# rama
## Anguthimri
### Adjective

rama
* (Mpakwithi) empty

### References

* Terry Crowley, The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 188

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Russian ра́ма (ráma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈrɑmɑ]
* Hyphenation: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama (definite accusative ramanı, plural ramalar)
* frame (structural elements of a building, bicycle, or other constructed object)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “rama” in Obastan.com.

## Balinese
### Romanization

rama
* Romanization of ᬭᬵᬫ

## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* raman

### Etymology

From Middle High German rūmen, from Old High German rūmen, from Proto-West Germanic *rūmijan, from Proto-Germanic *rūmijaną, derived from *rūmaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrama/, [ˈrɑmɑ]
* Hyphenation: ra‧ma

### Verb

rama (past participle gramt)
* to clear
* to vacate
* to evacuate

#### Derived terms

* auframa
* ausrama
* außarama
* außerama
* außirama
* einarama
* einerama
* einirama
* eirama
* herrama
* hirama
* nausrama
* neirama
* nåchrama
* owarama
* owerama
* owirama
* ummarama
* ummerama
* ummirama
* umrama
* verrama
* wegarama
* wegrama
* zruckrama
* zåmmrama
* årama

## Chavacano
### Etymology

Inherited from Spanish rama (“branch”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrama/, [ˈra.ma]
* Hyphenation: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama
* branch

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

rama
* third-person singular past historic of ramer

### Anagrams

* arma

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese rama (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), a collective from ramo, from Latin ramus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈramɐ]

### Noun

rama f (plural ramas)
* branch
** 1336, M. Lucas Alvarez & M. J. Justo Martín (eds.), Fontes documentais da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Pergameos da serie Bens do Arquivo Histórico Universitario (Anos 1237-1537). Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 157:
    con suas casas, casâês, chantados, jures, perteenças et dereituras per rama et per colmo et per terra
       with its houses, farmhouses, plantations, rights, belongings and limits, by branch and thatch and earth [in medieval Galician it was customary that the seller would give a branch, thatch and earth taken from the sold property to the buyer, as symbol of the transference of the property]
    Synonyms: galla, póla, varelo
* foliage
    A rama da pataca usábase durante a guerra como substitutivo do tabaco.During the Spanish Civil War, potato foliage was used as a substitute of tobacco.
    Synonyms: ramallada, ramaxe
* field, branch, discipline

#### Related terms

* ramaxe
* ramallo
* ramo

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “rama”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “rama”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “rama”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “rama”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “rama”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Garo
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lam (“road”).

#### Noun

rama
* road, way, path
* means

##### Synonyms

* sorok

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

rama
* to spread (so that the object(s) dry in the sun)

## Hausa
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɽá.màː/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [ɽə́.màː]

#### Noun

ramā̀ f (possessed form ramàr̃)
* hemp, jute

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɽàː.má/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [ɽàː.mə́]

#### Noun

rā̀ma f (possessed form rā̀mar̃)
* emaciation

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Malay rama, from Classical Malay rama, from Javanese ꦫꦩ (rama).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈrama/ [ˈra.ma]
* Rhymes: -ama
* Syllabification: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama (plural rama-rama)
* (Java) father
    Synonym: bapak
* title conferred on an adult male
    Synonym: bapak
* (Catholicism, rare) priest
    Synonyms: imam, padri, pastor

#### Usage notes

The sense of priest is more commonly written as romo.

#### Alternative forms

* romo

### Further reading

* “rama” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Italian
### Verb

rama
* inflection of ramare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Anagrams

* amar, arma, marà

## Javanese
### Romanization

rama
* Romanization of ꦫꦩ

## Kashubian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈra.ma/
* Rhymes: -ama
* Syllabification: ra‧ma

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Polish rama.

#### Noun

rama f (diminutive ramka)
* frame (connected strips surrounding a mirror, picture or glass)
* frame (main structural element of a vehicle to which other parts are attached)
* frame (rectangular object made of strips or tubing used to hold something in place)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Ramme. Compare German Rammklotz for the semantic shift.

#### Noun

rama f (diminutive ramka)
* (figurative) obese woman
* old cow

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ Wiesław Boryś, Hanna Popowska-Taborska (1994) “ramca”, in Słownik etymologiczny Kaszubszczyzny, volume 4, →ISBN, page 171

### Further reading

* Sychta, Bernard (1970) “rama”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 4 (P – Ř), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 296
* Jan Trepczyk (1994) “rama”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “rama”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎
* “rama”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

## Malay
### Etymology

From Old Javanese rāma (“father”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da-amax (“father”), from Proto-Austronesian *ama-h (“father”).

### Pronunciation

* (Johor-Selangor) IPA: /ramə/
* (Riau-Lingga) IPA: /rama/
* Rhymes: -amə, -mə, -ə

### Noun

rama (Jawi spelling راما, plural rama-rama, informal 1st possessive ramaku, 2nd possessive ramamu, 3rd possessive ramanya)
* father (male parent)

#### Synonyms

* bapa (bapanda, bapai, bapak, bapang, baba, papa)
* abah (aba, bah)
* ayah (ayahanda, aya, yah)

### Further reading

* “rama” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Maltese
### Alternative forms

* arma

### Etymology

Borrowed from Sicilian armari. Sense 3 is from Arabic رَمَعَ (ramaʕa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈra.ma/

### Verb

rama (imperfect jarma, past participle armat, verbal noun armar)
* (transitive) to arm (to supply with armour or weapons)
* (reflexive) to arm oneself; to become armed
    Rama ruħu ― He armed himself
* (followed by the imperfect) to begin, to start
    Alternative form: rama’
* (transitive) to contain, to hold inside
* (transitive) to furnish, to equip
* (transitive) to harness (to place a harness on something)

#### Related terms

* arma
* armament
* armar
* armata
* armatur
* armatura
* armerija
* armier

## Maori
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Indonesian damar).

#### Noun

rama
* torch
* light

### Etymology 2

From English rum.

#### Noun

rama
* rum

## Old High German
### Alternative forms

* ram m or f

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *hramu (“frame, support”).

### Noun

rama f
* support

#### Descendants

* > Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
** Alemannic German: Ramme
** German: Rahmen m, Ramen, Rahme, Rame (obsolete)
*** → Czech: rám
*** → Romanian: ramă
*** → Russian: рама (rama)
** Luxembourgish: Rumm
** Vilamovian: raom
** → Old Polish: rama, ram
*** Polish: rama
**** → Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
**** → Kashubian: rama
**** → Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
***** → Azerbaijani: rama
***** → Ingush: рама (rama)
***** → Yakut: араама (araama)
**** → Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
*** Silesian: rama, rōma

## Old Polish
### Alternative forms

* ram

### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle High German rame. First attested in 1394.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ra(ː)ma/
* IPA: (15th CE) /rama/, /rɒma/

### Noun

rama f
* (attested in Lesser Poland) frame (device consisting of wooden or metal boards or strips rigidly connected at their ends)
** 1879-1920 [1461], Sprawozdania Komisji do Badania Historii Sztuki w Polsce‎, volume V, Krakow, page XXIX:Pro rami seu fenestralia membranarum[Pro ramy seu fenestralia membranarum]
** 1450, Piotr z Uścia, Rozariusz kapitulny, Ujście: Archiwum i Biblioteki Krakowskiej Kapituły Katedralnej, sygn. Ms 224, page 81r:Expansale dicitur illud cum quo pannus expanditur sev extenditur proprie rami circa textores uel pravydlo circa sartores[Expansale dicitur illud cum quo pannus expanditur sev extenditur proprie ramy circa textores uel pravydlo circa sartores]

#### Descendants

* Polish: rama
** → Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
** → Kashubian: rama
** → Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
*** → Azerbaijani: rama
*** → Ingush: рама (rama)
*** → Yakut: араама (araama)
** → Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
* Silesian: rama, rōma

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “rama”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Mańczak, Witold (2017) “rama”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “rama”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “rama”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
* Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “rama”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

## Pitjantjatjara
### Adjective

rama
* mad
* crazy

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish rama. Compare German Rahmen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈra.ma/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈrɒ.ma/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ama
* Syllabification: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama f (diminutive ramka)
* frame (connected strips surrounding a mirror, picture or glass)
* frame (main structural element of a vehicle to which other parts are attached)
** crossbar (tube of a bicycle frame)
* frame (rectangular object made of strips or tubing used to hold something in place)
* frame (specific conventional limit of something)
* (obsolete) package containing 250 matchboxes
* (obsolete) edge (outside most part of something, particularly of fabric)

#### Derived terms

* antyrama

#### Descendants

* → Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
* → Kashubian: rama
* → Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
** → Azerbaijani: rama
** → Ingush: рама (rama)
** → Yakut: араама (araama)
* → Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), rama is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 15 times in scientific texts, 23 times in news, 28 times in essays, 2 times in fiction, and 1 time in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 69 times, making it the 935th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “rama”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 483

### Further reading

* rama in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* rama in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rama”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “rama”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “rama”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1912), “rama”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 5, Warsaw, page 471

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁɐ̃.mɐ/ [ˈhɐ̃.mɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁɐ̃.mɐ/ [ˈhɐ̃.mɐ]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈʁɐ̃.mɐ/ [ˈχɐ̃.mɐ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁɐ.ma/ [ˈhɐ.ma]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʁɐ.mɐ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʁɐ.mɐ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /ˈʁa.mɐ/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -ɐmɐ, (Brazil) -ɐ̃mɐ
* Hyphenation: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama f (plural ramas)
* foliage

## Rapa Nui
### Noun

rama
* torch

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French ramer.

### Verb

a rama (third-person singular present ramează, past participle ramat) 1st conjugation
* (intransitive) to row

#### Conjugation
## Romansch
### Etymology

From a Germanic language (compare German Rahmen).

### Noun

rama m (plural ramas)
* (Sursilvan) frame, framework

#### Alternative forms

* rom (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Vallader)
* ram (Puter)

## Sicilian
### Alternative forms

* ramu (italianized)

### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin rāma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʐa.ma/ (Standard)
* IPA: /ˈɾa.ma/ (Weakened)
* Hyphenation: rà‧ma

### Noun

rama f (plural rami)
* branch (woody part of a tree arising from the trunk and usually dividing)
* (figuratively) offshoot (that which develops from something else)

#### Derived terms

* appinnìrisi rami rami
* rama dâ uliva
* ramata
* ramazzu
* ramificari
* ramitta
* ramiḍḍa

#### See also

* arrimunnari
* chianta
* cippu
* putari
* ràdica
* serra
* tagghiari
* zuccu

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *òrmę.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ràːma/

### Noun

ráma f
* shoulder (joint between arm and torso)

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “rama”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

From ramo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrama/ [ˈra.ma]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -ama
* Syllabification: ra‧ma

### Noun

rama f (plural ramas)
* branch (woody part of a tree arising from the trunk and usually dividing)
* (figuratively) offshoot (that which develops from something else)
    Synonym: vástago

#### Derived terms

* andarse por las ramas
* cortarramas
* rama de olivo
* rama negra
* ramada
* ramazón
* ramificar
* ramilla
* ramita
* ramo
* ser canela en rama

#### See also

* vara

### Further reading

* “rama”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

### Anagrams

* amar
* arma

## Sundanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Sundanese rama (“father, senior”), from Old Javanese rāma (“father, senior”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *da-amax, from Proto-Austronesian *ama-h (“father”). Cognate with Javanese ꦫꦩ (rama), Malay rama, Indonesian romo (“priest”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rama/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

rama (Sundanese script ᮛᮙ)
* father

## Swedish
### Etymology

From ram (“frame”) +‎ -a.

### Verb

rama (present ramar, preterite ramade, supine ramat, imperative rama)
* (transitive) to frame (put a frame around)
* (transitive, Scania, Malmö) to give somebody a lift on a bicycle

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

#### Related terms

* inrama
* rama in

### Adjective

rama (not comparable)
* Only used in rena rama

### References

* rama in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* rama in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* rama in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* “’Ska jag rama dig?’”, in Språket i P1‎, Sveriges Radio, 2016 June 7, retrieved 14 April 2020

### Anagrams

* aram., arma, mara

## Veps
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

rama
* frame

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “оправа”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika