# 段

| 段 | U+6BB5, &#27573; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BB5 |
| ← 殴 [U+6BB4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 殶 → [U+6BB6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

段 (Kangxi radical 79, 殳+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹十竹弓水 (HJHNE), four-corner 7744$_7$, composition ⿰⿰丨亖殳)

#### Derived characters

* 𠩻, 𨺣, 𪝒, 塅, 缎, 𢀤, 𢝪, 𢯫, 𣹂, 𪦋, 㱭, 椴, 煅, 瑖, 腶, 𪰴, 碫, 锻 緞, 葮, 𧎚, 毈, 𧷃, 𧹮, 𨉨, 𫏗, 鍛, 𩋦, 𩏇, 𩤣, 𩹨

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 584, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16619
* Dae Jaweon: page 977, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2155, character 10
* Unihan data for U+6BB5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 段 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 鍛 | *toːns |
| 腶 | *toːns |
| 碫 | *toːns |
| 瑖 | *toːns |
| 緞 | *doːnʔ, *doːns |
| 段 | *doːns |
| 椴 | *doːns |
| 毈 | *doːns |
In the bronze script it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *doːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 殳, showing a hammer in hand breaking a stone with fragments coming off (Li Xueqin, 2012); 殳 was the pictogram of a hammer and later was borrowed to indicate a bamboo halberd. Most of the character is identical to 叚.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): duàn (duan$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): duan$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dyun$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): on$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ton$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thon
    (Hailu, HRS): ton$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ton$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): duan$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dâung / duâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tōaⁿ / toān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): deng$^7$ / duêng$^6$ / duang$^6$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): duang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$doe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): donn$^6$ / donn$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duàn
*** Wade–Giles: tuan$^4$
*** Yale: dwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duann
*** Palladius: дуань (duanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯än⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: duan$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duan
*** Sinological IPA : /tuan²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dyun$^6$
*** Yale: dyuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dyn$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dün$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tyːn²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: on$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵘɔn³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ton$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɵn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thon
*** Hakka Romanization System: ton
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ton$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰon⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ton$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰon³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ton$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰɔn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: duan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuæ̃⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dâung / duâng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑuŋ²⁴²/, /tuɑŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōaⁿ / toān
*** Tâi-lô: tuānn / tuān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dvoa, doan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tuã²²/, /tuan²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tuã⁴¹/, /tuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tuã²²/, /tuan²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tuã³³/, /tuan³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tuã³³/, /tuan³³/
* tōaⁿ - vernacular;
* toān - literary (incl. surname).
* Middle Chinese: dwanH
Rime :
| Character | 段 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒玩切 |
| Baxter | dwanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /duɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /duɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dyun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤo[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 段 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | duàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ twan$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁo[n]-s/ |
| English | hammer |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 段 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2534 |
| Phonetic component | 段 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 段 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːns/ |

### Definitions

段
* section; piece; division
* administrative unit; department (especially in railways)
    機務段／机务段 ― jīwùduàn ― locomotive shed (literally "locomotive maintenance unit")
* (sports) grade; level (in chess, martial arts, etc.)
* Classifier for a segment or section of something that is long: piece; segment
* Classifier for a distance or a period of time.
* Classifier for writing, speech, etc.
* a surname
    段祺瑞 ― Duàn Qíruì ― Duan Qirui (Chinese warlord and politician)

#### Usage notes

The component on the left-hand side of the character can be referred to as 段字旁 (duànzìpáng).

#### Synonyms

* (classifier for a segment or section): (Cantonese, Min) 橛 (gyut$^6$)

### Compounds

* 一刀兩段 / 一刀两段
* 一段
* 三段論 / 三段论 (sānduànlùn)
* 不擇手段 / 不择手段 (bùzéshǒuduàn)
* 中波波段
* 八段錦 / 八段锦 (bāduànjǐn)
* 分段 (fēnduàn)
* 劈屍萬段 / 劈尸万段
* 區段 / 区段 (qūduàn)
* 區段徵收 / 区段征收
* 卑劣手段
* 告一段落 (gào yī duànluò)
* 唱段 (chàngduàn)
* 圍棋段位 / 围棋段位
* 地段 (dìduàn)
* 大手段
* 局段
* 工段 (gōngduàn)
* 平臺階段 / 平台阶段
* 廣播段 / 广播段
* 強硬手段 / 强硬手段
* 後段班 / 后段班
* 手段 (shǒuduàn)
* 拴搐豔段 / 拴搐艳段
* 放下身段
* 時段 / 时段 (shíduàn)
* 款段
* 段子 (duànzi)
* 段字旁 (duànzìpáng)
* 段家 (Duànjiā)
* 段店 (Duàndiàn)
* 段數 / 段数
* 段考 (duànkǎo)
* 段落 (duànluò)
* 段頭 / 段头
* 波段 (bōduàn)
* 焰段
* 片段 (piànduàn)
* 現階段 / 现阶段
* 益古演段
* 碎屍萬段 / 碎尸万段 (suìshīwànduàn)
* 禮數款段 / 礼数款段
* 科段
* 線段 / 线段 (xiànduàn)
* 豔段 / 艳段
* 路段 (lùduàn)
* 身段 (shēnduàn)
* 階段 / 阶段 (jiēduàn)
* 頓段 / 顿段
* 體段 / 体段
* 高壓手段 / 高压手段
* 高段
* 黃金時段 / 黄金时段 (huángjīn shíduàn)

### Descendants

* → Thai: ตอน (dtɔɔn)

### Further reading

* “段”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* (Min Nan pronunciation audio) “段”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* step
* rank; grade

#### Readings

* Go-on: だん (dan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* Kun: きたえる (kitaeru)、わかち (wakachi)

#### Compounds

* 階(かい)段(だん) (kaidan): stairs
* 初(しょ)段(だん) (shodan)
* 段(だん)位(い) (dan'i)
* 値(ね)段(だん) (nedan): price
* 段(だん)ボール (danbōru)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 段
* だん Grade: 6
* goon

#### Noun

段(だん) • (dan)
* steps (up and down); stairs
* rating; ranking
* row; line (of text)
* (mathematics) multiplication table
    12(じゅうに)の段(だん)
       jūni no dan
       12 times table
* (typography) the equivalent to a column in Western layout, but that can be horizontal or vertical depending on the writing direction
    Meronym: 行 (gyō, “line”)
    段(だん)数(すう)
       dansū
       a column count
    段(だん)間(かん)
       dankan
       column spacing; gutter

#### Suffix

段(だん) • (-dan)
* (after a number) -th rank; -th degree black belt (in karate, judo, etc)
* a section (horizontal line) in the gojūon table, which consists of kana that have or historically have had the same vowel
    は行(ぎょう)う段(だん)
       ha-gyō u-dan
       row ha, section u (of consonant /h/ and vowel /u/)
* (typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 1408 mils, $^{1408}$⁄$_{1000}$ in, 128 U (U) and 16 倍 (bai)

##### Coordinate terms

* 行(ぎょう) (gyō)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 段
* たん Grade: 6
* kan'on
* Alternative spelling
* 反

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たん [táꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [tã̠ɴ]

#### Noun

段(たん) • (tan)
* a unit of areal measure equivalent to 300 坪 (tsubo), now standardised at exactly 120000/121 square metres (around 991.7 m²)

##### Derived terms

* 五(ご)反(たん)田(だ) (Gotanda, a district of Tokyo)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 段 (MC dwanH). Recorded as Middle Korean ⿰⿰丨亖⿱コ又/단〯 (tǎn) (Yale: tan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 段 (eumhun 구분 단 (gubun dan))
* hanja form of 단 (“step”)

#### Compounds

* 계단 (階段, gyedan, “stairs”)
* 구구단 (九九段, gugudan)
* 단계 (段階, dan'gye, “stage, level”)
* 단계적 (段階的, dan'gyejeok, “phased”)
* 단락 (段落, dallak, “paragraph”)
* 문단 (文段, mundan, “paragraph”)
* 수단 (手段, sudan, “procedure; method”)
* 일단락 (一段落, ildallak)
* 특단 (特段, teukdan, “being special”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

段: Hán Nôm readings: đoạn, đoàn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.