# sam
## Translingual
### Symbol

sam
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Samaritan Aramaic.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Samaritan Aramaic terms

## English
### Etymology 1

Acronym.
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#### Alternative forms

* SAM

#### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

#### Noun

sam
* Alternative form of SAM (“surface-to-air missile”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle English sammen, samnen, from Old English samnian, ġesamnian (“to collect, assemble, bring together, gather, join, unite, compose, meet, glean”), from Proto-West Germanic *samnōn, from Proto-Germanic *samnōną (“to gather”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Cognate with Dutch zamelen (“to collect”), German sammeln (“to collect, gather”), Swedish samla (“to gather, collect”), Icelandic samna (“to gather, collect”). More at same.

#### Alternative forms

* samen

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sæm/
* Rhymes: -æm
* Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

#### Verb

sam (third-person singular simple present sams, present participle samming, simple past and past participle sammed)
* (transitive, UK dialectal) To assemble.
* (transitive, UK dialectal, of persons) To bring together; join (in marriage, friendship, love, etc.).
* (transitive, UK dialectal, of things) To bring together; collect; put in order; arrange.
** 1905, Keighley Snowden, Princess Joyce:I sammed it up for ye
* (intransitive, UK dialectal) To assemble; come together.
* (transitive, UK dialectal) To coagulate; curdle (milk).

##### Usage notes

* Often used with together or up

##### Derived terms

* stand sam
* upon my sam

### Etymology 3

From Middle English sām (“together”), from Old English samen (“together”), from Proto-West Germanic *saman, from Proto-Germanic *samanai (“together”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

#### Adverb

sam (not comparable)
* (obsolete) Together
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:Now are they saints all in that city sam.
** a. 1600, The Battle of Floddon Field‎:All Sam the souldiers then replied.

### Etymology 4

From Middle English sam- (prefix), from Old English sam-, from Proto-Germanic *sēmi- (“half”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Related to semi- (via Latin).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sæm/
* Rhymes: -æm
* Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

#### Adjective

sam (not comparable)
* (dialectal) Half or imperfectly done.
* (of food) Half-heated.

##### Related terms

* sammy
* sandblind

### Etymology 5

Possibly from Uncle Sam.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sæm/
* Rhymes: -æm
* Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

#### Noun

sam (plural sams)
* (slang) Federal narcotics agent.

### Anagrams

* 'ams, Mas, mas, MSA, -mas, ASM, AMS, M.A.S., MAs, sma, M.A.s, SMA, M. A. S., MAS, A.M.s, asm

## Atong (India)
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sʰam/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *sam¹ (“grass”). Related to Garo samsi, Garo sam.

#### Noun

sam (Bengali script সাম)
* grass; weed
* medicine

##### Derived terms

* sambarat
* samchak
* samkong
* samphat
* samsai
* samsi

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

sam- (Bengali script সাম)
* to wait

### Etymology 3
#### Classifier

sam- (Bengali script সাম)
* used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc. and also tires

### References

* van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

## Charrua
### Numeral

sam
* two

### References

* El último charrúa: de Salsipuedes a la actualidad (1996)
* Idioma español y habla criolla: Charrúas y vilelas (1968)
* Čestmír Loukotka, ‎Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 62

## Chuukese
### Noun

sam
* father

## Garo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sam/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *sam¹ (“grass”). Related to Atong (India) sam.

#### Noun

sam
* grass; herb
* medicine
* curry

### Etymology 2
#### Classifier

sam
* used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc.

### Further reading

* Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎, Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 275

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 三 (“three; the other woman; the other man; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 三).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 衫 (“unlined garment; shirt; top; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 衫).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 舢. (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 舢).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 參 (“Three Stars mansion; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 參).

## Lhao Vo
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum (“three”). Cognate with Burmese သုံး (sum:, “three”).

### Numeral

sam
* three

### References

* Dr. Ola Hanson, A Dictionary of the Kachin Language (1906).

## Macanese
### Verb

sam
* Alternative form of sâm

## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic صامَ (ṣāma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saːm/

### Verb

sam (imperfect jsum, active participle sajjem, verbal noun sawm)
* to fast

#### Conjugation
## Mizo
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *sham, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)sam.

#### Noun

sam
* hair (of the head)
* antenna (of insects)

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

sam
* easy, simple

## Nga La
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *sham, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)sam.

### Noun

sam
* hair (of the head)

### References

* Matu (Chin) Dictionary by Ropna Saruum, Matupi 2007

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *samos (“summer”) (compare Welsh haf), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó- (compare Old English sumor, Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [saβ̃]

### Noun

sam m (genitive unattested, no plural)
* summer

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Synonyms

* samrad

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sam”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Verb

sam
* second-person singular imperative of sama

## Old Polish
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ. First attested in the 14th century.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /saːm/
* IPA: (15th CE) /sɒm/

#### Pronoun

sam
* alone, by oneself, without company
* myself, yourself, himself, etc. (emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself")
* The meaning of this term is uncertain.

##### Descendants

* Polish: sam
* Silesian: sōm

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sěmo. First attested in the 14th century.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /sam/
* IPA: (15th CE) /sam/

#### Adverb

sam
* here; hither

##### Descendants

* Polish: siam
* Silesian: sam

### References

* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “1. sam”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “2. sam”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sam/

### Adverb

sam (Perso-Arabic spelling سم)
* equally

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “sam”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsam/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈsam/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Kuyavia) IPA: /ˈsam/
** (Central Greater Poland) IPA: /ˈsam/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -am
* Syllabification: sam

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish sam.

#### Adjective

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam, no derived adverb)
* alone (oneself without company)
* alone (oneself without help)

#### Adverb

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam)
* alone, by oneself, without company
    Synonyms: osobno, samodzielnie
* (Middle Polish or dialectal, Central Greater Poland, Kuyavia) here (at this place)
    Synonyms: tu, tutaj
    Alternative forms: (dialectal) sa, (dialectal) samoj

#### Particle

sam
* emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself"; oneself
    Przygotowując intrygę przeciwko szefowi, pani Magdalena kazała swojej córce ubrać się skromnie, a sama założyła sukienkę z głębokim dekoltem.Preparing the intrigue against the boss, Ms. Magdalena told her daughter to dress modestly, while she herself put on a dress with a deep neckline.
    Poszedł do samego końca.He went to the very end.
* by oneself, alone (by one's own volition or power, without outside help or encouragement)

##### Derived terms

* sam przez się
* sam w sobie
* sam z siebie
* taki sam
* ten sam
* tenże sam
* sam na sam
* tak samo
* nie sama
* tym samym

##### Related terms

* samotniczy
* samotny
* samotniczo
* samotnie
* samota
* samotnica
* samotnictwo
* samotniczka
* samotnik
* samotność
* osamotniać impf
* osamotnić pf

### Etymology 2

Clipping of sklep samoobsługowy.

#### Alternative forms

* SAM

#### Noun

sam m inan
* (colloquial) self-service shop
    Synonym: sklep samoobsługowy

##### Declension
### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), sam is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 159 times in scientific texts, 70 times in news, 120 times in essays, 231 times in fiction, and 302 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 882 times, making it the 48th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “sam”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 518

### Further reading

* sam in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* sam in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* “SAM_I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2023 February 22
* “SAM_II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2023 February 22
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “sam”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “sam”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “sam”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 11
* sam in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
* Stanisław Ciszewski (1916) “sam”, in “Przyczynek do słownika gwary wielkopolskiej”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 8, z. 1, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 98
* Władysław Matlakowski (1892) “sam”, in Słownik wyrazów ludowych zebranych w Czerskiem i na Kujawach (in Polish), Kraków: nakł. Akademii Umiejętności; Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego pod zarządem A. M. Kosterkiewicza, page 16

## Rohingya
### Alternative forms

* 𐴏𐴝𐴔 (sam) — Hanifi spelling

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

sam (Hanifi spelling 𐴏𐴝𐴔)
* skin
    Synonym: samra

## Romani
### Verb

sam
* first-person plural present indicative of si

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

#### Adjective

sȃm (Cyrillic spelling са̑м, definite sȃmī)
* alone, sole
* unaided, single-handed
* absolute, very, mere, unmixed
* solitary, secluded

##### Alternative forms

* sȃm

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)esmь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi.

#### Verb

sȁm (Cyrillic spelling са̏м)
* first-person singular present tense enclitic form of biti.
    Tu sam. — I'm here.

## Silesian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish sam.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsam/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -am
* Syllabification: sam

### Pronoun

sam
* here
    Synonym: tukej
* hither

### Further reading

* sam in silling.org

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sáːm/

### Adjective

sȃm (not comparable)
* alone, sole
* unaided, single-handed, by oneself

#### Derived terms

* sámost
* samoglásnik
* samomòr
* samostálnik
* samoróg
* samostán

### Further reading

* “sam”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “sam”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sam/

### Verb

sam
* past indicative of simma

### Anagrams

* mas

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [saːm˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʂaːm˧˧] ~ [saːm˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʂaːm˧˧] ~ [saːm˧˧]

### Etymology 1

Highly unlikely due to irregular sound change. Possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kt₁aam (“crab”) (Norman & Mei, 1976; mistakenly glossed as "king crab"). However, Shorto (2006) includes no such derivation. Compare Vietnamese đam (“field crab”) and Lingao sam¹ (“horseshoe crab”).

#### Noun

(classifier con) sam • (杉, 衫, 𧏰, 𧓰, 𪓫)
* a horseshoe crab
    đuôi sam ― a horseshoe crab's tail; a braid/plait

##### See also

* so
* sam so

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

(classifier cây) sam • (蔘)
* common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
    Synonym: rau sam

## Ye'kwana
### Alternative forms

* samm

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sam]

### Ideophone

sam
* zooming
* (of food) stinging, biting

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “samm”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, page 166

## Zhuang
### Etymology

From Proto-Tai *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sam, “three”). Cognate with Thai สาม (sǎam), Northern Thai ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ, Lao ສາມ (sām), Lü ᦉᦱᧄ (ṡaam), Tai Dam ꪎꪱꪣ, Shan သၢမ် (sǎam), Tai Nüa ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (sáam), Ahom 𑜏𑜪 (saṃ), Bouyei saaml.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Zhuang) IPA: /θaːm˨˦/
* Tone numbers: sam$^1$
* Hyphenation: sam

### Numeral

sam (1957–1982 spelling sam)
* three