# ruga
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɹuː.ɡə/
** Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -uːɡə

### Noun

ruga (plural rugae)
* (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
** 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]
** 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

#### Derived terms

* rugate (adjective)

#### Translations
### References

* “ruga”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* “ruga”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

### Anagrams

* Guar., Gura, Urga, gaur, guar, ragu, ragù

## Afar
### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ˈruɡa/ [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
* Hyphenation: ru‧ga

#### Noun

rúga m (plural rugaagí f)
* male calf

##### Declension

absolutive
rúga
predicative
rúga
subjective
rugí
genitive
rugí
Postpositioned forms
l-case
rúgal
k-case
rúgak
t-case
rúgat
h-case
rúgah :

##### Derived terms

* (diminutive) rugáytu

### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ruˈɡa/ [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
* Hyphenation: ru‧ga

#### Noun

rugá f (plural rugaagí f)
* female calf

##### Declension

absolutive
rugá
predicative
rugá
subjective
rugá
genitive
rugá
Postpositioned forms
l-case
rugál
k-case
rugák
t-case
rugát
h-case
rugáh :

### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈru.ɣə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈru.ɣa]

### Noun

ruga f (plural rugues)
* Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈru.ɡa/
* Rhymes: -uɡa
* Hyphenation: rù‧ga

### Noun

ruga f (plural rughe)
* wrinkle, line

#### Derived terms

* rugoso

### Anagrams

* ragù, urga

## Kikuyu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɾuɣa/

### Verb

ruga (infinitive kũruga)
* to cook

#### Derived terms

(Nouns)
* mũrugi class 1
(Verbs)
* kũrugĩra
(Proverbs)
* mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega

### References

* Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate" → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle". Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”). For the development to “street”, compare also rupta via (literally “path made by force”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈruː.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈru.ɡa/, [ˈruːɡä]

### Noun

rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension
* (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
* (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
** a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt)) (Can we verify this sense?)
* (Early Medieval Latin) a street
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Inflection

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* corrūgis
* rūgō (verb)
* rūgōsus (adjective)

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: ruga
* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Italian: ruga, rua
** Venetan: ruga
*** → Albanian: rrugë
* Gallo-Italic:
** Piedmontese: rùa
* Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga
** Old French: rue
*** French: rue
*** Norman: rue
*** →? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua
**** Galician: rúa
**** Portuguese: rua
** Old Occitan:
*** Occitan: rua
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Spanish: rua
*** Spanish: rúa
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus
** Italian: ruvido
** Piedmontese: rùvid
* Borrowings:
** → English: ruga
** → Portuguese: ruga
** → Spanish: ruga

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2000 November) “Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 54, number 1, Brill Publishers, page 160:The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ruga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-29
* ↑ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1984) “arruga”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 360

### Further reading

* “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "ruga", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈru.ɡa/
* Rhymes: -uɡa
* Syllabification: ru‧ga

### Etymology 1

Deverbal from rugać.

#### Noun

ruga f
* (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)
    Synonym: reprymenda

##### Related terms

* rugać impf
* rugnąć pf
* zrugać pf

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

ruga
* third-person singular present of rugać

### Further reading

* ruga in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology 1

From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈχu.ɡɐ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈʁu.ɡa/ [ˈhu.ɡa]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈʁu.ɣɐ]
* Hyphenation: ru‧ga

#### Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)
* wrinkle
* crease

##### Related terms

* rugoso

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ruga
* inflection of rugar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ruˈɡa/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a
* Hyphenation: ru‧ga

### Verb

a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conjugation
* (transitive) to politely ask
    Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
* (reflexive) to pray [with la ‘deity’]
* (reflexive) to insistently or repeatedly ask [with de ‘person’]

#### Usage notes

Ruga in the meaning of “ask (for)” expresses the request by a secondary clause and never through a prepositional object.

#### Derived terms

* rugare

#### Related terms

* rugăciune
* rugăminte
* rugător

#### See also

* mă rog
* te rog
* vă rog

### References

* ruga in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Sardinian
### Alternative forms

* rua, arruga, orruga

### Etymology 1

From Latin rūga.

#### Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)
* street

##### Alternative forms

* eruga, berruca, arruga, ferruga, orruca, verruga, ruda, rugaruga

### Etymology 2

From Latin eruca.

#### Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)
* caterpillar

#### See also

* mamaruga f, maniposa f, babbaliscu m, cabagasu m, mariavolavola m

## Spanish
### Verb

ruga
* inflection of rugar:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka

### Noun

ruga
* resin

#### Inflection
### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika