# 如

| 如 | U+5982, &#22914; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5982 |
| ← 妁 [U+5981] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 妃 → [U+5983] |

## Translingual
### Han character

如 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女口 (VR), four-corner 4640$_0$, composition ⿰女口)

#### Derived characters

* 侞, 𢘾, 𫼰, 洳, 𬍣, 𥆃, 𥞚, 𦀌, 袽, 銣(铷), 𨚴, 𬷑, 茹, 㾒, 筎, 𩂰, 𬼤, 𭄥, 帤, 𭚯, 恕, 挐, 桇, 𤈟, 𤥏, 𤯥, 𥙦, 㖲, 𥹡, 絮, 𧊟, 䘫, 𧧏, 𨦔, 𨾵, 𩶯, 鴽(𫛪), 𩴿, 𫱖

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 255, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6060
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 9
* Unihan data for U+5982

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 如 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *nja, *njas): phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – a woman obeying an order.

### Etymology 1

Sino-Tibetan; compare Mru [script needed] (na, “to be so”), Mizo na nâ nâ (“it being so; since”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Old Mon [script needed] (ñaṅ, “resembling; like”) (ibid.).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rú (ru$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyu$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngui$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): eo$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yì
    (Hailu, HRS): rhi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ru$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̌ / lǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zy$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lû / lîr / lî / jî / jû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zy; $^6$lu / $^2$zyu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rú
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rú
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$
*** Yale: rú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
*** Palladius: жу (žu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ru$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
*** Sinological IPA : /zu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡui²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: eo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhi
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒi⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ru$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̌ / lǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹/, /lu²¹/
* ṳ̌ - colloquial;
* lǔ - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit如 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lu²⁴/ /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iu⁴⁵/ /ʐu⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /lu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐʉ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /vu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /v̩²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐu²¹³/ /vu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐu⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zz̩²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zz̩³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /y¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /y¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɵ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /i¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jy²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /y²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jy²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lu³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /y⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /y²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zu³¹/ /zi³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: nyo, nyoH
Rime :
| Character | 如 | 如 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 人諸切 | 人恕切 |
| Baxter | nyo | nyoH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨʌ/ | /ȵɨʌ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɔ/ | /ȵʑiɔ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨə̆/ | /ȵɨə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭo/ | /ȵʑĭo$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯wo/ | /ȵʑi̯wo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú | rù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | jyu$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*na/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nja/, /*njas/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 如 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyo › |
| Old Chinese | /*na/ |
| English | as, like, if |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 如 | 如 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 9623 | 9631 |
| Phonetic component | 女 | 女 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 如 | 洳 |
| Old Chinese | /*nja/ | /*njas/ |
* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some! Particularly: “Dungan”

#### Definitions

如
* to be like; as; as if; as though
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Suì wéi mǔzǐ rúchū. [Pinyin]
    Thus they were reconciled as mother and son just like before.
    From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 詩篇 (Psalm) 42:1
    Shén a, wǒ de xīn qièmù nǐ, rú lù qièmù xīshuǐ. [Pinyin]
    As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God.
* to comply with; to agree with; to fit
    如此 ― rúcǐ ― accordingly; according to this
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Fán zhūhóu yǒu mìng gào zé shū, bùrán zé fǒu. Shī chū zāngfǒu, yì rú zhī. [Pinyin]
    As a general rule, the annals only keep the record of an event if a feudal prince legitimately announces such; otherwise no records are kept in the official annals. As for the result of a military expedition, it follows the same rule.
* such as; for example; for instance
    比如 ― bǐrú ― for instance
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Kǒngzǐ xùliè gǔ zhī rén shèng xián rén, rú Wú Tàibó, Bóyí zhī lún, xiáng yǐ. [Pinyin]
    Confucius has given detailed testimonials to ancient paragons of virtue and wisdom, such as Taibo of Wu, Boyi, and others of their kind.
* (chiefly in the negative) to be as good as; to be comparable to
       Wǒ zìkuì bùrú nǐ yònggōng, chéngjì bùrú nǐ yěshì lǐsuǒdāngrán. [Pinyin]
       I admit, regrettably, that I did not work as hard as you did. It's only proper that my grades were nowhere as good as yours.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yǔ Lǐ Sī jù shì Xúnqīng, Sī zìyǐwèi bùrú Fēi. [Pinyin]
    Han Fei and Li Si both studied as pupils of Xunzi, and Si considered himself inferior to Fei.
* than; more than
    Synonym: 於 / 于
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Qí mín zhī qīn wǒ yě, huān ruò fùmǔ, hào wǒ fāng rú zhǐlán. [Pinyin]
    Their people, who support me, delight in me as much as they delight in their parents. They, loving me, deem me more fragrant than angelicas and orchids. (A highly literal translation)
* if; supposing
       Zuòzhě shuǐpíng yǒuxiàn, rú yǒu cuòlòu, wàng dàjiā zhǐzhèng. [Pinyin]
       The author's ability has its limits; feedback regarding errors and omissions is welcome.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) postposition indicating an appearance, a state, or a condition; having the characteristic of
    突如其來／突如其来 ― tūrúqílái ― all of a sudden (literally, "it comes, like charging")
    空空如也 ― kōngkōngrúyě ― empty
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jūn zhào shǐ bīn, sè bórú yě, zú juérú yě. Yī suǒyǔ lì, zuǒyòu shǒu, yī qiánhòu, chānrú yě. Qū jìn, yìrú yě. [Pinyin]
    When the prince called him to employ him in the reception of a visitor, his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to move forward with difficulty. He inclined himself to the other officers among whom he stood, moving his left or right arm, as their position required, but keeping the skirts of his robe before and behind evenly adjusted. He hastened forward, with his arms like the wings of a bird.
* (obsolete) you
* a surname

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 若, 如, 如果, 若果, 果若, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 要是, 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 要是, 要, 如果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 如果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 如果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 要是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 要是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 要是, 假比 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 要是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 要是, 要, 假使 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 要是, 倘此, 倘倘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 假如 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 如果, 若果, 假使 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 若果 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 設若 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 如果 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 如果 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 要是, 若是 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 假使 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 係話, 若係, 如果 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 若果, 係講, 係話 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 假使 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 要是 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 來是, 如果 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 來是, 如果 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 儷是, 若還 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 若是, 若準 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 若是 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 若是, 若, 假使 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 若是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 如果 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 若, 若是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 若是 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 但見, 欲 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 麼是, 設如, 設使 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 要, 如果 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 若是, 若 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 要是 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 要是, 要此 |

##### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: như (如)

### Etymology 2

May be related to 向 (OC *hljaŋs, *hlaŋs, “to face; to turn towards”) (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rú (ru$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyu$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngui$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): eo$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yì
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ru$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lû / lîr / jî / jû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zy
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rú
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rú
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$
*** Yale: rú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
*** Palladius: жу (žu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ru$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
*** Sinological IPA : /zu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$
*** Yale: yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡui²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: eo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɵ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ru$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐu¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
*** Tâi-lô: lû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /lu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr
*** Tâi-lô: lîr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
*** Tâi-lô: jî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
*** Tâi-lô: jû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: juu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zu¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ru$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zy
*** MiniDict: zy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: y$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /y¹³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit如 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lu²⁴/ /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /iu⁴⁵/ /ʐu⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /lu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐʉ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /vu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /v̩²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐu²¹³/ /vu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐu²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐu⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zu¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐu³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zz̩²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zz̩ʷ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zz̩³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /y¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /y¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɵ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /i¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jy²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /y²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jy²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lu³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /y⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /y²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zu⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zu³¹/ /zi³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: nyo
Rime :
| Character | 如 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 人諸切 |
| Baxter | nyo |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*na/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 如 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyo › |
| Old Chinese | /*na/ |
| English | go to |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 如 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 9623 |
| Phonetic component | 女 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 如 |
| Old Chinese | /*nja/ |

#### Definitions

如
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go to
    如廁／如厕 ― rúcè ― to go to the toilet
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Zhèng bó rú zhōu, shǐ cháo Huánwáng yě. [Pinyin]
    Duke of Zheng went to Zhou, and for the first time had an audience with King Huan of Zhou.
    From: circa 272, Xiang Xiu, 《思舊賦》, translated by Burton Watson
    Dòngyǔ cún ér fú huǐ xī, xíngshén shì qí yān rú? [Pinyin]
    Roof and ridgepole still there, unbending. But those bodies and spirits—where have they gone?

### Compounds

* 一如 (yīrú)
* 一如既往 (yīrújìwǎng)
* 一寒如此
* 一廉如水
* 一文如命
* 一清如水
* 一見如故 / 一见如故 (yījiànrúgù)
* 一見如舊 / 一见如旧
* 一貧如洗 / 一贫如洗 (yīpínrúxǐ)
* 一錢如命 / 一钱如命
* 一面如舊 / 一面如旧
* 下筆如神 / 下笔如神 (xiàbǐ rú shén)
* 不如 (bùrú)
* 不如意
* 不如歸 / 不如归
* 不如歸去 / 不如归去
* 不弱如
* 不絕如線 / 不绝如线
* 不絕如縷 / 不绝如缕 (bùjuérúlǚ)
* 不過如此 / 不过如此
* 且如
* 九如 (Jiǔrú)
* 九如鄉 / 九如乡
* 了如指掌 (liǎorúzhǐzhǎng)
* 事到如今 (shìdàorújīn)
* 五內如焚 / 五内如焚
* 人如其名 (rénrúqímíng)
* 人心如面
* 人生如夢 / 人生如梦 (rénshēngrúmèng)
* 人生如寄
* 人生如戲 / 人生如戏
* 人生如萍
* 今不如昔 (jīnbùrúxī)
* 付之闕如 / 付之阙如
* 令出如山
* 何如 (hérú)
* 何如帖
* 作如是觀 / 作如是观 (zuò rú shì guān)
* 似水如魚 / 似水如鱼
* 但求如願 / 但求如愿
* 似漆如膠 / 似漆如胶
* 似玉如花
* 似箭如梭
* 似醉如痴
* 來去自如 / 来去自如
* 例如 (lìrú)
* 依然如故
* 依然如舊 / 依然如旧
* 佳評如潮 / 佳评如潮
* 侯門如海 / 侯门如海
* 倒不如
* 倒背如流 (dàobèirúliú)
* 假如 (jiǎrú)
* 健步如飛 / 健步如飞 (jiànbùrúfēi)
* 儼如 / 俨如 (yǎnrú)
* 光陰如電 / 光阴如电
* 六如
* 其從如雲 / 其从如云
* 冠蓋如雲 / 冠盖如云
* 判如天壤
* 削鐵如泥 / 削铁如泥
* 剖決如流 / 剖决如流
* 功效如神
* 勃如
* 動如參商 / 动如参商
* 動如脫兔 / 动如脱兔
* 勢如劈竹 / 势如劈竹
* 勢如奔馬 / 势如奔马 (shì rú bēnmǎ)
* 勢如山倒 / 势如山倒
* 勢如摧山 / 势如摧山
* 勢如破竹 / 势如破竹 (shìrúpòzhú)
* 勢如騎虎 / 势如骑虎
* 匹如
* 匹如閒 / 匹如闲
* 匹如閑 / 匹如闲
* 十如是
* 危如累卵 (wēirúlěiluǎn)
* 原來如此 / 原来如此 (yuánláirúcǐ)
* 口如懸河 / 口如悬河
* 口快如刀
* 口甜如蜜
* 吉祥如意 (jíxiángrúyì)
* 和好如初 (héhǎorúchū)
* 命如紙 / 命如纸
* 味如雞肋 / 味如鸡肋
* 命薄如花
* 命該如此 / 命该如此
* 嗜之如命
* 囊空如洗
* 四季如春 (sìjìrúchūn)
* 堅如磐石 / 坚如磐石 (jiānrúpánshí)
* 堅如鐵石 / 坚如铁石
* 執法如山 / 执法如山
* 堆積如山 / 堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
* 多如牛毛 (duōrúniúmáo)
* 大不如前 (dàbùrúqián)
* 大智如愚 (dàzhìrúyú)
* 大筆如椽 / 大笔如椽
* 大雨如注 (dàyǔrúzhù)
* 大雨如瀉 / 大雨如泻
* 天保九如
* 奉如神明
* 奔走如市
* 奔馳如電 / 奔驰如电
* 奔馳如雷 / 奔驰如雷
* 如一 (rúyī)
* 如不勝衣 / 如不胜衣
* 如丘而止
* 如之何 (rúzhīhé)
* 如之奈何 (rú zhī nàihé)
* 如今 (rújīn)
* 如今晚兒 / 如今晚儿
* 如何 (rúhé)
* 如何是好
* 如來 / 如来 (rúlái)
* 如來藏 / 如来藏
* 如假包換 / 如假包换 (rújiǎbāohuàn)
* 如兄
* 如兄如弟
* 如兄弟
* 如入雲端 / 如入云端
* 如出一口
* 如出一轍 / 如出一辙 (rúchūyīzhé)
* 如切如磋
* 如初 (rúchū)
* 如同 (rútóng)
* 如喪考妣 / 如丧考妣 (rúsàngkǎobǐ)
* 如在股掌
* 如坐春風 / 如坐春风
* 如坐針氈 / 如坐针毡 (rúzuòzhēnzhān)
* 如坐鍼氈 / 如坐针毡
* 如坐雲霧 / 如坐云雾
* 如墮煙霧 / 如堕烟雾
* 如壎如箎
* 如夢似幻 / 如梦似幻
* 如夢初覺 / 如梦初觉
* 如夢初醒 / 如梦初醒 (rúmèngchūxǐng)
* 如夢如醉 / 如梦如醉
* 如夢方醒 / 如梦方醒 (rúmèngfāngxǐng)
* 如夫人
* 如奉綸音 / 如奉纶音
* 如字 (rúzì)
* 如寄
* 如履如臨 / 如履如临
* 如履平地 (rú lǚ píngdì)
* 如履薄冰 (rúlǚbóbīng)
* 如左右手
* 如常 (rúcháng)
* 如幻似真
* 如廁 / 如厕 (rúcè)
* 如弟
* 如影相隨 / 如影相随
* 如影隨形 / 如影随形 (rúyǐngsuíxíng)
* 如律令
* 如意 (rúyì)
* 如意算盤 / 如意算盘 (rúyìsuànpán)
* 如意郎君 (rúyìlángjūn)
* 如所周知
* 好手如雲 / 好手如云
* 如拾地芥
* 如持左券
* 如指諸掌 / 如指诸掌 (rúzhǐzhūzhǎng)
* 如擬 / 如拟
* 如故 (rúgù)
* 如數 / 如数 (rúshù)
* 如數家珍 / 如数家珍
* 如斯 (rúsī)
* 如日中天 (rúrìzhōngtiān)
* 如日方中 (rúrìfāngzhōng)
* 如日方升 (rúrìfāngshēng)
* 如是 (rúshì)
* 如是我聞 / 如是我闻 (rúshìwǒwén)
* 如晤
* 如有所失
* 如有神助
* 如期 (rúqī)
* 如果 (rúguǒ)
* 如柴
* 如棄敝屣 / 如弃敝屣 (rúqìbìxǐ)
* 如椽筆 / 如椽笔
* 如次 (rúcì)
* 如此 (rúcǐ)
* 如此這般 / 如此这般
* 如水投石
* 如沐春風 / 如沐春风 (rúmùchūnfēng)
* 如泥
* 如泣如訴 / 如泣如诉
* 如法泡製 / 如法泡制
* 如法炮製 / 如法炮制 (rúfǎpáozhì)
* 如海一漚 / 如海一沤
* 如湯沃雪 / 如汤沃雪
* 如湯潑雪 / 如汤泼雪
* 如湯澆雪 / 如汤浇雪
* 如湯灌雪 / 如汤灌雪
* 如火如荼 (rúhuǒrútú)
* 如火燎原
* 如烹小鮮 / 如烹小鲜
* 如牛負重 / 如牛负重 (rúniúfùzhòng)
* 如狼似虎 (rúlángsìhǔ)
* 如狼如虎
* 如狼牧羊
* 如獲珍寶 / 如获珍宝
* 如獲至寶 / 如获至宝 (rúhuòzhìbǎo)
* 如珠似玉
* 如痴似醉
* 如痴如夢 / 如痴如梦
* 如痴如狂
* 如痴如迷
* 如痴如醉 (rúchīrúzuì)
* 如皋射雉
* 如箭在弦
* 如簧之舌
* 如約 / 如约 (rúyuē)
* 如膠似漆 / 如胶似漆 (rújiāosìqī)
* 如膠如漆 / 如胶如漆
* 如膠投漆 / 如胶投漆
* 如臂使指 (rúbìshǐzhǐ)
* 如臨大敵 / 如临大敌 (rúlíndàdí)
* 如臨深淵 / 如临深渊 (rúlínshēnyuān)
* 如臨淵谷 / 如临渊谷
* 如臨深谷 / 如临深谷
* 如舊 / 如旧
* 如芒刺背
* 如芒在背
* 如花似月
* 如花似玉
* 如花似錦 / 如花似锦
* 如荼如火
* 如虎傅翼
* 如虎如狼
* 如虎得翼
* 如虎添翼 (rúhǔtiānyì)
* 如虎生翼
* 如虎負嵎 / 如虎负嵎
* 如蛆附骨
* 如蠅逐臭 / 如蝇逐臭
* 如蠅附羶 / 如蝇附羶
* 如蟻附羶 / 如蚁附羶
* 如解倒懸 / 如解倒悬
* 如許 / 如许
* 如訴如泣 / 如诉如泣
* 如蹈水火
* 如蹈湯火 / 如蹈汤火
* 如運諸掌 / 如运诸掌
* 如醉初醒
* 如醉如夢 / 如醉如梦
* 如醉如狂
* 如醉如痴 (rúzuìrúchī)
* 如醉方醒
* 如釋重負 / 如释重负 (rúshìzhòngfù)
* 如隔三秋
* 如雨 (rúyǔ)
* 如雲 / 如云 (rúyún)
* 如雷
* 如雷灌耳 (rúléiguàněr)
* 如雷貫耳 / 如雷贯耳 (rúléiguàn'ěr)
* 如願 / 如愿 (rúyuàn)
* 如願以償 / 如愿以偿 (rúyuànyǐcháng)
* 如風過耳 / 如风过耳
* 如飢似渴 / 如饥似渴 (rújīsìkě)
* 如飲醍醐 / 如饮醍醐
* 如饑似渴 / 如饥似渴
* 如饑如渴 / 如饥如渴
* 如魚似水 / 如鱼似水
* 如魚得水 / 如鱼得水 (rúyúdéshuǐ)
* 如鯁在喉 / 如鲠在喉
* 如鳥獸散 / 如鸟兽散
* 如鷹在籠 / 如鹰在笼
* 妙語如珠 / 妙语如珠
* 始終如一 / 始终如一 (shǐzhōngrúyī)
* 媚如秋月
* 嫉惡如仇 / 嫉恶如仇
* 學如穿井 / 学如穿井
* 守口如瓶 (shǒukǒurúpíng)
* 安堵如故
* 安如泰山 (ānrútàishān)
* 安如盤石 / 安如盘石
* 守身如玉
* 安適如常 / 安适如常
* 完好如初 (wánhǎorúchū)
* 官場如戲 / 官场如戏
* 宛如 (wǎnrú)
* 官法如爐 / 官法如炉
* 室如懸磬 / 室如悬磬
* 客如雲集 / 客如云集
* 家貧如洗 / 家贫如洗
* 富不如貧 / 富不如贫
* 對答如流 / 对答如流 (duìdárúliú)
* 履險如夷 / 履险如夷
* 巧言如流 (qiǎoyán rú liú)
* 巧言如簧
* 年不如年
* 度日如年 (dùrìrúnián)
* 度日如歲 / 度日如岁
* 往來如織 / 往来如织
* 從令如流 / 从令如流
* 從善如流 / 从善如流 (cóngshànrúliú)
* 得婿如龍 / 得婿如龙
* 從諫如流 / 从谏如流
* 復舊如新 / 复旧如新
* 心亂如麻 / 心乱如麻 (xīnluànrúmá)
* 心口如一 (xīnkǒurúyī)
* 心如刀剉
* 心如刀割 (xīnrúdāogē)
* 心如刀攪 / 心如刀搅
* 心如刀絞 / 心如刀绞
* 心如刀鋸 / 心如刀锯
* 心如古井
* 心如堅石 / 心如坚石
* 心如寒灰
* 心如木石
* 心如止水 (xīnrúzhǐshuǐ)
* 心如死水
* 心如死灰
* 心如金石
* 心如鐵石 / 心如铁石
* 心急如焚 (xīnjírúfén)
* 心焉如割
* 心焦如火
* 心焦如焚
* 心細如髮 / 心细如发
* 心緒如麻 / 心绪如麻
* 急如星火
* 思如泉湧 / 思如泉涌
* 思如湧泉 / 思如涌泉
* 性如烈火
* 急如風火 / 急如风火
* 思賢如渴 / 思贤如渴
* 恰如 (qiàrú)
* 恍如 (huǎngrú)
* 恰如其分 (qiàrúqífèn)
* 恍如隔世 (huǎngrúgéshì)
* 恩重如山 (ēnzhòngrúshān)
* 惄如調饑 / 惄如调饥
* 惘然如失
* 情重如山
* 惜墨如金
* 愛人如己 / 爱人如己 (àirénrújǐ)
* 愛國如家 / 爱国如家
* 愛才如命 / 爱才如命 (àicáirúmìng)
* 愛民如子 / 爱民如子 (àimínrúzǐ)
* 意氣自如 / 意气自如
* 愁緒如麻 / 愁绪如麻
* 愛財如命 / 爱财如命 (àicáirúmìng)
* 愛錢如命 / 爱钱如命
* 慎終如始 / 慎终如始
* 憂公如家 / 忧公如家
* 憂國如家 / 忧国如家
* 憂心如惔 / 忧心如惔
* 憂心如擣 / 忧心如捣
* 憂心如焚 / 忧心如焚 (yōuxīnrúfén)
* 憂心如薰 / 忧心如薰
* 憂心如酲 / 忧心如酲
* 憂心如醉 / 忧心如醉
* 應付自如 / 应付自如 (yìngfùzìrú)
* 應付裕如 / 应付裕如
* 應對如流 / 应对如流
* 應接如響 / 应接如响
* 應答如流 / 应答如流
* 應答如響 / 应答如响
* 懸然如磬 / 悬然如磬
* 才如史遷 / 才如史迁
* 把如
* 按堵如故
* 揮汗如雨 / 挥汗如雨 (huīhànrúyǔ)
* 揮灑自如 / 挥洒自如 (huīsǎzìrú)
* 揮金如土 / 挥金如土 (huījīnrútǔ)
* 摩肩如雲 / 摩肩如云
* 操縱自如 / 操纵自如
* 收放自如
* 文如其人 (wénrúqírén)
* 料事如神 (liàoshìrúshén)
* 斷決如流 / 断决如流
* 方斯蔑如
* 日月如梭
* 日月如流
* 易如反掌 (yìrúfǎnzhǎng)
* 易如拾芥
* 明如翦
* 易如翻掌
* 春光如海
* 昭如日星
* 春山如笑
* 晏如 (yànrú)
* 暴燥如雷
* 暴跳如雷 (bàotiào-rúléi)
* 暴躁如雷
* 月光如水
* 月明如晝 / 月明如昼 (yuè míng rú zhòu)
* 月明如水
* 有如 (yǒurú)
* 有如水火
* 有目如盲
* 有眼如盲
* 朗如 (Lǎngrú)
* 末如之何
* 杖莫如信
* 果如其言
* 果如所料
* 果如是言
* 杳如黃鶴 / 杳如黄鹤
* 果然如此
* 柳如是
* 栩栩如生 (xǔxǔrúshēng)
* 棄如弁髦 / 弃如弁髦
* 樹猶如此 / 树犹如此
* 機變如神 / 机变如神
* 步履如飛 / 步履如飞
* 歲月如梭 / 岁月如梭 (suìyuèrúsuō)
* 歲月如流 / 岁月如流
* 歷歷如繪 / 历历如绘
* 歸心如箭 / 归心如箭
* 殺人如芥 / 杀人如芥
* 殺人如草 / 杀人如草
* 殺人如蓺 / 杀人如蓺
* 殺人如麻 / 杀人如麻 (shārénrúmá)
* 比如 (bǐrú)
* 氣力如牛 / 气力如牛
* 氣勢如虹 / 气势如虹 (qìshìrúhóng)
* 氣喘如牛 / 气喘如牛 (qìchuǎnrúniú)
* 氣湧如山 / 气涌如山
* 求賢如渴 / 求贤如渴
* 汗下如雨
* 汗出如漿 / 汗出如浆
* 汗出如雨
* 汗如雨下 (hànrúyǔxià)
* 江山如故
* 江山如畫 / 江山如画
* 汗流如雨
* 決斷如流 / 决断如流
* 沁涼如水 / 沁凉如水
* 泣下如雨
* 泣如雨下
* 波紋如縠 / 波纹如縠
* 泣血漣如 / 泣血涟如
* 洒如
* 洞如觀火 / 洞如观火 (dòngrúguānhuǒ)
* 浩如煙海 / 浩如烟海 (hàorúyānhǎi)
* 浮生如寄
* 淚下如雨 / 泪下如雨 (lèi xià rú yǔ)
* 淚如泉湧 / 泪如泉涌 (lèirúquányǒng)
* 淚如雨下 / 泪如雨下 (lèirúyǔxià)
* 淚盤如露 / 泪盘如露
* 清貧如洗 / 清贫如洗
* 溫潤如玉 / 温润如玉
* 炳如日星
* 無可如何 / 无可如何
* 無如 / 无如 (wúrú)
* 焚如
* 無如之何 / 无如之何
* 焚如之刑
* 焚如之禍 / 焚如之祸
* 無如奈何 / 无如奈何
* 無論如何 / 无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)
* 照如白晝 / 照如白昼
* 煞強如 / 煞强如
* 熱情如火 / 热情如火
* 爆燥如雷
* 爛醉如泥 / 烂醉如泥
* 狗彘不如
* 猶如 / 犹如 (yóurú)
* 甘之如薺 / 甘之如荠
* 甘之如飴 / 甘之如饴 (gānzhīrúyí)
* 甘心如薺 / 甘心如荠
* 甘死如飴 / 甘死如饴 (gānsǐrúyí)
* 生不如死 (shēngbùrúsǐ)
* 用兵如神 (yòngbīngrúshén)
* 用錢如水 / 用钱如水
* 疢如疾首
* 疾之如仇
* 疾如旋踵
* 疾如雷電 / 疾如雷电
* 疾惡如仇 / 疾恶如仇
* 痴然如醉
* 瘦骨如柴
* 癢如如 / 痒如如
* 白如枯骨
* 白如玉
* 白頭如新 / 白头如新
* 白首如新
* 白髮如新 / 白发如新
* 皦如
* 盡付闕如 / 尽付阙如
* 盡如人意 / 尽如人意 (jìnrúrényì)
* 目光如炬
* 目光如豆
* 目光如鏡 / 目光如镜
* 目光如電 / 目光如电
* 目光如鼠
* 相如病渴
* 眉如墨畫 / 眉如墨画
* 相待如賓 / 相待如宾
* 相敬如賓 / 相敬如宾
* 眉目如畫 / 眉目如画
* 真如 (zhēnrú)
* 眾口如一 / 众口如一
* 眼如秋水
* 眾心如城 / 众心如城
* 瞭如指掌 / 了如指掌 (liǎorúzhǐzhǎng)
* 矢下如雨
* 矢石如雨 (shǐshí rúyǔ)
* 砍鐵如泥 / 砍铁如泥
* 碧草如茵
* 碧藍如黛 / 碧蓝如黛
* 神態自如 / 神态自如
* 祭亡如在
* 視丹如綠 / 视丹如绿
* 視人如傷 / 视人如伤
* 視人如子 / 视人如子
* 視如土芥 / 视如土芥
* 視如寇讎 / 视如寇雠
* 視如己出 / 视如己出
* 視如敝屣 / 视如敝屣
* 視如糞土 / 视如粪土
* 視如草芥 / 视如草芥
* 視死如歸 / 视死如归 (shìsǐrúguī)
* 視死如生 / 视死如生 (shìsǐrúshēng)
* 視死如飴 / 视死如饴
* 視民如傷 / 视民如伤
* 視民如子 / 视民如子
* 視虱如輪 / 视虱如轮
* 視險如夷 / 视险如夷 (shìxiǎnrúyí)
* 福如山岳
* 福如東海 / 福如东海 (fúrúdōnghǎi)
* 福如海淵 / 福如海渊
* 萬事如意 / 万事如意 (wànshìrúyì)
* 禽獸不如 / 禽兽不如
* 稱心如意 / 称心如意
* 穆如清風 / 穆如清风
* 積案如山 / 积案如山
* 穩如泰山 / 稳如泰山 (wěnrútàishān)
* 空空如也 (kōngkōngrúyě)
* 突如其來 / 突如其来 (tūrúqílái)
* 筆翰如流 / 笔翰如流
* 純如 / 纯如
* 紞如 / 𬘘如
* 紛如煙 / 纷如烟
* 索強如 / 索强如
* 納諫如流 / 纳谏如流
* 終始如一 / 终始如一
* 綠草如茵 / 绿草如茵
* 緘口如瓶 / 缄口如瓶
* 罪惡如山 / 罪恶如山
* 美女如雲 / 美女如云
* 美如冠玉
* 義重如山 / 义重如山
* 翕如
* 脣如塗朱 / 唇如涂朱
* 膚如刻畫 / 肤如刻画
* 膽大如斗
* 膽小如鼠 / 胆小如鼠 (dǎnxiǎorúshǔ)
* 臣心如水
* 臣門如市 / 臣门如市
* 自嘆不如 / 自叹不如
* 自如 (zìrú)
* 自愧弗如 (zìkuìfúrú)
* 至如
* 舉步如飛 / 举步如飞
* 舌面如鏡 / 舌面如镜
* 色如死灰
* 色膽如天 / 色胆如天
* 艾如張 / 艾如张
* 莫如 (mòrú)
* 落紙如飛 / 落纸如飞
* 蔑如
* 藹如 / 蔼如
* 號令如山 / 号令如山
* 血流如注 (xuèliúrúzhù)
* 行動自如 / 行动自如
* 行化如神
* 行步如風 / 行步如风
* 行步如飛 / 行步如飞
* 行疾如飛 / 行疾如飞
* 行走如飛 / 行走如飞
* 表裡如一 / 表里如一 (biǎolǐrúyī)
* 裕如 (yùrú)
* 褎如充耳
* 親如手足 / 亲如手足
* 觀者如堵 / 观者如堵
* 觀者如市 / 观者如市
* 觀者如織 / 观者如织
* 觀者如雲 / 观者如云
* 觖如
* 言出如山
* 言笑自如
* 話雖如此 / 话虽如此 (huàsuīrúcǐ)
* 談吐如流 / 谈吐如流
* 談笑自如 / 谈笑自如
* 談辭如雲 / 谈辞如云
* 諸如此例 / 诸如此例
* 諸如此類 / 诸如此类 (zhūrúcǐlèi)
* 謀如湧泉 / 谋如涌泉
* 諫爭如流 / 谏争如流
* 謀臣如雨 / 谋臣如雨
* 諱莫如深 / 讳莫如深 (huìmòrúshēn)
* 謐如 / 谧如
* 譬如 (pìrú)
* 譬如閒 / 譬如闲
* 豔如桃李 / 艳如桃李
* 豬狗不如 / 猪狗不如 (zhūgǒubùrú)
* 貌美如花
* 貝積如山 / 贝积如山
* 賁如 / 贲如
* 賓客如雲 / 宾客如云
* 賓至如歸 / 宾至如归 (bīnzhìrúguī)
* 賤如糞土 / 贱如粪土
* 赤貧如洗 / 赤贫如洗
* 赴死如歸 / 赴死如归
* 赴險如夷 / 赴险如夷
* 趁心如意
* 身貧如洗 / 身贫如洗
* 身輕如燕 / 身轻如燕 (shēnqīngrúyàn)
* 軍令如山 / 军令如山 (jūnlìngrúshān)
* 較如畫一 / 较如画一
* 輕如鴻毛 / 轻如鸿毛
* 輕鬆自如 / 轻松自如
* 退如山移
* 逝者如斯 (shìzhěrúsī)
* 這般如此 / 这般如此
* 過如 / 过如
* 遊客如織 / 游客如织
* 遂心如意
* 運用自如 / 运用自如 (yùnyòngzìrú)
* 運筆如飛 / 运笔如飞
* 遠不如 / 远不如
* 邠如
* 郎心如鐵 / 郎心如铁
* 醉如泥
* 量如江海
* 金印如斗
* 鐵案如山 / 铁案如山
* 鐵證如山 / 铁证如山 (tiězhèngrúshān)
* 長安如弈 / 长安如弈
* 門如市 / 门如市
* 闕如 / 阙如 (quērú)
* 防意如城
* 面如傅粉
* 面如冠玉 (miàn rú guānyù)
* 面如噀血
* 面如土色 (miàn rú tǔ sè)
* 面如敷粉
* 面如桃花
* 面如槁木
* 面如死灰
* 面如灰土
* 面如白紙 / 面如白纸
* 面如白蠟 / 面如白蜡
* 面如美玉
* 面如重棗 / 面如重枣 (miàn rú zhòngzǎo)
* 面如金紙 / 面如金纸
* 面如鐵色 / 面如铁色
* 面色如土
* 面色如生
* 音容如在
* 音聲如鐘 / 音声如钟
* 韶華如駛 / 韶华如驶
* 領如蝤蠐 / 领如蝤蛴
* 顏如玉 / 颜如玉
* 風雨如晦 / 风雨如晦 (fēngyǔrúhuì)
* 風雨如磐 / 风雨如磐
* 飛走如風 / 飞走如风 (fēi zǒu rú fēng)
* 首如飛蓬 / 首如飞蓬
* 馬相如 / 马相如
* 骨瘦如柴 (gǔshòurúchái)
* 骨瘦如豺 (gǔshòurúchái)
* 高手如雲 / 高手如云 (gāoshǒurúyún)
* 鬚髯如戟 / 须髯如戟
* 鬢如漆 / 鬓如漆
* 鬢如銀絲 / 鬓如银丝
* 鬢髯如漆 / 鬓髯如漆
* 鬢髮如銀 / 鬓发如银
* 鼓舌如簧 (gǔshérúhuáng)
* 鼻鼾如雷
* 鼾聲如雷 / 鼾声如雷
* 鼾齁如雷
* 齊整如一 / 齐整如一
* 齒如含貝 / 齿如含贝
* 齒如齊貝 / 齿如齐贝

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00885
* “如”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* likeness; such as; to seem; as if

#### Readings

* Go-on: にょ (nyo, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: じょ (jo, Jōyō)
* Kun: ごとし (gotoshi, 如し)、しく (shiku, 如く)、ゆく (yuku, 如く)、もし (moshi, 如し)
* Nanori: ゆ (yu)、ゆき (yuki)

#### Compounds

* 如何(どう) (dō) / 如何(いかが) (ikaga): in what manner; how

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 如
* にょ Grade: S
* goon
From Middle Chinese 如 (MC nyo, “as if; as though”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɲ̟o̞]

#### Compounds

* 如実(にょじつ) (nyojitsu): (Buddhism) ultimate reality; absolute truth
* 如来(にょらい) (nyorai): (Buddhism) Tathāgata
* 真如(しんにょ) (shinnyo): (Buddhism) suchness
* 不(ふ)如(にょ)意(い) (funyoi): things gone awry; shortage of money; financial difficulty

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 如
* じょ Grade: S
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʑo̞]

#### Compounds

* 欠如(けつじょ) (ketsujo): shortage; deficiency
* 突如(とつじょ) (totsujo): suddenly; all of a sudden
* 躍如(やくじょ) (yakujo): vivid; lifelike

## Korean
### Hanja

如 (eumhun 같을 여 (gateul yeo))
* hanja form of 여 (“to be like; as; as if; as though”)

#### Compounds

* 혹여 (或如, hogyeo, “by any chance; maybe”)

## Old Korean
### Glyph origin

A semantically adopted phonogram, or 훈가자(訓假字) (hun'gaja), representing the syllable *ta by matching the sense of the Chinese character ("to be like") with an otherwise unattested Old Korean root ancestral to Middle Korean 답다 (ta-p-ta, “to be like”) and 닿다 (ta-h-ta, “to be like”).

### Etymology 1

First attested in the 신라촌락문서 / 新羅村落文書 (Silla village registers), 695 CE.

#### Alternative forms

* 之, 也 (possibly, logogramic forms attested in very early sources; may simply be misunderstandings of Chinese grammar)
* 多 (alternative phonogramic form found in some Silla sources)

#### Suffix

如 (*-ta)
* The declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix.
** c. 750, 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:吾隱去內如*NA-n KA-no-taI am going

##### Reconstruction notes

Conventionally reconstructed as *-ta after the Middle Korean reflex. There is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [ta ~ ɾa] allomorphy; for more on this phenomenon, see Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions.

###### Descendants

* Middle Korean: -다〮 (-tá, “declarative suffix”)
** Korean: -다 (-da, “id.”)
* Middle Korean: -라〮 (-lá, “declarative suffix”)
** Korean: -라 (-ra, “id.”)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

如 (*-ta)
* The imperfective aspect verb-internal suffix.

##### Reconstruction notes

Sometimes reconstructed as *-te to match the Middle Korean form, but it is probably more prudent to take the Old Korean orthography at face value and reconstruct *-ta (Park 2018, p. 68). As with the declarative suffix, there is no evidence in Old Korean of the Middle Korean [tə ~ ɾə] allomorphy.

##### Descendants

* Middle Korean: -더〮- (-té, imperfective aspect marker)
** Korean: -더- (-deo, retrospective marker)

### References

* 박부자 (Park Bu-ja) (2018) “시상형태 {더}의 쟁점과 전망 [Points of discussion and prospective developments in the study of the tense/aspect-marking -te-]”, in Gugeosa yeon-gu, volume 27, pages 53—79
* 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2019) “고대국어 종결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo jonggyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The current situation and future tasks in the study of Old Korean sentence enders]”, in Gugyeol yeon-gu, volume 43, pages 5—53

## Vietnamese
### Han character

如: Hán Việt readings: như (人(nhân)諸(chư)切(thiết))
如: Nôm readings: nhơ, như, nhờ, nha, nhừ, dừ, rừ
* chữ Hán form of như (“to be like; as if; as though”).

#### Compounds

* 如來 (Như Lai)
* 真如 (chân như)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).