# 艮

| 艮 | U+826E, &#33390; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-826E |
| ← 艭 [U+826D] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 良 → [U+826F] |
| ⾉ | U+2F89, &#12169; KANGXI RADICAL STOPPING |
| ← ⾈ [U+2F88] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾊ → [U+2F8A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

艮 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 日女 (AV), four-corner 7773$_2$, composition ⿸⿰𠄌𫜹⿺㇏丿)
* Kangxi radical #138, ⾉.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/艮
* 退, 䫀(𫖱), 垦, 恳, 食, 峎, 茛, 㡾, 痕, 䦘,(𨸄)
* 佷, 哏, 垠, 很, 恨, 拫, 泿, 狠, 限, 根, 㸧, 珢, 眼, 硍, 裉, 蛝, 詪(𬣳), 豤, 貇, 跟, 銀(银), 鞎, 䬶(𬲷), 齦(龈)
* 𫥋, 𡷐, 𰀏, 𪭳, 𭦂, 𣥦, 𣧾, 𪺢, 𦚣, 𠦯, 𭈍, 𮇜, 𫅔, 𦕨, 𧣢, 𬦂, 𨋨, 𩎤, 𫻂, 𮫷, 𪻊, 𮯅, 𥐇, 𬰉
* 𡯣, 𮗑, 𧻠, 𨒼, 𠛵, 𣐻, 𭻓, 𭾁, 𮏃, 𮅐, 𬑶, 𢩆

#### See also

* 退

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30596
* Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 1
* Unihan data for U+826E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 艮 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 目 (“eye”) + 人 (“person”) — a person looking back (Ji Xusheng, 2004) to introduce the concept of disobedience and/or limit. Similar but unrelated to 見.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gèn (gen$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ken
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáung
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kùn / kìn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^3$ / gêng$^3$ / ging$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ken
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gèn
*** Wade–Giles: kên$^4$
*** Yale: gèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genn
*** Palladius: гэнь (gɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^3$
*** Yale: gan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ken
*** Hakka Romanization System: gen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ken⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáung
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑuŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gyng$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gṳ̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kùn
*** Tâi-lô: kùn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kuxn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kun¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kun²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìn
*** Tâi-lô: kìn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kixn
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^3$ / gêng$^3$ / ging$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̀ng / kèng / kìng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ²¹³/, /keŋ²¹³/, /kiŋ²¹³/
* geng3 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, Shantou;
* gêng3 - Jieyang;
* ging3 - Chaoyang.
* Middle Chinese: konH
Rime :
| Character | 艮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 痕 (53) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古恨切 |
| Baxter | konH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kən$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kən$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 艮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3924 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 艮 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯːns/ |

#### Definitions

艮
* one of the Eight Trigrams 八卦, symbolizing mountains. (☶)
* a surname

##### Compounds

* 儒艮 (rúgèn)
* 艮嶽 / 艮岳
* 艮苦冰涼 / 艮苦冰凉

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gěn (gen$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˇ
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ken
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gěn
*** Wade–Giles: kên$^3$
*** Yale: gěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geen
*** Palladius: гэнь (gɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kən²¹⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ken
*** MiniDict: ken$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ken
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kən³⁴/

#### Definitions

艮
* (dialectal) blunt; straightforward
** 這人真艮。／这人真艮。 ― Zhè rén zhēn gěn. ― That fellow is really blunt.
    Tā shuō de huà tài gěn. [Pinyin]
    He put it too sharply.
* (dialectal) tough, chewy
    Gěn luóbo bù hǎochī. [Pinyin]
    Tough radishes are not good for eating.

### References

* “艮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “艮”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 75.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* northeast

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: こん (kon)
* Kan’yō-on: ごん (gon)
* Kun: うしとら (ushitora, 艮)
* Nanori: たかし (takashi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 艮
* ごん Hyōgai
* kan'yōon

#### Noun

艮(ごん) • (gon)
* the seventh of the eight trigrams in the I Ching, symbolizing mountains. ☶
    Hypernym: 八卦
    Coordinate terms: 乾, 兌, 離, 震, 巽, 坎, 艮, 坤
* the fify-second of the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching ䷳
    Hypernym: 六十四卦

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 艮
* うしとら Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 艮 – see the following entry. :
| 【丑寅うしとら】 | [noun] (obsolete) northeast |
(This term, 艮, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

#### See also

* 巽(たつみ) (tatsumi, “southeast”)
* 乾(いぬい) (inui, “northwest”)
* 坤(ひつじさる) (hitsujisaru, “southwest”)

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

艮 (eumhun 괘 이름 간 (gwae ireum gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“one of the Eight Trigrams 八卦”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

艮 (eumhun 그칠 간 (geuchil gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“to stop; to cease”)

### Etymology 3
#### Hanja

艮 (eumhun 은 은 (eun eun))
* hanja form of 은 (“silver”)

### Etymology 4
#### Hanja

艮 (eumhun 끌 흔 (kkeul heun))
* hanja form of 흔 (“to pull; to draw; to drag”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

艮: Hán Nôm readings: cấn, cản, ngắn, nhìn, ngấn, ngẩn, ngổn, ngần
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.