# dico
## French
### Etymology

Clipping of dictionnaire (“dictionary”) + -o (familiarizing suffix) [second half of 20th century].

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /di.ko/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: dicot, dicots
* Rhymes: -o

### Noun

dico m (plural dicos)
* (informal) dictionary
    Synonym: dictionnaire
    J’adore ce dico! ― I love this dictionary!

### Further reading

* “dictionnaire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdi.ko/
* Rhymes: -iko
* Hyphenation: dì‧co

### Verb

dico
* first-person singular present indicative of dire

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti (“to show, point out”) (reformed as a thematic verb). The perfect forms are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dḗyḱst.
Cognates include Oscan 𐌃𐌄𐌝𐌊𐌖𐌌 (deíkum, “to show, point out”), Sanskrit दिशति (diśáti), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi) and Old English tǣċan (English teach).

#### Alternative forms

* deicō (archaic)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈdiː.koː/, [ˈd̪iːkoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈdi.ko/, [ˈd̪iːko]

#### Verb

dīcō (present infinitive dīcere, perfect active dīxī, supine dictum); third conjugation, irregular short imperative
* to say, talk, speak, utter, mention,
    Synonyms: aiō, for, effor, inquam, ōrō, alloquor, loquor
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.204–205:dīcitur ante ārās media inter nūmina dīvum multa Iovem manibus supplex ōrāsse supīnīsIt is said [that King Iarbas] – before the altars, amid divine presences all around – often prostrated himself, with hands raised in supplication, to implore Jupiter.
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Genesis.1.3:dixitque Deus fiat lux et facta est luxAnd God said: Be light made. And light was made.
    Salūtem dīcit. ― He says hi. (literally, “He says health.”)
* to declare, state
** to affirm, assert (positively)
    Synonyms: aiō, fīgō, contendō
* to tell
** c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 623, (English and Latin text):Eho dic mihi, quis illic igitur est?Hey? Tell me, who is he then?
* to appoint, name, nominate (to an office)
* to call, name
** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.5–7:Ante mare et terrās et quod tegit omnia caelum ūnus erat tōtō nātūrae vultus in orbe, quem dīxēre chaos: […] Before the sea and the lands and the sky that covers over all things, there was one face of nature in the whole world, which they called chaos: […]
* (law, followed by ad) to plead (before)
* to mean, speak in reference to, refer to

##### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). $^2$Old Latin. $^3$The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

##### Derived terms

* abdīcō
* addīcō
* antedīcō
* benedīcō
* condīcō
* contrādīcō
* dicāx
* dictiō
* dictō
* dictus
* dixit
* ēdīcō
* indīcō
* interdīcō
* maledīcō
* praedīcō
* prōdīcō
* superdīcō
* valedīcō

##### Descendants

Some descendants are from *dire.
* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: dzãc, dzãtsiri
** Istro-Romanian: zic
** Megleno-Romanian: zic, ziceri, zițiri
** Romanian: zice, zicere
* Dalmatian:
** dicro, decro, dekro
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: dì
** Gallurese: dì
** Italian: dire
** Neapolitan: dicere
** Sassarese: dì
** Sicilian: diri, dìciri
* North Italian:
** Friulian: dî
** Istriot: deî
** Ladin: dì, dir
** Ligurian: dî
** Piedmontese: dì
** Romansch: dir, deir (Surmiran), dür (Puter, Vallader), gir, dir (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader), deir (Surmiran), deir, dir (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Rumantsch Grischun), dür (Puter, Vallader)
** Venetan: dir
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: dére
** French: dire
*** → Esperanto: diri
** Norman: dithe (Jersey)
** Walloon: dire
* Occitano-Romance:
** Catalan: dir, dire (Northern, Alghero), diure (Alghero)
** Occitan: dire, díder, díser, díguer
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Navarro-Aragonese: dezir, deçir, dizir
*** Aragonese: decir, dicir
** Old Leonese: dizer
*** Asturian: dicir, dicer
*** Extremaduran: dizil
*** Leonese: dicire
*** Mirandese: dezir, dexir
** Old Galician-Portuguese: dizer
*** Galician: dicir, dizer (reintegrationist), decer
*** Portuguese: dizer
** Old Spanish: dezir, deçir, dicer, dizer, dizir
*** Ladino: dezir, dizer, dizir
*** Spanish: decir
* Borrowings:
** → English: dictum, ipse dixit
** → French: dixit

### Etymology 2

Possibly from a lost *dex (seen in index > indicō, iūdex > iūdicō, vindex > vindicō), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ-s, root nomen agentis from *deyḱ- (“to show”), whence dīcō.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈdi.koː/, [ˈd̪ɪkoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈdi.ko/, [ˈd̪iːko]

#### Verb

dicō (present infinitive dicāre, perfect active dicāvī, supine dicātum); first conjugation
* to dedicate, devote
    Synonyms: dēdicō, sacrō, addīcō, sanciō, voveō
** c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.12:Ei, qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Aeduis coniungi poterant, se Remis in clientelam dicabant.Those, who because of old animosities could not join with the Aedui, dedicated themselves as clients to the Remi.
* to consecrate, deify
    Synonyms: cōnsecrō, sanciō
    Antonym: exaugurō
* to appropriate to, devote to, assign to, set apart for

##### Derived terms

* abdicō
* dēdicō
* dicātiō

##### Descendants

* → Portuguese: dicar

### References

* “dico”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “dico”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "dico", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* dico in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to appoint a date for an interview: diem dicere colloquio to whisper something in a person's ears: in aurem alicui dicere (insusurrare) aliquid I heard him say..: ex eo audivi, cum diceret every one says: vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est give me your opinion: dic quid sentias to speak the truth, admit the truth: verum dicere, profiteri to be truthful in all one's statements: omnia ad veritatem dicere to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras to contradict some one: dicere contra aliquem or aliquid (not contradicere alicui) they say; it is commonly said: tradunt, dicunt, ferunt to speak extempore: subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere to speak very fluently: copiose dicere to speak well, elegantly: ornate dicere to speak frankly, independently: libere dicere (Verr. 2. 72. 176) to speak openly, straightforwardly: plane, aperte dicere to speak in clear, expressive language: perspicue, diserte dicere to speak without circumlocution: missis ambagibus dicere to be a persuasive speaker: accommodate ad persuadendum dicere (1) to speak vehemently, passionately; (2) to speak pompously, boastfully: magnifice loqui, dicere to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully: fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re to read a speech: de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria) I said it in jest: haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi to be witty: facete dicere to indulge in apt witticisms: facete et commode dicere to make jokes on a person: dicta dicere in aliquem to say in earnest..: serio dicere (Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 42) to say only a few words: pauca dicere (pauca verba dicere only of the orator) the word amicitia comes from amare: nomen amicitiae (or simply amicitia) dicitur ab amando to be used in speaking of a thing: in aliqua re dici anger is defined as a passionate desire for revenge: iracundiam sic (ita) definiunt, ut ulciscendi libidinem esse dicant or ut u. libido sit or iracundiam sic definiunt, ulc. libidinem the word aemulatio is employed with two meanings, in a good and a bad sense: aemulatio dupliciter dicitur, ut et in laude et in vitio hoc nomen sit as the proverb says: ut or quod or quomodo aiunt, ut or quemadmodum dicitur Cicero says in his 'Laelius.: Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo) or in eo (not suo) libro, qui inscribitur Laelius our (not noster) author tells us at this point: scriptor hoc loco dicit Cicero says this somewhere: Cicero loco quodam haec dicit to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de gradu deici, ut dicitur to love some one very dearly, with all one's heart: aliquem toto pectore, ut dicitur, amare (Leg. 18. 49) to tell lies: mendacium dicere to tell lies: falsa (pro veris) dicere to greet a person: salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare Cicero sends cordial greetings to Atticus: Cicero Attico S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam) to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman): repudium dicere or scribere alicui to support a bill (before the people): pro lege dicere to name a person dictator: dictatorem dicere (creare) a dictator appoints a magister equitum: dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. sect. VI. 4): sententiam dicere to administer justice (said of the praetor): ius dicere to summon some one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person: diem dicere alicui to give evidence on some one's behalf: testimonium dicere pro aliquo to state as evidence: pro testimonio dicere to address the court (of the advocate): causam dicere, orare (Brut. 12. 47) to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused): causam dicere to defend a person: causam dicere pro aliquo to give sentence (of the judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note Not...): sententiam ferre, dicere (Off. 3. 16. 66) to take the military oath: sacramentum (o) dicere (vid. sect. XI. 2, note sacramentum...) to dictate the terms of peace to some one: pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29. 12) to sum up..: ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam I will only say this much..: tantum or unum illud or hoc dico this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc dici potest de aliqua re I said en passant, by the way: dixi quasi praeteriens or in transitu I have said it a thousand times: sexcenties, millies dixi (ambiguous) as I said above: ut supra (opp. infra) diximus, dictum est I cannot find words for..: dici vix (non) potest or vix potest dici (vix like non always before potest) I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon..: supersedeo oratione (not dicere) I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon..: omitto dicere (ambiguous) this I have to say: haec habeo dicere or habeo quae dicam he spoke (very much) as follows: haec (fere) dixit the tenor of his speech was this..: hanc in sententiam dixit which I can say without offence, arrogance: quod non arroganter dixerim allow me to say: pace tua dixerim or dicere liceat allow me to say: bona (cum) venia tua dixerim (ambiguous) so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est (ambiguous) a short, pointed witticism: breviter et commode dictum (ambiguous) a witticism, bon mot: facete dictum (ambiguous) a far-fetched joke: arcessitum dictum (De Or. 2. 63. 256) (ambiguous) so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression): ut ita dicam (ambiguous) not to mention..: ut non (nihil) dicam de... (ambiguous) to say nothing further on..: ut plura non dicam (ambiguous) not to say... (used in avoiding a stronger expression): ne dicam (ambiguous) to say the least..: ne (quid) gravius dicam (ambiguous) to put it briefly: ut breviter dicam (ambiguous) to use the mildest expression: ut levissime dicam (opp. ut gravissimo verbo utar) (ambiguous) to express myself more plainly: ut planius dicam (ambiguous) to put it more exactly: ut verius dicam (ambiguous) to say once for all: ut semel or in perpetuum dicam (ambiguous) I will give you my true opinion: dicam quod sentio (ambiguous) as I said above: ut supra (opp. infra) diximus, dictum est (ambiguous) this I have to say: haec habeo dicere or habeo quae dicam (ambiguous) so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est (ambiguous) there is something in what you say; you are more or less right: aliquid (τι) dicis (opp. nihil dicis) (ambiguous) what do you mean: quorsum haec (dicis)? (ambiguous) it is incredible: monstra dicis, narras
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag