# punya
## Baba Malay
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay punya.

### Particle

punya
* possessive particle
    gua punya ruma. ― My house (literally, “I have house.”)

#### Synonyms

* mia

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay punya. First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684AD. Possibly a back-formation from mempunyai.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈpuɲa/ [ˈpu.ɲa]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uɲa
* Syllabification: pu‧nya

### Noun

punya (plural punya-punya)
* owner

#### Synonyms

* pemilik
* tuan
* empunya

### Verb

punya
* to have
    Saya punya kamus baru ― .I have a new dictionary.
* to own
    Buku itu kepunyaan saya. ― The book is mine.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ The -kan row is either causative or applicative. With transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning. This word has an irregular derivation due to etymological reasons or speakers' habits. Some of these forms do not normally exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning.

#### Synonyms

* (transitive): memiliki
* (intransitive): milik

### Further reading

* “punya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Malay
### Etymology

Clipping of empunya, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpuña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpu. Compare Tagalog impó (“grandmother”).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (punyā) in the form [script needed] (punyāña).
In the sense of possessive/genitive particle, semantic loan from Hokkien 的 (ê).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /puɲa/
** (Johor-Riau) IPA: [pu.ɲə]
*** Audio (Malaysia):(file)
** (Baku) IPA: [pu.ɲa]
*** Audio (Malaysia):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɲa, -a
* Hyphenation: pu‧nya

### Noun

punya (Jawi spelling ڤوڽا)
* Someone who owns a certain thing; an owner.
    Synonyms: pemunya, pemilik, empunya, tuan, yang punya, tuan punya
* Something that is owned; a possession.
    Synonyms: kepunyaan, hak, milik
    rumah punya Adam ― house that is Adam's possession

### Particle

punya (Jawi spelling ڤوڽا, alternative form nya)
* (informal) Used to indicate possession, similar to English 's.
    Adam punya buku ― Adam's book

#### Usage notes

* The more formal way to indicate possession in Malay is by placing the possessed object in front of the possessor, so that, to say "Adam's book", instead of saying "Adam punya buku", one just says "buku Adam".

### Verb

punya (Jawi spelling ڤوڽا)
* To have.
    Synonyms: punyai, ada
    Saya punya enam buku.I have six books.
* To own.
    Synonym: punyai
    Saya punya dua buah rumah.I own two houses.
* (spoken) Emphasizes a word that is repeated.

#### Affixations

* berpunya
* kepunyaan
* pemunya
* punyai
* punyakan (archaic)
* sepunya

#### Descendants

* Ambonese Malay: pung
* Indonesian: punya
* Kupang Malay: pung
* Manado Malay: pe
* North Moluccan Malay: pi
* Papuan Malay: pu

### References

* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*empu”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “punya” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Old Khmer
### Alternative forms

* puṇya, បុណ្យ
* បុន្យ

### Noun

punya
* Latin script form of បុន្យ, alternative spelling of បុណ្យ (puṇya, “merit”)