# bruk
## Gothic
### Romanization

bruk
* Romanization of 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺

## Javanese
### Romanization

bruk
* Romanization of ꦧꦿꦸꦏ꧀

## Kalasha
### Etymology

From Sanskrit वृक्क (vṛkka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wr̥tkás; compare Persian گرده (gorde).

### Noun

bruk (Arabic بروُک)
* (anatomy) kidney

## Lithuanian
### Alternative forms

* bruki

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [brʊk]

### Verb

brùk
* second-person singular imperative of brukti

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

Cognate with Upper Sorbian bruk and Czech brouk.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bruk/

### Noun

bruk m anim (diminutive bruck)
* beetle (insect)

#### Derived terms

* brucaś
* brucyk
* brucyś
* brukaś

### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “bruk”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “bruk”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Middle Low German bruk.

### Noun

bruk m or n (definite singular bruken or bruket, uncountable)
* use (noun)

#### Derived terms

* brukbar
* brukskonto
* bruksområde
* gjenbruk
* misbruk
* språkbruk
* vannbruk

### Noun

bruk n (definite singular bruket, indefinite plural bruk, definite plural bruka or brukene)
* farm, works, mill, factory (industrial undertaking)

#### Derived terms

* forbruk
* gårdsbruk
* hagebruk
* jordbruk
* landbruk
* melkebruk, mjølkebruk
* sagbruk
* sauebruk
* skogbruk
* småbruk

### Verb

bruk
* imperative of bruke

### References

* “bruk” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /brʉːk/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German bruk.

#### Noun

bruk m or n (definite singular bruken or bruket, uncountable)
* use (noun)

##### Derived terms

* brukbar
* brukskonto
* bruksområde
* gjenbruk
* misbruk
* språkbruk
* voldsbruk

#### Noun

bruk n (definite singular bruket, indefinite plural bruk, definite plural bruka)
* farm, works, mill, factory (industrial undertaking)

##### Derived terms

* forbruk
* hagebruk
* jordbruk
* landbruk
* mjølkebruk
* sagbruk
* sauebruk
* skogbruk
* småbruk

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

bruk
* imperative of bruka
* imperative of bruke

### References

* “bruk” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Disputed. Probably ultimately derived from Germanic. First attested in 1476.
* Per Bruckner and Boryś, borrowed from German (Central dialects) brugge (“bridge, street”) with the semantic shift explained with the fact that bridge surfaces were generally hardened with stones.
* Per Mańczak, this is phonetically impossible, and claims borrowed from Middle High German, as the second element of Austrian German Innsbruck.
* Per Bańowski, borrowed from Middle Low German bruk (“broken off piece of stone, etc.”), cognate with modern German Bruch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /bruk/
* IPA: (15th CE) /bruk/

### Noun

bruk m animacy unattested
* (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) cobblestone surface (surface, e.g. floor or stone road surface paved with stones)
** 1884 [1476], Ignacy Polkowski, editor, Katalog rękopisów kapitulnych katedry krakowskiej. Cz. 1, Kodexa rękopiśmienne 1-228‎, volume III, page 108:Bruk licostratus[Bruk licostratus]
** 1898-2024 [1488], Rocznik Krakowski‎, volume XVI, Krakow, page 56:Pater edificare tenebitur... licostratum al. brug[Pater edificare tenebitur... licostratum al. bruk]
** c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 75r:Licostratus licostriges vel licostratum dicit Brito esse variationem coloris pauimenti et quodcumque aliud opus dummodo fit ex lapidibus diuesorum colorum brvk[Licostratus licostriges vel licostratum dicit Brito esse variationem coloris pauimenti et quodcumque aliud opus dummodo fit ex lapidibus diuesorum colorum bruk]

#### Descendants

* Polish: bruk, burk (Middle Polish, Far Masovian, Podhale), burg (Middle Polish)

### References

* Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “bruk”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
* Mańczak, Witold (2017) “bruk”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
* Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “bruk”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
* Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “bruk”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
* Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bruk”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
* K. Nitsch, editor (1954), “bruk”, in Słownik staropolski‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 166
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bruk”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
* Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bruk”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* burk (Middle Polish, Far Masovian, Podhale)
* burg (Middle Polish)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish bruk.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbruk/
* (Middle Polish) IPA: /ˈbruk/
* (Masovia):
** (Far Masovian) IPA: /ˈbruk/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uk
* Syllabification: bruk
* Homophones: bróg, Bróg, Brug

### Noun

bruk m inan (related adjective brukowy)
* cobblestones (road pavement made of stones)
** 1969, Seweryn Orzełowski, Budowa podwozi i nadwozi samochodowych‎, 18th edition, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, page 379:Na podstawie obserwowanej eksploatacji wyznacza się [...] procentowe udziały pracy na drogach o różnych rodzajach nawierzchni (asfalt, bruk, drogi gruntowe)[...]On the basis of the observed exploitation one determines the percentage of action on roads with different kinds of pavement (asphalt, cobblestones, dirt roads) [...]
** 2013 November 11, “Wyrwany bruk, rozbite samochody. Skutki zamieszek”, in Rzeczpospolita‎, archived from the original on 2023-01-11:Policja pilnuje zniszczonej ulicy Wilczej. Leży na niej bruk, szkło i metalowe słupki.The police is monitoring the ruined Wilcza [Wolf] Street. On it lie cobblestones, glass, and metal poles.
** 2021 September 11, Aleksandra Beldowicz, “Poznań stawia na rośliny w centrum miasta”, in Rzeczpospolita‎, archived from the original on 2021-09-20:[...] władze miasta planują usuwać bruk i sadzić rośliny [...][...] the city government plans to remove the cobblestones and plant plants [...]
** 1934 June 13, “Zamach na asfalt magistracki”, in Józef Matuszczyk, editor, ABC: pismo codzienne informuje wszystkich o wszystkiem‎, number 161, Warszawa: Mazowiecka Spółka Wydawnicza, archived from the original on 2023-01-11, page 4:W tych dniach na ul. Gęsiej przystąpiono do naprawiania bruku asfaltowego, jednakże robotę chwilowo przerwano.In these days, on Gęsia [Goose] Street, the repair of the asphalt pavement was begun; however, the work was momentarily stopped.
* (geology) duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)
* (Far Masovian, Łomża) stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)
* (Middle Polish, figuratively) revelry; brawl
    Synonyms: burda, hulanka

#### Derived terms

* na bruku
* na bruk
* brukowiec
* sięgnąć bruku pf, sięgać bruku impf
* wyrzucić na bruk pf

### Further reading

* bruk in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bruk in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* bruk in PWN's encyclopedia
* Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “bruk”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
* Wiesław Morawski (22.04.2013) “BRUK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
* Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego
* Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
* J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 212
* Jan Karłowicz (1900) “bruk”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 1: A do E, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 122

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Low German bruk (“use”), from the verb bruken (“to use”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ʉːk

### Noun

bruk n
* (regular or continuous) use, usage
    Jag har inget bruk för denI have no use for it
** (in compounds) cultivation, tillage, etc. (use of soil, land, or other resources)
* (countable, uncountable) practice (general habit of some group of people)
    seder och brukcustoms and practices
* a mill, a works (industrial facility for processing raw materials, usually dealing with iron, wood, or glass – especially one with a long history)
    Han jobbar på bruketHe works at the mill
* mortar (mixture of cement)
** 1948, Ulf Peder Olrog, song title
    Mera bruk i baljan, boysMore mortar in the trough, boys
    Synonym: murbruk

#### Usage notes

Idiomatic for using illegal drugs and certain public services – for example home care – in (sense 1).

#### Derived terms

* bruksanvisning
* bruksindustri
* bruksort (“mill town”)
* brukspatron
* bruksmiljö
* glasbruk
* jordbruk (“agriculture”)
* järnbruk (“iron works, iron mill”)
* murbruk
* naturbruk (“natural resource use”)
* pappersbruk (“paper mill”)
* skogsbruk (“forestry”)
* vattenbruk (“aquaculture”)

#### Related terms

* bruka (“use”)
* brukare (“user”)
* brukbar (“usable”)
* bruklig
* obrukbar (“unusable”)

#### See also

* användning
* hytta
* verk

### References

* bruk in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* bruk in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* bruk in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* burk

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English break.

### Verb

bruk intrans., transitive brukim
* (intransitive) break
** 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:10:Na wanpela wara i kamap long Iden bilong givim wara long dispela gaden. Dispela wara i bruk na i kamap 4-pela han wara→New International Version translation

### Adjective

bruk
* broken

#### Related terms

* brukim