# 染

| 染 | U+67D3, &#26579; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67D3 |
| ← 柒 [U+67D2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 柔 → [U+67D4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

染 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水弓木 (END), four-corner 3490$_4$, composition ⿱氿木(GJKV) or ⿱氿𣎳(HT))

#### Derived characters

* 媣, 𫽦, 蒅, 𩃵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 519, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14621
* Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1188, character 7
* Unihan data for U+67D3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 染 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts08351Transcribed ancient scriptsL35510L18800L18797L18798L18799 ||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 氵 (“water”) + 九 (“hook”) + 木 (“tree”) – to hang (on a hook 九) from a tree (木) into water (氵), so as to dye.
Earlier forms more often graphically 氵 + 杂; in the modern form, the water radical is moved upward to the upper-left corner.

### Etymology

Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཉམས་པ (nyams pa, “be stained, tarnished, spoiled”); Pan (1987) also notes Proto-Tai *ɲuɔmᴬ as well as Vietnamese nhuộm, both meaning "to dye".
Schuessler (2007) cites Downer (1986)'s opinion that form with 上 (shàng) tone is the verb, while form with 去 (qù) tone is the noun meaning "kind of cloth" (Lǐjì).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rǎn (ran$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄢˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiam
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam$^3$ / ngiam$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): nǐng
* Eastern Min (BUC): niēng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liám / jiám / ní
    (Teochew, Peng'im): riam$^2$ / ni$^2$
* Wu (Suzhou, Wugniu): $^6$zoe; $^6$gnie
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rǎn
*** Wade–Giles: jan$^3$
*** Yale: rǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raan
*** Palladius: жань (žanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐän²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jim$^5$
*** Yale: yíhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jim$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yim$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːm¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡiam²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiam$^3$ / ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiam³¹/, /ŋiam⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nǐng
*** Sinological IPA : /niŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: niēng
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡieŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liám
*** Tâi-lô: liám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liarm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liam⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiám
*** Tâi-lô: jiám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jiarm
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziam⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziam⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ní
*** Tâi-lô: ní
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nie
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nĩ⁵³/
* liám/jiám - literary;
* ní - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit染 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐan²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʐan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ian¹³/ /ʐan¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʐã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʐã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʐã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʐɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐan⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐã̠⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐaŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐæ̃²⁴/ /ʐən²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zæ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʐɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐæ̃⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi²³/ /zø²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵiɪ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷõ¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵi³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ne³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵiɛ²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yẽ⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iẽ⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiam⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋiɑm⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jim²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jim²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jim¹³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liam⁵³/ /ni⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nieŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /niŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /ziam⁵³/ /nĩ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zam²¹³/ /ni²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: nyemX, nyemH
Rime :
| Character | 染 | 染 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 而琰切 | 而豔切 |
| Baxter | nyemX | nyemH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiᴇm$^X$/ | /ȵiᴇm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɛm$^X$/ | /ȵiɛm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjæm$^X$/ | /ȵʑjæm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵiam$^X$/ | /ȵiam$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɛm$^X$/ | /ȵiɛm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭɛm$^X$/ | /ȵʑĭɛm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ɛm$^X$/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rǎn | ràn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jim$^5$ | jim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.n[a]mʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njomʔ/, /*njoms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 染 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyem$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.n[a]mʔ/ |
| English | to dye |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 染 | 染 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10790 | 10791 |
| Phonetic component | 染 | 染 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 冉 | 染 |
| Old Chinese | /*njomʔ/ | /*njoms/ |

### Definitions

染
* to dye
    把頭髮染成棕色／把头发染成棕色 ― bǎ tóufà rǎn chéng zōngsè ― to dye one's hair brown
    From: 1986, 血染的風采
    gònghéguó de qízhì shàng yǒu wǒmen xuè rǎn de fēngcǎi [Pinyin]
    The flag of our Republic has our blood-stained glory.
* to catch (a disease); to fall into (a bad habit)
    染上破傷風／染上破伤风 ― rǎn shàng pòshāngfēng ― to get tetanus
* a surname, Ran

### Compounds

* 一塵不染 / 一尘不染 (yīchénbùrǎn)
* 不染纖塵 / 不染纤尘
* 二次感染
* 二次汙染 / 二次污染
* 交叉感染 (jiāochā gǎnrǎn)
* 作染
* 傳染 / 传染 (chuánrǎn)
* 傳染來源 / 传染来源
* 傳染力 / 传染力 (chuánrǎnlì)
* 傳染原 / 传染原
* 傳染病 / 传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng)
* 傳染途徑 / 传染途径
* 印染 (yìnrǎn)
* 合成染料
* 命染黃沙 / 命染黄沙
* 噪音汙染 / 噪音污染 (zàoyīn wūrǎn)
* 土壤汙染 / 土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
* 塵埃傳染 / 尘埃传染
* 大氣汙染 / 大气污染
* 媒染劑 / 媒染剂
* 尿道感染
* 性染色體 / 性染色体 (xìng rǎnsètǐ)
* 愛染 / 爱染
* 感染 (gǎnrǎn)
* 感染症
* 接觸傳染 / 接触传染
* 操觚染翰
* 放射汙染 / 放射污染
* 日漸月染 / 日渐月染
* 日濡月染
* 有染 (yǒurǎn)
* 染人
* 染化
* 染坊
* 染干
* 染指 (rǎnzhǐ)
* 染指垂涎
* 染指於鼎 / 染指于鼎
* 染料 (rǎnliào)
* 染汙 / 染污
* 染渲
* 染畫 / 染画
* 染疫 (rǎnyì)
* 染病 (rǎnbìng)
* 染紅 / 染红 (rǎnhóng)
* 染絲之變 / 染丝之变
* 染缸
* 染習 / 染习
* 染翰
* 染翰操紙 / 染翰操纸
* 染翰操觚
* 染色 (rǎnsè)
* 染色體 / 染色体 (rǎnsètǐ)
* 染革
* 染風習俗 / 染风习俗
* 染髮 / 染发 (rǎnfà)
* 核汙染 / 核污染
* 水汙染 / 水污染 (shuǐwūrǎn)
* 汙染 / 污染 (wūrǎn)
* 汙染物 / 污染物 (wūrǎnwù)
* 沾染 (zhānrǎn)
* 油汙染 / 油污染
* 浸染 (jìnrǎn)
* 海水汙染 / 海水污染
* 渲染 (xuànrǎn)
* 滃染
* 漂染 (piǎorǎn)
* 漸染 / 渐染 (jiānrǎn)
* 潛伏感染 / 潜伏感染
* 濡染
* 火染旛竿
* 烘染
* 熏染 (xūnrǎn)
* 熱汙染 / 热污染
* 環境汙染 / 环境污染 (huánjìng wūrǎn)
* 病染膏肓
* 目擩耳染 (mùrù'ěrrǎn)
* 目染耳濡 (mùrǎn'ěrrú)
* 空氣傳染 / 空气传染 (kōngqì chuánrǎn)
* 空氣汙染 / 空气污染 (kōngqì wūrǎn)
* 紡染 / 纺染
* 紮染 / 扎染
* 絞染 / 绞染
* 纖塵不染 / 纤尘不染
* 習染 / 习染
* 耳染目濡 (ěrrǎnmùrú)
* 耳濡目染 (ěrrúmùrǎn)
* 荏染
* 薰染 (xūnrǎn)
* 蠟染 / 蜡染 (làrǎn)
* 見聞習染 / 见闻习染
* 軋染 / 轧染
* 遷染 / 迁染
* 院內感染 / 院内感染 (yuànnèi gǎnrǎn)
* 陶染
* 隱性傳染 / 隐性传染
* 霑染 / 沾染
* 青蠅染白 / 青蝇染白
* 面染
* 飛文染翰 / 飞文染翰
* 飛沫傳染 / 飞沫传染
* 香染
* 點染 / 点染
* 點染雲煙 / 点染云烟

### References

* “染”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* dye, color, paint, stain, print

#### Readings

* Go-on: ねん (nen)
* Kan-on: ぜん (zen)
* Kan’yō-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
* Kun: しみ (shimi, 染み, Jōyō)、そめる (someru, 染める, Jōyō)、しみる (shimiru, 染みる, Jōyō)、そまる (somaru, 染まる, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 染 (MC nyemX|nyemH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅧᆷ〯 (zyěm) (Yale: zyěm) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 염 (yem) (Yale: yem) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [jɘ(ː)m]
* Phonetic hangul: [염(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 染 (eumhun 물들일 염 (muldeuril yeom))
* hanja form of 염 (“dye”)

#### Compounds

* 감염 (感染, gamyeom)
* 염료 (染料, yeomnyo)
* 염색 (染色, yeomsaek)
* 염색체 (染色體, yeomsaekche)
* 오염 (汚染, oyeom)
* 전염 (傳染, jeonyeom)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

染: Hán Nôm readings: nhuộm, nhẹm, nhiễm, nhuốm, ruộm, vẩn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.