# mule
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /mjuːl/, /mjuːəl/
* (Scotland, Northern Ireland) IPA: /mjʉl/, /mjuːəl/
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːl
* Homophone: mewl

### Etymology 1

From Middle English mule, from Anglo-Norman mule and Old English mūl, both from Latin mūlus, from Proto-Indo-European *mukslós. Compare Late Latin muscellus (“young he-mule”), Old East Slavic мъшкъ (mŭškŭ, “mule”), Ancient Greek (Phocian) μυχλός (mukhlós, “he-ass”), and German Maul Maultier, Maulesel (through Latin).

#### Noun

mule (plural mules)
* The generally sterile male or female hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.
** 2017, Robert S. McPherson, Cowboying In Canyon Country, Dog Ear Publishing, →ISBN, page 200:One day he ran into a herd of a half dozen elk, so he rode his mule down the canyon three or four miles, leaving the sheep alone.
* The generally sterile hybrid offspring of any two species of animals.
** 1922, Onnie Warren Smith, The Book of the Pike, page 187:It would be exceedingly interesting to know if the hybrid would reproduce, a matter I deem exceedingly doubtful, for the chances are it would prove a "mule" (infertile).
* (now rare) A hybrid plant. [from 18th c.]
** 1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 149:Vegetable mules supply an irrefragable argument in favour of the sexual system of botany.
** 1837, William Herbert, Amaryllidaceæ: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement, page 353:The most extraordinary mule, however, that is asserted to have been produced on the Continent, is a cross between the cabbage and horse-radish, which Monsieur Sageret reports that he has obtained […]
* (informal) A stubborn person.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:stubborn person
** 2005, Dorothea Benton Frank, Isle of Palms, Penguin, →ISBN:"Where in the hell do you think I learned to be such a mule?”
* (slang) A person paid to smuggle drugs.
    Synonym: drug mule
** 2006, “Gastroenterology: Esophageal Foreign Bodies”, in Steven E. Diaz, The Little Black Book of Emergency Medicine (Jones and Bartlett's Little Black Book Series), 2nd edition, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, →ISBN, page 101:Cocaine packet ingestion (these patients referred to as “mules”) may warrant surgery, Golytely or expectant passage.
** 2007, Thomas G. Blacklock, Safe Zone: A Novel Approach to the Drug War, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 44:“Yeah, in Denver, we know about Uriarte's involvement in meth. Our Las Cruces office seized over six hundred pounds of methamphetamine from two of his mules last year.”
* (numismatics) A coin or medal minted with obverse and reverse designs not normally seen on the same piece, either intentionally or in error.
** 1988, Andrew Burnett, The Normanby hoard and other Roman coin hoards, British Museum Publications:What is less clear, however, is why mint workers should have chosen to produce mules, if they were making forgeries […]
* (roleplaying games) A MMORPG character, or NPC companion in a tabletop RPG, used mainly to store extra inventory for the owner's primary character.
** 2007, David L. McClard, Verotopia Online: The MMORPG of the Century‎, Xlibris, →ISBN, page 89:He was in the middle of organizing his massive stash of rare and exquisite bounty, all kept safely in the inventory cache of a mule, an entirely separate character which he paid a monthly fee to maintain exclusively for that purpose.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:mule.
* Any of a group of cocktails involving ginger ale or ginger beer, citrus juice, and various liquors.
* (sailing) A kind of triangular sail for a yacht.
** 1974, Yachting, volume 135, page 60:In heavier seas where a boat must sail a course dictated by waves, or where wave action makes power more important than pointing, the mule will prove the faster sail.
* A kind of cotton-spinning machine.

##### Synonyms

* (sterile hybrid of donkey and horse): Missouri canary

##### Derived terms

* credit mule
* development mule
* grin like a mule eating briars
* kick like a mule
* Missouri mule
* money mule
* Morgan's mule
* Moscow mule
* mule armadillo
* muleback
* mule bell
* mule deer
* mule fat
* mule kick
* mule killer
* muleless
* mulelike
* mule litter, mule-litter, mulelitter
* muleload
* mule pulley
* Muleshoe
* muleskinner, mule skinner
* mule spinner's cancer, mule spinners' cancer
* muleteer
* mule train
* mule twist
* muling
* mulish
* smile like a mule eating briars
* spinning mule
* stubborn as a mule
* test mule
* work like a mule
* zebra mule

##### Descendants

* → Hawaiian: miula
* → Irish: miúil
* → Maori: miūru

##### See also

* ass
* donkey
* hinny (male horse × female donkey)
* horse

#### Verb

mule (third-person singular simple present mules, present participle muling, simple past and past participle muled)
* (transitive, slang) To smuggle (illegal drugs).
** 2000, Arturo Longoria, Keepers of the Wilderness:There are many drug lords, each with his own corridor (think of it as a franchise of sorts) funneling narcotics into Texas. There are multifold methods of transport. The old, and still viable, way is to "mule" it across the Rio Grande in a small boat.
** 2004, William Glenn, The Sailor's Death:Thornton was supposed to mule it back to the States from one of the ports he stopped in, give it to Maxwell and Ames, and get the second half of a quarter-million.

### Etymology 2

From Middle French mule (“backless slipper”), from Medieval Latin mula (“slipper, shoe with a thick sole”), presumably from classical Latin mulleus, the dyed shoe of either the patricians or senators, from mūllus (“red mullet”) + -eus (“-y: forming adjectives”), from Ancient Greek μύλλος (múllos).

#### Noun

mule (plural mules)
* Any shoe with an upper covering the front of the foot but without a back flap or strap, leaving the heel exposed.
    Synonym: mule shoe
** 1944, Emily Carr, “First Tenant”, in The House of All Sorts‎:The bride was a shocking housekeeper and dragged round all day in boudoir cap, frowsy negligee and mules—slip, slop, slip, slop.
** 1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 29:Routine dress for Tuesday will be bra and panties with high-heel satin mules.

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* lume

## Ambonese Malay
### Etymology

Unknown. Perhaps borrowed from Dutch smuilen.

### Verb

mule
* to smile
    Kalu dia bicara salalu mule.Every time he talks he smiles.

### Noun

mule
* smile

### References

* D. Takaria, C. Pieter (1998) Kamus Bahasa Melayu Ambon-Indonesia‎, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /muːlə/, [ˈmuːlə]

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse múli, from Proto-Germanic *mūlô.

#### Noun

mule c (singular definite mulen, plural indefinite muler)
* muzzle

##### Inflection
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

mule (imperative mul, infinitive at mule, present tense muler, past tense mulede, perfect tense har mulet)
* pommel, pummel, pound, lick
* sulk

##### Synonyms

* (pommel): banke, tæve
* (sulk): surmule

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French mule, from Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /myl/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

mule f (plural mules)
* mule (animal)
* mule (footwear)
* mule (for drug smuggling)
    Synonym: bouletteux

#### Derived terms

* têtu comme une mule
* tête de mule

### Further reading

* “mule”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Verb

mule
* second-person singular imperative of mulir
* (reintegrationist norm) inflection of mulir:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmu.le/
* Rhymes: -ule
* Hyphenation: mù‧le

### Noun

mule f
* plural of mula

### Anagrams

* lume

## Latin
### Noun

mūle
* vocative singular of mūlus

### References

* "mule", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmulɛ/, [ˈmulə]

### Noun

mule
* nominative/accusative plural of mul
* inflection of mula:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative plural

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mule, from Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus; reinforced by native Old English mūl, from the same Latin source.

#### Alternative forms

* mewle, moyle, muile, mul, muyle

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmiu̯l(ə)/

#### Noun

mule (plural mules)
* mule (donkey-horse hybrid)
* (rare) hinny
* (rare) idiot

##### Descendants

* English: mule
* Scots: mule

##### References

* “mūl(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

mule
* Alternative form of mylne

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse múli, from Proto-Germanic *mūlô.

### Noun

mule m (definite singular mulen, indefinite plural muler, definite plural mulene)
* muzzle

### References

* “mule” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* ulme

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²mʉː.lə/

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse múli, from Proto-Germanic *mūlô.

#### Noun

mule m (definite singular mulen, indefinite plural mular, definite plural mulane)
* muzzle

##### Related terms

* myle

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse múli, from Proto-Germanic *mūlô. The verb is derived from the noun.

#### Verb

mule (present tense mular, past tense mula, past participle mula, passive infinitive mulast, present participle mulande, imperative mule/mul)
* (intransitive) to pout

#### References

* “mule” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

mule
* (eye dialect spelling, Trøndelag dialect) Alternative form of mogeleg (“possible”)

### Anagrams

* ulme

## Old English
### Noun

mūle
* dative singular of mūl

## Old Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse múli, from Proto-Germanic *mūlô.

### Noun

mūle m
* muzzle

#### Descendants

* Swedish: mule

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmu.lɛ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ulɛ
* Syllabification: mu‧le
* Homophone: mulę

### Noun

mule
* locative/vocative singular of muł

### Noun

mule
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of mul

### Noun

mule
* nominative/accusative/vocative plural of mula

### Adjective

mule
* inflection of muli:
** neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular
** nonvirile nominative/accusative/vocative plural

### Further reading

* mule in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Swedish
### Noun

mule c
* a rhinarium (of an ungulate, like a cow, horse, or reindeer – the front of the upper lip, which is moist in cows and dry in horses and is usually either hairless or has a different type of hair compared to the rest of the muzzle)
** (closer in tone, as "mule" is not a technical-sounding word) a nose, a muzzle, tip of the snout
*** 1949, “Rudolf med röda mulen [Rudolf with the red nose]”, Eric Sandström (lyrics), Johnny Marks (music)‎:Rudolf med röda mulen, hette en helt vanlig ren, som blivit kall om mulen, därav kom dess röda sken. Rudolf fick alltid höra: "Se, han har sitt dimljus på!" Att han blev led åt detta, är en sak man kan förstå. Men en mörk julaftonskväll, tomtefar han sa: "Vill du inte Rudolf, säg, med din mule lysa mig?" Allt sen den dagen renen, tomtens egen släde drar. Rudolf med röda mulen, lyser väg åt tomtefar.Rudolf with the red nose, was the name of a [completely] ordinary reindeer, who had gotten a cold nose [had become cold about/around the nose], thence [thereof] came its red glow. Rudolf always got to hear: "Look, he has his fog light on!" That he got tired of this, is something one can understand. But one dark Christmas Eve night, Santa Claus, he said: "Don't you want to, Rudolf, say, with your nose, light my way [light me]?" Ever since that day the reindeer, Santa's own sleigh pulls. Rudolf with the red nose, lights Santa Claus's way [lights way for Santa Claus].
*** 1962, Gullan Bornemark (lyrics and music), “Min ponny [My pony]”, in Gumman i lådan ["Jill in the box" (see gubben i lådan and gumma)]‎:På fyra ben går den som jag gillar allra bäst. Gillar, gillar, gillar allra mest. Jag sitter på hans rygg för det är min lilla häst. Är min lilla häst. Vad du är söt, min kära lilla ponny. Vad du är snäll, min kära lilla häst. Du säger ingenting, min kära lilla ponny, men du är den jag gillar bäst! Se pälsen den är svart liksom kappan på en präst. Kappan, kappan, kappan på en präst. En mule mjuk som sammet, det har min lilla häst. Har min lilla häst. Vad du är ... [as before]. Min ponny vet så väl att på lördag är det fest. Lördag, lördag, lördag är det fest. En krubba full med havre, det får min lilla häst. Får min lilla häst. Vad du är ... [as before]. Av allting här i världen, jag önskar allra mest – önskar, önskar, önskar allra mest – att aldrig jag ska skiljas ifrån min lilla häst. Från min lilla häst. Vad du är söt ... [as before]On four legs walks the one that I like the very most [best]. Like the, like the, like the very most. I sit on his back because it is my little horse. Is my little horse. How cute you are, my dear little pony. How kind you are, my dear little horse. You don't say anything [or, "you say nothing" – both are idiomatically expressed the same way], my dear little pony, but you're the one I like the most [best]! Look, the coat [fur] is black like the coat of [on] a priest. The coat, the coat, the coat of [on] a priest. A nose as soft as velvet, [that] has my little horse. Has my little horse. How cute you ... [as before]. My pony knows so well that on Saturday there is a party ["on Saturday there is party" – implies every Saturday here]. Saturday, Saturday, Saturday there is a party. A manger full of oats, [that] gets my little horse. Gets my little horse. How cute you ... [as before]. Out of everything [here] in the world, I wish the very most – wish the, wish the, wish the very most – that never I shall be parted from my little horse ["ska" usually doesn't match "shall" in tone, but the phrasing here is pretty literary anyway]. From my little horse. How cute you ... [as before]

#### See also

* nos

### References

* mule in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* mule in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* mule in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Volapük
### Noun

mule
* dative singular of mul