# 紅

| 紅 | U+7D05, &#32005; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D05 |
| ← 約 [U+7D04] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 紆 → [U+7D06] |

## Translingual
### Han character

紅 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火一 (VFM), four-corner 2191$_0$, composition ⿰糹工)

#### Derived characters

* 葒 𠸣 𢞃 𣖘 𠮅 𬻤 𦁾 𬕡 𬗻

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 916, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27243
* Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3363, character 5
* Unihan data for U+7D05

## Chinese

* 紅 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 紅 (Cantonese)
* 紅 (Classical)
* 紅 (Gan)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 紅
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡoːŋ): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

### Etymology

彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”).
Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red".

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hóng (hong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hong$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хун (hun, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung$^4$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): hung$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fùng
    (Hailu, HRS): fung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fung$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): è̤ng / hùng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ang$^2$ / horng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): âng / hông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ang$^5$ / hong$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): ang$^5$ / hong$^5$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): hoeng$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$
*** Yale: húng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
*** Palladius: хун (xun)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xung
*** Sinological IPA : /xoŋ²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хун (hun, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /xuŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^4$
*** Yale: hùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: hung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: fung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fuŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fung
*** Sinological IPA: /fuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fʊŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: è̤ng / hùng
*** Sinological IPA : /øyŋ⁵³/, /huŋ⁵³/
* è̤ng - vernacular;
* hùng - literary ("successful;
* red bunting").
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit紅 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xuŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xuə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xũn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xoŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xoŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xoŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦoŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦoŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦoŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦoŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xan⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xoŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fuŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fuŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔŋ³⁵/ /aŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /øyŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hoŋ⁵⁵/ /aŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔŋ³¹/ /aŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: huwng
Rime :
| Character | 紅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 戸公切 |
| Baxter | huwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɡˤoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 紅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ huwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡˁoŋ/ |
| English | pink |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 紅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4055 |
| Phonetic component | 工 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 洪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡoːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

紅
* red
    紅色／红色 ― hóngsè ― red (color)
    紅茶／红茶 ― hóngchá ― black tea (literally, “red tea”)
    紅包／红包 ― hóngbāo ― red packet
    紅綠色盲／红绿色盲 ― hónglǜ sèmáng ― red-green colour blindness
* (colloquial) popular; in vogue
    翻紅／翻红 ― fānhóng ― to be popular again
       Màikè'ěr Jiékèxùn méiyǒu yǐqián nàme hóng le. [Pinyin]
       Michael Jackson is not as popular as he used to be.
    From: 2019 June 18, 陆宇婷 (Lu Yuting), 蒋肖斌 (Jiang Xiaobin), 《“雨女无瓜”成流行语，老剧靠“梗”翻红》, in China Youth Daily, page 8
    Dǒng Chényǔ jièshào, zhè zhǒng tūrán bìngdúshì hóng qǐlái de cíhuì yòu chēng “mǐmǔ”, xiàng “yǔnǚwúguā” zhèyàng yóu lǎo diànshìjù ér lái de “mǐmǔ” yě yǒu xiānlì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* the red clothes and bunting used on festive occasions
    披紅／披红 ― pīhóng ― to drape in red silk as a sign of honor or for festivity
* festive occasion; wedding
    紅白喜事／红白喜事 ― hóngbáixǐshì ― weddings and funerals
* (figurative) revolutionary; Communist; Red
    紅軍／红军 ― hóngjūn ― Red army
    又紅又專／又红又专 ― yòuhóngyòuzhuān ― to have a procommunist mindset along with professional skill
* (business, finance) bonus; extra dividend
    分紅／分红 ― fēnhóng ― distribute or draw dividends
* (literary) flower
    殘紅／残红 ― cánhóng ― fallen petals
* (literary) beautiful woman
* (literary) blood
    落紅／落红 ― luòhóng ― to bleed as an indication of a broken virginity
* (euphemistic, Cantonese, Hakka) blood tofu
    豬紅／猪红 [Cantonese] ― zyu$^1$ hung$^4$ [Jyutping] ― pig blood tofu
    雞紅／鸡红 [Cantonese] ― gai$^1$ hung$^4$ [Jyutping] ― chicken blood tofu
* a surname, Hong

#### Synonyms

* (red):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 赤, 紅, 彤 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 紅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 紅 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 紅 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 紅 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 紅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 紅 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 紅 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 紅 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 紅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 紅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 紅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 紅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 紅 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 紅 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 紅 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 紅 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 紅 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 紅 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 紅 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 紅 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 紅 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 紅 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Changting | 紅 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 紅 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 紅 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 紅 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 紅 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 紅 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 紅 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 紅 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 紅 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 紅 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 紅 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 紅 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 紅 |
| Jin | Linhe | 紅 |
| Jin | Jining | 紅 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 紅 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 紅 |
| Jin | Handan | 紅 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 紅 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 紅 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 紅 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 赤 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 紅 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 紅 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 赤 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 赤 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 赤 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 紅 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 紅 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 紅 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 紅 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 赤 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 赤 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 赤 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 赤 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 紅 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 紅 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 紅 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 紅 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 紅 |
| Wu | Danyang | 紅 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 紅 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 紅 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 紅 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 紅 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 紅 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 紅 |
* (bonus): 紅利／红利 (hónglì)

#### Compounds

* 一串紅 / 一串红 (yīchuànhóng)
* 一品紅 / 一品红 (yīpǐnhóng)
* 一捻紅 / 一捻红
* 一炮而紅 / 一炮而红 (yīpào'érhóng)
* 一紅二白 / 一红二白
* 下紅 / 下红
* 乾紅 / 干红
* 亮紅燈 / 亮红灯
* 伊紅 / 伊红 (yīhóng)
* 倚翠偎紅 / 倚翠偎红
* 偎紅倚翠 / 偎红倚翠
* 傳紅 / 传红
* 傳紅線 / 传红线
* 出紅差 / 出红差
* 分外眼紅 / 分外眼红
* 分紅 / 分红 (fēnhóng)
* 剛果紅 / 刚果红 (gāngguǒhóng)
* 剔紅 / 剔红
* 千日紅 / 千日红
* 千紅萬紫 / 千红万紫
* 口紅 / 口红 (kǒuhóng)
* 吃紅 / 吃红
* 呼紅叫六 / 呼红叫六
* 品紅 / 品红 (pǐnhóng)
* 唱紅白臉 / 唱红白脸
* 坐紅椅子 / 坐红椅子
* 堆紅 / 堆红
* 大紅 / 大红 (dàhóng)
* 大紅人 / 大红人
* 大紅大紫 / 大红大紫 (dàhóngdàzǐ)
* 大紅大綠 / 大红大绿
* 大紅日子 / 大红日子
* 大紅袍 / 大红袍 (dàhóngpáo)
* 夭紅 / 夭红
* 女兒紅 / 女儿红 (nǚ'érhóng)
* 女紅 / 女红 (nǚgōng)
* 奼紫嫣紅 / 姹紫嫣红 (chàzǐyānhóng)
* 嫣紅 / 嫣红 (yānhóng)
* 小紅 / 小红
* 小紅人 / 小红人 (xiǎohóngrén)
* 山裡紅 / 山里红
* 心紅 / 心红
* 愁紅慘綠 / 愁红惨绿
* 慘綠愁紅 / 惨绿愁红
* 批紅判白 / 批红判白
* 披紅 / 披红 (pīhóng)
* 披紅挂綵 / 披红挂彩
* 掛紅 / 挂红
* 掛紅燈 / 挂红灯
* 描紅 / 描红 (miáohóng)
* 搶紅 / 抢红
* 映山紅 / 映山红 (yìngshānhóng)
* 春紅 / 春红
* 月月紅 / 月月红 (yuèyuèhóng)
* 朱紅 / 朱红 (zhūhóng)
* 杏紅 / 杏红
* 染紅 / 染红 (rǎnhóng)
* 柳綠桃紅 / 柳绿桃红
* 柳綠花紅 / 柳绿花红
* 桃紅 / 桃红 (táohóng)
* 桃紅柳綠 / 桃红柳绿
* 棗紅色 / 枣红色
* 橘紅 / 橘红 (júhóng)
* 正中紅心 / 正中红心
* 殘紅 / 残红 (cánhóng)
* 殷紅 (yānhóng)
* 水紅 / 水红
* 汞溴紅 / 汞溴红 (gǒngxiùhóng)
* 泡沫紅茶 / 泡沫红茶
* 泛紅 / 泛红
* 洋紅 / 洋红 (yánghóng)
* 浮紅 / 浮红
* 淺紅 / 浅红 (qiǎnhóng)
* 滿堂紅 / 满堂红 (mǎntánghóng)
* 滿江紅 / 满江红
* 漲紅 / 涨红
* 滿臉通紅 / 满脸通红
* 滿臉飛紅 / 满脸飞红
* 滿面紅脹 / 满面红胀
* 滿面通紅 / 满面通红
* 滿面飛紅 / 满面飞红
* 潮紅 / 潮红 (cháohóng)
* 火紅 / 火红 (huǒhóng)
* 炮竹紅 / 炮竹红
* 熠熠紅星 / 熠熠红星
* 燈紅酒綠 / 灯红酒绿 (dēnghóngjiǔlǜ)
* 燭影搖紅 / 烛影摇红
* 爭紅鬥紫 / 争红斗紫
* 牽紅線 / 牵红线
* 狀元紅 / 状元红
* 猩紅 / 猩红 (xīnghóng)
* 猩紅熱 / 猩红热 (xīnghóngrè)
* 玫瑰紅 / 玫瑰红 (méiguihóng)
* 甲基紅 / 甲基红 (jiǎjīhóng)
* 當罏紅袖 / 当𬙎红袖
* 白髮紅顏 / 白发红颜 (báifǎ hóngyán)
* 百日紅 / 百日红 (bǎirìhóng)
* 百紫千紅 / 百紫千红
* 眼紅 / 眼红 (yǎnhóng)
* 硃紅 / 朱红 (zhūhóng)
* 祁紅 / 祁红 (qíhóng)
* 萬紅千紫 / 万红千紫
* 萬紫千紅 / 万紫千红 (wànzǐqiānhóng)
* 穿紅著綠 / 穿紅着綠
* 竄紅 / 窜红 (cuānhóng)
* 粉吝紅慳 / 粉吝红悭
* 粉紅 / 粉红 (fěnhóng)
* 粟紅貫朽 / 粟红贯朽
* 紅中 / 红中 (hóngzhōng)
* 紅事 / 红事 (hóngshì)
* 紅五類 / 红五类
* 紅人 / 红人 (hóngrén)
* 紅位移 / 红位移
* 紅倌 / 红倌
* 紅光 / 红光 (hóngguāng)
* 紅光滿面 / 红光满面 (hóngguāngmǎnmiàn)
* 紅光紫霧 / 红光紫雾 (hóng guāng zǐ wù)
* 紅冬冬 / 红冬冬
* 紅利 / 红利 (hónglì)
* 紅包 / 红包 (hóngbāo)
* 紅包場 / 红包场 (hóngbāochǎng)
* 紅十字會 / 红十字会 (Hóngshízìhuì)
* 紅口白舌 / 红口白舌
* 紅單子 / 红单子
* 紅土 / 红土 (hóngtǔ)
* 紅圪墶 / 红圪垯 (Hónggēda)
* 紅坪 / 红坪 (Hóngpíng)
* 紅城 / 红城 (Hóngchéng)
* 紅堂 / 红堂 (Hóngtáng)
* 紅場 / 红场 (Hóngchǎng)
* 紅塵 / 红尘 (hóngchén)
* 紅壤 / 红壤 (hóngrǎng)
* 紅外線 / 红外线 (hóngwàixiàn)
* 紅契 / 红契 (hóngqì)
* 紅女 / 红女
* 紅妝 / 红妆
* 紅姑娘 / 红姑娘 (hónggūniang)
* 紅姨 / 红姨
* 紅娘 / 红娘 (hóngniáng)
* 紅字黑押 / 红字黑押
* 紅孩兒 / 红孩儿
* 紅學 / 红学 (hóngxué)
* 紅安 / 红安 (Hóng'ān)
* 紅定 / 红定
* 紅寶石 / 红宝石 (hóngbǎoshí)
* 紅寶石婚 / 红宝石婚
* 紅寺堡 / 红寺堡 (Hóngsìbǔ)
* 紅將軍 / 红将军
* 紅尾伯勞 / 红尾伯劳
* 紅山 / 红山 (Hóngshān)
* 紅山文化 / 红山文化 (Hóngshān wénhuà)
* 紅山窯 / 红山窑 (Hóngshānyáo)
* 紅岩寺 / 红岩寺 (Hóngyánsì)
* 紅峰 / 红峰 (Hóngfēng)
* 紅崖 / 红崖 (Hóngyá)
* 紅嶺 / 红岭 (Hónglǐng)
* 紅巾 / 红巾
* 紅幫 / 红帮 (Hóngbāng)
* 紅彤彤 / 红彤彤 (hóngtóngtóng)
* 紅得發紫 / 红得发紫
* 紅心 / 红心 (hóngxīn)
* 紅愁綠慘 / 红愁绿惨
* 紅扑扑
* 紅拂 / 红拂
* 紅拂記 / 红拂记
* 紅撲撲 / 红扑扑 (hóngpūpū)
* 紅教 / 红教 (Hóngjiào)
* 紅旗 / 红旗 (hóngqí)
* 紅旗報捷 / 红旗报捷
* 紅旗手 / 红旗手
* 紅日三竿 / 红日三竿
* 紅日當午 / 红日当午
* 紅春 / 红春 (Hóngchūn)
* 紅星 / 红星 (hóngxīng)
* 紅暈 / 红晕
* 紅木 / 红木 (hóngmù)
* 紅杉 / 红杉
* 紅杏出牆 / 红杏出墙 (hóngxìngchūqiáng)
* 紅杏尚書 / 红杏尚书
* 紅杉軍 / 红杉军
* 紅柳 / 红柳 (hóngliǔ)
* 紅柳灘 / 红柳滩 (Hóngliǔtān)
* 紅桃 / 红桃 (hóngtáo)
* 紅梅記 / 红梅记
* 紅梨記 / 红梨记
* 紅棗 / 红枣 (hóngzǎo)
* 紅棉 / 红棉 (hóngmián)
* 紅椅子 / 红椅子
* 紅榜 / 红榜 (hóngbǎng)
* 紅槍會 / 红枪会
* 紅樣 / 红样
* 紅樓 / 红楼
* 紅樓夢 / 红楼梦 (Hónglóumèng)
* 紅模子 / 红模子
* 紅橋 / 红桥 (Hóngqiáo)
* 紅樹 / 红树 (hóngshù)
* 紅樹林 / 红树林 (hóngshùlín)
* 紅檜 / 红桧 (hóngguì)
* 紅毛 / 红毛 (hóngmáo)
* 紅毛城 / 红毛城 (Hóngmáochéng)
* 紅毛番 / 红毛番 (hóngmáofān)
* 紅毯 / 红毯 (hóngtǎn)
* 紅汞水 / 红汞水
* 紅沙 / 红沙 (Hóngshā)
* 紅油 / 红油 (hóngyóu)
* 紅河 / 红河 (Hóng Hé)
* 紅海 / 红海 (Hónghǎi)
* 紅消香斷 / 红消香断
* 紅淚 / 红泪
* 紅淨 / 红净
* 紅潤 / 红润 (hóngrùn)
* 紅潮 / 红潮 (hóngcháo)
* 紅灼灼 / 红灼灼 (hóngzhuózhuó)
* 紅焰 / 红焰 (Hóngyàn)
* 紅煤 / 红煤
* 紅燒 / 红烧 (hóngshāo)
* 紅燈 / 红灯 (hóngdēng)
* 紅燈綠酒 / 红灯绿酒
* 紅燒肉 / 红烧肉 (hóngshāoròu)
* 紅牌 / 红牌 (hóngpái)
* 紅牙 / 红牙 (hóngyá)
* 紅牙板 / 红牙板
* 紅玉 / 红玉 (hóngyù)
* 紅生 / 红生
* 紅男綠女 / 红男绿女 (hóngnánlǜnǚ)
* 紅瘦綠肥 / 红瘦绿肥
* 紅白事 / 红白事 (hóngbáishì)
* 紅白大事 / 红白大事 (hóngbáidàshì)
* 紅白大禮 / 红白大礼
* 紅皮書 / 红皮书
* 紅盤 / 红盘
* 紅眼 / 红眼 (hóngyǎn)
* 紅眼病 / 红眼病 (hóngyǎnbìng)
* 紅砒 / 红砒
* 紅磚 / 红砖
* 紅磷 / 红磷 (hónglín)
* 紅票 / 红票
* 紅種人 / 红种人 (hóngzhǒngrén)
* 紅籌 / 红筹 (hóngchóu)
* 紅籌股 / 红筹股 (hóngchóugǔ)
* 紅粉 / 红粉 (hóngfěn)
* 紅粉佳人 / 红粉佳人 (hóngfěnjiārén)
* 紅粉知己 / 红粉知己
* 紅粉青樓 / 红粉青楼
* 紅粉青蛾 / 红粉青蛾
* 紅糖 / 红糖 (hóngtáng)
* 紅糯米 / 红糯米
* 紅紅綠綠 / 红红绿绿
* 紅素 / 红素
* 紅納襖 / 红纳袄
* 紅紫亂朱 / 红紫乱朱
* 紅絲 / 红丝
* 紅絲待選 / 红丝待选
* 紅絲暗繫 / 红丝暗系
* 紅絲硯 / 红丝砚
* 紅絲繩 / 红丝绳
* 紅綠帖子 / 红绿帖子
* 紅綠燈 / 红绿灯 (hónglǜdēng)
* 紅線 / 红线 (hóngxiàn)
* 紅線傳 / 红线传
* 紅線盜盒 / 红线盗盒
* 紅繡鞋 / 红绣鞋
* 紅纓槍 / 红缨枪
* 紅脣 / 红唇 (hóngchún)
* 紅脣族 / 红唇族
* 紅腐貫朽 / 红腐贯朽
* 紅腫 / 红肿 (hóngzhǒng)
* 紅腳 / 红脚
* 紅腳笭 / 红脚笭
* 紅臉 / 红脸
* 紅臉兒漢 / 红脸儿汉
* 紅與黑 / 红与黑
* 紅色 / 红色 (hóngsè)
* 紅色廣場 / 红色广场
* 紅色恐怖 / 红色恐怖 (hóngsè kǒngbù)
* 紅色政權 / 红色政权
* 紅花 / 红花 (hónghuā)
* 紅花套 / 红花套 (Hónghuātào)
* 紅花綠葉 / 红花绿叶
* 紅茄苳 / 红茄苳
* 紅茶 / 红茶 (hóngchá)
* 紅茸 / 红茸
* 紅葉 / 红叶 (hóngyè)
* 紅葉之題 / 红叶之题
* 紅葡萄藤 / 红葡萄藤
* 紅葉題詩 / 红叶题诗
* 紅藥 / 红药 (hóngyào)
* 紅藥水 / 红药水 (hóngyàoshuǐ)
* 紅藻 / 红藻 (hóngzǎo)
* 紅蛋 / 红蛋 (hóngdàn)
* 紅螺 / 红螺
* 紅蟹 / 红蟹
* 紅血球 / 红血球 (hóngxuèqiú)
* 紅衛 / 红卫 (Hóngwèi)
* 紅衛兵 / 红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng)
* 紅衣主教 / 红衣主教 (hóngyī zhǔjiào)
* 紅衫魚 / 红衫鱼 (hóngshānyú)
* 紅衰翠減 / 红衰翠减
* 紅袖添香 / 红袖添香
* 紅裝 / 红装
* 紅襟 / 红襟
* 紅角兒 / 红角儿
* 紅記記 / 红记记
* 紅豆 / 红豆 (hóngdòu)
* 紅豔豔 / 红艳艳 (hóngyànyàn)
* 紅躑躅 / 红踯躅
* 紅軍 / 红军 (hóngjūn)
* 紅輪 / 红轮 (hónglún)
* 紅通通 / 红通通 (hóngtōngtōng)
* 紅運 / 红运 (hóngyùn)
* 紅鉛 / 红铅
* 紅銅 / 红铜 (hóngtóng)
* 紅陶 / 红陶
* 紅雞公 / 红鸡公
* 紅雨 / 红雨 (hóngyǔ)
* 紅雲 / 红云
* 紅霞 / 红霞
* 紅露酒 / 红露酒
* 紅青 / 红青
* 紅頂商人 / 红顶商人 (hóngdǐng shāngrén)
* 紅頂子 / 红顶子 (hóngdǐngzi)
* 紅頭 / 红头
* 紅頭子 / 红头子
* 紅頭蠅 / 红头蝇
* 紅頭阿三 / 红头阿三
* 紅頭黑炭 / 红头黑炭
* 紅顏 / 红颜 (hóngyán)
* 紅顏命薄 / 红颜命薄
* 紅顏薄命 / 红颜薄命 (hóngyánbómìng)
* 紅馬廟 / 红马庙 (Hóngmǎmiào)
* 紅鬍子 / 红胡子
* 紅魚 / 红鱼 (hóngyú)
* 紅鶴 / 红鹤 (hónghè)
* 紅鸞 / 红鸾
* 紅鸞照命 / 红鸾照命
* 紅黑帽 / 红黑帽
* 紅墨 / 红墨
* 紅墨水 / 红墨水
* 紅龜 / 红龟
* 紛紅駭綠 / 纷红骇绿
* 綠女紅男 / 绿女红男
* 綠慘紅愁 / 绿惨红愁
* 綠暗紅稀 / 绿暗红稀
* 綠煙紅霧 / 绿烟红雾
* 緋紅 / 绯红 (fēihóng)
* 綠肥紅瘦 / 绿肥红瘦
* 羞紅 / 羞红
* 翠消紅減 / 翠消红减
* 耳紅面赤 / 耳红面赤
* 聖誕紅 / 圣诞红 (shèngdànhóng)
* 肉紅 / 肉红
* 肌紅素 / 肌红素
* 脣紅齒白 / 唇红齿白
* 臉紅 / 脸红 (liǎnhóng)
* 臉紅心跳 / 脸红心跳
* 臉紅耳赤 / 脸红耳赤
* 臉紅頭脹 / 脸红头胀
* 花紅 / 花红 (huāhóng)
* 花紅柳綠 / 花红柳绿 (huāhóngliǔlǜ)
* 茶紅酒禮 / 茶红酒礼
* 落紅 / 落红 (luòhóng)
* 葉紅素 / 叶红素
* 藏紅花 / 藏红花 (zànghónghuā)
* 藻紅素 / 藻红素
* 血紅 / 血红 (xuèhóng)
* 血紅素 / 血红素 (xuèhóngsù)
* 血紅蛋白 / 血红蛋白 (xuèhóng dànbái)
* 西紅柿 / 西红柿 (xīhóngshì)
* 見紅 / 见红 (jiànhóng)
* 見錢眼紅 / 见钱眼红
* 貓尾紅 / 猫尾红
* 貫朽粟紅 / 贯朽粟红
* 赭紅 / 赭红
* 走紅 / 走红 (zǒuhóng)
* 走紅運 / 走红运
* 軟紅 / 软红
* 通紅 / 通红 (tōnghóng)
* 遠紅外線 / 远红外线
* 酒綠燈紅 / 酒绿灯红
* 金紅石 / 金红石 (jīnhóngshí)
* 銀紅 / 银红
* 長紅 / 长红
* 開紅燈 / 开红灯
* 開紅盤 / 开红盘
* 闖紅燈 / 闯红灯 (chuǎng hóngdēng)
* 除紅捉綠 / 除红捉绿
* 雁來紅 / 雁来红 (yànláihóng)
* 雙紅 / 双红
* 青紅燈 / 青红灯
* 青紅皂白 / 青红皂白 (qīnghóngzàobái)
* 面紅 / 面红 (miànhóng)
* 面紅耳熱 / 面红耳热
* 面紅耳赤 / 面红耳赤 (miànhóng'ěrchì)
* 面紅過耳 / 面红过耳
* 面紅面赤 / 面红面赤
* 飛紅 / 飞红
* 鬥雪紅 / 斗雪红
* 鮮紅 / 鲜红 (xiānhóng)
* 鶴頂紅 / 鹤顶红
* 齒白脣紅 / 齿白唇红

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōng (gong$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gung$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĕ̤ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kang / kong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gong
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$
*** Yale: gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: guung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɵŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /køyŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gang
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang
*** Tâi-lô: kang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong
*** Tâi-lô: kong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴/
* kang - vernacular;
* kong - literary.

#### Definitions

紅
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Substitute character for 功 (gōng).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Substitute character for 工 (gōng).
    女紅／女红 ― nǚgōng ― the feminine arts (e.g. needlework, sewing, embroidery)
* Placename in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, northeast of modern Tai'an, Shandong.

#### Compounds

* 女紅 / 女红 (nǚgōng)
* 紅女 / 红女

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiàng (jiang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^4$
*** Yale: jyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
*** Palladius: цзян (czjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^3$
*** Yale: gong
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³³/

#### Definitions

紅
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Substitute character for 絳／绛 (jiàng).

### References

* “紅”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: く (ku, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kun: くれない (kurenai, 紅, Jōyō)、べに (beni, 紅, Jōyō)、あかい (akai, 紅い)、もみ (momi, 紅)
* Nanori: あかし (akashi)、あかね (akane)、あかり (akari)、いろ (iro)、かのう (kanō)、くう (kū)、くれ (kure)、くれい (kurei)、くれお (kureo)、くれな (kurena)、くれん (kuren)、まどか (madoka)、れな (rena)

#### Compounds

* 紅(こう)一(いっ)点(てん) (kōitten, “single point of crimson → the one different thing in a field of sameness; often refers to a lone woman in a crowd of men”)
* 紅(こう)雨(う) (kōu)
* 紅(こう)河(が) (Kōga)
* 紅(こう)花(か) (kōka)
* 紅(こう)霞(か) (kōka)
* 紅(こう)顔(がん) (kōgan)
* 紅(こう)木(き) (kōki)
* 紅(こう)教(きょう) (Kōkyō)
* 紅(こう)閨(けい) (kōkei)
* 紅(こう)血(けつ) (kōketsu)
* 紅(こ)格(ごう)子(し) (kogōshi)
* 紅(こう)脂(し) (kōshi)
* 紅(こう)色(しょく) (kōshoku)
* 紅(こう)藻(そう) (kōsō)
** 紅(こう)藻(そう)植(しょく)物(ぶつ) (kōsō shokubutsu)
** 紅(こう)藻(そう)類(るい) (kōsō-rui)
* 紅(こう)茶(ちゃ) (kōcha, “black tea”)
* 紅(こう)潮(ちょう) (kōchō)
* 紅(こう)梅(ばい) (kōbai)
* 紅(こう)白(はく) (kōhaku)
* 紅(こう)粉(ふん) (kōfun)
* 紅(こう)幇(ほう) (Kōhō)
* 紅(こう)帽(ぼう) (kōbō)
* 紅(こう)葉(よう) (kōyō, “autumn colors, the turning of the leaves”)
* 紅(こう)涙(るい) (kōrui)
* 紅(ぐ)蓮(れん) (guren, “red lotus”)
* 暗(あん)紅(こう) (ankō)
* 女(じょ)紅(こう) (jokō)
* 鮮(せん)紅(こう) (senkō)
* 丹(たん)紅(こう) (tankō)
* 堆(つい)紅(こう) (tsuikō)
* 剔(てき)紅(こう) (tekikō), 剔(てっ)紅(こう) (tekkō)
* 柳(りゅう)緑(りょく)花(か)紅(こう) (ryūryokukakō)
* 縷(る)紅(こう) (rukō), 縷(る)紅(こう)草(そう) (rukōsō)
* 紅(びん)型(がた) (bingata)
* 紅(も)絹(み) (momi)
* 紅(も)葉(み)づ (momizu)
** 紅(も)葉(みじ) (momiji)
* 百日紅(さるすべり) (sarusuberi), 百(ひゃく)日(じつ)紅(こう) (hyakujitsukō, “crape myrtle”)
* 紅(ホン)幇(パン) (Honpan)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 紅
* くれない Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
⟨kure no$_2$ awi⟩ → /kurenawi/ → /kurenai/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (ai, “indigo → dye”)). The safflower, from which the crimson dye was extracted, was brought to Japan from China.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くれない [kùrénáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ɾe̞na̠i]

#### Noun

紅(くれない) • (kurenai)
* the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
* the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
    Synonyms: 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), 紅花 (kōka, benibana), 末摘花 (suetsumuhana)
** 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 13, poem 661)
    紅(くれなゐ)の色(いろ)にはいでじ隠(かく)れ沼(ぬ)の下(した)にかよひて恋(こひ)は死(し)ぬとも
       kurenai no iro ni wa ideji kakure nu no shita ni kayoite koi wa shinu to mo
       I shall not show it as a safflower flaunts its red―not though I perish of a love kept as secret as streams in a hidden marsh.
* a 伽羅 (kyara)-class incense

##### Derived terms

* 紅(くれない)の (kurenai no, pillow word)
* 紅(くれない)色(いろ) (kurenai-iro)
* 紅(くれない)縅(おどし) (kurenai odoshi)
* 紅(くれない)菊(ぎく) (kurenai-giku)
* 紅(くれない)格(ごう)子(し) (kurenai-gōshi)
* 紅(くれない)絞(しぼ)り (kurenai shibori)
* 紅(くれない)芋(ずい)茎(き) (kurenai zuiki, “red taro stems; red aroid”)
* 紅(くれない)裾(すそ)濃(ご) (kurenai susogo)
* 紅(くれない)の装(そう)束(ぞく) (kurenai no sōzoku)
* 紅(くれない)染(ぞめ), 紅(くれない)染(ぞ)め (kurenai-zome)
* 紅(くれない)匂(にお)い (kurenai nioi)
* 紅(くれない)の薄(うす)様(よう) (kurenai no usuyō)
* 紅(くれない)の塵(ちり) (kurenai no chiri)
* 紅(くれない)の涙(なみだ) (kurenai no namida)
* 紅(くれない)の葉(は) (kurenai no ha)
* 紅(くれない)の袴(はかま) (kurenai no hakama, “red hakama”)
* 紅(くれない)の筆(ふで) (kurenai no fude)
* 紅(くれない)の文(ふみ) (kurenai no fumi)
* 紅(くれない)紅(も)葉(みじ) (kurenai momiji)
* 薄(うす)紅(くれない) (usu-kurenai, “light pink, light crimson”)
* 唐(から)紅(くれない), 韓(から)紅(くれない) (kara-kurenai, “Chinese red”)
* 白(しろ)紅(くれない) (shiro-kurenai)
* 爪(つま)紅(くれない), 端(つま)紅(くれない) (tsumakurenai)
** 爪(つま)紅(ぐれ) (tsumagure)
* 中(なか)紅(くれない) (naka-kurenai, “medium crimson”)
* 直(ひた)紅(くれない) (hita-kurenai)
* 皆(みな)紅(ぐれない) (minagurenai)
* 夕(ゆう)紅(くれない) (yū-kurenai)

##### Proverbs

* 紅(くれない)は園(その)生(う)に植(う)えても隠(かく)れなし (kurenai wa sonō ni uete mo kakure nashi, “safflower standing out in a garden does not hide → a superior person attracts attention”)
* 柳(やなぎ)は緑(みどり)花(はな)は紅(くれない) (yanagi wa midori hana wa kurenai, “willows are green, flowers are red → natural; world is different”)

#### Proper noun

紅(くれない) • (Kurenai)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 紅
* べに Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
*/peni/ → /beni/
First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.
Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".
The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) べに [béꜜnì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [be̞ɲ̟i]

#### Noun

紅(べに) • (beni)
* the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
* Short for 紅花 (benibana). the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
* the crimson pigment extracted from safflower petals, used in cosmetics and as a food coloring
    Synonym: 臙脂 (enji)
* rouge (red cosmetic traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 頬紅 (hōbeni)
* lipstick, lip liner (also traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 口紅 (kuchibeni)

##### Derived terms

* 紅(べに)赤(あか) (beni-aka)
* 紅(べに)あぐー (beni agū)
* 紅(べに)板(いた) (benīta)
* 紅(べに)色(いろ) (beni-iro)
* 紅(べに)鬱(う)金(こん) (beni ukon)
* 紅(ベニ)空(ウツ)木(ギ) (beni utsugi)
* 紅(べに)絵(え) (benie)
* 紅(べに)緒(お) (benio)
* 紅(べに)白粉(おしろい) (beni oshiroi)
* 紅(ベニ)貝(ガイ) (benigai)
* 紅(べに)返(がえ)し (benigaeshi)
* 紅(ベニ)萼(ガク), 紅(ベニ)額(ガク) (benigaku)
* 紅(ベニ)蟹(ガニ) (benigani)
* 紅(べに)鉄(か)漿(ね) (benikane)
* 紅(ベニ)殻(ガラ) (Benigara)
* 紅(べに)革(かわ), 紅(べに)皮(かわ) (benikawa)
* 紅雉(ベニキジ) (beni-kiji)
* 紅(べに)隈(ぐま) (beniguma)
* 紅(べに)栗(くり)毛(げ) (beni kurige)
* 紅(べに)粉(こ) (beniko)
* 紅(ベニ)合(ゴウ)歓(カン) (beni gōkan)
* 紅(べに)格(ごう)子(し) (beni-gōshi)
* 紅(ベニ)鮭(ザケ) (benizake), 紅(ベニ)鱒(マス) (benimasu)
* 紅(べに)差(さ)し指(ゆび) (benisashi yubi)
* 紅(べに)皿(ざら) (benizara)
* 紅(ベニ)小(シ)灰(ジ)蝶(ミ) (beni shijimi)
* 紅(ベニ)羊(シ)歯(ダ) (beni shida)
* 紅(ベニ)下(シタ)翅(バ) (beni shitaba)
* 紅(ベニ)紫(シ)檀(タン) (beni shitan)
* 紅(べに)絞(しぼ)り (beni-shibori)
* 紅(べに)生(しょう)姜(が) (beni shōga)
* 紅(ベニ)天蛾(スズメ) (beni suzume)
* 紅(ベニ)雀(スズメ) (benisuzume)
* 紅(べに)摺(ず)り絵(え) (beni-zurie)
* 紅(べに)染(ぞめ), 紅(べに)染(ぞ)め (beni-zome)
* 紅(ベニ)茸(タケ) (benitake)
* 紅(べに)猪(ちょ)口(く) (beni choku), 紅(べに)猪(ちょ)口(こ) (beni choko)
* 紅(べに)付(つ)け指(ゆび) (benitsuke yubi)
* 紅(ベニ)鶴(ヅル) (benizuru, “flamingo”)
* 紅(べに)天(てん)狗(ぐ)茸(たけ) (beni tengutake)
* 紅(ベニ)灯(ドウ)台(ダン) (beni dōdan)
* 紅(べに)の木(き) (beni no ki), 紅(ベニノ)木(キ) (beninoki)
* 紅(ベニ)鳩(バト) (benibato)
* 紅(ベニ)花(バナ) (benibana, “safflower”)
* 紅(ベニ)檜(ヒ) (benihi)
* 紅(ベニ)日(ヒ)陰(カ)蝶(ゲ) (beni hikage)
* 紅(ベニ)鶸(ヒワ) (benihiwa)
* 紅(べに)筆(ふで) (benifude)
* 紅(ベニ)猿(マシ)子(コ), 紅(ベニ)増(マシ)子(コ) (benimashiko)
* 紅(べに)雪(ゆき) (beniyuki)
* 紅(ベニ)林(リン)檎(ゴ) (beni ringo)
* 愛(あい)嬌(きょう)紅(べに), 愛(あい)敬(きょう)紅(べに) (aikyō beni)
* 油(あぶら)紅(べに) (aburabeni)
* 天(あま)が紅(べに), 尼(あま)が紅(べに) (ama ga beni)
* 丑(うし)紅(べに) (ushibeni)
* 薄(うす)紅(べに) (usubeni, “light pink, light crimson”)
* 寒(かん)紅(べに) (kanbeni)
* 口(くち)紅(べに) (kuchibeni)
* 笹(ささ)紅(べに) (sasabeni)
* 四(し)方(ほう)紅(べに) (shihō beni)
* 食(しょく)紅(べに) (shokubeni)
* 卵(たまご)紅(べに) (tamagobeni)
* 爪(つま)紅(べに), 端(つま)紅(べに) (tsumabeni)
* 天(てん)地(ち)紅(べに) (tenchi beni)
* 唐(とう)紅(べに) (tōbeni)
* 練(ねり)紅(べに), 練(ね)り紅(べに), 煉(ねり)紅(べに), 煉(ね)り紅(べに) (neribeni)
* 血(のり)紅(べに), 糊(のり)紅(べに) (noribeni)
* 縁(フチ)紅(ベニ)弁(ベン)慶(ケイ) (fuchibeni benkei)
* 棒(ぼう)紅(べに) (bōbeni)
* 頬(ほお)紅(べに) (hōbeni)

##### Idioms

* 紅(べに)をさす (beni o sasu, “apply crimson (in face or using a lipstick) → blush; flush; to go red in the face, as from shame or anger”)

#### Proper noun

紅(べに) • (Beni)
* a female given name
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 紅
* あか Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
Alternative spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あか [áꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [a̠ka̠]

#### Noun

紅(あか) • (aka)
* Alternative spelling of 赤 (aka, “red”)

##### Usage notes

The 紅 spelling for aka carries connotations of a deeper red or crimson color.

#### Proper noun

紅(あか) • (Aka)
* a female given name

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 紅
* もみ Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 紅絹
From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もみ [móꜜmì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [mo̞mʲi]

#### Noun

紅(もみ) • (momi)
* silk cloth dyed an even shade of one color, often a deep gold dyed again with crimson, traditionally used as a kimono liner
    Synonym: 本紅 (hon-momi)

##### Derived terms

* 紅(もみ)裏(うら) (momiura)
* 紅(もみ)返(がえ)し (momigaeshi)
* 紅(もみ)絹(ぎぬ) (momiginu)
* 紅葉(もみ)つ (momitsu), 紅葉(もみ)ず (momizu)

#### Proper noun

紅(もみ) • (Momi)
* a female given name

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 紅
* こう Grade: 6
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 紅 (MC huwng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ko̞ː]

#### Noun

紅(こう) • (kō)
* the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonym: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro)

##### Idioms

* 紅(こう)をさす (kō o sasu), 紅(こう)を潮(ちょう)す (kō o chōsu, “show the crimson → blush; flush; to go red in the face, as from shame or anger”)

##### Derived terms

* 紅(こう)夷(い) (kōi)
* 降(こう)紅(こう) (kōkō)
* 紅(こう)毛(もう) (kōmō, “red hair”, during the Edo period, an epithet for the Dutch; in modern times, an epithet for Westerners or Europeans)

#### Affix

紅(こう) • (kō)
* crimson
* safflower
* female
* Substitute character for 工: work done by women

#### Proper noun

紅(こう) • (Kō)
* a female given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 264

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

紅 (eumhun 붉을 홍 (bulgeul hong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

紅 (eumhun 상복 공 (sangbok gong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no$_2$ awi), itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no$_2$, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (awi, “indigo → dye”).

### Noun

紅 (kurenawi) (kana くれなゐ)
* a safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4139:, text here
    春苑紅尓保布桃花下照道尓出立𡢳嬬paru no$_2$ so$_2$no$_2$ kurenawi nipopu momo no$_2$ pana sitaderu mi$_1$ti ni idetatu woto$_2$me$_1$(please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 紅の (kurenawi no$_2$, pillow word)
* 紅色 (kurenawi-iro$_2$)
* 紅の末摘花 (kurenawi no$_2$ suwetumupana)

#### Descendants

* Japanese:紅(くれない) (kurenai)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

紅: Hán Việt readings: hồng (胡(hồ)公(công)切(thiết)), hường
紅: Nôm readings: hồng, hường, hông
* Chữ Hán form of hồng (“pink”).
* Chữ Hán form of hường (“pink”).

#### Compounds

* 德紅衣 (đức hồng y)
* 花紅 (hoa hồng)
* 紅球 (hồng cầu)
* 紅鶴 (hồng hạc)
* 紅豪 (hồng hào)
* 紅血球 (hồng huyết cầu)
* 紅樓 (hồng lâu)
* 紅外 (hồng ngoại)
* 紅玉 (hồng ngọc)
* 紅顏 (hồng nhan)
* 紅裙 (hồng quần)
* 紅十字 (hồng thập tự)
* 紅茶 (hồng trà)
* 紅塵 (hồng trần)
* 紅衣 (hồng y)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).