# τρέφω
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* τρᾰ́φω (trắphō) — Doric

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō with deaspiration of the /tʰ/ to /t/ by Grassmann's law everywhere except in forms where the /pʰ/ has been deaspirated to /p/ by a following consonant (future, first aorist, perfect middle). Further origin is disputed: Compare θρόμβος (thrómbos, “lump, clot, curd of milk”).
According to Beekes, a Pre-Greek substratum word, with the original concrete meaning apparently being something along the lines of “to congeal or curdle milk”, whence “to make grow, promote growth”. Within Indo-European, it is traditionally compared to Lithuanian drìbti (“to fall down in flakes”) and drė̃bti (“to throw a thick fluid”), Latvian drēbt (“to sleet (of damp snow falling)”).
The Greek term additionally bears resemblance to expressions for “dregs” in Celtic (cf. Middle Irish drab (“dregs, yeast”)), Germanic (Proto-Germanic *drabaz (“dregs”)), and Slavic (Proto-Slavic *droba (“crumb, sediment, dregs, yeast”)), linking it to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrebʰ-, whence also Lithuanian drebėti (“to quiver, to tremble”). It is possible that all these terms derive from the same substrate continuum. Compare also Proto-Germanic *drupô (“drop”), commonly connected to Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tré.pʰɔː/ → /ˈtre.ɸo/ → /ˈtre.fo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /tré.pʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈtre.pʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈtre.ɸo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈtre.fo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈtre.fo/

### Verb

τρέφω • (tréphō)
* to make to grow, to increase, bring up, breed, rear (especially of children)
** (of slaves, cattle, etc.) to rear and keep, raise
** to tend, cherish
** (of parts of the body) to let grown, cherish, foster
** (poetic, of earth and sea) to breed, produce, teem with
** (poetic) to have within oneself, to contain, keep, have
* to maintain, support
** (in historical writers) to maintain an army
** (of land) to feed, maintain one
* to bring up, rear, educate
* to thicken, congeal, curdle

#### Derived terms

* ἀνατρέφω (anatréphō)
* ἀντεκτρέφω (antektréphō)
* ἀντιτρέφω (antitréphō)
* ἀποτρέφω (apotréphō)
* βουτρόφος (boutróphos)
* διατρέφω (diatréphō)
* ἐκτρέφω (ektréphō)
* ἐντρέφω (entréphō)
* ἐπανατρέφω (epanatréphō)
* ἐπιτρέφω (epitréphō)
* θρεπτῐκός (threptĭkós)
* θρεπτός (threptós)
* ἰχθυοτρόφος (ikhthuotróphos)
* λῐπᾰρότροφος (lĭpărótrophos)
* μετατρέφω (metatréphō)
* ὀλιγότροφος (oligótrophos)
* παρατρέφω (paratréphō)
* περιτρέφω (peritréphō)
* πολύτροφος (polútrophos)
* προσανατρέφω (prosanatréphō)
* προστρέφω (prostréphō)
* προτρέφω (protréphō)
* προϋποτρέφω (proüpotréphō)
* συμπαρατρέφω (sumparatréphō)
* συνανατρέφω (sunanatréphō)
* συνδιατρέφω (sundiatréphō)
* συνεκτρέφω (sunektréphō)
* συντρέφω (suntréphō)
* τεθρῐπποτρόφος (tethrĭppotróphos)
* τρόφος (tróphos)
* ὑποτρέφω (hupotréphō)
* ψῡχοτρόφος (psūkhotróphos)

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τρέφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1504ff-1506

### Further reading

* “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “τρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “τρέφω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* τρέφω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* τρέφω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “τρέφω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G5142 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. board idem, page 86.breed idem, page 97.bring idem, page 99.cater idem, page 118.cherish idem, page 129.cultivate idem, page 188.educate idem, page 262.entertain idem, page 277.fatten idem, page 310.feed idem, page 313.foster idem, page 340.grow idem, page 376.harbour idem, page 385.keep idem, page 467.maintain idem, page 508.nourish idem, page 562.nurse idem, page 563.nurture idem, page 563.rear idem, page 676.support idem, page 841.sustain idem, page 846.teach idem, page 859.train idem, page 886.

## Greek
### Etymology

Inherited from Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō), probably from Proto-Hellenic *tʰrépʰō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈtɾe.fo/
* Hyphenation: τρέ‧φω

### Verb

τρέφω • (tréfo) (past έθρεψα, passive τρέφομαι, p‑past τράφηκα, ppp θρεμμένος)
* (transitive) to feed, nourish, maintain
* (intransitive) to heal, be raised

#### Synonyms

* (feed): ταΐζω (taḯzo)

#### Related terms

* θρεπτός (threptós)
* θρέψη f (thrépsi)
* θρέψιμο n (thrépsimo)
* τροφέας m (troféas)
* τροφή f (trofí, “food”)
* -τροφία f (-trofía, “breeding of”)
* τροφικός (trofikós, “of food”)
* τρόφιμο n (trófimo, “food”)
* τρόφιμος m (trófimos, “inmate; boarder”)
* τροφοδοσία f (trofodosía, “supply”)
* τροφοδότης m (trofodótis, “supplier”)
* τροφοδοτώ (trofodotó, “I supply”)
* -τρόφος m or f (-trófos, “breeder of”)
* ανατρέφω (anatréfo), αναθρέφω (anathréfo, “bring up, nurture”)
* διατρέφω (diatréfo, “feed”)
* εκτρέφω (ektréfo, “breed”)