# bluff
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /blʌf/
* (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /blɐf/
** Audio (General Australian):(file)
* (Northern England) IPA: /blʊf/
* Rhymes: -ʌf

### Etymology 1

Probably from Dutch bluffen (“to brag”), from Middle Dutch bluffen (“to make something swell; to bluff”); or from the Dutch noun bluf (“bragging”). Related to German verblüffen (“to stump, perplex”).

#### Noun

bluff (countable and uncountable, plural bluffs)
* (countable or uncountable) An act of bluffing; a false expression of the strength of one’s position in order to intimidate or deceive; braggadocio.
    That is only bluff, or That is only a bluff.
* (poker, countable or uncountable) An attempt to represent oneself as holding a stronger hand than one actually does.
    John’s bet was a bluff: he bet without even so much as a pair.
* (US, dated, uncountable) The card game poker.
** 1845, Hoyle's Games:BLUFF OR POKER [title of a chapter]
* (countable) One who bluffs; a bluffer.
* (slang, dated, countable or uncountable) Pretense, excuse.

##### Derived terms

* at first bluff
* blind man's bluff
* bluff catcher
* bluff charge
* call someone's bluff
* counterbluff
* double bluff
* post oak bluff
* quadruple bluff
* rebluff
* semi-bluff
* triple bluff

##### Descendants

* → Portuguese: bluff, blefe (Brazil)

##### Translations
#### Verb

bluff (third-person singular simple present bluffs, present participle bluffing, simple past and past participle bluffed)
* (poker) To make a bluff; to give the impression that one’s hand is stronger than it is.
    John bluffed by betting without even a pair.
* (by analogy) To frighten, deter, or deceive with a false show of strength or confidence; to give a false impression of strength or temerity in order to intimidate or gain some advantage.
    The government claims it will call an election if this bill does not pass. Is it truly ready to do so, or is it bluffing?
* To perform or achieve by bluffing.
    We bluffed our way past the guards.
* (Manglish, Singlish) To give false information intentionally, to lie (to someone), to deceive; to put on an act.
** 1993, Haresh Sharma, Off Centre, Ethos Books, →ISBN, Act 3, scene I, page 86, lines 1–4:Vinod, you want to bluff the doctor, your mother, father, uncle, auntie, CMPB all that I don't care. But you cannot bluff me.

##### Derived terms

* bluffable
* bluffer
* bluffingly
* bluff out
* double-bluff
* outbluff
* rebluff
* unbluffed

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Related to Middle Low German blaff (“smooth”).

#### Noun

bluff (plural bluffs)
* A high, steep bank, for example by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face.
** 1878 November 8, C. Todd, “Observations at the Adelaide Observatory”, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, volume 39, number 1, page 18:In the sketch (which is taken about 75 Jovian days after that of the 2nd July) there is shown a dark copper-coloured streak along the southern margin of the south brown belt, butting on to a bluff-headed streak of cumulus cloud which may be the same remarkable bluff head noticed on July 2.
** 2020, David Farrier, “Thin Cities”, in Footprints, 4th Estate, →ISBN:Situated on bluffs above the Huangpu, a tributary of the Yangtze, Shanghai—which means ‘above the sea’—is sinking.
* (Canadian Prairies) A small wood or stand of trees, typically poplar or willow.

##### Derived terms

* blufflike
* Bluffton
* blufftop
* Council Bluffs
* DeValls Bluff
* Georgian Bluffs
* Poplar Bluff
* Red Bluff
* Scotts Bluff County

##### Translations
#### Adjective

bluff (comparative bluffer, superlative bluffest)
* Having a broad, flattened front.
    the bluff bows of a ship
* Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front.
** 1769, William Falconer, "Côte en écore" (entry in An Universal Dictionary of the Marine)
    a bluff or bold shore
** 1845, Sylvester Judd, Margaret: A Tale of the Real and the Ideal, Blight and Bloom; Including Sketches of a Place Not Before Described, Called Mons Christi:Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect.
* Surly; churlish; gruff; rough.
** 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:[…] he had a bluff, rough-and-ready face, all roughened and reddened and lined in his long travels.
* Roughly frank and hearty in one's manners.
    Synonyms: abrupt, unceremonious, blunt, brusque
    a bluff answer
    a bluff manner of talking
    a bluff sea captain
** 1832, [Isaac Taylor], Saturday Evening. […], London: Holdsworth and Ball, →OCLC:There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defence in a moment of surprise.

##### Derived terms

* bluff-bowed
* bluff-headed
* bluffly
* bluffness

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Possibly onomatopoeic, perhaps related to blow and puff.

#### Verb

bluff (third-person singular simple present bluffs, present participle bluffing, simple past and past participle bluffed)
* To fluff, puff or swell up.
** 1866, Grantley F[itzhardinge] Berkeley, “Incidents of Sport”, in My Life and Recollections. [...] Complete in Four Volumes, volume III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 124:Not a sparrow on the cottage thatch, where the chimney's warmth had thawed the snow, that did not seem to have his great coat on, so bluffed out were the feathers, and not a frozen-out duck who did not glance up at the icicles hanging to the roof, and quack a prayer for rain.
** 1870, Grantley F[itzhardinge] Berkeley, “The Fair Doe of Fernditch”, in Tales of Life and Death. [...] In Two Volumes, volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, page 117:[W]hen the bare boughs of a tree intervened between her and the rising bright but deep red sun, frosted as the twigs were, on them sat a merry flock of sparrows, the feathers on their breasts bluffed out, as if they had donned warm winter spencers to shield them from the biting blast.
** 2002, Nick Fowler, “Sunday in the Park with Sores”, in A Thing (or Two) about Curtis and Camilla, New York, N.Y.: Pantheon Books, →ISBN; 1st Vintage Contemporaries edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, June 2003, →ISBN, pages 285–286:I remember one idle bright afternoon here when Phillip bluffed out his little chest, sneaking expectant glances back at me and Cammy, until she "restrained" him from bickering with that beagle.

##### Translations
### References

* ↑ James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Bluff, v.$^2$”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume I (A–B), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 947, column 1.
* “bluff” in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.

### Further reading

* bluff on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Bluff in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

## Danish
### Alternative forms

* bluf

### Etymology

Borrowed from English bluff.

### Noun

bluff n
* bluff

#### Related terms

* bluffe
* bluffer
* bluffmager
* blufmager

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from English bluff.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /blœf/

### Noun

bluff m (plural bluffs)
* (chiefly card games) bluff

#### Descendants

* → Ottoman Turkish: بلوف (bluf)
** Turkish: blöf
* → Polish: bluff

### Further reading

* “bluff”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English bluff.

### Noun

bluff m
* (poker) bluff
* bluff (false expression of the strength of one's position)

### Further reading

* bluff in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bluff, from English bluff.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈblɛf/
* Rhymes: -ɛf
* Syllabification: bluff

### Noun

bluff m inan
* (card games) Alternative spelling of blef

#### Declension
### Further reading

* bluff in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bluff in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* blefe (Brazil)

### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English bluff.

### Pronunciation

* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈblɐ.fɨ/

### Noun

bluff m (invariable)
* bluff (lie intended to deceive)
* (poker) bluff

## Romanian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English bluff.

### Noun

bluff n (plural bluffuri)
* bluff

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English bluff. According to SO attested since 1903.

### Noun

bluff c
* A bluff (act of bluffing).
    Synonyms: falskspel, lurendrejeri, lögn
    Det är en bluff.It is a bluff.
* (poker) A bluff.
* A bluff (one who bluffs).
    Synonyms: lurendrejare, lögnare
    Han är en bluff.He is a bluff.

#### Related terms

* bluffa
* bluffare
* bluffmakare