# شام
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Proper noun

شَام • (šām) m
* Only used in الشَّام (aš-šām)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃaː.ma/

#### Verb

شَامَ • (šāma) I (non-past يَشِيمُ (yašīmu), verbal noun شَيْم (šaym))
* to have sheathed, to have hidden, to have concealed
* to watch, to observe
* to expect, to conjecture

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

شَامَّ • (šāmma) III (non-past يُشَامُّ (yušāmmu), verbal noun مُشَامَّة (mušāmma))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

##### Conjugation
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “شام”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 473
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “شام”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1634
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شام”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 690

## Burushaski
### Etymology

Borrowed from Urdu شام (śām), from Classical Persian شَام (šām).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕaːm]

### Noun

شام (śaam)
* evening

### References

* Bechtholdt, Astrid (2025) “shaam”, in Burushaski Hunza Dictionary (Webonary), Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL International, published 2017.

## Gujarati
### Noun

شام • (śām) f (Lisan ud-Dawat)
* Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

### Noun

شام • (śām) m (Lisan ud-Dawat)
* Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

### Proper noun

شام • (śām) m (Lisan ud-Dawat)
* Arabic spelling of શામ (śām)

## Khalaj
### Noun

شام (şâm) (definite accusative شامؽ, plural شاملار)
* Arabic spelling of şâm (“evening, supper”)

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām).

#### Proper noun

شام • (Şâm)
* Damascus (the capital of Syria)
* (historical) Syria (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)
* (historical) Syria (a vilayet in the Ottoman Empire)

##### Synonyms

* (capital of Syria): دمشق (Dimişk), شام شریف (Şam-i Şerif)

##### Descendants

* → Abkhaz: Шьам (Šam), Шьамтәыла (Šamtʷʼəla)
* → Ladino: Sham
* Turkish: Şam

### Etymology 2

From Persian شام (šâm).

#### Noun

شام • (şâm)
* evening
* night

##### Descendants

* Turkish: şam

### References

* Mallouf, Nassif (1856) “Damas”, in Dictionnaire français-turc, 2nd edition, Paris: Maisonneuve, page 146
* Sezen, Tahir (2017) “Şâm”, in Osmanlı Yer Adları [Ottoman Place Names]‎, 2nd edition, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, page 711

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃɑːm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃɑːm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃɔːm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃɒːm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃɔm]

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *xšáfnyah.

#### Noun

شام • (šâm)
* dinner, supper (evening meal)
    برای شام چی داریم؟ (more literary) ― barâ-ye šâm či dârim? ― What do we have for dinner?
    شام چی داریم؟ (more colloquial) ― šâm či dârim? ― What do we have for dinner?
* (archaic) dusk
* (archaic) evening
    Synonym: عصر ('asr)

##### Related terms

* شب (šab)

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: şam
* → Gujarati: شام (shām)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शाम (śām)
    Urdu: شام (śām)
* → Khalaj: şâm
* → Ottoman Turkish: شام (şâm)
** Turkish: şam

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic شَام (šām).

#### Proper noun

شام • (šâm)
* Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia)
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 89:سوی شامست این نشان و این خبر / در ره قدسش ببینی در گذرsuy-e šâm-ast in nešân o in xabar / dar rah-e qods-aš be-bini dar gozarThis sign and this information lies in the direction of Syria: you will see it as you pass on the way to Jerusalem.
* Damascus (the capital city of Syria)
    Synonym: دمشق (damešq)

##### Descendants

* → Urdu: شام (śām)

## Punjabi
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /ʃäːm/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian شَام (šām).

#### Noun

شام • (śām) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਸ਼ਾਮ)
* evening, night

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, “Greater Syria; Levant”), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, “Levant; Damascus”).

#### Proper noun

شام • (śām) m
* Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)
* (by extension) Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)

### Further reading

* Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “شام”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz
* Bashir, Kanwal (2012) “شام”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press
* “ਸ਼ਾਮ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

## Soqotri
### Alternative forms

* شهام (šhɛm)

### Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *šim-. Akin to Mehri [script needed] (hemm), Shehri [script needed] (šum).

### Noun

شام (šɛm) m (dual شامي (šɛ́mi), plural شاهم (šóhom))
* name
** 2014, “A Merciful Woman and Diheko”, in Vitaly Naumkin, compiler, Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, page 144, line 5:ويهاه ملاك وميه شام دحاكو.wa-yhe maľák wa-məy šɛm diḥékoHe was an angel, and his name was Diheko.

### References

* Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2014) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 1, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 660
* Naumkin, Vitaly, et al. (2018) “Glossary”, in Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature, volume 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 593
* Leslau, Wolf (1938) “šem”, in Lexique Soqotri (sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et explications étymologiques (in French), Wiesbaden: Libraire C. Klincksieck, page 418

## Urdu
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ʃɑːm/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːm

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām).

#### Noun

شام • (śām) f (Hindi spelling शाम)
* evening, night

##### Declension
#### References

* “شام”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “شام”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.

### Etymology 2

Picture dictionary :
شام
شام
لبنان
فلسطین
اسرائیل
اردن
مصر
سعودی عرب
عراق
ترکی
قبرص
بحیرہ روم
بحیرہ احمر
درائے نیل
درائے فرات :
Picture dictionary :
شام
ترکی
قبرص
لبنان
شام
فلسطین
اسرائیل
اُردن
مصر
کردستان
عراق
کویت
ایران
سعودی عرب
بحرین
قطر
متحدہ عرب امارات
عمان
یمن :
* شامشام
* اسرائیلاسرائیل
* گلیلگلیل
* ہندوستانہندوستان
Borrowed from Classical Persian شام (šām, “Greater Syria; Levant”), from Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām, “Levant; Damascus”).

#### Proper noun

شام • (śām) m (Hindi spelling शाम)
* Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)
* (by extension) Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)

#### See also

* (Middle East) مَشْرِقِ وُسْطیٰ (maśriq-i vustā); سَعُودی عَرَب (sa'ūdī 'arab), مِصْر (misr) عِراق ('irāq), اِیران (īrān), اُرْدُن (urdun), شام (śām), تُرْکِیَہ (turkiya), قِبْرِص (qibris) فِلِسْطِین (filistīn) اِسْرائِیل (isrāīl) لِبْنان (libnān) یَمَن (yaman) عُمان ('umān) مُتَّحِدَہ عَرَب اِمارات (muttahida 'arab imārāt) قَطَر (qatar) بَحْرِین (bahrīn) کُوَیت (kuvait)

## Uyghur
### Etymology

From Arabic الشَّام (aš-šām).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃɑm/

### Proper noun

شام • (sham) (plural شاملار (shamlar))
* Damascus (the capital city of Syria)
* Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia, in the Middle East)