# كسر
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From the root ك س ر (k s r), related to breaking.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.sa.ra/

#### Verb

كَسَرَ • (kasara) I (non-past يَكْسِرُ (yaksiru), verbal noun كَسْر (kasr))
* (transitive) to break, to crash, to smash
* (transitive) to defeat, to rout
* (transitive, linguistics) to mark or pronounce (a consonant) with a kasra

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

Verbal noun of كَسَرَ (kasara, “to break”).

#### Noun

كَسْر • (kasr) m (plural كُسُور (kusūr) or كُسُورَات (kusūrāt))
* verbal noun of كَسَرَ (kasara) (form I)
* breach, fracture
* breakage
* (arithmetic) fraction
* contrition, affliction
* (linguistics) the sound of short /i/

##### Usage notes

According to Wehr, the plural كُسُورَات (kusūrāt) is used in the sense “fractions”.

##### Derived terms

* كَسْرَة (kasra)

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: kəsr
* → Bashkir: кәсер (kəser, “fraction”)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: कसर (kasar)
    Urdu: کسر (kasr)
* → Ottoman Turkish: كسر (kesr, kesir)
** Turkish: kesir
* → Persian: کسر (kasr)
* → Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਕਸਰ (kasar)
    Shahmukhi script: کسر (kasr)
* → Uyghur: كەسىر (kesir)
* → Uzbek: kasr
* → Azerbaijani: küsur (via the plural)
* → Ottoman Turkish: كسور (küsûr) (via the plural)
** Turkish: küsur
** → Albanian: kusur
** → Bulgarian: кусур (kusur)
** → Macedonian: кусур (kusur)
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: кусур
    Latin script: kusur
* → Persian: کسور (kosur) (via the plural)

##### References

* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “كسر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

### Etymology 3

Intensive form II verb derived from form I كَسَرَ (kasara, “to break”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kas.sa.ra/
* Audio:(file)

#### Verb

كَسَّرَ • (kassara) II (non-past يُكَسِّرُ (yukassiru), verbal noun تَكْسِير (taksīr))
* (transitive) to break into pieces, to shatter, to smash
* (Arabic grammar, transitive) to turn into a broken plural

##### Conjugation
### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “كسر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *keser (“adze”), a development of *kes- (“to cut”), whence كسمك (kesmek, “to cut”).

### Noun

كسر • (keser)
* adze, a cutting tool that has a curved blade set at a right angle to the handle
    Synonym: فاس (fas)

#### Derived terms

* ایت كسری (it keseri, “earthnut”)
* قولاقلو كسر (kulaklı keser, “ship adze”)
* مارانغوز كسری (marangoz keseri, “carpenter's adze”)
* یولارلو كسر (yularlı keser, “large, double-handed adze”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: keser
* → Armenian: քէսէր (kʻēsēr)

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “keser1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2567
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “كسر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 390a
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “كسر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1026
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Securis”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1530
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “كسر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3950
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “keser”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “كسر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1547

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic كَسَرَ (kasara).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka.sar/, [ˈka.sar]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

كسر • (kasar) I (present بكسر (biksir))
* to break
* to defy