# umbra
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin umbra (“shadow”). Doublet of umber.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: ŭmʹbrə, IPA: /ˈʌmbɹə/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌmbɹə
* Hyphenation: um‧bra

### Noun

umbra (plural umbras or umbrae or (obsolete) umbræ)
* The fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by an opaque object.
** (astronomy) The area on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of an eclipse.
* (astronomy) The central region of a sunspot.
* (chiefly literary) A shadow.
* (archaic) An uninvited guest brought along by one who was invited.
* One of the family Umbridae of mudminnows.
* One of genus Umbrina of drums (family Sciaenidae).
* (mathematics) An element of the umbral calculus.
** 2009, Ernesto Damiani, Ottavio D'Antona, Vincenzo Marra, From Combinatorics to Philosophy: The Legacy of G.-C. Rota, (page 113)#:In order to set up such an algorithm, we need the notion of multiplicative inverse of an umbra. Two umbrae are said to be multiplicative inverse to each other when αγ ≡ u.

#### Coordinate terms

* antumbra
* penumbra

#### Derived terms

* adumbrate
* antumbra
* Bernoulli umbra
* penumbra
* umbral
* umbra recta
* umbra versa
* umbrella

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Burma, rumba

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈum.bɾə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈum.bɾa]

### Noun

umbra f (plural umbres)
* female equivalent of umbre

### Adjective

umbra
* feminine singular of umbre

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin umbra (“shadow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɔmbra/, [ˈɔmb̥ʁɑ]

### Noun

umbra c (singular definite umbraen, not used in plural form)
* umber (pigment, colour)
* (as an adjective) umber (of a reddish brown colour)

## Finnish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin umbra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈumbrɑ/, [ˈum.brɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -umbrɑ
* Hyphenation: umb‧ra

### Noun

umbra
* umbra

#### Declension

Possessive forms of umbra (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
umbrani
umbrani
accusative
nom.
umbrani
umbrani
gen.
umbrani
genitive
umbrani
umbrieni umbraini $^{rare}$
partitive
umbraani
umbriani
inessive
umbrassani
umbrissani
elative
umbrastani
umbristani
illative
umbraani
umbriini
adessive
umbrallani
umbrillani
ablative
umbraltani
umbriltani
allative
umbralleni
umbrilleni
essive
umbranani
umbrinani
translative
umbrakseni
umbrikseni
abessive
umbrattani
umbrittani
instructive
comitative
—umbrineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
umbrasi
umbrasi
accusative
nom.
umbrasi
umbrasi
gen.
umbrasi
genitive
umbrasi
umbriesi umbraisi $^{rare}$
partitive
umbraasi
umbriasi
inessive
umbrassasi
umbrissasi
elative
umbrastasi
umbristasi
illative
umbraasi
umbriisi
adessive
umbrallasi
umbrillasi
ablative
umbraltasi
umbriltasi
allative
umbrallesi
umbrillesi
essive
umbranasi
umbrinasi
translative
umbraksesi
umbriksesi
abessive
umbrattasi
umbrittasi
instructive
comitative
—umbrinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
umbramme
umbramme
accusative
nom.
umbramme
umbramme
gen.
umbramme
genitive
umbramme
umbriemme umbraimme $^{rare}$
partitive
umbraamme
umbriamme
inessive
umbrassamme
umbrissamme
elative
umbrastamme
umbristamme
illative
umbraamme
umbriimme
adessive
umbrallamme
umbrillamme
ablative
umbraltamme
umbriltamme
allative
umbrallemme
umbrillemme
essive
umbranamme
umbrinamme
translative
umbraksemme
umbriksemme
abessive
umbrattamme
umbrittamme
instructive
comitative
—umbrinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
umbranne
umbranne
accusative
nom.
umbranne
umbranne
gen.
umbranne
genitive
umbranne
umbrienne umbrainne $^{rare}$
partitive
umbraanne
umbrianne
inessive
umbrassanne
umbrissanne
elative
umbrastanne
umbristanne
illative
umbraanne
umbriinne
adessive
umbrallanne
umbrillanne
ablative
umbraltanne
umbriltanne
allative
umbrallenne
umbrillenne
essive
umbrananne
umbrinanne
translative
umbraksenne
umbriksenne
abessive
umbrattanne
umbrittanne
instructive
comitative
—umbrinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
umbransa
umbransa
accusative
nom.
umbransa
umbransa
gen.
umbransa
genitive
umbransa
umbriensa umbrainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
umbraansa
umbriaan umbriansa
inessive
umbrassaan umbrassansa
umbrissaan umbrissansa
elative
umbrastaan umbrastansa
umbristaan umbristansa
illative
umbraansa
umbriinsa
adessive
umbrallaan umbrallansa
umbrillaan umbrillansa
ablative
umbraltaan umbraltansa
umbriltaan umbriltansa
allative
umbralleen umbrallensa
umbrilleen umbrillensa
essive
umbranaan umbranansa
umbrinaan umbrinansa
translative
umbrakseen umbraksensa
umbrikseen umbriksensa
abessive
umbrattaan umbrattansa
umbrittaan umbrittansa
instructive
comitative
—umbrineen umbrinensa :

#### Synonyms

* (part of a shadow): täysvarjo

### Further reading

* “umbra”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04

### Anagrams

* Burma, burma, rumba

## Interlingua
### Etymology

From Latin.

### Noun

umbra (plural umbras)
* shadow

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈum.bra/
* Rhymes: -umbra
* Hyphenation: ùm‧bra

### Adjective

umbra
* feminine singular of umbro

### Noun

umbra f (plural umbre)
* female equivalent of umbro

### Anagrams

* bruma, rumba

## Latin
### Etymology

Generally connected with Lithuanian unksna (“shade”), from Proto-Indo-European *wnksrā-. This term is tentatively derived from Proto-Indo-European *(H)wenk- (“to bend”); however, the semantic leaps required to go from "bend" to "shade" are large and unlikely.
Alternatively, if from Old Latin *omra, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂mr-u-, *h₂mrup-; related to Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark”), Luwian 𒈠𒅈𒉿𒄿𒀀 (“rot”), and 𒈠𒊒𒉿𒄿 (“rotten”) (also see Hittite Maraššantiya, their name for the Kızılırmak River), and this Indo-European source is said to be a possible borrowing from a Semitic root *ḥ-m-r (“be red”), compare Arabic ح م ر (ḥ m r).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈum.bra/, [ˈʊmbrä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈum.bra/, [ˈumbrä]

### Noun

umbra f (genitive umbrae); first declension
* shadow
** (figurative, by extension) shade, shady place, shadowy place
*** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 12.513:nudus Arboris Othrys erat nec habebat Pelion umbras Mount Othrys is devoid of trees; Mount Pelion does not have shade
*** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.88-90:Umbra loco deerat: qua postquam parte resedit dis genitus vates et fila sonantia movit, umbra loco venit.There was no shade there; but, when the poet—born of the god—sat down and moved the strings of his lyre, shade came to that spot.
* shade, ghost, phantom, apparition
* (plural) the realm of shades, the shades, the world below or underworld
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.25-26:“[...] vel Pater omnipotēns adigat mē fulmine ad umbrās, pallentīs umbrās Erebī noctemque profundam, [...].”“[...] or the Father almighty hurl me with his thunderbolt to the shades, the pallid shades and boundless night of Erebus [...].” (That is, the Underworld, or land of the dead. The repetition is an example of epanalepsis.)
* imperfect copy or representation of something, pretence, faint appearance
** 63 BCE, Cicero, Pro Murena 6.13:in eo te umbram luxuriae reperturum putas?You think you shall find even a shadow of luxury in that man?
* shelter, cover
* leisure, rest
* drumfish

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* umbella
* umbrāculum
* umbrāliter
* umbrāticola
* umbrāticus
* umbrātilis
* umbrēscō
* umbrifer
* umbrō
* umbrōsus

#### Related terms

* umbrātiō

#### Descendants

* Latin sub umbra or ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *subumbrāre
** Asturian: solombra, sombra
** Dalmatian: sombreja
** French: sombre
** Galician: sombra, sôma
** Ladino: solombra
** Mirandese: selombra
** Portuguese: sombra
** Romansch: sumbriva, sumbreiva
** Spanish: sombra
* Aragonese: huembra
* Aromanian: aumbrã, umbrã
* → English: umbra
* French: ombre
* Friulian: ombre
* Galician: ombre
* Italian: ombra
* Old Occitan: ombra
** Catalan: ombra
** Occitan: ombra
* Romanian: umbră
* Romansch: umbriva
* Russian: умбра (umbra)
* Sardinian: umbara, umbra, urma
* Sicilian: ummra
* Spanish: umbra
* Venetan: onbra, onbria, onbrìa

### References

* “umbra”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “umbra”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* umbra in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to exert oneself in the schools: desudare in scholae umbra or umbraculis
* “umbra”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 639
* ↑ Whitehead, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, p. 13

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin umbra (“shade, shadow”).

### Noun

umbra m (definite singular umbraen, indefinite plural umbraer or umbraar, definite plural umbraene or umbraane)
* (chemistry)
* a dark earthy colour
* (astronomy) the shade from a planet
* (astronomy, by extension) central region of a sunspot

### References

* “umbra” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Romanian
### Noun

umbra f
* definite nominative/accusative singular of umbră

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈumbɾa/ [ˈũm.bɾa]
* Rhymes: -umbɾa
* Syllabification: um‧bra

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

umbra f (plural umbras)
* female equivalent of umbro

#### Adjective

umbra
* feminine singular of umbro

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

umbra f (plural umbras)
* (obsolete) shade, shadow

### Further reading

* “umbra”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10