# 固

| 固 | U+56FA, &#22266; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA |
| ← 囹 [U+56F9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 囻 → [U+56FB] |

## Translingual
### Han character

固 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 6060$_4$, composition ⿴囗古)

#### Derived characters

* 個 凅 堌 婟 崓 㧽 棝 涸 祻 稒 錮(锢) 䭅(𬲾) 鯝(鲴) 痼 崮 箇 䓢 䍛
* 𠴱 𢛅 𤊎 𫆣 𧛂 𧶮 𡈅 𣎏 𡇤 𡹍
* 𬖢 𮈗 𬰦

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 218, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
* Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 716, character 9
* Unihan data for U+56FA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 固 :
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːs): semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

### Etymology

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ka (“earth; ground; soil”). Compare Jingpho ga (“earth”), Garo ha (“earth”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gù (gu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ku
    (Hailu, HRS): gu$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gu$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): gu̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): gó
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ku
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gù
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gù
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$
*** Yale: gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$
*** Yale: gu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gó
*** Sinological IPA : /kou²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: go̍
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kox
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kuH
Rime :
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | kuH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤa-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁa-s/ |
| English | fortified, secure |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 固 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4230 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ |

### Definitions

固
* firm; solid; strong
    穩固／稳固 ― wěngù ― stable
    加固 ― jiāgù ― to strengthen
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Rúshì, zé bīng jìn chéng gù, díguó wèi zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* solid
    固體／固体 ― gùtǐ ― solid
    凝固 ― nínggù ― to set; to solidify
* to solidify; to strengthen
    固本 ― gùběn ― to strengthen the foundation
* stubborn
    頑固／顽固 ― wángù ― stubborn
* firmly
    固辭／固辞 ― gùcí ― to firmly decline
* (literary) in the first place; all along
    From: c. 578–500 BC, Yan Ying, 《晏子春秋》
    Wáng shì yànzǐ yuē: “Qí rén gù shàn dào hū?” [Pinyin]
    The King looked at Yanzi and said, "Have people of Chu always liked to steal?"
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Chén gù zhī wáng zhī bùrěn yě. [Pinyin]
    Your servant (I) knew in the first place that it was your Majesty's not being able to bear the sight [which made you do as you did].
* (literary) no doubt
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Ránzé xiǎo gù bù kěyǐ dí dà, guǎ gù bù kěyǐ dí zhòng, ruò gù bù kěyǐ dí qiáng. [Pinyin]
    A small country certainly cannot contend with a great, few certainly cannot contend with many, and the weak certainly cannot contend with the strong.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Zhuāngzǐ yuē: “Fūzǐ gù zhuō yú yòng dà yǐ.” [Pinyin]
    Zhuangzi replied, 'You were indeed stupid, my master, in the use of what was large.'

### Compounds

* 丁固生松
* 不固
* 保固 (bǎogù)
* 保固期
* 僵固
* 凝固 (nínggù)
* 凝固劑 / 凝固剂
* 凝固點 / 凝固点
* 北固山
* 北固樓 / 北固楼
* 固執 / 固执
* 固執己見 / 固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
* 固壽 / 固寿
* 固姑
* 固守 (gùshǒu)
* 固宜
* 固定 (gùdìng)
* 固定作用
* 固定價格 / 固定价格
* 固定匯率 / 固定汇率
* 固定成本
* 固定格式
* 固定液
* 固定詞組 / 固定词组
* 固定資本 / 固定资本
* 固定資產 / 固定资产 (gùdìng zīchǎn)
* 固定重音
* 固徵 / 固征
* 固態 / 固态 (gùtài)
* 固拉合瑪 / 固拉合玛 (Gùlāhémǎ)
* 固接
* 固時俗 / 固时俗
* 固有 (gùyǒu)
* 固有國籍 / 固有国籍
* 固有文化
* 固有道德
* 固本 (gùběn)
* 固步自封 (gùbùzìfēng)
* 固氮 (gùdàn)
* 固氮作用 (gùdàn zuòyòng)
* 固氮菌 (gùdànjūn)
* 固沙林 (gùshālín)
* 固然 (gùrán)
* 固無 / 固无
* 固瑪 / 固玛 (Gùmǎ)
* 固疾 (gùjí)
* 固相 (gùxiàng)
* 固知
* 固窮 / 固穷
* 固節 / 固节
* 固結 / 固结
* 固習 / 固习
* 固若金湯 / 固若金汤 (gùruòjīntāng)
* 固著 / 固着
* 固蒂
* 固請 / 固请
* 固讓 / 固让
* 固辭 / 固辞 (gùcí)
* 固遜 / 固逊
* 固金甌 / 固金瓯
* 固陋 (gùlòu)
* 固非
* 固體 / 固体 (gùtǐ)
* 固體潮 / 固体潮
* 固體電路 / 固体电路
* 堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
* 埴固
* 安固
* 巧固球 (qiǎogùqiú)
* 強固 / 强固 (qiánggù)
* 恪固
* 持祿固寵 / 持禄固宠
* 推亡固存
* 擁兵自固 / 拥兵自固
* 擇善固執 / 择善固执 (zéshàngùzhí)
* 本固枝榮 / 本固枝荣 (běngùzhīróng)
* 根深固本
* 根深柢固 (gēnshēndǐgù)
* 根深蒂固 (gēnshēndìgù)
* 欲取固與 / 欲取固与
* 深根固本 (shēngēngùběn)
* 深根固柢
* 深根固蒂
* 深閉固距 / 深闭固距
* 滯固 / 滞固
* 牢固 (láogù)
* 理固當然 / 理固当然
* 盤固草 / 盘固草
* 盤石之固 / 盘石之固
* 磐石之固
* 稽固
* 穩固 / 稳固 (wěngù)
* 老頑固 / 老顽固 (lǎowángù)
* 膠固 / 胶固
* 膽固醇 / 胆固醇 (dǎngùchún)
* 藏舟難固 / 藏舟难固
* 血液凝固
* 裕固族 (Yùgùzú)
* 補氣固表 / 补气固表
* 覆盂之固
* 負固 / 负固 (fùgù)
* 貞固 / 贞固 (zhēngù)
* 負固不悛 / 负固不悛
* 負固不服 / 负固不服
* 超固態 / 超固态 (chāogùtài)
* 鄙固
* 防固
* 險固 / 险固 (xiǎngù)
* 靳固
* 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)
* 頑固 / 顽固 (wángù)
* 類固醇 / 类固醇 (lèigùchún)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* hard; to harden
* to set; to solidify

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: かためる (katameru, 固める, Jōyō)、かたまる (katamaru, 固まる, Jōyō)、かたい (katai, 固い, Jōyō)、もとより (motoyori, 固より)

#### Compounds

* 固(こ)形(けい) (kokei)
* 固(こ)執(しつ) (koshitsu), 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū)
* 固(こ)守(しゅ) (koshu)
* 固(こ)相(そう) (kosō, “solid phase”)
* 固(こ)体(たい) (kotai)
* 固(こ)定(てい) (kotei)
* 固(こ)有(ゆう) (koyū)

## Korean
### Hanja

固 (eumhun 굳을 고 (gudeul go))
* hanja form of 고 (“solid”)

#### Compounds

* 고체 (固體, goche, “solid”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

固: Hán Nôm readings: cố, có, cúa
* 1 = Yes, yeah…affirmative marker in close-ended question.