# 杉

| 杉 | U+6749, &#26441; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6749 |
| ← 杈 [U+6748] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 杊 → [U+674A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

杉 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木竹竹竹 (DHHH), four-corner 4292$_2$, composition ⿰木彡)

#### Derived characters

* 𱒩, 涁, 𬫕, 𣒡, 𪓫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 511, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14452
* Dae Jaweon: page 895, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1161, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6749

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 杉 | *sreːm |
| 彡 | *sroːm, *slom |
| 衫 | *sroːm |
| 髟 | *priw, *piw, *sroːm |
| 釤 | *sraːms |
| 䑣 | *l̥ʰun |
| 彤 | *l'uːŋ |
| 浵 | *l'uːŋ |
| 肜 | *luŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sreːm): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shān, shā (shan$^1$, sha$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ, ㄕㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^3$ / saam$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chham
    (Hailu, HRS): cam$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cam$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): san$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sáng
* Eastern Min (BUC): săng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sam
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sam$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$se
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shān
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shan
*** Wade–Giles: shan$^1$
*** Yale: shān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shan
*** Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂän⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shā
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sha
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^1$
*** Yale: shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
*** Palladius: ша (ša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^3$ / saam$^1$
*** Yale: chaam / sāam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^3$ / saam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^3$ / sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm³³/, /saːm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chham
*** Hakka Romanization System: cam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cam$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: san$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sæ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sáng
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: săng
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sang$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sang
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬaŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sam
*** Tâi-lô: sam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: safm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sam³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sam⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sam
*** Sinological IPA : /sam³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$se
*** MiniDict: se$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$se
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: sream
Rime :
| Character | 杉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 所咸切 |
| Baxter | sream |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠɛm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚæm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃɐm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂəɨm/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃɐm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃɐm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂăm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreːm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 杉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11042 |
| Phonetic component | 彡 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 攕 |
| Old Chinese | /*sreːm/ |
| Notes | 同檆，三國後俗體 |

### Definitions

杉
* fir (various species of conifers)
    杉木 ― shānmù ― Cunninghamia lanceolata (China fir)
    冷杉 ― lěngshān ― Abies (firs)
    南洋杉 ― nányángshān ― Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine)
* Used in transliterations.

### Compounds

* 冷杉 (lěngshān)
* 杉嶺 / 杉岭
* 杉木
* 杉林 (Shānlín)
* 杉林溪
* 杉篙
* 杉關 / 杉关
* 柳杉
* 水杉 (shuǐshān)
* 油杉
* 洛杉磯 / 洛杉矶 (Luòshānjī)
* 紅杉 / 红杉
* 紅杉軍 / 红杉军
* 紫杉 (zǐshān)
* 貝殼杉 / 贝壳杉
* 鐵杉 / 铁杉 (tiěshān)
* 雲杉 / 云杉 (yúnshān)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: せん (sen)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kun: すぎ (sugi, 杉, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 杉
* すぎ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 椙
From Old Japanese 杉 (sugi$_2$), which Miyake (1997) (apud Schuessler, 2007) associates with Old Chinese 松 (OC *sɢloŋ). Ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Japonic *sunkOi.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すぎ [sùgí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨɡʲi]

#### Noun

杉(すぎ) or 杉(スギ) • (sugi)
* Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as スギ.

##### Descendants

* → English: sugi

#### Proper noun

杉(すぎ) • (Sugi)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 杉
* すぎ Grade: S (ateji)
* kun'yomi
This kanji is an ateji (当て字).

#### Suffix

杉(すぎ) • (-sugi)
* (Internet slang, dated) Alternative spelling of 過ぎ (“excessively, form of 過ぎる (sugiru)”)

### References

* ↑ Schuessler, Axel (2007). An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. p. 479
* ↑ “杉・椙”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

杉 • (sam) (hangeul 삼, revised sam, McCune–Reischauer sam, Yale sam)
* (삼나무): Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

杉: Hán Nôm readings: sam, trinh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation