# 兆

| 兆 | U+5146, &#20806; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5146 |
| ← 充 [U+5145] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 兇 → [U+5147] |

## Translingual
### Han character

兆 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 中一山人 (LMUO), four-corner 3211$_3$, composition ⿻儿⿱丷八 or ⿻儿⿰冫⿱丿丶)

#### Derived characters

* 佻, 咷, 垗, 姚, 恌, 挑, 洮, 狣, 晀, 朓, 桃, 烑, 㸠, 珧, 祧, 脁, 眺, 䂪, 䄻, 絩, 罀, 䍮, 聎, 䑬, 䖴, 誂(𫍥), 跳, 䠷, 銚(铫), 鞉, 餆, 駣(𱅏), 鮡(𬶐)
* 逃, 趒, 𠛪, 𡭰, 覜(𬢋), 頫(𫖯), 鴵, 宨, 𪨱, 𮎮, 𪜍, 晁, 𣑯, 𣴝, 㿡, 𫀰, 窕, 𫅄, 筄, 雿, 𠩓, 𡱜, 庣, 𤶃, 旐, 𮧤, 鼗, 𨴡, 繉

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 124, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1347
* Dae Jaweon: page 260, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 268, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5146

## Chinese

* 兆
* 兆 (前綴) (Written Standard Chinese)
* Mega- (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 兆 :
| Shang | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj01450j01451j01452Small seal scripts02381s02382Transcribed ancient scriptsL34835L34836L16555L16556L16557L16558L16559L16560L16561L16562L16563 ||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 挑 | *l̥ʰaːw, *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːwʔ |
| 洮 | *l̥ʰaːw, *l'aːw, *lew |
| 桃 | *l'aːw |
| 逃 | *l'aːw |
| 咷 | *l'aːw, *l̥ʰeːws |
| 鼗 | *l'aːw |
| 鞉 | *l'aːw |
| 駣 | *l'aːw, *l'aːwʔ, *l'aːws, *l'ewʔ |
| 𣂁 | *sl̥ʰew |
| 脁 | *l̥ʰews |
| 晁 | *l'ew |
| 兆 | *l'ewʔ |
| 旐 | *l'ewʔ |
| 狣 | *l'ewʔ |
| 鮡 | *l'ewʔ, *l'eːw |
| 垗 | *l'ewʔ |
| 姚 | *lew |
| 珧 | *lew |
| 銚 | *lew, *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːws |
| 恌 | *lew, *l̥ʰeːw |
| 烑 | *lew |
| 餆 | *lew |
| 筄 | *lews |
| 艞 | *lews |
| 佻 | *l̥ʰeːw, *l'eːw |
| 祧 | *l̥ʰeːw |
| 朓 | *l̥ʰeːw, *l̥ʰeːwʔ |
| 庣 | *l̥ʰeːw |
| 趒 | *l̥ʰeːw, *l̥ʰeːws, *l'eːw |
| 聎 | *l̥ʰeːw |
| 眺 | *l̥ʰeːws |
| 覜 | *l̥ʰeːws |
| 頫 | *l̥ʰeːws, *poʔ |
| 絩 | *l̥ʰeːws |
| 跳 | *l̥ʰeːws, *l'eːw |
| 窕 | *l'eːwʔ |
| 誂 | *l'eːwʔ |
Pictogram (象形) – the cracks in a shell during fortune-telling, an omen.

### Etymology

Compare Chepang ह्रावःसा (hrawʔ‑, “to forebode; to portend ill fortune”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhào (zhao$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄠˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): siu$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): siau$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): seu
    (Hailu, HRS): shau$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sau$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): diêu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dieo$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiāu / tiǎu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): diao$^6$ / diou$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhào
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhào
*** Wade–Giles: chao$^4$
*** Yale: jàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaw
*** Palladius: чжао (čžao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: siu$^6$
*** Yale: siuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: siu$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xiu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siːu̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: siau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /siau²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: seu
*** Hakka Romanization System: seu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: seu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /seu̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: shau$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʃau¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sau$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sau⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diêu
*** Sinological IPA : /tiɛu²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dieo$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dā̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiāu
*** Tâi-lô: tiāu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diau
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiau²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiau³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiǎu
*** Tâi-lô: tiǎu
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiau²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: diao$^6$ / diou$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tiău / tiŏu
*** Sinological IPA : /tiau³⁵/, /tiou³⁵/
* diao6 - Shantou;
* diou6 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: drjewX
Rime :
| Character | 兆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 治小切 |
| Baxter | drjewX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖˠiᴇu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖᵚiɛu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiæu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖiaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡjɛu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭɛu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯ɛu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ziu$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lr[a]wʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'ewʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 兆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjew$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lr[a]wʔ/ |
| English | great number |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 兆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16856 |
| Phonetic component | 兆 |
| Rime group | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 肇 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'ewʔ/ |

### Definitions

兆
* (historical) cracks formed on heated tortoise plastrons and mammal bones used in ancient divination
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shì yuè yě, mìng tàishǐ xìn guīcè, zhānzhào shěnguà jíxiōng. [Pinyin]
    In this month orders are given to the Grand Scribe to smear with blood the tortoise-shells and divining stalks, and by interpreting the indications of the former and examining the figures formed by the latter, to determine the good and evil of their intimations.
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Shìyǐ bù zé shírì, bù zhān guàzhào, bù móu suǒshǐ, bù yì suǒzhōng. [Pinyin]
    That being so, there was no selecting of [auspicious] times and days, no divining by trigrams or shell cracks, no scheming about where to begin, no discussion of where to end.
* omen
    吉兆 ― jízhào ― auspicious omen
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Xiàng yīnyáng, zhān jìnzhào, zuàn guī chén guà, zhǔ rǎngzé wǔbǔ, zhī qí jíxiōng yāoxiáng, yǔwū bǒjī zhī shì yě. [Pinyin]
    The work of the hunchbacked shamans and lame-footed seers is to assess the yin and the yang, to divine the omens and portents, to drill the tortoise-shells and lay out the hexagrams, to preside over ceremonies for warding off ills, selecting lucky days, and the five prognostications, and to know good and bad fortune, the auspicious and the inauspicious.
* to portend; to augur
* graveyard, cemetery, necropolis
    From: 韓愈 Han Yu 《祭十二郎文》 "Funeral Oration for my Twelfth Nephew", 803 CE.
    Wú lì néng gǎizàng, zhōng zàng rǔ yú xiānrén zhī zhào, ránhòu wéiqí suǒyuàn. [Pinyin]
    If I could rebury, I would rebury you in our ancestors' graveyard; only then would it be satisfactory.
* (chiefly Taiwan) trillion (million million), tera-, 10$^{12}$
* (Mainland China) (SI prefix) million, mega-, 10$^6$
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE, translated based on David Hawkes' version
    Zhuān wéi jūn ér wú tā xī, yòu zhòngzhào zhī suǒchóu. [Pinyin]
    I thought of my prince alone, and of no other; and that, too, was a thing that the mob of hundreds of myriads abhorred.

#### Synonyms

* (trillion): (Mainland China) 萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
* (tera-): (Mainland China) 太 (tài)
* (mega-): (Taiwan) 百萬／百万 (bǎiwàn)

### Compounds

* 不祥之兆 (bùxiángzhīzhào)
* 五日京兆 (wǔrìjīngzhào)
* 京兆 (Jīngzhào)
* 京兆尹 (Jīngzhào Yǐn)
* 億兆 / 亿兆 (yìzhào)
* 兆亂 / 兆乱
* 兆候 (zhàohòu)
* 先兆 (xiānzhào)
* 兆域
* 兆基
* 兆朕
* 兆民 (zhàomín)
* 兆赫 (zhàohè)
* 兆頭 / 兆头 (zhàotou)
* 凶兆 (xiōngzhào)
* 前兆 (qiánzhào)
* 吉兆 (jízhào)
* 喜兆
* 坼兆
* 壇兆 / 坛兆
* 夢兆 / 梦兆 (mèngzhào)
* 夢兆熊羆 / 梦兆熊罴
* 好兆頭 / 好兆头
* 宅兆 (zháizhào)
* 徵兆 / 征兆 (zhēngzhào)
* 惡兆 / 恶兆 (èzhào)
* 敗兆 / 败兆
* 朕兆 (zhènzhào)
* 瑞兆 (ruìzhào)
* 瑞雪兆豐年 / 瑞雪兆丰年 (ruìxuě zhào fēngnián)
* 病兆 (bìngzhào)
* 發兆 / 发兆
* 祲兆
* 端兆
* 萌兆 (méngzhào)
* 蘭兆 / 兰兆
* 警兆
* 預兆 / 预兆 (yùzhào)
* 飛騰之兆 / 飞腾之兆 (fēiténg zhī zhào)
* 龜兆 / 龟兆 (guīzhào)

### See also

Chinese numerals :
| 10$^4$ | 10$^8$ | 10$^{12}$ | 10$^{16}$ | 10$^{20}$ | 10$^{24}$ | 10$^{28}$ | 10$^{32}$ | 10$^{36}$ | 10$^{40}$ | 10$^{44}$ | 10$^{48}$ |
| 萬／万 (wàn) | 億／亿 (yì) | 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) | 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝／沟 (gōu) | 澗／涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載／载 (zài) | 極／极 (jí) |
| 萬／万 (wàn) | 億／亿 (yì) | 萬億／万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China) | 億億/亿亿 (Mainland China) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝／沟 (gōu) | 澗／涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載／载 (zài) | 極／极 (jí) |

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* portent
* trillion, 10$^{12}$
* sign
* omen
* symptoms

#### Readings

* Go-on: じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)
* Kun: きざす (kizasu, 兆す, Jōyō)、きざし (kizashi, 兆し, Jōyō)
* Nanori: とき (toki)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 兆(ちょう)候(こう) (chōkō, “symptom, indication”)
* 兆(ちょう)民(みん) (chōmin, “everybody”)
* 慶(けい)兆(ちょう) (keichō, “auspicious omen”)
* 吉(きっ)兆(ちょう) (kitchō, “good omen, auspicious”)
* 兆(きざ)し (kizashi, “sign, omen”)
* 凶(きょう)兆(ちょう) (kyōchō, “ill omen, inauspicious”)
* 億(おく)兆(ちょう) (okuchō, “the masses, the people”)
* 衰(すい)兆(ちょう) (suichō, “signs of decline”)
* 前(ぜん)兆(ちょう) (zenchō, “harbinger”)
* 瑞(ずい)兆(ちょう) (zuichō, “felicitous omen”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょー [chóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ː]

### Numeral

兆(ちょう) • (chō)
* trillion (million million), 10$^{12}$
    5000(ごせん)兆(ちょう)円(えん)欲(ほ)しい！
       Go-sen-chō-en hoshii!
       I want 5,000,000,000,000,000 yen! (internet meme)

### See also

v • d • eJapanese counter/suffix: 兆 (ちょう, chō, "trillion") :
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 10$^{12}$ | 一兆 | いっちょう | itchō |
| 2 × 10$^{12}$ | 二兆 | にちょう | nichō |
| 3 × 10$^{12}$ | 三兆 | さんちょう | sanchō |
| 4 × 10$^{12}$ | 四兆 | よんちょう | yonchō |
| 5 × 10$^{12}$ | 五兆 | ごちょう | gochō |
| 6 × 10$^{12}$ | 六兆 | ろくちょう | rokuchō |
| 7 × 10$^{12}$ | 七兆 | ななちょう | nanachō |
| 8 × 10$^{12}$ | 八兆 | はっちょう | hatchō |
| 9 × 10$^{12}$ | 九兆 | きゅうちょう | kyūchō |
| 10$^{13}$ | 十兆 | じっちょう | jitchō |
| 10$^{14}$ | 百兆 | ひゃくちょう | hyakuchō |

## Korean
### Hanja

兆 (eum 조 (jo))
* hanja form of 조 (“a trillion”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

兆: Hán Nôm readings: triệu, diệu, điềm, giệu
* million, mega-