# враг
## Bulgarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vrak]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȏrgъ (with mobile accentuation), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

#### Noun

враг • (vrag) m
* enemy, foe, fiend, nemesis
    Synonyms: неприя́тел (neprijátel), не́дник (nédnik)
* opponent, adversary, antagonist
    Synonym: проти́вник (protívnik)

##### Declension

$^1$Poetic.

##### Derived terms

* (factitive) врагу́вам (vragúvam)
* (causative) вра́жа (vráža)
* (abstract) вражда́ (vraždá)
* вра́жла f (vrážla)
* вра́жльо m (vrážljo)
* сувра́жник (suvrážnik, “adversary”) (obsolete)
* вра́гов (vrágov)
* врагови́т (vragovít)
* вра́жески (vrážeski)
* вра́жи (vráži)
* до́врага (dóvraga)
* за́врага (závraga)
* на́врага (návraga)
* по́врага (póvraga)

#### References

* “враг¹”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “враг”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Nayden Gerov (1895) “врагъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 152
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 178
* “врагъ”, in Старобългарски речник [Old Bulgarian Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), https://histdict.uni-sofia.bg, 2011—2025

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vòrgъ or *vьragъ (with fixed accentuation).

#### Noun

враг • (vrag) m
* (dialectal) dale, gorge with steep slopes
    Synonym: (colloquial) дере (dere)
* (figurative, dialectal) large wound

##### Derived terms

* овра́г (ovrág, “ravine”)

##### Derived terms

* вра́гула (vrágula, “grave, mound”) (dialectal)
* враж (vraž, “sharp, pointy, grave”) (dialectal)

##### Related terms

* въ́ргам (vǎ́rgam, “to throw”) (possibly)
* вра́га (vrága, “wound, edema”) (possibly)
* врах (vrah, “heap, pile”) (dialectal)

#### References

* “враг²”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* Nayden Gerov (1895) “врагъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 152
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 179

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vrak]

### Noun

враг • (vrag) m (plural врагови)
* devil
* enemy, foe
* (figuratively) devil (a cunning, witty man)

#### Synonyms

* ѓавол (ǵavol)
* непријател (neprijatel)

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* врагъ (vrag) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ. Compare the inherited doublet во́рог (vórog, “enemy, foe”) (poetic).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [vrak]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

враг • (vrag) m anim (genitive врага́, nominative plural враги́, genitive plural враго́в, relational adjective вра́жий)
* enemy, foe
    Synonyms: проти́вник (protívnik), неприя́тель (neprijátelʹ), не́друг (nédrug); (dated, poetic) во́рог (vórog); (colloquial, lowered) вражи́на (vražína)
    Antonym: друг (drug)
    враг наро́да ― vrag naróda ― Enemy of the People

#### Synonyms

* проти́вник m anim (protívnik)

#### Derived terms
##### Proverbs

* враг не дре́млет (vrag ne drémlet)

#### Related terms

* вражда́ f (vraždá)
* вражде́бный (vraždébnyj)
* враждова́ть impf (vraždovátʹ)
* вра́жеский (vrážeskij)
* вражи́на m anim or f anim (vražína)

#### Collocations

* в тылу́ врага́ (v tylú vragá)
* вне́шний враг (vnéšnij vrag)
* вну́тренний враг (vnútrennij vrag)
* враг на поро́ге (vrag na poróge)
* враг наро́да (vrag naróda)
* враг но́мер оди́н (vrag nómer odín)
* гла́вный враг (glávnyj vrag)
* закля́тый враг (zakljátyj vrag)
* зле́йший враг (zléjšij vrag)
* иска́ть враго́в (iskátʹ vragóv)
* ли́чный враг (líčnyj vrag)
* о́браз врага́ (óbraz vragá)
* о́бщий враг (óbščij vrag)
* та́йный враг (tájnyj vrag)

### References

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “враг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋrâːɡ/

### Noun

вра̑г m (Latin spelling vrȃg)
* devil
* (intensifier) hell
    Koji se vrag upravo dogodio?What the hell just happened?
    Nemoj ga smetati. Ljut je kao vrag.Don't bother him. He is angry as hell.

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “враг”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Ukrainian
### Alternative forms

* ура́г (uráh) (rare)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ. Compare the inherited doublet во́рог (vóroh, “enemy, foe”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [wraɦ]

### Noun

враг • (vrah) m pers (genitive врага́, nominative plural враги́, genitive plural врагі́в, relational adjective вра́жий) (chiefly archaic)
* (poetic) enemy, foe
* devil
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:чорт

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “враг”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “враг”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “враг”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
* “враг”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)