# -em
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* -hna (Gheg)

### Etymology

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /em/ (Standard)

### Suffix

-em
* (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
* Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
    active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)
    active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)
* Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
    adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)
* Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:
mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular) :
| | indicative | subjunctive | conditional | optative | admirative |
| | (dëftore) | (lidhore) | (kushtore) | (dëshirore) | (habitore) |
| present | -em | (të) -em | (do të) -esha | (u) -sha / -fsha | (u) -am |
| continuous present | (po) -em | (po të) -em | (po do të) -esha | | (po u) -am |
| imperfect | -esha | (të) -esha | | | (u) -ësha |
| continuous imperfect | (po) -esha | (po të) -esha | | | (po u) -ësha |
| aorist | (u) -a / (u) -va | - | - | - | - |
| perfect | j-am (+ participle) | (të) j-em (+ participle) | | qof-sha (+ participle) | qenk-am (+ participle) |
| past perfect I | isha (+ participle) | (të) isha (+ participle) | (do të) isha (+ participle) | | qenk-ësha (+ participle) |
| past perfect II (aorist II) | q-eshë (+ participle) | | | | |
| future I | k-am (për t'u + participle) | | (do të) -em | | |
| future perfect | k-am (për të qenë + participle) | | (do të) j-em (+ participle) | | |

#### Related terms

* -hem
* -hna
* -na

## Bislama
### Alternative forms

* -im
* -um

### Etymology

English him, 'em

### Suffix

-em
* Indicates a transitive verb
** 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, Social lives in language--sociolinguistics and multilingual speech‎, →ISBN, page 344:Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

## Chuukese
### Suffix

-em
* (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)

#### Related terms
## Etruscan
### Romanization

-em
* Romanization of -𐌄𐌌

## German
### Etymology 1

From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əm/

#### Suffix

-em
* masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives

### Etymology 2

Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əm/, /ɛm/
* Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.

#### Suffix

-em
* Alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)

##### Derived terms

* Ahlem
* Ahrem
* Baasem
* Bachem
* Badem
* Blessem
* Bockenem
* Bredelem
* Broitzem
* Cochem
* Dahlem
* Deesem
* Eulgem
* Fließem
* Gilzem
* Horrem
* Katzem
* Ließem
* Luxem
* Mehlem
* Niederaussem
* Pickließem
* Rethem
* Sehlem
* Spangdahlem
* Stedem
* Stockem
* Uedem
* Wehdem
* Wierschem

##### See also

* Sechtem

### Etymology 3

Ultimately a backformation from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma), whence German Phonem.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeːm/
* Audio:(file)

#### Suffix

-em n
* (linguistics) -eme

##### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛm]
* Rhymes: -ɛm

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-em
* (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.
    ‎eszik (“to eat”) + ‎-em → ‎eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)
* (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Forms the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.
    ‎ért (“to understand”) + ‎-em → ‎értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)
* (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
    ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎kertem (“my garden”)

##### Usage notes

| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
| én | -ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -sz | -sz | -sz |
| te | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | -esz |
| te | after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | – | – | – |
| ő maga ön | -ik verbs | -ik | -ik | -ik |
| mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | -ünk |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
| ti | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | -nek |
| ők maguk önök | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | -enek |
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -ok is added to back-vowel verbs
    -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
    -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs
    -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs
    -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular | -ja | -i | -i |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | -itek |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural | -ják | -ik | -ik |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
* (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:
    -om is added to back-vowel verbs
    -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
       ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)
       ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)
       ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)
       ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)
    -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)
    -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)
    -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)
       ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)
    -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
       ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

##### Declension

(possessive suffix):

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-em
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun. A final single -l may become long -ll-.
    ‎jel (“sign”) + ‎-em → ‎jellem (“character”)
    ‎szél (“wind”) + ‎-em → ‎szellem (“ghost, spirit”)
    ‎illik (“to suit, to be proper”) + ‎-em → ‎illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)

##### Usage notes

* (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
    -am is added to back-vowel words
    -em is added to front-vowel words

##### Derived terms
### See also

* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈem/, [ˈɛ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈem/, [ˈɛm]

### Etymology 1

See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).

#### Suffix

-em f
* accusative singular of -ēs

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-em
* first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-em
* accusative singular of -s

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [əβ̃]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.

#### Suffix

-em m
* Forms occupational nouns.
    ‎flaith (“rule”) + ‎-em → ‎flaithem (“ruler”)
    ‎breth (“judgement”) + ‎-em → ‎brithem (“judge”)
    ‎fíach (“debt”) + ‎-em → ‎féchem (“debtor”)

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Alternative forms

* -am (broad form)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

#### Suffix

-em f
* Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.
    ‎feithid (“to watch over”) + ‎-em → ‎fethem (“watching over”)
    ‎moídid (“to boast”) + ‎-em → ‎moídem (“boasting”)
    ‎ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + ‎-em → ‎acaldam (“conversation”)

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Alternative forms

* -am (after a broad consonant)

##### Descendants

* Irish: -amh
* Scottish Gaelic: -amh

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*karafyo-(mon)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 189-190

## Pijin
### Alternative forms

* -im
* -um

### Etymology

English him, 'em

### Suffix

-em
* Indicates a transitive verb

#### Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

## Vlax Romani
### Suffix

-em
* Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.

## Volapük
### Suffix

-em
* An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things

#### Derived terms
## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛm/

### Suffix

-em
* (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional