# سلطان
## Arabic
### Etymology

From the root س ل ط (s l ṭ). Cognates with Aramaic שׁוּלְטָנָא / ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ (šulṭānā, “power”) and Hebrew שִׁלְטוֹן (shiltón, “rulership, authority”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sul.tˤaːn/
* Rhymes: -aːn

### Noun

سُلْطَان • (sulṭān) m or f (usually uncountable)
* power, strength
* rule, dominion
* authority
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 53:23:إِنْ هِيَ إِلَّا أَسْمَاءٌ سَمَّيْتُمُوهَا أَنْتُمْ وَآبَاؤُكُم مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ بِهَا مِن سُلْطَانٍ إِن يَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا الظَّنَّ وَمَا تَهْوَى الأَنْفُسُ وَلَقَدْ جَاءَهُم مِن رَبِّهِمُ الهُدَىʔin hiya ʔillā ʔasmāʔun sammaytumūhā ʔantum wa-ʔābāʔukum mā ʔanzala l-lahu bihā min sulṭānin ʔin yattabiʕūna ʔillā ẓ-ẓanna wa-mā tahwā l-ʔanfusu wa-laqad jāʔahum min rabbihimu l-hudāThese are but names which you have coined—you and your fathers—for which God has not sent down any authority. They follow nothing but conjectures and the desires of the [lower] soul, while there has already come to them the guidance from their Lord.
* mandate, authorization
* proof, evidence, an argument or case against
* a plea, an allegation, the grounds or basis for one's case being superior
* justification

#### Declension
### Noun

سُلْطَان • (sulṭān) m (plural سَلَاطِين (salāṭīn))
* sultan

#### Descendants

* Maltese: sultan

##### Borrowings

* → Afar: súltaan
* → Azerbaijani: sultan
* → Georgian: სულთანი (sultani)
* → German: Sultan
** → Estonian: sultan
** → Walloon: zultan
* → Hebrew: סוּלְטָן
* → Icelandic: soldán
* → Italian: sultano
* → Japanese: スルターン (surutān)
* → Korean: 술탄 (sultan)
* → Kyrgyz: султан (sultan)
* → Malay: سلطان / sultan
** Indonesian: sultan
** → Min Nan: 史丹 (sú-tan)
** → Tagalog: sultan
* → Maranao: solutan
* → Medieval Latin: sultānus
** Italian: soltano
*** → Middle High German: soldān
** Old French: soudan, souldan
*** → Catalan: soldà
*** → Middle English: soudan, soldan
**** English: soldan
*** → Middle Irish: sabdán
**** Irish: sabhdán
*** Sicilian: sudanu
* → Middle Armenian: սուլթան (sultʻan)
** Armenian: սուլթան (sultʻan)
* → Northern Kurdish: sultan
* → Old Norse: sultan
* → Ottoman Turkish: سلطان (sultan) (see there for further descendants)
* → Persian: سلطان (soltân) (see there for further descendants)
* → Russian: султан (sultan)
* → Swahili: sultani
* → Tajik: султон (sulton)
* → Tausug: sultan
* → Thai: สุลต่าน (sǔn-lá-dtàan)
* → Yiddish: סולטאַן (sultan)

## Malay
### Noun

سلطان (plural سلطان-سلطان or سلطان٢, informal 1st possessive سلطانکو, 2nd possessive سلطانمو, 3rd possessive سلطانڽ)
* Jawi spelling of sultan‎

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

### Noun

سلطان • (sultan)
* sultan

#### Related terms

* سلطانی (sultani)
* سلطانلق (sultanlık)
* سلطنت (saltanat)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: sultan

##### Borrowings

* → Byzantine Greek: σουλτᾶνος (soultânos)
** Greek: σουλτάνος (soultános)
* → Catalan: sultà
* → Czech: sultán
* → Danish: sultan
* → Dutch: sultan
* → Hungarian: szultán
* → Latvian: sultāns
* → Macedonian: султан (sultan)
* → Middle French: sultan (see there for further descendants)
* → Norwegian: sultan
* → Polish: sułtan
* → Romanian: sultan
* → Serbo-Croatian: sultan / султан
* → Slovak: sultán
* → Slovene: sultan
* → Spanish: sultán
* → Swedish: sultan
** → Finnish: sulttaani

### References

* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “سلطان”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 689
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “سلطان”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1072

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [sul.ˈtɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [sul̪.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [sol̪.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [sul̪.t̪ʰɔ́n]

### Noun

سُلْطان • (soltân) (plural سلاطین (salâtin) or سلطان‌ها (soltân-hâ))
* sultan; king, ruler, sovereign
    Synonyms: پادشاه (pâdešâh), شاه (šâh), ملک (malek)
** c. 1100, Amīr Mu'izzī, “Qaṣīda 41”, in دیوان امیر معزی‎:جز خداوندی که عالم بندهٔ تقدیر اوست کیست در عالم‌ که او سلطان سلطان سنجر استjuz xudāwandē ki ālam banda-yi taqdīr-i ō-st kē-st dar ālam ki ō sultān-i sultān sanjar astSave for the Lord to whose decree the world is a slave, Who in the world is there to be king over Sultan Sanjar?(Classical Persian transliteration)

#### Related terms

* سلطانه (soltâne, “sultana, queen”)
* سلطانی (soltâni, “sultanic, royal”)

#### Descendants

* → Assamese: চুলতান (sultan)
* → Bengali: সুলতান (śulotan)
* → Gujarati: સુલતાન (sultān)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: सुल्तान (sultān)
    Urdu: سلطان (sultān)
* → Kazakh: сұлтан (sūltan)
* → Marathi: सुलतान (sultān)
* → Old Gujarati: सुरताण (suratāṇa)
** Gojri: سُلْطَانْ (sultān)
** Middle Gujarati: सुलताण
*** Gujarati: સરતાણ (sartāṇ), સુલતાન (sultān)
** Malvi: सल्तान (saltān)
** Marwari:
    Devanagari script: सुलतांण (sultā̃ṇ), सुलतान (sultān), सुलतांन (sultā̃n)
    Mahajani script: 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧𑅢 (sultnṇ), 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧 (sultn), 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧𑅧 (sultnn)
* → Sindhi: سُلْطانُ
* → Tatar: солтан (soltan)
* → Turkmen: soltan
* → Uyghur: سۇلتان (sultan)
* → Uzbek: sulton

## Sindhi
### Etymology

From Classical Persian سلطان (sultān), from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

### Noun

سُلْطانُ • (sultānu) m (Devanagari सुल्तानु)
* king; emperor

### References

* Parmanand, Mewaram (1910) “سلطان”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سلطان (sultān), from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /sʊl.t̪ɑːn/
* Rhymes: -ɑːn

### Noun

سُلْطان • (sultān) m (Hindi spelling सुल्तान)
* sultan
    Synonyms: سَمْراٹ (samrāṭ), بادْشاہ (bādśāh), سَمْراج (samrāj), پادْشاہ (pādśāh), شَہَنْشاہ (śahanśāh)
* king