# 新疆
## Chinese

* 新疆 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 新疆 (Cantonese)
* 新疆 (Classical)
* 新疆 (Gan)
* Sîn-kiông (Hakka)
* Sĭng-giŏng (Eastern Min)
* Sin-kiong (Southern Min)
* 新疆 (Wu)

### Etymology

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xīnjiāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄤ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): san$^1$ goeng$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhin$^1$ giang$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'xin$^1$ jiong$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Sîn-kiông
    (Hailu, HRS): sin$^ˋ$ giong$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin$^1$ giong$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Sĭng-giŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing$^1$ gyong$^1$ / sing$^1$ gyeng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Sin-kiong / Sin-kiang
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^1$ giang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shin-cian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xīnjiāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Sinjiang
*** Wade–Giles: Hsin$^1$-chiang$^1$
*** Yale: Syīn-jyāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shinjiang
*** Palladius: Синьцзян (Sinʹczjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$ goeng$^1$
*** Yale: sān gēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$ goeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$ gêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhin$^1$ giang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬin³³ kiaŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'xin$^1$ jiong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sîn-kiông
*** Hakka Romanization System: xin$^ˊ$ giong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xin$^1$ giong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sin$^ˋ$ giong$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁵³ kioŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xin$^1$ giong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Sĭng-giŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵⁵ $^{(k-)}$ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^1$ gyong$^1$ [Phonetic: sing$^5$ gyong$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Sing-gio̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sing$^1$ gyeng$^1$ [Phonetic: sing$^5$ gyeng$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-kiong
*** Tâi-lô: Sin-kiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinkiofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /sin³³ kiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-kiang
*** Tâi-lô: Sin-kiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinkiafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sing$^1$ giang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing kiang
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin-cian
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$ cian
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xin-jian
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

### Proper noun

新疆
* (～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (A Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)
** 1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:
       Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī. [Pinyin]
       Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)
Others:
* → English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang
* → Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)
* → Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)
* → Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)
* → Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)
* → Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)
* → Turkish: Sincan
* → Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)
* → Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)
* → Zhuang: Sinhgyangh
* → Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

### Noun

新疆
* (historical) new territory

### See also

* 六城 (Liùchéng)
* 回疆 (Huíjiāng)
* 新界 (Xīnjiè, “New Territories”)
* 屬國／属国 (shǔguó, “vassal state”)
* 東突厥斯坦／东突厥斯坦 (Dōng Tūjuésītǎn, “East Turkestan”), 東土耳其斯坦／东土耳其斯坦 (Dōng Tǔ'ěrqísītǎn, “East Turkestan”)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 新 | 疆 |
| しん Grade: 2 | きょう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Proper noun

新(しん)疆(きょう) • (Shinkyō)
* Xinjiang (A Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 新 | 疆 |

### Proper noun

新疆 • (Sin'gang) (hangeul 신강)
* hanja form of 신강 : Xinjiang (A Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 新 | 疆 |

### Proper noun

新疆
* chữ Hán form of Tân Cương.: Xinjiang (A Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)