# grad
## English
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡɹæd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -æd

#### Noun

grad (plural grads)
* Abbreviation of graduate.
* Abbreviation of graduation.
* (trigonometry) Abbreviation of gradian.

##### Derived terms

* fresh grad
* grad school
* grad student

#### See also

* deg
* rad

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

grad (plural grads)
* Alternative letter-case form of Grad

### Anagrams

* Gard, darg, drag, gard

## Alemannic German
### Etymology

From Middle High German gerade, gerat, from Old High German rado (“fast”, adverb), from rad (“fast”, adjective), from Proto-West Germanic *hrad (“quick, hasty”). Cognate with German gerade.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑd/

### Adverb

grad
* now, at the moment
** 1978, Rolf Lyssy & Christa Maerker, Die Schweizermacher, (transcript):
    Mir si grad am Esse, aber Si gönd gern mitesse, wen Si wend.We're eating at the moment, but you can gladly join us for dinner if you like.
* exactly

## Chinese
### Etymology

From clipping of English graduate.

### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwet$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwet$^1$
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwet$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guéd$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɛːt̚⁵/

### Verb

grad
* (Hong Kong Cantonese) to graduate

#### Derived terms

* fresh grad
* grad din
* grad trip
* U grad

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin gradus

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡ̊ʁɑˀð], ([ˈɡ̊ʁɑðˀ])
* Homophone: græd

### Noun

grad c (singular definite graden, plural indefinite grader)
* degree
    i allerhøjeste grad
       to the very highest degree
    til en sådan grad, at
       to such a degree that
* degree (180th of pi)
    Drej 90 grader i positiv omløbsretning (mod uret).
       Turn 90 degrees in the positive direction of circumambulation (counterclockwise).
* (mostly in compounds) academic degree
    Hun tog en grad i ægyptologi.
       She got a degree in egyptology.

#### Declension
## German
### Etymology

Contraction of gerade.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʁaːt/, /ɡʁat/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aːt
* Homophones: Grad, Grat

### Adverb

grad
* (colloquial) Alternative form of gerade

### Further reading

* “grad” in Duden online
* “grad” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Dutch graad, from Middle Dutch graet, from Latin gradus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡrat]
* Hyphenation: grad

### Noun

grad
* grade, degree, level
    Synonym: derajat
* dignity, prestige
    Synonym: martabat

#### Alternative forms

* gréd (Standard Malay)

#### Related terms

* degradasi
* gradasi

### References

* ↑ Nicoline van der Sijs (2010) Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd‎, Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, →ISBN, →OCLC

### Further reading

* “grad” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

From Middle High German gerat, from Old High German girat, equivalent to ge- + the root of Rad (“wheel”).

### Adverb

grad
* just, just now
    Mäi Brudder ass grad heemkomm
       My brother has just come home

## Maltese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian grado.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡraːd/

### Noun

grad m (plural gradi)
* degree (of a circle)
* degree (temperature)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin gradus.

### Noun

grad m (definite singular graden, indefinite plural grader, definite plural gradene)
* degree (general)
* an academic degree
* degree (of angle)
* degree (of latitude or longitude)
* degree (of temperature)
* rank (e.g. military)

#### Derived terms

* bachelorgrad
* breddegrad
* doktorgrad
* gradestokk
* lengdegrad
* minusgrad
* varmegrad

### References

* “grad” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin gradus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑːd/

### Noun

grad m (definite singular graden, indefinite plural gradar, definite plural gradane) grad f (definite singular grada, indefinite plural grader, definite plural gradene)
* a degree (general)
* an academic degree
* degree (of angle)
* degree (of latitude or longitude)
* degree (of temperature)
* rank (e.g. military)

#### Derived terms

* bachelorgrad
* breiddegrad
* doktorgrad
* gradestokk
* gradvis
* lengdegrad
* minusgrad
* varmegrad

### References

* “grad” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Latin gradus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrɑd/

### Noun

grad m
* grade, step, order, degree, rank

#### Declension

Strong a-stem:

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “grad”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡrat/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: grad
* Homophones: Grad, grat

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ.

#### Noun

grad m inan (related adjective gradowy)
* hail (balls of ice)
* (figurative) mass (large number or amount)
    Synonyms: deszcz, ulewa
    Hypernyms: masa, ogrom

##### Derived terms

* gradobicie
* gradzina

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

grad m inan
* (geometry, trigonometry) gradian (unit of angle equal to 0.9 degrees, so that there are 100 gradians in a right angle)

##### Declension
### Further reading

* grad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* grad in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French grade, ultimately from Latin gradus.

### Noun

grad n (plural grade)
* degree (unit of measurement for temperature)

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *groddo, ultimately from the root of greas (“to hasten”).

### Adjective

grad
* sudden, immediate, instant
* quick, rapid, swift, alert, agile

#### Usage notes

* Often used adverbially, preceding and leniting the verbal noun:
    a' grad-amharc oirre ― glancing at her
    ghrad-leum e bhon chathair ― he suddenly leapt from the chair

#### Derived terms

* gu grad

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrâːd/

#### Noun

grȃd m (Cyrillic spelling гра̑д)
* city, town
* fortress, castle
* downtown, city center

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gradъ, from Proto-Indo-European *greh₃d-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrâd/

#### Noun

grȁd m (Cyrillic spelling гра̏д)
* hail
    Synonyms: tȕča, krúpa, lȇd

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin gradus.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrâːd/

#### Noun

grȃd m (Cyrillic spelling гра̑д)
* (mathematics) gradian
* degree (measuring unit in various systems; the more usual and general term is stȅpēn or stȗpanj)

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “grad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Slavomolisano
### Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian grad (“city, town, fortress”). The extended meaning of ‘country’ is a semantic loan from Italian paese.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrâːd/

### Noun

grad m
* village
* country

#### Declension
### References

* Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).
* Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).
* ↑ Breu, Walter (2020), “Partitivity in Slavic-Romance language contact: The case of Molise Slavic in Italy” in Linguistics, volume 58, issue 3, page 840

## Slovene
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *gȏrdъ.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡráːt/
* Rhymes: -aːd

#### Noun

grȃd m inan
* castle
* (obsolete) city

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡráːt/
* Rhymes: -aːd
* Hyphenation: grad

#### Noun

grȃd m inan
* (trigonometry) gradian
* (oenology) alcohol by volume

### Further reading

* “grad”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “grad”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Latin gradus

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːd

### Noun

grad c
* degree (extent)
    I vilken grad bör man fokusera på kebabsåsens krämighet?To what degree should you focus on the creaminess of the kebab sauce?
    tredje gradens brännskadorthird degree burns
    närkontakt av tredje gradenclose encounters of the third degree (idiomatic as opposed to "kind")
* (physics) degree (unit of temperature, in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc.)
    – Hur många grader är det ute? – 240 grader Kelvin.– How many degrees is it outside? – 240 degrees Kelvin.
** 1981, Ebba Grön (lyrics and music), “800°C”, in Kärlek & uppror [Love & rebellion]‎:Vi fryser ihjäl. Det är så kallt. Stackars barn. Men snart blir det varmt. Ja, vi fryser ihjäl. Det är så kallt. Stackars barn. Men snart blir det varmt. Det blir 800 grader. Du kan lita på mig, du kan lita på mig. 800 grader. Du kan lita på mig, du kan lita på mig.We're freezing to death. It is so cold. Poor children. But soon it'll be warm. Yes, we're freezing to death. It is so cold. Poor children. But soon it'll be warm. It'll be 800 degrees. You can trust me, you can trust me. 800 degrees. You can trust me, you can trust me.
* (geometry) degree (angular unit)
    Vinkeln är 11 graderThe angle is 11 degrees
* (geography) degree
    två grader östtwo degrees east
* (algebra) degree
    x² - 4x + 4 = 0 är en andragradsekvation / en ekvation av andra graden / en ekvation av grad 2x² - 4x + 4 = 0 is a quadratic equation / a second-degree equation / an equation of degree 2
* grade, rank (especially in the military and academia)
    en officersgrada grade of officer
    gradbeteckningrank insignia
    ha en doktorsgradhave a doctorate ("doctorate grade")
    stiga i gradernarise through the ranks (idiomatic, generally)
* (cooking) A measurement of acetic acid, corresponding to 6 cl of a 24% solution or 12 cl of a 12% solution.
** 2012 June 12, “Inlagd löksill [Pickled onion herring]”, in My little bakery‎:Lag: 3,5 dl vatten; 0,5 äggkopp salt; 1 grad ättika.Pickle: 3.5 dl water; 0.5 egg cup salt; 1 degree acetic acid.
** 2017 November 14, Minna Wallén-Widung, “9 oväntade sätt att använda ättika på [9 unexpected ways to use acetic acid]”, in Allas‎:[…] späd 2 grader ättika med vatten till 0,5 liter. […] dilute 2 degrees acetic acid with water to 0.5 liters.

#### Usage notes

* An academic degree is usually an examen. Grad is more rare and closer to "rank," in a sense extended to (higher) academic degrees.

#### Related terms

* breddgrad
* degradera
* doktorsgrad
* frihetsgrad
* gradbeteckning
* gradera
* gradering
* gradient
* gradmätning
* gradualavhandling
* gradvis
* höggradig
* magistergrad
* militär grad
* minusgrad
* plusgrad
* retrograd
* svårighetsgrad
* så till den milda grad
* tjänstegrad
* uppgradera
* urbaniseringsgrad
* verkningsgrad

#### See also

* radian (“radian”)

### References

* grad in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* grad in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* grad in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* drag