# solidus
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English solidus, from classical Latin solidus (“solid”), see below. Doublet of sol, sold, soldo, solid, sou, and xu.
In numismatic and weight senses, via medieval Latin solidus (“various coins”), from Late Latin solidus (“a gold coin of the Roman Empire”). In chemical sense, via German Solidus, coined by H.W.B. Roozeboom in his 1899 Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Stöchiometrie, und Verwandtschaftslehre (XXX, page 387).
In typography, from the shilling mark originally being an abbreviation (a long s ⟨ſ⟩), of Medieval Latin solidus meaning shilling.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) enPR: sŏl'ĭdəs, IPA: /ˈsɑlɪdəs/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈsɒlɪdəs/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

solidus (plural solidi or soliduses)
* (historical) Various medieval and early modern coins or units of account, particularly:
** A Roman ~23k gold coin introduced by Diocletian in AD 301 and called by that name, but reissued at a slightly lower weight by Constantine I.
** Its successor Byzantine coins, from the eleventh century onward of progressively debased weight and purity.
** (obsolete) Synonym of sol or sou: a Carolingian unit of account equivalent to a solidus of silver.
** (obsolete) Synonym of soldo: the silver coins of various Italian states.
** (obsolete) Synonym of shilling: an English unit of account and, following the Tudor dynasty, silver coin.
* (historical) The weight of the Roman gold coin, 1/60 of a Roman pound under Diocletian or 1/72 lb. (about 4.5 grams) after Constantine.
* (historical) A medieval French weight, 1/20 of the Carolingian pound.
* (typography) Synonym of slash ⟨/⟩, originally (UK) in its use as the shilling mark and now its formal designation by the ISO and Unicode.
* (typography) The formal name of the oblique strikethrough overlay (as in A̷ and B̸) in Unicode.
* (typography) The division line between the numerator and the denominator of a fraction, whether horizontal or oblique.
* (chemistry, physics) The line in a phase diagram marking the temperatures and pressures below which a given substance is a stable solid.
    Coordinate terms: liquidus, solvus

#### Synonyms

* (Roman coin): nomisma, bezant (in Greek and Byzantine contexts)
* (debased Byzantine successors): nomisma, hyperpyron, bezant
* (typographic symbols): See slash and strikethrough

#### Translations
### See also

* (Roman coin under Diocletian): argenteus (notionally 1/10 solidus); nummus (1/40); radiate (1/200); laureate (1/500); denarius (1/1000)
* (Roman coin after Constantine I): miliarense (notionally 1/12 solidus); siliqua (1/24; a modern term); follis (1/180); nummus (1/7200)
* (Byzantine coins): dinar (a ~20k Arabian copy); semissis (notionally 1/2 solidus); tremissis (1/3 solidus)
* (English coin): pound, pound sterling, libra (20 solidi); penny, denarius (1/12 solidus)
* (Roman weight): Roman pound, librum (72 solidi); siliqua (1/24 solidus)
* (French weight): livre, librum, pound (20 solidi); denarius, denier (1/12 solidus)
* liquidus
* macron
* vinculum

### References

* Oxford English Dictionary, "solidus, n.$^1$" and "solidus, n.$^2$"
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “solidus”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* “solidus”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

### Anagrams

* dulosis

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* soldus

### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *soliðos, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-i-dʰ-o-s (“entire”), suffixed form of root *solh₂- (“integrate, whole”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈso.li.dus/, [ˈs̠ɔlʲɪd̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈso.li.dus/, [ˈsɔːlid̪us]

### Adjective

solidus (feminine solida, neuter solidum, comparative solidior, superlative solidissimus, adverb solidē); first/second-declension adjective
* dense, solid, not hollow
* whole, entire, thorough, full
    Synonyms: integer, tōtus
* firm
    Synonyms: firmus, stabilis
* substantial, genuine, true, real

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* īnsolidus
* soliditās
* solidō

#### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: sodo, ⇒ saldo (see there for further descendants)
** Sicilian: sodu
* Gallo-Italic:
** Emilian: soli
** Lombard: söli, söda
** Piedmontese: sore, seuli
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: soude, saude (“hard”)
** Old Occitan: sod (“raw”)
* Borrowings:
** → Catalan: sòlid
** → French: solide
*** → English: solid
*** → German: solid
*** → Romanian: solid
** → Italian: solido
** → Portuguese: sólido
** → Russian: соли́дный (solídnyj)
** → Spanish: sólido
** → Sicilian: sòlitu

### Noun

solidus m (genitive solidī); second declension
* A solidus: a Roman ~23-carat gold coin introduced by Diocletian in AD 301.
* (Medieval Latin) A bezant: the solidus's debased Byzantine successors.
* (Medieval Latin) A shilling, as a unit of account or silver coin.
** c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:Libra continet viginti solidosThe [London] pound contains twenty shillings.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.

#### Descendants

* Balkano-Romance:
** >? Romanian: solz
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: soldu, sollu (“cent”)
** Dalmatian: suald (“cent”)
** Italian: soldo (“cent”)
*** → English: soldo
*** → Middle French: solde, soulde (“balance”)
**** French: solde (“pay”)
**** → English: sold
*** → Neapolitan: sordo
*** → Sicilian: soldu
** >? Sicilian: sordu (“cent”)
* Gallo-Italic:
** Piedmontese: sòld
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: solt
*** French: sou, sol
**** → English: sou
*** → English: sol
*** → Middle High German: solt
**** German: Sold
***** → Czech: žold
***** → Hungarian: zsold
***** → Polish: żołd
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: sou
** Occitan: sòu
* Ibero-Romance:
** Portuguese: soldo
** Spanish: sueldo
* Borrowings:
** Ancient:
*** → Proto-Brythonic: *solt
**** Old Breton: solt
***** Breton: saout (“livestock”)
**** Old Cornish: sols
***** Cornish: zowlz
**** Old Welsh: swllt (“shilling”)
***** Welsh: swllt
** Later:
*** → English: solidus
*** → Portuguese: sólido
*** → Romanian: solid
*** → Spanish: sólido

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “solidus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 571

### Further reading

* “solidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “solidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "solidus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* solidus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “solidus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* solidus in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “solidus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “solid”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “solidus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 12: Sk–š, page 49
* Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “sŏlĭdus”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 608

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin solidus.

### Noun

solidus m (definite singular solidusen, indefinite plural solidi, definite plural solidiene)
* (historical, numismatics) a solidus

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin solidus.

### Noun

solidus m (plural solidusen)
* (historical, numismatics) a solidus

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French solidus.

### Noun

solidus n (uncountable)
* (physics) solidus