# 修

| 修 | U+4FEE, &#20462; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FEE |
| ← 俭 [U+4FED] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 俯 → [U+4FEF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

修 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7 in Chinese, 人+8 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 人中人竹 (OLOH), four-corner 2822$_2$, composition ⿲亻丨⿱夂彡(G) or ⿲亻丨㣊(HTJKV))

#### Usage notes

* Note that in Korean, Japanese and Traditional Chinese scripts, this character is written with ten strokes (as seen in the Kangxi Dictionary) rather than nine as in Simplified. The difference is in the component 攵 vs. 夂.

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 106, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 721
* Dae Jaweon: page 225, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 159, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4FEE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 修 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts06485Transcribed ancient scriptsL33637L33638L33639L33640L33641L11965L11966L11967L11968L11969 ||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||
| | Old Chinese |
| 絛 | *l̥ʰɯːw |
| 窱 | *ʔl'ɯːwʔ, *l̥ʰɯːws |
| 蓧 | *l̥ʰɯːw, *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 條 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鋚 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鞗 | *l'ɯːw |
| 樤 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鰷 | *l'ɯːw |
| 莜 | *l'ɯːws |
| 翛 | *slɯːw, *hljɯwɢ |
| 筱 | *slɯːwʔ |
| 篠 | *slɯːwʔ |
| 修 | *slɯw |
| 脩 | *slɯw |
| 樇 | *slɯw |
| 滫 | *slɯwʔ |
| 悠 | *lɯw |
| 攸 | *lɯw |
| 浟 | *lɯw |
| 蓨 | *l̥ʰɯːwɢ |
| 滌 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 儵 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 倐 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 倏 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 虪 | *hljɯwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *slɯw): phonetic 攸 (OC *lɯw) + semantic 彡.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiū (xiu$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄡ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiu$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): xiǔ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шю (ši͡u, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sau$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): saau$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhiu$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xiu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): siû
    (Hailu, HRS): siu$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiu$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xiou$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): siú
* Eastern Min (BUC): siŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): siu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siu$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): xiu$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): slau$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shieu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xiou$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiū
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siou
*** Wade–Giles: hsiu$^1$
*** Yale: syōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiou
*** Palladius: сю (sju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xiu$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiu
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiəu⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: xiǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɤu²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шю (ši͡u, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sau$^1$
*** Yale: sāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐu̯⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: saau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sau²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiu³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiu⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siû
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯u²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: siu$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /siu⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /siu⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xiou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: siú
*** Sinological IPA : /siu⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: siŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /sieu⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: siu$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: siu
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siu
*** Tâi-lô: siu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siu³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siu
*** Sinological IPA : /siu³³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: xiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /siu³⁵/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: slau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬəu⁵³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shieu
*** MiniDict: shieu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕiɤ⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xiou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯əu̯³³/
* Middle Chinese: sjuw
Rime :
| Character | 修 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息流切 |
| Baxter | sjuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /suw/ |
| Li Rong | /siu/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭəu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-liw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*slɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 修 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-liw/ |
| English | adorn |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 修 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15475 |
| Phonetic component | 攸 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 脩 |
| Old Chinese | /*slɯw/ |

### Definitions

修
* to decorate; to embellish
* to repair; to mend
* to build; to construct
    修鐵路／修铁路 ― xiū tiělù ― to build a railway
* to revise; to write; to compile
* (education) to study; to cultivate; to take a course
* (obsolete) tall; slim; long
    From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
    Qiān zhū lǎo bǎi, wàn jié xiū huáng. [Pinyin]
    A thousand stalks of old cypress, ten thousand stems of tall bamboo.
* Short for 修正主義／修正主义 (xiūzhèng zhǔyì). revisionism
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (to build):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 建 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蓋 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 起 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蓋, 起 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 修, 起 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 起, 修 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 起 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蓋, 造 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蓋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Rongxian | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 做 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 起, 整 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 起, 做 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 做 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 起, 搭 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 起 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 起 |
| Cantonese | Betong (Rongxian) | 起 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 起 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 做 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 起 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 起, 做 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 做 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 起 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 起 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 起 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 起 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 起 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 起 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 起 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 蓋 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 蓋 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 開 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 起 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 起 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 起 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 起 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 起 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 起 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 起 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 作 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 作 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 起 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 造 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 造, 起 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 造 |
| Wu | Danyang | 砌 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 造 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 起 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 起 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 起 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 起 |
* (to repair):
* 保養 / 保养 (bǎoyǎng)
* 修理 (xiūlǐ)
* 修補 / 修补 (xiūbǔ)
* 拾掇 (shíduo) (colloquial)
* 擺劃 / 摆划 (bǎihua) (regional)
* 擺弄 / 摆弄 (colloquial)
* 收拾
* 整 (zhěng)
* 整治 (zhěngzhì)
* 檢修 / 检修 (jiǎnxiū)
* 維修 / 维修 (wéixiū)
* 補 / 补 (bǔ)
* 補修 / 补修 (bǔxiū)

#### Compounds

* 不修
* 不修小節 / 不修小节
* 不修帷薄
* 不修邊幅 / 不修边幅 (bùxiūbiānfú)
* 主修 (zhǔxiū)
* 俊眼修眉
* 修五臟廟 / 修五脏庙
* 修仙 (xiūxiān)
* 修修
* 修函
* 修剪 (xiūjiǎn)
* 修史 (xiūshǐ)
* 修名
* 修和
* 修墓
* 修士 (xiūshì)
* 修女 (xiūnǚ)
* 修好 (xiūhǎo)
* 修學 / 修学 (xiūxué)
* 修容
* 修己
* 修建 (xiūjiàn)
* 修復 / 修复 (xiūfù)
* 修憲 / 修宪 (xiūxiàn)
* 修持
* 修指甲
* 修撰 (xiūzhuàn)
* 修改 (xiūgǎi)
* 修整 (xiūzhěng)
* 修文
* 修文偃武
* 修明 (xiūmíng)
* 修書 / 修书 (xiūshū)
* 修枝
* 修業 / 修业 (xiūyè)
* 修橋補路 / 修桥补路
* 修正 (xiūzhèng)
* 修正主義 / 修正主义 (xiūzhèng zhǔyì)
* 修正液 (xiūzhèngyè)
* 修武 (Xiūwǔ)
* 修母畫荻 / 修母画荻 (xiū mǔ huàdí)
* 修治 (xiūzhì)
* 修濬
* 修煉 / 修炼 (xiūliàn)
* 修版
* 修理 (xiūlǐ)
* 修省
* 修眉 (xiūméi)
* 修睦
* 修短
* 修禊 (xiūxì)
* 修竹 (xiūzhú)
* 修築 / 修筑 (xiūzhù)
* 修練 / 修练 (xiūliàn)
* 修繕 / 修缮 (xiūshàn)
* 修置產室 / 修置产室
* 修習 / 修习 (xiūxí)
* 修腳 / 修脚 (xiūjiǎo)
* 修舊利廢 / 修旧利废
* 修葺 (xiūqì)
* 修蓋 / 修盖
* 修行 (xiūxíng)
* 修補 / 修补 (xiūbǔ)
* 修訂 / 修订 (xiūdìng)
* 修訂本 / 修订本 (xiūdìngběn)
* 修課 / 修课 (xiūkè)
* 修謹以俟 / 修谨以俟
* 修譜 / 修谱
* 修護 / 修护
* 修路 (xiūlù)
* 修身 (xiūshēn)
* 修身養性 / 修身养性 (xiūshēn yǎngxìng)
* 修身齊家 / 修身齐家
* 修辭 / 修辞 (xiūcí)
* 修辭學 / 修辞学 (xiūcíxué)
* 修辭格 / 修辞格
* 修造 (xiūzào)
* 修道 (xiūdào)
* 修道院 (xiūdàoyuàn)
* 修邊 / 修边
* 修邊幅 / 修边幅
* 修鍊 / 修炼 (xiūliàn)
* 修長 / 修长 (xiūcháng)
* 修阻
* 修面 (xiūmiàn)
* 修飾 / 修饰 (xiūshì)
* 修飾邊幅 / 修饰边幅
* 修養 / 修养 (xiūyǎng)
* 修齋 / 修斋
* 修齡 / 修龄
* 偃武修文
* 公門修行 / 公门修行
* 兼修 (jiānxiū)
* 前修
* 地下修文
* 在家修
* 在職進修 / 在职进修
* 報修 / 报修 (bàoxiū)
* 大修 (dàxiū)
* 失修 (shīxiū)
* 女修士
* 姱修
* 專修 / 专修 (zhuānxiū)
* 導修課 / 导修课 (dǎoxiūkè)
* 小修
* 帕修斯
* 帷薄不修
* 帶髮修行 / 带发修行
* 年久失修 (niánjiǔshīxiū)
* 必修 (bìxiū)
* 必修科
* 忒修斯 (Tèxiūsī)
* 恨苦修行
* 承修 (chéngxiū)
* 搶修 / 抢修 (qiǎngxiū)
* 擋修 / 挡修
* 整修 (zhěngxiū)
* 文修武偃
* 文修武備 / 文修武备
* 暑修班
* 束修
* 束身修行
* 束身自修
* 棄武修文 / 弃武修文
* 檢修 / 检修 (jiǎnxiū)
* 武偃文修
* 歲修 / 岁修
* 清修
* 滅罪修因 / 灭罪修因
* 滴修都速
* 演武修文
* 潛修 / 潜修
* 焚修
* 監修 / 监修
* 研修 (yánxiū)
* 碎修兒 / 碎修儿
* 福惠雙修 / 福惠双修
* 程序修憲 / 程序修宪
* 維修 / 维修 (wéixiū)
* 編修 / 编修 (biānxiū)
* 纂修 (zuǎnxiū)
* 翻修 (fānxiū)
* 聯帝反修 / 联帝反修
* 自修 (zìxiū)
* 興修 / 兴修 (xīngxiū)
* 苦修
* 茂林修竹 (màolínxiūzhú)
* 蘇修 / 苏修 (Sūxiū)
* 術德兼修 / 术德兼修
* 補修 / 补修 (bǔxiū)
* 裝修 / 装修 (zhuāngxiū)
* 講信修睦 / 讲信修睦
* 蹇修
* 進修 / 进修 (jìnxiū)
* 進德修業 / 进德修业
* 選修 / 选修 (xuǎnxiū)
* 選修科 / 选修科
* 邊幅不修 / 边幅不修
* 重修 (chóngxiū)
* 重修舊好 / 重修旧好 (chóngxiūjiùhǎo)
* 阻修
* 阿修羅 / 阿修罗 (āxiūluó)
* 雙修 / 双修
* 靈修 / 灵修 (língxiū)
* 靜修 / 静修
* 養性修真 / 养性修真

### References

* “修”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “修”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* discipline
* conduct oneself well
* study
* master

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō $^†$)、す (su)
* Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
* Kun: おさめる (osameru, 修める, Jōyō)、おさまる (osamaru, 修まる, Jōyō)
* Nanori: のぶ (nobu)

#### Compounds

* 改修(かいしゅう) (kaishū)
* 修行(しゅぎょう) (shugyō)
* 修士(しゅうし) (shūshi)
* 修整(しゅうせい) (shūsei)
* 修正(しゅうせい) (shūsei)
* 修繕(しゅうぜん) (shūzen)
* 修訂(しゅうてい) (shūtei)
* 修道(しゅうどう) (shūdō)
* 修復(しゅうふく) (shūfuku)
* 修補(しゅうほ) (shūho)
* 修養(しゅうよう) (shūyō)
* 修羅(しゅら) (shura)
* 修理(しゅうり) (shūri)
* 補修(ほしゅう) (hoshū)

### Proper noun

修(おさむ) • (Osamu)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

修 (eumhun 닦을 수 (dakkeul su))
* hanja form of 수 (“discipline”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

修: Hán Việt readings: tu
修: Nôm readings: tu

### Verb

修
chữ Hán form of tu (“(intransitive) to isolate oneself from other people to follow rules in a philosophy or religion”).