# 烈士
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lièshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lit$^6$ si$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lie̍t-sṳ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lia̍t-sū / lia̍t-sǐr / liat-sǐr
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liag$^8$ se$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lièshì → lièshi (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ ㄕˋ → ㄌㄧㄝˋ ˙ㄕ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lièshi̊h
*** Wade–Giles: lieh$^4$-shih$^5$
*** Yale: lyè-shr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh.shyh
*** Palladius: леши (leši)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/ → /li̯ɛ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$劣勢 / 劣势 烈士
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lit$^6$ si$^6$
*** Yale: liht sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lit$^9$ si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lid$^6$ xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːt̚² siː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lie̍t-sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: lied sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liad$^6$ si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯et̚⁵ sɨ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t-sū
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍t-sū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liadsu
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɛt̚⁴⁻³² su²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɛt̚⁴⁻³² su³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t-sǐr
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍t-sǐr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɛt̚²⁴⁻² sɯ²²/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liat-sǐr
*** Tâi-lô: liat-sǐr
*** IPA (Longyan): /liɛt̚⁵⁻³⁴ sz̩⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: liag$^8$ se$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lia̍k sṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /liak̚⁴⁻² sɯ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ljet dzriX
Rime :
| Character | 烈 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (81) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 良辥切 | 鉏里切 |
| Baxter | ljet | dzriX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇt̚/ | /d͡ʒɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛt̚/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljæt̚/ | /d͡ʒie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /liat̚/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛt̚/ | /d͡ʒiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛt̚/ | /d͡ʒĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ɛt̚/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liè | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lit$^6$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]at [m-s-]rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*red zrɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 烈 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liè | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljet › | ‹ dzri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]at/ | /*[m-s-]rəʔ/ |
| English | blazing; brilliant | officer; gentleman |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 烈 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8130 | 11511 |
| Phonetic component | 列 | 士 |
| Rime group | 月 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 士 |
| Old Chinese | /*red/ | /*zrɯʔ/ |

### Noun

烈士
* martyr
* person with great ambition, spirits, or passion
    From: c. 174 BCE, Jia Yi (賈誼), The Owl (《鵩鳥賦》), translated by Burton Watson
    Tānfū xùncái, lièshì xùnmíng. Kuāzhě sǐquán, pǐnshù měishēng. [Pinyin]
    The covetous run after riches, The impassioned pursue a fair name; The proud die struggling for power, While the people long only to live.
    From: c. 207, Cao Cao (曹操), Though the Tortoise Lives Long (《步出夏門行·龜雖壽》)
    Lǎo jì fúlì, zhì zài qiānlǐ; lièshì mùnián, zhuàngxīn bùyǐ. [Pinyin]
    An old war-horse may be stabled, Yet still it longs to gallop a thousand li; And a noble-hearted man though advanced in years Never abandons his proud aspirations.
    From: c. late 9th century, Du Guangting,《虯髯客傳》 (The Man with the Curly Beard)
    Gōng yǔ Zhāng-shì qiě jīng qiě xǐ, jiǔzhī, yuē: “Lièshì bù qī rén, gù wúwèi.” Cù biān ér xíng. [Pinyin]
    Li and Miss Zhang were both amazed and delighted for a while and said: “Such a brave fellow never tells lies. There's nothing to worry about.” So they took their whips and continued the journey.

#### Synonyms

* (martyr): 英烈 (yīngliè)
* (person with great ambition): 志士 (zhìshì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 烈(れっ)士(し) (resshi)
* → Korean: 열사(烈士) (yeolsa)
* → Vietnamese: liệt sĩ (烈士)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 烈 | 士 |
| れつ > れっ Grade: S | し Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れっし [réꜜsshì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾe̞ɕːi]

### Noun

烈(れっ)士(し) • (resshi)
* martyr, hero
    Synonym: 烈夫

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 烈 | 士 |

### Noun

烈士 • (yeolsa) (hangeul 열사)
* hanja form of 열사 (“martyr”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 烈 | 士 |

### Noun

烈士
* chữ Hán form of liệt sĩ (“martyr”).