# i-
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English i-, y-, ȝe-, from Old English ġe-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Dutch ge-, Low German ge-, je-, e-, German ge-.

#### Prefix

i-
* (obsolete) Used to form past participles of verbs. Alternative spelling of y-

### Etymology 2

From Latin ī-, assimilated form of in- used before g-.

#### Prefix

i-
* A form of the prefix in-, used before gn, as in ignoble, ignominy, and ignore.

##### Synonyms

* (not): a-, an-, dys-, il-/im-/in-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

### Etymology 3
#### Prefix

i-
* (Jamaica) Used to transform English words into words used by Rastafarians with a special meaning.

#### See also

* Rastafarian on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Rastafarian I words on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Etymology 4

From Internet. Popularized in the name of the iMac line of computers (1998).

#### Prefix

i-
* Alluding to the Internet.
    Coordinate terms: cyber-, e-
* Alluding to digital devices and computer programs, especially those that are cutting-edge or fashionable, and those from Apple.
    ‎i- + ‎pod → ‎iPod
    ‎i- + ‎phone → ‎iPhone
    ‎i- + ‎Mac → ‎iMac
** 1999 November 1, Melissa August, “Ad Infinitum”, in Time, volume 154, page 39:I-WHAT?! Seems everyone's ripping off the iMac idea. Take this parody ad for the fruity-colored “iBrator” at sleeplessknights.com.
** 2011, Scotty Smith, Everyday Prayers: 365 Days to a Gospel-Centered Faith, Baker Books, →ISBN, page 178:In our “iWorld” of new gadgets and cool widgets, help us to ponder the reality that over half of the population on the earth exists on three of our American dollars, or less, a day.

##### Derived terms
## Choctaw
### Pronunciation

* (first-person, we): IPA: /iː/

### Prefix

ī- (before vowels il-, class I first-person plural)
* the subject of an active transitive verb
    we
* the subject of an active intransitive verb
    we

#### Inflection

| | | | class I | class I | class I | class II | class II | class III | class III | class N | class N | imperative | imperative |
| | | | +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V |
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | singular | medial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | -sa- | -sam- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | paucal | paucal | ī- | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | plural | plural | ī- | ī- | il- | hapi- | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| second-person | singular | singular | is- | ish- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | chik- | ∅ | ∅ |
| second-person | plural | plural | has- | hash- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | hachik- | ho- | oh- |
| third-person | third-person | third-person | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ik- | | |

## Curripaco
### Prefix

i-
* second person plural agent marker

### References

* Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398

## Esperanto
### Etymology

The i vowel common to other correlatives, such as ki- and ti-, without the defining consonant.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Prefix

i-
* Any-, some-. (Indeterminate correlative prefix.)

#### Derived terms

* iu (“some individual, someone, somebody”)
* io (“some object, something”)
* ia (“some kind of”)
* ies (“belonging to some person, someone's”)
* iel (“some manner/degree, somehow”)
* ie (“some place, somewhere”)
* iam (“some time, sometime”)
* iom (“some quantity, some of”)
* ial (“for some reason”)

## Italian
### Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before s- + consonant.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/
* Hyphenation: i-

### Prefix

i-
* Alternative form of in-

## Japanese
### Romanization

i-
* Rōmaji transcription of い

## Japhug
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/

### Prefix

i-
* (Kamnyu) our (plural possessive)

#### See also

Japhug (Kamnyu) personal pronouns and possessive prefixes :
| Number | Person | Possessive prefixes | Free pronoun | Genitive |
| Singular | 1st | a- | aʑo, aj | aʑɯɣ |
| Singular | 2nd | nɤ- | nɤʑo, nɤj | nɤʑɯɣ |
| Singular | 3rd | ɯ- | ɯʑo | ɯʑɤɣ |
| Dual | 1st | tɕi- | tɕiʑo | tɕiʑɤɣ |
| Dual | 2nd | ndʑi- | ndʑiʑo | ndʑiʑɤɣ |
| Dual | 3rd | ndʑi- | ʑɤni | ʑɤniɣɯ |
| Plural | 1st | i- | iʑo, iʑora, iʑɤra | iʑɤɣ, iʑɤra ɣɯ |
| Plural | 2nd | nɯ- | nɯʑo, nɯʑora, nɯʑɤra | nɯʑɤɣ, nɯʑɤra ɣɯ |
| Plural | 3rd | nɯ- | ʑara | ʑaraɣ, ʑara ɣɯ |
| Generic | Generic | tɯ- | tɯʑo | |

## Kambera
### Pronoun

i-
* Alternative form of mi-

#### See also
## Lakota
### Prefix

i-
* marker for a noun relating to instruments and tools

#### Synonyms

* wi-

#### Derived terms
## Latin
### Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before gn-.

### Prefix

i-
* Alternative form of in-

## Malagasy
### Prefix

i-
* prefix element of i- -ana

#### See also

* an-

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old English ġe-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-.

### Prefix

i-
* Alternative form of y-

## Mohawk
### Prefix

i-
* translocative, indicating motion away from the speaker
* epenthetic vowel added to certain verb forms
* Alternative form of ka- (before o- and on-stems)

### References

* Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 11
* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 105, 173

## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2

Contracted from earlier ili-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

#### Prefix

i-
* Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

### Etymology 4
#### Prefix

i-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

## Old English
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *iz.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iː/

#### Prefix

Ī-
* same, selfsame

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/

#### Prefix

i-
* Alternative form of ġe-

## Phuthi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

#### Prefix

i-
* Class 9 noun prefix.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

### Etymology 4
#### Prefix

i-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

## Portuguese
### Prefix

i-
* Allomorph of in-, used before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, and ⟨n⟩.

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

## Spanish
### Prefix

i-
* Alternative form of in-, used before l.

## Swahili

Other scripts :
| Ajami | اِيْـ |

### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́- and Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

### Prefix

i-
* it, they; mi class$_{(IV)}$/n class$_{(IX)}$ subject concord
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 12:هُيُوِ دُنِيَ اِيْنَ غُرُرِ ، دِيَ زَتَتَسِ هُزَدَمَيِْ،Huyui dunia ina ghururi? ndia za-tatasi huzandamaye?This world is deceitful, why follow its ways?
** 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:Ilikuwa kiasi cha saa moja-unusu ya usiku […]It was about half past seven in the night […]
* verb-initial form of -i- (“it, them; mi class$_{(IV)}$/n class$_{(IX)}$ object concord”)

#### See also

For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

## Swazi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *i-.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔi/ [ʔɪ]
* Syllabification: i-

### Prefix

i- (Baybayin spelling ᜁ)
* benefactive trigger: to perform the action of the verb for someone or something (expresses various kinds of actions)
    ‎i- + ‎bili (“buy”) → ‎ibili (“to buy something for someone”)
    Ibili mo ako ng saging.Buy me bananas.
* object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions)
    ‎i- + ‎tapon (“throw”) → ‎itapon (“to throw”)
    Itapon mo iyan sa basurahan.Throw that to the garbage.
* instrumental trigger: to use something for a certain purpose (expresses various kinds of actions)
    ‎i- + ‎sulat (“write”) → ‎isulat (“to use something for writing”)
    Isulat mo ng listahan ang lapis.Use the pencil to write a list.

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* https://learningtagalog.com/grammar/verbs/verb_affixes/i_1.html
* https://learningtagalog.com/grammar/verbs/verb_affixes/i_2.html

## Taos
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔi/

### Prefix

i-
* (transitive) First person plural subject + third person singular object.
* (transitive) Second person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
* (transitive) Third person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
* (transitive) Third person plural subject + third person singular object.
* (formative) Third person plural subject.

## Ternate
### Pronoun

i- (Jawi إ-)
* (non-human) third-person singular clitic, it
* (human) third-person plural clitic, they
* (masculine) third-person singular possessive prefix, his
    Synonym: ai-

#### See also

* unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
* m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
* 1 - for mixed-gender groups
* † - archaic

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tocharian A
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Compare Tocharian B i-.

### Verb

i-
* to go

## Tocharian B
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, whence also Tocharian A i-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Cognate with Latin eō and Polish iść, both of the same meaning. The preterite form of this term, mäs-, is from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”), and as such the term is suppletive in conjugation.

### Verb

i-
* to go

#### Derived terms

* imāne (possibly)
* yalle
* yalñe
** yalñetstse
** yalñeṣṣe

### Further reading

* Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “i-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 65-66

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/

### Pronoun

i-
* third-person singular clitic, he, she, it
    ico ― he sees
    pala ne ilamo ― this house is large

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

i-
* Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

i- (medial yi-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [i-]

### Prefix

i-
* (Caura River dialect) allomorph of y- (third-person prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants
* (Cunucunuma River dialect) allomorph of dh- (third-person prefix) used for non-deictic stems that begin with a consonant
* forms part of the circumfix allomorphs of various adverbializers, i- -jai, i- -'da, and i- -emje, used for stems that begin with two consonants

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* ù- in Southeast Yorùbá and some Central Yorùbá dialects such as Èkìtì and Ìjẹ̀ṣà.

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /ì/

#### Prefix

ì-
* abstract or instrument nominalizing prefix

##### Usage notes

Forms both abstract and concrete nouns:
* ì + ṣe "to do" → ìṣe "action"
* ì + gbálẹ̀ "to sweep floor" → ìgbálẹ̀ "broom"

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* u- in Southeast Yorùbá and some Central Yorùbá dialects such as Èkìtì and Ìjẹ̀ṣà.

#### Pronunciation

IPA: /ī/

#### Prefix

i-
* non-gerundive nominalizing prefix

##### Derived terms
## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

#### Prefix

í- (medial yí-)
* they; class 4 subject concord.

### Etymology 2

Contracted from earlier íli-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

#### Prefix

î-
* Class 5 noun prefix.

### Etymology 3
#### Prefix

í-
* Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

### Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

#### Prefix

í- (medial yí-)
* he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “i-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “i-”