# 策

| 策 | U+7B56, &#31574; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B56 |
| ← 筕 [U+7B55] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 筗 → [U+7B57] |

## Translingual
### Han character

策 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹木月 (HDB), four-corner 8890$_2$, composition ⿱𥫗朿)

#### Derived characters

* 憡, 㩍, 鏼, 𣽤, 𢿸, 𥴹, 𭬂

#### Related characters

* 筞 (Variant form)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 883, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26009
* Dae Jaweon: page 1312, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2963, character 9
* Unihan data for U+7B56

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 債 | *ʔsreːɡs, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 積 | *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ |
| 刺 | *sʰeɡs, *sʰeɡ |
| 莿 | *sʰeːɡs, *raːds |
| 㓨 | *sʰeɡs |
| 朿 | *sʰeɡs |
| 漬 | *zeɡs |
| 耫 | *zraːd, *zreːɡ |
| 嘖 | *ʔsraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 梀 | *sreːɡ, *sʰloːɡ, *sloːɡ, *l̥ʰoɡ |
| 捒 | *sreːɡ, *sroɡs, *sroɡs |
| 幘 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 簀 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 嫧 | *ʔsreːɡ, *sʰreːɡ, *sʰeɡ |
| 謮 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 責 | *ʔsreːɡ |
| 皟 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 憡 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 策 | *sʰreːɡ |
| 筴 | *sʰreːɡ, *kreːb, *keːb |
| 拺 | *sʰreːɡ, *sreːɡ |
| 賾 | *zreːɡ |
| 鰿 | *zreːɡ, *ʔseɡ |
| 擌 | *sreːɡ |
| 蹟 | *ʔseɡ |
| 襀 | *ʔseɡ |
| 磧 | *sʰeɡ |
| 洓 | *sʰeɡ |
| 績 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 勣 | *ʔseːɡ |
| 樍 | *ʔseːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰreːɡ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs).

#### "to whip"

    Originally 敇.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): cè (ce$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄘㄜˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ce$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): caak$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): cak$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cet$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhet
    (Hailu, HRS): ced
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cêd$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): chă̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): cháik / cháh
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ceh$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhek / chhiak / chherk
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cêh$^4$ / ciah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tshaq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ce$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cè
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cè
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻê$^4$
*** Yale: tsè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tseh
*** Palladius: цэ (cɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ce$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ce
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caak$^3$
*** Yale: chaak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːk̚³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: cak$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰak̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cet$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhet
*** Hakka Romanization System: ced$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ced$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰet̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ced
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰet⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cêd$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɛt̚¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰaʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chă̤
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cháik / cháh
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaiʔ²⁴/, /t͡sʰɑʔ²⁴/
* cháik - literary;
* cháh - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit策 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡sʰɤ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡sʰɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡sʰɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡sʰə²¹³/ /ʈ͡ʂʰei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sʰə⁵⁵/ /ʈ͡ʂʰe⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡sʰei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡sʰɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡sʰə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡sʰɤ²¹³/ /t͡sʰei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰe³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡sʰə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡sʰəʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡sʰɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sʰʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡sʰaʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡sʰəʔ⁵/ /t͡sʰɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡sʰɑʔ⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sʰa²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰɛʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰa⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰə²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sʰæ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰɛʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰet̚¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰet̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰak̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰak̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰak̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰik̚³²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰaiʔ²³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰɛ²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰeʔ²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sek̚⁵/ /sɛ⁵⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: tsrheak
Rime :
| Character | 策 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 楚革切 |
| Baxter | tsrheak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰæk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | che |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ](ˤ)rek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰreːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 策 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrhɛk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ](ˁ)rek/ |
| English | tablet, record |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 策 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 1765 |
| Phonetic component | 朿 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 策 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰreːɡ/ |

### Definitions

策
* plan; scheme; strategy
* (literary) to plan; to scheme
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to calculate; to estimate
* (historical) bamboo or wooden strips used for writing on in ancient China
    Synonyms: 冊 / 册 (cè), 簡策 / 简策, 簡冊 / 简册 (jiǎncè)
* (historical) a kind of emperor's edict
* (historical) a type of essay in ancient China, used in imperial examinations where questions on political or economic affairs were set
* (historical) a kind of computing tool in ancient China, on which the multiplication table was written for multiplication, division or extracting the square root during the Qing dynasty
* (historical) spur
* (alt. form 敇) (literary) to spur; to whip; to urge with a horsewhip
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to drive; to urge
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) number; value
* (literary) cane; walking stick
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to lean on; to rest on support
* (calligraphy) upward horizontal stroke (the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong)
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to confer; to consult; to coordinate; to discuss
    策價錢／策价钱 [Hokkien] ― chhek kè-chîⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to discuss the price
* (Chinese astronomy) Gamma Cassiopeiae
* a surname

### Compounds

* 上策 (shàngcè)
* 下策 (xiàcè)
* 中策 (zhōngcè)
* 乘堅策肥 / 乘坚策肥
* 人口政策
* 先策
* 公共政策 (gōnggòng zhèngcè)
* 典策
* 冒進政策 / 冒进政策
* 出此下策
* 出謀劃策 / 出谋划策 (chūmóuhuàcè)
* 出謀獻策 / 出谋献策
* 利率政策
* 制策
* 劃策 / 划策
* 勞工政策 / 劳工政策
* 南進政策 / 南进政策 (nánjìn zhèngcè)
* 和解政策
* 國策 / 国策 (guócè)
* 國策顧問 / 国策顾问
* 基本國策 / 基本国策
* 大陸政策 / 大陆政策 (Dàlù Zhèngcè)
* 失策 (shīcè)
* 奇策
* 奇謀異策 / 奇谋异策
* 妙策 (miàocè)
* 姑息政策
* 孫策 / 孙策
* 定策
* 射策
* 對空策 / 对空策
* 對策 / 对策 (duìcè)
* 工業政策 / 工业政策
* 愚民政策 (yúmín zhèngcè)
* 戰國策 / 战国策 (Zhànguócè)
* 手策 (shǒucè)
* 扶策
* 投策
* 挑包策馬 / 挑包策马
* 振策
* 排外政策
* 搏手無策 / 搏手无策
* 政策 (zhèngcè)
* 政策分析
* 政策執行 / 政策执行
* 教戰守策 / 教战守策
* 方策 (fāngcè)
* 書策 / 书策
* 束手無策 / 束手无策 (shùshǒuwúcè)
* 杖策
* 殖民政策
* 決策 / 决策 (juécè)
* 決策千里
* 治安策
* 焦土政策 (jiāotǔ zhèngcè)
* 無策 / 无策 (wúcè)
* 獻策 / 献策 (xiàncè)
* 玄策
* 畫策 / 画策 (huàcè)
* 畫策設謀 / 画策设谋
* 發策 / 发策
* 發策決科 / 发策决科
* 白澳政策
* 督策
* 社會政策 / 社会政策 (shèhuì zhèngcè)
* 神機妙策 / 神机妙策
* 神術妙策 / 神术妙策
* 神謀妙策 / 神谋妙策
* 萬全之策 / 万全之策
* 策劃 / 策划 (cèhuà)
* 策動 / 策动 (cèdòng)
* 策勒 (Cèlè)
* 策勛 / 策勋
* 策勵 / 策励 (cèlì)
* 策反 (cèfǎn)
* 策名
* 策命
* 策問 / 策问
* 策士 (cèshì)
* 策應 / 策应 (cèyìng)
* 策文 (cèwén)
* 策書 / 策书
* 策望
* 策杖 (cèzhàng)
* 策源地 (cèyuándì)
* 策略 (cèlüè)
* 策畫 / 策画
* 策立
* 策策
* 策試 / 策试
* 策論 / 策论 (cèlùn)
* 策謀 / 策谋
* 策蹇
* 策進 / 策进
* 策馬 / 策马 (cèmǎ)
* 算無遺策 / 算无遗策 (suànwúyícè)
* 簡策楮墨 / 简策楮墨
* 籌策 / 筹策
* 群策群力 (qúncèqúnlì)
* 良策 (liángcè)
* 裹糧策馬 / 裹粮策马
* 計策 / 计策 (jìcè)
* 詔策 / 诏策
* 謀無遺策 / 谋无遗策
* 警策
* 財政政策 / 财政政策 (cáizhèng zhèngcè)
* 貨幣政策 / 货币政策 (huòbì zhèngcè)
* 資策會 / 资策会
* 贈策 / 赠策
* 走為上策 / 走为上策 (zǒuwéishàngcè)
* 遺策 / 遗策
* 長策 / 长策 (chángcè)
* 關稅政策 / 关税政策
* 陳策樓 / 陈策楼 (Chéncèlóu)
* 鞭策 (biāncè)
* 風流策 / 风流策
* 馬策 / 马策
* 駝鳥政策 / 驼鸟政策
* 驅策 / 驱策 (qūcè)
* 龜策 / 龟策

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 策(さく) (saku)

### References

* “策”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “策”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 267.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* scheme; plan; policy; step; means

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: さく (saku, Jōyō)
* Kun: ふだ (fuda, 策)、ふみ (fumi)、むち (muchi, 策)、つえ (tsue, 策)、かずとり (kazutori)、はかりごと (hakarigoto, 策)
* Nanori: かず (kazu)、つか (tsuka)、もり (mori)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 策
* さく Grade: 6
* on'yomi
Middle Chinese 策 (t͡ʃʰˠɛk̚)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さく [sàkúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* (Tokyo) さく [sáꜜkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sa̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

策(さく) • (saku)
* plan; policy
    正(しょう)直(じき)は決(けっ)して最(さい)上(じょう)の策(さく)ではない。
       Shōjiki wa kesshite saijō no saku de wa nai.
       Honesty is never the best policy.
* the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong

#### Hypernyms

* 永(えい)字(じ)八(はっ)法(ぽう) (eiji happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)

#### Coordinate terms

* 側(そく) (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 勒(ろく) (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 努(ど) (do, “the third of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 趯(てき) (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 掠(りゃく) (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 啄(たく) (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
* 磔(たく) (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)

#### Derived terms

* 策(さく)を講(こう)ずる (saku o kōzuru)
* 策(さく)を施(ほどこ)す (saku o hodokosu)

### Suffix

策(さく) • (-saku)
* plan, policy

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕʰɛk̚] ~ [t͡ɕʰe̞k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [책/첵]

### Hanja

Wikisource 策 • (chaek) (hangeul 책, revised chaek, McCune–Reischauer ch'aek, Yale chayk)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

策: Hán Nôm readings: sách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.