# bruise
## English
### Alternative forms

* bruize (obsolete)
* brise (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English bruisen, brusen, brosen, brisen, bresen, from a merger two words, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”):
* Old English brȳsan, brīesan (“to bruise; crush”), from Proto-Germanic *brausijaną, *brūsijaną (“to break; crumble; crack”). Provided the word's sense.
* Anglo-Norman bruiser, bruser (“to break, smash, shatter”), from Gaulish *brus-, from Proto-Celtic *bruseti (“to break”). Provided the word's form.
Cognate with Scots brizz, German brausen (“to roar; boom; pound”), Old English brosnian (“to crumble, fall apart”), Dutch broos (“brittle”), German Brosame (“crumb”), dialectal Norwegian brøysk (“breakable”), Latin frustum (“bit, scrap”), Old Church Slavonic бръснути (brŭsnuti, “to rake”), Albanian breshër (“hail”).

### Pronunciation

* (UK, US) enPR: bro͞oz, IPA: /bɹuːz/, /bɹɪu̯z/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Homophone: brews
* Rhymes: -uːz

### Verb

bruise (third-person singular simple present bruises, present participle bruising, simple past and past participle bruised)
* (transitive) To strike (a person), originally with something flat or heavy, but now specifically in such a way as to discolour the skin without breaking it; to contuse.
** 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros‎, London: Jonathan Cape, pages 25–26:It is as I have spoken: the testing first, next the bruising, and in the last bout the breaking and killing.
* (transitive) To damage the skin of (fruit or vegetables), in an analogous way.
* (intransitive) Of fruit or vegetables, to gain bruises through being handled roughly.
    Bananas bruise easily.
* (intransitive) To become bruised.
    I bruise easily.
* (intransitive) To fight with the fists; to box.
** 1854, Arthur Pendennis [pseudonym; William Makepeace Thackeray], The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], →OCLC:Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom.
* (transitive, figurative) To harm or injure somebody's feelings or self-esteem.
    Her thoughtless remarks bruised my ego.
    I was bruised by such wanton criticism.
* (transitive) To impair (gin) by shaking rather than stirring.

#### Derived terms

* bruisability
* bruisable
* bruisedness
* bruiser
* bruise up
* bruising
* unbruised

#### Translations
### Noun

bruise (plural bruises)
* A purplish mark on the skin due to leakage of blood from capillaries under the surface that have been damaged by a blow.
* A dark mark on fruit or vegetables caused by a blow to the surface.

#### Synonyms

* (medical): contusion (technical term), ecchymosis (differentiated in some terminologies)
* See also Thesaurus:injury

#### Hypernyms

* hematoma

#### Hyponyms

* black eye

#### Derived terms

* bruiseless
* bruiselike
* bruisewort
* bruisy
* tobruise

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Uribes, buries, busier, rubies

## Dutch
### Verb

bruise
* (dated or formal) singular present subjunctive of bruisen

## Irish
### Noun

bruise f sg
* genitive singular of bruis (“brush; pubic hair”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “bruise”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN