# ku-
## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay ku-, from Proto-Malayic *ku-, nominative proclitic variant of *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku/

### Prefix

ku-
* I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
    Tanahku negeriku yang kucinta.My land, my country that I love.

### See also

* This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
* The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
* The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.

### Further reading

* “ku-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Kambera
### Pronoun

ku-
* first person singular nominative proclitic

#### See also
## Makasar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ku]

### Pronoun

ku- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
* I
* we (first person plural exclusive)

#### See also
## Malay
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *ku-, nominative proclitic variant of *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku/

### Prefix

ku- (Jawi spelling کوـ)
* I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
    kutahu ― I know

### See also
## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 17 subject concord.
* it; class 17 object concord.

## Phuthi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 17 subject concord.
* it; class 17 object concord.

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

## Swahili
### Alternative forms

* (in certain cases before a vowel) kw-

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* ku class$_{(XV)}$ noun prefix; used before verb stem with eventual object concord to form infinitive
** used to form verbnoun
    Kufanya kazi ni muhimu ili kupata pesa.Working is important in order to earn money.
** used after auxiliary verbs that do not require subject agreement and tense/aspect marking on the dependent verb
    Nataka kukisoma.I want to read it.
    Ilisababisha watu kujifunza zaidi.It caused people to study more.
*** 2023, “Waasi wa ADF wadaiwa kuwaua raia”, in DW‎:Watu wasiopungua kumi wanadaiwa kuuawa na wengine zaidi ya thelathini kujeruhiwa vibaya.At least ten people are claimed to have been killed and more than thirty others to have been seriously injured.
** used after -a (including in the presense of a subject)
    kitabu cha kufundishia ― book of instruction
    baada ya kipindi kupita ― after the period passes/passed
** used after na to replace elided subject agreement and tense/aspect marking
    Nilisoma na kuandika.I read and wrote.
* ku class$_{(XV)}$/ku class$_{(XVII)}$ adjective agreement prefix
    Kusafiri ni kuzuri sana.Traveling is great.
    mahali kuzuri ― a nice area
* verb-initial form of -ku- (“you, 2st person singular (or, if with suffix -ni, plural) object concord”)

##### See also

* Appendix:Swahili noun classes
* Initial
** Positive infinitive: ku-/kw-$^1$
** Negative infinitive: kuto-
** Habitual: hu-$^1$
** Telegrammic: ka-$^1$
* Final
** General (positive indicative): -a
** Positive subjunctive: -e
** Negative present: -i
** Second person plural: -ni
* Infix position positive subject concord
** Positive past: -li-
** Positive present: -na-
** Positive future: -ta-
** Negative subjunctive: -si-$^1$
** Positive present conditional: -nge-
** Negative present conditional: -singe-
** Positive past conditional: -ngali-
** Negative past conditional: -singali-
** Gnomic: -a-$^1$
** Perfect: -me-
** "Already" past: -lisha-
** "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
** "If/When": -ki-$^1$
** "If not": -sipo-
** Consecutive: -ka-$^1$
* Infix position negative subject concord
** Negative past: -ku-$^1$
** Negative future: -ta-
** "Not yet": -ja-$^1$
** Negative present conditional: -nge-
** Negative past conditional: -ngali-
* Relative
** Past: -li-
** Present: -na-
** Future: -taka-
** Negative: -si-
$^1$ Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it, there; ku class$_{(XV)}$/ku class$_{(XVII)}$ subject concord
    Antonym: haku-
    Kutoa kunatokana na moyo.Giving comes from the heart.
    Kuna watu wengi nchini wanaotaka amani.There are many people in the country who want peace.
* verb-initial form of -ku- (“there, ku class$_{(XVII)}$ object concord”)

##### See also

For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

## Swazi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 17 subject concord.
* it; class 17 object concord.

## Taos
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku/

### Prefix

ku-
* (transitive) Second-person singular subject + third person duoplural object.

## Tocharian A
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).

### Verb

ku-
* to pour
* to offer a libation

## Tocharian B
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).

### Verb

ku-
* to pour
* to offer a libation

## Tooro
### Alternative forms

* (before vowels) kw-

### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku-/

### Prefix

ku-
* class 15 pronominal concord
    ‎ku- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kunu (“this (class 15)”)
* it; class 15 subject concord
    ‎ku- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kukora (“it (class 15) does”)
* positive imperative form of -ku- (“it; class 15 object concord”)
    ‎ku- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kuha (“give it (class 15)”)

#### See also
### References

* Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* it; class 17 subject concord.
* it; class 17 object concord.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ku-]

### Prefix

ku-
* Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel u.

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

kú-
* you; second-person singular object concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* Class 15 simple noun prefix.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

kú-
* it; class 15 subject concord.
* it; class 15 object concord.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.

#### Prefix

ku-
* Class 17 simple noun prefix.

### Etymology 5

From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.

#### Prefix

kú-
* it; class 17 subject concord.
* it; class 17 object concord.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ku-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ku-”