# deus
## Catalan
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdɛws]

#### Noun

deus m pl
* plural of deu (“tens”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈdɛws]

#### Noun

deus f pl
* plural of deu (“springs (of water)”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [ˈdɛws]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈdəws]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈdews]

#### Verb

deus
* second-person singular present indicative of deure

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese deus, from Latin deus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdews/ [ˈd̪ews̺]
* Rhymes: -ews
* Hyphenation: deus

### Noun

deus m (plural deuses, feminine deusa, feminine plural deusas)
* god, deity

#### Related terms

* adeus
* Deus

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “deus”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “deus”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “deus”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “deus”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* Deus (letter case, God in Abrahamic faiths)
* dius (used in the phrase "me dius fidius")

### Etymology

From Old Latin deivos, from Proto-Italic *deiwos, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. An o-stem derivative from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”), from which also diēs and Iuppiter.
Doublet of dīvus: dẹ̄vos, -om, -ōs > dẹ̄os, -om, -ōs with regular loss of -v- before a rounded vowel; it was also lost between identical vowels, followed by contraction: *dẹ̄vẹ̄(s) > dī(s). As a result, the close -ẹ̄- escaped the regular raising to /ī/ of urban (but not dialectal) Latin, instead merging with /ē/, which itself underwent raising. The remaining genitive singular *dī was regularised to deī, while the vocative became part of the paradigm of the newly-reshaped dīvus. de- was later analogically introduced into the plural; the form diī(s) is absent from Plautus, and might have been reincorporated from a contraction of dīvī (with the same condition as before), or even be purely orthographic.
Cognates with Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús), Ancient Greek Διεύς (Dieús), Sanskrit देव (devá), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daēuua), Welsh duw, Lithuanian dievas, Latvian dievs, Persian دیو (div, “demon”).
Despite its superficial similarity in form and meaning, not related to Ancient Greek θεός (theós) — the Latin cognate of the latter is Latin fānum.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈde.us/, [ˈd̪eʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈde.us/, [ˈd̪ɛːus]

### Noun

deus m (genitive deī, feminine dea); irregular, second declension
* god, deity
** c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 138–140:HEGIO Ergasile, salvē. ERGASILUS Dī tē bene ament, Hēgiō.HE. How are you, Ergasilus? ER. May the gods be kind to you, Hegio.
** 57 BCE, Cicero, De haruspicum responsis 42:Hic vērō, dē quō ego ipse tam multa nunc dīcō. Prō, dī immortālēs! Quid est? Quid valet?And as for him, the man that I myself have now spent so many words on. Good gods! What is he? What power does he exert?
** 47 CE, Scribonius Largus, Compositiones medicamentorum 84.6–7, 17–19:Sī nōn vīderant medicī, meritō essent culpandī […] Et, ō bone deus, hī sunt ipsī, quī imputant suam culpam medicāmentīs quasi nihil proficientibus!If physicians didn't see this, they deserved to be blamed […] And, my god, these are the very people who blame their failure on medications, saying that they don't work!
** ca. 19 BCE – ca. 31 CE, Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana 2.126:Sacrāvit parentem suum Caesar nōn imperiō, sed religiōne. Nōn appellāvit eum, sed fēcit deum.Augustus deified his father [Julius] not by the exercise of power, but by creating an attitude of reverence. He did not just call him a god, but made him be one.
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate John.1.1:In prīncipiō erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.
* the ancient Roman “Dī Penātēs,” personal or family gods of hearth and home, embodied as small statues or icons
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.5–6:multa quoque et bellō passūs, dum conderet urbem, īnferretque deōs Latiō.And [Aeneas] also suffered much in war, until he could found a city, and could carry his gods into Latium. (Within the context of ancient Roman religious beliefs, the safe transfer of Aeneas’s family gods from Troy to Italy was symbolically as meaningful as the arrival of the man himself. See: Di Penates.)
* epithet of high distinction
** 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 4.16:fēcī idem quod in Πολιτείᾳ deus ille noster Platō.I did the same thing as our good old everything, Plato, had done in his Republic.
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 5.392–393:"Entelle, hērōum quondam fortissime frūstrā […] Ubi nunc nōbīs deus ille, magister nēquīquam memorātus, Eryx? […] ""Entellus, once bravest of heroes, though in vain […] Where now is that divine Eryx [the Sicilian king], whom you have vaunted to be your teacher?

#### Usage notes

* The regularly constructed vocative singular form dee is not attested until the very end of the Classical period, when it occurs once in the works of Tertullian c. 200 AD. However, the form deus is found during the 1st century AD, in rhetorical usage by Roman physician Scribonius Largus, and Deus and Dee are found extensively from the 4th century AD onwards as forms of address for the Christian God, with the former being used in the Vulgate of St. Jerome. Some scholars have also suggested that dīve, the vocative singular of dīvus (“god; deity”), acted as a suppletive form of the vocative singular during the Classical period.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (irregular).
$^1$Rare during the Classical period. $^2$From Late Latin onwards.

#### Coordinate terms

* dea (goddess)

#### Derived terms

* deitās
* deus ex māchinā
* Di Manes
* DM

#### Related terms

* deifer
* deificō
* deificus
* Deus

#### Descendants

* Eastern Romance
** Romanian: zeu, zău
* Franco-Provençal: diô
* Italo-Dalmatian
** Corsican: diu, dio
** Dalmatian: di, dai
** Istriot: deo
** Italian: dio, deo, deh
** Neapolitan: ddìo
** Sicilian: deu, diu
* Occitano-Romance
** Catalan: déu
** Old Occitan: deu
*** Occitan: dieu
* Old French: deu
** Middle French: dieu
*** French: dieu
**** Haitian Creole: dye
** Bourguignon: dei
** Norman: dùu, dgieu
* Rhaeto-Romance
** Friulian: diu
** Romansch: dieu
* Sardinian: déu
* Venetan: dio
* West Iberian
** Aragonese: dios
** Extremaduran: dios
** Old Leonese:
*** Asturian: dios
*** Leonese: dius, dious
*** Mirandese: dius
** Old Galician-Portuguese: deus
*** Galician: deus
*** Portuguese: deus (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: dio, dios
*** Ladino: dio
*** Ladino: dio
*** Spanish: dios (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin‎, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, page 225
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* ↑ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 1
* ↑ John Rauk (1997 April) “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology‎, volume 92, number 2, pages 138-149

### Further reading

* “deus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “deus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "deus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* deus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. God made the world: deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit (not creavit) God is the Creator of the world: deus est mundi procreator (not creator), aedificator, fabricator, opifex rerum the sovereign power of the gods: numen (deorum) divinum to be an earnest worshipper of the gods: deos sancte, pie venerari to honour the gods with all due ceremonial (very devoutly): deum rite (summa religione) colere (ambiguous) worship of the gods; divine service: cultus dei, deorum (N. D. 2. 3. 8) to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods: templa deorum adire to be regarded as a god: numerum deorum obtinere (N. D. 3. 20) to deify a person: aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere to consider as a god: aliquem in deorum numero referre to approach the gods: propius ad deos accedere (Mil. 22. 59) we believe in the existence of a God: deum esse credimus to deny the existence of the gods: deos esse negare belief in God is part of every one's nature: omnibus innatum est et in animo quasi insculptum esse deum an atheist: qui deum esse negat to pray to God: precari aliquid a deo to pray to God: precari deum, deos to pray to God: supplicare deo (Sall. Iug. 63. 1) to pray to God: adhibere deo preces to call the gods to witness: testari deos (Sull. 31. 86) to call gods and men to witness: contestari deos hominesque and may God grant success: quod deus bene vertat! and may heaven avert the omen! heaven preserve us from this: quod di immortales omen avertant! (Phil. 44. 11) heaven forfend: di prohibeant, di meliora! to appease the anger of the gods: deos placare (B. G. 6. 15) (ambiguous) to give thanks to heaven: grates agere (dis immortalibus) (ambiguous) the favour of heaven: dei propitii (opp. irati) (ambiguous) worship of the gods; divine service: cultus dei, deorum (N. D. 2. 3. 8) (ambiguous) belief in god: opinio dei (ambiguous) to have innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition: insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere (N. D. 1. 17. 44) (ambiguous) Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God: natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit (N. D. 1. 16. 43) (ambiguous) to thank, glorify the immortal gods: grates, laudes agere dis immortalibus (ambiguous) with the help of the gods: dis bene iuvantibus (Fam. 7. 20. 2) (ambiguous) to sacrifice: rem divinam facere (dis)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* deuz

### Etymology

From Latin duos, duas, the masculine and feminine accusative singulars of duō. The nominative form dui come from plural Vulgar Latin *duī, altered from duō under analogy with forms like duae.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /deu̯s/

### Numeral

cardinal number :
| 2 | Previous: | un |
| 2 | Next: | trois |
deus (nominative dui)
* two

#### Descendants

* Middle French: deux
** French: deux
* Norman: deux
* → English: deuce

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* Deus
* deꝯ (abbreviation)
* dṡ (abbreviation)

### Etymology

From Latin deus (“god”). See deus for more information.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd̪ews̺/

### Proper noun

deus
* (Christianity) God
** a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 3 (facsimile):
    Por ela nos perdõou / deus o pecado Dadam. / da maçãa que goſtou. per / que ſoffreu muit affan.
       Through her, God forgave us of Adam’s sin. Of the apple he tasted, because she felt very anguished.

#### Descendants

* Galician: deus
* Portuguese: deus (see there for further descendants)

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* deos (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese deus (“God”), from Latin deus (“god, deity”), unusual in that it was derived from the nominative instead of the accusative (deum), from Old Latin deivos (“god, deity”), from Proto-Italic *deiwos (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god, deity”), from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈdews/ [ˈdeʊ̯s]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈdews/ [ˈdeʊ̯s]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈdewʃ/ [ˈdeʊ̯ʃ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈdewʃ/
* Homophone: Deus

### Noun

deus m (plural deuses, feminine deusa or (poetic) deia, feminine plural deusas or (poetic) deias)
* god; deity
    Synonym: divindade

#### Derived terms

* Deus
* deus grego
* deus-dará
* endeusar

#### Related terms

* deus ex machina
* diva
* divinal
* divinar
* divindade
* divinizar
* divino

#### Descendants

* → Javanese: ꦢꦼꦗꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (dejos)
** → Dutch: Joost
*** Afrikaans: josie
* → Chinese Pidgin English:
** → English: joss

## Walloon
### Etymology

From Old French deus (compare French deux), from Latin duōs, masculine accusative of duo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /døː/

### Numeral

deus
* two