# 虐待
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nüèdài
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joek$^6$ doi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngio̍k-thai
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiog$^5$ toi$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyoh$^7$ dai$^5$ / gyeh$^7$ dai$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lio̍k-thǎi / ge̍k-thāi / lio̍k-thāi / gia̍k-thāi / gio̍k-thāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiag$^8$ tai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nüèdài
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nyuèdài
*** Wade–Giles: nüeh$^4$-tai$^4$
*** Yale: nywè-dài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niuehday
*** Palladius: нюэдай (njuedaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ny̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joek$^6$ doi$^6$
*** Yale: yeuhk doih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joek$^9$ doi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêg$^6$ doi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːk̚² tɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngio̍k-thai
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiog tai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog$^6$ tai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ok̚⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiog$^5$ toi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiɔk̚¹ tʰoɪ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoh$^7$ dai$^5$ [Phonetic: gyoh$^4$ dai$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gio̤̍h-dāi
*** Sinological IPA : /kyɒʔ⁴⁻⁴² tai²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gyeh$^7$ dai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kyøʔ²⁴ tai²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k-thǎi
*** Tâi-lô: lio̍k-thǎi
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴⁻² tʰai²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k-thāi
*** Tâi-lô: gi̍k-thāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gegtai
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² tʰai³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k-thāi
*** Tâi-lô: lio̍k-thāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liogtai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɔk̚⁴⁻³² tʰai²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k-thāi
*** Tâi-lô: gia̍k-thāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giagtai
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰai²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k-thāi
*** Tâi-lô: gio̍k-thāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giogtai
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɔk̚⁴⁻³² tʰai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngiag$^8$ tai$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngia̍k thăi
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiak̚⁴⁻² tʰai³⁵/

### Verb

虐待
* to abuse; to maltreat; to be cruel to
    虐待動物／虐待动物 ― nüèdài dòngwù ― to be cruel to animals; animal cruelty
    虐待百姓 ― nüèdài bǎixìng ― to abuse the masses

#### Synonyms

* 施虐 (shīnüè)
* (Hokkien) 持蕩／持荡
* (Jin) 克吝

#### Antonyms

* 優待／优待 (yōudài)

#### Derived terms

* 兒童虐待 / 儿童虐待 (értóng nüèdài)
* 性虐待 (xìngnüèdài)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 虐 | 待 |
| ぎゃく Grade: S | たい Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぎゃくたい [gyàkútáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡʲa̠kɯ̟ta̠i]

### Noun

虐(ぎゃく)待(たい) • (gyakutai)
* abuse

### Verb

虐(ぎゃく)待(たい)する • (gyakutai suru) transitive suru (stem 虐(ぎゃく)待(たい)し (gyakutai shi), past 虐(ぎゃく)待(たい)した (gyakutai shita))
* abuse; maltreat; ill-treat
    最(さい)近(きん)は親(おや)が子(こ)供(ども)を虐(ぎゃく)待(たい)することが多(おお)くなった。
       Saikin wa oya ga kodomo o gyakutai suru koto ga ōku natta.
       There have been more and more cases recently of parents abusing their children.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 虐待し | ぎゃくたいし | gyakutai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 虐待し | ぎゃくたいし | gyakutai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 虐待する | ぎゃくたいする | gyakutai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 虐待する | ぎゃくたいする | gyakutai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 虐待すれ | ぎゃくたいすれ | gyakutai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 虐待せよ¹ 虐待しろ² | ぎゃくたいせよ¹ ぎゃくたいしろ² | gyakutai seyo¹ gyakutai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 虐待される | ぎゃくたいされる | gyakutai sareru |
| Causative | 虐待させる 虐待さす | ぎゃくたいさせる ぎゃくたいさす | gyakutai saseru gyakutai sasu |
| Potential | 虐待できる | ぎゃくたいできる | gyakutai dekiru |
| Volitional | 虐待しよう | ぎゃくたいしよう | gyakutai shiyō |
| Negative | 虐待しない | ぎゃくたいしない | gyakutai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 虐待せず | ぎゃくたいせず | gyakutai sezu |
| Formal | 虐待します | ぎゃくたいします | gyakutai shimasu |
| Perfective | 虐待した | ぎゃくたいした | gyakutai shita |
| Conjunctive | 虐待して | ぎゃくたいして | gyakutai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 虐待すれば | ぎゃくたいすれば | gyakutai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 虐 | 待 |

### Noun

虐待 • (hakdae) (hangeul 학대)
* hanja form of 학대 (“abuse”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 虐 | 待 |

### Verb

虐待
* chữ Hán form of ngược đãi (“to mistreat; to abuse”).