# 串

| 串 | U+4E32, &#20018; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E32 |
| ← 丱 [U+4E31] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 丳 → [U+4E33] |
| 串 | U+F905, &#63749; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F905 |
| ← 滑 [U+F904] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 句 → [U+F906] |

## Translingual
### Han character

串 (Kangxi radical 2, 丨+6, 7 strokes, cangjie input 中中 (LL), four-corner 5000$_6$, composition ⿻吕丨)

#### Derived characters

* 𠳡, 𪭶, 梙, 𬊑, 𦀵, 賗(𬥸), 𠁷, 鋛, 𢖀, 𬵓, 𥣽, 𫡍, 𮦰, 𫡎, 𠁸, 𫡌, 𠁺, 𠁻, 𬟳, 𢈢, 𤶱, 窜, 𡮕, 𥭾, 𫔢, 𠁖, 患, 𤊌, 𫍁, 𨭳

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: 丨部/六畫 on the Chinese Wikisource.
* Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 80
* Dae Jaweon: page 162, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 30, character 2
* Unihan data for U+4E32
* Unihan data for U+F905

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 串 :
| Shang | Warring States | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Bronze inscriptionsb00680b00681b00682 |||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||
Pictogram (象形) – objects strung together.

### Etymology 1

Cognate with 穿 (OC *kʰljon, *kʰljons, “to pierce through; to wear”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chuàn (chuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cyun$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhon
* Eastern Min (BUC): chióng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhǹg / chhoàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cuang$^3$ / cuêng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chuàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻuan$^4$
*** Yale: chwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuann
*** Palladius: чуань (čuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (串兒 / 串儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chuànr
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chuànr
*** Wade–Giles: chʻuan$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: chwànr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuall
*** Palladius: чуаньр (čuanʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑɻ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^3$
*** Yale: chyun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhon
*** Hakka Romanization System: con
*** Hagfa Pinyim: con$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰon⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chióng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuɔŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhǹg / chhoàn
*** Tâi-lô: tshǹg / tshuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhngx, zhoaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍⁴¹/, /t͡sʰuan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰŋ̍¹¹/, /t͡sʰuan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰŋ̍²¹/, /t͡sʰuan²¹/
* chhǹg - vernacular;
* chhoàn - literary.
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰjons/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 串 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1647 |
| Phonetic component | 串 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 釧 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰjons/ |

#### Definitions

串
* to string together; to link up
* string; chain; series of objects
    From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
    Zhāoyáng gōng lǐ shūzhuāng gé shàng, yǒu yī shuāng huángjīn bǎo chuàn, yuán shì Jīn shèng gōng shǒu shàng dài dài. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* skewer
    串燒／串烧 ― chuànshāo ― food roasted on a skewer
    羊肉串 ― yángròuchuàn ― mutton kebab
* Classifier for strung, bunched or clustered objects.
    一串珠子 ― yī chuàn zhūzǐ ― a string of beads
    一串鞭炮 ― yī chuàn biānpào ― a string of firecrackers
    一串葡萄 ― yī chuàn pútáo ― a bunch of grapes
* to cross; to criss-cross; to traverse to; to mix (undesirably)
* (literary, or in compounds) to gang up on; to conspire; to collaborate
    From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE
    Rújīn zhǐ xiāo chuàn chū ge rén lái xià tā yī xià, xià chū jǐ bǎi liǎng yínzǐ lái, bǎ yātóu báibái sòng nǐ zuò lǎopó. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to pay a visit to; to visit; to move about
    From: Shi Nai'an, Water Margin, circa 14th century CE
    Cóng xiǎo'ér zài dōngjīng shí, zhǐ qù xíngyuàn rénjiā chuàn, nà yī gè xíngyuàn bù ài tā! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary, or in compounds) to play a role; to act; to perform
    客串 ― kèchuàn ― to give a guest performance
    From: 1740 CE, Pu Songling, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
    Kè yú wà zhōng chū yù dí, suí shēng biàn chuàn, qū zhōng dí zhǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (chiefly Taiwan, Internet) thread
* (Cantonese) to spell (a word in letters)
       nei$^5$ sik$^1$ m$^4$ sik$^1$ cyun$^3$ zi$^6$ gei$^2$ go$^3$ meng$^{4-2}$ aa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Do you know how to spell your own name?
* (Cantonese, slang) cocksure; arrogant; cocky
    Alternative form: 寸
* (Cantonese, slang) to humiliate; to provoke
    Alternative form: 寸

##### Synonyms

* (bunch):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 串, 掛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 嘟嚕, 串兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 串 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 嘟嚕 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 嘟嚕 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 串兒, 抓兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 抓, 串 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 掛, 串 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 掛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 掛 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 抽, 藭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 抽 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 杛 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 掛 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 串, 叉 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 嘟嚕 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 掛, 串 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 掛 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 捾 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 捾 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 捾 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 球 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 球, 串 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 球 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 串 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 串 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 串 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 掛, 梂 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 絡, 抓 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 串, 把 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 串, 把 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 梳 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 梳 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 梳 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 梳 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 托 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 托 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 托 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 托 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 托 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 筐 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 枇 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 枇, ih |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Yongjing) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 枇 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 梳 |
* (to mix):
* 亂 / 乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 交插 (Hokkien)
* 夾雜 / 夹杂 (jiāzá)
* 廝混 / 厮混 (sīhùn)
* 拍濫 / 拍滥 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 拍相濫 / 拍相滥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 插雜 / 插杂 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 摻和 / 掺和
* 摻濫 / 掺滥 (Hokkien)
* 摻雜 / 掺杂 (chānzá)
* 模糊
* 混同 (hùntóng)
* 混合
* 混淆
* 混雜 / 混杂
* 相濫 / 相滥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 羼雜 / 羼杂 (chànzá)
* (to gang up on):
* 串同
* 串通 (chuàntōng)
* 交通 (jiāotōng) (Classical)
* 勾 (literary, or in compounds)
* 勾搭 (gōuda)
* 勾結 / 勾结 (gōujié)
* 勾通 (gōutōng)
* 拍通套 (Hokkien)
* 斗空 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 結構 / 结构 (jiégòu) (archaic)
* (to pay a visit):
* 上門 / 上门 (shàngmén)
* 串門 / 串门 (chuànmén) (colloquial)
* 串門子 / 串门子 (chuàn ménzi) (colloquial)
* 參訪 / 参访 (cānfǎng) (formal)
* 坐人家 (zo$^5$ ren$^2$ ga) (Xiang)
* 坐尞 (Hakka)
* 拜望 (bàiwàng) (polite)
* 拜訪 / 拜访 (bàifǎng) (polite)
* 探問 / 探问 (tànwèn)
* 探望 (tànwàng)
* 探視 / 探视 (tànshì)
* 探親 / 探亲 (tànqīn) (to visit one's relatives or spouse)
* 探訪 / 探访 (tànfǎng)
* 登門 / 登门 (dēngmén)
* 看望 (kànwàng)
* 省親 / 省亲 (xǐngqīn) (literary, to visit one's parents or elders)
* 瞧 (qiáo) (colloquial)
* 訪問 / 访问 (fǎngwèn)
* 走訪 / 走访 (zǒufǎng)
* 造訪 / 造访 (zàofǎng)
* 過 / 过
* (to play a role):
* 上演 (shàngyǎn)
* 上臺 / 上台 (shàngtái)
* 做戲 / 做戏 (zuòxì)
* 出演 (chūyǎn)
* 奏 (zòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 扮戲 / 扮戏 (bànxì)
* 搬戲 / 搬戏 (Hokkien)
* 操 (literary, or in compounds)
* 演 (yǎn)
* 演出 (yǎnchū)
* 演唱 (yǎnchàng) (to perform a song)
* 演奏 (yǎnzòu)
* 演戲 / 演戏 (yǎnxì)
* 登臺 / 登台 (dēngtái)
* 耍 (shuǎ)
* 表演 (biǎoyǎn)
* (to walk about):
* 履行 (lǚxíng) (literary)
* 徒步 (túbù)
* 步 (bù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 步履 (bùlǚ) (literary)
* 步行 (bùxíng)
* 步趨 / 步趋 (bùqū)
* 步輦 / 步辇 (Hokkien)
* 行動 / 行动 (xíngdòng)
* 行步 (xíngbù) (literary)
* 行走 (xíngzǒu)
* 走動 / 走动 (zǒudòng)
* 走路 (zǒulù)
* 走道 (zǒudào)
* (to spell):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 拼, 拼寫 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 拼 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 串 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 串 |

#### Compounds

* 一串珠
* 一串紅 / 一串红 (yīchuànhóng)
* 一串驪珠 / 一串骊珠
* 一連串 / 一连串 (yīliánchuàn)
* 不上串
* 串供 (chuàngòng)
* 串同
* 串味 (chuànwèi)
* 串哄
* 串場 / 串场 (chuànchǎng)
* 串子
* 串定
* 串客
* 串座
* 串戲 / 串戏
* 串打
* 串換 / 串换
* 串杖
* 串氣 / 串气 (chuànqì)
* 串游
* 串演 (chuànyǎn)
* 串燒 / 串烧 (chuànshāo)
* 串珠 (chuànzhū)
* 串疽
* 串票
* 串秧兒 / 串秧儿
* 串聯 / 串联 (chuànlián)
* 串聯電阻 / 串联电阻
* 串花
* 串花家
* 串街
* 串親戚 / 串亲戚
* 串講 / 串讲 (chuànjiǎng)
* 串通 (chuàntōng)
* 串通一氣 / 串通一气 (chuàntōngyīqì)
* 串道
* 串鈴 / 串铃
* 串門 / 串门 (chuànmén)
* 串門子 / 串门子 (chuàn ménzi)
* 串騙 / 串骗
* 串鼓
* 串鼻子
* 勾串
* 印串
* 反串 (fǎnchuàn)
* 大會串 / 大会串
* 客串 (kèchuàn)
* 戚串
* 手串兒 / 手串儿
* 獃串了皮 / 呆串了皮
* 親串 / 亲串
* 貫串 / 贯串 (guànchuàn)
* 賣串兒 / 卖串儿
* 連串 / 连串 (liánchuàn)
* 錢串子 / 钱串子
* 香串
* 驪珠串 / 骊珠串
* 鬼串
* 黃串餅 / 黄串饼

#### Descendants

* → Hong Kong English: inch (“cocky, etc.”) (semantic loan)

### Etymology 2

Cognate with 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to penetrate”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guàn (guan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guàn
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^4$
*** Yale: gwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guann
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaan$^3$
*** Yale: gwaan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaːn³³/
* Middle Chinese: kwaenH
Rime :
| Character | 串 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (70) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古患切 |
| Baxter | kwaenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤro[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kroːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 串 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁro[n]-s/ |
| English | custom |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 串 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 1646 |
| Phonetic component | 串 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慣 |
| Old Chinese | /*kroːns/ |

#### Definitions

串
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to get close to; to fawn on; to be obsequious to; to curry favor with
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) people on intimate terms
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) habit; custom
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Guófǎ jìn shíyí, è mín zhī guàn yǐ wú fēn dé yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to joke; to banter

#### Compounds

* 串暱 / 串昵
* 串狎
* 串用
* 串習 / 串习
* 戚串
* 親串 / 亲串

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huàn (huan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huàn
*** Wade–Giles: huan$^4$
*** Yale: hwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huann
*** Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯än⁵¹/

#### Definitions

串
* Used in 串夷.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dì qiān míngdé, Huànyí zǎi lù, tiān lì jué pèi, shòumìng jì gù. [Pinyin]
    God having brought about the removal thither of this intelligent ruler, The Kwan hordes fled away. Heaven raised up a helpmeet for him, And the appointment he had received was made sure.

### References

* “串”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

From 串 (MC *tsyhwen, “skewer; traverse; visit; perform”):
* Go-on: せん (sen)
* Kan-on: せん (sen)
* Kun: くし (kushi, 串, Jōyō)、つらぬく (tsuranuku, 串く)
From 串 (MC kwaenH, “curry favor; custom, habit”):
* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: なれる (nareru, 串れる)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 串
* くし Grade: S
* kun'yomi
/kusi/ → /kuɕi/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Nihon Shoki, finished CE 720.
Cognate with 櫛 (kushi, “comb”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くし [kùshíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ɕi]

#### Noun

串(くし) • (kushi)
* a skewer, spit
    Synonyms: 串刺し (kushizashi), 焼き串 (yakigushi)
* any slender object that can pierce other objects, especially:
** (Shinto) Short for 玉串 (tamagushi): a branch of a 榊 (sakaki) tree used as a Shinto offering
*** c. 1120–1140, Konjaku Monogatarishū (book 24, story 51)
    其(そ)の御(ご)幣(へい)の串(くし)に書(かき)付(つけ)て奉(たてまつ)りたりける
       sono gohei no kushi ni kakitsukete tatematsuritarikeru
       That branch of streamers, written and presented...
** Short for 幕串 (makugushi): a post used to hang a curtain
* a candle's wick
    Synonym: 芯 (shin)

##### Derived terms

* 串(くし)揚(あ)げ (kushiage)
* 串(くし)柿(がき) (kushigaki, “skewered dried persimmons”)
* 串(くし)カツ (kushikatsu)
* 串(くし)刺(ざし), 串(くし)刺(ざ)し (kushizashi, “impalement”)
* 串(くし)鯖(さば) (kushisaba)
* 串(くし)焼(やき), 串(くし)焼(や)き (kushiyaki)
* 金(かな)串(ぐし) (kanagushi, “metal spit or skewer”)
* 牛(ぎゅう)串(くし) (gyūkushi, “skewered beef”)
* 竹(たけ)串(ぐし) (takegushi, “bamboo skewer”)
* 玉(たま)串(ぐし) (tamagushi)
* 祓(はらえ)串(ぐし) (haraegushi)
* 幣(へい)串(ぐし) (heigushi)
* 幕(まく)串(ぐし) (makugushi)
* 澪(みお)標(つくし) (miotsukushi, “dolphin, channel-mark”)
* 目(め)串(ぐし) (megushi, “suspicions, guesses”)
* 焼(やき)串(ぐし), 焼(や)き串(ぐし) (yakigushi)
* 横(よこ)串(くし) (yokokushi)

#### Proper noun

串(くし) • (Kushi)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 串
* くし Grade: S (ateji)
* kun'yomi
Clipping of プロクシ, from English proxy; possibly reinforced by the idea of "going through". Kanji is an ateji (当て字).

#### Noun

串(くし) • (kushi)
* (slang, computing) a proxy server
    Synonyms: プロキシ (purokishi), プロクシ (purokushi), プロクシサーバー (purokushi sābā), 串鯖 (kushisaba, literally “skewer mackerel”)
    中(ちゅう)国(ごく)串(くし)
       Chūgoku kushi
       a Chinese proxy

##### Derived terms

* 串(くし)鯖(さば) (kushisaba, “proxy server”, literally “skewer mackerel”)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 串 (MC kwaenH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 관〮 (Yale: kwán) | 관〮 (Yale: kwán) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kwa̠n]
* Phonetic hangul: [관]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 串 (eumhun 익힐 관 (ikhil gwan))
* hanja form of 관 (“to become habituated to something”)

#### Compounds

* 관동 (串童, gwandong)
* 관시 (串柹, gwansi)
* 친관 (親串, chin'gwan)

### Etymology 2

From Late Middle Chinese 串 (LMC *tʂʰyan$^H$).

#### Hanja

串 (eumhun 꿰미 천 (kkwemi cheon))
* hanja form of 천 (“string; chain; skewer”)
* hanja form of 관 (“to string; to thread; to skewer”)
* hanja form of 천 (“receipt”)

#### Compounds

* 천표 (串票, cheonpyo)

### Etymology 3

Misreading of Middle Chinese 丳 (MC tsrheanX).

#### Hanja

串 (eumhun 꼬챙이 찬 (kkochaeng'i chan))
* hanja form of 찬 (“skewer”)
    Synonym: 丳 (찬 (chan))

### Etymology 4

Related to Middle Korean 곶다〮 (Yale: kwòctá).

#### Hanja

串 (eumhun 땅 이름 곶 (ttang ireum got))
* hanja form of 곶 (“used as a suffix in placenames”)
* hanja form of 곶 (“cape”)

#### Compounds

* 갑곶 (甲串, Gapgot)
* 장기곶 (長鬐串, Janggigot)
* 장산곶 (長山串, Jangsan'got)
* 호미곶 (虎尾串, Homigot)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *kusi.
Cognate with 櫛 (kusi, “comb”).

### Noun

串 (kusi) (kana くし)
* tine, stake, skewer: any slender object that can pierce other objects

#### Derived terms

* 串刺し (kusizasi)
* 澪標 (mi$_1$wotukusi)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 串 (kushi)

### References

* ↑ “串”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* 貫 (quán)

### Han character

串: Hán Việt readings: quán (古(cổ)患(hoạn)切(thiết))
串: Nôm readings: xiên, xuyên, xuyến, quán
* chữ Hán form of quán (“to string an object”).

### References

* 1 2 3 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Génibrel (1898).