# 伯

| 伯 | U+4F2F, &#20271; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F2F |
| ← 伮 [U+4F2E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 估 → [U+4F30] |

## Translingual
### Han character

伯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人竹日 (OHA), four-corner 2620$_0$, composition ⿰亻白)

#### Derived characters

* 𪡈, 𫼻, 𣵁, 𬂺, 𣨔, 𦀪, 𮘓, 𧇚, 𠩡, 𪧐, 𦯉, 𮅓, 𬡹, 𨵁, 𦼑, 𦿛, 𪥷, 𢍑, 𧎧, 𦪥, 𧑲, 𩥥, 𨘐

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 96, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 466
* Dae Jaweon: page 204, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 136, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4F2F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 伯 :
| Shang | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj18802Bronze inscriptionsb12252Small seal scripts05673Transcribed ancient scriptsL38151L38152L38153L38154L38155L38156L27760L27761L27762L27763L27764L27765L27766L27767L27768L27769 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 怕 | *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ |
| 帕 | *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd |
| 粕 | *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 胉 | *pʰaːɡ |
| 泊 | *baːɡ |
| 箔 | *baːɡ |
| 魄 | *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 皕 | *prɯɡ |
| 伯 | *praːɡ |
| 百 | *praːɡ |
| 迫 | *praːɡ |
| 敀 | *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
| 柏 | *praːɡ |
| 湐 | *praːɡ |
| 拍 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 珀 | *pʰraːɡ |
| 皛 | *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ |
| 洦 | *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ |
| 白 | *braːɡ |
| 帛 | *braːɡ |
| 舶 | *braːɡ |
| 鮊 | *braːɡ |
| 陌 | *mbraːɡ |
| 帞 | *mbraːɡ |
| 袹 | *mbraːɡ |
| 蛨 | *mbraːɡ |
| 貊 | *mbraːɡ |
| 佰 | *mbraːɡ |
| 銆 | *mbraːɡ |
| 碧 | *praɡ, *preɡ |
| 咟 | *ɦmreːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *praːɡ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

### Etymology 1

Unclear. Possibly an areal word (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mru [script needed] (rak, “eldest brother”) and Kukish prak (“eldest brother”) (Löffler, 1966), as well as Lahu phâ (“god; lord”) < Thai พระ (prá) < Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (“distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc.”) (see Khmer ព្រះ (preăh) for more).
Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), in turn possibly related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “elder brother”) (Benedict, 1972).
Alternatively, from 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”); compare 皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl, “white”), which underwent parallel semantic shift to "white-haired", though this is possibly folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive/transitive of pronunciation 1 (ibid.).

#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bó (bo$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): baak$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): bak$^2$ / bak$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pak
    (Hailu, HRS): bag
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bag$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): báh
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): peh / peeh / pek / piak / phek / pit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$paq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bó
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bó
*** Wade–Giles: po$^2$
*** Yale: bwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bor
*** Palladius: бо (bo)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: be$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: be
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baak$^3$
*** Yale: baak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːk̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: bak$^2$ / bak$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pak̚⁵⁵/, /pak̚²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pak
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bag$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag
*** Sinological IPA: /pak⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bag$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: báh
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh
*** Tâi-lô: peh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: peq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /peʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /peʔ⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peeh
*** Tâi-lô: peeh
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɛʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pek
*** Tâi-lô: pik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: peg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /piɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piak
*** Tâi-lô: piak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phek
*** Tâi-lô: phik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pheg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰiɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pit
*** Tâi-lô: pit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pid
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pit̚³²/
* peh - vernacular;
* pek/piak - literary, surname;
* phek - literary (limited, e.g. 山伯);
* pit - only used in 伯勞.
* Middle Chinese: paek
Rime :
| Character | 伯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 博陌切 |
| Baxter | paek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤrak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*praːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 伯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bó |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pæk › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁrak/ |
| English | father’s elder brother |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 伯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 193 |
| Phonetic component | 白 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 伯 |
| Old Chinese | /*praːɡ/ |

##### Definitions

伯
* (archaic) eldest brother
* paternal uncle; father's elder brother
       saam$^1$ baak$^3$, saam$^1$ baak$^3$ noeng$^4$ [Jyutping]
       father's third elder brother; wife of a father's third elder brother
* form of address for senior males
* (historical) count (rank)
    See also: 五等爵位
* (Jilu Mandarin) mother
* (Jilu Mandarin) paternal aunt (wife of father's elder brother)
* (Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)
* a surname

##### Usage notes

In Old Chinese, sons of a same father are referred to in order as 伯 (bó, “first”), 仲 (zhòng, “second”), 叔 (shū, “third”) and 季 (jì, “fourth”). The usage of 仲 and 季 was later eliminated but 伯 and 叔 remained in use when referring to one's father's elder and younger brothers and male cousins. Moreover, 伯仲叔季 (bózhòngshūjì) was commonly used in personal names in the past, and this is still occasionally seen nowadays.

##### Compounds

* 世伯 (shìbó)
* 二伯
* 亞伯拉罕 / 亚伯拉罕 (Yàbólāhǎn)
* 亞伯達 / 亚伯达 (Yàbódá)
* 什伯
* 仟伯
* 伍伯
* 伯仲 (bózhòng)
* 伯仲之間 / 伯仲之间
* 伯仲叔季 (bózhòngshūjì)
* 伯伯
* 伯俞泣杖
* 伯兄
* 伯克 (bókè)
* 伯克來 / 伯克来
* 伯克利 (Bókèlì)
* 伯克制度
* 伯公 (bógōng)
* 伯兮
* 伯利恆 / 伯利恒 (Bólìhéng)
* 伯力 (Bólì)
* 伯力協定 / 伯力协定
* 伯勞 / 伯劳 (bóláo)
* 伯勞飛燕 / 伯劳飞燕
* 伯勞鳥 / 伯劳鸟 (bóláoniǎo)
* 伯叔
* 伯喈倒屣
* 伯壎仲篪
* 伯夷
* 伯夷叔齊 / 伯夷叔齐
* 伯夷父
* 伯姊
* 伯娘 (bóniáng)
* 伯婆 (bópó)
* 伯子
* 伯子牙
* 伯封
* 伯強 / 伯强
* 伯彝
* 伯德
* 伯恩 (Bó'ēn)
* 伯恩斯坦 (Bó'ēnsītǎn)
* 伯慮國 / 伯虑国
* 伯斯 (Bósī)
* 伯明罕
* 伯明翰 (Bómínghàn)
* 伯服
* 伯樂 / 伯乐 (Bólè)
* 伯樂一顧 / 伯乐一顾 (Bólè yī gù)
* 伯歌季舞
* 伯母 (bómǔ)
* 伯氏
* 伯濟國 / 伯济国
* 伯爵 (bójué)
* 伯爵茶 (bójuéchá)
* 伯父 (bófù)
* 伯牙
* 伯牙絕絃 / 伯牙绝弦
* 伯牙鼓琴
* 伯益
* 伯祖 (bózǔ)
* 伯祖母 (bózǔmǔ)
* 伯禹
* 伯舅
* 伯舒拉嶺 / 伯舒拉岭
* 伯趙氏 / 伯赵氏
* 伯道之憂 / 伯道之忧
* 伯道無兒 / 伯道无儿
* 伯遠帖 / 伯远帖
* 伯邑考
* 伯陵
* 伯陽 / 伯阳
* 伯雍種玉
* 伯靈 / 伯灵
* 伯魚 / 伯鱼
* 侯伯
* 兔毛大伯
* 兗州八伯 / 兖州八伯
* 八伯
* 公伯
* 公道伯
* 匠伯
* 叔伯 (shūbǎi)
* 哈伯
* 土伯特
* 大伯 (dàbó)
* 姻伯 (yīnbó)
* 宗伯
* 將伯 / 将伯
* 將伯之助 / 将伯之助
* 小宗伯
* 屠伯
* 岳伯
* 州伯
* 巷伯
* 希伯來 / 希伯来 (Xībólái)
* 希伯來人 / 希伯来人 (xībóláirén)
* 希伯來文 / 希伯来文 (xībóláiwén)
* 希伯來曆 / 希伯来历 (Xībóláilì)
* 希伯來書 / 希伯来书 (Xībóláishū)
* 希伯來聖經 / 希伯来圣经 (xībólái shèngjīng)
* 希伯來語 / 希伯来语 (xībóláiyǔ)
* 師伯 / 师伯 (shībó)
* 年伯
* 從伯 / 从伯
* 慶伯利 / 庆伯利
* 拉伯蘭 / 拉伯兰
* 方伯
* 族伯
* 案伯
* 梁山伯
* 沙地阿拉伯 (Shādì Ālābó)
* 沙烏地阿拉伯 / 沙乌地阿拉伯 (Shāwūdì Ālābó)
* 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó)
* 沙特阿拉伯王國 / 沙特阿拉伯王国 (Shātè Ālābó Wángguó)
* 河伯 (Hébó)
* 河伯使者
* 河伯娶婦 / 河伯娶妇
* 河伯從事 / 河伯从事
* 洛伯
* 溫尼伯 / 温尼伯 (Wēnníbó)
* 牧伯
* 猾伯
* 相驚伯有 / 相惊伯有
* 笨伯 (bènbó)
* 箕伯
* 紅尾伯勞 / 红尾伯劳
* 老伯 (lǎobó)
* 老伯呆
* 艾伯塔 (Àibótǎ)
* 袞州八伯 / 衮州八伯
* 西伯
* 西伯利亞 / 西伯利亚 (Xībólìyà)
* 西伯利亞冷杉 / 西伯利亚冷杉
* 西伯利亞哈士奇 / 西伯利亚哈士奇
* 西伯利亞尤皮克族 / 西伯利亚尤皮克族
* 西伯利亞愛斯基摩人 / 西伯利亚爱斯基摩人
* 西伯利亞暗色岩 / 西伯利亚暗色岩
* 西伯利亞玄武岩 / 西伯利亚玄武岩
* 西伯利亞野牛 / 西伯利亚野牛
* 西伯利亞銀鷗 / 西伯利亚银鸥
* 西伯利亞鱘 / 西伯利亚鲟
* 詩伯 / 诗伯
* 貫伯 / 贯伯
* 邦伯
* 郎伯
* 錫伯族 / 锡伯族 (xībózú)
* 閼伯 / 阏伯
* 阿伯 (ābó)
* 阿拉伯 (Ālābó)
* 阿拉伯主義 / 阿拉伯主义 (Ālābó zhǔyì)
* 阿拉伯半島 / 阿拉伯半岛 (Ālābó Bàndǎo)
* 阿拉伯國家聯盟 / 阿拉伯国家联盟 (Ālābó Guójiā Liánméng)
* 阿拉伯埃及共和國 / 阿拉伯埃及共和国 (Ālābó Āijí Gònghéguó)
* 阿拉伯復興社會黨 / 阿拉伯复兴社会党 (Ālābó fùxīng shèhuìdǎng)
* 阿拉伯數字 / 阿拉伯数字 (ālābó shùzì)
* 阿拉伯文 (ālābówén)
* 阿拉伯曆 / 阿拉伯历 (Ālābólì)
* 阿拉伯海 (Ālābó Hǎi)
* 阿拉伯糖 (ālābótáng)
* 阿拉伯聯合大公國 / 阿拉伯联合大公国 (Ālābó Liánhé Dàgōngguó)
* 阿拉伯聯合酋長國 / 阿拉伯联合酋长国 (Ālābó Liánhé Qiúzhǎngguó)
* 阿拉伯膠 / 阿拉伯胶 (ālābó jiāo)
* 阿拉伯芥 (ālābójiè)
* 阿拉伯茴香 (ālābó huíxiāng)
* 阿拉伯語 / 阿拉伯语 (ālābóyǔ)
* 阿拉伯馬 / 阿拉伯马 (ālābómǎ)
* 阿爾伯塔 / 阿尔伯塔 (Ā'ěrbótǎ)
* 韋伯 / 韦伯 (wéibó)
* 風伯 / 风伯
* 風伯雨師 / 风伯雨师
* 風魔九伯 / 风魔九伯
* 馬伯六 / 马伯六
* 魚伯 / 鱼伯

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 伯(はく) (haku, “count”)
* → Korean: 백(伯) (baek, “count”)
* → Vietnamese: bá (伯, “count”)
Others:
* →? Proto-Turkic: *bēg (see there for further descendants)
* → Manchu: ᠪᡝ (be)
* → Thai: แปะ (bpɛ̀), แป๊ะ (bpɛ́, “old Chinese man”) (via Teochew)
* → Vietnamese: bác (“uncle, aunt”)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǎi, bāi
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ, ㄅㄞ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎi
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^3$
*** Yale: bǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bae
*** Palladius: бай (baj)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, common variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bai
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^1$
*** Yale: bāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bai
*** Palladius: бай (baj)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: paek
Rime :
| Character | 伯 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 博陌切 |
| Baxter | paek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ |

##### Definitions

伯
* Only used in 大伯子 (dàbǎizi, “husband's elder brother”).

#### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bà (ba$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baa$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pà
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bà
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bà
*** Wade–Giles: pa$^4$
*** Yale: bà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bah
*** Palladius: ба (ba)
*** Sinological IPA : /pä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baa$^3$
*** Yale: ba
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ba$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /paː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pà
*** Tâi-lô: pà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pa²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pa⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pa²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pa¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pa²¹/

##### Definitions

伯
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 霸 (“feudal chief”)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shíqī nián, Xiāngwáng gàojí yú Jìn, Jìn Wéngōng nà wáng ér zhū Shūdài. Xiāngwáng nǎi cì Jìn Wéngōng guī chàng gōngshǐ, wéi bà, yǐ Hénèi dì yǔ Jìn. [Pinyin]
    In the 17th year, King Xiang announced an emergency to (and asked for emergency help from) Jin; Duke Wen of Jin took the King in then slew Shudai. The King therefore bestowed upon Duke Wen of Jin a jade tablet, sacrificial wine, bow, and arrows, made him Hegemon / Overlord, and granted Jin lands on the inside of the Yellow River.
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 霸 (“to dominate; to lead”)
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Wénwáng fá Chóng, Wǔwáng fá Zhòu, Qí Huán rèn zhàn ér bà tiānxià. [Pinyin]
    King Wen of Zhou smote Chonghou Hu; King Wu of Zhou smote King Zhou of Shang; Duke Huan of Qi used wars to dominate the world.

##### Compounds

* 五伯 (wǔbà)
* 伯圖 / 伯图
* 伯業 / 伯业 (bàyè)
* 南面稱伯 / 南面称伯

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 佰 (“troop of 100 soldiers, or a leader of such unit, centurion; etc.”). (This character is the draft (1955) first-round simplified and variant form of 佰).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 陌 (“footpath between fields going east to west; street; path; road”). (This character is an obsolete form of 陌).

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 迫 (“to coerce; to force; to compel; to approach; etc.”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as a variant form of 迫).

### References

* “伯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 羅竹風 [Luo, Zhufeng], editor (1986–1994), “伯”, in 漢語大詞典 [Hanyu Da Cidian] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →ISBN
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00125

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* count; earl
* eldest brother; eldest uncle
* chief official
* (abbreviation) Brazil

#### Readings

* Go-on: ひゃく (hyaku)、へ (he)
* Kan-on: はく (haku, Jōyō)、は (ha)
* Kun: おさ (osa, 伯)、はたがしら (hatagashira, 伯)

#### Compounds

* 伯(はっ)兄(けい) (hakkei)
* 伯(はく)州(しゅう) (Hakushū)
* 伯(はく)叔(しゅく) (hakushuku)
* 伯(はく)爵(しゃく) (hakushaku)
* 伯(はく)仲(ちゅう) (hakuchū)
* 伯(ばく)楽(ろう) (bakurō), 伯(ばく)楽(らく) (bakuraku)
* 医(い)伯(はく) (ihaku)
* 画(が)伯(はく) (gahaku)
* 河(か)伯(はく) (kahaku)
* 侯(こう)伯(はく) (kōhaku)
* 日(にっ)伯(ぱく) (nippaku)
* 方(ほう)伯(はく) (hōhaku)
* 伯(はく)夫(ふ)人(じん) (hakufujin)
* 神(じん)祇(ぎ)伯(はく) (jingihaku)
* 伯(はく)爵(しゃく) (hakushaku)
* 伯父(おじ) (oji)
* 伯母(おば) (oba)
* 伯(ほう)耆(き) (Hōki)
* 伯(ベル)林(リン) (berurin, “Berlin”)
* 希(ヘ)伯(ブ)来(ライ) (heburai, “Hebrew”)
* 伯剌西爾(ブラジル) (burajiru, “Brazil”)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 伯
* はく Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC paek).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はく [háꜜkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟]

#### Affix

伯(はく) • (haku)
* count; earl
* Short for ブラジル／伯剌西爾 (Burajiru, “Brazil (a country)”).

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC paek). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (póyk) (Yale: poyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

#### Hanja

Wikisource 伯 (eumhun 맏 백 (mat baek)) 伯 (eumhun 큰아버지 백 (keunabeoji baek))
* hanja form of 백 (“eldest brother”)
    Synonym: 昆 (곤 (gon))
* hanja form of 백 (“father's elder brother”)

##### Compounds

* 가백 (家伯, gabaek)
* 강백 (講伯, gangbaek)
* 구백 (九伯, gubaek)
* 금백 (錦伯, geumbaek)
* 기백 (畿伯, gibaek)
* 기백 (箕伯, gibaek)
* 내백 (萊伯, naebaek)
* 동백 (東伯, dongbaek)
* 방백 (方伯, bangbaek)
* 백구 (伯舅, baekgu)
* 백낭 (伯娘, baengnang)
* 백락 (伯樂, baengnak)
* 백로 (伯勞, baengno)
* 백모 (伯母, baengmo, “father's elder brother's wife”)
* 백부 (伯父, baekbu, “father's elder brother”)
* 백숙 (伯叔, baeksuk)
* 백씨 (伯氏, baekssi)
* 백아절현 (伯牙絶鉉, baegajeolhyeon)
* 백이숙제 (伯夷叔齊, baegisukje)
* 백자 (伯姊, baekja)
* 백작 (伯爵, baekjak)
* 백중 (伯仲, baekjung)
* 백중숙계 (伯仲叔季, baekjungsukgye)
* 백중지간 (伯仲之間, baekjungjigan)
* 백형 (伯兄, baekhyeong)
* 북백 (北伯, bukbaek)
* 사백 (舍伯, sabaek)
* 사백 (詞伯, sabaek)
* 수백 (水伯, subaek)
* 시백 (詩伯, sibaek)
* 영백 (嶺伯, yeongbaek)
* 오백 (伍伯, obaek)
* 완백 (完伯, wanbaek)
* 의백 (醫伯, uibaek)
* 이백 (二伯, ibaek)
* 장백 (匠伯, jangbaek)
* 종백 (宗伯, jongbaek)
* 종백 (從伯, jongbaek)
* 토백 (土伯, tobaek)
* 하백 (河伯, habaek)
* 해백 (海伯, haebaek)
* 현백 (縣伯, hyeonbaek)
* 후백 (侯伯, hubaek)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

伯 (eumhun 두목 패 (dumok pae)) 伯 (eumhun 우두머리 패 (udumeori pae))
* hanja form of 패 (“feudal chief; chieftain; feudal rank count; earl (abolished in the late 14th century)”)

##### Compounds

* 패주 (伯主, paeju)

##### See also

* 佰 (백 (baek), “centurion”)
* 汗 (한 (han), “Khan”)
* 可汗 (가한 (gahan), “khagan”)

### Etymology 3
#### Hanja

伯 (eumhun 길 맥 (gil maek))
* (Literary Chinese) Alternative form of 陌 (맥 (maek))

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

伯: Hán Việt readings: bá, bác
伯: Nôm readings: bá, bác
* chữ Hán form of bá (“paternal uncle; father's older brother”).

#### Compounds

* 伯爵 (bá tước)
* 伯父 (bá phụ)
* 師伯 (sư bá)

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).