# تمرد
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *marad- (“to fortify, to set up resistance; to escape, to find a means to get away; to leave one's people, to branch off or split from a group”). Cognate with Hebrew מרדנות (mardanút), Aramaic מִרְדָּא (mirdā), Classical Syriac ܡܪܕܐ (merdā), Classical Mandaic ࡌࡉࡓࡃࡀ (MYRDʾ).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.mar.ra.da/

#### Verb

تَمَرَّدَ • (tamarrada) V (non-past يَتَمَرَّدُ (yatamarradu), verbal noun تَمَرُّد (tamarrud))
* to rebel, to revolt [with عَلَى (ʕalā) ‘against someone/something’]
** 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi
    إِذَا أَنْتَ أَكْرَمْتَ الْكَرِيمَ مَلَكْتَهُ / وَإِنْ أَنْتَ أَكْرَمْتَ اللَّئِيمَ تَمَرَّدَاʔiḏā ʔanta ʔakramta l-karīma malaktahu / waʔin ʔanta ʔakramta l-laʔīma tamarradā(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2004, عَلِيّ شَرِيعَتِي (ʕaliyy šarīʕatī), translated by هادي السيد ياسين, النباهة والاستحمار, دار الأمير:إِنَّ أَكْبَرَ قِيَمِ الإِنْسَانِ هِيَ تِلْكَ الَّتِي يَبْدَأُ مِنْهَا (بِالرَّفْضِ) وَ(عَدَمِ التَّسْلِيمِ) اللَّذَيْنِ يَتَلَخَّصَانِ بِكَلِمَةِ (لَا) وَمِنْهَا بَدَأَ آدَمٌ أَبُو البَشَرِ.. أُمِرَ أَنْ لَا يَأْكُلَ مِنْ تِلْكَ الثَّمَرَةِ، لٰكِنَّهُ اَكَلَ، فَصَارَ بَعْدَئِذٍ بَشَرًا وَهَبَطَ إِلَىٰ الأَرْضِ، وِإِلَّا لَكَانَ مَلَكًا لَا مِيزَةَ لَهُ، وَلَصَارَ غَيْرُهُ آدَمَ وَلَفُرِضَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَسْجُدَ أَمَامَهُ، لَكِنَّهُ تَمَرَّدَ فَصَارَ آدَم.ʔinna ʔakbara qiyami l-ʔinsāni hiya tilka llatī yabdaʔu minhā (bi-r-rafḍi) wa(ʕadami t-taslīmi) al-laḏayni yatalaḵḵaṣāni bikalimati (lā) waminhā badaʔa ʔādamun ʔabū l-bašari.. ʔumira ʔan lā yaʔkula min tilka ṯ-ṯamarati, lākinnahu akala, faṣāra baʕdaʔiḏin bašaran wahabaṭa ʔilā l-ʔarḍi, wiʔillā lakāna malakan lā mīzata lahu, walaṣāra ḡayruhu ʔādama walafuriḍa ʕalayhi ʔan yasjuda ʔamāmahu, lakinnahu tamarrada faṣāra ʔādam.For sure the biggest human value is that from which s/he begings by "refusing" and "not consenting" that are summarised in the word "no" and from it began Adam the father of humanity.. He had been ordered not to eat from that fruit, but he ate, and henceforth he became a human and landed on Earth, if he had not he would have been an angel with no distinguishing feature, and someone else would have become Adam and he would have been obliged to prostrate before him, but he rebelled and so he became Adam.
* to be arrogant, to be insolent
* to be uncooperative, to be disobedient

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.mar.rud/

#### Noun

تَمَرُّد • (tamarrud) m
* verbal noun of تَمَرَّدَ (tamarrada) (form V)

##### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic تَمَرُّد (tamarrud)

### Noun

تمرد • (temerrüt)
* hardheadedness, stubbornness, obstinacy
    Synonyms: اصرار (ısrar), عناد (inat)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: temerrüt
* → Bulgarian: темеру́т (temerút)
* → Macedonian: темерут (temerut)
* → Serbo-Croatian: темѐрут / temèrut, темѐрутин / temèrutin

### References

* Zenker, Julius Theodor (1866) “تمرد”, in Türkisch-arabisch-persisches Handwörterbuch, volume 1 (overall work in German and French), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 309a

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic تَمَرَّدَ (tamarrada).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tmar.rad/, [ɪtˈmar.rad]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

تمرّد • (tmarrad) V (present بتمرّد (bitmarrad))
* to rebel, to revolt

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic تمرد.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ta.mar.rod/

#### Noun

تمرد • (tamarrod) m
* insurgency