# 且

| 且 | U+4E14, &#19988; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14 |
| ← 专 [U+4E13] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 丕 → [U+4E15] |

## Translingual
### Han character

且 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 7710$_0$, composition ⿱⺝一 or ⿴𠀃𠄠)
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №494

#### Derived characters

* 伹, 咀, 坥, 姐, 岨, 徂, 怚, 抯, 沮, 狙, 阻, 柤, 殂, 珇, 祖, 䏣, 俎, 㸖, 爼, 砠, 租, 袓, 粗, 組(组), 耝, 蛆, 詛(诅), 豠, 跙, 䣯, 鉏(𬬺), 靻, 飷(𬲭), 駔(驵), 䱉, 齟(龃/𪗱)
* 䢐, 趄, 䖕, 刞, 助, 䢸, 雎, 䪶, 鴡, 㡹, 疽, 虘, 麆, 冝, 㚗, 宜, 査, 笡, 罝, 苴, 䯶, 䔘
* 县 (Simplified form of 縣)
* 𭒽, 𢂈, 𭭞, 𤇅, 𤕲, 𭷚, 𭁎, 𥘲, 𤱌, 𮀀, 𥩢, 𡲂, 𧣞, 𡎬, 𫸴, 𫿇, 𭵞, 𭶴, 𧇇, 𬁫, 𪐵, 𧇣, 𮮭, 𧇿
* 𤔈, 𡲤, 𩗃, 𧇈, 𩲲, 𫨶, 𤿚, 𧠢, 𭖍, 𢒉, 𢨷, 𤇙, 𦊨, 𦊕, 𥥐, 𦊩, 𬅿, 𪧠, 𮧊, 𬌒, 𪽤, 𰀝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 77, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29
* Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 15, character 5
* Unihan data for U+4E14

#### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: 一部/四畫 on the Chinese Wikisource.
* 且 on Wikidata.Wikidata

## Bailang
### Noun

且 (*tsɑʔ)
* Sun

### References

* Hill, Nathan W. (2017) “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎, volume 103, pages 386—429

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 且 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj29048j29049j29050j29051j29052j29053j29054j29055j29056j29057j29058j29059j29060j29061j29062j29063j29064j29065j29066j29067j29068j29069j29070j29071j29072j29073j29074j29075j29076j29077j29078j29079j29080j29081j29082j29083j29084j29085j29086j29087j29088j29089j29090j29091j29092j29093j29094j29095j29096j29097j29098j29099j29100j29101j29102j29103j29104j29105j29106j29107j29108j29109j29110j29111j29112j29113j29114j29115j29116j29117j29118j29119j29120j29121j29122j29123j29124j29125j29126j29127j29128j29129j29130j29131Bronze inscriptionsb19394b19395b19396b19397b19398b19399b19400b19401b19402b19403b19404b19405b19406b19407b19408b19409b19410b19411b19412b19413b19414b19415b19416b19417b19418b19419b19420b19421b19422b19423b19424b19425b19426b19427b19428b19429b19430b19431b19432b19433b19434b19435b19436b19437b19438b19439b19440b19441b19442b19443b19444b19445b19446b19447b19448b19449b19450b19451b19452b19453b19454b19455b19456b19457b19458b19459b19460b19461Small seal scripts10640Transcribed ancient scriptsL35047L17323L17324L17325L17326L17327L17328L17329L17330L17331L17332L30577L02894 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 虘 | *zaːl, *zaː |
| 蔖 | *zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ |
| 摣 | *rnaː, *ʔsraː |
| 袓 | *ʔsjaː, *zaʔ |
| 怚 | *ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ |
| 罝 | *ʔsjaː |
| 謯 | *ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ |
| 姐 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 抯 | *ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː |
| 飷 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 且 | *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa |
| 趄 | *sʰjaːs, *sʰa |
| 笡 | *sʰjaːs |
| 查 | *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː |
| 柤 | *ʔsraː |
| 樝 | *ʔsraː |
| 皻 | *ʔsraː |
| 渣 | *ʔsraː |
| 楂 | *zraː |
| 苴 | *zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa |
| 駔 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ |
| 租 | *ʔsaː |
| 蒩 | *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 祖 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 組 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 珇 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 靻 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 粗 | *sʰaː, *zaːʔ |
| 徂 | *zaː |
| 殂 | *zaː |
| 麆 | *zaːʔ, *zras |
| 伹 | *zaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 蛆 | *ʔsa, *sʰa |
| 沮 | *ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra |
| 咀 | *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ |
| 疽 | *sʰa |
| 雎 | *sʰa |
| 狙 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 岨 | *sʰa |
| 砠 | *sʰa |
| 坥 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 刞 | *sʰas |
| 覰 | *sʰas |
| 覷 | *sʰas |
| 跙 | *zaʔ |
| 筯 | *das |
| 菹 | *ʔsra |
| 葅 | *ʔsra |
| 阻 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 俎 | *ʔsraʔ |
| 詛 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 鉏 | *zra, *zraʔ |
| 豠 | *zra |
| 鋤 | *zra |
| 耡 | *zra, *zras |
| 齟 | *zraʔ |
| 助 | *zras |
Pictogram (象形). Multiple interpretations:
* A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
* A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
* An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ); usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. See also the original version of 查.

### Etymology
#### “and; also; almost; be going to”

    Cognate with 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiě (qie$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄝˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ce$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): cie$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiá
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qia$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chiā
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiáⁿ / chhiá
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cian$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$chia; $^5$chi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiě
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciě
*** Wade–Giles: chʻieh$^3$
*** Yale: chyě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiee
*** Palladius: це (ce)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ce$^2$
*** Yale: ché
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tse$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cé$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: cie$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiɛ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiá
*** Hakka Romanization System: qia$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qia$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯a³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qia$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰia³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chiā
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰia³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiáⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tshiánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chviar
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰiã⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiã⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiá
*** Tâi-lô: tshiá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰia⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cian$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰĩã⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$chia; $^5$chi
*** MiniDict: chia$^去$; chi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$qia; $^2$qi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰia³⁴/, /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/
* 2qia - vernacular;
* 2qi - literary.
* Middle Chinese: tshjaeX
Rime :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七也切 |
| Baxter | tshjaeX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ce$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰjaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiě |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]Aʔ/ |
| English | moreover |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 10379 |
| Phonetic component | 且 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 且 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰjaːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

且
* this
* almost; nearly
* be going to; will; shall
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Hélú qiě sǐ, gào qí zǐ Fūchaī yuē: “Bì wú wàng Yuè.” [Pinyin]
    Helu, when he is about to die, instructs his son Fuchai: "Never ever forget Yue."
* just; for the time being
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yīn yù zhì yǐng, jiāngjūn Sūn Wǔ yuē: “Mín láo, wèikě, qiě dài zhī.” Nǎi guī. [Pinyin]
    (Wu Yun and Bopi) wanted to follow through and strike all the way to Ying. General Sun Wu said, "Our civilians are exhausted by the war, therefore we must not advance. For now, let us wait (for future opportunities)." Hence, the armies returned.
* even (used for emphasis, often with a hypothetical extreme scenario)
* (dialectal Mandarin) for a long time
       Zhè shuǐ tài tàng, qiě děi liàng huǐr ne. [Pinyin]
       This water is so hot; [it] need to be left alone to cool down for a long time.
       Zhèi huór qiě gàn bu wán ne. [Pinyin]
       This work wouldn't be done even with a lot of time.
* and; also (for juxtaposition)
    而且 ― érqiě ― and; but also
       Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]
       His speech was short and to the point.
* both ... and ...
* or (to list alternatives)
* moreover (to indicate progression)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qiě Gōujiàn weírén néng xīnkǔ, jīn bù miè, hòu bì huǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
    Furthermore, King Goujian's conduct has always been one of endurance during extreme hardship; if you fail to neutralize him at this moment, you will regret it later.
* if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
* sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 不苟且
* 且住
* 且則 / 且则
* 且夫 (qiěfú)
* 且如
* 且慢 (qiěmàn)
* 且戰且走 / 且战且走
* 且是
* 且末
* 且歌且舞 (qiěgēqiěwǔ)
* 且自
* 且行且談 / 且行且谈
* 且要
* 且見 / 且见
* 且說 / 且说 (qiěshuō)
* 且道
* 並且 / 并且 (bìngqiě)
* 因循苟且 (yīnxúngǒuqiě)
* 姑且 (gūqiě)
* 尚且 (shàngqiě)
* 得過且過 / 得过且过 (déguòqiěguò)
* 急且 (jíqiě)
* 抑且
* 故且 (gùqiě)
* 敢且
* 方且
* 暫且 / 暂且 (zànqiě)
* 暫且擱下 / 暂且搁下
* 更且
* 權且 / 权且 (quánqiě)
* 死且不朽
* 況且 / 况且 (kuàngqiě)
* 甚且 (shènqiě)
* 窮且益堅 / 穷且益坚
* 而且 (érqiě)
* 聊且 (liáoqiě)
* 苟且 (gǒuqiě)
* 苟且偷安
* 苟且偷生 (gǒuqiětōushēng)
* 苟且唐塞
* 苟且自度
* 載歌且舞 / 载歌且舞

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jū (ju$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zeoi$^1$ / ceoi$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̆
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chu / chir
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zu$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyu
*** Wade–Giles: chü$^1$
*** Yale: jyū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
*** Palladius: цзюй (czjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeoi$^1$ / ceoi$^2$
*** Yale: jēui / chéui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey$^1$ / tsoey$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêu$^1$ / cêu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰɵy̯³⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sy⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chu
*** Tâi-lô: tsu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chir
*** Tâi-lô: tsir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsjo
Rime :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 子魚切 |
| Baxter | tsjo |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡siɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡si̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsa/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjo › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsa/ |
| English | [final particle] |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 且 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10413 |
| Phonetic component | 且 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 且 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsa/ |

#### Definitions

且
* Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”)
* many; numerous; flourishing
* sixth month in the lunar calendar
* sentence-final modal particle
* Alternative form of 駔 / 驵 (“steed”)

#### Compounds

* 且月
* 且末 (Jūmò)
* 且蘭 / 且兰
* 狂且
* 猼且
* 鉗且 / 钳且

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cú (cu$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cú
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cú
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻu$^2$
*** Yale: tsú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tswu
*** Palladius: цу (cu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu³⁵/

#### Definitions

且
* Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”)

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jū (ju$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceoi$^1$ / cou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jū
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jyu
*** Wade–Giles: chü$^1$
*** Yale: jyū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
*** Palladius: цзюй (czjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceoi$^1$ / cou$^4$
*** Yale: chēui / chòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey$^1$ / tsou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêu$^1$ / cou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰou̯²¹/

#### Definitions

且
* Used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

### Pronunciation 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 且 – see 祖 (“ancestor; forebear; forefather; grandparent; grandfather or grandmother; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 祖).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* moreover; also; furthermore (かつ)
* for the time being (しばらく)
* be going to; will; shall (まさに…す)

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha)、しょ (sho)、ぞ (zo)
* Kan-on: しゃ (sha)、しょ (sho)、そ (so)
* Kan’yō-on: しょ (sho)
* Kun: かつ (katsu, 且つ, Jōyō)、しばらく (shibaraku, 且く)、まさに…す (masani…su, 且に…す)

#### Compounds

* 苟且(かりそめ) (karisome)
* 且(かつ)又(また) (katsumata)
* 暫且(ざんしょ) (zansho)
* 尚(なお)且(か)つ (naokatsu)

#### Related terms

* 且(か)つ (katsu)

### References

* ↑ “且”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

且 (eumhun 또 차 (tto cha))
* hanja form of 차 (“moreover; also”)

#### Compounds

* (archaic) 차설 (且說, chaseol)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

且 (eumhun 도마 조 (doma jo))
* Alternative form of 俎 (“hanja form of 조 (“a sacrificial altar; a cutting board, a chopping board”)”)

### Etymology 3
#### Hanja

且 (eumhun 공경할 저 (gonggyeonghal jeo))
* (obsolete) hanja form of 저 (“respect”)

### References

* Naver Hanja Dictionary: 且

## Vietnamese
### Han character

且: Hán Việt readings: thả, thư, tồ
且: Nôm readings: thả, vã, vả
* (literary) besides, again, moreover

#### Descendants

* Nôm: 𡲤

#### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (1999).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* Nom Foundation