# soma
## English
### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˈsoʊmə/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈsəʊmə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: (General American) -oʊmə, (Received Pronunciation) -əʊmə
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

### Etymology 1

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

#### Noun

soma (plural somas or somata)
* (anatomy) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.
* (biology) The body of an organism in contrast to the germ cells.
* (cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.
* (philosophy) The corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul and the pneuma or spirit.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:body

##### Derived terms

* resomation
* somal
* somatic
* somite

##### Related terms

* prosoma
* somaclone
* somaesthetics
* somascope
* somato-
* -some
* somesthesis

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Transliteration of Sanskrit सोम (soma). Doublet of haoma.

#### Noun

soma (uncountable)
* (Vedic religion) A ritual drink in ancient Vedic culture, obtained by pressing the Soma plant.
** 2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books, published 2007, page 82:Once he had drunk the intoxicating soma, he experienced an ascent to the gods without having to die a violent death, as in the old ritual.
* (by extension, science fiction) Any kind of intoxicating drug.
** 1932, Aldous Huxley, Brave New World‎, London: Chatto & Windus:[…] there is always soma, delicious soma, half a gramme for a half-holiday, a gramme for a week-end, two grammes for a trip to the gorgeous East, three for a dark eternity on the moon […]

##### Alternative forms

* Soma

##### Related terms

* haoma

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* -omas, Amos, MOAS, MOAs, Samo, maos, moas, omas, soam

## Dutch
### Etymology

Clipping of Somaliër.

### Noun

soma ? (plural soma's, diminutive somaatje n)
* (sometimes offensive, slang) a Somalian

## Fijian
### Adverb

soma
* often, frequently
    Synonym: wasoma

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *coma. Related to Karelian šoma, Livvi čoma, Ludian čoma and Veps čoma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsomɑ/, [ˈs̠o̞mɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -omɑ
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

### Adjective

soma (comparative somempi, superlative somin)
* pretty, cute, sweet

#### Declension

Possessive forms of soma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
somani
somani
accusative
nom.
somani
somani
gen.
somani
genitive
somani
somieni somaini $^{rare}$
partitive
somaani
somiani
inessive
somassani
somissani
elative
somastani
somistani
illative
somaani
somiini
adessive
somallani
somillani
ablative
somaltani
somiltani
allative
somalleni
somilleni
essive
somanani
sominani
translative
somakseni
somikseni
abessive
somattani
somittani
instructive
comitative
—somineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
somasi
somasi
accusative
nom.
somasi
somasi
gen.
somasi
genitive
somasi
somiesi somaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
somaasi
somiasi
inessive
somassasi
somissasi
elative
somastasi
somistasi
illative
somaasi
somiisi
adessive
somallasi
somillasi
ablative
somaltasi
somiltasi
allative
somallesi
somillesi
essive
somanasi
sominasi
translative
somaksesi
somiksesi
abessive
somattasi
somittasi
instructive
comitative
—sominesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
somamme
somamme
accusative
nom.
somamme
somamme
gen.
somamme
genitive
somamme
somiemme somaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
somaamme
somiamme
inessive
somassamme
somissamme
elative
somastamme
somistamme
illative
somaamme
somiimme
adessive
somallamme
somillamme
ablative
somaltamme
somiltamme
allative
somallemme
somillemme
essive
somanamme
sominamme
translative
somaksemme
somiksemme
abessive
somattamme
somittamme
instructive
comitative
—sominemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
somanne
somanne
accusative
nom.
somanne
somanne
gen.
somanne
genitive
somanne
somienne somainne $^{rare}$
partitive
somaanne
somianne
inessive
somassanne
somissanne
elative
somastanne
somistanne
illative
somaanne
somiinne
adessive
somallanne
somillanne
ablative
somaltanne
somiltanne
allative
somallenne
somillenne
essive
somananne
sominanne
translative
somaksenne
somiksenne
abessive
somattanne
somittanne
instructive
comitative
—sominenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
somansa
somansa
accusative
nom.
somansa
somansa
gen.
somansa
genitive
somansa
somiensa somainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
somaansa
somiaan somiansa
inessive
somassaan somassansa
somissaan somissansa
elative
somastaan somastansa
somistaan somistansa
illative
somaansa
somiinsa
adessive
somallaan somallansa
somillaan somillansa
ablative
somaltaan somaltansa
somiltaan somiltansa
allative
somalleen somallensa
somilleen somillensa
essive
somanaan somanansa
sominaan sominansa
translative
somakseen somaksensa
somikseen somiksensa
abessive
somattaan somattansa
somittaan somittansa
instructive
comitative
—somineen sominensa :

#### Derived terms

* somasti
* somentaa
* someta
* somistaa
* somuus

### Further reading

* “soma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Asmo, mosa, osma

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

soma m (plural somas)
* (cytology) soma

### Further reading

* “soma”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese soma (“top”) (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin summa (“top”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsomɐ]

### Noun

soma f (plural somas)
* ridge (formed besides a furrow)
    Synonyms: lombeiro, márdea, mesa, sorrello

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “soma”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “soma”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “soma”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “soma”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “soma”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɔ.ma/
* Rhymes: -ɔma
* Hyphenation: sò‧ma

### Etymology 1

From Late Latin sauma, from alteration of Latin sagma, from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma). Compare the doublet salma (“corpse”). Cognate to French somme (“packsaddle”).

#### Noun

soma f (plural some)
* the load borne by a pack animal
* (by extension) the measure of the capacity of a given animal to bear a load
* (figurative, literary)
** burden
    Synonym: onere
** weight
    Synonym: peso
** body
    Synonym: corpo

##### Derived terms

* animale da soma
* bestia da soma
* someggiare

#### Further reading

* soma$^1$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

#### Noun

soma m (plural somi)
* (medicine) soma

##### Derived terms

* somatico
* somite

#### Further reading

* soma$^2$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Etymology 3

Transliteration of Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

#### Noun

soma m (plural somata)
* (music, historical, Byzantine Greece) second interval

#### Further reading

* soma$^3$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Etymology 4

Borrowed from English soma, from Sanskrit सोम (soma), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáwHmas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáwHmas, derived from the root *sawH- (“to press out, to extract”).

#### Noun

soma m (invariable) (historical)
* name of an as yet unidentified plant
* soma (juice extracted from the above plant, used as a ritual drink)

#### Further reading

* soma$^4$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* Amos, Mosa, Samo, maso

## Italiot Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

### Noun

soma n
* body

## Japanese
### Romanization

soma
* Rōmaji transcription of そま

## Latvian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Old East Slavic сума (suma) (compare Russian сума́ (sumá)), itself borrowed (via Polish) from Old High German soum (“burden”) (compare German Saum), from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma) (whence also Latin sagma, sauma (“burden saddle, burden”)). The borrowing happened in the 13th century, when Old East Slavic у was still pronounced as [oː]. The word soma is first attested in 17th-century dictionaries with meanings such as “bread sack”, “bag”, “travel bag”.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sūōma]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

#### Noun

soma f (4th declension)
* bag, pack (fabric, leather, etc. object with straps or handles, used for carrying small objects, groceries, etc.)
    pasta soma ― mail bag
    medību soma ― (hunting) game bag
    skolas soma ― satchel, school bag
    iepirkumu soma ― shopping bag
    ceļa soma, ceļasoma ― suitcase (lit. travelling bag)
    rokas soma, rokassoma ― purse (lit. hand bag)
    mugursoma ― backpack, knapsack, rucksack
* (biology, anatomy) pouch (skin fold in marsupials to keep a newborn baby)
    ķengura soma ― kangaroo pouch

##### Derived terms

* ceļasoma
* mugursoma
* rokassoma

##### See also

* maiss

### Etymology 2

See soms.

#### Noun

soma m
* genitive singular of soms

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “soma”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɔ.ma/
* Rhymes: -ɔma
* Syllabification: so‧ma
* Homophone: Soma

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

#### Noun

soma f
* (anatomy) soma (the whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail)
* (anatomy) soma (the corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul)

##### Derived terms

* asomatyczny
* somatyczny

##### Related terms

* somatycznie

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सोम (soma).

#### Noun

soma f
* (Vedic religion) soma (ritual drink in ancient Vedic and continuing Hindu culture)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

soma m animal
* genitive/accusative singular of som

### Further reading

* soma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese soma, from Latin summa.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈso.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈso.mɐ/, /ˈsɔ.mɐ/
* Rhymes: -ɔmɐ, -omɐ
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

#### Noun

soma f (plural somas)
* (arithmetic) sum (quantity obtained by addition or aggregation)
* sum (quantity of money)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈso.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈso.mɐ/
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

#### Noun

soma m (plural somas)
* (anatomy, cytology) soma

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Sanskrit सोम (sóma), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma, from Proto-Indo-European *sew(h)-.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈso.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈso.mɐ/
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

#### Noun

soma m (plural somas)
* (religion) soma

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈsõ.mɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈso.ma/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈsɔ.mɐ/
* Rhymes: -ɔmɐ
* Hyphenation: so‧ma

#### Verb

soma
* inflection of somar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French sommer.

### Verb

a soma (third-person singular present somează, past participle somat) 1st conjugation
* to summon

#### Conjugation
## Rwanda-Rundi
### Verb

-soma (infinitive gusoma, perfective -somye)
* to read

## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

soma (Cyrillic spelling сома)
* genitive/accusative singular of som

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsoma/ [ˈso.ma]
* Rhymes: -oma
* Syllabification: so‧ma

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

#### Noun

soma m (plural somas)
* (biology) soma

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin summa.

#### Noun

soma f (plural somas)
* a kind of thick flour

### Further reading

* “soma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swahili
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu [Term?].

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-soma (infinitive kusoma)
* to read
* to study

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -soma :
| Positive present | -nasoma |
| Subjunctive | -some |
| Negative | -somi |
| Imperative singular | soma |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kusoma |
| Negative | kutosoma |
Imperatives :
| Singular | soma |
| Plural | someni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | husoma |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lisoma |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kusoma |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tasoma |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tasoma |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sisome |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngesoma |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singesoma |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalisoma |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalisoma |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mesoma |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshasoma |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jasoma |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kisoma |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -siposoma |
| Consecutive | kasoma / positive subject concord + -kasoma |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kasome |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -somea
** Causative: -somesha (“make read, educate”)
** Passive: -somwa
** Stative: -someka (“be legible”)
* Nominal derivations:
** msoma (“reader”)
** msomaji (“reader”)
** msomi (“scholar”)
** somo (“lesson”)

## Swazi
### Verb

-sóma
* to court, to flirt, to date

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Ternate
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈso.ma]

### Noun

soma
* dragnet, fishnet

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Turkish
### Noun

soma
* dative singular of som