# 眾生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhòngshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^3$ sang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung-sên
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiòng-seng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^3$ sên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson-san
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhòngshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhòngsheng
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^4$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: jùng-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonqsheng
*** Palladius: чжуншэн (čžunšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^3$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: jung sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^3$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^3$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^4$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵ sen²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiòng-seng
*** Tâi-lô: tsiòng-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciorngsefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zêng$^3$ sên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsèng seⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tson-san
*** MiniDict: tson$^去$ san
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tson-san
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³³ sã⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyuwngH sraeng|sraengH
Rime :
| Character | 眾 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | II |
| Fanqie | 之仲切 | 所庚切 | 所敬切 |
| Baxter | tsyuwngH | sraeng | sraengH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨuŋ$^H$/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiuŋ$^H$/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕiuŋ$^H$/ | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cuwŋ$^H$/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiuŋ$^H$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭuŋ$^H$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯uŋ$^H$/ | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhòng | shēng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^3$ | sang$^1$ | sang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ-s sreŋ|sreŋ|sreŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋs sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 眾 | 生 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhòng | shēng | shēng | shēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyuwng$^H$ › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ sræng › | ‹ srjæng › |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ-s/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) | /*sreŋ/ | /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | numerous | bear, be born; live | fresh, raw | bear, be born; live |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 眾 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 17491 | 11312 | 11322 |
| Phonetic component | 衆 | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group | 終 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 衆 | 生 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjuŋs/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ | /*sreŋs/ |
| Notes | 甲文象日下三人， 金文或改目下， 表衆人在監督下勞作 | | |

### Noun

眾生
* (Buddhism) all living things, all sentient beings
    博愛眾生／博爱众生 ― bó'ài zhòngshēng ― to universally love all living things
* the masses
* all animals, except humans
* (offensive) bugger
* Alternative form of 眾牲 / 众牲 (“livestock, animal”)

#### Derived terms

* 一切眾生 / 一切众生
* 普度眾生 / 普度众生
* 普渡眾生 / 普渡众生
* 普濟眾生 / 普济众生
* 眾生好度，人難度 / 众生好度，人难度
* 眾生皆有佛性 / 众生皆有佛性
* 眾生相 / 众生相 (zhòngshēngxiàng)
* 芸芸眾生 / 芸芸众生 (yúnyúnzhòngshēng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 衆(しゅ)生(じょう) (shujō)
* → Korean: 중생(衆生/眾生)
* → Vietnamese: chúng sinh (眾生)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 眾 | 生 |
| しゅ Hyōgai | しょう > じょう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

眾(しゅ)生(じょう) • (shujō)
* Kyūjitai form of 衆生

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 眾 | 生 |

### Noun

眾生
* chữ Hán form of chúng sinh (“living beings; all living creatures”).