# 文明
## Chinese

* 文明 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 文明 (Cantonese)
* 文明 (Gan)
* Vùn-mìn (Hakka)
* Bûn-bêng (Southern Min)
* 文明 (Wu)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wénmíng
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wen$^2$ min$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^4$ ming$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): vùn-mìn
    (Hailu, HRS): vun min
* Eastern Min (BUC): ùng-mìng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mong$^2$ ming$^2$ / muong$^2$ ming$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-bêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung$^5$ mêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ven-min$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wénmíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúnmíng
*** Wade–Giles: wên$^2$-ming$^2$
*** Yale: wén-míng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenming
*** Palladius: вэньмин (vɛnʹmin)
*** Sinological IPA : /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$文名 文明 聞名 / 闻名
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wen$^2$ min$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wenmin
*** Sinological IPA : /uən²¹ min²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Yale: màhn mìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ ming$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-mìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun$^ˇ$ min$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vun$^2$ min$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ min¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun min
*** Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ min⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-mìng
*** Sinological IPA : /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: mong$^2$ ming$^2$ [Phonetic: mong$^5$ ming$^2$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: meóng-míng
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: muong$^2$ ming$^2$ [Phonetic: muong$^5$ ming$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /muoŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-bêng
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-bîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunbeeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhung$^5$ mêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng mêng
*** Sinological IPA : /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ven-min$_6$
*** MiniDict: ven$^去$ min$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$ven-min$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vən²² min⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: mjun mjaeng
Rime :
| Character | 文 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 文 (59) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 無分切 | 武兵切 |
| Baxter | mjun | mjaeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨun/ | /mˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miun/ | /mᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuən/ | /miaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mun/ | /miajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /miuən/ | /miɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuən/ | /mĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uən/ | /mi̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wén | míng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | ming$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n] mraŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn mraŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 文 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wén | míng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjun › | ‹ mjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə[n]/ | /*mraŋ/ |
| English | ornate | bright |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 文 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13015 | 9188 |
| Phonetic component | 文 | 明 |
| Rime group | 文 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 文 | 明 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯn/ | /*mraŋ/ |

### Noun

文明
* civilization (Classifier: 個／个 m)
    中華文明／中华文明 ― zhōnghuá wénmíng ― Chinese civilization
    四大文明古國／四大文明古国 ― sì dà wénmíng gǔguó ― the Four Great Ancient Civilizations
       Shū shì chuándì wénmíng de gōngjù. [Pinyin]
       Books are the way in which civilization is transmitted.
       Rén yǔ qítā shēngwù zuìdà de bùtóng, jiùshì yōngyǒu wénmíng. [Pinyin]
       The ability to develop civilizations is the biggest difference between humans and other living things.
* civilized behaviour; manners
    加強文明意識／加强文明意识 ― jiāqiáng wénmíng yìshí ― to improve people's awareness of civilized behaviour

### Adjective

文明
* civilized
    文明行為／文明行为 ― wénmíng xíngwéi ― civilized behaviour
    文明交往 ― wénmíng jiāowǎng ― to socialize in a civilized manner
    舉止文明／举止文明 ― jǔzhǐ wénmíng ― to behave in a civilized manner
* (dated) modern
* (Classical) having literary talent
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Qí dé gāngjiàn ér wénmíng, yìng hū tiān ér shí xíng. [Pinyin]
    The attributes (of its component trigrams) are strength and vigour with elegance and brightness. (The ruling line in it) responds to (the ruling line in the symbol of) heaven, and (consequently) its action is (all) at the proper times.

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “civilized”): 野蠻／野蛮 (yěmán)

### Derived terms

* 政治文明 (zhèngzhì wénmíng)
* 文明人 (wénmíngrén)
* 文明國家 / 文明国家 (wénmíng guójiā)
* 文明戲 / 文明戏 (wénmíngxì)
* 文明棍 (wénmínggùn)
* 文明腳 / 文明脚
* 文明觀球 / 文明观球
* 物質文明 / 物质文明 (wùzhì wénmíng)
* 生態文明 / 生态文明 (shēngtài wénmíng)
* 精神文明 (jīngshén wénmíng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 明 |
| ぶん Grade: 1 | めい Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文明 (MC mjun mjaeng).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぶんめー [bùńméé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]

### Noun

文(ぶん)明(めい) • (bunmei)
* civilization

#### Derived terms

* 文(ぶん)明(めい)開(かい)化(か) (bunmeikaika)

### Proper noun

文(ぶん)明(めい) • (Bunmei)
* the Bunmei era, 1469-1487

#### See also

* 応仁(おうにん) (Ōnin) (era preceding Bunmei)
* 長享(ちょうきょう) (Chōkyō) (era following Bunmei)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 文 | 明 |

### Noun

文明 • (munmyeong) (hangeul 문명)
* hanja form of 문명 (“civilization”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 文 | 明 |

### Adjective

文明
* chữ Hán form of văn minh (“civilized”).