# 文字
## Chinese

* 文字 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 文字 (Cantonese)
* 文字 (Classical)
* bûn-jī (Southern Min)
* 文字 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wénzì
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вынзы (vɨnzɨ, I-III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^4$ zi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vùn-sṳ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ùng-cê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mong$^2$ zo$^5$ / muong$^2$ zo$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-lī / bûn-jī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung$^5$ ri$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ven-zy$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wénzì
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúnzìh
*** Wade–Giles: wên$^2$-tzŭ$^4$
*** Yale: wén-dz̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wentzyh
*** Palladius: вэньцзы (vɛnʹczy)
*** Sinological IPA : /wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вынзы (vɨnzɨ, I-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /vəŋ²⁴ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ zi$^6$
*** Yale: màhn jih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ dzi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ ji$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: vun$^ˇ$ sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vun$^2$ si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-cê
*** Sinological IPA : /uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒɛi²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: mong$^2$ zo$^5$ [Phonetic: mong$^4$ zo$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: meóng-ceō
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔŋ¹³⁻⁴² t͡so²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: muong$^2$ zo$^5$ [Phonetic: muong$^4$ zo$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /muoŋ¹³⁻⁴² t͡sɵ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-lī
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-lī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunli
*** IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ li³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² li⁴¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ li³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² li²²/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-jī
*** Tâi-lô: bûn-jī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bunji
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ zi³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² d͡zi²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhung$^5$ ri$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng jī
*** Sinological IPA : /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ d͡zi¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ven-zy$_6$
*** MiniDict: ven$^去$ zy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$ven-zr$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vən²² zz̩⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: mjun dziH
Rime :
| Character | 文 | 字 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 文 (59) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 無分切 | 疾置切 |
| Baxter | mjun | dziH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨun/ | /d͡zɨ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miun/ | /d͡zɨ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /miuən/ | /d͡zie$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mun/ | /d͡zɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /miuən/ | /d͡ziə$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭuən/ | /d͡zĭə$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯uən/ | /d͡zʱi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wén | zì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n] mə-dzə(ʔ)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn zlɯs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 文 | 字 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wén | zì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjun › | ‹ dzi$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə[n]/ | /*mə-dzə(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | ornate | breed, love (v.); character |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 文 | 字 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13015 | 17864 |
| Phonetic component | 文 | 子 |
| Rime group | 文 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 文 | 字 |
| Old Chinese | /*mɯn/ | /*zlɯs/ |
| Notes | | 子分化字 |

### Noun

文字
* written symbols; writing; script; text; characters (Classifier: 種／种; 個／个)
* writing style wording; language (Classifier: 種／种; 個／个)

#### Synonyms

* (writing): 筆墨／笔墨 (bǐmò)

#### Derived terms

* 古文字 (gǔwénzì)
* 拉丁化新文字 (Lādīnghuà Xīn Wénzì)
* 拼音文字 (pīnyīn wénzì)
* 文字學 / 文字学 (wénzìxué)
* 文字改革 (wénzì gǎigé)
* 文字獄 / 文字狱 (wénzìyù)
* 文字處理 / 文字处理
* 文字處理機 / 文字处理机 (wénzì chǔlǐjī)
* 新文字 (Xīn Wénzì)
* 甲骨文字 (jiǎgǔ wénzì)
* 線形文字 / 线形文字 (xiànxíng wénzì)
* 繪文字 / 绘文字 (huìwénzì)
* 表意文字 (biǎoyì wénzì)
* 表音文字 (biǎoyīn wénzì)
* 象形文字 (xiàngxíng wénzì)
* 頭文字 / 头文字 (tóuwénzì)

#### Related terms

* 書寫系統／书写系统 (shūxiě xìtǒng)
* 文學／文学 (wénxué)
* 語文／语文 (yǔwén)
* 語言／语言 (yǔyán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 文(もん)字(じ) (monji)
* → Korean: 문자(文字) (munja)
* → Vietnamese: văn tự (文字)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 字 |
| もん Grade: 1 | じ Grade: 1 |
| goon ||
From Middle Chinese 文字 (MC mjun dziH, literally “writing + character”). Compare modern Cantonese reading man$^4$ zi$^6$.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もんじ [móꜜǹjì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

#### Noun

文(もん)字(じ) • (monji)
* a letter, a character (symbol for a sound or a word)
* (linguistics) script, writing system
* (specific to Japanese) a written mora, a kana
* writing in general, written words
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) a document
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) reading and writing
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) studies

##### Usage notes

This reading is less common than moji, below.

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 文 | 字 |
| もん > も Grade: 1 | じ Grade: 1 |
| irregular | goon |
/mond͡ʑi/ → /mod͡ʑi/
Sound shift from monji above.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もじ [móꜜjì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [mo̞ʑi]

#### Noun

文(も)字(じ) • (moji)
* a letter or character (symbol for a sound or a word)
* (linguistics) script, writing system
* (specific to Japanese) a written mora, a kana
* writing in general, written words
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) a document
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) reading and writing
* (by extension from the “writing” sense) studies
* (chiefly Kansai) the tails side of a coin, the side with writing on it
* (chiefly Kansai, by extension) a coin, money

##### Usage notes

This reading is more common than monji above.
The tails and coin, money senses are specific to this moji reading.

##### Derived terms

* 顔(かお)文(も)字(じ) (kaomoji): smiley
* 絵(え)文(も)字(じ) (emoji): emoji (not to be confused with emoticon)
* 大(おお)文(も)字(じ) (ōmoji): uppercase letter
* 小(こ)文(も)字(じ) (komoji): lowercase letter
* キリル文(も)字(じ) (kiriru moji): Cyrillic letter
* 文(も)字(じ)通(どお)り (mojidōri): literal, literally
* 文(も)字(じ)化(ば)け (mojibake): corrupt characters or letters, especially from display or transfer through an inappropriate character set or encoding, e.g., •¶Žš‰»‚¯, which is a corruption of 文字化け

### References

* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 文 | 字 |

### Noun

文字 • (munja) (hangeul 문자)
* hanja form of 문자 (“letter”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 文 | 字 |

### Noun

文字
* chữ Hán form of văn tự (“writing system, script”).