# iris
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English [Term?], from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Online Etymology Dictionary: The eye region was so called (early 15c. in English) for being the part that gives color to the eye; the Greek word was used of any brightly colored circle, "as that round the eyes of a peacock's tail" [Liddell & Scott]”

### Pronunciation

* enPR: ī'rĭs
** (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /ˈaɪ.ɹɪs/
*** Audio (California):(file)
** (Canada) IPA: /ˈaɪ.ɹɪs/, [ˈʌɪ.ɹɪs]
** (General Australian) IPA: /ˈɑɪ.ɹɪs/
* Rhymes: -aɪɹɪs

### Noun

iris (plural irises or iris or irides) (See Usage notes)
* (botany) A plant of the genus Iris, common in the northern hemisphere, and generally having attractive blooms (See Iris (plant) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia ).
** 1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, “Afterglow”, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 168:Breezes blowing from beds of iris quickened her breath with their perfume; she saw the tufted lilacs sway in the wind, and the streamers of mauve-tinted wistaria swinging, all a-glisten with golden bees; she saw a crimson cardinal winging through the foliage, and amorous tanagers flashing like scarlet flames athwart the pines.
* (anatomy) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, which adjusts to control the amount of light reaching the retina, and which forms the colored portion of the eye (See Iris (anatomy) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia ).
* (photography, cinematography) A diaphragm used to regulate the size of a hole, especially as a way of controlling the amount of light reaching a lens.
* (poetic) A rainbow, or other colourful refraction of light.
* (electronics) A constricted opening in the path inside a waveguide, used to form a resonator.
* (zoology) The inner circle of an oscillated color spot.

#### Usage notes

* For the part of the eye, the most common plural is irises, though irides is usual in medical contexts.
* For the flower both iris and irises are in common use.

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:iris.

#### Derived terms

* bearded iris
* beardless iris
* bowltube iris
* copper iris
* Dutch iris
* German iris
* Iris (name)
* irisate, irisated
* iriscope
* iris diaphragm
* iris dilator muscle
* iris in
* irislike
* irisology
* iris out
* iris pigmented epithelium
* iris sawfly
* iris shot
* iris-skipper
* Japanese iris
* Siberian iris
* Spanish iris
* stinking iris
* xiphium iris

#### Related terms

* iridal
* iridescent
* iridial
* iridian
* iridium
* iridocyclitis
* iridology
* iritic
* iritis

#### Further reading

* Iris (plant) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Iris (anatomy) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Verb

iris (third-person singular simple present irises, present participle irising, simple past and past participle irised)
* (of an aperture, lens, or door) To open or close in the manner of an iris.
* (literary) To cause (something) to shine with the colours of the rainbow; to make iridescent.
    Synonym: iridize
** 1834, Jacob Abbott, chapter 1, in The Corner-Stone‎, Boston: William Peirce, page 31:Pure, transparent, glistening in the sun, and irised by a thousand hues, which float and wave and spread in graceful and ceaseless motion on its surface!
** 1987, Charles Tomlinson, “Winter Journey”, in The Return‎, Oxford University Press, page 35:The sun as it comes indoors out of space Has left a rainbow irising each glass— A refraction, caught then multiplied From the crystal tied within our window,

#### Derived terms

* irised

### Anagrams

* Siri

## Bikol Central
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔiˈɾis/ [ʔiˈɾis]
* Hyphenation: i‧ris

### Noun

irís (Basahan spelling ᜁᜍᜒᜐ᜔)
* (anatomy) side of the body
    Synonyms: tagiliran, hirog

## Catalan
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈi.ɾis]

### Noun

iris m (invariable)
* iris (part of the eye)

#### Derived terms

* arc iris

#### Related terms

* iridectomia
* iridi
* iridià
* irídic

### Further reading

* “iris” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin īris or Middle French iris (itself from Latin), from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈiː.rɪs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: iris
* Homophone: Iris

### Noun

iris f (plural irissen, diminutive irisje n)
* (anatomy) iris (coloured part of the eye)
    Synonym: regenboogvlies
* Synonym of lis (“plant of genus Iris”)

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

iris
* past of iri

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin iris, Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i.ʁis/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

iris m (plural iris)
* iris

#### Derived terms

* iris d’eau

### Further reading

* “iris”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈiris/

### Verb

iris
* past of irar

## Indonesian
### Noun

iris (plural iris-iris)
* slice

### Verb

mengiris
* to slice

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɪɾʲəʃ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish iris f (“a thong or strap (from which a shield, bag, etc. is suspended)”).

#### Noun

iris f (genitive singular irise, nominative plural irisí or irseacha or irste)
* strap, sling (for carrying)

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
iris
irisí
vocative
a iris
a irisí
genitive
irise
irisí
dative
iris
irisí
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an iris
na hirisí
genitive
na hirise
na n-irisí
dative
leis an iris don iris
leis na hirisí :
* Alternative plural forms: irseacha, irste, irsteacha

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish iress (“religion, creed, the (true) faith”).

#### Noun

iris f (genitive singular irise)
* (literary) belief, faith, religion

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
iris
vocative
a iris
genitive
irise
dative
iris
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an iris
genitive
na hirise
dative
leis an iris don iris :

##### Alternative forms

* ireas

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

iris f (genitive singular irise, nominative plural irisí)
* Alternative form of oireas
* magazine, journal
    Synonym: irisleabhar
* gazette

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
iris
irisí
vocative
a iris
a irisí
genitive
irise
irisí
dative
iris
irisí
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an iris
na hirisí
genitive
na hirise
na n-irisí
dative
leis an iris don iris
leis na hirisí :

##### Derived terms

* iris mhíosúil f (“monthly magazine”)
* iris oifigiúil f (“official gazette”)
* iris trádála f (“trade journal”)
* iriseoir m (“journalist”)

##### Related terms

* iriseoireacht f (“journalism”)

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

iris m
* inflection of ireas (“iris”):
** genitive/vocative singular
** nominative/dative plural

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 43
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “iris”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ires(s)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “iris”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “iris”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “iris”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin iris, Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈi.ris/
* Rhymes: -iris
* Hyphenation: ì‧ris

### Noun

iris m or f (invariable)
* iris (flower)
    Synonyms: giaggiolo, iride

### Anagrams

* Risi, risi

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈiː.ris/, [ˈiːrɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈi.ris/, [ˈiːris]

#### Noun

īris f (genitive īris or īridis); third declension
* rainbow
** Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Apocalypsis [Revelation] 10:1:et vīdī alium angelum fortem dēscendentem dē caelō amictum nūbe, et īris in capite eius, et faciēs eius erat ut sōl, et pedēs eius tamquam columna ignis(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem or imparisyllabic non-i-stem; two different stems).

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈiː.riːs/, [ˈiːriːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈi.ris/, [ˈiːris]

#### Noun

īrīs
* dative/ablative plural of īra

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”).

### Noun

iris m (definite singular irisen, indefinite plural iriser, definite plural irisene)
* (botany) an iris (flower)
* (anatomy) an iris (part of the eye)
    Synonym: regnbuehinne

### References

* “iris” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”).

### Noun

iris m (definite singular irisen, indefinite plural irisar, definite plural irisane)
* (botany) an iris (flower)
* (anatomy) an iris (part of the eye)
    Synonym: regnbogehinne

### References

* “iris” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈirʲisʲ]

### Noun

iris
* Alternative spelling of iriss: accusative/dative singular of iress

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Portuguese
### Noun

iris f (invariable)
* Pre-reform spelling (used until 1943 in Brazil and 1911 in Portugal) of íris.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French iris, Latin iris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Noun

iris n (plural irisuri)
* (anatomy) iris (of the eye)

#### Declension
### Noun

iris n (plural iriși)
* (botany) iris (flower)
    Synonyms: stânjenel, stânjen

#### Declension
## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare Irish iris.

### Noun

iris f (genitive singular irise, plural irisean)
* magazine, periodical
    Synonym: ràitheachan

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Spanish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin iris, Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈiɾis/ [ˈi.ɾis]
* Rhymes: -iɾis
* Syllabification: i‧ris

### Noun

iris m (plural iris or írises)
* (anatomy) iris

#### Derived terms

* arco iris
* músculo dilatador del iris

#### Related terms

* íride
* iridio

### Further reading

* “iris”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10