# ببر
## Arabic
### Etymology

Cognate to Classical Syriac ܒܒܪܐ (bbrʾ) and cognate to Akkadian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (barbarum, “wolf”), likely an early Semitic loan from Sumerian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (urbarak, literally “outsider dog”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /babr/

### Noun

بَبْر • (babr) m (plural بُبُور (bubūr))
* tiger
** a. 869 C.E., Al-Jāḥiẓ, edited by Ḥasan Ḥusnī ʕAbd Al-Wahhāb At-Tūnisiyy, ‎كتاب التبصر بالتجارة, ‎3rd edition, Cairo, Egypt: ‎مكتبة الخانجي, published 1994, →OCLC, pages 25–26:يُجْلَبُ مِنَ ٱلهِنْدِ ٱلبُبُورُ، وَٱلنُّمُورُ، وَٱلفِيَلَةُ، وَجُلُودُ ٱلنُّمُورِ، وَٱليَاقُوتُ ٱلأَحْمَرُ، وَٱلصَّنْدَلُ ٱلأَبْيَضُ، وَٱلآبَنُوسُ، وَجَوْزُ ٱلهِنْدِ.yujlabu mina l-hindi l-bubūru, wa-n-numūru, wa-l-fiyalatu, wa-julūdu n-numūri, wa-l-yāqūtu l-ʔaḥmaru, wa-ṣ-ṣandalu l-ʔabyaḍu, wa-l-ʔābanūsu, wa-jawzu l-hindi.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Declension
### References

* Lane, Edward William (1863) “ببر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 147

## Khalaj
### Noun

بَبر (bəbr) (definite accusative بَبری, plural بَبرلَر)
* Arabic spelling of bəbr (“tiger”)

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Greek πιπέρι (pipéri, “pepper”), itself from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi).

#### Alternative forms

* بابری (beberi), بوبر (büber)

#### Noun

ببر • (biber) (definite accusative ببری (biberi), plural ببرلر (biberler))
* pepper, a plant of the family Piperaceae and a spice prepared from the berries of this plant
    Synonyms: ایصی اوت (ısı ot), فلفل (fülfül)

##### Derived terms

* آجی ببری (acı biberi, “Cayenne pepper”)
* آرناود ببری (arnavud biberi, “Cayenne pepper”)
* آق ببر (ak biber, “white pepper”)
* اوزون ببر (uzun biber, “long pepper”)
* باج ببر (bac biber, “long pepper”)
* ببرجی (biberci, “pepper merchant”)
* ببرلتمك (biberletmek, “to make or let be peppered”)
* ببرلك (biberlik, “pepperbox”)
* ببرلمك (biberlemek, “to pepper”)
* ببرلنمك (biberlenmek, “to be peppered”)
* ببرلو (biberli, “peppered”)
* تازه ببر (taze biber, “green pepper”)
* حبش ببری (habeş biberi, “pepper of Abyssinia”)
* صو ببری (su biberi, “hydropiper, water pepper”)
* قرمزی ببر (kırmızı biber, “red pepper”)
* قره ببر (kara biber, “black pepper”)
* قویروقلو ببر (kuyruklu biber, “cubeb”)
* مرجان ببری (mercan biberi, “cherry pepper”)
* چكلمه‌مش ببری (çekilmemiş biberi, “peppercorn”)
* یشیل ببر (yeşil biber, “green pepper”)

##### Related terms

* ببریه (biberiye, “rosemary”)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: biber
* → Albanian: biber
* → Armenian: բիբար (bibar), բիբառ (bibaṙ), բիբեր (biber), բիբեռ (bibeṙ)
* → Azerbaijani: bibər
* → Crimean Tatar: biber
* → Macedonian: бибер (biber)
* → Serbo-Croatian: бѝбер (biber)

#### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “ببر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 284
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “biber”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 595
* Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “ببر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 107b
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ببر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 251
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Piper”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1303
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “ببر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 703
* Meyer, Gustav (1893) “Türkische Studien. I. Die griechischen und romanischen Bestandtheile im Wortschatze des Osmanisch-Türkischen”, in Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), volume 128, Wien: In Commission bei F. Tempsky, page 28
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “biber”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ببر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 338

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian ببر (babr), from Middle Persian bpl (babr, “tiger, lion, panther”).

#### Alternative forms

* بابر (baber)

#### Noun

ببر • (bebr or bebir) (definite accusative ببری (bebri, bebiri), plural ببرلر (bebrler, bebirler))
* tiger, a large predatory mammal of the cat family, indigenous to Asia (Panthera tigris)
    Synonyms: پلنك (peleng), قپلان (kaplan)
* leopard, large wild cat with a spotted coat, native to Africa and Asia (Panthera pardus)
    Synonyms: بارس (bars), پلنك (peleng), قپلان (kaplan), یوز (yuz)

##### Derived terms

* ببرلندرمك (bebirlendirmek, “to make or let assume airs of arrogance”)
* ببرلنمك (bebirlenmek, “to become furious as a tiger”)

##### Descendants

* Turkish: bebr, bebir

#### Further reading

* Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “ببر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 284
* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “bebir”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 518
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ببر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 252
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Tigris”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1673
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “ببر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 703
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ببر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 338

## Persian
### Etymology 1

* From Middle Persian bpl (babr, “tiger, lion, panther”), ultimately derived from Sumerian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (urbarra, literally “outside dog, wild predator”) likely inherited from an Old Persian form, becoming semantically specified from the more general "wild predators".
* From Middle Persian bpl (babr, “tiger”), dubiously connected to Proto-Indo-Iranian *wy(H)āgʰrás. Cognate with Sanskrit व्याघ्र (vyāghrá) and related to Old Armenian վագր (vagr) and Old Georgian ვიგრი (vigri) (both loanwords from Iranian).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [baβɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäbɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bäbɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bäbɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bäbɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bæbɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bäbɾ]

#### Noun

ببر • (babr) (plural ببرها (babr-hâ) or ببران (babrân))
* tiger
* (Indo-Persian) lion

##### Derived terms

* ببر بَیان (babr-e bayân)
* ببر سیبری (babr-e sibri)
* ببر مازندران (babr-e mâzandarân)
* ببر بنگال (babr-e bengâl)
* ببر چینی (babr-e čini)
* ببر سوماترایی (babr-e sumâtrâyi)
* ببر بالی (babr-e bâli)

##### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: बबर (babar)
    Urdu: ببر
* → Khalaj: bəbr
* → Russian: бабр (babr)
** → Yakut: баабыр (baabır)
* → Tajik: бабр (babr)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Persian bplk' (babrag).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ba.βaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bä.bäɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bä.bäɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bä.bäɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bä.bäɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [bæ.bæɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bä.bäɾ]

#### Noun

ببر • (babar) (plural ببرها (babar-hâ))
* (archaic) beaver

### References

* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “babr”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, page 42