# 理想
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǐxiǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lei$^5$ soeng$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lî-sióng
    (Hailu, HRS): li$^ˋ$ siong$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lī-siōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lí-sióng / lí-siáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): li$^2$ siang$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$li-shian / $^3$li-shian$_3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǐxiǎng [Phonetic: líxiǎng]
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǐsiǎng
*** Wade–Giles: li$^3$-hsiang$^3$
*** Yale: lǐ-syǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liisheang
*** Palladius: лисян (lisjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /li²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lei$^5$ soeng$^2$
*** Yale: léih séung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lei$^5$ soeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: léi$^5$ sêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lei̯¹³ sœːŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lî-sióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: li$^ˊ$ xiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: li$^1$ xiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /li²⁴ si̯oŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: li$^ˋ$ siong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /li⁵³ sioŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lī-siōng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃i³³⁻³⁵ $^{(s-)}$luoŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lí-sióng
*** Tâi-lô: lí-sióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lysiorng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lí-siáng
*** Tâi-lô: lí-siáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lysiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: li$^2$ siang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lí siáng
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵²⁻³⁵ siaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$li-shian
*** MiniDict: li$^去$ shian
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$li-xian
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²² ɕiã⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$li-shian$_3$
*** MiniDict: 'li$^上$ shian$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /li⁵⁵ ɕiæ̃²¹/

### Noun

理想
* ideal; dream
    為理想而奮鬥／为理想而奋斗 ― wèi lǐxiǎng ér fèndòu ― to fight for one's dreams
    共同理想 ― gòngtóng lǐxiǎng ― common ideals
    青春的理想 ― qīngchūn de lǐxiǎng ― the ideals of youth
       bàochí zhe yuǎndà de lǐxiǎng [Pinyin]
       to hold lofty ideals
* (literary) theory
* (mathematics) ideal

#### Synonyms

* (dream):
* 壯志 / 壮志 (zhuàngzhì) (great ambitions)
* 夢寐 / 梦寐 (mèngmèi) (literary)
* 夢想 / 梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
* 心志 (xīnzhì)
* 心骨 (xīngǔ) (literary)
* 志事 (zhìshì) (literary)
* 志向 (zhìxiàng)
* 志氣 / 志气 (zhìqì)
* 懷抱 / 怀抱 (huáibào) (literary)
* 抱負 / 抱负 (bàofù)
* 權欲 / 权欲 (quányù) (derogatory, lust for power)
* 職志 / 职志 (zhízhì)
* 野心 (yěxīn) (wild ambition)
* 雄心 (xióngxīn) (great ambitions)
* (theory):
* 學說 / 学说 (xuéshuō)
* 理念 (lǐniàn)
* 理論 / 理论 (lǐlùn)
* 說 / 说 (literary, or in compounds)
* 論理 / 论理 (lùnlǐ)

### Adjective

理想
* ideal
    理想社會／理想社会 ― lǐxiǎng shèhuì ― ideal society

### Derived terms

* 理想主義 / 理想主义 (lǐxiǎng zhǔyì)
* 理想化 (lǐxiǎnghuà)
* 理想家 (lǐxiǎngjiā)
* 理想氣體 / 理想气体 (lǐxiǎng qìtǐ)
* 理想鄉 / 理想乡 (lǐxiǎngxiāng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 理 | 想 |
| り Grade: 2 | そう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | goon |

### Etymology

May be a coinage in Japanese from Chinese-based roots as a compound of 理 (ri, “reason, principle”) +‎ 想 (sō, “thought, thinking”).
First cited in Japanese to the 1877 translation of John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism, 利学 (Rigaku) by 西周 (“Nishi Amane”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りそー [rìsóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾʲiso̞ː]

### Noun

理(り)想(そう) • (risō)
* an ideal

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 이상 (isang)
* → Vietnamese: lí tưởng

### References

* ↑ “理想”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 理 | 想 |

### Noun

理想 • (isang) (hangeul 이상)
* hanja form of 이상 (“ideal”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 理 | 想 |

### Noun

理想
* chữ Hán form of lí tưởng (“ideal”).