# rust
## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: rŭst, IPA: /ɹʌst/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌst

### Etymology 1

From Middle English rust, rost, roust, from Old English rust, rūst (“rust”), from Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).
Cognate with Scots roust (“rust”), Saterland Frisian rust (“rust”), West Frisian roast (“rust”), Dutch roest (“rust”), German Rost (“rust”), Danish rust (“rust”), Swedish rost (“rust”), Norwegian rust, ryst (“rust”), Finnish ruoste, Estonian rooste. Related to red.

#### Noun

rust (countable and uncountable, plural rusts)
* The deteriorated state of iron or steel as a result of moisture and oxidation.
    The rust on my bicycle chain made cycling to work very dangerous.
* A similar substance based on another metal.
    copper rust
* A reddish-brown color.
    rust:
* A disease of plants caused by a reddish-brown fungus.
* (philately) Damage caused to stamps and album pages by a fungal infection.

##### Derived terms

* anti-rust
* black rust
* cedar-apple rust
* coffee leaf rust
* coffee rust
* [[:front-runner-itis runs: rust: myrtle rust#English|front-runner-itis runs: rust: myrtle rust]]
* gooseberry rust
* mayapple rust
* myrtle rust
* nab the rust
* Rust
* Rust Belt
* rust belt
* rust-belt
* rust bucket
* rust-bucket
* rustbucket, bucket of rust
* rust fungus
* rust joint
* rust mitebank-run drug-runner
* rustproof
* rust through
* rusty
* soybean rust
* spinning rust
* stem rust
* wheat rust
* white pine blister rust
* white rust

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English rusten, from the noun (see above).

#### Verb

rust (third-person singular simple present rusts, present participle rusting, simple past and past participle rusted)
* (intransitive) To oxidize, especially of iron or steel.
    The patio furniture had rusted in the wind-driven spray.
** 1946, International Council of Religious Education, The New Covenant, Commonly Called the New Testament of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ: Revised Standard Version, James 5:3, page 490
    Your gold and silver have rusted, and their rust will be evidence against you and will eat your flesh like fire.
* (transitive) To cause to oxidize.
    The wind-driven spray had thoroughly rusted the patio furniture.
* (intransitive) To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust.
** 1902 January 3, “Mapstone Oats: Further Experiences”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record‎, volume 4, number 22, page 688:I am sorry to say that, contrary to the majority, I have to report that the forage rusted rather badly.
* (ambitransitive, figuratively) To (cause to) degenerate in idleness; to make or become dull or impaired by inaction.
** 1692, John Dryden, Cleomenes, the Spartan Hero, a Tragedy:Must I rust in Egypt? never more / Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?
* (intransitive) Of a black cat or its fur, to turn rust-coloured following long periods of exposure to sunlight.
    It's very common for black cats to rust during the summer.

##### Synonyms

* oxidise / oxidize
* corrode

##### Derived terms

* rust away
* rust off
* rust out
* rust through

##### See also

* aeciospore
* ferric oxide
* ferruginous
* rouille
* rubiginous
* verdigris
* Appendix:Colors

### References

* “rust”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* ruts, TRUS, turs, RTUs, UTRs, Turs, URTs, stur

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish rost (“rust”), from Old Norse *rustr, possibly borrowed from Old Saxon rost, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rost/, [ʁɔsd̥]

### Noun

rust c (singular definite rusten, not used in plural form)
* rust
* corrosion

### Verb

rust
* imperative of ruste

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rʏst/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: rust
* Rhymes: -ʏst

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch ruste, from Old Dutch *rusta, from Proto-Germanic *rustijō. Cognate with English rest, German Low German Rüst (“rest”), German Rüste (“end, sunset”).

#### Noun

rust f (plural rusten)
* rest, calm, peace
    Waarom laat je me niet met rust?Why don't you leave me alone?(literally, “Why don't you leave me at rest?”)
* (sports) half-time

##### Derived terms

* rusteloos
* rustig
* rusttoestand

##### Descendants

* Afrikaans: rus
* Negerhollands: rust, res

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

rust
* inflection of rusten:
** first/second/third-person singular present indicative
** imperative

### Further reading

* “rust” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English rust, rūst, from Proto-West Germanic *rust, *rost, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

#### Alternative forms

* rost, roste, roust, rouste, ruste

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rust/
* (rare) IPA: /ruːst/

#### Noun

rust (uncountable)
* rust (oxidisation of iron or steel)
* (figurative) Moral degeneration.
* (horticulture) A fungal disease of plants.

##### Related terms

* rusten
* rusty

##### Descendants

* English: rust
* Scots: roost, roust

##### References

* “rū̆st, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

rust
* Alternative form of rusten

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

rust m or f (definite singular rusta or rusten) (uncountable)
* rust (oxidation of iron and steel)
* rust (disease affecting plants)

#### Derived terms

* rustrød

### Verb

rust
* imperative of ruste

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

#### Alternative forms

* røst (Trøndelag dialect)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rʉst/

#### Noun

rust f (definite singular rusta) (uncountable)
* rust (oxidation, as above)
* rust (plant disease)

#### Verb

rust
* imperative of rusta

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rʉːst/

#### Verb

rust
* past participle of rusa

### References

* “rust” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /rust/

### Noun

rust m
* rust

#### Derived terms

* rustiġ

#### Descendants

* English: rust