# 汰

| 汰 | U+6C70, &#27760; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C70 |
| ← 汯 [U+6C6F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 汱 → [U+6C71] |

## Translingual
### Han character

汰 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水大戈 (EKI), four-corner 3413$_0$, composition ⿰氵太)

#### Derived characters

* 㳲

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 607, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17160
* Dae Jaweon: page 1001, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1560, character 6
* Unihan data for U+6C70

## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 馱 | *daːl, *daːds |
| 大 | *daːds, *daːds |
| 忕 | *tʰaːds, *daːds, *djads |
| 太 | *tʰaːds |
| 汰 | *tʰaːds |
| 汏 | *daːds, *tʰaːd |
| 軑 | *daːds, *deːds |
| 釱 | *daːds, *deːds |
| 达 | *tʰeːds |
| 杕 | *deːds |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰaːds): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 太 (OC *tʰaːds).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tài (tai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): taai$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thài / tāi / thōa
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tài
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tài
*** Wade–Giles: tʻai$^4$
*** Yale: tài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tay
*** Palladius: тай (taj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: taai$^3$
*** Yale: taai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: taai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaːi̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thài
*** Tâi-lô: thài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: taix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰai¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tʰai²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
*** Tâi-lô: tāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dai
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tai²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thōa
*** Tâi-lô: thuā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: toa
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰua²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰua³³/
* thài - literary (“do not”);
* tāi - literary;
* thōa - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: thajH
Rime :
| Character | 汰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 他蓋切 |
| Baxter | thajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tʰɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | taai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 汰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ daj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lˁa[t]-s/ |
| English | wave |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 汰 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1938 |
| Phonetic component | 大 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 泰 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰaːds/ |
| Notes | 見左傳荀子 |

#### Definitions

汰
* to rinse; to wash away
* to discard; to eliminate through competition or selection
* arrogant
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Bóshí zhī tài yě, yī wéilǐ yú jìn, yóu hè qí lù. [Pinyin]
    As overreaching as he had been, Gongsun Duan [Boshi] nevertheless managed with one good performance of ritual in Jin to come away laden with rewards.
* extravagant, excessive
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Jiē suǒyǐ shì zhūhóu tài yě, zhūhóu suǒyóu qì mìng yě. Jīn jūn yǐ tài, wú nǎi bùjì hū? [Pinyin]
    In each case the ceremonies became occasions on which they displayed their excesses to the princes and were the reason the princes ignored their commands. Now that you are acting excessively, is it not the case that you will fail to prevail?
* (Hokkien) do not; don't
* (Hokkien) forget it; forget about it

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 勿, 莫$_1$, 毋, 無 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 別, 不要, 勿, 別要 chiefly Hong Kong |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 別, 別價 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 別, 不要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 別 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 不要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 不要 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 別, 別價, 甭價, 不要 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 別 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 嫑, 甭$_1$, 休 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 嫑, 不要 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 嫑, 不敢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 嫑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 嫑, 休 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 不要 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 莫$_1$, 不要, 嫑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 莫$_1$, 不 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 不要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 莫$_1$ |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 莫$_1$, 莫要 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 莫$_1$ |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 別, 不要 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 咪, 咪個, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 咪, 唔好, 冇 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 唔要 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 咪, 唔好 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 莫$_1$, 無好 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 毛 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 冇 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 冇要 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 咪 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 咪, 唔好 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 莫$_1$ |
| Gan | Lichuan | 毋要, 不要 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 不要 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 莫$_1$, 毋愛, 毋好 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 毋要, 毋敢 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 毋要 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 毋愛 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 毋好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 唔愛 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 不要, 嫑 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 不要, 嫑 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不要, 不敢 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 不要, 嫑, 播 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 伓敢, 伓讓, 毋 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 伓敢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 伓通, 毋 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 伓通 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 毋 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 毋通, 毋愛, 莫$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 毋通, 毋愛, 甭$_2$, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 毋通, 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$, 𱰠, 莫用, 汰 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 莫去 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 毋通, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 莫$_2$, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 莫$_2$, 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋通, 甭$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 別 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Teochew) | 莫$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 莫$_2$, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 無地 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 無用, 莫$_2$, 無莫 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 無用 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 冇要 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 拗 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 拗, 拗要, 弗要 |
| Wu | Danyang | 弗要, 𫸻 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 嫑 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 弗要, 消, 𧟰 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 莫, 甮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 𧟰 |
| Wu | Lishui | ⿰毋樂 |
| Wu | Qingyuan | ⿰否樂 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 𫸻, 弗要, 弗用 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 莫$_1$, 不要 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 不要, 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 莫$_1$ |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 別 |
* (forget it): 算了 (suànle), 拉倒 (lādǎo); (Cantonese) 算啦 (syun$^3$ laa$^1$), 算數啦／算数啦 (syun$^3$ sou$^3$ laa$^1$); (Hokkien) 煞去, 煞煞去

#### Compounds

* 優勝劣汰 / 优胜劣汰 (yōushèngliètài)
* 刪汰 / 删汰
* 單淘汰 / 单淘汰
* 天然淘汰
* 汰侈
* 汰換 / 汰换
* 沙汰 (shātài)
* 汰舊換新 / 汰旧换新 (tàijiùhuànxīn)
* 洮汰 (táotài)
* 淘汰 (táotài)
* 淘汰賽 / 淘汰赛 (táotàisài)
* 甄汰
* 自然淘汰 (zìrán táotài)
* 裁汰 (cáitài)
* 鐫汰 / 镌汰 (juāntài)
* 除汰

#### References

* “汰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02147

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 汰 – see 汏 (“to rinse; to wash; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 汏).

#### References

* 康熙字典網上版 Kangxi Dictionary Type-set Online Version, entry "汰" Quote:「又徒蓋切，音大。淅𤄒也，與汏同。」

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* scour, wash out

#### Readings

* Go-on: たい (tai)
* Kan-on: たい (tai)
* Kan’yō-on: た (ta, Jōyō)
* Kun: おごる (ogoru, 汰ごる)、にごる (nigoru, 汰ごる)、よなげる (yonageru, 汰げる)、ゆる (yuru, 汰る)

#### Compounds

* 沙(さ)汰(た) (sata)

## Korean
### Hanja

汰 (eumhun 일 태 (il tae))
* hanja form of 태 (“scour, wash out”)

#### Compounds

* 산사태 (山沙汰, sansatae, “landslide”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

汰: Hán Việt readings: thái (他(tha)蓋(cái)切(thiết)), thải
汰: Nôm readings: thảy, thãi, thải, sưởi, thẩy
* chữ Hán form of thái (“to wash; to clean”).
* chữ Hán form of thải (“to discard; to eliminate”).
* chữ Nôm form of thảy (“without exception; to the last”).
* chữ Nôm form of thãi (“used in thừa thãi (“excessive; redundant”)”).

#### Compounds

* 淘汰 (đào thải)
* 沙汰 (sa thải)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* 1 2 Hồ (1976).