# 努

| 努 | U+52AA, &#21162; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AA |
| ← 助 [U+52A9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 劫 → [U+52AB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

努 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 4742$_7$, composition ⿱奴力)

#### Derived characters

* 𠴂, 𢭵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
* Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 369, character 4
* Unihan data for U+52AA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *naːʔ): semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǔ (nu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): nou$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): nú
    (Meixian, Guangdong): nu$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nū
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nó͘ / ló͘ / lǒ͘ / nǒ͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): no$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$nu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
*** Wade–Giles: nu$^3$
*** Yale: nǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
*** Palladius: ну (nu)
*** Sinological IPA : /nu²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nou$^5$
*** Yale: nóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /nou̯¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdu⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú
*** Hakka Romanization System: nu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: nu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nū
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
*** Tâi-lô: nóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nɔ̃⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nɔ̃⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
*** Tâi-lô: lóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lor
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: lǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: nǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nɔ̃²²/
* Quanzhou:
** nǒ͘/ló͘ - literary;
** lǒ͘ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: nuX
Rime :
| Character | 努 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴古切 |
| Baxter | nuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /no$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /no$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /nu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 努 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9606 |
| Phonetic component | 女 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 怒 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːʔ/ |

### Definitions

努
* to exert; to strive; to make an effort
    努力 ― nǔlì ― to make an effort
* to bulge; to pout
* (dialectal) to inure oneself through overexertion
* (Cantonese) to push something out of the body by contracting abdominal muscles and increasing abdominal pressure
    努屎 [Cantonese] ― nou$^5$ si$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to strain to poop

### Compounds

* 共同努力
* 努傷 / 努伤
* 努克 (Nǔkè)
* 努力 (nǔlì)
* 努勁兒 / 努劲儿
* 努嘴 (nǔzuǐ)
* 努庫阿洛法 / 努库阿洛法 (Nǔkù'āluòfǎ)
* 努爾哈赤 / 努尔哈赤 (Nǔ'ěrhāchì)
* 努牙突嘴
* 努瓦克肖特 (Nǔwǎkèxiàotè)
* 努目
* 努目撐眉 / 努目撑眉
* 努目訕筋 / 努目讪筋
* 努睛突眼
* 努筋拔力
* 努納武特 / 努纳武特 (Nǔnàwǔtè)
* 努脣脹嘴 / 努唇胀嘴
* 努著
* 努那 (nǔnà)
* 努隆吉 (nǔlóngjí)
* 唐努山
* 撐眉努眼 / 撑眉努眼
* 瓦努阿圖 / 瓦努阿图 (Wǎnǔ'ātú)
* 發憤努力 / 发愤努力
* 苫眉努目
* 金剛努目 / 金刚努目

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぬ (nu)
* Kan-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
* Kun: つとむ (tsutomu, 努む)、つとめる (tsutomeru, 努める, Jōyō)
* Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 努
* ど Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 努 (nuo$^X$).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ど [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [do̞]

#### Affix

努(ど) • (do)
* work, toil

#### Noun

努(ど) • (do)
* the third of the Eight Principles of Yong

##### Hypernyms

* 永(えい)字(じ)八(はっ)法(ぽう) (Eiji Happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)

##### Coordinate terms

* 側(そく) (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 勒(ろく) (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 趯(てき) (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 策(さく) (saku, “the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 掠(りゃく) (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 啄(たく) (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 磔(たく) (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 努
* つとむ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つとむ [tsùtómú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨto̞mɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

努(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

努 (eumhun 힘쓸 노 (himsseul no))
* hanja form of 노 (“exertion; striving; making an effort”)

#### Compounds

* 노력 (努力, noryeok, “effort”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

努: Hán Nôm readings: nỗ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.