# po
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pəʊ/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -əʊ

### Etymology 1

From Middle English po (found also in pocock), from Old English pāwa, pēa (“peacock”), from Proto-Germanic *pāwô (“peacock”), from Latin pāvō. Cognate with Dutch pauw, German Pfau. See also peacock.

#### Noun

po (plural pos)
* (obsolete) A peacock. [8th–19th c.]

### Etymology 2

A diminutive of pot.

#### Noun

po (plural pos)
* (UK, Australia, New Zealand, colloquial, dated) A chamberpot. [from 19th c.]
** 1988, Richard Hoggart, A Local Habitation, 1918-40, Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, page 67:‘Pos’ or ‘chamber pots’ were provided under the beds.
** 1989, Leonard Woolf, edited by Frederic Spotts, Letters of Leonard Woolf, page 86:There are always several spitoons & pos [chamber pots] about the room & a loathesome smell of consumption, which I expect I shall catch.
** 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, published 2016, page 44:Shaking the last few drops from off the end he looked down in surprise at the great head of steam that brimmed above the po, belatedly apprised of just how icy the October garret was.

##### Synonyms

* See Thesaurus:chamber pot

##### Derived terms

* po-faced

##### Descendants

* Yoruba: póò

### Etymology 3

Clipping of police.

#### Noun

po pl (plural only)
* (slang) The police.
** 2008, Megan T. White, Rounding the Finish Line, Baltimore, M.D.: PublishAmerica, →ISBN, page 209:"Basically it's a celebration of all the gearheads in the area," Rob told him. "Sometimes we get busted by the po, but we always find a new place to show off our rides. Enjoy this lot while we have it."
** 2009, Debra Webb, Secrets in Four Corners, Toronto, Ont. […]: Harlequin, →ISBN, page 155:"'Bout time the po' got here," someone said loud enough for Bree to hear.
** 2018, U-God [Lamont Hawkins], Raw: My Journey Into the Wu-Tang, New York, N.Y.: Picador, →ISBN, page 89:Now, one of the rules I had—this is another reason why certain police probably respected us dudes—when it was hot, when I saw certain po, we would shut it down. We left. I would just leave. I would give them they space and let them go.

##### Alternative forms

* po'

##### Related terms

* po-po

### Etymology 4

From Hokkien 薄 (po̍h / po̍k, “weak”).

#### Alternative forms

* poh

#### Pronunciation

* (Singapore) IPA: [p˭o]

#### Adjective

po (not comparable)
* (Singapore, colloquial, used as a modifier after kopi (“coffee”) or teh (“tea”)) Thinner; with more water added to dilute it.

##### Related terms

* C
* di lo
* gah dai
* gau
* kosong
* O
* peng
* siew dai

### See also

* Hine-nui-te-po
* jan ken po
* kung po
* Ning-po
* po-mo
* po po
* Tzu-po

### Anagrams

* OP, Op., op, op.

## Akan
### Pronunciation

* Tone: LL

### Verb

po
* to bully
    po mo - to bully you

### References

* ↑ Kotey, Paul A. (1998). Twi-English/English-Twi Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN
* Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1881) A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Tw̌i)‎, Basel, page 381

## Albanian
### Etymology

According to Brian D. Joseph, it is a difficult word with unclear root. Hamp claims origin from Proto-Indo-European *pest (“so”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ/
* Audio:(file)

### Particle

po
* yes
* Used with the present and imperfect tense of a verb to show a continuous action. It corresponds to the English "be + gerund" formation.

### References

* ↑ Joseph, B. D. the Puzzle of Albanian po. 2011

## Amondawa
### Verb

po
* do (make, work, perform)

### References

* V. da Silva Sinha et al, Event-based time intervals in an Amazonian culture, in Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition

## Asaro'o
### Alternative forms

* fo (Molet Kasu, Molet Mur)

### Noun

po
* water

### Further reading

* John Carter, Katie Carter, John Grummitt, Bonnie MacKenzie, Janell Masters, A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Mur Village Vernaculars (2012), page 50

## Balkan Romani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Macedonian по- (po-) or dialectal Serbo-Croatian.

### Particle

po
* -er, more; forms comparative adjectives and adverbs.
* follows the definite article to form the superlative

### References

* 1 2 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “po(-)²”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 219ab
* ↑ Ronald Lee (2005) “Lesson eighteen”, in Learn Romani: Das-dúma Rromanes, reprint edition, Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, published 2017, →ISBN, page 269
* ↑ Marcel Courthiade (2009) “po¹”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 279a
* 1 2 Anna-Maria Meyer (2020) “The Impact of Slavic Languages on Romani”, in Yaron Matras, Anton Tenser, editors, The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 277-278
* 1 2 Yūsuke Sumi (2018) ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 96-97

## Bikol Central
### Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpoʔ/ [ˈpoʔ]

### Particle

pò (Basahan spelling ᜉᜓ)
* (formal, polite) marks respect toward the person the speaker is addressing
    Synonym: tabi
    Dagos po kamo.Come on in, Sir/Ma'am.
    Ma, maduman po ako sa simbahan.Mom, I am going to church.

## Borôro
### Noun

po
* Synonym of pobo (“water”)

### References

* Mônica Cidele da Cruz, Povo Umutína : a busca da identidade linguística e cultural [Les Umutína : À la recherche d’une identité linguistique et culturelle], Université Unicamp / Campinas, 2012, page 40

## Chickasaw
### Pronoun

po
* our

## Chinese
### Etymology

Borrowed from English post.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pōu, pō
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄡ, ㄆㄛ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pou$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pou
*** Wade–Giles: pʻou$^1$
*** Yale: pōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pou
*** Palladius: поу (pou)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰoʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pō
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: po
*** Wade–Giles: pʻo$^1$
*** Yale: pwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: po
*** Palladius: по (po)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pou$^1$
*** Yale: pōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰou̯⁵⁵/

### Verb

po
* (Internet slang) to post
    From:
    fb kwong$^4$ pou$^1$ soeng$^{3-2}$, pang$^4$ jau$^5$ ji$^6$ sau$^6$ soeng$^1$ [Jyutping]
    post too many images on Facebook and you might damage your [relationships with] friends

### Noun

po
* (Internet slang) an Internet post, thread, topic, etc

#### Derived terms

* po主 (pōuzhǔ)
* po文
* 自po (Cantonese)
* 追po (Cantonese)
* 開po / 开po (Cantonese)

## Cornish
### Etymology 1

According to an Gerlyver Meur, either an unstressed form of py (“which”) or provected form of the present-future subjunctive of bos (“to be”).

#### Alternative forms

* bo

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ/

#### Conjunction

po
* or

### Etymology 2

Contraction of pa (“when”) and the present-future subjunctive of bos (“to be”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: /poː/

#### Contraction

po
* (Revived Late Cornish) Contraction of pa vo (“when ... is”).
    po'chy ha dha wreg prieswhen you and your wife are married
    po margh ledryswhen a horse is stolen

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpo]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

po n
* Abbreviation of pondělí (“Monday”).

##### Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

### Etymology 2

From Old Czech po, from Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.

#### Preposition

po [with locative]
* after

#### Preposition

po [with accusative]
* (space, time, scales, lists) up to, for
* (dimension) all through

### Further reading

* “po”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “po”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “po”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowing from French pot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /poː/
* Rhymes: -oː
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

po m (plural po's, diminutive pootje n)
* chamber pot

#### Descendants

* → Papiamentu: pò

### Anagrams

* op

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [po]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: po

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Russian по (po) and Polish po.

#### Preposition

po
* A grammatical particle used with quantity words to indicate rate or a distributive quantity: each, apiece, at, @
    Antonym: -ope
    Mi kudrados ĉiutage po 10 horoj. ― I will sew 10 hours a day.
    Oni povas nokti po 6 frankoj. ― You can spend the night for 6 francs (a night).
    La kurso daŭras dum 10 tagoj po 30 minutoj. ― The course lasts 10 days at 30 minutes (a day).
    La komitato estas rebalotota ĉiun trian jaron po triono. ― A third of the committee is reelected every third year.
    La gastoj trinkis po (unu) glaseton da vino. ― The guests each drank one glass of wine.
    Ili ricevis po 5 pomojn. ― They received 5 apples apiece.
    Elektu al vi po 3 homojn el ĉiu tribo. ― Choose for yourselves 3 people (apiece) from each tribe.

##### Derived terms

* po-
* poa

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

po (accusative singular po-on, plural po-oj, accusative plural po-ojn)
* The name of the Latin-script letter P/p.

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* pó
* poo

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese poo, from Vulgar Latin *pulus, from earlier *pulvus n, from Latin pulvis m, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“flour, dust”). Compare Portuguese pó. Doublet of polvo, which was borrowed from Spanish polvo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpɔː]

### Noun

po m (plural pos)
* dust
** 1276, M. Lucas Álvarez, P. Lucas Dominguez, editors, El monasterio de San Clodio do Ribeiro en la Edad Media: estudio y documentos, Sada / A Coruña: Edicións do Castro, page 375:et este pan deue a seer qual o Deus der no logar et seer linpo de palla et de poo, d'eruellada et de mosceyra, et deue a seer ben seco et ben linpo et bõõ panand this grain must be that that God gives at that place, and it must be clean of chaff and dust, of vetch and fodder, and it must be well dry and well clean and good grain
* powder
** 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 141:E Nota que o poo dos collos das abroteas ual mays que todos llos outros, et dos ditos poos deuen vsar nos llugarres neruossos et jntrincados de veas et darteriasTake note that the powder of the rhizomes of the asphodels has more value than all the rest, and that these powders should be used in places that are nervous and entangled with veins and arteries

#### Derived terms

* poalla
* poeira

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “poo”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “poo”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “po”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “po”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “po”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Guaraní
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /po/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *po, from Proto-Tupian *po.
Cognate with Old Tupi pó.

#### Noun

po (plural pokuéra)
* hand

#### Numeral

po
* five

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *por, from Proto-Tupian *pot.
Cognate with Old Tupi por.

#### Verb

po
* jump

##### Conjugation

* (che) apo
* (nde) repo
* (ha'e) opo
* (ñande) japo
* (ore) ropo
* (peẽ) pepo
* (ha'ekuéra) opo

### References

* ↑ Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo‎ (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB, pages 566–567
* ↑ Beatriz Carretta Corrêa da Silva (2010) Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: relações linguísticas e implicações históricas‎ (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology 1

From Portuguese pau. Cognate with Kabuverdianu pó.

#### Noun

po
* tree
* stick

### Etymology 2

From Portuguese pó. Cognate with Kabuverdianu puera.

#### Noun

po
* dust

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French peau (“skin”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /po/

### Noun

po
* (anatomy) skin

## Hausa
### Etymology

Probably from French pot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pôː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [pôː]

### Noun

pô m (possessed form pôn)
* children's toilet

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto po, Russian по (po).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /po/

### Preposition

po
* for, at the price of, in exchange for; per
    Me kompris la domo po quaradek mil euri. ― I bought the house for forty thousand euros.

## Imonda
### Noun

po
* water

### Further reading

* Walter Seiler, The Main Structures of Imonda (1984)
* Walter Seiler, Imonda: Papuan Language, page 188: "Another excellent example that illustrates the relational character of -l, is provided by po water. When po is used to refer to general water, rain or creeks it has no -l. When it refers to wound water or coconut water it does end in -l."

## Japanese
### Romanization

po
* The hiragana syllable ぽ (po) or the katakana syllable ポ (po) in Hepburn romanization.

## Lithuanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa (“after, by”) (compare Latvian pa, pa-, Old Prussian po (“after, by, under”), Proto-Slavic *po (“after, by, at”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, *h₂epó (“away, from”). Other cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu, “from”), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 (a-p /⁠apa⁠/, “away”), Latin ab (“from”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of”). See pa-, pó- for more.

### Preposition

põ
* under, beneath (movement, position) [with instrumental]
* (with instrumental or genitive case) beside, near, along (movement, position)
* (with instrumental or dative case) expresses the direction of movement
    eik põ dešinei ― go to the right
* after, following a certain time period, event; after the disappearance or loss of [with genitive]
* expresses gradual progression; one after another [with genitive]
    mẽtai põ mẽtų ― year after year
* until, up to a certain time [with dative]
    Teñ jiẽ gyvẽna ir̃ põ šiái diẽnai ― they live there until this day
* around, throughout the whole of [with accusative]
    keliáuti põ Europą ― travel around Europe
* used to express division into equal parts [with accusative]
    vaikaĩ gãvo põ gãbalą sū́rio ― the kids got a piece of cheese each
    põ truputį ― little by little
* (with genitive, instrumental or dative case) expresses the manner of an action

#### Related terms

* apačia
* pa-, po-

### References

* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2015) “po”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 368-9

## Lower Sorbian
### Preposition

po
* Superseded spelling of pó.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

po (po$^5$ / po$^0$, Zhuyin ˙ㄆㄛ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 桲
po
* Nonstandard spelling of pō.
* Nonstandard spelling of pó.
* Nonstandard spelling of pǒ.
* Nonstandard spelling of pò.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* pa, paa, paue, pe, poo, poue

### Etymology

Inherited from Old English pāwa, pēa, from Proto-Germanic *pāwô, from Latin pāvō. Influenced by the first element of Old Norse páfugl.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔː/, /ˈpau̯(ə)/, /ˈpɛː/
* (Northern) IPA: /ˈpaː/

### Noun

po (plural poos)
* peacock

#### Derived terms

* pecok

#### Descendants

* English: pea, po (archaic)

#### References

* “pō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-10-10.

## Mokilese
### Noun

po
* shelf

## Nupe
### Etymology

Cognate to Gbiri-Niragu pobo.

### Verb

po
* to burn, to roast

### References

* R. Blench, The Benue-Congo languages
* Samuel Crowther, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Nupe Language (1864)

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈpo/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈpo/

### Preposition

po
* for (for the purpose of) [with accusative or locative]
* until; after [with accusative]
* for the entire, all [with accusative]
* during, in the period of [with accusative or genitive or locative]
* for the Xth time [with accusative]
* per, a piece [with accusative or locative]
* after; because of [with dative or locative]
* up to; towards [with dative]
* to behind [with dative]
* according to [with dative or locative]
* in the manner of [with dative]
* for (to what end) [with dative] (of a success or failure)
* creates adverbs in conjunction with an adjective. [with dative]
* denotes repeated action. [with dative]
* on top of; on [with locative]
* denotes general area as scene of action; around, about; along [with locative]
* with, by way of [with locative]
* behind [with locative]
* after [with locative]
* carried out by [with locative]
* in the absence of [with locative]
* through, by means of [with locative]
* as to, with regard to [with locative]
* denotes maximum amount; up to [with locative]
* denotes price of something. [with locative]
* more than [with locative]
* for, for the benefit of [with locative]

#### Descendants

* Czech: po

### References

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “po”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /pɔ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /pɔ/

### Preposition

po
* denotes sequence in time; after [with locative]
    Synonym: pod
* denotes general location; at, in, on [with locative or dative]
* (more specifically) along [with locative]
* denotes previous related person; after [with locative]
* denotes next in a sequence of people; after [with locative]
* denotes cause; after; because of [with locative]
* according to, in accordance with [with locative]
* denotes an instrument to an acction; with, by means of [with locative]
* according to, based on [with locative]
* denotes manner of the object; like, as [with locative]
* denotes distribution; per [with locative or dative]
* used in grammatical government; [with locative]
* it indicates a spatial limit; up to [with accusative]
* denotes a time when something takes place; during [with accusative or dative]
* denotes the aim or purpose of an action; for [with accusative]
* creates an adverb from the next noun; [with accusative]
* with an ordinal number; denotes which time in a sequence; for the _ time [with accusative]
    Synonym: za
* denotes the source or agent of an action; [with dative]
* denotes the distribution of the counted items; [with dative or accusative or locative]

#### Derived terms

* po-

#### Descendants

* Polish: po
* Silesian: po

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “po”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Paraguayan Guaraní
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /po/

### Etymology 1

Shortened form of japo.

#### Noun

po
* hand

### Etymology 2

From po (“five fingers”).

#### Numeral

po
* five

### Etymology 3

Onomatopoeic

#### Verb

po
* to jump

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔ/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈpɔ/
* Audio 1:(file)
* Audio 2:(file)
* Audio 3:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Syllabification: po

### Preposition

po
* after (later in time or sequence) [with locative]
    W piątki po pracy często chodzimy do pubu. ― On Fridays after work we often go to the pub.
    Cały dzień czyta książkę po książce o polityce. ― All day long he reads book after book about politics.
* after (in pursuit of) [with accusative]
    Jadą po nas! Zmykajcie! ― They're coming after us! Scram!
* around, about [with locative]
    Mój brat spędził miesiąc podróżując po Polsce. ― My brother spent a month travelling around Poland.
* past [with locative]
    Wykłady zaczynają się o kwadrans po ósmej. ― Lectures begin at quarter past eight.
* on [with locative]
    Kobiety siedzą po prawej stronie, a mężczyźni po lewej. ― Women sit on the right hand, and men on the left.
* for indicates that a container was previously used for something [with locative]
    Co zrobić ze słoikiem po dżemie? ― What can I do with an empty jam jar?
* from [with locative]
    Tę całą biżuterię odziedziczyłam po matce. ― I inherited all this jewellery from my mother.
    Od razu rozpoznałem go po grzmiącym głosie. ― I instantly recognised him from the booming voice.
* after (in allusion to), for [with locative]
    Nazwaliśmy naszego syna po zmarłym wujku. ― We named our son after his late uncle.
* done for (doomed) [with locative]
    Jest już po tobie, brachu. ― You're done for, bro.
* for (in order to obtain) [with accusative]
    Musimy pójść do sklepu po mleko. ― We have to go to the shop for milk.
* up to, as far as [with accusative]
    Woda w piwnicy była po kolana. ― The water in the cellar was up to our knees.
* in, for, at denotes a quantity of something [with accusative]
    Mam trzy zgrzewki po sześć puszek, czyli osiemnaście puszek. ― I have three multipacks of six cans, i.e. eighteen cans.
    Kupiłem te bilety po 20 złotych, a oferuję je po 10. ― I bought these tickets for 20 złoty each, but I'm offering them for 10.
* according to, in the way of, a la, as [with dative]
    Jego ulubioną potrawą jest karkówka po cygańsku. ― His favourite dish is gypsy pork.
    Lubię ją, ale tylko po przyjacielsku. ― I like her, but only as a friend.
* in (the language of) [with dative]
    Świetnie mówisz po polsku jak na cudzoziemca. ― You speak great Polish for a foreigner.
    Nie umiem pisać po chińsku. ― I don't know how to write in Chinese.

#### Usage notes

* Dative adjectives that end in -ski for the lemma take the archaic suffix -sku instead of the usual -skiemu when used with this preposition.

#### Derived terms

* aż po
* po angielsku
* po co
* po czym
* po drodze
* po drugie
* po kryjomu
* po pierwsze
* po polsku
* po prostu
* po trzecie

### Conjunction

po
* like
* when

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), po is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 282 times in scientific texts, 293 times in news, 195 times in essays, 552 times in fiction, and 406 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1728 times, making it the 24th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “po”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 377

### Further reading

* po in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* po in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “po”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “po”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “po”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “po”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 274

## Rapa Nui
### Noun

po
* night

## Samoan
### Noun

po
* night

## Sardinian
### Alternative forms

* pro

### Etymology

From Latin pro.

### Preposition

po
* (Campidanese) for

## Senggi
### Noun

po
* water

### References

* Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics), page 113

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

From pol, from Proto-Slavic *polъ. See po-.

#### Alternative forms

* pȏl

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pôː/

#### Adverb

pȏ (Cyrillic spelling по̑)
* (Bosnia, Serbia) half
    sat i po ― hour and a half
    četiri i po ― four thirty
    čov(j)ek i po ― an excellent man

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pô/

#### Preposition

pȍ (Cyrillic spelling по̏)
* for [with accusative]
    otići po ml(ij)eko ― to go and get the milk
    po c(ij)eli dan ― all day long
    po šesti put ― for the sixth time
    biti štetan po nekoga/nešto ― to be harmful for sb/sth
    dobro/loše po njega ― good/bad for him
* over, through, across, in, on [with locative]
    udariti po glavi ― to hit on the head
    sn(ij)eg je pao po cesti ― snow fell on the road
    voda se prolila po podu ― water spilled over the floor
    šetati po šumi ― to walk in the woods
* by, with, through (using an intermediary or medium) [with locative]
    Poslao sam mu paket po zajedničkom prijatelju. ― I've sent him a package via a mutual friend.
    po zraku/vodi ― by air/water
* by, according to [with locative]
    sve ide po planu ― everything is going according to the plan
    Amerika je prva država po bogatstvu u sv(ij)etu. ― America is the richest country in the world.
    po glavi stanovnika ― per capita
    živ(j)eti po principima ― to live according to principles
    po mom(e) mišljenju ― in my opinion
    po mom računu ― by my reckoning
    po meni ― in my opinion; as far as I'm concerned
    svirati po sluhu ― to play by ear
    suditi po vanjštini ― to judge by appearance
* after [with locative]
    po svršetku sukoba ― after (the end of) the conflict
* during [with locative]
    po kiši/suncu ― in the rain/sun
    po danu ― during the day
* in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs [with locative]
    razum(ij)e se (samo) po sebi ― it goes without saying
    neka bude po tvome ― let it be your way
    jednak po veličini ― equal in size
    sve je po starom ― everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner
    po običaju ― as usual, according to custom
    po vr(ij)ednosti ― in value
    po svoj prilici ― in all likelihood
    po rodu ― by birth
    po naravi/prirodi ― in nature
    po toj c(ij)eni ― at this price
    po paragrafu 13 ― under section 13
    po što po to ― by all means
    po mogućnosti ― if possible
    po redu ― in order, one after another
    po mom ukusu ― (according) to my taste
    po kvaliteti ― by quality
    po tome ― according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then
    po zakonu ― according to the law, by the law
    po duljini ― lengthwise

### Etymology 3
#### Particle

po (Cyrillic spelling по)
* (+ accusative case or nominative case) denoting distribution and succession; by, per, each, apiece
    Popili smo svi po čašicu rakije. ― We all drank a glass of rakija each.
    korak po korak ― step by step
    jedan po jedan ― one by one
    triput po satu ― three times per hour
    Svi smo dobili po jabuku. ― Each of us received an apple.

### References

* “po”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
* “po”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Silesian
### Alternative forms

* pō (before nasals)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔ
* Syllabification: po

### Preposition

po
* denotes general location about, around; along [with locative]
    Synonym: na
    Antonyms: nad, pod
* after [with locative]
    Antonym: przed
* denotes point in space on [with locative]
    Synonym: z
* dith certain verbs of speaking; denotes recipient of a message. [with locative]
    Synonym: na
* denotes maximum amount; up to [with accusative or locative]
    Synonym: z
* dreates an adverb from an adjective. [with dative] (archaic dative ending in -u)
* denotes aim of an action; for [with locative]
* for indicates that a container was previously used for something [with locative]
* denotes characteristic by which one might recognize something; from [with locative]
* denotes absence of something or something; after [with accusative]
* denotes possessor. [with locative]

#### Related terms

* po-

### Further reading

* po in silling.org

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɔ]

### Preposition

po
This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Further reading

* “po”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *po.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ/

### Preposition

po
* around, about [with locative]
* along, through (the length of) [with locative]
* according to
* in the manner of [with accusative]
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Spanish
### Etymology

From pues.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpo/ [ˈpo]
* Rhymes: -o
* Syllabification: po

### Interjection

po
* (Andalusia) emphatic, well
    Synonym: pues
    Po yo pensaba que no. ― Well, I didn't think so.
    Po sí ― Yes.
* (colloquial, Chile) emphatic
    Synonym: pues
    ¡Sí po! ― Yes, of course!
    ¡Ya, po! ― Come on!

#### Usage notes

* Always used at the end of a sentence.

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-po
* present stem of -wapo (“to be (at a definite place)”)
    tupo ― we are (there)

### See also

* -po: verbal affix
* -wako (“to be (at an indefinite place)”)
* -wamo (“to be inside (of a definite place)”)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puəq. Compare Malay empu, Indonesian empu, Old Javanese mpu. Also possibly from clipping of poon (“lord”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈpoʔ/ [ˈpoʔ]
* Rhymes: -oʔ
* Syllabification: po

### Particle

pô (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓ)
* marks respect toward the person the speaker is addressing
    Synonyms: (familiar) ho, (dialectal, emphatic) puko
    Tuloy po kayo. ― Come on in, Sir/Ma'am.
    Pupunta po ako sa simbahan, Inay. ― I am going to church, Mother.

#### Usage notes

* The word does not appear at a beginning of a sentence unless used alone.
* In standard Tagalog, the word po is more formal and polite than ho. In other dialects, this is not observed and has no difference.
* Old dictionaries indicate that puko was used by women before while po was used by men.

#### Derived terms

* magpo
* mapagpo
* pi

#### Related terms

* ipamupo
* mamupo
* mapamupo
* mapupuin
* opo
* pamupuan
* pamupuin
* papamupuin
* papupo
* puko
* pupo
* pupuin
* walang-pupo

### Further reading

* “po”, in Pinoy Dictionary, 2010–2025
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier
* Santos, Fr. Domingo de los (1835) Tomas Oliva, editor, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: primera, y segunda parte.‎ (in Spanish), La imprenta nueva de D. Jose Maria Dayot
* Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016) Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates, Lulu Press, →ISBN, page 139
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pueq”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Tapachultec
### Etymology

Lehmann considers the possibility of a connection to Zoque words for "white" (poopo).

### Noun

po
* moon

#### Usage notes

* This is the form Lehmann says is given in the Sapper-Ricke wordlists; the form given in Johnston's vocabulary is poot.

### References

* Walter Lehmann, Über die Stellung und Verwandtschaft der Subtiaba-Sprache der pazifischen Küste Nicaraguas und über die Sprache von Tapachula in Südchiapas (1915), Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 47, presenting the wordlists of Karl Sapper, Ricke, and Amado Johnston.

## Tewa
### Noun

póː (high tone)
* moon

### Noun

pòː (low tone)
* water

### Noun

pǒː (gliding tone)
* trail, road

### References

* Marianne Mithun, The Languages of Native North America
* John Peabody Harrington, The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians
* My Life in San Juan Pueblo: Stories of Esther Martinez (uses the spelling pˀoe, and mentions a fourth meaning, "pumpkin, squash")

## Tocharian B
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence also Tocharian A puk). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Adjective

po
* entire, whole

### Determiner

po
* each, every, all

#### Inflection

* (masc. nom. pl.): poñc

#### Derived terms

* olyapo (“more, rather than”) (olya + po)

## Umotína
### Noun

po
* water

### References

* Mônica Cidele da Cruz, Povo Umutína : a busca da identidade linguística e cultural [Les Umutína : À la recherche d’une identité linguistique et culturelle], Université Unicamp / Campinas, 2012, page 40

## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin post (“behind”).

### Preposition

po
* behind
    Antonym: fo

### See also

* po-

## Waris
### Noun

po
* water

### References

* Bob Brown, Waris grammar sketch, 1990 (2012), page 29

## Western Yugur
### Etymology

Relate to Shor по, Khakas пу (pu) Tofa бо, Tuvan бо (bo), Karaim бу , Krymchak бу, Southern Altai бу (bu), Kyrgyz бул (bul), etc.

### Pronoun

po
* this

## White Hmong
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɒ˧/

### Noun

po
* spleen

### References

* John Duffy, Writing from These Roots: Literacy in a Hmong-American Community →ISBN, 2007)

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pò/

#### Verb

pò
* (transitive) to mix, to stir
    Má pò ó pọ̀ síbẹ̀. ― Don't mix it together yet.
* (transitive) to beat, to whisk
    Bá mi po ẹyin. ― Help me beat the eggs.
* (transitive) to knead
* (transitive) to make warm drinks, baby food, or medicine.
    A gbọ́dọ̀ lo omi gbígbóná nígbà tí a bá fẹ́ po tíì. ― We must use hot water when we want to make tea.

##### Usage notes

* po when followed by a direct object.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pó/

#### Verb

pó
* to be too small
    awó dára lẹ́yẹ, ṣùgbọ́n orí pó o ― The guinea fowl is a beautiful bird, but it has a very small head