# 結晶
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiéjīng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): git$^3$ zing$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiet-chîn / kiat-chîn
    (Hailu, HRS): gied zin$^ˋ$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geh$^6$ zing$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiat-cheng / kiat-chiⁿ / kiat-cheⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gag$^4$ zian$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiéjīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiéjing
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^2$-ching$^1$
*** Yale: jyé-jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyejing
*** Palladius: цзецзин (czeczin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: git$^3$ zing$^1$
*** Yale: git jīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: git$^8$ dzing$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gid$^3$ jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːt̚³ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-chîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied$^ˋ$ jin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² t͡sin²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiat-chîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: giad$^ˋ$ jin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: giad$^5$ jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯at̚² t͡sin²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gied zin$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiet⁵⁻² t͡sin⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ zing$^1$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ zing$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geh-cing
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geh$^6$ zing$^1$ [Phonetic: geh$^7$ zing$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡siŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-cheng
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-tsing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatzefng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-chiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-tsinn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatcvy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sĩ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-cheⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiat-tsenn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiatzvef
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sẽ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gag$^4$ zian$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kak tsiaⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kak̚²⁻⁴ t͡sĩã³³/

### Verb

結晶
* to crystallize; to form crystals

#### Derived terms

* 再結晶 / 再结晶 (zàijiéjīng)
* 結晶水 / 结晶水 (jiéjīngshuǐ)
* 結晶玻璃 / 结晶玻璃
* 結晶礦物 / 结晶矿物
* 結晶體 / 结晶体 (jiéjīngtǐ)
* 重結晶 / 重结晶 (chóngjiéjīng)

### Noun

結晶
* crystal
    針狀結晶／针状结晶 ― zhēnzhuàng jiéjīng ― needle-shaped crystal
* (figurative) crystallization (of something); fruit (of labour); cherished product
    愛的結晶／爱的结晶 ― ài de jiéjīng ― crystallization of love

#### Synonyms

* (crystal) 晶體／晶体 (jīngtǐ)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 結 | 晶 |
| けつ > けっ Grade: 4 | しょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けっしょー [kèsshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ɕːo̞ː]

### Noun

結(けっ)晶(しょう) • (kesshō)
* (chemistry) crystal
* manifestation, fruits (of one's love, efforts, sweat, etc.)

### Verb

結(けっ)晶(しょう)する • (kesshō suru) suru (stem 結(けっ)晶(しょう)し (kesshō shi), past 結(けっ)晶(しょう)した (kesshō shita))
* to crystallize, to form a crystal
* to manifest, to produce (as a result of one's efforts)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 結晶し | けっしょうし | kesshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 結晶し | けっしょうし | kesshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 結晶する | けっしょうする | kesshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 結晶する | けっしょうする | kesshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 結晶すれ | けっしょうすれ | kesshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 結晶せよ¹ 結晶しろ² | けっしょうせよ¹ けっしょうしろ² | kesshō seyo¹ kesshō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 結晶される | けっしょうされる | kesshō sareru |
| Causative | 結晶させる 結晶さす | けっしょうさせる けっしょうさす | kesshō saseru kesshō sasu |
| Potential | 結晶できる | けっしょうできる | kesshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 結晶しよう | けっしょうしよう | kesshō shiyō |
| Negative | 結晶しない | けっしょうしない | kesshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 結晶せず | けっしょうせず | kesshō sezu |
| Formal | 結晶します | けっしょうします | kesshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 結晶した | けっしょうした | kesshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 結晶して | けっしょうして | kesshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 結晶すれば | けっしょうすれば | kesshō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 結 | 晶 |

### Noun

結晶 • (gyeoljeong) (hangeul 결정)
* hanja form of 결정 (“crystal, crystallization”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 結 | 晶 |

### Verb

結晶
* chữ Hán form of kết tinh (“to crystallize”).