# 臥

| 臥 | U+81E5, &#33253; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81E5 |
| ← 臤 [U+81E4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臦 → [U+81E6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

臥 (Kangxi radical 131, 臣+2, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸中人 (SLO), four-corner 7870$_0$, composition ⿰臣人)

#### Derived characters

* 䖙, 䭆, 𠥸 (Only for Taiwan standardized character forms. Mainland China characters contain 卧 instead of 臥)
* 𭈌, 𦱽, 𧗄, 𧨭, 𧇬, 𫇉

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 999, character 17
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30071
* Dae Jaweon: page 1450, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2801, character 3
* Unihan data for U+81E5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 臥 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 臣 (“eye pointing down”) + 人 (“person”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wò (wo$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вә (və, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngo
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguô
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gor$^5$ / or$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gō / ngō͘ / gō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): o$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ngu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wò
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wò
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^4$
*** Yale: wò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woh
*** Palladius: во (vo)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вә (və, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /və⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngo$^6$
*** Yale: ngoh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngo$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngo
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngo
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋo⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguô
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋuɔ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gor$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gō̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒ²¹/
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: or$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɒ⁴²/
* gor5 - literary (e.g. 臥被);
* or4 - vernacular (e.g. 臥鋪).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit臥 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /uo⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /uo⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /uo⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /və²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /və²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /uo³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /uo⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /u²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /və¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /və¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /vɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /uo³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /o¹³/ /ŋo¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /o²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /o²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /o⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʊ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /vɤ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uə³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /vɤ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋu²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦo¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ŋ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ŋo²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋo¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /o⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ŋo⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ŋo²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋo⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋɔ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋɔ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ŋɔ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /go²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋuɔ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋɔ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /o³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋo³⁵/ /ai²¹³/ 訓偃 |
* Middle Chinese: ngwaH
Rime :
| Character | 臥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 吾貨切 |
| Baxter | ngwaH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngo$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤ[o]j-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwa$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ˁ[o]j-s/ |
| English | lie down, sleep |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13061 |
| Phonetic component | 臥 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 臥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːls/ |
| Notes | 原象人倚臣臨時休憩， 或雲臣爲宿右下席形之訛 |

### Definitions

臥
* to lie down
* to sleep; to rest
* (of animals) to crouch
* (literary) to live in seclusion; to retreat
* (regional) to poach (to cook in boiling water)
* (in compounds) containing a bed; used for sleeping
    臥房／卧房 ― wòfáng ― bedroom
    臥鋪／卧铺 ― wòpù ― sleeping berth
* (in compounds) sleeper
    軟臥／软卧 ― ruǎnwò ― soft sleeper
    硬臥／硬卧 ― yìngwò ― hard sleeper

#### Synonyms

* (to live in seclusion):
* 屏居 (bǐngjū) (literary)
* 幽居 (yōujū) (literary)
* 幽棲 / 幽栖 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 杜門 / 杜门 (dùmén) (literary, figurative)
* 臥雲 / 卧云 (wòyún) (literary)
* 豹隱 / 豹隐 (bàoyǐn) (literary)
* 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 退居 (tuìjū) (literary)
* 退隱 / 退隐 (tuìyǐn) (of an official, renowned person)
* 遁世 (dùnshì) (literary)
* 遁跡 / 遁迹 (dùnjì) (literary)
* 避世 (bìshì)
* 閉門 / 闭门 (bìmén) (literary, figurative)
* 隱居 / 隐居 (yǐnjū)
* 隱逸 / 隐逸 (yǐnyì) (literary)

#### Compounds

* 一床一臥 / 一床一卧
* 一房一臥 / 一房一卧
* 仰臥 / 仰卧 (yǎngwò)
* 俯臥 / 俯卧 (fǔwò)
* 倒臥 / 倒卧 (dǎowò)
* 倒街臥巷 / 倒街卧巷
* 偃旗臥鼓 / 偃旗卧鼓
* 側臥 / 侧卧
* 偃臥 / 偃卧
* 元龍高臥 / 元龙高卧
* 北窗高臥 / 北窗高卧
* 吞花臥酒 / 吞花卧酒
* 嘗膽臥薪 / 尝胆卧薪
* 坐臥不安 / 坐卧不安
* 坐臥不寧 / 坐卧不宁 (zuòwòbùníng)
* 堅臥 / 坚卧
* 堅臥煙霞 / 坚卧烟霞
* 堅臥白門 / 坚卧白门
* 安枕而臥 / 安枕而卧
* 平臥 / 平卧 (píngwò)
* 平臥莖 / 平卧茎
* 房臥 / 房卧
* 抱火臥薪 / 抱火卧薪
* 抵足而臥 / 抵足而卧
* 攀車臥轍 / 攀车卧辙
* 攀轅臥轍 / 攀辕卧辙
* 東山高臥 / 东山高卧
* 橫臥 / 横卧 (héngwò)
* 橫躺豎臥 / 横躺竖卧
* 櫜弓臥鼓 / 櫜弓卧鼓
* 王祥臥冰 / 王祥卧冰
* 眠花臥柳 / 眠花卧柳
* 眠霜臥雪 / 眠霜卧雪
* 睡臥不寧 / 睡卧不宁
* 臥不安席 / 卧不安席
* 臥不安枕 / 卧不安枕
* 臥人兒 / 卧人儿
* 臥兔兒 / 卧兔儿
* 臥內 / 卧内 (wònèi)
* 臥具 / 卧具 (wòjù)
* 臥冰 / 卧冰 (wòbīng)
* 臥單 / 卧单
* 臥室 / 卧室 (wòshì)
* 臥床 / 卧床 (wòchuáng)
* 臥底 / 卧底 (wòdǐ)
* 臥式 / 卧式 (wòshì)
* 臥房 / 卧房 (wòfáng)
* 臥旗息鼓 / 卧旗息鼓
* 臥月眠霜 / 卧月眠霜
* 臥果兒 / 卧果儿
* 臥榻 / 卧榻 (wòtà)
* 臥榻鼾睡 / 卧榻鼾睡
* 臥治 / 卧治
* 臥牛城 / 卧牛城
* 臥狼當道 / 卧狼当道
* 臥理 / 卧理
* 臥理淮陽 / 卧理淮阳
* 臥病 / 卧病 (wòbìng)
* 臥病在床 / 卧病在床 (wòbìngzàichuáng)
* 臥碑 / 卧碑
* 臥艙 / 卧舱
* 臥薪嘗膽 / 卧薪尝胆 (wòxīnchángdǎn)
* 臥虎 / 卧虎
* 臥虎藏龍 / 卧虎藏龙 (wòhǔcánglóng)
* 臥蛋 / 卧蛋
* 臥蠶眉 / 卧蚕眉 (wòcánméi)
* 臥起 / 卧起
* 臥車 / 卧车 (wòchē)
* 臥軌 / 卧轨 (wòguǐ)
* 臥遊 / 卧游
* 臥鋪 / 卧铺 (wòpù)
* 臥雪 / 卧雪
* 臥雪吞氈 / 卧雪吞毡
* 臥雪眠霜 / 卧雪眠霜
* 臥雲 / 卧云 (wòyún)
* 臥魚 / 卧鱼
* 臥鼓偃旗 / 卧鼓偃旗
* 臥龍 / 卧龙 (Wòlóng)
* 臥龍岡 / 卧龙冈
* 藏龍臥虎 / 藏龙卧虎 (cánglóngwòhǔ)
* 蛹臥 / 蛹卧
* 行動坐臥 / 行动坐卧
* 袁安臥雪 / 袁安卧雪
* 被臥 / 被卧
* 起臥 / 起卧 (qǐwò)
* 醉臥 / 醉卧
* 鋪臥 / 铺卧
* 鐵臥單 / 铁卧单
* 高枕安臥 / 高枕安卧
* 高枕而臥 / 高枕而卧
* 高臥 / 高卧
* 高臥東山 / 高卧东山
* 龍跳虎臥 / 龙跳虎卧

### References

* “臥”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “卧”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 129.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* to lie down
* prostrate

#### Readings

* Go-on: が (ga)
* Kan-on: が (ga)
* Kun: がす (gasu, 臥す)、こゆ (koyu, 臥ゆ)、こやす (koyasu, 臥す)、こやる (koyaru, 臥る)、ふす (fusu, 臥す)、ふさる (fusaru, 臥さる)、ふせる (fuseru, 臥せる)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 臥
* が Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 臥 (MC ngwaH).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡa̠]

### Affix

臥(が) • (ga)
* to bend down; to lie down; to prostrate

## Korean
### Hanja

臥 • (wa) (hangeul 와)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

臥: Hán Nôm readings: ngọa/ngoạ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.