# 辛

| 辛 | U+8F9B, &#36763; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B |
| ← 辚 [U+8F9A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 辜 → [U+8F9C] |
| ⾟ | U+2F9F, &#12191; KANGXI RADICAL BITTER |
| ← ⾞ [U+2F9E] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾠ → [U+2FA0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

辛 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 0040$_1$, composition ⿱立十 or ⿱亠𢆉)
* Kangxi radical #160, ⾟.

### Derived terms

* Appendix:Chinese radical/辛
* 㖕, 垶, 㛙, 㢹, 㳯, 梓, 觪, 䛨, 鋅(锌), 騂(骍)
* 乵, 㲔, 㖖, 厗, 宰, 屖, 峷, 莘, 㾕, 嶭, 薛, 巕, 㸉
* 𠉄, 𢓫, 𭝅, 𭡄, 𬯁, 𤈼, 𤙡, 𬍧, 𦛛, 𥏔, 𪿢, 𥞽, 𮇞, 𦀓, 𦐹, 𫋁, 𨁅, 𨌍, 𬪬, 𤨘, 𮧝, 𮨬, 𥋑, 𩷔
* 𧗶, 𣐽, 𧱏, 𣇛, 𤽮, 𥭴, 𨴲, 𭍤

### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1250, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630
* Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4036, character 1
* Unihan data for U+8F9B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 辛 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 親 | *sʰin, *sʰins |
| 寴 | *sʰin, *sʰins |
| 儭 | *sʰins, *sʰrins |
| 瀙 | *sʰins, *ʔsrin, *sʰrins |
| 辛 | *siŋ |
| 新 | *siŋ |
| 薪 | *siŋ |
| 襯 | *sʰrins |
| 櫬 | *sʰrins |
| 嚫 | *t͡sʰrinh |
| 莘 | *sriŋ |
| 騂 | *seŋ |
| 垶 | *seŋ |
| 觪 | *seŋ |
Pictogram (象形) of a tool—chisel, awl, spike—used to mark slaves and criminals. The characters 䇂 and 亲 are two variants. The former (䇂) is the original version, while the latter is a conflation of both 亲 and 𣓀, a chisel over a tree to indicate the hazelnut branch which was flexible enough to be used as a whip.
It appears as 立 on the top of characters such as 妾, 竟, and 童. Unrelated to 音 and 競, in which it represents the tip of a tongue on top of an open mouth. See also 辡.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”); compare Tibetan མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), Burmese သည်း (sany:, “liver”), Tangut 𗮰 (*sji², “liver”) (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xīn (xin$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xin$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sîn
    (Hailu, HRS): sin$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): séng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sin
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sin
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$
*** Yale: syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xin$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: xin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sin$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: séng
*** Sinological IPA : /seiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sing
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
*** Tâi-lô: sin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: syn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sin³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sing$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: sin
Rime :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息鄰切 |
| Baxter | sin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sin/ |
| Li Rong | /siĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]i[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*siŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sin › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]i[n]/ |
| English | pungent; painful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13810 |
| Phonetic component | 辛 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 新 |
| Old Chinese | /*siŋ/ |
| Notes | 甲文象黥刺刀具， 𠞂（皮傷）初文 |

#### Definitions

辛
* spicy; hot; pungent
    辛辣 ― xīnlà ― spicy
* hard; laborious; toilsome
    辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious
* sorrowful; miserable; hard
    辛酸 ― xīnsuān ― bitter
* a surname
    辛棄疾／辛弃疾 ― Xīn Qìjí ― Xin Qiji (Chinese poet during the Southern Song dynasty)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 辛 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辣, 辛辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 辣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 辣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 辣 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 辣 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 辣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 麻 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 辣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 辣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 辣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 辣 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 辣 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 辣 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 辣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 辣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 辣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 辣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 辣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 辣 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 辣 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 辣 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 辣 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 辣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 辣 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 辣 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 辣 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 辣 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Changting | 辣 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 辣 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 辣 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 辣 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 辣 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 薟 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 辣 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 辣 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 辣 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 辣 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 辣 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 辣 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 辣 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 辣 |
| Jin | Linhe | 辣 |
| Jin | Jining | 辣 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 辣 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 辣 |
| Jin | Handan | 辣 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 辣, 薟 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 薟, 辣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 薟, 辣 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 風, 辣 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 薟 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 辣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 辣 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 辣 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 辣 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辣 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 辣 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 辣 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 辣 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 辣 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 辣 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 辣 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 辣 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 辣 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 辣 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 辣 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 辣 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 辣 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 辣 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辣 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 辣 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 辣 |
| Wu | Danyang | 辣 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 辣 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 辣 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 辣 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 辣 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 辣農 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 辣 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 辣 |

#### Compounds

* 下辛 (Xiàxīn)
* 下辛店 (Xiàxīndiàn)
* 不辭辛勞 / 不辞辛劳
* 備嘗辛苦 / 备尝辛苦
* 千辛百苦
* 千辛萬苦 / 千辛万苦 (qiānxīnwànkǔ)
* 后辛
* 吃辛受苦
* 吃辛吃苦
* 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
* 悲辛 (bēixīn)
* 攞苦嚟辛 / 𫽋苦嚟辛
* 熬辛吃苦
* 白辛樹 / 白辛树
* 萬苦千辛 / 万苦千辛
* 秘辛 (mìxīn)
* 細辛 / 细辛 (xìxīn)
* 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 芥辛絲子 / 芥辛丝子
* 芥辛菜
* 苦辛 (kǔxīn)
* 茹苦含辛
* 葷辛 / 荤辛
* 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛勤 (xīnqín)
* 辛夷 (xīnyí)
* 辛寒
* 辛榨 (Xīnzhà)
* 辛盤 / 辛盘
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 辛螫
* 辛辛苦苦 (xīnxīnkǔkǔ)
* 辛辣 (xīnlà)
* 辛酸 (xīnsuān)
* 酸辛
* 馬腳細辛 / 马脚细辛
* 高辛氏

### Etymology 2

Smith (2011) proposes that the name for the heavenly stem is based on the Boötes constellation, which resembles an awl; it may be related to Etymology 1 with the “sharp” semantics connecting the two.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xīn (xin$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xin$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sîn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): séng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sin
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sin
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$
*** Yale: syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xin$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: xin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: séng
*** Sinological IPA : /seiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
*** Tâi-lô: sin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: syn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sin³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sing$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: sin
Rime :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息鄰切 |
| Baxter | sin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sin/ |
| Li Rong | /siĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*si[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*siŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sin › |
| Old Chinese | /*si[n]/ |
| English | 8th heavenly stem |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 辛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13810 |
| Phonetic component | 辛 |
| Rime group | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 新 |
| Old Chinese | /*siŋ/ |
| Notes | 甲文象黥刺刀具， 𠞂（皮傷）初文 |

#### Definitions

辛
* eighth of the ten heavenly stems
* (in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
* (organic chemistry) octa-

##### Coordinate terms

* (Chinese heavenly stems) 天干 (tiāngān); 甲 (jiǎ), 乙 (yǐ), 丙 (bǐng), 丁 (dīng), 戊 (wù), 己 (jǐ), 庚 (gēng), 辛 (xīn), 壬 (rén), 癸 (guǐ)

#### Compounds

* 庚辛
* 辛丑和約 / 辛丑和约
* 辛亥革命 (Xīnhài Gémìng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 辛(しん) (shin)
* → Korean: 신(辛) (sin)
* → Vietnamese: tân (辛)
Others:
* → Zhuang: sin

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from English symplectic.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīn (xin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sin
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$
*** Yale: syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

辛
* (mathematics, attributive) symplectic

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīn (xin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sin
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$
*** Yale: syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$
*** Yale: sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

辛
* Used in transcription.

#### Compounds

* 戴奧辛 / 戴奥辛 (dài'àoxīn)
* 赫爾辛基 / 赫尔辛基 (Hè'ěrxīnjī)
* 辛巴威 (Xīnbāwēi)
* 辛巴達 / 辛巴达
* 辛辛那提 (Xīnxīnnàtí)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* spicy, hot, acrid
* bitter, painful, difficult

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kun: からい (karai, 辛い, Jōyō)、つらい (tsurai, 辛い)、かのと (kanoto, 辛)

#### Compounds

* 辛党(からとう) (karatō)
* 辛味(からみ) (karami)
* 辛気(しんき) (shinki)
* 辛気臭(しんきくさ)い (shinkikusai)
* 辛苦(しんく) (shinku)
* 辛酸(しんさん) (shinsan)
* 辛勝(しんしょう) (shinshō)
* 辛抱(しんぼう) (shinbō)
* 辛辣(しんらつ) (shinratsu)
* 辛労(しんろう) (shinrō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 辛
* しん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕĩɴ]
* Homophones: 心, 臣, 参, 芯, 信, 神, 真, 紳, 軫, 寝, 新, 箴, 震, 親, 讖

#### Proper noun

辛(しん) • (Shin)
* the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 辛
* かのと Grade: S
* kun'yomi
金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かのと [kànóꜜtò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* (Tokyo) かのと [kànótó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠no̞to̞]

#### Proper noun

辛(かのと) • (Kanoto)
* the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 辛
* から Grade: S
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) から [kàrá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠]

#### Counter

辛(から) • (-kara)
* (colloquial) counter for spiciness (usu. of curry)
    １辛のカレー ― curry with spiciness level 1

#### See also

* 辛(から)さ (karasa)
* 中(ちゅう)辛(から) (chūkara)
* 大(おお)辛(から) (ōkara)

### References

* ↑ Kenbou, Hidetoshi et al., editors (2021), 三省堂国語辞典 [Sanseidō kokugo jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

辛 (eumhun 매울 신 (mae'ul sin))
* bitter
* toilsome, laborious
* 8th heavenly stem

## Vietnamese
### Han character

辛: Hán Nôm readings: tân, tăn, tơn
* chữ Hán form of Tân (“eighth of the ten heavenly stems”).
    Hypernyms: 天干, 十干
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

#### Compounds

* 辛丑 (Tân Sửu)
* 辛亥 (Tân Hợi)
* 辛卯 (Tân Mão)
* 辛巳 (Tân Tỵ)
* 辛未 (Tân Mùi)
* 辛酉 (Tân Dậu)