# jaga
## English
### Etymology

From Malay jaga (“to awake; to watch over”).

### Pronunciation

* (Singapore) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒaɡa/, [ˈd͡ʒa˧.ɡa(˦)]

### Verb

jaga (invariable)
* (Manglish, Singlish) To keep watch, to watch over.
** 2021 June 24, Jessica Heng, quoting Mr Kadir, “A Journey Through The Only HDB Estate In Siglap, The Lesser-known Dakota Crescent”, in ricemedia.co‎, archived from the original on 9 September 2024:“Next to my shop, there was this auntie selling joss sticks and traditional Chinese items,” Mr Kadir said. “She would always help to jaga my shop when I need to go out, and when customers come she will help me to tell them to wait. After the work day finishes, she’ll always tell me to go home safely, I always remember that.”
** 2023, Kristian-Marc James Paul, Myle Yan Tay, Mysara Aljaru, Brown is Redacted: Reflecting on Race in Singapore, Ethos Books, →ISBN:We sat around at the NLB after midnight and helped to jaga these migrant workers who were painting.

### Noun

jaga
* (Malaysia, Singapore) A guard or watchman.
** 1965 February 25, “'Workers' fool jaga in $4,000 theft”, in The Straits Times, Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings Limited, page 8:The driver, holding a bunch of keys, approached the jaga, and told him that the kepala of the company, the Hock Lam Company, — in North Bridge Road, had sent him to collect some goods.
** 2010, Peter Thompson, The Battle for Singapore: The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II, Little, Brown Book Group, →ISBN:At the boarding house, the jaga — nightwatchman — hurriedly turned on all the lights so that everyone could see what was happening.
** 2020, Irene Lim, 90 Years in Singapore, Pagesetters Services Pte Ltd, →ISBN:The Oldham Lane home was a big flat with an office below us and Oldham Hall up the hill. An Indian jaga slept outside the office on his charpoy (rope bed) and he cooked in the open.

## Baba Malay
### Etymology

From Malay jaga.

### Verb

jaga
* to be on guard; to be vigilant
* to be awake

### Adjective

jaga
* on guard; vigilant
* awake

### Further reading

* Baba Malay Dictionary

## Balinese
### Romanization

jaga
* Romanization of ᬚᬕ

## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse jaga, from Middle Low German jāgen, from Old Saxon *jagōn, from Proto-West Germanic *jagōn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjeːa/

### Verb

jaga (third person singular past indicative jagaði, third person plural past indicative jagað, supine jagað)
* to hunt

#### Conjugation

$^1$Only the past participle being declined.

## Indonesian
### Alternative forms

* djaga (1901–1947, 1947–1972)

### Etymology

From Malay jaga, from Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒaɡa/ [ˈd͡ʒa.ɡa]
* Rhymes: -aɡa
* Syllabification: ja‧ga

### Verb

jaga (intransitive active berjaga, transitive active menjaga, transitive passive dijaga)
* (transitive) to watch over, to keep, to guard
* (intransitive, rare) to awake

#### Derived terms

* berjaga
* berjaga-jaga
* jagaan
* jagakan
* penjaga
* penjagaan
* terjaga

### Further reading

* “jaga” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Javanese
### Romanization

jaga
* Romanization of ꦗꦒ

## Malay
### Etymology

From Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒaɡa/ [ˈd͡ʒa.ɡa]
* Hyphenation: ja‧ga

### Verb

jaga (Jawi spelling جاݢ)
* to awake
* to watch over

#### Derived terms

* dijaga
* dijagakan
* jagaan
* jagakan
* menjaga
* menjagakan
* penjaga
* penjagaan
* terjaga

#### Descendants

* Baba Malay: jaga
* Indonesian: jaga
* → Tagalog: alaga (“to take care”)
* → Malagasy: zaha (“to investigate”)
* → Min Nan: 若呀 (jia̍k-gâ)
* → Pattani Malay: جاݢاوْ / ยฺากฺอ (jagɔ)
* → Tausug: jaga
* → Ternate: jaga

### Further reading

* “jaga” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Alternative forms

* jaget
* jagde (simple past)
* jog (simple past)
* jagd (past participle)

### Verb

jaga
* inflection of jage:
** simple past
** past participle

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* jage

### Etymology

From Old Norse jaga, from Middle Low German jagen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²jɑːɡɑ/

### Verb

jaga (present tense jagar, past tense jaga, past participle jaga, passive infinitive jagast, present participle jagande, imperative jaga/jag)
* to hunt, chase

### Further reading

* “jaga” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Javanese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ). Doublet of jāgra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /d͡ʒa.ɡa/
* Rhymes: -ɡa
* Hyphenation: ja‧ga

### Adjective

jaga
* watchful, vigilant, cautious

### Noun

jaga
* what or who is coming, expected

### Derived terms

* ajaga
* ajaga-jaga
* añjaga
* añjagani
* jaga-jaga
* kajagan
* makajaga
* jaga bela
* jaga cacahan
* jaga dami
* jaga krama
* jaga śatru
* jinaga dami
* silih jaga
* wĕḍihan jaga

### Descendants

* Javanese: ꦗꦒ (jaga)
* → Balinese: ᬚᬕ (jaga)

### Further reading

* "jaga" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

## Romani
### Noun

jaga
* nominative/accusative plural of jag

## Spanish
### Verb

jaga
* inflection of jacer:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Late Old Swedish iagha, from Early Old Swedish iægha, from Old Norse jaga, from Middle Low German jāgen, from Old Saxon *jagōn, from Proto-West Germanic *jagōn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjɑːˌɡa/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

jaga (present jagar, preterite jagade, supine jagat, imperative jaga)
* to chase (pursue)
    Han jagade honom genom skogen ― He chased him through the forest
* to hunt (prey)
    De jagade ren ― They were hunting reindeer

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

#### See also

* förjaga
* injaga
* jägare
* jagare
* jakt
* uppjaga

### Further reading

* jaga in Svensk ordbok.

## Tausug
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Malay jaga, from Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ).

### Pronunciation

* (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA: /d͡ʒaɡa/ [d͡ʒaˈɣɑ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: ja‧ga

### Noun

jaga
* guard, watchman; mourner

### Verb

jaga
* to watch, to be on watch, to beware, to be on guard

#### Derived terms

* majaga

## Ternate
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈd͡ʒa.ɡa]

#### Noun

jaga
* a tree branch

### Etymology 2

From Classical Malay jaga, from Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ). The adverbial sense is likely derived from an association of vigilance with guarding.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈd͡ʒa.ɡa]

#### Verb

jaga
* (transitive) to guard, to keep guard

##### Conjugation
#### Adverb

jaga
* often
    ngori rioru jaga cumu ― my stomach often hurts

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh