# sole
## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: sōl
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /səʊl/, [sɒʊɫ]
** (New Zealand, General Australian) IPA: /sɐʉl/, [sɒʊɫ]
** (General American) IPA: /soʊl/
** Audio (General American):(file)
* Rhymes: -əʊl
* Homophones: Seoul, soul, sowl

### Etymology 1

From Middle English sole, soule, from Old French sol, soul (“alone”), from Latin sōlus (“alone, single, solitary, lonely”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Perhaps related to Old Latin sollus (“whole, complete”), from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“safe, healthy”). More at save.

#### Adjective

sole (not comparable)
* Only.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:sole
** 1905, H. G. Wells, The Empire of the Ants:He saw now clearly that the sole crew of the vessel was these two dead men, and though he could not see their faces, he saw by their outstretched hands, which were all of ragged flesh, that they had been subjected to some strange exceptional process of decay.
* (law) Unmarried (especially of a woman); widowed.
    Synonym: lone
* Unique; unsurpassed.
    The sole brilliance of this gem.
* With independent power; unfettered.
    A sole authority.

##### Derived terms

* corporation sole
* feme sole
* sole chamber
* sole corporation
* sole custody
* sole house
* sole mark
* sole proprietor
* sole provider
* sole right
* sole trader

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.
Compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

#### Alternative forms

* soal

#### Noun

sole (plural soles)
* (anatomy) The bottom or plantar surface of the foot.
    Synonym: (medical term) planta
* (footwear) The bottom of a shoe or boot.
** 1727, John Arbuthnot, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures. Explain'd and exemplify'd in several dissertations, page 147:The Caliga was a military Shoe, with a very thick Sole, tied above the instep with leather Thongs.
* (obsolete) The foot itself.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto X”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 9:Hast wandred through the world now long a day;Yet ceasest not thy wearie soles to lead
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 8:9:But the doue found no rest for the sole of her foote, and she returned vnto him into the Arke: […]
* (zoology) Solea solea, a flatfish of the family Soleidae; a true sole.
** 1952, Nikos Kazantzakis, chapter 1, in Carl Wildman, transl., Zorba the Greek, New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, translation of Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά [Víos kai politeía tou Aléxi Zormpá], →ISBN, page 3:The fishermen crowding in the cafés were also waiting for the end of the storm, when the fish, reassured, would rise to the surface after the bait. Soles, hog fish and skate were returning from their nocturnal expeditions. Day was now breaking.
* (by extension) A flatfish resembling those of the family Soleidae.
* The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing.
** The bottom of the body of a plough; the slade.
** The bottom of a furrow.
** The end section of the chanter of a set of bagpipes.
** The horny substance under a horse's foot, which protects the more tender parts.
    Coordinate term: frog
** (military) The bottom of an embrasure.
** (nautical) A piece of timber attached to the lower part of the rudder, to make it even with the false keel.
*** 1842, The Nautical Magazine:The rudder remains to be repaired, and is unshipped for the purpose; the sole of it is entirely gone
** (nautical) The floor inside the cabin of a yacht or boat
* (mining) The seat or bottom of a mine; applied to horizontal veins or lodes.

##### Derived terms

* Cornish sole
* Dover sole
* French sole
* fringed sole
* gray sole
* grey sole
* half sole
* insole
* lemon sole
* midsole
* Moses sole
* outsole
* Panama sole
* smooth sole
* soleless
* sole-like
* tongue sole
* Torbay sole
* true sole
* white sole
* yellowfin sole

##### Descendants

* → Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

##### Translations
#### Verb

sole (third-person singular simple present soles, present participle soling, simple past and past participle soled)
* (transitive) To put a sole on a shoe or a boot.

##### Derived terms

* resole

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sāl (“a rope, cord, line, bond, rein, door-hinge, necklace, collar”), from Proto-Germanic *sailą, *sailaz (“rope, cable”), *sailō (“noose, rein, bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *sey- (“to tie to, tie together”). Cognate with Scots sale, saile (“halter, collar”), Dutch zeel (“rope, cord, strap”), German Seil (“rope, cable, wire”), Icelandic seil (“a string, line”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian dell (“sinew, vein”).

#### Noun

sole (plural soles)
* (dialectal or obsolete) A wooden band or yoke put around the neck of an ox or cow in the stall.

### Etymology 4

From Middle English sol, from Old English sol (“mire, miry place”), from Proto-Germanic *sulą (“mire, wallow, mud”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian soal (“ditch”), Dutch sol (“water and mud filled pit”), German Suhle (“mire, wallow”), Norwegian saula, søyla (“mud puddle”). More at soil.

#### Alternative forms

* soal

#### Noun

sole (plural soles)
* (dialectal, Northern England) A pond or pool; a dirty pond of standing water.

### Etymology 5

From earlier sowle (“to pull by the ear”). Origin unknown. Perhaps from sow (“female pig”) +‎ -le, as in the phrase "take a sow by the wrong ear", or from Middle English sole (“rope”). See above.

#### Alternative forms

* soal, sowl

#### Verb

sole (third-person singular simple present soles, present participle soling, simple past and past participle soled)
* (transitive, UK dialectal) To pull by the ears; to pull about; haul; lug.

### Anagrams

* EOLs, ESOL, Elos, LEOs, Leos, Lose, OELs, elos, leos, lose, selo, sloe

## Afrikaans
### Noun

sole
* plural of sool

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsolɛ]

### Verb

sole
* masculine singular present transgressive of solit

## Danish
### Etymology

sol +‎ -e, From sol.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsoːlə]

### Verb

sole (imperative sol, infinitive at sole, present tense soler, past tense solede, perfect tense solet)
* (rare) to expose something to the sun
* (reflexive) to bask in the sun; to sunbathe
** (reflexive, figurative) to enjoy success and admiration of others

#### Conjugation

activepassive
present
soler
past
solede
infinitive
sole
imperative
sol
participle
present
past
solet (auxiliary verb have)
gerund

### References

* “sole” in Den Danske Ordbog

### Noun

sole c
* indefinite plural of sol

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsole]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ole
* Hyphenation: so‧le

### Adverb

sole
* solely

#### Related terms

* sola

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *sola, from Latin solea.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔl/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

sole f (plural soles)
* (ichthyology) sole (fish)
* sole, the bottom of a hoof
* (carpentry) sole, a piece of timber, a joist
* (agriculture) a piece of land devoted to crop rotation

#### Derived terms

* solive

### Further reading

* “sole”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Verb

sole
* inflection of solar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Hawaiian Creole
### Etymology

From Samoan sole (“man, dude, friend”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /so.le/

### Noun

sole
* (informal) a person of (usually local) Samoan descent
    What's up sole.(please add an English translation of this usage example)

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈso.le/
* Rhymes: -ole
* Hyphenation: só‧le

### Etymology 1

From Sole, from Latin sōlem, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥. Cognates include Greek ήλιος (ílios), Icelandic sól, Hindi सूर्य (sūrya), and Russian со́лнце (sólnce).

#### Noun

sole m (plural soli, diminutive (colloquial) solicèllo or (uncommon) solicìno)
* (colloquial, astronomy) star (for extension of Sole)
    Synonym: stella
* (heraldry) sun (a star in heraldry)
* (alchemy) gold
    Synonym: oro
* sunlight
** 1807, Ugo Foscolo, Dei Sepolcri‎, Molini, Landi e comp., published 1809, page 20:E tu onore di pianti, Ettore, avrai ¶ […] finché il Sole ¶ Risplenderà sulle sciagure umane.And you, Hector, will be honored with cryings ¶ […] as long as the Sun ¶ will shine on the misfortunes of mankind.
* (poetic) daytime, day (the interval between sunrise and sunset)
** 1504, Jacopo Sannazaro, Arcadia:quattro soli e altretante lune il mio corpo né da cibo né da sonno fu riconfortatofor four days and as many nights, my body hadn't been comforted by either food or sleep
** 1516, Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando Furioso [Raging Roland]‎, Venice: Printed by Gabriel Giolito, published 1551, Canto XXXV, page 164:Poi diſſe andiamo; e nel ſeguente ſole ¶ Giunſero al fiumeHe then said "Let us go"; and in the following day ¶ they reached the river
** 1581, Torquato Tasso, Gerusalemme liberata [Jerusalem Delivered]‎, Erasmo Viotti, Canto XIX, page 441:Goffredo alloggia ne la Terra: e vuole ¶ Rinouar poi l'aſſalto al nouo SoleWithin the land Godfrey would lodge that night, ¶ and with the day renew the assault and fight.
** 1825, Vincenzo Monti, transl., Iliade [Iliad]‎, Milan: Giovanni Resnati e Gius. Bernardoni di Gio, translation of Ἰλιάς (Iliás) by Homer, published 1840, Book XIX, page 424:Intero un sole al lagrimar si doni; ¶ Poi con coraggio, chi morì s'intombiLet an entire day be dedicated to the mourning; ¶ then with bravery, let us bury those who died
* (poetic) year
** 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno [The Divine Comedy: Hell], 12th edition (paperback), Le Monnier, published 1994, Canto VI, page 94, lines 67–69:Poi appresso convien che questa caggia ¶ infra tre soli, e che l'altra sormonti ¶ con la forza di tal che testé piaggia.Then afterwards behoves it this one fall ¶ within three suns, and rise again the other ¶ by force of him who now is on the coast.
* (poetic, in the plural) eyes
** 1516, Ludovico Ariosto, Orlando Furioso [Raging Roland]‎, Venice: Printed by Gabriel Giolito, published 1551, Canto VII, page 26:Sotto duo negri e ſottilisſimi archi ¶ Son duo negri occhi, anzi duo chiari SoliBelow two thin, black eyebrows ¶ are two black eyes; nay, two bright suns

##### Related terms

* assolato
* girasole
* insolazione
* occhiali da sole
* parasole
* prendisole
* solare
* solatio
* soleggiare
* solleone
* solstizio

#### See also

* alba
* eclisse solare
* luna
* sistema solare
* stella
* tramonto

#### Further reading

* sole on the Italian Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{it}$
* sole in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
* sole in Collins Italian-English Dictionary

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

sole
* feminine plural of solo

#### Noun

sole f
* plural of sola

### Anagrams

* leso

## Latin
### Etymology 1

See sōl.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsoː.le/, [ˈs̠oːɫ̪ɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈso.le/, [ˈsɔːle]

#### Noun

sōle
* ablative singular of sōl

### Etymology 2

See sōlus.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsoː.le/, [ˈs̠oːɫ̪ɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈso.le/, [ˈsɔːle]

#### Adjective

sōle
* vocative masculine singular of sōlus

## Neapolitan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin sōlem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsolə/

### Noun

sole m
* Sun
    Steva chiuvenno, po' è asciuto 'o sole. ― It was raining, then the sun came out.

### References

* AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 360: “si leva il sole” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

## Norman
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *sola, from Latin solea.

### Noun

sole f (plural soles)
* sole (fish)

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Probably from the noun sol

### Verb

sole (imperative sol, present tense soler, passive -, simple past sola or solet or solte, past participle sola or solet or solt, present participle solende)
* (reflexive, sole seg) to sunbathe, sun oneself, bask (also figurative)

### References

* “sole” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /skuːlə/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse sóli m, from Latin solum (“bottom, ground”).

#### Noun

sole m (definite singular solen, indefinite plural solar, definite plural solane)
* (anatomy) a sole (bottom or plantar surface of the foot)
* (footwear) a sole (bottom of a shoe or boot)

##### Derived terms

* binnsole m
* fotsole m
* gummisole m
* halvsole m
* innleggssole m
* solegangar m, solegjengar m
* solelêr n
* vaffelsole m

#### Verb

sole (present tense solar, past tense sola, past participle sola, passive infinitive solast, present participle solande, imperative sole/sol)
* to apply a sole to footwear

##### Alternative forms

* sola (a-infinitive)

##### Derived terms

* soling f

#### See also

* såle (Bokmål)

### Etymology 2

From the noun sol f (“sun”).

#### Alternative forms

* sola (a-infinitive)

#### Verb

sole (present tense solar, past tense sola, past participle sola, passive infinitive solast, present participle solande, imperative sole/sol)
* (reflexive) to sunbathe
* (reflexive, figurative) to bask
* (transitive) to expose to the sun

##### Derived terms

* soling f

### References

* “sole” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* lose, Sola, sloe

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* solu

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin solea, from solum (“bottom, base”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swol-.

### Noun

sole f
* sole
* shoe, sandal

#### Declension

Weak feminine (n-stem):

#### Descendants

* Middle English: sole, soole
** English: sole
** Scots: sole

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “sole”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* John R. Clark Hall (1916) “sole”, in A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, New York: Macmillan

## Old French
### Adjective

sole f
* oblique/nominative feminine singular of sol

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɔ.lɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔlɛ
* Syllabification: so‧le
* Homophone: solę

### Noun

sole
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of sól

### Noun

sole
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of sola

### Noun

sole
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of sol

## Portuguese
### Verb

sole
* inflection of solar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Serbo-Croatian
### Verb

sole (Cyrillic spelling соле)
* third-person plural present of soliti