# paper
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English paper, from Anglo-Norman paper, from Old Catalan paper, borrowed from Latin papȳrus (and given the Catalan suffix -er), from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros).

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈpeɪpə/
* (General American) enPR: pā'pər, IPA: /ˈpeɪpɚ/, [ˈpʰeɪpɚ]
* (India) IPA: [ˈpeːpə(r)], [ˈpeɪpə(r)]
* Audio (US):(file)
* Audio (UK):(file)
* Rhymes: -eɪpə(ɹ)

### Noun

paper (countable and uncountable, plural papers)
* A sheet material typically used for writing on or printing on (or as a non-waterproof container), usually made by draining cellulose fibres from a suspension in water.
    Draw on the paper! Not on the walls!
** 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter X, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:He looked round the poor room, at the distempered walls, and the bad engravings in meretricious frames, the crinkly paper and wax flowers on the chiffonier; and he thought of a room like Father Bryan's, with panelling, with cut glass, with tulips in silver pots, such a room as he had hoped to have for his own.
* A newspaper or anything used as such (such as a newsletter or listing magazine).
    Read all about it in this morning's paper!
** 1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:"I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal. […]."
** 1935, George Goodchild, chapter 1, in Death on the Centre Court:“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke […] whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”
** 2023 March 8, Paul Salveson, “Fond farewells to two final trains...”, in RAIL, number 978, page 54:However, Anyon Kay remembers a Mr Walton Ainsworth, of Beech House, Rivington, who owned mills in Bolton, being a regular user before the First World War. He used to drive by horse and trap from his mansion to catch the 0906 train to Bolton each day. Before arriving at the station, local newsagent Tom Dutton would hand Mr Ainsworth his morning paper!
* (uncountable) Wallpaper.
** 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter II, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0091:There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.
* (uncountable) Wrapping paper.
* (rock paper scissors) An open hand (a handshape resembling a sheet of paper), that beats rock and loses to scissors. It loses to lizard and beats Spock in rock-paper-scissors-lizard-Spock.
* A written document, generally shorter than a book (white paper, term paper), in particular one written for the Government.
* A written document that reports scientific or academic research and is usually subjected to peer review before publication in a scientific journal (as a journal article or the manuscript for one) or in the proceedings of a scientific or academic meeting (such as a conference, workshop, or symposium).
* A scholastic essay.
** 2014 January, Claire Kramsch, “Language and Culture”, in AILA Review‎, volume 27, number 5, John Benjamins, →DOI, →ISSN, page 30:This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators.
* (British, Hong Kong) A set of examination questions to be answered at one session.
* (slang) Money.
* (finance, uncountable) Any financial assets other than specie.
** 1812, William Major, Theory of Money and Exchanges, page XV:Why might not a Government annuity, the Principal of which was originally invested in Paper since the Cash suspension in 1797, be constituted the guarantee of Paper Money, emendating from that investiture and suspension, and the Parliament authority transferred to its security, as it has been to its creation, in preference to all others, while Paper continues our general Medium.
** 1859, The Bankers' Magazine, and Statistical Register, page 244:[…] three millions and a half specie in its vaults, and nearly six millions invested in paper, loans, discounts, pledges […]
* (New Zealand) A university course. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* A paper packet containing a quantity of items.
    a paper of pins, tacks, opium, etc.
* A medicinal preparation spread upon paper, intended for external application.
    cantharides paper
* A substance resembling paper secreted by certain invertebrates as protection for their nests and eggs.
* (dated) Free passes of admission to a theatre, etc.
* (dated, by extension) The people admitted by free passes.

#### Synonyms

* (medium used in writing): bookfell

#### Hyponyms

* abrasive paper
* art paper
* banana paper
* blotting paper
* bog paper
* brown paper
* butcher paper
* carbon paper
* chattel paper
* cigarette paper
* commercial paper
* construction paper
* crêpe paper
* daily paper
* emery paper
* filter paper
* funny paper
* graph paper
* green paper
* hang paper
* linen paper
* liquid paper
* litmus paper
* loo paper
* newspaper
* pad paper
* Panama Papers
* pen and paper, pen-and-paper
* permanent paper
* photographic paper
* photo paper, photopaper
* plain paper
* position paper
* quadrille paper
* rice paper
* sandpaper
* scientific paper
* scratch paper
* sheet of paper
* silver paper
* soda paper
* term paper
* test paper
* tissue paper
* toilet paper
* touch-paper
* tracing paper
* treacle paper
* white paper
* wrapping paper
* writing paper

#### Derived terms

* abrasive paper
* absorbent paper
* accommodation paper
* alpha paper
* aluminium paper
* art paper
* artpaper
* asthma paper
* bakery paper
* bakery release paper
* baking paper
* ballot paper
* banana paper
* bank paper
* blotting paper
* bog paper
* bond paper
* Bristol paper
* bromide paper
* brown paper
* brown paper bag party
* brown paper bag test
* brown rosin paper
* buckypaper
* building paper
* busy as a one-armed paper hanger
* butcher paper
* butchers' paper
* butcher's paper
* butter paper
* carbonic paper
* carbonless copy paper
* carbon paper
* cartridge paper
* case papers
* chattel paper
* cheese paper
* Chinese paper
* chromatography paper
* cigarette paper
* coated paper
* colombier paper
* command paper
* commercial paper
* construction paper
* correction paper
* crepe paper
* crêpe paper
* curl-paper
* curlpaper
* daily paper
* digital paper
* distinctive paper
* elephant paper
* emery paper
* enamel paper
* enfaced paper
* e-paper
* examination paper
* exam paper
* ferropaper
* filter paper
* fish paper
* flash paper
* flint paper
* flock paper
* fly paper
* fly-paper
* flypaper
* freezer paper
* funny paper
* glasspaper
* gloss paper
* glossy paper
* graphing paper
* graph paper
* greaseproof paper
* green paper
* grid paper
* grocery paper
* gun-paper
* gun paper
* hand paper
* hang paper
* height to paper
* India paper
* Japanese paper
* joss paper
* kitchen paper
* kraft paper
* lace paper
* lavvy paper
* ledger paper
* letter paper
* light paper
* light the touch-paper
* linen paper
* liquid paper
* litmus paper
* log-log paper
* loo paper
* manila paper
* manuscript paper
* marble paper
* music paper
* newspaper
* non-paper
* nonpaper
* noosepaper
* notepaper
* oak paper
* oilpaper
* onion paper
* on paper
* order paper
* ozone paper
* Panama Papers
* paper aeroplane, paper airplane
* paper anniversary
* paperback
* paperbacked
* paper bag
* paperbag
* paper-bag
* paper bag party
* paper bag test
* paperbag waist
* paper ballot
* paper bank
* paperbark
* paper-based
* paper bin
* paper birch
* paper board
* paperboard
* paper book
* paper-bound
* paperbound
* paperboy
* paperbush
* paper candidate
* paper cartridge
* paper case
* paper chain
* paper chase
* paperchase
* paper chromatogram
* paper chromatography
* paper cigar
* paper clay
* paper clip
* paper-cloth
* papercraft
* paper credit
* papercrete
* paper cup
* paper currency
* paper cut
* paper cutter
* papercutting
* paper cutting
* paper day
* paper diaper
* paper doll
* paper dragon
* paper driver
* paper enamel
* paper-faced
* paper fastener
* paper fight
* paper flier
* paper flower
* paperflower
* paper flyer
* paper-folder
* paperfolding
* paperful
* paper gauge
* paper general
* papergirl
* paper gold
* paper hands
* paperhanger
* paperhanging
* paper hat
* paperhood
* paper hornet
* paper house
* paper hunting
* paperish
* paper jam
* paper kite butterfly
* paper-knife
* paperknife
* paper launch
* paperless
* paperlike
* paper mache (partly)
* paper machine
* papermaker
* papermaking
* paperman
* paper mill
* paper-milling
* paper money
* papermouth
* paper mulberry
* paper muslin
* papern
* paper nautilus
* paper orphan
* paper over
* paper over the cracks
* paper park
* paperphile
* paperphilia
* paper plane
* paper plate
* paper profit
* paper punch
* paper-pusher
* paper qualification syndrome
* paper reed
* paper round
* paper route
* paper sailor
* paper scissors stone
* papershell
* paper shop
* paper snowflake
* paper son
* paper spurge
* paper stainer
* paper streamer
* paper street
* paper tape
* paper-thick
* paper-thin
* paper ticket
* paper tiger
* paper towel
* paper toweling
* paper town
* paper township
* paper trade
* paper trail
* paper-train
* paper tripping
* paper-view
* paperwall
* paper wall
* paper wallet
* paperware
* paper wasp
* paperweight
* paperwhite
* paperwoman
* paperwork
* paperworker
* paperworks
* papery
* paper yabber
* paraffin paper
* parchment paper
* past paper
* pen and paper, pen-and-paper
* photographic paper
* photo paper, photopaper
* picture paper
* piece of paper
* pith paper
* plain paper
* plate paper
* point paper
* position paper
* probability paper
* punched paper tape
* put pen to paper
* quad paper
* quadrille paper
* rag paper
* red building paper
* red rosin paper
* repaper
* research paper
* rice paper
* rock-paper-scissors
* rock paper scissors
* rolling paper
* rosin paper
* run of paper
* safety paper
* Samarqandi paper
* sanding paper
* sandpaper
* sandwich paper
* satin paper
* scientific paper
* scissors paper stone
* scrap paper
* scratch paper
* see you in the funny papers
* semi-log paper
* semilog paper
* set pen to paper
* sheet of paper
* Shuen paper
* silk paper
* silver paper
* slip sheet paper
* soda paper
* spoil-paper
* stone paper
* sugar paper
* synthetic paper
* tarpaper
* tar paper
* telepaper
* term paper
* test paper
* test-paper
* thermal paper
* thin paper
* thread-paper
* tissue paper
* toffee paper
* toilet-paper
* toilet paper
* tomorrow's chip paper
* toned paper
* torchon paper
* touch-paper
* tracing paper
* transfer paper
* trashpaper
* treacle paper
* turmeric paper
* two-name paper
* unpaper
* vellum paper
* velvet paper
* vignetting paper
* walking papers
* waste paper
* wastepaper
* watch paper
* waxed paper
* wax paper
* way out of a paper bag
* way out of a wet paper bag
* Whatman paper
* white paper
* workpaper
* wrapping paper
* writing paper
* xuan paper
* Xuan paper
* Yoshino paper

#### Related terms

* papier-mâché
* papirosa
* papyrus

#### Descendants

* Tok Pisin: pepa
** → Rotokas: pepa
* → Dutch: paper
* → Eastern Arrernte: pipe
* → Esperanto: papero
** Ido: papero
* → Hawaiian: pepa
* → Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
* → Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
* → Maori: pepa
* → Marshallese: peba
* → Mokilese: peipa
* → Niuean: pepa
* → Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
* → Southern Ndebele: iphepha
* → Spanish: paper
* → Swazi: líphepha
* → Xhosa: iphepha
* → Yoruba: bébà, pépà
* → Zulu: iphepha

#### Translations
### Adjective

paper (not comparable)
* Made of paper.
    paper bag; paper plane
** 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:At twilight in the summer […] the mice come out. They […] eat the luncheon crumbs. Mr. Checkly, for instance, always brought his dinner in a paper parcel in his coat-tail pocket, and ate it when so disposed, sprinkling crumbs lavishly […] on the floor.
* Insubstantial (from the weakness of common paper)
    paper tiger; paper gangster
** 2016: Manila Standard, "Speed limiter law: A paper tiger"; Maricel Cruz
    Speed limiter law: A paper tiger
** 2016: The Australian, "China says Australia ‘is no paper tiger, only a paper cat at best’"; Rowan Callick
    It concluded that Australia was “not even a paper tiger, it’s only a paper cat at best”
* Planned (from plans being drawn up on paper)
    paper rocket; paper engine
** 2015, Flight Global, “Airbus Helicopters to begin Arrano tests for H160 shortly”, in Dominic Perr:We have to be able to demonstrate that it is not just a paper engine but a real engine
** 2015: CBS News, "ULA unveils new rocket to replace Russian boosters"; William Harwood
    In a background teleconference hosted by SpaceX late last week, an unnamed official dismissed ULA's new booster as a "paper rocket," saying he doubted it would be significantly cheaper than ULA's current stable of launchers.
** 2010: BBC News, "Pratt & Whitney eyes global plane engine deals"; Jorn Madslien
    Ours is not a paper engine... these are real engines that are in production today
** 2010, Spaceflight Now, “Musk refutes report slamming safety standards”, in Stephen Clark:"The Ares 1 is a paper rocket that's far off in the future," Musk said. "Falcon 9 is a real rocket, most of which is at Cape Canaveral right now."
* Having a title that is merely official, or given by courtesy or convention.
    a paper baron; a paper lord

#### See also

* paper tiger

### Verb

paper (third-person singular simple present papers, present participle papering, simple past and past participle papered)
* (transitive) To apply paper to.
    to paper the hallway walls
* (transitive) To document; to memorialize.
    After they reached an agreement, their staffs papered it up.
* (transitive) To fill (a theatre or other paid event) with complimentary seats.
    Synonym: paper the house
** 2020, Kelly Kessler, Broadway in the Box, page 198:Later, seat-filling or “papering” services cropped up, with organizations like Audience Extras, Play-by-Play, […]
* (transitive) To submit official papers to (a law court, etc.).
** 2006, Drusilla Modjeska, The Best Australian Essays 2006‎:As powerhouse lawyers shuttled to Cuba to meet clients and papered the federal courts with habeas corpus petitions, Guantanamo's isolation and lack of publicity, once the military's most powerful psychological weapon, was eliminated.
** 2007, Thomas M. Hanna, The Employer's Legal Advisor: Handling Problem Employees Effectively ...‎:[…] the warning received only six weeks later for poor attendance as proof that the employer was unjustly papering his personnel file in an effort to create a reason for discharge.
* (transitive) To give public notice (typically by displaying posters) that a person is wanted by the police or other authority.
* (transitive) To sandpaper.
* (transitive) To enfold in paper.
* To paste the endpapers and flyleaves at the beginning and end of a book before fitting it into its covers.
* (Northeastern US) To cover someone's house with toilet paper. Otherwise known as toilet papering or TPing.

#### Related terms

* paper over

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* pre-AP

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paper/ [pa.per]
* Rhymes: -aper, -er
* Hyphenation: pa‧per

### Noun

paper inan
* paper (material)
* sheet of paper
* (colloquial) newspaper
    Synonym: egunkari

#### Derived terms

* paper erre
* paper-denda
* paper-fabrika
* paper-latz
* paper-mutur (“piece of paper”)
* paper-ore
* paper-pasta
* paper-txori
* paper-zorro
* papereratu (“to print, to write”)
* paperezko (“paper”) (attributive)
* papereztatu (“to wallpaper”)
* papergabe
* papergile
* papergintza
* paperjale (“bookworm”)
* paperontzi (“bin”)
* papertegi

### Further reading

* “paper”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
* “paper”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Old Catalan paper, borrowed from Latin papȳrus and suffixed with -er.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [pəˈpe]
* IPA: (Valencia) [paˈpeɾ]
* Audio (Valencia):(file)

### Noun

paper m (plural papers)
* paper
* role

#### Derived terms

* paper de vàter
* paperassa
* paperer
* paperera
* papereta
* paperot

### References

* “paper” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “paper” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “paper” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cornish
### Etymology

Borrowed from English paper.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /papəɹ/

### Noun

paper m (plural paperyow)
* paper

#### Derived terms

* kadon baper (“paper chain”)
* lien paper (“tissue paper”)
* men paper gwelsigow (“rock paper scissors”)
* paper fos (“wallpaper”)
* paper grow (“sandpaper”)
* paper gweder (“sandpaper”)
* paper nowodhow (“newspaper”)
* paper paros (“wallpaper”)
* paper privedhyow (“toilet paper”)
* paper-skrifa (“writing paper”)
* towel paper (“paper towel”)

### References

* Cornish-English Dictionary from Maga's Online Dictionary

## Dutch
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English paper. Doublet of papier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpeːpər/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophone: peper

### Noun

paper m or n (plural papers, diminutive papertje n)
* (informal) paper (short essay or research document), particularly a research paper
    Synonyms: essay, opstel

#### Derived terms

* onderzoekspaper

## Franco-Provençal
### Noun

paper (Old Dauphinois)
* Alternative form of papiér (“paper”)

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “papyrus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 7: N–Pas, page 590

## Latvian
### Verb

paper
* inflection of papērt:
** second/third-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of papērt
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of papērt

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* papere, papir, papure, papyr, papyre, pauper, paupir

### Etymology

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman paper.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paˈpeːr/, /paːˈpeːr/, /ˈpaːpər/, /ˈpapər/, /ˈpaːpiːr/

### Noun

paper (plural papyres)
* paper (thin, white writing surface made of wood pulp)
* A message or note; something that is written.
* A record or accounting document.

#### Descendants

* English: paper
** Tok Pisin: pepa
*** → Rotokas: pepa
** → Dutch: paper
** → Eastern Arrernte: pipe
** → Esperanto: papero
*** Ido: papero
** → Hawaiian: pepa
** → Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
** → Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
** → Maori: pepa
** → Marshallese: peba
** → Mokilese: peipa
** → Niuean: pepa
** → Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
** → Southern Ndebele: iphepha
** → Spanish: paper
** → Swazi: líphepha
** → Xhosa: iphepha
** → Yoruba: bébà, pépà
** → Zulu: iphepha
* Scots: paper
* → Welsh: papur

#### References

* “papī̆r(e, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-24.

## Old Catalan
### Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin papyrus, adapted to the Catalan suffix -er (< Latin -ārius). First attested in 1249, soon after the Catalans became the first Europeans to control a paper mill by capturing the one in Xàtiva from the Moors.

### Noun

paper m
* paper (sheet material typically used for writing on or printing)

#### Descendants

* Catalan: paper
* → Old Navarro-Aragonese: paper, papel
** Aragonese: papel
* → Old French: papier (see there for further descendants)
* → Old Galician-Portuguese: papel
** Fala: papel
** Galician: papel
** Portuguese: papel (see there for further descendants)
* → Old Spanish: papel
** Spanish: papel (see there for further descendants)

### References

* Coromines, Joan (1980–1991) “paper”, in Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana, Barcelona: Curial Edicions Catalanes.

## Old French
### Noun

paper oblique singular, m (oblique plural papers, nominative singular papers, nominative plural paper)
* Alternative form of papier

## Old Navarro-Aragonese
### Alternative forms

* papel (also from ca. 1400)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Catalan paper. Attested from ca. 1400.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paˈpeɾ/

### Noun

paper m
* paper

#### Descendants

* Aragonese: papel

### References

* Coromines, Joan (1980–1991) “paper”, in Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana, Barcelona: Curial Edicions Catalanes.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* (Lesser Poland):
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈpa.pɛr]

### Noun

paper m pers
* (Przemyśl) Alternative form of pauper
    Ej, ty paprze! Nie tacy byli. ― Hey, you rapscallion! They weren't like that.

### Further reading

* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “paper”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 338

## Spanish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English paper. Doublet of papel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpeipeɾ/ [ˈpei̯.peɾ]
* Rhymes: -eipeɾ
* Syllabification: pa‧per

### Noun

paper m (plural papers)
* paper (written document that reports scientific or academic research)
** 2020 July 23, Juan Felipe Vélez, “Colombia discute la legalización y comercialización de la cocaína”, in PanAm Post‎:Hay varios papers recientes sobre el efecto de la regularización del acceso a opioides en Estados Unidos [...]There are some recent papers on the effect of the regularization of access to opioids in the United States [...]

#### Usage notes

* According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.