# сам
## Belarusian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

сам • (sam) m
* (definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self

#### Declension
## Bulgarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]
* Rhymes: -am

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

#### Adjective

сам • (sam) (adverb са́мо)
* alone, by oneself
* the very ..., the ... himself/herself/itself
    на сами́я крайna samíja krajat the very end
    сама́та жена́ дойде́samáta žená dojdéthe woman herself came

##### Derived terms

* само- (samo-, “solo-, auto-, self-”)
* са́мец (sámec, “loner”)
* сами́чък (samíčǎk, “single, alone”)
* самота́ (samotá, “loneliness”)
** само́тен (samóten, “lonely”)

#### References

* “сам (прил.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “сам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “сам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 453

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic сѣмъ (sěmŭ), an oblique case form of сѣмо (sěmo, “here, hither”), from Proto-Slavic *sěmo. The unexpected vowel in modern Bulgarian is likely by analogy with там (tam, “there”) and its derived terms.

#### Adverb

сам • (sam) (not comparable) (archaic or dialectal)
* with beckoning verbs in the imperative: here, in this place
    Ела́ сам! ― Elá sam! ― Come here!

##### Derived terms

* наса́м (nasám)
* отса́м (otsám)

#### References

* “сам (нареч.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “сам²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 460
* Nayden Gerov, Тодор Панчев (1904) “самъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 118
* “яла сам бе”, in BGJargon.com (in Bulgarian), 2007

### Anagrams

* мас (mas)

## Kalmyk
### Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sam, compare Mongolian сам (sam), Buryat һам (ham), Dongxiang san.

### Noun

сам • (sam)
* comb

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]

### Adjective

сам • (sam) (comparative посам, superlative најсам, diminutive самичок, abstract noun самотија)
* alone, by oneself

#### Declension
## Mongolian
### Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sam, compare Buryat һам (ham), Kalmyk сам (sam), Dongxiang san.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sam/

### Noun

сам • (sam) (Mongolian spelling ᠰᠠᠮ (sam), definite plural самнууд); (hidden-n declension)
* comb

#### Derived terms

* самнах (samnax, “to comb”)

## Northern Mansi

Picture dictionary :
пуӈк
пуӈк хопалы
ва̄лм
сам
питьми
нёл
сӯп
э̄ӈын
ӯлысь
паль
во̄втма
сыплув :

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Mansi *šäm, ultimately from Proto-Uralic *śilmä.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

сам (sam) (Sosva, Upper Lozva, Sygva, Ob)
* eye
* seed

#### Declension

Sosva:
Upper Lozva:

### References

* Afanasʹjeva, K. V., Sobjanina, S. A. (2012) “сам”, in Školʹnyj mansijsko-russkij slovarʹ [Mansi-Russian school dictionary], Khanty-Mansiysk: RIO IRO
* ↑ Entry #964 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsam]
* Rhymes: -am
* Hyphenation: сам

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Slovak sám, from Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sāmas, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

#### Pronoun

сам (sam)
* self, oneself
    сaм нє знам цо ми було ― sam nje znam co mi bulo ― I myself don't know what happened to me

#### Adjective

сам (sam) (not comparable, abstract noun самота)
* alone, solitary, lonely, secluded, on one's lonesome (by oneself without company)
    Synonym: осамени (osameni)
    нашол сом го самого дома ― našol som ho samoho doma ― I found him alone at home
* alone, singlehanded (by oneself without help)
    Synonym: поєдинєчни (pojedinječni)
    мушиш сам себе помогнуц ― mušiš sam sebe pomohnuc ― you alone must help yourself

##### Declension
#### Adverb

сам (sam)
* alone (by oneself without company)
* alone, singlehandedly (by oneself without help)
    Synonyms: без помоци (bez pomoci), поєдинєчно (pojedinječno)

#### Noun

сам (sam) m pers (feminine equivalent сама)
* (nominalized) bachelor, single man (man who is not married, who lives alone)
    Synonym: самец (samec)

##### Related terms

* осамени (osameni)
* самотни (samotni)
* насамо (nasamo)
* насампредз (nasampredz)
* сам єден (sam jeden)
* сама єдна (sama jedna)
* самеперше (sameperše)
* самец m pers (samec)
* самица f (samica)
* само- (samo-)
* себе (sebe)
* ше (še)
* самовац impf (samovac)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Slovak samý.

#### Alternative forms

* сами (sami) — in the nominative singular

#### Adjective

сам (sam) (not comparable)
* denotes spatial or temporal proximity; the very, right, oneself
    по саме шерцо ― po same šerco ― to the very heart
    вишли на сам верх гори ― višli na sam verx hori ― they went to the very top of the mountain
    биваю при самим беґелю ― bivaju pri samim begelju ― they live right next to the canal
    то було на сам Крачун ― to bulo na sam Kračun ― that was on Christmas day itself
* emphasizes the utmost measure of a trait
    кукурица сами цирок и сама тараска ― kukurica sami cirok i sama taraska ― corn is God's own sorghum and millet

##### Declension
### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “сам”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “сам(и)”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “alone”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 22
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “self”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 170
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “single-handed”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 281
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “solitary”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 290
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “very”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 362

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* самъ (sam) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

сам • (sam) m (neuter само́, feminine сама́, plural са́ми)
* (definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self
    Я сам э́то ви́дел.Ja sam éto vídel.I saw it myself.
    Само́ госуда́рство так реши́ло.Samó gosudárstvo tak rešílo.The State itself has so decided.

#### Declension

$^1$A dated form.

#### Derived terms

* будь ве́рен сам себе́ (budʹ véren sam sebé)
* сам не свой (sam ne svoj)
* сам по себе́ (sam po sebé)
* са́ми с уса́ми (sámi s usámi)
* само́ собо́й (samó sobój)
* само́ собо́й разуме́ется (samó sobój razuméjetsja)

#### Related terms

* са́мый (sámyj)
* себя́ (sebjá), себе́ (sebé), собо́й (sobój)

#### Descendants

* → Southern Yukaghir: сам (sam), саам (sām)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

#### Adjective

са̑м (Latin spelling sȃm, definite са̑мӣ)
* alone, sole
* the very
* unaided, single-handed
* absolute, mere, unmixed
* solitary, secluded

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)esmь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

#### Verb

са̏м (Latin spelling sȁm)
* first-person singular present enclitic of би̏ти
    Ту сам. ― I'm here.

## Southern Yukaghir
### Alternative forms

* саам (sām)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian сам (sam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsam]
* Rhymes: -am
* Hyphenation: сам

### Pronoun

сам (sam)
* self, -self
** 2007, M. I. Turpanova, Раньше, когда мы были маленькие [Before, when we were little]:Титтэ сам иҥдьэҥитэй, - мони.Titte sam iŋdʹeŋitej, - moni.They will sew it themselves, - he said.

### References

* Elena Maslova (2003) A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 26

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

сам • (sam) m
* (definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “сам”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka