# cas
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kæʒ/
* Rhymes: -æʒ

### Adjective

cas (comparative more cas, superlative most cas)
* (informal) Abbreviation of casual.
** 2015, The Intern:don't feel like you have to dress up. I mean, we're super cas here

### Anagrams

* A/Cs, ACS, ACs, ASC, CSA, SAC, SCA, Sac, a/cs, acs, sac

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈkas]
* Rhymes: -as

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin cāsus (“case”).

#### Noun

cas m (plural casos)
* case (event, situation, or fact)

##### Derived terms

* estar al cas
* fer cas
* per si de cas
* per si un cas

##### Related terms

* casual
* casuista

### Etymology 2
#### Contraction

cas
* Contraction of ca es.

### Further reading

* “cas” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “cas” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Drehu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑs/

### Numeral

cas
* one

### References

* Tyron, D.T., Hackman, B. (1983) Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. Cited in: "Dehu" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
* Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDe’u" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French cas, borrowed from Latin cāsus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/ ~ /kɑ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑ

### Noun

cas m (plural cas)
* case, situation
    dans la très grande majorité des cas ― in the great majority of cases
* (medicine) case
* (law) case
    cas clinique ― clinical case
* (grammar) case

#### Derived terms

* aggraver son cas
* au cas où
* au cas par cas
* auquel cas
* cas de conscience
* cas de figure
* cas direct
* cas d’école
* cas d’espèce
* cas grammatical
* cas oblique
* cas régime
* cas social
* cas sujet
* c’est le cas de le dire
* dans ce cas
* dans le meilleur des cas
* dans un cas comme dans l’autre
* en aucun cas
* en cas de
* en cas que
* en tout cas
* en-cas
* être le cas
* faire cas, faire grand cas, faire peu de cas
* faire peu de cas
* le cas échéant

### Further reading

* “cas”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* ASC
* sac

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cas (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), proclitic form of casa (“house”) in some adverbial phrases.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ˈkas/

### Noun

cas f (invariable)
* house; chez
** 19th century, folk-song:
    Trigo limpo non o hai; se queres algún centeo, vai por el a cas meu paiThere's no clean wheat; if you want some rye, go fetch it chez my father
    Na cas do ferreiro, coitelo de pau (proverb) ― At the smith's house, knife of wood

#### Usage notes

When preceding the preposition de this proclitic form, rather than casa, is frequently used.

#### Derived terms

* Cas de Pedro
* Casdeguístola
* Casdemendo
* Casmartiño

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “cas”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “cas d”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cas”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cas”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “cas”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay cas, from English charge (“fast ground attack; electric charge”). Cognate of Malay caj.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡ʃas]
* Hyphenation: cas
* Rhymes: -as

### Noun

cas (plural cas-cas)
* A type of hand game

#### Derived terms

* mengecas
* mengecaskan

### Verb

cas
* (colloquial) to charge, to add energy to (a battery, or a device containing a battery).

#### Derived terms

* casan
* mengecas
* mengecaskan
* pengecas

#### Descendants

* → Tetum: cas

### Further reading

* “cas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish cass (“curly, curly-haired”), from Proto-Celtic *kassos (“curly, twisted, woven”).

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Aran) IPA: /kɑsˠ/
* (Connemara, Mayo, Ulster) IPA: /kasˠ/

### Adjective

cas (genitive singular masculine cais, genitive singular feminine caise, plural casa, comparative caise)
* twisted, winding; curly
* complicated, intricate
* twisty, devious

#### Declension

$^1$ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. $^2$ When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

### Verb

cas (present analytic casann, future analytic casfaidh, verbal noun casadh, past participle casta) (ambitransitive)
* twist
* turn
* wind
* twist, wind, wrap (something) around (something else) [with ar or thar]
* (voice, music, idiomatic) sing, play (a song, tune)
    Tá sé ag casadh amhráin. ― He’s singing a song.
* return
* (with le)
** reproach with
** attempt
* (in the autonomous) meet with [with ar or do or le]
    Casadh an fear orm. ― I met the man.
    Cathain a casfar ort í? ― When will you meet her?
* (in the autonomous) happen to have [with chuig or ag]

#### Conjugation

| verbal noun | casadh | casadh | casadh | casadh | casadh | casadh | casadh | casadh |
| past participle | casta | casta | casta | casta | casta | casta | casta | casta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | casaim | casann tú; casair$^†$ | casann sé, sí | casaimid | casann sibh | casann siad; casaid$^†$ | a chasann; a chasas / a gcasann* | castar |
| past | chas mé; chasas | chas tú; chasais | chas sé, sí | chasamar; chas muid | chas sibh; chasabhair | chas siad; chasadar | a chas / ar chas* | casadh |
| past habitual | chasainn / gcasainn‡‡ | chastá / gcastá‡‡ | chasadh sé, sí / gcasadh sé, sí‡‡ | chasaimis; chasadh muid / gcasaimis‡‡; gcasadh muid‡‡ | chasadh sibh / gcasadh sibh‡‡ | chasaidís; chasadh siad / gcasaidís‡‡; gcasadh siad‡‡ | a chasadh / a gcasadh* | chastaí / gcastaí‡‡ |
| future | casfaidh mé; casfad | casfaidh tú; casfair$^†$ | casfaidh sé, sí | casfaimid; casfaidh muid | casfaidh sibh | casfaidh siad; casfaid$^†$ | a chasfaidh; a chasfas / a gcasfaidh* | casfar |
| conditional | chasfainn / gcasfainn‡‡ | chasfá / gcasfá‡‡ | chasfadh sé, sí / gcasfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chasfaimis; chasfadh muid / gcasfaimis‡‡; gcasfadh muid‡‡ | chasfadh sibh / gcasfadh sibh‡‡ | chasfaidís; chasfadh siad / gcasfaidís‡‡; gcasfadh siad‡‡ | a chasfadh / a gcasfadh* | chasfaí / gcasfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go gcasa mé; go gcasad$^†$ | go gcasa tú; go gcasair$^†$ | go gcasa sé, sí | go gcasaimid; go gcasa muid | go gcasa sibh | go gcasa siad; go gcasaid$^†$ | — | go gcastar |
| past | dá gcasainn | dá gcastá | dá gcasadh sé, sí | dá gcasaimis; dá gcasadh muid | dá gcasadh sibh | dá gcasaidís; dá gcasadh siad | — | dá gcastaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | casaim | cas | casadh sé, sí | casaimis | casaigí; casaidh$^†$ | casaidís | — | castar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
* Alternative verbal noun: castáil (Cois Fharraige)

#### Synonyms

* cor

#### Derived terms

* barrchas (“ringleted”)
* cas ar (“to meet, (with)”)
* cas do (“to meet, (with)”)
* cas le (“to meet, (with)”)
* caschlár (“turntable”)
* castóir (“winder, turner; reproacher, reviler”)

### Noun

cas m (genitive singular casta, nominative plural castaí)
* Alternative form of casadh

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cas”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cas”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “cas”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
* Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 67

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *časъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡sas/

### Noun

cas m inan
* time (inevitable passing of events)

#### Derived terms

* casnik

### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “cas”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “cas”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Malay
### Etymology

From English charge. Doublet of caj.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃas/
* Rhymes: -t͡ʃas, -as

### Noun

cas
* charge
** (electromagnetism, chemistry) an electric charge.
    Synonym: muatan (Indonesian)

#### Descendants

* → Indonesian: cas

### Further reading

* “cas” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Middle English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old French cas, from Latin casus (“fall”).

### Noun

cas (plural cass)
* case (event, happening)

#### Descendants

* English: case
* → Irish: cás

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /kɐs/
* (Brazil) IPA: /kɐs/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /kɐʃ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /kas/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐʃ/

### Contraction

cas f pl
* (colloquial) Contraction of com as (“with the (feminine plural)”): feminine plural of cos

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish cos, from Proto-Celtic *koxsā, from Proto-Indo-European *koḱs-eh₂.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰas/

### Noun

cas f (dative singular cois, genitive singular coise, plural casan)
* leg
* foot
    Tha e ochd mìle air cois. ― It is eight miles on foot.
* handle

#### Derived terms

* àite-coise
* casachan
* casruisgte
* coisich
* coisridh
* dà-chasach
* gille-coise
* làrach coise
* ochd-chasach

### Adjective

cas (comparative caise)
* steep

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Spanish
### Etymology

Named by indigenous peoples in Costa Rica (Chibchan).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkas/ [ˈkas]
* Rhymes: -as
* Syllabification: cas

### Noun

cas m (plural cases)
* the fruit of a very tart species of guava
    Synonyms: guayaba de cas, guayaba de Costa Rica, guayaba agria
* the tree that bears those fruits, Psidium friedrichsthalianum

### References

* Robertiello, Jack: Guava/Xalxocotl/Aracu/Guayaba, cited in Américas, Volumes 42-44 (1990), p. 58

### Further reading

* “cas”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaːs/
* Rhymes: -aːs

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh cas, from Proto-Brythonic *kas.

#### Adjective

cas (feminine singular cas, plural cas, equative cased, comparative casach, superlative casaf)
* hateful, nasty
    Mae’n gas gyda fi gwrw. ― I hate beer. (literally, “Beer is hateful with me.”)
* unpleasant, difficult
* averse to

##### Derived terms

* atgas (“hateful”)
* cas beth
* cas gan
* casáu
* casineb

#### Noun

cas m (plural casau or casoedd)
* hatred, hatefulness

### Etymology 2

From English case.

#### Noun

cas m (plural casiau)
* case, container
    Synonym: cynhwysydd

##### Derived terms

* cas pensiliau

### Etymology 3

Abbreviated form of castell (“castle”).

#### Noun

cas m (uncountable)
* Used in place names.

##### Derived terms

* Cas-gwent (“Chepstow”)
* Casllwchwr (“Loughor”)
* Casnewydd (“Newport”)

### Etymology 4

Inflected form of cael (“to have; to receive, to get”).

#### Verb

cas
* third-person singular preterite of cael

##### Alternative forms

* cadd (poetic)
* caeth (colloquial)
* cafas (obsolete)
* cafodd

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.