# -ar
## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”).

#### Suffix

-ar
* Of, near, or pertaining to; adjective suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.
    Synonyms: -al, -an, -ary, -ese, -ic, -id, -ish, -like, -oid, -ory, -ous, -y
    ‎pole + ‎-ar → ‎polar
    ‎line + ‎-ar → ‎linear
    ‎molecule + ‎-ar → ‎molecular
    ‎alveolus + ‎-ar → ‎alveolar
    ‎column + ‎-ar → ‎columnar

##### Usage notes

See usage notes at -al.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Latin -ārius or French -aire.

#### Suffix

-ar
* (clarification of this definition is needed) Forming nouns such as vicar, exemplar, bursar, etc.

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -ar, -are, variant of Middle English -ere, from Old English -ere. More at -er.

#### Suffix

-ar
* Forms agent nouns.
    beggar, liar, pedlar

### Etymology 4

Clipping of star; modelled after the earlier coinages pulsar and quasar.

#### Suffix

-ar
* (astronomy) Used to form names of star types, such as magnetar, collapsar, etc.

##### Coordinate terms

* aster-
* astro-
* helio-
* solar
* starry
* stellar

### Anagrams

* 'RA, 'Ra, ra, RA, Ra

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* -aru, -ariu

### Etymology

From Latin -ārius, -ārium. Compare Daco-Romanian -ar.

### Suffix

-ar m
* suffix used to denote a profession or craft

#### Derived terms
## Azerbaijani
### Suffix

-ar
* Postconsonantal form of -ər after the vowels A / I / O / U.

## Basque
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ar
* Alternative form of -tar (demonym-forming suffix)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From ar (“male”).

#### Suffix

-ar
* male (animals)
    ‎katu (“cat”) + ‎-ar → ‎katar (“tomcat”)

### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-ar
* [with verbal noun] about to
    Itxaron, bukatzear nago. ― Wait, I'll finish in a moment.

### Further reading

* “-ar” in Labayru Hiztegia

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”).

#### Pronunciation

(adjective)
* IPA: (Central) [ˈar]
* IPA: (Balearic) [ˈa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]
(noun)
* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]

#### Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -ars)
* -ar; forms adjectives of one form indicating that the noun that is modified by the adjective is pertaining to the root word used to form the adjective

#### Suffix

-ar m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ars)
* forms nouns indicating where a given crop is grown
    ‎taronger (“orange tree”) + ‎-ar → ‎tarongerar (“orange grove”)
* forms nouns indicating where something is usually found
    ‎canyís (“common reed”) + ‎-ar → ‎canyissar (“reed bed”)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -āre.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈa]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈaɾ]

#### Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -at)
* forms first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
    ‎col·lecció (“collection”) + ‎-ar → ‎col·leccionar (“to collect”)

##### Conjugation

In older versions of Catalan, the second person endings for the preterite were -ast in the singular and -às in the plural.

##### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “-ar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -āre.

### Suffix

-ar (ORB, broad)
* Forms first-conjugation verbs.

#### Derived terms
## Galician
### Etymology 1

From Latin -āris (“of, pertaining to”).

#### Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -ares)
* -ar; forms relational adjectives from nouns
    ‎molécula (“molecule”) + ‎-ar → ‎molecular (“molecular”)

### Etymology 2

From Latin -āre.

#### Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -ei, past participle -ado)
* forms first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
    ‎fragmento (“fragment”) + ‎-ar → ‎fragmentar (“to fragment”)

##### Derived terms
## German
### Etymology

From Latin -arius. Doublet of -er and -är.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaːr/, [ˈaː(ɐ̯)], [ˈaːʁ]

### Suffix

-ar
* -ary
    ‎Mission + ‎-ar → ‎Missionar

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from French -er, Italian -are, Spanish -ar, from Latin -āre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈar/

### Suffix

-ar
* This ending denotes the present infinitive form of a verb.
    Me volas komprar ca objekto. ― I want to buy this thing.

#### Related terms

* -ir (past infinitive tense)
* -or (future infinitive tense)

## Interlingua
### Suffix

-ar
* Added to a noun root word, this forms a verb meaning to apply or make use of the root.
* Added to an adjectival root word, this forms a verb meaning to render/make (adjective) the object of the verb.

#### See also

* -isar
* -ificar

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* -āre
* -al (when not containing /l/)

### Etymology

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āre, the nominative neuter singular ending of -āris, a dissimilated variant of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.

### Suffix

-ar n (genitive -āris); third declension
* noun-forming suffix

#### Usage notes

Only appears attached to bases that contain /l/: other bases get the suffix -al instead. Although the suffix -ārium n is etymologically distinct, a number of nouns show variation between the two endings, likely facilitated by the fact that they share the same form (-āria) in the nominative/accusative plural.

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

#### Derived terms
## Ngarrindjeri
### Suffix

-ar
* Suffix meaning many and used to denote a plural.
    ‎mimini (“woman”) + ‎-ar → ‎miminar (“women”)

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse -ar, the nominative plural ending for masculine a-stem and feminine o-stem nouns.

#### Suffix

-ar m or f
* Used to form regular indefinite plurals of most masculine nouns.
    ‎gut (“boy”) + ‎-ar → ‎gutar (“boys”)
* Used to form regular indefinite plurals of some feminine nouns.
    ‎gjerning (“act”) + ‎-ar → ‎gjerningar (“acts”)

#### See also

* -ane
* -en

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse -ar, the genitive singular ending for strong feminine nouns and masculine i- and u-stem nouns.

#### Alternative forms

* -a

#### Interfix

-ar m or f
* Used to form indefinite genitive singulars of strong feminine nouns and some strong masculine nouns, used in frozen expressions.
    Ein fredar mann. ― A peaceful man/person.

### Etymology 3

From Old Norse -ari.

#### Alternative forms

* -ari, -are, -ær (dialectal)

#### Suffix

-ar m
* Used to form nouns from verbs, a person who performs the action of the verb.
    Ein som lever av å baka, er ein bakar. ― One who makes his living baking is a baker.

### Etymology 4

From Old Norse -arr, from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“warrior”), *warjaz (“defender”) and *gaizaz (“spear”).

#### Suffix

-ar m
* A name suffix, meaning warrior, guardian or spear

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan -ar, from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa/

### Suffix

-ar
* Suffix of verbs of the first conjugation

#### Conjugation
## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

#### Suffix

-ar
* forms verbs from nouns or adjectives — forms regular first-conjugation verbs in the impersonal infinitive
* forms the first-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs
* forms the third-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs

##### Descendants

* Fala: -al
* Galician: -ar
* Portuguese: -ar

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Latin -āre.

#### Suffix

-ar
* forms adjectives from nouns
    ‎capitulo (“ecclesiastical chapter”) + ‎-ar → ‎capitular (“capitular”)

##### Descendants

* Galician: -ar
* Portuguese: -ar

## Old Norse
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Suffix

-ar
* plural (clarification of this definition is needed)
* genitive (Can we add an example for this sense?)

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -ar, from Latin -āre, infinitive ending of first conjugation verbs.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈa(ʁ)/ [ˈa(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈa(ʁ)/ [ˈa(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈa(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈa(ʁ)/ [ˈa(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈa(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈa.ɾi/
* (Caipira) IPA: [ˈaɻ]
* (Northeast Brazil) IPA: [ˈa(ʁ)]
* Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -aɾ, (Brazil) -aʁ, (Brazil, with r-dropping) -a

#### Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -ei, past participle -ado)
* forms verbs from nouns or adjectives — forms regular first-conjugation verbs in the impersonal infinitive
    ‎asfalto (“asphalt”) + ‎-ar → ‎asfaltar (“to asphalt”)
    ‎diálogo (“dialogue”) + ‎-ar → ‎dialogar (“to dialogue”)
* forms the first-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs
* forms the third-person singular infinitive of first-conjugation verbs

##### Usage notes

The following ending(s) change(s) in words appended with this suffix:
* ⟨-ção⟩, ⟨-são⟩ (in feminine abstract nouns, incl. plurals) → ⟨-cion⟩, ⟨-sion⟩
* ⟨-ão⟩ (as a non-verb suffix, incl. plurals) → ⟨-on⟩
* ⟨-ã(o)⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-(i)an⟩, ⟨-am⟩, or ⟨-(i)on⟩, depending on the base word's etymology
* ⟨-m⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-n⟩
* ⟨-z⟩ (in some nouns from Latin, incl. plurals) → ⟨-c(i)⟩
* ⟨-vel⟩ (unstressed and adjectival, incl. plurals) → ⟨-bili⟩
* ⟨-z⟩ (adjectival, incl. plurals) → ⟨-ci⟩

##### Conjugation

$^1$Brazilian Portuguese. $^2$European Portuguese.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese -ar, from Latin āre.

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈaχ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈaɻ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈa.ɾi/
* Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -aɾ, (Brazil) -aʁ

#### Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -ares)
* forms adjectives from nouns, especially those that already contain an L; -ar
    Synonyms: -al, -ário

##### Derived terms
## Romanian
### Alternative forms

* -ariu m (archaic)

### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ārium, accusative of -ārius.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Suffix

-ar m (plural -ari)
* Added to a word to denote a profession or craft; -er
    ‎roată (“wheel”) + ‎-ar → ‎rotar (“wheeler”)
    ‎oală (“pot”) + ‎-ar → ‎olar (“potter”)
    ‎fier (“iron”) + ‎-ar → ‎fierar (“blacksmith”)
    ‎vacă (“cow”) + ‎-ar → ‎văcar (“cowherd”)
    ‎porc (“pig”) + ‎-ar → ‎porcar (“swineherd”)

#### See also

* -tor
* -easă

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ařь.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /aːr/

### Suffix

-ar (Cyrillic spelling -ар)
* Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, a person who does something, or an animal who does something.

#### Usage notes

Nouns with this ending may use either the non-palatal declension (V sg. -e, I sg. -om) or the palatal declension (V sg. -u, I sg. -em), e.g. s pekarom or s pekarem.

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -jar
* -ičar

### References

* Browne, Wayles (1993) “Serbo-Croat”, in Comrie, Bernard, Corbett, Greville G., editors, The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, page 320
* Babić, Stjepan (2002), Tvorba riječi u hrvatskome književnome jeziku, 3rd revised edition, Zagreb: HAZU, page(s) 122, § 321

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ařь.

### Suffix

-ar m
* Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun.

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaɾ/ [ˈaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: -ar

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -āris.

#### Suffix

-ar m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -ares)
* indicates membership or status
    ‎gránulo (“granule”) + ‎-ar → ‎granular (“granular”)
    ‎testículo (“testicle”) + ‎-ar → ‎testicular (“testicular”)

#### Suffix

-ar m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ares)
* indicates a place where something is grown
    Synonym: -al
    ‎anís (“anise”) + ‎-ar → ‎anisar (“anise field”)
    ‎haba (“bean”) + ‎-ar → ‎habar (“bean patch”)
    ‎sandía (“watermelon”) + ‎-ar → ‎sandiar (“watermelon patch”)

#### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -āre (first conjugation infinitive suffix).

#### Suffix

-ar (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -é, past participle -ado)
* forms first conjugation verbs indicating an action related to the root word
    ‎programa (“program”) + ‎-ar → ‎programar (“to schedule”)

##### Conjugation

$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

### See also

* -er
* -ir

### Further reading

* “-ar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Suffix

-ar
* Suffix for the indefinite plural form of nouns of the second declension.
* Suffix for the present tense, active voice, indicative mood for the absolute majority of Swedish verbs.

#### Usage notes

* For verbs, it is more customary to identify the -a of this 'suffix' as belonging to the stem of the verb, and thus only consider -r to be the suffix. However, the verbs which in present tense ends in the letters -ar are commonly called -ar-verbs, as to differentiate them from -er-verbs and verbs which don't end in -a in infinitive.
* See also the usage notes for -r.

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɾ/

### Etymology 1

Form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

#### Suffix

-ar
* Simple present and aorist tense marker.

### Etymology 2

Form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

#### Suffix

-ar
* Makes adjectives out of verbs.
* Makes nouns out of verbs.

### Etymology 3

Post-consonantal form of -er after the vowels A / I / O / U.

#### Suffix

-ar
* Derives distributive numbers.

### Etymology 4

From Ottoman Turkish ـر (-r, -er, -ar), from Proto-Turkic *-gar.

#### Suffix

-ar
* Derives intransitive verbs from names of colors.
    ‎kara (“black”) + ‎-ar → ‎kararmak (“to turn black, to darken”)
    ‎ak (“white, light”) + ‎-ar → ‎ağarmak (“to turn white, to whiten”)
    ‎mor (“purple”) + ‎-ar → ‎morarmak (“to turn purple, to bruise”)
* Derives transitive verbs from nouns.
    ‎ev (“home, house”) + ‎-er → ‎evermek (“to marry off”)
    ‎ön (“front, ahead”) + ‎-er → ‎önermek (“to put forward, to propose”)

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+gAr-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-ar, from Proto-Celtic *-aros, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hrós. (See byddar (“deaf”).)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Suffix

-ar
* adjectival suffix
    ‎cynt (“before, earlier”) + ‎-ar → ‎cynnar (“early”)
    ‎diwedd (“end”) + ‎-ar → ‎diweddar (“late”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i (4)

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ar”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies