# nad
## English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

nad
* (linguistics) noun animate dependent

##### See also

* na
* nads
* ni
* nid

### Etymology 2

Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.

#### Pronunciation

* Audio (General Australian):(file)

#### Noun

nad (plural nads)
* (slang, mostly plural) testicle
** 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.

### Anagrams

* -and, -dan, ADN, AND, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NDA, and, and-, dan, dna

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈnat]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at

### Preposition

nad [with instrumental]
* over, above
    Antonym: pod

### Further reading

* “nad”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “nad”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

### Anagrams

* And, dan, Dan, dna, DNA

## Estonian
### Etymology

Clipping of nemad.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnɑd̥/, [ˈnɑd̥]
* Rhymes: -ɑd
* Hyphenation: nad

### Pronoun

nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)
* short form of nemad: they

#### Declension
### References

* nad in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
* “nad”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

## Kashubian
### Alternative forms

* nade

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnat/
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: nad

### Preposition

nad
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

### Further reading

* “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
* Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* nade, nhadde

### Etymology

not +‎ had

### Contraction

nad
* had not

#### Descendants

* Yola: nad

#### References

* “nad”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈnad/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈnat/

### Preposition

nad
* denotes movement; to over, to above [with accusative]
* denotes movement; to under, to below [with accusative]
* denotes subject of an attack etc. [with accusative]
* denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [with accusative]
* denotes larger amount; above, more than [with accusative or instrumental]
* denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [with accusative or instrumental]
* with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with accusative]
* denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [with accusative]
* denotes a manner contrary to something else. [with accusative]
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
* denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [with instrumental]
* denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [with instrumental]
* denotes target of an action aimed at [with instrumental]
* denotes subject of power; over, above [with instrumental]
* denotes subject of emotion; over [with instrumental]
* denotes contradiction; despite [with instrumental]

#### Descendants

* Czech: nad

### References

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old Irish
### Particle

nad
* Alternative spelling of nád

## Old Polish
### Alternative forms

* nade

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /nat/
* IPA: (15th CE) /nat/

### Preposition

nad
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
* denotes location; near, close to [with instrumental]
* denotes time; just before [with instrumental]
* denotes cause; because of [with instrumental]
* denotes position in comparison; over, more than [with instrumental or accusative]
* with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with instrumental]
* denotes subject of power; above [with instrumental]
* denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [with instrumental]
* denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

#### Derived terms

* nad-

#### Descendants

* Polish: nad, nade
* Silesian: nad, nady

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “nad”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “nad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* nade

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnat/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈnat/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Chełmno-Dobrzyń) IPA: /ˈnat/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: nad
* Homophone: nad-

### Preposition

nad
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
    Synonyms: ponad, powyżej
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ― Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.
* denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]
    Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.
    Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.
* denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]
    Synonyms: ponad, powyżej
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    Podnieś ręce nad głowę! ― Put your hands above your head!
* denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]
    Antonym: znad
    W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.
* (literary or dialectal, Chełmno) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]
* over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]
    Antonym: pod
    Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.
* (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;
    Synonym: ponad
    Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
* denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]
    Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.
* with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]
    Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!
    Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

#### Derived terms

* nad-

### Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

### References

* ↑ Ida Kurcz (1990) “nad”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 263

### Further reading

* nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2008 December 17
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28
* Kazimierz Nitsch (1907) “nad”, in “Dyalekty polskie Prus zachodnich”, in Materyały i Prace Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie (in Polish), volume 3, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 390

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ do (“thy”)

### Preposition

nad (+ dative, triggers lenition)
* in thy; in your (singular)

#### Inflection

$^L$ Triggers lenition; $^H$ Triggers H-prothesis; $^N$ Triggers eclipsis; $^{1)}$ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nâd/

### Preposition

nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)
* over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]
    Synonym: ȉznad
    Antonym: pȍd
    nad stolom ― over the table
    vlast nad nekim ― power over somebody
    heroj nad herojima ― the greatest of all heroes
* over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]
    Synonym: ȉznad
    Antonym: pȍd
    Nagnuo se nad vodu. ― He leaned over the water.

### References

* “nad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Silesian
### Alternative forms

* nady

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnat/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: nad

### Preposition

nad
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
    Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj
    Coordinate term: pod
* denotes movement; to above, to over [with accusative]
    Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj
    Coordinate term: pod
* denotes position close to water; by [with instrumental]
    Synonym: kole
* denotes movement close to water; to [with accusative]
* denotes object of certain actions. [with instrumental]
* denotes proximity of a time; around [with instrumental]
* denotes object most affceted by something. [with accusative]
* with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with instrumental]

### Further reading

* nad in silling.org

## Slovak
### Alternative forms

* nado

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nat]

### Preposition

nad
This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### Further reading

* “nad”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic [Term?].

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nat/

### Preposition

nad
* over, above (stationary) [with instrumental]
* over, above (motion towards) [with accusative]

## Slovincian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnat/
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: nad

### Preposition

nad
* denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]
* denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]
* denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
* denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]
* denotes extension past something; above, beyond [with instrumental]
* over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]

#### Derived terms

* nad-

### Further reading

* Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “nãd”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎ (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 683

## Welsh
### Etymology

From na with the same meaning, perhaps with addition of yd (affirmative particle).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nad/

### Conjunction

nad
* (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)
    Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.He says that he is not a teacher.
* that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)
    Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.He says that he is not going.

#### See also

* mai (affirmative, emphasis)
* taw (affirmative, emphasis)
* na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

### References

* ↑ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Yola
### Etymology

From Middle English nad; equivalent to nat +‎ had.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nad/

### Contraction

nad
* had not
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 58:Nad Ich.Had I (not?).

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58