# 馨

| 馨 | U+99A8, &#39336; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99A8 |
| ← 馧 [U+99A7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 馩 → [U+99A9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

馨 (Kangxi radical 186, 香+11, 20 strokes, cangjie input 土水竹木日 (GEHDA), four-corner 4760$_9$, composition ⿱殸香)
* fragrant, aromatic

#### Derived characters

* 𧅥

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1429, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44559
* Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 25
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4425, character 8
* Unihan data for U+99A8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 馨
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 殸 | *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs |
| 聲 | *qʰjeŋ |
| 謦 | *kʰeːŋʔ, *kʰeːŋs |
| 磬 | *kʰeːŋs |
| 罄 | *kʰeːŋs |
| 馨 | *qʰeːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰeːŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 香 (“sweet”).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Why doesn't the Mandarin reading end in -ng?”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīn, xīng (xin$^1$, xing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ, ㄒㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hing$^1$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): hin$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): heng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hêng$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$shin / $^1$chin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sin
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$
*** Yale: syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
*** Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sing
*** Wade–Giles: hsing$^1$
*** Yale: syīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shing
*** Palladius: син (sin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hing$^1$
*** Yale: hīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hing$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hin⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heng
*** Tâi-lô: hing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: heng
*** Sinological IPA : /heŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵³/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɕin⁴⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ɕin³³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /ɕiŋ⁵²/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chin
*** MiniDict: chin$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕʰin³³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xeng
Rime :
| Character | 馨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 呼刑切 |
| Baxter | xeng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /heŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /heŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xɛŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɛjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xeŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xieŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /xieŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hing$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤeŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰeːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 馨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xeng › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁeŋ/ |
| English | fragrance |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 馨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10520 |
| Phonetic component | 殸 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馨 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰeːŋ/ |

### Definitions

馨
* (literary) spread out fragrance; fragrant
* (literary, figurative) widespread renown and reputation

### Compounds

* 垂馨千祀
* 寧馨 / 宁馨
* 寧馨兒 / 宁馨儿
* 康乃馨 (kāngnǎixīn)
* 明德惟馨
* 清馨 (qīngxīn)
* 溫馨 / 温馨 (wēnxīn)
* 甘馨之費 / 甘馨之费
* 素馨 (sùxīn)
* 芳馨
* 雲南黃馨 / 云南黄馨
* 馨逸
* 馨香 (xīnxiāng)
* 馨香禱祝 / 馨香祷祝

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04618
* “馨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* fragrant
* balmy
* favourable

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: けい (kei)
* Kun: かおる (kaoru, 馨る)

#### Compounds

* 素馨(そけい) (sokei): Spanish jasmine

### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 馨
* かお(る) Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* (Tokyo) かおる [kàórú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠o̞ɾɯ̟]

### Proper noun

馨(かおる) • (Kaoru)
* a unisex given name

## Korean
### Hanja

馨 (eumhun 꽃다울 형 (kkotdaul hyeong)) 馨 (eumhun 향기 형 (hyanggi hyeong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

馨: Hán Nôm readings: hinh, hanh, hênh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.