# 外

| 外 | U+5916, &#22806; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916 |
| ← 夕 [U+5915] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 夗 → [U+5917] |

## Translingual
### Han character

外 (Kangxi radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 2320$_0$, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK))

#### Derived characters

* 𠰻, 𢫑, 𣳢, 𫟌, 迯, 𡎢, 䀤, 夞, 𡎥, 𡎦, 㔰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 246, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
* Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5916

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 外 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
The original character "卜" is a ideogrammic character with a mark added to the outside of the vertical bar, which was later made into the character "外" by adding the phonetic note "月".
In oracle bone script, both 卜 and 外 were written as "卜", but they were distinguished by the fact that 卜 has a horizontal bar extending to the inside of the tortoise shell, while 外 has a horizontal bar extending to the outside.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wài (wai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wai$^4$ / wei$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): wāi
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): wāi
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngoi$^6$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): wi$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngoi$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): uai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngoi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngoi$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngoi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): vai$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): nguōi / ngṳē
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguôi / ngiê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua$^5$ / gue$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gōa / gioa / gōe / ngoǎi / goǎi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghua$^7$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): bhua$^1$ / nguai$^7$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): waai$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$nga / $^6$we / $^6$wa / $^6$vae / $^2$wae
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): uai$^5$ / ngai$^5$ / uai$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wài
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wài
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^4$
*** Yale: wài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: way
*** Palladius: вай (vaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wai$^4$ / wei$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uai / ui
*** Sinological IPA : /uai²¹³/, /uei²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: wāi
*** Sinological IPA : /uæ⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: wāi
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): wai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /uɛ⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /vɛ⁴⁴/, /vi⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$
*** Yale: ngoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²²/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: wi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /vi³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngoi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡᵘɔi³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: uai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /uai¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: vai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /vai⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nguōi / ngṳē
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋuɛ⁵⁵/, /ŋyɛ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguôi / ngiê
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋui²⁴²/, /ŋiɛ²⁴²/
* nguôi - literary;
* ngiê - colloquial.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit外 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /uai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /uai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /vai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /vɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /vɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /uai³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /uai⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /uɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /vɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /vai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /uai³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /uai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /uai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /uæ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /uae⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ue̞⁵³/ /ue⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /vai⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /vɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋa²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋɑ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦue̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /va²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /uɛ²²/ /ŋa²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋa¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /uai⁵⁵/ /uai¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /uai²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /uai²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋoi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋoi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gue²²/ /gua²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋuɔi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kuɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /gua³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋɔi³³/ /hua²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngwajH
Rime :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (26) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五會切 |
| Baxter | ngwajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwaj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ |
| English | outside |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12606 |
| Phonetic component | 外 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 外 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːds/ |

### Definitions

外
* out; outside; external
    Antonyms: 裡 / 里 (lǐ), 內 / 内
    窗外 ― chuāng wài ― outside a window
    外表 ― wàibiǎo ― outward appearance
* beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
    此外 ― cǐwài ― in addition (to this)
    十公里外 ― shí gōnglǐ wài ― 10 km beyond (a place)
    From: Song dynasty, poet Fan Gongcheng (范公偁), 《過庭錄》
    Jièmíng jìnchù shì Sūnshān, xiánláng gèngzài Sūnshān wài. [Pinyin]
    I found my name the last of the enrolled; The good master went a step beyond me.
* other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
    外國／外国 ― wàiguó ― foreign country
    外校 ― wài xiào ― other schools
* foreign country
    中外 ― zhōngwài ― China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
    對外貿易／对外贸易 ― duì wài màoyì ― foreign trade
    漢外詞典／汉外词典 ― hàn-wài cídiǎn ― Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
    From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Wài píng bù shū, cǐ héyǐ shū? [Pinyin]
    Peace between foreign states were not recorded in the Annals. Why was this one exceptionally recorded?
* (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
    見外／见外 ― jiànwài ― to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Nèi qí guó ér wài Zhūxià, nèi Zhūxià ér wài Yídí. [Pinyin]
    to deem one's own state "the in" and treat the other Xias as "the other", while allying oneself with the Xias and distancing oneself from the Barbarians.
* relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
    外婆 ― wàipó ― maternal grandmother
    外孫／外孙 ― wàisūn ― daughter's son
    外祖父 ― wàizǔfù ― maternal grandfather
* additional
    外加 ― wàijiā ― plus
    外帶／外带 ― wàidài ― to include (something) as well
* unofficial
    外史 ― wàishǐ ― unofficial history
    外號／外号 ― wàihào ― nickname
* (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
    二十外歲／二十外岁 [Hokkien] ― jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― 20-something years old

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 外面, 外邊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 外面, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外廂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒拉, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 外面, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 外面兒, 外面, 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 外面 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 外面 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 外面 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 外面兒, 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 外面兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 外頭, 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 外頭 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 外頭, 外邊兒, 外面兒, 外先 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 外前 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 外些 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭, 外首 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 外面, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 外頭, 外面, 外前 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭, 外面 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 外面, 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外前 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 外頭, 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 外頭, 外前, 外先 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 外前 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 外面, 外頭, 外興 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 外頭, 外面, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 外面, 外邊, 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 外頭, 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 外頭, 外面, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 外頭, 外邊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 外頭, 外面 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 外面, 外沿, 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 外便, 出便, 開便, 外低, 外底, 外出, 外間, 開低, 開底, 開底便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 出便, 出面, 外便, 外面, 開便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 出便, 出茅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 外底, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 外出 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 出便, 出底 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 出便, 外底, 外便, 外面, 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 二底 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 麻口, 出底, 外便, 出便, 出頭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 外便, 出便 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 外面 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 出邊 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 出頭, 出底 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 荷頭 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 外出, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 和底 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 出便, 出低, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 會出 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 外便, 出便 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 出下底 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 外低 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 出那底 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 出邊, 外邊, 外面 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 外底, 外面 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 外低 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 外便 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 外頭 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 外家, 外頭 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 口前, 外前 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 外背 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 外口, 外出, 外便, 出便, 面出 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 出背, 外背, 外面 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 出背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 門口, 外面 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 堤出 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 外邊, 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 外背 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 外背 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 門背 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 外背 |
| Hakka | Raoping (Xinfeng) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Changting | 外頭, 外背 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 外背, 外頭背 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Zhongshan) | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 出背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Wudong) | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 外裡 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 外底 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 外高 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 內頭 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 外裡 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 門背, 出邊 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 外低 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 外低 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 下底 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 老背 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 那低 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 門背 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 門背, 外背 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Meixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 外咧 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Jiexi) | 外背 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 外頭 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 外面, 外面頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 外頭, 外面 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Datong | 外頭, 外前 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 外頭 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 外面兒, 外頭, 外首兒 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 外面兒, 外邊兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jin | Jining | 外頭 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 外面兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Handan | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 外頭 |
| Jin | Suide | 外面兒, 外頭, 外前 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 外前, 外邊 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 外界 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 外邊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 外首, 外首勢, 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 外首 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 外首 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 外首, 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 外面 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 外底, 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 外面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 外面, 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 外面, 外口, 口面, 口仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 外口, 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 外爿, 外口, 厝外, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 外口 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 外口, 外面, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 外口, 外面 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 外面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 外口, 外面, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 外面, 外頭, 外裹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 外面, 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 從皮 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 外爿, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 外爿, 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 外爿, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 外口, 內口 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 外路 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 外 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 外面, 外 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 外 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 外向 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 前邊 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 前邊 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 屋前 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 出頭, 外頭 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 外頭 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 外頭 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 出去 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 外面 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 門背 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 門前 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 外面, 外頭, 外底頭, 外首 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 外面, 外頭 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 外頭, 外面, 外勢 |
| Wu | Danyang | 外頭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 外頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 外頭, 外向 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 外面, 外轉 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 外面, 外面手, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 外頭 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 外前, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 外前, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 外頭 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 外頭 |

### Compounds

* 丁外艱 / 丁外艰
* 不外 (bùwài)
* 不外乎 (bùwàihū)
* 不自外
* 中外 (zhōngwài)
* 之外 (zhīwài)
* 九霄雲外 / 九霄云外 (jiǔxiāoyúnwài)
* 以外 (yǐwài)
* 作外
* 例外 (lìwài)
* 內外 / 内外 (nèiwài)
* 其外 (qíwài)
* 出外 (chūwài)
* 出外景
* 出意外
* 分外 (fènwài)
* 劍外 / 剑外
* 務外 / 务外
* 化外 (huàwài)
* 口外 (kǒuwài)
* 另外 (lìngwài)
* 向外 (xiàngwài)
* 吐外特 (Tǔwàitè)
* 味外味
* 員外 / 员外 (yuánwài)
* 員外郎 / 员外郎
* 國外 / 国外 (guówài)
* 圈外人
* 在外 (zàiwài)
* 城外 (Chéngwài)
* 域外 (yùwài)
* 塞外 (sàiwài)
* 外三關 / 外三关 (Wàisānguān)
* 外丹
* 外丹功
* 外事 (wàishì)
* 外交 (wàijiāo)
* 外交團 / 外交团 (wàijiāotuán)
* 外交官 (wàijiāoguān)
* 外交部 (wàijiāobù)
* 外人 (wàirén)
* 外來 / 外来 (wàilái)
* 外來語 / 外来语 (wàiláiyǔ)
* 外來錢 / 外来钱
* 外侮 (wàiwǔ)
* 外側 / 外侧 (wàicè)
* 外傅
* 外傷 / 外伤 (wàishāng)
* 外債 / 外债 (wàizhài)
* 外傳 / 外传
* 外僑 / 外侨 (wàiqiáo)
* 外像
* 外光派
* 外公 (wàigōng)
* 外典
* 外出 (wàichū)
* 外出服
* 外出血 (wàichūxuè)
* 外力 (wàilì)
* 外加 (wàijiā)
* 外功 (wàigōng)
* 外務 / 外务 (wàiwù)
* 外務員 / 外务员
* 外動詞 / 外动词 (wàidòngcí)
* 外勞 / 外劳 (wàiláo)
* 外勤 (wàiqín)
* 外包 (wàibāo)
* 外匯 / 外汇 (wàihuì)
* 外卡 (wàikǎ)
* 外口 (gōa-kháu) (Min Nan)
* 外史 (wàishǐ)
* 外向 (wàixiàng)
* 外名
* 外呈答
* 外呼吸
* 外商 (wàishāng)
* 外四路
* 外國 / 外国 (wàiguó)
* 外國人 / 外国人 (wàiguórén)
* 外國貨 / 外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
* 外圍 / 外围 (wàiwéi)
* 外在 (wàizài)
* 外地 (wàidì)
* 外在美 (wàizàiměi)
* 外城 (wàichéng)
* 外型 (wàixíng)
* 外埔 (Wàipǔ)
* 外埠 (wàibù)
* 外場 / 外场 (wàichǎng)
* 外場人 / 外场人
* 外外
* 外太空 (wàitàikōng)
* 外套 (wàitào)
* 外姓 (wàixìng)
* 外婆 (wàipó)
* 外婦 / 外妇
* 外子 (wàizǐ)
* 外孫 / 外孙 (wàisūn)
* 外孫女 / 外孙女 (wàisūnnǚ)
* 外宅
* 外官
* 外客
* 外家 (wàijiā)
* 外宿
* 外寇 (wàikòu)
* 外層 / 外层 (wàicéng)
* 外帶 / 外带 (wàidài)
* 外幣 / 外币 (wàibì)
* 外延 (wàiyán)
* 外引
* 外弟
* 外形 (wàixíng)
* 外後日 / 外后日
* 外心 (wàixīn)
* 外快 (wàikuài)
* 外快子
* 外患 (wàihuàn)
* 外感
* 外戚 (wàiqī)
* 外戶 / 外户
* 外才
* 外手
* 外找
* 外技
* 外掛 / 外挂 (wàiguà)
* 外接圓 / 外接圆 (wàijiēyuán)
* 外援 (wàiyuán)
* 外揚 / 外扬 (wàiyáng)
* 外放 (wàifàng)
* 外教 (wàijiào)
* 外敷
* 外敵 / 外敌 (wàidí)
* 外文 (wàiwén)
* 外方 (wàifāng)
* 外族 (wàizú)
* 外日
* 外星人 (wàixīngrén)
* 外景 (wàijǐng)
* 外末
* 外果皮 (wàiguǒpí)
* 外標 / 外标
* 外欠
* 外此
* 外殼 / 外壳 (wàiké)
* 外母 (wàimǔ)
* 外毒素 (wàidúsù)
* 外氏
* 外水 (wàishuǐ)
* 外江 (wàijiāng)
* 外泄 (wàixiè)
* 外流 (wàiliú)
* 外洋 (wàiyáng)
* 外洩 / 外泄 (wàixiè)
* 外流區 / 外流区
* 外流河
* 外海 (wàihǎi)
* 外淨 / 外净
* 外港 (wàigǎng)
* 外焰
* 外煙 / 外烟
* 外燃機 / 外燃机
* 外父 (wàifù)
* 外王內帝 / 外王内帝 (wàiwángnèidì)
* 外生
* 外甥 (wàishēng)
* 外甥女
* 外用 (wàiyòng)
* 外用藥 / 外用药 (wàiyòng yào)
* 外界 (wàijiè)
* 外痔 (wàizhì)
* 外相 (wàixiàng)
* 外省 (wàishěng)
* 外磕腳 / 外磕脚 (Wàikējiǎo)
* 外祖母 (wàizǔmǔ)
* 外祖父 (wàizǔfù)
* 外科 (wàikē)
* 外秧兒 / 外秧儿
* 外稃 (wàifū)
* 外篇
* 外籍 (wàijí)
* 外緣 / 外缘 (wàiyuán)
* 外線 / 外线 (wàixiàn)
* 外縣 / 外县
* 外罩 (wàizhào)
* 外耳 (wài'ěr)
* 外耳道 (wài'ěrdào)
* 外聽道 / 外听道
* 外胎 (wàitāi)
* 外胚層 / 外胚层 (wàipēicéng)
* 外膜
* 外舅
* 外舍
* 外艱 / 外艰
* 外蒙 (Wàiměng)
* 外蒙古
* 外藩
* 外號 / 外号 (wàihào)
* 外行 (wàiháng)
* 外行人 (wàihángrén)
* 外行星 (wàixíngxīng)
* 外行話 / 外行话
* 外衣 (wàiyī)
* 外表 (wàibiǎo)
* 外褂
* 外親 / 外亲
* 外觀 / 外观 (wàiguān)
* 外角 (wàijiǎo)
* 外角球
* 外話 / 外话
* 外語 / 外语 (wàiyǔ)
* 外調 / 外调 (wàidiào)
* 外貌 (wàimào)
* 外財 / 外财 (wàicái)
* 外貨 / 外货 (wàihuò)
* 外貿 / 外贸 (wàimào)
* 外資 / 外资 (wàizī)
* 外賓 / 外宾 (wàibīn)
* 外賣 / 外卖 (wàimài)
* 外路
* 外路人
* 外遇 (wàiyù)
* 外道
* 外道兒 / 外道儿
* 外道話 / 外道话
* 外邊 / 外边 (wàibiān)
* 外郎
* 外部 (wàibù)
* 外鄉 / 外乡 (wàixiāng)
* 外野 (wàiyě)
* 外野手 (wàiyěshǒu)
* 外鈔 / 外钞
* 外銷 / 外销 (wàixiāo)
* 外錯角 / 外错角
* 外長城 / 外长城
* 外間 / 外间 (wàijiān)
* 外附
* 外集
* 外電 / 外电 (wàidiàn)
* 外電路 / 外电路
* 外面
* 外面情
* 外項 / 外项
* 外頭 / 外头 (wàitou)
* 外館 / 外馆
* 天外
* 婚外 (hūnwài)
* 媚外 (mèiwài)
* 室外 (shìwài)
* 局外
* 局外人 (júwàirén)
* 屋外
* 山外
* 崇外
* 度外
* 庭外 (tíngwài)
* 徼外
* 心外膜 (xīnwàimó)
* 意外 (yìwài)
* 意外險 / 意外险
* 戶外 / 户外 (hùwài)
* 打外
* 打野外
* 拍外景
* 排外 (páiwài)
* 援外 (yuánwài)
* 攘外安內 / 攘外安内 (rángwài'ānnèi)
* 方外
* 方外人
* 望外
* 格外 (géwài)
* 此外 (cǐwài)
* 法外 (fǎwài)
* 治外
* 流外
* 海外 (hǎiwài)
* 涉外 (shèwài)
* 海外版
* 濱外 / 滨外
* 牆外漢 / 墙外汉
* 物外
* 界外
* 界外球 (jièwàiqiú)
* 窗外 (chuāngwài)
* 紅外線 / 红外线 (hóngwàixiàn)
* 紫外線 / 紫外线 (zǐwàixiàn)
* 美國本土外小島嶼 / 美国本土外小岛屿 (Měiguó Běntǔ Wài Xiǎodǎoyǔ)
* 老外 (lǎowài)
* 而外 (érwài)
* 膜外
* 自外
* 荒外
* 號外 / 号外 (hàowài)
* 裡外 / 里外 (lǐwài)
* 裡外裡 / 里外里 (lǐwàilǐ)
* 見外 / 见外 (jiànwài)
* 言外 (yánwài)
* 課外 / 课外 (kèwài)
* 象外
* 賺外快 / 赚外快
* 郊外 (jiāowài)
* 野外 (yěwài)
* 門外 / 门外 (ménwài)
* 門外漢 / 门外汉 (ménwàihàn)
* 開外 / 开外 (kāiwài)
* 關外 / 关外 (guānwài)
* 除外 (chúwài)
* 䫄外
* 額外 / 额外 (éwài)
* 題外話 / 题外话 (tíwàihuà)
* 餘外 / 余外
* 騖外 / 骛外

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
* → Korean: 외(外) (oe)
* → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)
* → Old Turkic: term
** → Turkmen: öweý

### References

* “外”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* outside
* foreign
* other
* except

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
* Tō-on: うい (ui)
* Kun: そと (soto, 外, Jōyō)、ほか (hoka, 外, Jōyō)、はずす (hazusu, 外す, Jōyō)、はずれる (hazureru, 外れる, Jōyō)、と (to)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* そと Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
Appears from roughly the Muromachi period, superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 所 (to, “place”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そと [sóꜜtò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [so̞to̞]

#### Noun

外(そと) • (soto)
* (the) outside
    箱(はこ)の外(そと)
       hako no soto
       outside of the box
    外(そと)は雨(あめ)
       soto wa ame
       it is raining outside

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* ほか Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. :
| 【他ほか】3 | [noun] another, other, some other, the rest |
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* よそ Grade: 2
* irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. :
| 【余所よそ】 | [noun] another place [noun] a place outside one's family or group [noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing Alternative spelling 他所 |
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* と Grade: 2
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [to̞]

#### Noun

外(と) • (to)
* (the) outside
* toilet

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* がい Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がい [gáꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡa̠i]

#### Suffix

外(がい) • (-gai)
* outside; external
* except for

##### Derived terms

* 外(がい)骨(こっ)格(かく) (gaikokkaku): an exoskeleton
* 外形(がいけい) (gaikei): external shape/form
* 外(がい)祖母(そぼ) (gaisobo): (rare) maternal grandmother, mother's mother
* 外交(がいこう) (gaikō)
* 外人(がいじん) (gaijin)
* 外傷(がいしょう) (gaishō)
* 外出(がいしゅつ) (gaishutsu)
* 外(がい)務省(むしょう) (gaimushō)
* 外国(がいこく) (gaikoku)
* 外(がい)国(こく)人(じん) (gaikokujin)
* 外(がい)国(こく)語(ご) (gaikokugo)
* 外来(がいらい) (gairai)
* 外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) (gairaigo)
* 外泊(がいはく) (gaihaku)
* 外相(がいしょう) (gaishō)
* 外(がい)耳(じ) (gaiji)
* 外苑(がいえん) (gaien)
* 外(がい)資(し) (gaishi)
* 外(がい)貨(か) (gaika)
* 外装(がいそう) (gaisō)
* 外(がい)部(ぶ) (gaibu)
* 海外(かいがい) (kaigai)
* 室外(しつがい) (shitsugai): outside a room, outdoor

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* げ Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡe̞]

#### Noun

外(げ) • (ge)
* (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
* (in compounds) external

##### Derived terms

* 外(げ)科(か) (geka): surgery (as a field of medicine)
* 外(げ)道(どう) (gedō): any non-Buddhist religion
* 外(げ)法(ほう) (gehō): any non-Buddhist religion; any non-Buddhist teaching

### Usage notes

The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 밧 (Yale: pàs) | 외〯 (Yale: wǒy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 外 (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))
* hanja form of 외 (“outside; surface”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 실외 (室外, siroe)
* 야외 (野外, yaoe)
* 외교 (外交, oegyo)
* 외국 (外國, oeguk)
* 외력 (外力, oeryeok)
* 외면 (外面, oemyeon)
* 해외 (海外, hae'oe)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy
* chữ Hán form of ngoại (“outer”).
* chữ Nôm form of ngoài (“outside”).

#### Readings

* Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngòi, ngồi
* Hán: ngoại

#### Compounds

* ngoại quốc (外國)

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville