons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liàn (lian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lyun$^2$ / lyun$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lun$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lien
    (Hailu, HRS): lien$^˖$
* Eastern Min (BUC): luông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): loeng$^5$ / lyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): loân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): luang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^4$
*** Yale: lyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lyun$^2$ / lyun$^5$
*** Yale: lyún / lyúhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lyn$^2$ / lyn$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lün$^2$ / lün$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyːn³⁵/, /lyːn¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lun⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /lien³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: luông
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃uɔŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: loeng$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lē̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /lœŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lyeng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyøŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loân
*** Tâi-lô: luân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /luan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /luan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /luan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /luan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /luan²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: luang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: luàng
*** Sinological IPA : /luaŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$li
*** MiniDict: li$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$li
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit戀 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /liã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /liã⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /lyan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /luã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /lyã²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /lian¹³/ /luan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /luɛ̃n⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /lian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /niɛn³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /liɛ̃²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lien⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /liĩ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luæ̃¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /lye³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /li²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /liɪ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /liẽ̞²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /li²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /le²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /liɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /liẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /niẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /liɛn²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lien⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lien⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lyn³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lin²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /lyn³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /luan³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /nuiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /luaŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lin³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: ljwenH
Rime :
| Character | 戀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力卷切 |
| Baxter | ljwenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷiɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liuɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭwɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯wɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]on-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*b·rons/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 戀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljwen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]on-s/ |
| English | to long for |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 戀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8632 |
| Phonetic component |  |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戀 |
| Old Chinese | /*b·rons/ |

### Definitions

戀
* (literary, or in compounds) to love
    戀愛／恋爱 ― liàn'ài ― to be in love
* (literary, or in compounds) to long for; to yearn for; to feel attached to
    留戀／留恋 ― liúliàn ― to be reluctant to leave
    From: 5th century, Tao Yuanming, 歸園田居·其一
    Jīniǎo liàn jiù lín, chíyú sī gù yuān. [Pinyin]
    A cageling cherishes the memory of its old forest while pond fish miss their quondam deep pool.

#### Synonyms

* (to love): 愛／爱 (ài)

### Compounds

* 三角戀愛 / 三角恋爱 (sānjiǎo liàn'ài)
* 久戀 / 久恋 (jiǔliàn)
* 依戀 / 依恋 (yīliàn)
* 初戀 / 初恋 (chūliàn)
* 同性戀 / 同性恋 (tóngxìngliàn)
* 單戀 / 单恋 (dānliàn)
* 失戀 / 失恋 (shīliàn)
* 婉戀 / 婉恋
* 師生戀 / 师生恋 (shīshēngliàn)
* 思戀 / 思恋
* 愛戀 / 爱恋 (àiliàn)
* 懷戀 / 怀恋
* 戀人 / 恋人 (liànrén)
* 戀土難移 / 恋土难移
* 戀家 / 恋家 (liànjiā)
* 戀情 / 恋情 (liànqíng)
* 戀愛 / 恋爱 (liàn'ài)
* 戀慕 / 恋慕 (liànmù)
* 戀戀 / 恋恋 (liànliàn)
* 戀戀不捨 / 恋恋不舍 (liànliànbùshě)
* 戀戀難捨 / 恋恋难舍
* 戀戰 / 恋战 (liànzhàn)
* 戀新忘舊 / 恋新忘旧
* 戀曲 / 恋曲 (liànqǔ)
* 戀枕 / 恋枕
* 戀棧 / 恋栈 (liànzhàn)
* 戀歌 / 恋歌 (liàngē)
* 戀母情結 / 恋母情结 (liànmǔ qíngjié)
* 戀父情結 / 恋父情结
* 戀物 / 恋物 (liànwù)
* 戀生惡死 / 恋生恶死
* 戀舊 / 恋旧 (liànjiù)
* 戀酒貪杯 / 恋酒贪杯
* 戀酒貪色 / 恋酒贪色
* 戀酒貪花 / 恋酒贪花
* 戀酒迷花 / 恋酒迷花
* 戀闕 / 恋阙
* 擇戀 / 择恋
* 攀戀 / 攀恋
* 晚戀 / 晚恋
* 暗戀 / 暗恋 (ànliàn)
* 棧戀 / 栈恋
* 無心戀棧 / 无心恋栈
* 熱戀 / 热恋 (rèliàn)
* 犬馬之戀 / 犬马之恋
* 犬馬戀主 / 犬马恋主
* 留戀 / 留恋 (liúliàn)
* 畸戀 / 畸恋 (jīliàn)
* 相戀 / 相恋 (xiāngliàn)
* 眷戀 / 眷恋 (juànliàn)
* 瞻天戀闕 / 瞻天恋阙
* 移情別戀 / 移情别恋 (yíqíngbiéliàn)
* 網路戀情 / 网路恋情
* 繫戀 / 系恋
* 罣戀 / 罣恋
* 耽花戀酒 / 耽花恋酒
* 自戀 / 自恋 (zìliàn)
* 自由戀愛 / 自由恋爱
* 良醞可戀 / 良酝可恋
* 談戀愛 / 谈恋爱 (tán liàn'ài)
* 貪戀 / 贪恋 (tānliàn)
* 貪花戀酒 / 贪花恋酒
* 貼戀 / 贴恋
* 迷戀 / 迷恋 (míliàn)
* 速食戀愛 / 速食恋爱
* 顧戀 / 顾恋
* 駑馬戀棧 / 驽马恋栈

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 恋 |
| Kyūjitai | 戀 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 恋)
* Kyūjitai form of 恋: attract, love

#### Readings

* Go-on: れん (ren)
* Kan-on: れん (ren)
* Kun: こい (koi, 戀)、こいしい (koishii, 戀しい)、こう (kou, 戀う)

## Korean
### Hanja

戀 (eumhun 사모할 련 (samohal ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 사모할 연 (samohal yeon))
* hanja form of 련/연 (“love”)
* hanja form of 련/연 (“long for, yearn for”)

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 戀ふ (ko$_1$pu, “to love, yearn”).

#### Noun

戀 (ko$_1$pi$_2$) (kana こひ)
* love, especially romantic love
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 596:, text here
    八百日徃濱之沙毛吾戀二豈不益歟奥嶋守yapoka yuku hama no$_2$ manago$_1$ no$_2$ aga ko$_1$pi$_2$ ni ani masarazi oki$_1$ tu simamoriOn so vast a shore―that one could walk eight hundred days―would the grains of sand number greater than my love, o guardian of the outer isles?
* longing, yearning
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 325:, text here
    明日香河川余藤不去立霧乃念應過孤悲尓不有國Asuka-gapa kapayo$_2$do$_2$ sarazu tatu ki$_1$ri no$_2$ omopi$_1$ sugu beki ko$_1$pi$_2$ ni aranaku ni(please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Derived terms

* 戀し (ko$_1$pi$_2$si)
* 戀す (ko$_1$pi$_2$su)
* 戀の奴 (ko$_1$pi$_2$ no yatuko$_1$)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 恋 (こい, koi)

### Etymology 2

Appears in 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern songs”) in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
The distinction of ⟨-i$_1$⟩ and ⟨-i$_2$⟩ in some Eastern dialects has been lost. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Noun

戀 (ko$_1$pi$_1$) (kana こひ)
* (regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) Same as コ$^甲$ヒ$^乙$ (ko$_1$pi$_2$) above
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4366:, text here
    比多知散思由可牟加里母我阿我古比乎志留志弖都祁弖伊母尓志良世牟Pi$_1$tati sasi yukamu kari moga aga ko$_1$pi$_1$ wo sirusite tuge$_1$te imo ni sirasemu(please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Derived terms

* 戀し (ko$_1$pi$_1$si)

### References

* ↑ Edwin A. Cranston (1998) The Gem-Glistening Cup, illustrated edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 570

## Vietnamese
### Han character

戀: Hán Việt readings: luyến
戀: Nôm readings: luyến, luýnh
* chữ Hán form of luyến (“love, fondness (compounds)”).

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).