# 以

| 以 | U+4EE5, &#20197; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE5 |
| ← 令 [U+4EE4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 仦 → [U+4EE6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

以 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3 in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 人+2 in simplified Chinese, 5 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 4 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 女戈人 (VIO), four-corner 2810$_0$, composition ⿲𠄌丶人 or ⿲⿱丨㇀丶人)

#### Derived characters

* 似, 㕽, 姒, 拟, 泤, 𤤳, 䎣, 鉯, 䬮, 𥙩, 𢜁, 𭔈, 𭙪, 𭂄, 𫠪, 𬿠, 苡, 笖, 𠀳

#### Descendants

* い (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
* 𛀆 (Hentaigana (as a variant of い) or Hiragana (as the Japanese syllable 'yi') character derived from Man'yōgana)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 94, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 388
* Dae Jaweon: page 199, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 7
* Unihan data for U+4EE5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 以 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj31039j31040j31041j31042j31043j31044j31045j31046j31047j31048j31049j31050j31051j31052j31053j31054j31055j31056j31057j31058j31059j31060j31061j31062j31063j31064j31065j31066j31067j31068j31069j31070j31071j31072j31073j31074j31075Bronze inscriptionsb21167b21168b21169b21170b21171b21172b21173b21174b21175b21176b21177b21178b21179b21180b21181b21182b21183b21184b21185b21186b21187b21188b21189b21190b21191b21192b21193b21194b21195b21196b21197b21198b21199b21200b21201b21202b21203b21204b21205b21206b21207b21208b21209b21210b21211b21212b21213b21214b21215b21216b21217b21218Small seal scripts11013Transcribed ancient scriptsL34134L34135L34136L13617L13618L13619L13620L13621L13622L13623L13624L13625L13626L13627L13628L13616 |||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 似 | *ljɯʔ |
| 姒 | *ljɯʔ |
| 耜 | *ljɯʔ |
| 佀 | *ljɯʔ |
| 以 | *lɯʔ |
| 苡 | *lɯʔ |
| 苢 | *lɯʔ |
Pictogram (象形) – a person (人) carrying something. It is often simplified to 㠯 in pre-Qin ancient scripts. Today, the person is partly visibile on the right (see also the stylization in 从).
See also 重, in which a person is carrying a bag, 央, in which a person is carrying a pole, and 年, in which a person is carrying the harvest.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-k (“to take; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 式 (OC *hljɯɡ, “model; form; rule”), 試 (OC *hljɯɡs, “to test; to try”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yǐ (yi$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yi$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йи (yi, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): i$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yî
    (Hailu, HRS): rhi$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): i$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): ǐ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ī
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): i$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): í
    (Teochew, Peng'im): in$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$i / $^3$i
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐ
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$
*** Yale: yǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yii
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yi$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: i
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йи (yi, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$
*** Yale: yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ji²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhi$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒi⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: i$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /i⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǐ
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ī
*** Sinological IPA : /i³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: i$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: î
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /i³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
*** Tâi-lô: í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ie
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /i⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹/
*** IPA (Longyan): /i²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /i⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: in$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: íⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$i
*** MiniDict: i$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$i
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$i
*** MiniDict: i$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /i⁵¹/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: yiX
Rime :
| Character | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羊己切 |
| Baxter | yiX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /iə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ləʔ/ |
| English | take, use |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14929 |
| Phonetic component | 以 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 以 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯʔ/ |

#### Definitions

以
* a preposition that expresses a boundary in time, orientation, direction or quantity
    以前 ― yǐqián ― before
    自古以來／自古以来 ― zìgǔ yǐlái ― since time immemorial
    長安東路以西／长安东路以西 ― cháng'ān dōng lù yǐxī ― west of Chang’an East Road
       Jiàgé zài yīqiān yuán yǐshàng. [Pinyin]
       The price is above one thousand yuan.
* by; with; by means of
    以少勝多／以少胜多 ― yǐ shǎo shèng duō ― to defeat (enemy troops) with a force inferior in number
    以德報怨／以德报怨 ― yǐdébàoyuàn ― to return good for evil (literally, “to recompense injury with kindness”)
    以賣衣服為生／以卖衣服为生 ― yǐ mài yīfú wéi shēng ― to make a living by selling clothes
    以大局為重／以大局为重 ― yǐ dàjú wéi zhòng ― to focus on the big picture (literally, “to treat the big picture as [something] serious”)
       Bǐcǐ yǐ tóngyàng de tàidù duìdài duìfāng. [Pinyin]
       One another treating an opposing side with the same attitude.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tóu wǒ yǐ mùguā, bào zhī yǐ qióngjū. [Pinyin]
    There was presented to me a papaya, And I returned for it a beautiful Ju-gem.
    From: 孙广勇, 赵益普 (2020 April 7) ““我们对加强文中互利合作充满信心”——中企为促进文莱经济稳定和发展作出贡献”, in People's Daily (in Chinese), page 17
    3 yuè 21 rì, gōngsī zhèngshì xuānbù, xiàng Wénlái wèishēng bù juānzèng jiàzhí 100 wàn měiyuán de yīliáo wùzī hé shèbèi, yǐ shíjì xíngdòng zhīchí wénlái kàngyì. [Pinyin]
    On March 21, the company officially announced the donation of one million US dollars’ worth of medical supplies and equipment to the Bruneian Ministry of Health, supporting Brunei’s resistance of the pandemic with concrete actions.
* according to
    以大小排列 ― yǐ dàxiǎo páiliè ― to arrange by size
    物以類聚／物以类聚 ― wùyǐlèijù ― birds of a feather flock together (lit. things will be gathered together according to category)
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE
    Lǐfǎ yǐ shí ér dìng, zhìlìng gè shùn qí yí, bīngjiǎ qìbèi gè biàn qí yòng. [Pinyin]
    As rites and laws were fixed in accordance with what was opportune, regulations and orders were all expedient, and weapons, armour, implements and equipment were all practical
* so as to; in order to
    以正視聽／以正视听 ― yǐzhèngshìtīng ― in order to ensure a correct understanding of the facts
    以防萬一／以防万一 ― yǐfángwànyī ― just in case (literally, “to protect against a contingency”)
       Shìmín duì èliè tiānqì yào zuòchū shìdāng de yùfáng cuòshī, yǐ jiǎndī kěnéng yǐnzhì de rénmìng shāngwáng jí cáiwù sǔnshī. [Pinyin]
       The public should take appropriate preventive measures against severe weather in order to minimize possible loss of life, injury and property damage.
* because; because of
       wù yǐ shàn xiǎo ér bù wéi [Pinyin]
       do not fail to commit a good act just because it is small in scale.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ bù yǐ yán jǔ rén, bù yǐ rén fèi yán.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man."
    From: 1046, 范仲淹 (Fan Zhongyan), 《岳陽樓記》
    Bù yǐ wù xǐ, bù yǐ jǐ bēi. [Pinyin]
    [The ancient sages] were not thrilled nor depressed because of external objects or their own experiences.
* (literary) therefore; thus
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xī wú yǒu xiānzhèng, qí yán míng qiě qīng, guójiā yǐ níng, dōuyì yǐ chéng, shùmín yǐ shēng. [Pinyin]
    Once we had that former premier, His words were wise and pure; The states and clans by him were (therefore) at rest, The chief cities and towns by him were (therefore) well regulated, All the people by him (therefore) enjoyed their life.
    From: 227, 諸葛亮 (Zhūgě Liàng) (Zhuge Liang), 出師表
    Bùyí wàngzìfěibó, yǐnyùshīyì, yǐ sè zhōngjiàn zhī lù yě. [Pinyin]
    In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain your modesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances.
* to use
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Wǒ cí lǐ yǐ, bǐ zé yǐ zhī. Yóu yǒu guǐshén, yú bǐ jiā zhī. [Pinyin]
    We had already declined the ritual, but they used it nonetheless. If there are indeed ghosts and spirits, they will inflict the consequences on them.”
* (literary) to consider as
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Chén chéng zhī bùrú Xú gōng měi, chén zhī qī sī chén, chén zhī qiè wèi chén, chén zhī kè yù yǒu qiú yú chén, jiē yǐ měi yú Xú gōng. [Pinyin]
    I do indeed know that I am not as handsome as Xugong. My wife is biased towards me; my concubine fears me; my visitor had something he wanted from me; they all considered [me] more handsome than Xugong.
* (literary) and
    From: the Great Preface to the Book of Poetry (《詩大序》), the given paragraph also appeared in the Book of Rites, finished sometime prior to the current era
    Qíng fā yú shēng, shēng chéngwén wèi zhī yīn. Zhìshì zhī yīn ān yǐ lè, qí zhèng hé; luànshì zhī yīn yuàn yǐ nù, qí zhèng guāi; wángguó zhī yīn āi yǐ sī, qí mín kùn. [Pinyin]
    Feelings emerge in sounds; when those sounds have patterning, they are called “tones.” The tones of a well-managed age are at rest and happy: its government is balanced. The tones of an age of turmoil are bitter and full of anger: its government is perverse. The tones of a ruined state are filled with lament and brooding: its people are in difficulty.
    From: 1054, 王安石 (Wang Anshi), A Visit to the Baochan Mt 《遊褒禪山記》
    Fú yí yǐ jìn zé yóu zhě zhòng, xiǎn yǐ yuǎn zé zhì zhě shǎo. [Pinyin]
    Generally speaking, many people visit places that are safe and near while few frequent those that are dangerous and distant.
* (literary) at; in; during (a specific time)
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Wǔ yǐ shǐyuán liùnián chūn zhì jīngshī. [Pinyin]
    In the spring of the sixth year of Shiyuan era [81 BCE] Su Wu reached the capital.
    From: 1177, 范成大 (Fan Chengda),《吳船錄》, translated by James M. Hargett
    Yú lái yǐ jìxià, shùrì qián, xuě dà jiàng, mùyè yóuyǒu xuě zì lánbān zhī jì. [Pinyin]
    I came here during the last month of summer. A few days ago there was a heavy snowfall. The tree leaves were still marked with mottled patterns of snow.
* Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”).
    以巴衝突／以巴冲突 ― Yǐ Bā chōngtū ― Israel-Palestinian conflict
* a surname
* (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 以 (MC yiX), equivalent to the 4th 等 (děng) of the initial 喻 (MC yuH)

#### Compounds

* 一以當十 / 一以当十
* 一以當百 / 一以当百
* 一以貫之 / 一以贯之 (yīyǐguànzhī)
* 不以
* 不以人齒 / 不以人齿
* 不以為 / 不以为
* 不以為奇 / 不以为奇
* 不以為忤 / 不以为忤
* 不以為恥 / 不以为耻 (bùyǐwéichǐ)
* 不以為意 / 不以为意 (bùyǐwéiyì)
* 不以為然 / 不以为然 (bùyǐwéirán)
* 不以為苦 / 不以为苦
* 不以物喜，不以己悲 (bùyǐwùxǐ, bùyǐjǐbēi)
* 不可以 (bùkěyǐ)
* 不明所以 (bùmíngsuǒyǐ)
* 不知所以 (bùzhīsuǒyǐ)
* 不足以 (bùzúyǐ)
* 久以後 / 久以后
* 乾餱以愆 / 干糇以愆
* 予以 (yǔyǐ)
* 事以密成
* 于以
* 亡以
* 以一儆百
* 以一奉百
* 以一持萬 / 以一持万
* 以一擊十 / 以一击十
* 以一當十 / 以一当十
* 以一知萬 / 以一知万
* 以一警百
* 以一馭萬 / 以一驭万
* 以下 (yǐxià)
* 以上 (yǐshàng)
* 以不
* 以不濟可 / 以不济可
* 以人廢言 / 以人废言 (yǐrénfèiyán)
* 以人擇官 / 以人择官
* 以人為鏡 / 以人为镜
* 以人為鑑 / 以人为鉴
* 以佚待勞 / 以佚待劳
* 以來 / 以来 (yǐlái)
* 以便 (yǐbiàn)
* 以假亂真 / 以假乱真
* 以偽亂真 / 以伪乱真
* 以偏概全 (yǐpiāngàiquán)
* 以假為真 / 以假为真
* 以僞亂真 / 以伪乱真
* 以儆效尤 (yǐjǐngxiàoyóu)
* 以先
* 以免 (yǐmiǎn)
* 以內 / 以内 (yǐnèi)
* 以公滅私 / 以公灭私
* 以冰致蠅 / 以冰致蝇
* 以刑去刑
* 以刑止刑
* 以刑致刑
* 以利亞 / 以利亚 (Yǐlìyà)
* 以利累形
* 以前 (yǐqián)
* 以副養農 / 以副养农
* 以力服人
* 以功補過 / 以功补过
* 以功覆過 / 以功覆过
* 以功贖罪 / 以功赎罪
* 以勤補拙 / 以勤补拙
* 以北 (yǐběi)
* 以升量石
* 以半擊倍 / 以半击倍
* 以南 (yǐnán)
* 以卵投石 (yǐluǎntóushí)
* 以卵擊石 / 以卵击石 (yǐluǎnjíshí)
* 以卵敵石 / 以卵敌石
* 以去
* 以及 (yǐjí)
* 以叔援嫂
* 以口問心 / 以口问心
* 以右
* 以古制今
* 以古方今
* 以古為鏡 / 以古为镜
* 以古為鑑 / 以古为鉴
* 以古非今
* 以否
* 以售其奸
* 以售其技
* 以噎廢飧 / 以噎废飧
* 以外 (yǐwài)
* 以夜繼日 / 以夜继日
* 以夜繼晝 / 以夜继昼
* 以夜繼朝 / 以夜继朝
* 以夜續晝 / 以夜续昼
* 以大惡細 / 以大恶细
* 以太 (yǐtài)
* 以夷伐夷
* 以夷制夷
* 以夷攻夷
* 以夷治夷
* 以子之矛，攻子之盾
* 以字行 (yǐzìxíng)
* 以學愈愚 / 以学愈愚
* 以守為攻 / 以守为攻
* 以定
* 以容取人
* 以宮笑角 / 以宫笑角
* 以寡擊眾 / 以寡击众
* 以寡敵眾 / 以寡敌众
* 以實相告 / 以实相告
* 以小人之心，度君子之腹 (yǐ xiǎorén zhī xīn, duó jūnzǐ zhī fù)
* 以小見大 / 以小见大 (yǐxiǎojiàndà)
* 以少克眾 / 以少克众
* 以屈求伸
* 以工代賑 / 以工代赈 (yǐgōng daìzhèn)
* 以左
* 以己度人 (yǐjǐduórén)
* 以弱制強 / 以弱制强
* 以強凌弱
* 以強陵弱 / 以强陵弱
* 以往 (yǐwǎng)
* 以往鑒來 / 以往鉴来
* 以後 / 以后 (yǐhòu)
* 以微知著
* 以德報德 / 以德报德 (yǐdébàodé)
* 以德報怨 / 以德报怨 (yǐdébàoyuàn)
* 以德懷遠 / 以德怀远
* 以德服人 (yǐdéfúrén)
* 以德追禍 / 以德追祸
* 以心傳心 / 以心传心
* 以心問心 / 以心问心
* 以忍為閽 / 以忍为阍
* 以快先睹
* 以怨報德 / 以怨报德 (yǐyuànbàodé)
* 以惡報惡 / 以恶报恶
* 以意為主 / 以意为主
* 以意為之 / 以意为之
* 以意逆志
* 以慎為鍵 / 以慎为键
* 以戈舂黍
* 以戰去戰 / 以战去战
* 以戰止戰 / 以战止战
* 以戰養戰 / 以战养战 (yǐzhànyǎngzhàn)
* 以手加額 / 以手加额 (yǐshǒujiā'é)
* 以指撓沸 / 以指挠沸
* 以指測河 / 以指测河
* 以攻為守 / 以攻为守 (yǐgōngwéishǒu)
* 以故 (yǐgù)
* 以文害辭 / 以文害辞
* 以文會友 / 以文会友
* 以文為詩 / 以文为诗
* 以日易月
* 以日為年 / 以日为年
* 以日為歲 / 以日为岁
* 以日繼夜 / 以日继夜
* 以是 (yǐshì)
* 以時 / 以时
* 以暴制暴
* 以暴易亂 / 以暴易乱
* 以暴易暴
* 以書為御 / 以书为御
* 以會養會 / 以会养会
* 以期 (yǐqī)
* 以東 / 以东 (yǐdōng)
* 以柔克剛 / 以柔克刚
* 以柔制剛 / 以柔制刚
* 以桃代李
* 以權謀私 / 以权谋私
* 以權達變 / 以权达变
* 以次
* 以此 (yǐcǐ)
* 以此類推 / 以此类推 (yǐcǐlèituī)
* 以殺去殺 / 以杀去杀
* 以殺止殺 / 以杀止杀
* 以毀為罰 / 以毁为罚
* 以毒攻毒 (yǐdúgōngdú)
* 以毛相馬 / 以毛相马
* 以水投水
* 以水投石
* 以水救水
* 以水洗血
* 以水濟水 / 以水济水
* 以求 (yǐqiú)
* 以沫相濡
* 以渴服馬 / 以渴服马
* 以湯止沸 / 以汤止沸
* 以湯沃沸 / 以汤沃沸
* 以湯沃雪 / 以汤沃雪
* 以澤量屍 / 以泽量尸
* 以火去蛾
* 以火救火
* 以火止沸
* 以為 / 以为 (yǐwéi)
* 以為後圖 / 以为后图
* 以煎止燔
* 以牙還牙 / 以牙还牙 (yǐyáhuányá)
* 以物易物 (yǐwùyìwù)
* 以狸餌鼠 / 以狸饵鼠
* 以玉抵烏 / 以玉抵乌
* 以玉抵鵲 / 以玉抵鹊
* 以珠彈雀 / 以珠弹雀
* 以理去官
* 以理服人 (yǐlǐfúrén)
* 以疏間親 / 以疏间亲
* 以疑決疑 / 以疑决疑
* 以白為黑 / 以白为黑
* 以白詆青 / 以白诋青
* 以目相送
* 以目送情
* 以直報怨 / 以直报怨 (yǐzhíbàoyuàn)
* 以盲辨色 (yǐmángbiànsè)
* 以眾克寡 / 以众克寡
* 以眾暴寡 / 以众暴寡
* 以眼還眼 / 以眼还眼 (yǐyǎnhuányǎn)
* 以眼還眼，以牙還牙 / 以眼还眼，以牙还牙 (yǐ yǎn huán yǎn, yǐ yá huán yá)
* 以瞽引瞽
* 以石投卵
* 以石投水
* 以碫投卵
* 以禮相待 / 以礼相待
* 以私害公
* 以私廢公 / 以私废公
* 以筌為魚 / 以筌为鱼
* 以筳撞鍾 / 以筳撞钟
* 以筦窺天 / 以筦窥天
* 以管窺天 / 以管窥天 (yǐguǎnkuītiān)
* 以管窺豹 / 以管窥豹
* 以索續組 / 以索续组
* 以紫亂朱 / 以紫乱朱
* 以紫為朱 / 以紫为朱
* 以羊易牛
* 以義割恩 / 以义割恩
* 以義斷恩 / 以义断恩
* 以老賣老 / 以老卖老
* 以耳代目
* 以耳為目 / 以耳为目
* 以聾辨聲 / 以聋辨声
* 以肉去蟻 / 以肉去蚁
* 以肉啖虎
* 以肉餧虎 / 以肉喂虎
* 以肉驅蠅 / 以肉驱蝇
* 以脫 / 以脱
* 以膠投漆 / 以胶投漆
* 以至 (yǐzhì)
* 以至于 (yǐzhìyú)
* 以至於 / 以至于 (yǐzhìyú)
* 以致 (yǐzhì)
* 以色列 (Yǐsèliè)
* 以色列國 / 以色列国 (Yǐsèlièguó)
* 以莛叩鐘 / 以莛叩钟
* 以莛扣鐘 / 以莛扣钟
* 以莛撞鐘 / 以莛撞钟
* 以荷析薪
* 以華制華 / 以华制华 (yǐhuázhìhuá)
* 以蚓投魚 / 以蚓投鱼
* 以螳當車 / 以螳当车
* 以蠟代薪 / 以蜡代薪
* 以蠡測海 / 以蠡测海
* 以血償血 / 以血偿血
* 以血洗血 (yǐxuèxǐxuè)
* 以西 (yǐxī)
* 以規為瑱 / 以规为瑱
* 以親為解 / 以亲为解
* 以觀後效 / 以观后效
* 以言取人
* 以言徇物
* 以言為諱 / 以言为讳
* 以言舉人 / 以言举人
* 以計代戰 / 以计代战
* 以訛傳訛 / 以讹传讹 (yǐ'échuán'é)
* 以詞害意 / 以词害意
* 以謂 / 以谓
* 以諧秦晉 / 以谐秦晋
* 以譽為賞 / 以誉为赏
* 以譽進能 / 以誉进能
* 以豐補歉 / 以丰补歉
* 以貌取人 (yǐmàoqǔrén)
* 以貍至鼠 / 以狸至鼠
* 以貍致鼠 / 以狸致鼠
* 以貍餌鼠 / 以狸饵鼠
* 以賤雪貴 / 以贱雪贵
* 以賽亞 / 以赛亚 (Yǐsàiyà)
* 以身作則 / 以身作则 (yǐshēnzuòzé)
* 以身報國 / 以身报国
* 以身殉國 / 以身殉国
* 以身殉職 / 以身殉职 (yǐshēnxùnzhí)
* 以身殉道
* 以身相許 / 以身相许 (yǐshēnxiāngxǔ)
* 以身許國 / 以身许国
* 以身試法 / 以身试法 (yǐshēnshìfǎ)
* 以辭取人 / 以辞取人
* 以辭害意 / 以辞害意
* 以近
* 以退為進 / 以退为进 (yǐtuìwéijìn)
* 以逸待勞 / 以逸待劳 (yǐyìdàiláo)
* 以逸擊勞 / 以逸击劳
* 以遠 / 以远
* 以還 / 以还
* 以鄰為壑 / 以邻为壑 (yǐlínwéihè)
* 以銖程鎰 / 以铢程镒
* 以銖稱鎰 / 以铢称镒
* 以錐刺地 / 以锥刺地
* 以鎰稱銖 / 以镒称铢
* 以防萬一 / 以防万一 (yǐfángwànyī)
* 以阿戰爭 / 以阿战争
* 以降 (yǐjiàng)
* 以類相從 / 以类相从
* 以飴沃釜 / 以饴沃釜
* 以養傷身 / 以养伤身
* 以骨去螘 / 以骨去𰲹
* 以魚敺蠅 / 以鱼驱蝇
* 以魚驅蠅 / 以鱼驱蝇
* 以鹿為馬 / 以鹿为马
* 以黑為白 / 以黑为白
* 以點帶面 / 以点带面
* 以黨舉官 / 以党举官
* 何以 (héyǐ)
* 何以克當 / 何以克当
* 何以見得 / 何以见得 (héyǐjiàndé)
* 信以為真 / 信以为真 (xìnyǐwéizhēn)
* 借以 (jièyǐ)
* 修謹以俟 / 修谨以俟
* 假以辭色 / 假以辞色
* 假以顏色 / 假以颜色
* 僅以身免 / 仅以身免
* 全力以赴 (quánlìyǐfù)
* 割臂以盟
* 加以 (jiāyǐ)
* 勿以善小而不為 / 勿以善小而不为 (wù yǐ shàn xiǎo ér bù wéi)
* 卑以自牧
* 及以
* 可以
* 嗤之以鼻 (chīzhīyǐbí)
* 嚴陣以待 / 严阵以待 (yánzhènyǐdài)
* 嚴陳以待 / 严陈以待
* 坐以待斃 / 坐以待毙 (zuòyǐdàibì)
* 坐以待旦
* 夙願以償 / 夙愿以偿
* 夜以接日
* 夜以繼日 / 夜以继日 (yèyǐjìrì)
* 夜以繼晝 / 夜以继昼
* 夢寐以求 / 梦寐以求 (mèngmèiyǐqiú)
* 大車以載 / 大车以载
* 好整以暇 (hàozhěngyǐxiá)
* 如願以償 / 如愿以偿 (rúyuànyǐcháng)
* 妻以夫貴 / 妻以夫贵
* 學以致用 / 学以致用 (xuéyǐzhìyòng)
* 寤寐以求
* 引以為傲 / 引以为傲 (yǐnyǐwéi'ào)
* 引以為戒 / 引以为戒 (yǐnyǐwéijiè)
* 引以為榮 / 引以为荣 (yǐnyǐwéiróng)
* 引以為鑑 / 引以为鉴 (yǐnyǐwéijiàn)
* 引以為鑒 / 引以为鉴 (yǐnyǐwéijiàn)
* 引以自豪
* 從一以終 / 从一以终
* 從今以後 / 从今以后 (cóngjīn yǐhòu)
* 得以 (déyǐ)
* 德以報怨 / 德以报怨
* 忘乎所以 (wànghūsuǒyǐ)
* 忘其所以
* 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
* 愛人以德 / 爱人以德
* 戮力以赴
* 所以
* 所以然 (suǒyǐrán)
* 持之以恆 / 持之以恒 (chízhīyǐhéng)
* 持之以恒 (chízhīyǐhéng)
* 拭目以俟
* 拭目以待 (shìmùyǐdài)
* 拭目以觀 / 拭目以观
* 授人以柄 (shòu rén yǐ bǐng)
* 掉以輕心 / 掉以轻心 (diàoyǐqīngxīn)
* 掃地以盡 / 扫地以尽 (sǎodìyǐjìn)
* 掃榻以待 / 扫榻以待
* 摩厲以需 / 摩厉以需
* 摩厲以須 / 摩厉以须
* 摩礪以須 / 摩砺以须
* 擇德以配 / 择德以配
* 攻玉以石
* 政以賄成 / 政以贿成
* 故以
* 數以千計 / 数以千计
* 數以萬計 / 数以万计 (shùyǐwànjì)
* 文以載道 / 文以载道 (wényǐzàidào)
* 方以類聚 / 方以类聚
* 於以 / 于以
* 施以 (shīyǐ)
* 既以 (jìyǐ)
* 日以月悔
* 日以為常 / 日以为常
* 日以繼夜 / 日以继夜 (rìyǐjìyè)
* 易口以食
* 是以 (shìyǐ)
* 昧死以聞 / 昧死以闻
* 曉以大義 / 晓以大义
* 有以 (yǒuyǐ)
* 有史以來 / 有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
* 有生以來 / 有生以来 (yǒushēngyǐlái)
* 望屋以食
* 枕戈以待
* 析骨以爨
* 析骸以爨 (xīháiyǐcuàn)
* 業以 / 业以
* 樂以忘憂 / 乐以忘忧
* 欺以其方
* 此以 (cǐyǐ)
* 殘民以逞 / 残民以逞 (cánmínyǐchěng)
* 母以子貴 / 母以子贵 (mǔyǐzǐguì)
* 沒死以聞 / 没死以闻
* 波以耳
* 滿以為 / 满以为 (mǎnyǐwéi)
* 滿可以 / 满可以
* 瀝血以誓 / 沥血以誓
* 無以 / 无以 (wúyǐ)
* 無以加 / 无以加
* 無以名之 / 无以名之
* 無以塞責 / 无以塞责
* 無以復加 / 无以复加 (wúyǐfùjiā)
* 無以為 / 无以为
* 無以為敬 / 无以为敬
* 無以為生 / 无以为生
* 無以為繼 / 无以为继 (wúyǐwéijì)
* 無以自容 / 无以自容
* 無言以對 / 无言以对 (wúyányǐduì)
* 物以群分
* 物以類聚 / 物以类聚 (wùyǐlèijù)
* 率以為常 / 率以为常
* 率馬以驥 / 率马以骥
* 用以 (yòngyǐ)
* 由以
* 皮以書 / 皮以书
* 相呴以濕 / 相呴以湿
* 相喣以沫
* 相濡以沫 (xiāngrúyǐmò)
* 相濡以澤 / 相濡以泽
* 睠以佳耦
* 磨厲以須 / 磨厉以须
* 磨礪以須 / 磨砺以须
* 積以為常 / 积以为常
* 笑之以鼻
* 給以 / 给以 (gěiyǐ)
* 給以顏色 / 给以颜色
* 繩之以法 / 绳之以法 (shéngzhīyǐfǎ)
* 罪以功除
* 羞以牛後 / 羞以牛后
* 習以成俗 / 习以成俗
* 習以成性 / 习以成性
* 習以成風 / 习以成风
* 習以為常 / 习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
* 聊以卒歲 / 聊以卒岁 (liáoyǐzúsuì)
* 聊以塞責 / 聊以塞责
* 聊以自娛 / 聊以自娱
* 聊以自慰
* 聊以解嘲
* 胡以
* 臨事以懼 / 临事以惧
* 自以為是 / 自以为是 (zìyǐwéishì)
* 自鄶以下 / 自郐以下
* 藉以 / 借以 (jièyǐ)
* 虚位以待
* 虛位以待 / 虚位以待
* 虛左以待 / 虚左以待
* 行以求知
* 袞衣以歸 / 衮衣以归
* 襲以成俗 / 袭以成俗
* 計日以俟 / 计日以俟
* 計日以待 / 计日以待
* 計日以期 / 计日以期
* 訛以傳訛 / 讹以传讹
* 訛以滋訛 / 讹以滋讹
* 詩以言志 / 诗以言志
* 誓以皦日
* 謙以下士 / 谦以下士
* 謬以千里
* 賫志以歿 / 赍志以殁
* 賫志以沒 / 赍志以没
* 超以象外
* 足以 (zúyǐ)
* 迎刃以解
* 逸以待勞 / 逸以待劳
* 過以 / 过以
* 過此以往 / 过此以往
* 道路以目
* 適以相成 / 适以相成
* 還以顏色 / 还以颜色
* 還可以 / 还可以 (háikěyǐ)
* 邈以山河
* 鑿坏以遁
* 長此以往 / 长此以往 (chángcǐyǐwǎng)
* 降格以求
* 難以 / 难以 (nányǐ)
* 難以估計 / 难以估计
* 難以兩全 / 难以两全
* 難以名狀 / 难以名状
* 難以忍受 / 难以忍受
* 難以想像 / 难以想像
* 難以招架 / 难以招架
* 難以捉摸 / 难以捉摸
* 難以消受 / 难以消受
* 難以為情 / 难以为情
* 難以為繼 / 难以为继 (nányǐwéijì)
* 難以置信 / 难以置信 (nányǐzhìxìn)
* 難以言喻 / 难以言喻 (nányǐyányù)
* 飽以老拳 / 饱以老拳 (bǎoyǐlǎoquán)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 以 – see 似 (“to be like; to be similar to; to resemble; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 似).

### References

* “以”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “以”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 59.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* compared to
* than
* by means of
* because
* in view of
* compared with

#### Readings

* Go-on: い (i, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: い (i, Jōyō)
* Kun: おもう (omou, 以う)、ゆえに (yue ni, 以に)、もって (motte, 以て)

#### Compounds

* 以遠
* 以往
* 以下
* 以外
* 以後
* 以降
* 以上
* 以心伝心
* 以西
* 以前
* 以東
* 以毒制毒
* 以内
* 以南
* 以北
* 以来

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 以
* い Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 以 (MC yiX).

### Prefix

以(い) • (i-)
* from (this reference point) and (more)
    以(い)後(ご) ― igo ― from now on
    その以(い)後(ご) ― sono igo ― from then on; since then
    この日(ひ)以(い)後(ご) ― kono hi igo ― from this day on; ever since this day
** 2008 March 15, “ジャンク・ウォリアー [Junk Warrior]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
    「ジャンク・シンクロン」＋(プラス)チューナー以(い)外(がい)のモンスター１(いっ)体(たい)以(い)上(じょう)
       “Janku Shinkuron” purasu Chūnā igai no monsutā ittai ijō
       “Junk Synchron” plus 1 or more non-Tuner monsters
** 2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
    通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい) ①(いち)：１(いっ)ターンに１(いち)度(ど)、自(じ)分(ぶん)メインフェイズに発(はつ)動(どう)できる。手(て)札(ふだ)からレベル４(よん)以(い)下(か)の通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)をこのカードのリンク先(さき)に特(とく)殊(しゅ)召(しょう)喚(かん)する。
       Tsūjō Monsutā ittaī Chi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. tefuda kara Reberu yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.
       1 or more Normal Monsters 1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.
* by, with, by means of
    Synonym: …をもって (… o motte)

#### Usage notes

* An expression prefixed with 以 means "from this reference point, and more". It can only be translated upon contexts. The reference point can be understood as "now", "here", "this", or aforementioned.
** 以(い)上(じょう) (ijō): "or more/higher/above"; literally "from this point, and anything more/higher/above"
** 以(い)下(か) (ika): "or less/lower/below"; literally "from this point, and anything less/lower/below"
** 以(い)内(ない) (inai): "within"; literally "from this range, and anything within"
** 以(い)外(がい) (igai): "outside, other than"; literally "from this range, and anything outside"
** 以(い)前(ぜん) (izen): "ago"; literally "from this point, and anything before"
** 以(い)後(ご) (igo): "later; ever since"; literally "from this point, and anything later"

## Korean
### Hanja

以 (eumhun 써 이 (sseo i))
* hanja form of 이 (“compared to”)
* hanja form of 이 (“than”)
* hanja form of 이 (“by means of”)
* hanja form of 이 (“because”)
* hanja form of 이 (“in view of”)
* hanja form of 이 (“compared with”)

#### Compounds

* 이전 (以前, ijeon, “before”)
* 이후 (以後, ihu, “after”)
* 이상 (以上, isang, “above; over”)
* 이하 (以下, iha, “below; under”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

以: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation