# 古

| 古 | U+53E4, &#21476; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E4 |
| ← 口 [U+53E3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 句 → [U+53E5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

古 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 4060$_0$, composition ⿱十口)
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №53

#### Derived characters

* 估, 咕, 姑, 岵, 怙, 沽, 狜, 枯, 㱠, 牯, 祜, 䀦, 秙, 䊀, 䑩, 蛄, 詁(诂), 跍, 軲(轱), 酤, 鈷(钴), 骷, 鮕
* 故, 胡, 㼋, 瓳, 䎁, 䧸, 嘏, 鴣(鸪), 克, 㕝, 怘, 㖛, 辜
* 㕆, 呄, 㝒, 居, 苦, 㽽, 罟, 䇢, 啇, 固, 㑸, 䀇, 䂋
* 𢫈, 𤇌, 𦙶, 𧙖, 𩚩, 𦹵, 𡪻, 𡳰, 𨐒, 𠸙, 𦹯, 𥥖, 𠸗, 𣭎, 𤚦

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 171, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
* Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 568, character 3
* Unihan data for U+53E4

## Chinese

* 古 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 古姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 古氏 (Cantonese)
* Kó͘ (khió-pêng) (Southern Min)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 古 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Ideogram (指事): A shield (十, contraction of 盾 and similar but unrelated to 中) and the radical of the mouth (口) both as a distinguishing mark and as a component that partly indicates pronunciation. Together, they indicate the concept of "strong, firm" (as strong as a shield); original form of 固 (OC *kaːs) (Qiu Xigui, Ding Shan 丁山). Later, the meaning of "solid, firm" shifted to "antiquity" for unclear reasons. Compare oracle bone forms with 干, 盾. Unrelated to 中 and hence to 史 and 使.
Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food due to his bad taste. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ), "bitter".

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gǔ (gu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu$^3$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): gù
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu$^2$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gu$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kú
    (Hailu, HRS): gu$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gu$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gu$^3$ / gu$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): gǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): gū / kū
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^3$ / kou$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): geu$^2$ / gu$^2$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gu$^2$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^5$ku / $^3$kou / $^3$ku
** (Jinhua): $^3$ku
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu$^3$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): gu$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$
*** Yale: gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gu$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: gù
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$
*** Yale: gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^3$ / gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁴⁵/, /ku⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gū / kū
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/, /kʰu³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gô
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu³³²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kou$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kô
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔu⁴⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu
*** Sinological IPA : /kou⁵²/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: geu$^2$ / gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kɛu³¹/, /ku³¹/
* geu2 - vernacular;
* gu2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: kuX
Rime :
| Character | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 公戸切 |
| Baxter | kuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁaʔ/ |
| English | ancient |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4219 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 古 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːʔ/ |

#### Definitions

古
* the past; ancient times
    古今 ― gǔjīn ― ancient and modern times
* old; ancient
* classic; old-styled
* simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
* things in the past; antiquities; history
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) story (Classifier: 段 c)
    Alternative form: (Cantonese) 故
    講古／讲古 [Cantonese] ― gong$^2$ gu$^2$ [Jyutping] ― to tell a story
* Short for 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”).
* a surname
    古天樂／古天乐 [Cantonese] ― gu$^2$ tin$^1$ lok$^6$ [Jyutping] ― Louis Koo Tin-lok (Hong Kong actor)

#### Compounds

* 七古
* 上古 (shànggǔ)
* 不古
* 中古 (zhōnggǔ)
* 五古
* 亙古 / 亘古 (gèngǔ)
* 仿古 (fǎnggǔ)
* 作古 (zuògǔ)
* 來古 / 来古
* 先古 (xiāngǔ)
* 千古 (qiāngǔ)
* 博古 (bógǔ)
* 印古什 (Yìngǔshí)
* 反古 (fǎngǔ)
* 口古月
* 古井 (gǔjǐng)
* 古井無波 / 古井无波
* 古人 (gǔrén)
* 古今 (gǔjīn)
* 古今中外 (gǔjīnzhōngwài)
* 古代 (gǔdài)
* 古作
* 古來 / 古来 (gǔlái)
* 古例
* 古典 (gǔdiǎn)
* 古典主義 / 古典主义 (gǔdiǎnzhǔyì)
* 古冊 / 古册 (kó͘-chheh) (Min Nan)
* 古制 (gǔzhì)
* 古剎 / 古刹 (gǔchà)
* 古勁 / 古劲
* 古勒巴格 (Gǔlèbāgé)
* 古動物學 / 古动物学 (gǔdòngwùxué)
* 古厝 (gǔcuò)
* 古史 (gǔshǐ)
* 古國 / 古国 (gǔguó)
* 古坑 (Gǔkēng)
* 古城 (gǔchéng)
* 古城口 (Gǔchéngkǒu)
* 古堡
* 古墓 (gǔmù)
* 古夫 (Gǔfū)
* 古奧 / 古奥
* 古妝 / 古妆
* 古始
* 古姆 (Gǔmǔ)
* 古學 / 古学
* 古寫 / 古写
* 古寺
* 古屋 (gǔwū)
* 古山 (Gǔshān)
* 古巴 (Gǔbā)
* 古幣 / 古币 (gǔbì)
* 古廟 / 古庙 (gǔmiào)
* 古式 (gǔshì)
* 古往今來 / 古往今来 (gǔwǎngjīnlái)
* 古德
* 古怪 (gǔguài)
* 古意 (gǔyì)
* 古憋
* 古拙 (gǔzhuó)
* 古文 (gǔwén)
* 古文字 (gǔwénzì)
* 古方 (gǔfāng)
* 古方兒 / 古方儿
* 古早 (gǔzǎo)
* 古昔 (gǔxī)
* 古晉 / 古晋 (Gǔjìn)
* 古時 / 古时 (gǔshí)
* 古曆 / 古历
* 古書 / 古书 (gǔshū)
* 古本 (gǔběn)
* 古板 (gǔbǎn)
* 古柯 (gǔkē)
* 古植物學 / 古植物学 (gǔzhíwùxué)
* 古樂 / 古乐 (gǔyuè)
* 古槧 / 古椠
* 古樓 / 古楼 (Gǔlóu)
* 古樸 / 古朴 (gǔpǔ)
* 古橋溝 / 古桥沟 (Gǔqiáogōu)
* 古氣 / 古气
* 古江巴格 (Gǔjiāngbāgé)
* 古法
* 古渡 (gǔdù)
* 古為今用 / 古为今用
* 古爾邦節 / 古尔邦节 (Gǔ'ěrbāngjié)
* 古物 (gǔwù)
* 古猿
* 古玉
* 古玩 (gǔwán)
* 古琴 (gǔqín)
* 古瓷
* 古生代 (Gǔshēng Dài)
* 古生物 (gǔshēngwù)
* 古生界
* 古畫 / 古画 (gǔhuà)
* 古白文 (gǔbáiwén)
* 古石 (Gǔshí)
* 古磚 / 古砖
* 古祠
* 古稀 (gǔxī)
* 古箏 / 古筝 (gǔzhēng)
* 古籀
* 古籍 (gǔjí)
* 古老 (gǔlǎo)
* 古老肉
* 古者 (gǔzhě)
* 古舊 / 古旧 (gǔjiù)
* 古色古香 (gǔsègǔxiāng)
* 古茶
* 古董 (gǔdǒng)
* 古蘭經 / 古兰经 (Gǔlánjīng)
* 古裝 / 古装 (gǔzhuāng)
* 古記 / 古记
* 古訓 / 古训 (gǔxùn)
* 古話 / 古话 (gǔhuà)
* 古詩 / 古诗 (gǔshī)
* 古語 / 古语 (gǔyǔ)
* 古調不彈 / 古调不弹
* 古諺 / 古谚 (gǔyàn)
* 古賢 / 古贤 (gǔxián)
* 古賦 / 古赋
* 古趣
* 古路 (Gǔlù)
* 古跡 / 古蹟 / 古迹 (gǔjì)
* 古遊 / 古游
* 古道 (gǔdào)
* 古道熱腸 / 古道热肠 (gǔdàorècháng)
* 古遠 / 古远
* 古邈
* 古都 (gǔdū)
* 古鄰 / 古邻
* 古銅 / 古铜
* 古銅色 / 古铜色 (gǔtóngsè)
* 古錢 / 古钱 (gǔqián)
* 古錐 / 古锥 (kó͘-chui) (Min Nan)
* 古門 / 古门
* 古陸 / 古陆
* 古隸 / 古隶
* 古雅 (gǔyǎ)
* 古音 (gǔyīn)
* 古韻 / 古韵 (gǔyùn)
* 古風 / 古风 (gǔfēng)
* 古驛 / 古驿 (Gǔyì)
* 古體詩 / 古体诗 (gǔtǐshī)
* 唐古拉 (Tánggǔlā)
* 大古
* 太古 (tàigǔ)
* 好古 (hàogǔ)
* 存古 (cúngǔ)
* 希古
* 師古 / 师古
* 弔古 / 吊古
* 往古
* 待古
* 徐古 (Xúgǔ)
* 復古 / 复古 (fùgǔ)
* 慕古
* 懷古 / 怀古 (huáigǔ)
* 振古
* 擬古 / 拟古 (nǐgǔ)
* 敻古
* 暮古
* 曠古 / 旷古 (kuànggǔ)
* 汲古 (jígǔ)
* 治古
* 泥古 (nìgǔ)
* 海西蒙古族藏族自治州
* 淳古
* 特古
* 玍古 (gǎgu)
* 疑古 (yígǔ)
* 盤古 / 盘古 (Pángǔ)
* 盤古壋 / 盘古垱 (Pángǔdàng)
* 萬古 / 万古 (wàngǔ)
* 秦古 (Qíngǔ)
* 稽古 (jīgǔ)
* 積古 / 积古
* 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ)
* 考古 (kǎogǔ)
* 肅北蒙古族自治縣 / 肃北蒙古族自治县
* 自古 (zìgǔ)
* 艾古斯 (Àigǔsī)
* 花古 (Huāgǔ)
* 蒙古 (Měnggǔ)
* 蒙古族 (Měnggǔzú)
* 覽古 / 览古 (lǎngǔ)
* 訪古 / 访古
* 說古 / 说古
* 講古 / 讲古 (jiǎnggǔ)
* 譀古 / 𰶆古 (hàm-kó͘) (Min Nan)
* 變古 / 变古
* 轢古 / 轹古
* 近古 (jìngǔ)
* 述古
* 遠古 / 远古 (yuǎngǔ)
* 邃古 (suìgǔ)
* 門古寺 / 门古寺 (Méngǔsì)
* 高古

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 古(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 고(古) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cổ (古)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: cũ

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gù (gu$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gù
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gù
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$
*** Yale: gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹/

#### Definitions

古
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 固 (gù)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 故 (gù)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kū (ku$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kū
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ku
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^1$
*** Yale: kū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
*** Palladius: ку (ku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

古
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 古成.

### References

* “古”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
* Kun: ふるい (furui, 古い, Jōyō)、ふるす (furusu, 古す, Jōyō)、いにしえ (inishie, 古)

#### Compounds

* 古(こ)意(い) (koi)
* 古(こ)雅(が) (koga)
* 古(こ)稀(き) (koki)
* 古(こ)今(こん) (kokon)
* 古(こ)参(さん) (kosan)
* 古(こ)址(し) (koshi)
* 古(こ)式(しき) (koshiki)
* 古(こ)色(しょく) (koshoku)
* 古(こ)称(しょう) (koshō)
* 古(こ)茶(ちゃ) (kocha): tea from last year
* 古(こ)典(てん) (koten)
* 古(こ)都(と) (koto)
* 古(こ)風(ふう) (kofū)
* 古(こ)文(ぶん) (kobun)
* 古(こ)来(らい) (korai)
* 名(な)古(ご)屋(や) (Nagoya)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 古
* いにしえ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 古 – see the following entry. :
| 【いにしえ】 | [noun] the past [noun] ancient times [noun] (archaic, obsolete) the deceased Alternative spellings 昔, 古え, 昔え, 往にしへ, 去にしへ |
(This term, 古, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 古
* ふる Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 旧 故
Stem of adjective 古い (furui, “old”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふる [fúꜜrù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

古(ふる) • (furu)
* used item, secondhand item, hand-me-down

#### Prefix

古(ふる) • (furu-)
* paleo-, old, used, previous

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

古 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))
* hanja form of 고 (“old; ancient”)

#### Compounds

* 고고 (考古, gogo)
* 고고학 (考古學, gogohak, “archaeology”)
* 고금 (古琴, gogeum, “guqin, Chinese zither”)
* 고서 (古書, goseo)
* 고어 (古語, go'eo, “archaism”)
* 고옥 (古屋, gook)
* 고전 (古典, gojeon, “classic”)
* 고조선 (古朝鮮, gojoseon, “Gojoseon”)
* 고풍 (古風, gopung, “old customs, antique”)
* 몽고 (蒙古, monggo, “Mongolia”)
* 상고 (上古, sanggo)
* 중고 (中古, junggo)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

古: Hán Việt readings: cổ (公(công)土(thổ)切(thiết))
古: Nôm readings: cổ, cỗ, của, có, cỏ, kẻ

#### Compounds

* 古典 (cổ điển)
* 古文 (cổ văn)
* 考古 (khảo cổ)
* 蒙古 (Mông Cổ)

### Adjective

古 • (cổ)
* chữ Hán form of cổ (“ancient; old”).

### Noun

古 • (cổ, của)
* chữ Nôm form of cổ (“neck”).
* chữ Nôm form of của (“property; belongings”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).