# 高麗
## Chinese
### Etymology 1

From a shortening of 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Gāolí
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gou$^1$ lai$^6$ / gou$^1$ lei$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Kô-lì
* Eastern Min (BUC): Gŏ̤-là̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gor$^1$ le$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Ko-lê
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gao$^1$ li$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kau-li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Gāolí
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Gaolí
*** Wade–Giles: Kao$^1$-li$^2$
*** Yale: Gāu-lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gauli
*** Palladius: Гаоли (Gaoli)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gou$^1$ lai$^6$ / gou$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Yale: gōu laih / gōu lèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gou$^1$ lai$^6$ / gou$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gou$^1$ lei$^6$ / gou$^1$ léi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/, /kou̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Kô-lì
*** Hakka Romanization System: go$^ˊ$ li$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: go$^1$ li$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ko²⁴ li¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Gŏ̤-là̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gor$^1$ le$^5$ [Phonetic: gor$^2$ le$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Go̤-lā̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ le²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-lê
*** Tâi-lô: Ko-lê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koilee
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ko³³ le²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gao$^1$ li$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kau lî
*** Sinological IPA : /kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$kau-li
*** MiniDict: kau$^平$ li
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$kau-li
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɔ⁵⁵ li²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kaw lje
Rime :
| Character | 高 | 麗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古勞切 | 呂支切 |
| Baxter | kaw | lje |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu/ | /liᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu/ | /liɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu/ | /ljɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw/ | /liə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu/ | /lie/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu/ | /lǐe/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑu/ | /lie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāo | lí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^1$ | lei$^4$ |

#### Proper noun

高麗
* (historical) Goryeo
* (historical) Synonym of 高句麗 / 高句丽 (Gāogōulí, “Goguryeo”)
    From: Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE
    Shì suì, Gāolí wáng Yún sǐ, yǐ shìzǐ Ān wéi qí guówáng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Book of Sui, 636 CE
    Yǐsì, yǐ Hàn Wáng Liàng wéi xíngjūn yuánshuài, shuǐlù sānshí wàn fá Gāolí. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Du You, Tongdian, 766 – 801 CE
    Zǒngzhāng yuán nián shí yuè, sīkōng Lǐ Jì pò Gāolí guó, lǔ qí wáng, xià chéng bǎi qīshí, hù liùshíjiǔ wàn qī qiān èrbǎi. Èr nián, xǐ Gāolí mín sān wàn, pèi Jiānghuái yǐnán, Shānnán, jīng xī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (historical or in compounds) Korea
    高麗參／高丽参 ― gāolíshēn ― Korean ginseng

##### Derived terms

* 胖高麗 / 胖高丽
* 高麗參 / 高丽参 (gāolíshēn)
* 高麗將棋 / 高丽将棋 (gāolì jiāngqí)
* 高麗本 / 高丽本
* 高麗棒子 / 高丽棒子 (Gāolí bàngzi)
* 高麗營 / 高丽营 (Gāolíyíng)
* 高麗笛 / 高丽笛
* 高麗紙 / 高丽纸
* 高麗象棋 / 高丽象棋 (gāolì xiàngqí)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 高麗(こうらい) (kōrai)
* → Korean: 고려(高麗) (goryeo)
* → Vietnamese: Cao Li (高麗)
Others:
* → Dutch: Korea
* → English: Korea, Gaoli, Kao-li
** → Welsh: Corea
* → French: Corée
* → German: Korea
* → Italian: Corea
* → Lao: ເກົາຫຼີ (kao lī, “Korea”)
* → New Latin: Corea
* → Portuguese: Coreia
* → Russian: Коре́я (Koréja)
* → Spanish: Corea
* → Thai: เกาหลี (gao-lǐi, “Korea”)

#### Noun

高麗
* (Southern Min) Korean ginseng

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 高麗參 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 高麗參 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 高麗人參 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 高麗參 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 高麗參 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 高麗參 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 高麗參 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 高麗, 高麗參 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 高麗 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 高麗 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 高麗, 高麗參 GT |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 高麗 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “高麗”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* “高麗”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

### Etymology 2

From Dutch kool.

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): go$^1$ lê$^6$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: go$^1$ lê$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ko lĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /ko³³⁻²³ le³⁵/

#### Noun

高麗
* (Teochew) cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 結球甘藍, 洋白菜, 圓白菜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 結球甘藍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 洋白菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 高麗菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 洋白菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 黃洋白, 圓白菜, 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 包心菜, 疙瘩白, 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 包心菜, 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 大頭菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 大頭菜, 疙瘩白 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 洋白菜, 大頭菜, 疙瘩白, 捲心菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 高麗菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 洋白菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 洋白菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 洋白菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 洋白菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 洋白菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 包菜, 大頭菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 洋白菜, 捲心菜, 圓白菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 大頭菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 疙瘩白, 大頭菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 捲心菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 大頭兒菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 捲心兒菜, 大頭菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 大頭菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 洋白菜, 包菜, 包包菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 洋白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 剛白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 洋白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 茴子白 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 茴子白 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 洋白菜, 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 洋白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 洋白菜, 包菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 洋白菜, 包菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 包包兒菜, 蓮花白 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 包心白, 蓮花白 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 蓮花白, 甘藍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 番白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 蓮花白, 大頭菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 洋白菜, 包頭菜, 包心菜, 包菜, 牛心菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 洋白菜, 大白菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 蓮花白 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 蓮花白 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 蓮花白 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 包包菜, 蓮花菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 蓮花白, 蓮花菜, 包心菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 蓮花白 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 蓮花白, 包包菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 包包兒菜, 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 蓮花白, 雞心白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 包包菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 包包菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 蓮花白, 包包白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 包菜, 包心菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 洋白菜, 包菜, 包心白, 捲心菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 包心白, 球白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 蓮花白, 包心菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 洋白菜, 包心菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 蓮花白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 京白菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 洋白菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 蓮花白, 芥藍包, 包菜, 椰菜包, 捲心白 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 蓮花白, 包菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 包菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 包兒菜, 包包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 包菜, 包心菜, 捲心菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 洋白菜, 包頭菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 包頭菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 捲心菜, 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 包頭菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 包菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 包菜, 球菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 包菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 椰菜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 椰菜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Gan | Pengze | 包菜 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 包心菜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 包心菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 椰仔包 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 椰菜, 包菜 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 椰仔菜 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 椰菜, 包菜 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 球菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) | 捲心菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) | 玻菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) | 包菜 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 椰菜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 包心菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 玻璃菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 玻璃菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 高麗菜, 玻璃菜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 高麗菜, 玻璃菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 高麗菜 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 椰子菜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 包心菜 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Longtan) | 蓮白白 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Shiling) | 蓮白白 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Longwang) | 白菜, 蓮白白 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Shibantan) | 圓白菜 |
| Hakka | Chengdu (Hexingchang) | 蓮白白 |
| Hakka | Weiyuan (Guanyingtan) | 蓮花白 |
| Hakka | Yilong (Ma'an) | 蓮花白 |
| Hakka | Xichang (Huanglianguan) | 蓮花白, 包包白, 捲心白 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 玻璃菜 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 包菜 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 包心菜, 橄欖菜 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 橄欖菜, 甘藍菜, 包心菜 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 甘藍菜, 包心菜 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 甘藍菜, 包菜, 包心菜 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 包心菜, 甘藍菜 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 包心菜 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 包心菜 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 大白菜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 茴子白, 圓白菜 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 茴子白 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 灰子白 |
| Jin | Datong | 勺兒白 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 茴子白 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 茴子苔 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 洋白菜, 茴子白 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 圓白菜 |
| Jin | Linhe | 圓白菜, 茴子白 |
| Jin | Jining | 捲心菜, 茴子白 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 圓白菜, 圓菜, 茴子白, 色兒白 |
| Jin | Baotou | 茴子白 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 灰子白 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 灰子白 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 圓白菜, 包菜 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 茴子白 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 圓白菜 |
| Jin | Handan | 洋白菜, 球兒菜 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 回都白 |
| Jin | Suide | 洋白菜, 蓮花白 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 洋白菜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 洋白菜 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 洋白菜, 洋白 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 芥藍包 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 芥藍包 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 包菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 玻璃菜 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 包菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 包心菜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 包菜 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 包菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 芥藍蕾 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 包菜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 高麗菜, 玻璃菜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Yongjing) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 高麗菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 包菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 洋白菜 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 高麗 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 高麗 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 高麗, 包菜 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 高麗 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 椰菜 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 椰子菜 |
| Southern Min | Maoming (Xiadong, Dianbai) | 椰子菜 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 椰子菜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 綑心白, 結心白, 圓導白 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 椰子菜, 包心菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 包菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 椰菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 椰菜 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 椰菜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 包包菜 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 球菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 捲心菜, 牛心菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 捲心菜, 牛心菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 捲心菜, 牛心菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 捲心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) | 捲心菜, 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 包菜 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 包菜 |
| Wu | Changshu | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 捲心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 包菜 |
| Wu | Liyang | 包菜 |
| Wu | Yixing | 包心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Danyang | 包菜, 包心菜, 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) | 包菜 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 包菜 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 捲心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Huzhou (Shuanglin) | 捲心菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Zhuji (Wangjiajing) | 包頭菜, 包心菜 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Chongren) | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Taiping) | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 包心菜, 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 球菜 |
| Wu | Quzhou | 包心菜 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 球菜, 包菜 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 包心菜, 捲心菜 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 包菜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 包菜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 包菜 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 包心菜, 棉花白 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 芥藍包 |

##### Derived terms

* 高麗菜 / 高丽菜

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāolì
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gou$^1$ lai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāolì
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gaolì
*** Wade–Giles: kao$^1$-li$^4$
*** Yale: gāu-lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaulih
*** Palladius: гаоли (gaoli)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gou$^1$ lai$^6$
*** Yale: gōu laih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gou$^1$ lai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gou$^1$ lei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/
* Middle Chinese: kaw lejH
Rime :
| Character | 高 | 麗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 古勞切 | 郎計切 |
| Baxter | kaw | lejH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑu/ | /lei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑu/ | /lei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑu/ | /lɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaw/ | /lɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑu/ | /lei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑu/ | /liei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑu/ | /liei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāo | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gou$^1$ | lai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[k]ˤaw [r]ˤe-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːw reːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 高 | 麗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāo | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kaw › | ‹ lej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.[k]ˁaw/ | /*[r]ˁe-s/ |
| English | high, tall | symmetrical |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 高 | 麗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 3726 | 7914 |
| Phonetic component | 高 | 丽 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髙 | 麗 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːw/ | /*reːls/ |

#### Adjective

高麗
* (literary) noble and splendid

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 高 | 麗 |
| こま ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 狛
⟨ko$_2$ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym. (Can this etymology be sourced?)
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こま [kóꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ko̞ma̠]

#### Prefix

高麗(こま) • (koma-)
* [from 759] indicates something that was originally imported from the Korean Peninsula

##### Derived terms

* 高麗(こま)人(うど) (komaudo): a person from the Goguryeo or Goryeo kingdoms on the Korean peninsula
* 高麗(こま)楽(がく), 狛(こま)楽(がく) (komagaku): a kind of traditional court music originally imported via the Korean Peninsula
* 高麗(こま)剣(つるぎ), 狛(こま)剣(つるぎ) (komatsurugi): a kind of sword originally imported via the Korean Peninsula
* 高麗(こま)錦(にしき), 狛(こま)錦(にしき) (komanishiki): a kind of lace originally imported via the Korean Peninsula
* 高麗笛(こまぶえ) (komabue)

#### Proper noun

高麗(こま) • (Koma)
* [from 759] (historical) the Goguryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 37 BCE–668 CE
* [from 759] (archaic) Korea, the Korean Peninsula (used more commonly in compounds than as a standalone term)
* [from 759] (historical) a county in Saitama Prefecture (originally settled in the mid-600s CE by immigrants from the Korean Peninsula; abolished as an administrative entity in 1896)

##### Derived terms

* 独楽(こま) (koma): Shortening of komatsukuri (こまつくり) or komatsuburi (こまつぶり), a compound of 高麗 (Koma, “Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands”) + 作り (tsukuri, “making; made thing”), attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 高 | 麗 |
| こう Grade: 2 | らい Grade: S |
| on'yomi | goon |
Borrowed from Middle Chinese 高麗. Cognate with modern Korean 고려 (goryeo) and English Korea.
Appeared at least late 10th century with this reading, attested in the Utsubo Monogatari, c. 970-999.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーらい [kòóráí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) こーらい [kóꜜòràì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ko̞ːɾa̠i]

#### Noun

高(こう)麗(らい) • (kōrai)
* Synonym of 高麗錦 (koma nishiki, “Goguryeo brocade”)
** c. 970‐99, Utsubo Monogatari:
    かうらいのあげばり十一間(じふいちけん)を、鱗(いろこ)の如(ごと)く打(う)ちたり
       kōrai no agebari jūichi ken o, iroko no gotoku uchitari
       There is a temporary pavilion of 11 ken (about 20 m) long made of Korean brocade, which is driven like scales.
* Short for 高麗縁 (kōrai beri, “tatami border made from Goguryeo brocade”).
* Short for 高麗焼 (kōtai yaki, “Korean pottery”).
* Synonym of 玉蜀黍 (tōmorokoshi, “maize, corn”)

##### Derived terms

* 高麗(コウライ)鶯(ウグイス) (kōrai uguisu)
* 高(こう)麗(らい)人(にん)参(じん) (Kōrai ninjin): ginseng, specifically Panax ginseng

#### Proper noun

高(こう)麗(らい) • (Kōrai)
* [from late 10c.] (historical) the Goryeo kingdom, located on the Korean Peninsula 918–1392 CE
* the Goguryeo kingdom; or generally a synonym of 朝鮮 (chōsen, “Korea”).

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3465:, text [jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man14Yo.html#3465 here]
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 高 | 麗 |

### Proper noun

高麗 • (goryeo) (hangeul 고려)
* hanja form of 고려 (“Goryeo”)

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 高 | 麗 |
| こー Grade: 2 | れー Grade: S |
* A user has added this entry to requests for verification
* If it cannot be verified that this term meets our attestation criteria, it will be deleted. Feel free to edit this entry as normal, but do not remove {{rfv}} until the request has been resolved.

### Proper noun

高(こー)麗(れー) (Kōrē)
* Goryeo
* Korea
    Synonym: 韓国 (Kankuku), 朝鮮 (Chōshin)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 高 | 麗 |

### Proper noun

高麗
* chữ Hán form of Cao Ly/Cao Li/Cao Lệ.
** (obsolete, Term used in older texts for Korea) Korea
** (history) Goryeo

#### Synonyms

* 朝鮮 (Triều Tiên)
* 韓國 (Hàn Quốc)