# عشق
## Arabic
### Etymology 1.1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕiʃq/

#### Noun

عِشْق • (ʕišq) m
* verbal noun of عَشِقَ (ʕašiqa) (form I)
* liking with desire (lust), being in love; romantic love (particularly when very strong)
    عِشْقِي لَكِ كَالْوَرْدِ فِي حَدِيقَةِ قَلْبِي، يَنْمُو بِجَمَالٍ وَرَائِحَةٍ تَمْلَأ كُلِّ الزَّوَايَا.ʕišqī laki kālwardi fī ḥadīqati qalbī, yanmū bijamālin warāʔiḥatin tamlaʔ kulli z-zawāyā.My love for you is like a rose in the garden of my heart, it grows with beauty and a fragrance that fills every corner.
** 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi, ديوان أبي الطيب المتنبي, volume 2:لِعَيْنَيْكِ مَا يَلْقَى ٱلْفُؤَادُ وَمَا لَقِي / وَلِلْحُبِّ مَا لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنِّي وَمَا بَقِي / وَمَا كُنْتُ مِِمَّنْ يَدْخُلُ ٱلْعِشْقُ قَلْبَهُ / وَلَٰكِنَّ مَنْ يُبْصِرْ جُفُونَكِ يَعْشَقِliʕaynayki mā yalqā l-fuʔādu wamā laqī / walilḥubbi mā lam yabqa minnī wamā baqī / wamā kuntu miimman yadḵulu l-ʕišqu qalbahu / walākinna man yubṣir jufūnaki yaʕšaqi(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* passion

##### Descendants

* Hijazi Arabic: عشق (ʕišg)
* Maltese: għaxqa
* → Bashkir: ғишыҡ (ğişıq)
* → Classical Persian: عِشْق (išq)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इश्क़ (iśq)
    Urdu: عِشْق ('iśq)
** → Chagatai: عشق
*** Uyghur: ئىشق (ishq)
*** Uzbek: ishq
** → Marathi: इश्क (iśka)
** → Old Anatolian Turkish: عشق (ʼeşq)
*** Azerbaijani: eşq
*** Ottoman Turkish: عشق (ʼaşk)
**** Turkish: aşk
**** → Crimean Tatar: aşq
* → Turkmen: yşk

### Etymology 1.2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕa.ʃi.qa/

#### Verb

عَشِقَ • (ʕašiqa) I (non-past يَعْشَقُ (yaʕšaqu), verbal noun عِشْق (ʕišq))
* to fall in love; to love excessively; to adore
** 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi, ديوان أبي الطيب المتنبي, volume 2:لِعَيْنَيْكِ مَا يَلْقَى ٱلْفُؤَادُ وَمَا لَقِي / وَلِلْحُبِّ مَا لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنِّي وَمَا بَقِي / وَمَا كُنْتُ مِِمَّنْ يَدْخُلُ ٱلْعِشْقُ قَلْبَهُ / وَلَٰكِنَّ مَنْ يُبْصِرْ جُفُونَكِ يَعْشَقِliʕaynayki mā yalqā l-fuʔādu wamā laqī / walilḥubbi mā lam yabqa minnī wamā baqī / wamā kuntu miimman yadḵulu l-ʕišqu qalbahu / walākinna man yubṣir jufūnaki yaʕšaqi(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 1.3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕaʃ.ʃa.qa/

#### Verb

عَشَّقَ • (ʕaššaqa) II (non-past يُعَشِّقُ (yuʕaššiqu), verbal noun تَعْشِيق (taʕšīq))
* to join
* to connect

##### Conjugation
## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕiʃɡ/, [ʕɪʃɡ]

#### Noun

عِشْق • (ʕišg) m
* liking with desire (lust), being in love; romantic love (particularly when very strong)
* passion

### Etymology 2

From Arabic عَشِقَ (ʕašiqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕi.ʃiɡ/, [ʕɪʃɪɡ]

#### Verb

عِشِق • (ʕišig) I (non-past يِعْشَق (yiʕšag))
* to fall in love; to love excessively; to adore

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3

From Arabic عَشَّقَ (ʕaššaqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕaʃ.ʃaɡ/

#### Verb

عَشَّق • (ʕaššag) II (non-past يِعَشِّق (yiʕaššig))
* to connect (used with vehicle's gear)

##### Conjugation
## Old Anatolian Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عشق ('ešq), from Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq).

### Noun

عشق • (ʼeşq)
* love
    Synonyms: سوو (sevü), سوكو (sevgü)

#### Derived terms

* عشق آلمق (ʼeşq almaq, “to fall in love”)
* عشق اری (ʼeşq äri, “male lover”)
* عشق كودمك (ʼeşq güdmäk, “to suffer from love”)
* عشقنه (ʼeşqinä, “for the love of”)

#### Descendants

* Azerbaijani: eşq
* Ottoman Turkish: عشق (ʼaşk)
** Turkish: aşk
** → Crimean Tatar: aşq

### Further reading

* Kanar, Mehmet (2018) “ışk”, in Eski Anadolu Türkçesi Sözlüğü [Old Anatolian Turkish Dictionary] (in Turkish), 2nd edition, Istanbul: Say Yayınları, page 357
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aşk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔiʃq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪʃq]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪʃq]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪʃq]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔiʃq]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔeʃɢ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔiʃq]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

عِشْق • ('ešq) (plural عشق‌ها ('ešq-hâ))
* love (romantic emotion); passion
    دَرْدِ عِشْق ― dard-e 'ešq ― pain of love
** late 14th century, Xāja Shams-ud-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, “اگر آن ترک شیرازی به دست آرد دل ما را (Shirazi Turk)”, in دیوان حافظ [Divān of Ḥāfeẓ]:ز عشق ناتمام ما جمال یار مستغنی استzi išq-i nātamām-i mā jamāl-i yār mustağnī astOf my imperfect love the glory of the beloved is independent(Classical romanization)
** c. 1650, Chandar Bhan Brahman, دیوان برهمن [The Brahman's divan], Lahore, Mughal Empire:چو درد عشق رسد خواهش دوا کفر استčō dard-i išq rasad xwāhiš-i dawā kufr astWhen the pain of love arrives, the desire for medicine is infidelity(Indian Persian, Classical romanization)
** 1915, محمود طرزی, (Mahmud Tarzi), translated by Wali Ahmadi (Modern Persian Literature in Afghanistan), پراکنده مجموعه اشعار [Collection of Scatted Poems], Kabul, Afghanistan: 'Ināyat Press:هر کس که دل به عشق وطن کرد مبتلا، ایمان و عقل و دین نشود هیچ از و جدا.har kas ki dil ba išq-i watan kard mubtalā, īmān u aql u dīn našawad hēč az u judāThat one who is ever consumed by love for his homeland: faith, reason, and belief shall never abandon him.(Dari, Classical romanization)
* one's love, the beloved
    عِشْقِ مَن ― ešq-e man ― my love

#### Usage notes

* Unlike the Arabic word, Persian عشق does not have an overtone of “excessive” or “crazy love”.

#### Derived terms

* عشق انگیز ('ešq-angiz)
* عشق حقیقی ('ešq-e haqiqi, “true love”)
* عشق مجازی ('ešq-e majâzi)
* عشق ورزی ('ešq-varzi)
* عشقبازی ('ešq-bâzi)
* عشقی ('ešqi)

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इश्क़ (iśq)
    Urdu: عِشْق ('iśq)
* → Chagatai: عشق
** Uyghur: ئىشق (ishq)
** Uzbek: ishq
* → Marathi: इश्क (iśka)
* → Old Anatolian Turkish: عشق (ʼeşq)
** Azerbaijani: eşq
** Ottoman Turkish: عشق (ʼaşk)
*** Turkish: aşk
*** → Crimean Tatar: aşq

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic عَشِقَ (ʕašiqa).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Urban) /ʕi.ʃiʔ/, [ˈʕi.ʃɪʔ]
* IPA: (Bedouin) /ʕi.ʃiɡ/, [ˈʕi.ʃɪɡ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

عشق • (ʕišiʔ) I (present بعشق (biʕšaʔ))
* to fall in love
    Synonym: وقع بغرام (wiʔiʕ bi-ḡarām)
* to absorb a smell (of fabric)

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕiʃq/, [ʕɪʃq]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

عشق • (ʕišq) m
* love, passion, infatuation
    Synonym: غرام (ḡarām)

##### See also

* حبّ (ḥabb, “love”), محبّة (maḥabbe, “love, affection”)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عِشْق (išq), borrowed from Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq). First attested in c. 1564 as Middle Hindi عشق ('śq /⁠'iśq⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʔɪʃq/, [ɪʃq]
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪʃq

### Noun

عِشْق • ('iśq) m (Hindi spelling इश्क़)
* love (intense love, passionate love)
    Synonyms: پْیار (pyār), مُحَبَّت (muhabbat), پْریم (prem)
    تیرے عشق میں ہم نے کیا کیا نہ دیکھا؟tere iśq mẽ ham ne kyā kyā na dekhā?What did I not see in your love?
* (figuratively) passion
    Synonym: جَذْبَہ (jazba)

#### Declension
### References

* ↑ “عشق”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.

### Further reading

* “عشق”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Fallon, Platts, Qureshi, Shakespear (2024) “عشق”, in Digital Dictionaries of South Asia [Combined Urdu Dictionaries]