# aku
## Translingual
### Symbol

aku
* (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Akum.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Akum terms

## Banjarese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Bolongan
### Alternative forms

* daku

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaku/

### Pronoun

aku
* I (personal pronoun)

### Further reading

* Adul, M. Asfandi (1985) “aku”, in Struktur Bahasa Bulungan‎, Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

## Brooke's Point Palawano
### Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I (personal pronoun)

## Estonian
### Etymology

A reduction of akumulaator, ultimately from Latin accumulātor.

### Noun

aku (genitive aku, partitive akut)
* battery, cell, accumulator

#### Declension
## Greenlandic
### Etymology

From Proto-Inuit *aku- (“interval, to mix”), from Proto-Eskimo *akuv- (“between, to mix”). Compare akunneq (“interval”) and akulaaq (“crotch”).

### Pronunciation

* (Nuuk) IPA: /aku/, [a.kʊ]

### Noun

aku (plural akut)
* ingredient
* estuary, mouth of a river

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “aku“ in iserasuaat.gl
* aku in Katersat
* aku in Katersat

## Guaraní
### Adjective

aku
* hot

## Hadza
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaku/

### Determiner

aku
* what kind?, which?

#### Related terms

* akwaza (“who?”)
* akwia (“what?”)

## Hawaiian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.ku/, [ˈɐ.ku]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *qatu (compare with Maori atu, Rarotongan atu, Tongan ʻatu, Samoan atu) from Proto-Oceanic *qatun (compare with Fijian yatu).

#### Noun

aku
* bonito, skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

#### References

* ↑ Hooper, Robin (1994) Reconstructing Proto-Polynesian fish names‎, Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University, →DOI, page 222
* ↑ Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (2011) The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 4: Animals, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 112-3

### Etymology 2

Compare with Maori atu. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Particle

aku
* direction away from the speaker, away
* soon, later, earlier, last (week, year, etc.)

##### Usage notes

* Mai and aku may change the meaning of the verb:
    aʻo mai (“to learn”) — aʻo aku (“to teach”)
    kūʻai mai (“to buy”) — kūʻai aku (“to sell”)

##### Synonyms

* akula

##### Antonyms

* mai, maila

## Iban
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)

### References

* Adelaar, K. A. (1992) Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎, Canberra: The Australian National University
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* akoe (1901–1947)
* daku (poetic)

### Etymology

Inherited from Malay aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈaku/ [ˈa.ku]
* Audio:(file)
* Syllabification: a‧ku

### Pronoun

aku
* (casual or informal) First person singular pronoun: I, me, my
    Pagi ini aku makan ikan.This morning I ate fish.
    Dia mengajak aku berjalan-jalan di taman.He invited me to take a walk in the park.
    Kucing aku sedang tidur.My cat is sleeping.

#### Synonyms

* gua (informal, Jakarta)
* saya (polite)
* hamba (poetic)

#### Derived terms

* akuan
* akui
* akukan
* beraku
* beraku-akuan
* keakuan
* mengaku
* pengaku
* pengakuan

### See also

* -ku, ku-
* This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
* The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
* The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.

### Further reading

* “aku” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Japanese
### Romanization

aku
* Rōmaji transcription of あく

## Jarai
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ikuR, from Proto-Austronesian *ikuR.

### Noun

aku (classifier ƀĕ)
* tail

## Javanese
### Romanization

aku
* Romanization of ꦲꦏꦸ

## Kabishiana
### Noun

äḳu
* water

### References

* Merritt Ruhlen, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue (1996, →ISBN

## Kapampangan
### Alternative forms

* yaku

### Etymology

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaku/ [ˈäː.xu]
* Hyphenation: a‧ku

### Pronoun

áku
* I (personal pronoun)
* me (direct object of a verb)
* me (object of a preposition)
* me (indirect object of a verb)
* my (belonging to me)

### See also
## Karo Batak
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Latvian
### Noun

aku f
* inflection of aka:
** accusative/instrumental singular
** genitive plural

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* daku

### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
First attested in the Telaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (aku).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aku/
* Audio (Malaysia):(file)
* Rhymes: -aku

### Pronoun

aku (Jawi spelling اکو)
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
    Aku orang itu.I am that person.
    Ini aku.This is me.
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)
    Ini beg aku.This is my bag.

#### Usage notes

* Should not be used when speaking to anyone who is elder or of a higher status.

#### Synonyms

* saya, sahaya (polite)
* beta (by royalties)
* patik (by royal subjects)

#### Derived terms

* akuan
* mengaku
* mengakui

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: aku

### See also

* -ku, ku-

### References

* Adelaar, K. A. (1992) Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎, Canberra: The Australian National University
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

### Further reading

* “aku” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Maori
### Etymology

From Proto-Eastern Polynesian *au, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *au, from Proto-Polynesian *au, from Proto-Oceanic *au, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku. Cognate with Indonesian aku, Malagasy aho, Tagalog ako.

### Pronoun

aku
* my (when talking of more than one thing)
    Ko aku tīpuna ērā. ― Those are my grandparents.

#### Usage notes

A possessive determiner which must be followed by a noun, unlike āku and ōku. This is the neutral or informal form and is not governed by the a and o categories. It cannot be stressed, in which case either āku or ōku must be used, depending on the category of the noun.

#### Declension

A category: alienable possession; possessor has control of the relationship. O category: inalienable possession; possessor has no control over the relationship.

### References

* “aku” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

## Mbyá Guaraní
### Adjective

aku
* (to be) hot

#### Conjugation
## Mmen
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [āku᷇]

### Noun

aku
* forest

### Further reading

* Lena Björkestedt, A Phonological Sketch of the Mmen Language (2010)

## Mori Bawah
### Etymology

From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I (personal pronoun)
* me (direct object of a verb)
* me (object of a preposition)
* me (indirect object of a verb)
* my (belonging to me)

## Moronene
### Alternative forms

* iβaku

### Etymology

From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I (personal pronoun)
* me (direct object of a verb)
* me (object of a preposition)
* me (indirect object of a verb)
* my (belonging to me)

## Musi
### Alternative forms

* ku

### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aku/
* Audio (Palembang):(file)

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
    Aku nandang kumanyé kûyûng. (Sekayu) ― I visited my brother's house.
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)
    Emé' aku la nyawîske kuî segelo'. (Palembang) ― My mother has prepared a jar of cookies.

### References

* Adelaar, K. A. (1992) Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎, Canberra: The Australian National University
* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Nupe
### Etymology

From Hausa aku.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /à.kú/

### Noun

àkú (plural àkúzhì)
* African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus)

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)

#### Derived terms

* akon-akon
* aṅaku
* inaku
* inakwakĕn
* iṅakon-akon
* kakwan
* kāku
* maku
* māku
* paṅaku
* umakwakĕn

#### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦲꦏꦸ (aku)

### References

* "aku" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Quechua
### Alternative forms

* haku (Ayacucho) ("flour")
* hak'u (Cuzco-Collao) ("flour")

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Quechuan *aku.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.kʊ/

### Noun

aku
* flour, a milled cereal
    Synonyms: hak'u (Cuzco-Collao), haku (Ayacucho)
* (Cuzco) chewed coca
* (Collao) resting time after chewing coca

## Sasak
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I, me (first person singular pronoun)
* (when placed after a noun) my (first person singular possesive pronoun)

### References

* Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

## Tagal Murut
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I (personal pronoun)

## Tausug
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku.

### Pronunciation

* (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA: /ʔaku/ [ʔɑˈk̠u]
* Rhymes: -u
* Syllabification: a‧ku

### Pronoun

aku (Sulat Sūg spelling اَكُ)
* I

## Ternate
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈa.ku]

### Verb

aku (Jawi أكو)
* (auxiliary) to be allowed, may
    aku ua sakali-sakali ana ihoru sosira ― it is absolutely not allowed that they paddle earlier
    una owosa toma hito, mina moaku ua ― he enters the kitchen, she may not
    ngone fosabea ge aku ― we (incl.) may pray for that

#### Usage notes

As an auxiliary, aku follows the main verb. It may take the subject clitics (o, mo, etc.) only either for emphasis or when aku is used as the sole verb in a sentence.

#### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tokelauan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈa.ku]
* Hyphenation: a‧ku

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *qa-ku. Cognates include Maori āku.

#### Pronoun

a aku
* (alienable) mine

##### See also

$^{1)}$ Sympathetic Only the singular pronouns differ from the personal pronouns.

#### Determiner

aku
* (alienable) my

##### See also

$^{1)}$ Sympathetic

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Polynesian *haku. Cognates include Hawaiian aʻu and Samoan a'u.

#### Noun

aku
* needlefish of the genus Strongylura

### References

* R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎, Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 10

## Totoli
### Alternative forms

* yaku

### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

### Pronoun

aku
* I (first person singular pronoun)