# kꜣ
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /kuʀ/ → /kuʀ/ → /kuj/ → /koj/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /kuʀ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /kuʀ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /kuj/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /koj/, with irregular development of /u/ to /o/ rather than /ø/, the significance of which is heavily debated and not satisfactorily explained.
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /kɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: ka

#### Noun

m
* ka (Something like "life-force"; the part of the soul which the living have and the dead do not)
** c. 24th century BCE, Pyramid of King Unas, south wall of the burial chamber, column 15, Pyramid Text spell 215, section 35:
    nj sk.k nj sk kꜣ.k ṯwt kꜣYou will not perish; your ka will not perish. You are the ka.
** Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), middle register, captions around flute-player:
    zb(ꜣ) nfr n k(ꜣ)w.ṯnPlaying the flute is good for your kas.
** personality, essence
* goodwill - especially of the king

##### Alternative forms

| kꜣ | kꜣ | kꜣ |

##### Derived terms

* wsr-kꜣ.f
* wsr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* mn-kꜣw-rꜥ
* mn-kꜣw-ḥr
* nbw-kꜣw-rꜥ
* nb-kꜣ
* nfr-jr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* nfr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* nfrt-kꜣw
* nḥb-kꜣw
* n-kꜣw
* nṯrj-kꜣ-rꜥ
* ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ
* ḥm-kꜣ
* ḫpr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* špss-kꜣ.f
* špss-kꜣ-rꜥ
* kꜣ-ḥr-kꜣ
* ḏsr-kꜣ-rꜥ
* ḏd-kꜣ-rꜥ
* ḏd-kꜣ-ḥr

##### Descendants

* → English: ka

#### Proper noun

m
* a serekh name notably borne by Predynastic king Ka

##### Alternative forms

kꜣ :

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /kɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: ka

#### Noun

m
* sustenance, food

##### Alternative forms

kꜣ :

### Etymology 3

From kꜣj (“to plan”).

#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /kɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: ka

#### Particle

proclitic
* (with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) so, then, as a result; expresses future consequence
* (with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) then; expresses subsequent action

##### Usage notes

This particle is mostly used with the subjunctive to indicate future consequences. In this use, it is neutral in tone — it neither indicates inevitability (like ḫr) nor optativity (like jḫ).

##### Alternative forms

kꜣ :

##### Derived terms

* .kꜣ

#### Particle

quotative
* (with following suffix pronoun indicating the speaker) marks a future direct quotation; will say

##### Usage notes

Like the other quotatives jn, ḫr, and ḫrw.fj, this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but never at its start).
This word may be identical with the above proclitic particle. It may also be interpreted as a use of .kꜣ in the potentialis form ḏd.kꜣ with the verb ḏd (“to say”) left unexpressed.

##### Alternative forms

kꜣ :

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /kaʀ/ → /kaʀ/ → /kaʔ/ → /kaʔ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /kaʀ/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /kaʀ/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /kaʔ/
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /kaʔ/
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /kɑ/
** Conventional anglicization: ka

#### Noun

m
* bull
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 144–146: zft.j n.k kꜣw m zj n sḏt wšn.n.j n.k ꜣpdwI will slaughter bulls for you as a burnt offering, having wrung the necks of birds for you.

##### Alternative forms

| kꜣ | kꜣ | kꜣ | kꜣ |

##### Derived terms

* mdw-kꜣ-ḥḏ
* kꜣ-nḫt-ḫꜥ-m-wꜣst
* kꜣt

##### Descendants

* Coptic Dialect K: ⲕⲟ (ko)

#### Noun

m
* bull as a sacrificial victim

##### Inflection
### References

* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 85.6–86.6, 86.10–89.11, 91.3–91.13, 94.7–96.8, 97.1–98.2
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 82, 115, 127, 196, 254, 274, 284, 319–320.
* ↑ Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎, Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR, pages 225–228
* ↑ Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume II, Providence: Brown University, PT 215.35 (Pyr. 149d), Unas
* ↑ Berman, Lawrence M., Bohač, Kenneth J. (1999) The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Egyptian Art, New York: Hudson Hills Press, pages 137–138