# شهد
## Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

شَهِدَ • (šahida) I (non-past يَشْهَدُ (yašhadu), verbal noun شُهُود (šuhūd))
* to witness, to be a witness
* to experience personally, to see with one’s own eyes
* to be present, to attend, to be around
* to see

##### Conjugation
#### Verb

شَهِدَ • (šahida) I (non-past يَشْهَدُ (yašhadu), verbal noun شَهَادَة (šahāda))
* to testify, to bear witness, to give testimony, to give evidence
    شَهِدَ الشَّاهِدُ بِالحَقِّ أَمَامَ القَاضِي.šahida aš-šāhidu bi-l-ḥaqqi ʔamāma l-qāḍī.The witness testified to the truth in front of the judge.
* to attest, to confirm, to certify
* to witness (a signature)
* to acknowledge, to adjudge

##### Derived terms

* وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا (wašahida šāhidun min ʔahlihā)

### Etymology 2

From ش ه د (š h d), uncertain sense, perhaps from likening the honeycombs to the graves of martyrs or the swarming of people at such shrines like bees swarm around a hive; see مشهد. Otherwise from the mucus that covers a fetus at birth; the meaning of birth is extended from the "being around" or "being present" of verb form I.

#### Noun

شَهْد or شُهْد • (šahd or šuhd) m (plural شِهَاد (šihād))
* honey especially still in the honeycomb
    Synonym: عَسَل (ʕasal)
** 13th century, Saʿdī aš-Šīrāzī, دیوان سعدی [Dīwān of Saʿdī]:فَكَمْ تُمَرِّرُ عَيْشِي وَأَنْتَ حامِلُ شَهْدٍfakam tumarriru ʕayšī waʔanta ḥāmilu šahdinAnd how much you make my life bitter and [although] you are a carrier of honey
* honeycomb
* melon, cantaloupe
* nectar
* (figuratively) anything pleasant
* (figuratively, from stickiness) semen, menstruation

##### Descendants

* → Classical Persian: شَهْد (šahd)
** → Baluchi: شہد (šahad)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शहद (śahad)
    Urdu: شَہْد (śahd)
** → Punjabi: ਸ਼ਹਿਦ / شہد (śahid)

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

شُهَّد • (šuhhad) m pl
* masculine plural of شَاهِد (šāhid)

### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “شهد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 459–460
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “شهد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1609–1611

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic شَهْد (šahd).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃahð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃɑːt̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃɔːd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæɦd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃäɦd̪]

### Noun

شهد • (šahd)
* nectar (in the flower, before bees make it into honey)
* (archaic) honey
    Synonyms: عسل (asal), انگبین (angabin)
* (figurative) something sweet
** c. 1380, Jahān Malik Khātūn, “Ghazal 265”, in دیوان جهان [Divān-i Jahān]‎:ای دل چو جهان به کام ما نیست شهباز وفا به دام ما نیست وز شهد وصال آن دلارام جز زهر جفا به جام ما نیستay dil čū jahān ba kām-i mā nēst šahbāz-i wafā ba dām-i mā nēst w-az šahd-i wisāl-i ān dilārām juz zahr-i jafā ba jām-i mā nēstO heart! Since the world is not as we would wish it, The falcon of loyalty is not in our snare, And from the honey of reunion with that heart-soothing one, There is nothing but the venom of torment in our cup.(Classical Persian romanization)

#### Descendants

* → Baluchi: شہد (šahad)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: शहद (śahad)
    Urdu: شَہْد (śahd)
* → Punjabi: ਸ਼ਹਿਦ / شہد (śahid)

### Further reading

* Bulkin, Carleton (2012) “شهد”, in Dari-English/English-Dari practical dictionary, 2nd edition, New York: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 237
* Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “شهد”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim