# par
## English
### Etymology 1

Abbreviations

#### Noun

par
* Abbreviation of paragraph.
** 2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 419:And this particular Chisolm — as the papers had spelled out in headlines and opening pars — had been a soldier, a corporal in the British Army.
* Abbreviation of parenthesis.
* Abbreviation of parish.

#### Adjective

par
* Abbreviation of parallel.

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French par (“through, by”), from Latin per (“through”). Doublet of per.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /pɑː/
* (US) IPA: /pɑɹ/, [pʰɑɹ], [pʰɑ˞]
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
* Homophones: pa (non-rhotic); pah (“Maori fort”) (non-rhotic), paw (non-rhotic, cot–caught merger, father-bother merger)

#### Preposition

par
* (in compounds) By; with.

##### Usage notes

* Used frequently in Middle English in phrases taken from French, being sometimes written as a part of the word which it governs; as, par amour, or paramour; par cas, or parcase; par fay, or parfay.

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin pār (“equal”).

#### Noun

par (countable and uncountable, plural pars)
* Equal value; equality of nominal and actual value; the value expressed on the face or in the words of a certificate of value, as a bond or other commercial paper.
* Equality of condition or circumstances.
* (golf, mostly uncountable) The allotted number of strokes to reach the hole.
    He needs to make this shot for par.
* (golf, countable) A hole in which a player achieves par.
** 2009 January 18, “Paul Casey storms to four-stroke lead in Abu Dhabi”, in Herald Sun‎:Kaymer started with six straight pars before making a birdie on the seventh and an eagle on the eighth.
* (UK) An amount which is taken as an average or mean.

##### Coordinate terms

(golf score):
* buzzard
* bogey
* birdie
* eagle
* albatross
* condor
* ostrich

##### Derived terms

* above par
* below par
* mint par, mint par of exchange
* no-par
* on par, on a par
* par for the course
* par value
* par yield
* subpar
* under par
* up to par

#### Verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)
* (transitive, golf) To reach the hole in the allotted number of strokes.
    He will need to par every hole in order to win this game.

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

par (plural pars)
* Alternative form of parr (“young salmon”)

### Etymology 5

Borrowed from Jamaican Creole, itself from partner.

#### Verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)
* (MLE, MTE) To associate, to chill, to hang.
** 2007 May 21, “Sirens” (track 3), in Maths + English‎, performed by Dizzee Rascal:Par with the hard heads and young offenders.
** 2014 September 27, “Fire in the Booth”‎performed by Stormzy:I par with the best, this is bars in the flesh.
** 2016 August 12, “Don't run” (track 2), in PARTYNEXTDOOR 3(PX3)‎, performed by PARTYNEXTDOOR:Don't par wih a broke boy, I'll do the most.

### See also

* par avion
* par delictum
* par excellence
* par off

### Anagrams

* APR, ARP, Apr, Apr., Arp, PRA, RAP, RPA, Rap, apr, arp, rap

## Ambonese Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese para.

### Preposition

par
* for
* in order to
    par bali roko ― in order to buy tobacco

### References

* D. Takaria, C. Pieter (1998) Kamus Bahasa Melayu Ambon-Indonesia‎, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

## Aromanian
### Etymology 1

From Latin pāreō. Compare Daco-Romanian părea, par.

#### Alternative forms

* paru, ampar, apar, aparu

#### Verb

par first-singular present indicative (past participle pãrutã)
* to seem, appear

##### Derived terms

* pãreari / pãreare
* pãrut

##### See also

* undzescu

### Etymology 2

From Latin pālus. Compare Daco-Romanian par.

#### Alternative forms

* paru

#### Noun

par
* stake

##### Related terms

* mpar

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin pār (“even, equal”). The sports usage is an English par.

### Adjective

par m or f (masculine and feminine plural pars)
* (archaic) similar, equal
* (mathematics) even
    Synonym: parell
    Antonym: senar

### Noun

par m (plural pars)
* (historical) peer
* (golf) par

#### Derived terms

* a la par

### Further reading

* “par”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “par” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “par” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Chavacano
### Etymology

Inherited from Spanish par (“pair”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaɾ/, [ˈpaɾ]

### Noun

par
* pair

## Danish
### Etymology 1

From late Old Danish par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpʰɑ]
* Rhymes: -ar

#### Noun

par n (singular definite parret, plural indefinite par)
* pair
* couple

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpʰɑː]

#### Noun

par c
* (golf) par (the allotted number of strokes to reach the hole)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpʰɑˀ]

#### Verb

par
* imperative of parre

## Faroese
### Etymology

From late Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʰɛaːɹ/
* Rhymes: -ɛaːɹ

### Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, plural pør)
* pair

#### Declension
## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

From Latin par.

### Adjective

par (feminine pare, masculine plural pars, feminine plural pares) (ORB, broad)
* even, equal

### References

* pair in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* par in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French par, from Old French par, from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paʁ/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: pars, part
* Rhymes: -aʁ

### Preposition

par
* through
    par la fenêtre ― through the window
    aller par le parc ― go through the park
* by (used to introduce a means; used to introduce an agent in a passive construction)
    voyager par train ― travel by train
    par surprise ― by surprise
    le bateau est attaqué par des pirates. ― the boat is [being] attacked by pirates.
* over (used to express direction)
    Viens par ici ! ― Come over here!
* from (used to describe the origin of something, especially a view or movement)
    voir par devant ― see from the back
    le liquide est arrivé par le robinet ― the liquid arrived from the tap
* around, round (inside of)
    par tout le cinéma ― all around the cinema
* on (situated on, used in certain phrases)
    par terre ― on the ground
* on, at, in (used to denote a time when something occurs)
    par un beau jour ― on a nice day
    par un soir ― in one evening
* in
    marcher par deux ― walk in twos
* per, a, an
    trois fois par semaine ― three times a week
* out of (used to describe the reason for something)
    par pure colère ― out of pure anger
    par tristesse ― out of sadness
* for

#### Derived terms

* de par
* par ici
* par là
* par-ci, par-là

#### Descendants

* → English: par

### Noun

par m (plural pars)
* (golf) par

### Further reading

* “par”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* rap

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin per.

### Preposition

par
* for
* through
* by

## Gabrielino-Fernandeño
### Alternative forms

* paar /paːr/, pa'r
* paara'

### Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa.

### Noun

par
* water

### References

* Kroeber, Shoshonean Dialects of California, in University of California Publications: American archaeology and ethnology, volume 4, page 81
* HG

## German
### Determiner

par (invariable)
* Obsolete spelling of paar (“a few, couple”).

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pʰaːr/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aːr

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār (“equal”).

#### Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, nominative plural pör)
* pair
    Synonym: tvenna
* couple (two people who are dating)
* (poker) pair

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

#### Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, no plural)
* (golf) par

##### Declension
## Indo-Portuguese
### Etymology

From Portuguese para, from Old Galician-Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

### Preposition

par
* (Diu) to (indicates indirect object)
** 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]The youngest one told (literally: said to) his father […]
* (Diu) for (indicates subject of an infinitive)
** 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:Trasê tamêm um vaquinh bem gord e matá par nós comê e par nós regalá:Bring also a small and very fat cow and kill (it) for us to eat and for us to regale ourselves:

## Istriot
### Etymology

From Latin per.

### Preposition

par
* for
* through

## Jamaican Creole
### Etymology

Clipping of partner.

### Verb

par
* To associate, to chill, to hang.
** 2002 November 12, “Get Busy” (track 5), in Dutty Rock‎, performed by Sean Paul:Yo, sexy ladies waan par wid us. Inna di car wid us, dem nah war wid usYo, sexy ladies want to chill with us. In the car with us, they don't war with us.
** 2007 January 1, “The Traffic Jam” (track 5), in Mind Control‎, performed by Stephen Marley, Damian Marley, and Julian Marley:DAMIAN MARLEY:Cause him too par with we, we here when Demus show loveBecause he also associated with us, we were here when Chaka Demus showed love.
** 2009 June 16, “No Cocaine” (track 2), in Escape From Babylon‎, performed by Alborosie:Mi na go par with T.Montana neither Pablo EscobarI'm not going to hang out with Tony Montana or Pablo Escobar.

## Kaqchikel
### Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *pahay.

### Noun

par
* skunk

### References

* Brown, R. McKenna, Maxwell, Judith M., Little, Walter E. (2006) ¿La ütz awäch? Introduction to Kaqchikel Maya Language, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 237
* Ruyán Canú, Déborah, Coyote Tum, Rafael, Munson L., Jo Ann (1991) Diccionario cakchiquel central y español‎ (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica, page 180

## Latin
### Etymology

Unclear. A traditional reconstruction is Proto-Indo-European *per(h₂)- (“to exchange”), comparing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi) etc. and Lithuanian pirkti; but this accounts badly for the /a(ː)/. De Vaan suggests *peh₂s- (“to watch (over), see?”), linking Latin pāreō. All possibilities nonetheless suffer semantic problems. Others refrain from assigning an Indo-European root.
If Umbrian pars (“prescribed”) is related, one can reconstruct an adjectival stem in Proto-Italic *par-.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpaːr/, [ˈpäːr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpar/, [ˈpär]

### Adjective

pār (genitive paris, comparative parior, superlative parissimus, adverb pariter); third-declension one-termination adjective
* even (of a number)
* equal
    Synonyms: aequus, aequālis, compār, adaequātus
    Antonyms: dispār, inaequālis, impār, inīquus
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.252–253:Hīc prīmum paribus nītēns Cyllēnius ālīs / cōnstitit; [...].Here first [at Mount Atlas, Mercury] the Cyllenian, alighting on equal wings, halted; [...].
* like
* suitable

#### Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

### Noun

pār m or f (genitive paris); third declension
* companion, comrade, mate, spouse

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem).

### Noun

pār n (genitive paris); third declension
* pair, couple

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

#### Derived terms

* aequipār
* cēterīs pāribus
* compār
* dispār
* impār
* parium (Late Latin)
* parō
* sēpār

#### Descendants

* Anglo-Norman: peir, paire, peire
** → Middle English: pere
*** English: peer
* Catalan: par
* → Middle Dutch: paer
** Dutch: paar
* → English: par
* Old French: pair, paire
** French: pair, paire
** → English: pair
** → Irish: péire
** → Welsh: pâr
* Galician: par
* Italian: paio, pari
* → Middle High German: par
** German: Paar
** → Polish: para
*** → Russian: пара (para)
* → Middle Low German: par
** → Old Norse: par
*** Norwegian Bokmål: par
** → Old Swedish: par
*** Swedish: par
*** → Finnish: pari
* Portuguese: par
* Romanian: par
* Sicilian: paru
* Spanish: par
* Venetan: par

#### See also

* aequus
* similis

### References

* “par”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “par”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 444

## Latvian
### Preposition

par (with accusative)
* about, on
* than
* for (price)
* as

## Maltese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sicilian paru.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paːr/

### Noun

par m (plural pari)
* couple, pair

#### Derived terms

* mpar

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French par.

### Conjunction

par
* by (introduces an agent)
** 1532, François Rabelais, Pantagruel:Comment Epistemon qui avoit la teste tranchée, fut guery habillement par Panurge.How Epistemon who had his head cut off was adroitly cured by Panurge

#### Descendants

* French: par
** → English: par

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

From *p- + *ar-, cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆- (yārə-, “year”), English year, all from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɑːɾ/

### Noun

par f
* share, part

### Noun

par f
* last year

### Adverb

par
* last year

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para or parene)
* a pair
    et par sko ― a pair of shoes
* a couple
* a few (determiner)
    for et par dager siden ― a few days ago

#### Derived terms

* brudepar
* ektepar
* kongepar
* parvis

### Noun

par n
* (golf, uncountable) par
    ett slag under par ― one stroke under par

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paːr/, [pʰɐ̞ːr]

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin paria (“equals”), neuter plural of pār. Akin to English pair.

#### Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para)
* a pair
    eit par sko ― a pair of shoes
* a couple
* a few (determiner)
    for eit par dagar sidan ― a few days ago

##### Derived terms

* brudepar
* ektepar
* kongepar
* parvis

### Etymology 2

From English par.

#### Noun

par n
* (golf, uncountable) par
    eitt slag under par ― one stroke under par

### References

* “par” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin per.

### Conjunction

par
* by; via (introduces a medium)
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:Tost m'oceïst par son orguel.Soon, he killed with his pride.
* because of; due to (introduces a medium)
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:Premiers sont au mostier venu, La furent par devocionThe first ones came to the minster, they were there to pray
* by
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:L'une a l'autre par la main prise,They took each other by the hand
* by; through; across
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:Li cheval par le chanp s'an fuient.The horses fled through the field
* by (introduces an exclamation)
** c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:"Sire, par Deu et par sa croiz!"Sire! By God and by his cross!"
* in (at a location)

#### Descendants

* Middle French: par
** French: par
*** → English: par
* Lorrain: poir
* Picard: per

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /par/

### Adverb

par (Perso-Arabic spelling پر)
* suddenly

#### Alternative forms

* pras

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “par”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpar/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kociewie) IPA: /ˈpar/
* Rhymes: -ar
* Syllabification: par

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

par m inan
* (Malbork) grass sprouting on a ploughed field

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

par
* genitive plural of para
* genitive plural of pary

### Further reading

* Dr Nadmorski (Józef Łęgowski) (1889) “par”, in “Spis wyrazów właściwych gwarze malborskiej i kociewskiej”, in Wisła. Miesięcznik Geograficzno-Etnograficzny (in Polish), volume 3 z.4, page 746

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese par, from Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpaʁ/ [ˈpah]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈpaʁ/ [ˈpah]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈpaɾ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈpaʁ/ [ˈpaχ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈpaɻ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈpaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈpa.ɾi/
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Hyphenation: par

### Noun

par m (plural pares)
* pair
* partner
* couple
* peer
* (golf) par

#### Derived terms

* grupo de pares

### Adjective

par m or f (plural pares, not comparable)
* (mathematics) even
    Antonym: ímpar

#### Related terms

* díspar
* ímpar
* paridade

## Romagnol
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin per (“by means of”). Compare Italian per (“for; to; through”).

### Preposition

par
* for
* to

### References

* Masotti, Adelmo (1996) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano [Romagnol-Italian dictionary] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, page 418

## Romanian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin pālus (“stake”), from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

#### Noun

par m (plural pari)
* stake
* club, bat

##### Derived terms

* (diminutives): părișor, părugel, păruleț, păruș, părușor, părușteț

##### Related terms

* împăra

##### See also

* țeapă

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin par.

#### Adjective

par m or n (feminine singular pară, masculine plural pari, feminine and neuter plural pare)
* (of an integer) even; divisible by two
    Antonym: impar

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Form of părea.

#### Verb

par
* inflection of părea:
** first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
** third-person plural present indicative

## Sassarese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /par/

### Preposition

par
* Alternative form of pa', sometimes used before vowel sounds
** 1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Dipididda [Parting]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 15:[…] O me’ ziddài, digussì bedda e àipra, eu t’aggiu di dagà par edduO town of mine, so beautiful and harsh, I'll have to leave you for it [destiny]

### References

* Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from German Paar, from Latin par (“equal, like”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pâːr/

### Noun

pȃr m (Cyrillic spelling па̑р)
* pair, couple
* (informal) few, handful, several

#### Derived terms

* pȃran

## Slovene
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pàːr/

### Noun

pár m inan
* pair
* some, a couple (of)
* couple (two partners)
* (golf) par
* (card games) (poker) pair

#### Synonyms

* (some): nekaj

### See also

Poker hands in Slovene · poker karte (layout · text) :
| najvišja karta | par | dva para | tris | lestvica, kenta |
| barva | full house | poker | barvna lestvica | kraljeva lestvica |

### Further reading

* “par”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpaɾ/ [ˈpaɾ]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: par

### Adjective

par m or f (masculine and feminine plural pares)
* even (divisible by two)
    Antonym: impar

#### Derived terms

* número par
* parmente

### Noun

par m (plural pares)
* pair (two of the same or similar items that go together)
    un par de calcetinesa pair of socks
* couple (two of the same or similar items)
    bebí un par de cervezasI drank a couple of beers
* (physics) two equal non-collinear forces; that is a force couple in Newtonian mechanics
* peer (somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal)
* some, a few

### Noun

par f (plural pares)
* (finance) par (acceptable level)

#### Derived terms

* a la par
* de par en par
* de tres pares de narices
* par de fuerzas
* par motor
* par trenzado
* parear
* revisión por pares
* sin par
* termopar

#### Related terms

* impar
* parejo

### Further reading

* “par”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

par n
* a pair, a couple (either two or a few of something)
* a couple, two people who are dating

#### Related terms

* para
* parhus
* parhäst
* parmiddag
* parrelation

### Anagrams

* apr, rap

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈpaɾ/ [ˈpaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: par

### Noun

par (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜇ᜔)
* (colloquial) Clipping of pare.

## Tok Pisin
### Noun

par
* stingray

## Venetan
### Alternative forms

* paro
* pèr

### Etymology

From Latin pār. Compare Italian paio.

### Noun

par m (plural pari)
* pair

## West Frisian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

par c (plural parren, diminutive parke)
* pear

#### Further reading

* “par”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011