# ground
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /ɡɹaʊnd/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -aʊnd

### Etymology 1

From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

#### Alternative forms

* GND (contraction used in electronics)

#### Noun

ground (countable and uncountable, plural grounds)
* The surface of the Earth, as opposed to the sky or water or underground.
    Look, I found a ten dollar bill on the ground!
** 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:If the afternoon was fine they strolled together in the park, very slowly, and with pauses to draw breath wherever the ground sloped upward. The slightest effort made the patient cough.
** 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:Mind you, clothes were clothes in those days. […] Frills, ruffles, flounces, lace, complicated seams and gores: not only did they sweep the ground and have to be held up in one hand elegantly as you walked along, but they had little capes or coats or feather boas.
** 2013 June 8, “The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 52:From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts.
* (uncountable) Terrain.
** 1971, “The development of terrain following radar: an account of the progress made with an airborne guidance system for low flying military aircraft”, in Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology:As the terrain-following radar scans the ground ahead of the aircraft the actual clearance height is measured by the radio altimeter.
* Soil, earth.
    The worm crawls through the ground.
* (countable) The bottom of a body of water.
* Basis, foundation, groundwork, legwork.
** c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, page 62, lines 11–14:Wyth cry unreverent, Before the sacrament, Wythin the holy church bowndis, That of our fayth the grownd is.
** 1840, Lewis Rose, chapter III, in An Humble Attempt to Put an End to the Present Divisions in the Church of Scotland, and to Promote Her Usefulness. […] ‎, Glasgow: George Gallie, →OCLC, page 51:[B]e the consequences what they may, they shall not move an inch, nor a hair's-breadth from the ground of their groundless spiritual independence, […]
* (chiefly in the plural) Reason, (epistemic) justification, cause.
    You will need to show good grounds for your action.
    He could not come on grounds of health, or on health grounds.
* Background, context, framework, surroundings.
* (historical) The area on which a battle is fought, particularly as referring to the area occupied by one side or the other. Often, according to the eventualities, "to give ground" or "to gain ground".
* (figurative, by extension) Advantage given or gained in any contest; e.g. in football, chess, debate or academic discourse.
* (in combination) A place suited to a specified activity.
    a forest traditionally used as a hunting-ground
** 1876, Parliamentary Papers, volume 14, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, page 147:I gather from your last answer that at the present time the constabulary, to a certain extent, is good recruiting ground for the army?
* The plain surface upon which the figures of an artistic composition are set.
    crimson flowers on a white ground
** 1819, Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia:[…] to pad a piece in diluted acetate of alumine to obtain a pale lemon ground […]
** 1941 December, “The Why and the Wherefore: Cornish names of G.W.R. locomotives”, in Railway Magazine, page 575:One and All is the motto of the County of Cornwall, used below the coat-of-arms, which is a shield embracing fifteen bezants, or golden roundels, on a black ground; [...].
* (sculpture) A flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief.
* (point lace) The net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied.
    Brussels ground
* (etching) A gummy substance spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle.
* (architecture, chiefly in the plural) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which mouldings etc. are attached.
    Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them.
* (countable, UK) A soccer stadium.
    Manchester United's ground is known as Old Trafford.
* (electricity) An electrical conductor connected to the earth, or a large conductor whose electrical potential is taken as zero (such as a steel chassis).
** 1961, “GROUND”, in The International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics, 2nd edition, Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, page 539:А ground may be undesirable, inadvertent, or accidental path taken by an electrical current; or it may be the deliberate provision of conductors well connected to the ground by means of plates buried therein, or similar device.
* (electricity, Philippines) Electric shock.
* (countable, cricket) The area of grass on which a match is played (a cricket field); the entire arena in which it is played; the part of the field behind a batsman's popping crease where he can not be run out (hence to make one's ground).
* (music) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody.
* (music) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song.
** c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vii]:Buck[ingham] The Mayor is here at hand; pretend ſome fear, // Be not you ſpoke with, but by mighty ſuit; // And look you get a prayer-book in your hand, // And ſtand between two churchmen, good my lord, // For on that ground I’ll build a holy deſcant: // And be not eaſily won to our requeſts: // Play the maid’s part, ſtill anſwer nay, and take it.
* The pit of a theatre.
** 1614 November 10 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Beniamin Iohnson [i.e., Ben Jonson], Bartholmew Fayre: A Comedie, […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Robert Allot, […], published 1631, →OCLC, (please specify the page):the understanding gentlemen o' the ground here ask'd my judgment
* (India, obsolete) Synonym of munny (“land measure”)
** 1885, Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency, page 515:It is sub-divided into annas (or 16ths), of 3,600 square feet each; or when the land is for building purposes, into grounds (munnies) of 1/24 of a cawny each, as in the town of Madras.

##### Synonyms

* (electricity) earth (British)

##### Hyponyms

* break ground
* breeding ground
* burial ground
* campground
* camping ground
* common ground
* cricket ground
* cumber ground
* fairground
* gain ground
* give ground
* high ground
* home ground
* lose ground
* middle ground
* moral high ground
* neutral ground
* parade ground
* picnic ground
* pleasure ground
* proving ground
* school ground
* shooting ground
* showground
* singing ground
* solid ground
* sports ground
* stamping ground
* stomping ground
* teeing ground
* testing ground
* training ground
* vantage ground

##### Derived terms

* above ground, aboveground, above-ground
* absorbent ground
* aground
* air-to-ground
* archery ground
* background
* barren-ground caribou
* Battle Ground
* battleground, battle ground
* belowground
* best on ground
* bootleg ground
* boots on the ground
* bora ground
* break new ground
* bring to ground
* Brussels ground
* Brussels wire ground
* burying ground
* cover ground
* cumberground, cumber-ground, cumber ground
* cut the ground from under someone's feet
* dead ground
* drill ground
* drive into the ground
* drive something into the ground
* dumping ground
* ear to the ground
* eyes on the ground
* facts on the ground
* fall on stony ground
* fall to the ground
* feet on the ground
* figure and ground
* fishing ground
* floating ground
* foreground
* from the ground up
* gain-ground
* get off the ground
* gill-go-by-the-ground
* gill-over-the-ground
* go to ground
* ground and pound
* ground angling
* ground bailiff
* groundbait
* ground ball
* ground bar
* ground bass
* ground beetle
* ground berry
* ground blizzard
* ground breaker
* ground-breaking
* ground cable
* ground cedar
* ground cherry
* ground clearance
* ground cloth
* ground clutter
* ground control
* ground control point
* ground cover
* ground crew, groundcrew
* ground cruncher
* ground cuckoo
* ground cypress (Santolina chamaecyparissus)
* ground dove
* ground effect
* ground elder
* ground failure
* ground fault
* ground finch
* ground fir
* ground fire
* ground fish
* ground floor, ground-floor
* ground fog
* ground food
* ground forces
* ground frame
* ground frost
* ground game
* ground-glass
* ground hemlock
* ground hog, groundhog, ground-hog
* ground hornbill
* ground ice
* ground itch
* ground ivy, ground-ivy
* ground lamella
* ground laurel
* groundless
* ground level
* groundling
* ground loop
* groundly
* ground-man, ground man
* ground meristem
* ground mist, ground-mist
* ground moraine
* ground noise
* ground out
* ground pangolin
* ground pea
* ground pear
* ground pine
* ground plane
* ground plan, ground-plan
* ground plate
* ground plum
* ground pounder
* ground power
* ground provisions
* ground proximity warning system
* ground rattlesnake
* ground rent
* ground robin
* ground roller
* ground row
* ground rule, ground-rule
* ground sense
* ground set
* ground-shaker
* ground shark
* ground signal
* ground sloth
* groundsman
* ground snake
* ground speed
* ground spider
* ground squirrel
* ground staff
* ground state
* ground station
* ground stop
* ground-stroke, ground stroke
* ground substance
* ground swell
* ground tackle
* ground tissue
* ground-to-air
* ground-to-ground
* ground-to-ship
* ground troops
* ground truth
* ground truthing
* ground tyrant
* ground wallah
* ground water
* ground wave
* ground wire
* ground-work, groundwork
* ground-zero, ground zero
* happy hunting ground
* hit the ground running
* hold one's ground
* honeycomb ground
* hunting ground
* in the ground
* kiss the ground someone walks on
* know one's ass from a hole in the ground
* know one's head from a hole in the ground
* know someone from a hole in the ground
* know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground
* level to the ground
* lost ground
* make ground
* middle-ground
* moral low ground
* native ground
* nuisance ground
* off the ground
* on familiar ground
* on one's own ground
* on shaky ground
* on solid ground
* on the ground
* open ground
* out ground
* overground, Overground
* prepare the ground
* put facts on the ground
* put in the ground
* recreation ground
* rooted to the ground
* ruddy ground dove
* rufous-vented ground-cuckoo
* run into the ground
* run to ground
* run to the ground
* Saint Croix ground lizard
* schoolground
* sea-ground
* shift ground
* shift one's ground
* ship-to-ground
* Skinner's ground mantis
* soften the ground, soften up the ground
* spawning ground
* standing ground
* stand one's ground
* stand-your-ground law
* suit down to the ground
* tactile ground surface indicator
* thick on the ground
* thin on the ground
* Tom Tidler's ground, Tommy Tiddler's ground
* underground, Underground
* work into the ground
* worship the ground someone walks on
* English terms starting with “ground”

##### Translations

Albanian: faqja (sq)
Apache:
Western Apache: niʼ
Arabic: أَرْض (ar) f (ʔarḍ)
Armenian: գետին (hy) (getin)
Azerbaijani: yer (az)
Baluchi: زمین (zamín)
Belarusian: зямля́ f (zjamljá), грунт m (hrunt)
Bulgarian: земя́ (bg) f (zemjá)
Catalan: terra (ca) m, sòl (ca) m
Chamicuro: c̈hijta
Chechen: латта (latta)
Chinese:
Dungan: ди (di)
Mandarin: 地 (zh) (dì)
Coptic: ⲓⲧⲉⲛ m (iten)
Czech: země (cs) f
Danish: grund (da) c
Dutch: grond (nl) m, bodem (nl) m
Esperanto: tero (eo)
Egyptian: (tꜣ)
Finnish: maanpinta (fi), maa (fi)
French: sol (fr) m, terre (fr) f
Georgian: მიწა (mic̣a), ხმელეთი (xmeleti)
German: Erde (de) f, Erdboden (de) m, Land (de) n, Grund (de) m, Boden (de) m
Greek: έδαφος (el) n (édafos)
Ancient: ἔδαφος n (édaphos)
Hebrew: קרקע / קַרְקַע (he) f (karká)
Higaonon: bugta
Hiligaynon: duta
Hindi: ज़मीन (hi) f (zamīn), भूतल (hi) m (bhūtal)
Hungarian: föld (hu)
Icelandic: grund (is) f
Irish: talamh m
Italian: suolo (it) m, superficie (it) f
Japanese: 地 (ja) (ち, chi), 土 (ja) (つち, tsuchi)
Javanese: lemah (jv) (ngoko), siti (krama)
Khmer: ដី (km) (dəy)
Korean: 땅 (ko) (ttang)
Kyrgyz: жер (ky) (jer)
Lao: ດິນ (lo) (din)
Latin: solum (la) n
Lü: ᦡᦲᧃ (ḋiin)
Macedonian: земја (mk) f (zemja)
Manchu: ᠨᠠ (na), ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠨ (falan)
Navajo: niʼ
Norwegian: bakke (no)
Ojibwe: aki, ᐊᑭ
Old English: eorþe f
Old High German: grunt
Old Portuguese: chão
Oromo: dachee, lafa
Persian:
Iranian Persian: زَمین (zamin)
Plautdietsch: Grunt m, Ieed f
Polish: ziemia (pl) f, grunt (pl) m
Portuguese: solo (pt) m, chão (pt)
Romanian: sol (ro) n, pământ (ro) n pl
Russian: земля́ (ru) f (zemljá), грунт (ru) m (grunt)
Sanskrit: भूतल (sa) (bhūtala)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: зѐмља f
Roman: zèmlja (sh) f
Sicilian: solu (scn) m
Slovak: zem (sk) f
Slovene: zemlja (sl) f
Southern Altai: јер (ǰer), тобрак (tobrak)
Spanish: suelo (es) m, tierra (es) f, huello (es) m
Swedish: backe (sv) c, mark (sv) c, grund (sv) c
Tagalog: lupa (tl)
Tajik: замин (tg) (zamin)
Thai: ดิน (th) (din)
Tocharian A: tkaṃ
Tocharian B: keṃ
Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎗𐎕 (ảrṣ)
Ukrainian: земля́ (uk) f (zemljá), ґрунт (uk) m (grunt)
Urdu: زَمِین (ur) f (zamīn), بُھوتَل m (bhūtal)
West Frisian: grûn (fy)
Woiwurrung: biik
Yagara: dhagun :
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

##### See also

* floor
* terra firma

#### Verb

ground (third-person singular simple present grounds, present participle grounding, simple past and past participle grounded)
* (US) To connect (an electrical conductor or device) to a ground.
    Synonym: earth
** 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL, number 996, page 30:These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can become a hazard when they flow through conducting infrastructure, usually entering and exiting networks where equipment is grounded to Earth.
* (Philippines) To electrocute.
* (transitive) To punish, especially a child or teenager, by forcing them to stay at home and/or give up certain privileges.
    Synonym: gate
    If you don't clean your room, I'll have no choice but to ground you.
    Eric, you are grounded until further notice for lying to us about where you were last night!
    My kids are currently grounded from television.
* (transitive) To forbid (an aircraft or pilot) to fly.
    Because of the bad weather, all flights were grounded.
* To give a basic education in a particular subject; to instruct in elements or first principles.
    Jim was grounded in maths.
* (cricket) To place a bat or part of the body on the ground to avoid being run out.
* (baseball) To hit a ground ball. Compare fly (verb (regular)) and line (verb).
** 2019 March 21, Chris Cwik, “Ichiro Suzuki Goes Out in Style, Retires After Series in Japan”, in Yahoo! Sports‎:[Ichiro Suzuki] went 0 for 4, popping out in foul territory, grounding out to second, and striking out looking. And then, in the top of the eighth inning with a runner on second, the “True Hit King” grounded out to short, just barely failing to beat it out.
** 2019 April 10, Ben Walker (AP), “Twins Pitchers Go Wild, Syndergaard and Mets Stroll 9-6”, in Yahoo! Sports‎, archived from the original on 11 April 2019:The Twins scored three times in the eighth to make it 9-4 and loaded the bases with no outs. Jeurys Familia got Willians Astudillo to ground into a double play, limiting the damage.
* To place something on the ground.
* (intransitive) To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed.
    The ship grounded on the bar.
* To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ephesians 3:17:being rooted and grounded in love
** 1859–1860, William Hamilton, edited by H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation.
* (fine arts) To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching, or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament.
* To improve or focus the mental or emotional state of.
    I ground myself with meditation.
* (machine learning) To complement a machine learning model with relevant information it was not trained on.
** 2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎:We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Inflected form of grind. See also milled.

#### Verb

ground
* simple past and past participle of grind
    I ground the coffee up nicely.

#### Adjective

ground (not comparable)
* Crushed, or reduced to small particles.
    Synonym: milled
    ground mustard seed
** 1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick‎:Alike, joy and sorrow, hope and fear, seemed ground to finest dust, and powdered, for the time, in the clamped mortar of Ahab's iron soul.
** 1969, Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany‎, volume 16, page 16:The intestinal contents of F. Stellifer seem finely ground in comparison to those of F. catenatus, probably as a result of chewing with the stout pharyngeal molars.
** 2018, S Sivakumar, E Zwier, PB Meisenheimer…, “Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides”, in Journal of Visualized Experiments:Powder mixing and grinding are complete when the powder is homogenous and grey-black in color, appears finely ground, and feels smooth.
* Processed by grinding.
    lenses of ground glass
** 1985, Sergeĭ Aristarkhovich Semenov, Prehistoric Technology: An Experimental Study of the Oldest Tools and Artefacts from Traces of Manufacture and Wear‎, page 14:the traces of wear have the appearance of dull patches that look ground.
** 2000, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland‎, page 258:The axial perforation, the handle socket and the quern base are all rough and do not appear ground or polished
** 2018, H Glimpel, HJ Lauffer, A Bremstahler, Finishing Tool, In Particular End Milling Cutter, US Patent App. 15/764,739
    An advantage of such a finishing tool is that, after the machining, the workpiece has high surface quality. The surface which is produced appears finely ground to polished by means of this procedure.

##### Derived terms

* ground beef
* ground glass
* ground meat
* ground pepper
* stoneground

##### Translations
### Descendants

* → Tok Pisin: graun

### References

* “ground”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* dog run

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* grund, grounde

### Etymology

From Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡruːnd/

### Noun

ground
* ground
* Earth

#### Descendants

* English: ground
** → Fiji Hindi: garaund
** → Maltese: grawnd
* Geordie English: grund, groond
* Scots: grund, groond, greund
* Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

#### References

* “grǒund, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.