# 人間
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rénjiān
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^4$ gaan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-kiên / ngìn-kiân
    (Hailu, HRS): ngin gien$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-kan / lîn-kan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nang$^5$ gang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-ci
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rénjiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rénjian
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-chien$^1$
*** Yale: rén-jyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renjian
*** Palladius: жэньцзянь (žɛnʹczjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ gaan$^1$
*** Yale: yàhn gāan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ gaan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ gan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-kiân
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ gian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin gien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin⁵⁵ kien⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-kan
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jinkafn
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² kan⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-kan
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-kan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linkafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² kan³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nang$^5$ gang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâng kang
*** Sinological IPA : /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-ci
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ ci
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-ji
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: nyin kean
Rime :
| Character | 人 | 間 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 山 (73) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 古閑切 |
| Baxter | nyin | kean |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /kˠɛn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /kᵚæn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /kæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /kəɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /kɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /kæn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /kăn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | jiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | gaan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] kˤre[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin kreːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 人 | 間 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | jiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ kɛn › |
| Old Chinese | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*kˁre[n]/ |
| English | (other) person | interval |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 人 | 間 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 10800 | 6226 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 閒 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 閒 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*kreːn/ |
| Notes | | 原作閒同說文 |

### Noun

人間
* the human world; the world of mortals

#### Synonyms

* 世間 / 世间 (shìjiān)
* 人世 (rénshì)
* 人世間 / 人世间 (rénshìjiān)
* 人寰 (rénhuán) (literary)
* 人間世 / 人间世 (rénjiānshì) (literary)
* 俗世 (súshì)
* 凡世 (fánshì) (literary)
* 塵世 / 尘世 (chénshì)
* 塵世間 / 尘世间 (chénshìjiān)
* 塵俗 / 尘俗 (chénsú)
* 塵寰 / 尘寰 (chénhuán) (literary)
* 塵間 / 尘间 (chénjiān)
* 濁世 / 浊世 (zhuóshì) (literary)

#### Derived terms

* 不在人間 / 不在人间
* 不知人間有羞恥事 / 不知人间有羞耻事 (bùzhī rénjiān yǒu xiūchǐ shì)
* 不食人間煙火 / 不食人间烟火 (bù shí rénjiān yānhuǒ)
* 人間世 / 人间世 (rénjiānshì)
* 人間仙境 / 人间仙境
* 人間冷暖 / 人间冷暖
* 人間喜劇 / 人间喜剧
* 人間地獄 / 人间地狱 (rénjiān dìyù)
* 人間天上 / 人间天上 (rénjiān tiānshàng)
* 人間天堂 / 人间天堂
* 人間樂園 / 人间乐园 (rénjiān lèyuán)
* 人間煙火 / 人间烟火
* 人間蒸發 / 人间蒸发 (rénjiānzhēngfā)
* 人間第一黃 / 人间第一黄
* 人間行路難 / 人间行路难
* 人間觀察 / 人间观察 (rénjiān guānchá)
* 人間詞話 / 人间词话
* 人間重晚晴 / 人间重晚晴
* 別有人間 / 别有人间
* 別有天地非人間 / 别有天地非人间
* 天上人間 / 天上人间 (tiānshàng rénjiān)
* 春滿人間 / 春满人间
* 遊戲人間 / 游戏人间

#### Related terms

* 世界 (shìjiè)
* 宇宙 (yǔzhòu)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 人間(にんげん) (ningen); 人間(じんかん) (jinkan)
* → Korean: 인간(人間) (in'gan)
* → Vietnamese: nhân gian (人間)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 間 |
| にん Grade: 1 | けん > げん Grade: 2 |
| goon ||
From Middle Chinese 人間 (MC nyin kean|keanH). Analyzable as a compound of "people" + "among; space".
First cited to a text from 984. The kanji spelling is cited earlier in a kanbun passage in the Shoku Nihongi of 756, listed in some references with the reading jinkan. However, the extant copies of this work that include phonetic guides are centuries younger than this first date, raising the possibility that the ningen reading might itself date from 756.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にんげん [nìńgéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɲ̟ĩŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

人(にん)間(げん) • (ningen)
* [from 1120] human, person, human being
    人間(にんげん)社会(しゃかい)
       ningen shakai
       human society
* [date uncertain] personality, character
* [from 984? from 756?] (Buddhism) literally meaning: "human society", referring to one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology (more commonly referred to with the jinkan reading)

##### Descendants

* → English: ningen

#### See also

* (person): 人類(じんるい) (jinrui), 人物(じんぶつ) (jinbutsu)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 間 |
| じん Grade: 1 | かん Grade: 2 |
| kan'yōon ||
From Middle Chinese 人間 (MC nyin kean|keanH). Analyzable as a compound of "people" + "among; space".
First cited in a kanbun passage in the Shoku Nihongi of 756, listed in some references with the reading jinkan. However, the extant copies of this work that include phonetic guides are centuries younger than this first date, raising the possibility that the jinkan reading might be younger than this date.

#### Noun

人(じん)間(かん) • (jinkan)
* [from 756?] (archaic) the world in which people live; the world, society

##### Synonyms

* 世(よ)の中(なか) (yo no naka)
* 世(せ)間(けん) (seken)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 間 |
| ひと Grade: 1 | ま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
A compound of 人 (hito, “people”) +‎ 間 (ma, “gap”). First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720, and also attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.

#### Noun

人(ひと)間(ま) • (hitoma)
* [from 720] (dated, rare) a place devoid of people
* [from 1505] (dated, rare) a period of no contact with a person

### References

* 1 2 3 4 “人間”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2576:

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 人 | 間 |

### Noun

人間 • (in'gan) (hangeul 인간)
* hanja form of 인간 (“people, humanity”)

## Miyako

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 間 |
| にん Grade: 1 | きん > ぎん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tarama) IPA: /ninɡin/
* (Nakachi, Irabu) IPA: /niŋɡiŋ/

### Noun

人(にん)間(ぎん) (ningin)
* human, person, human being
* personality, character

### References

* Tokuyama, Shun'ei (渡久山春英), Kenan, Celik (セリック・ケナン) (2020) 南琉球宮古語多良間方言辞典 [A Dictionary of Tarama Miyako, a dialect of Southern Ryukyuan], Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所 言語変異研究領域), →ISBN, page 343
* Tomihama, Sadayoshi (富浜定吉) (2013) 宮古伊良部方言辞典 [Miyako Irabu Dialect Dictionary], Naha (那覇市): Okinawa Times (沖縄タイムス社), →ISBN, page 504

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 間 |
| にん Grade: 1 | きん > ぢん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

人(にん)間(ぢん) (ninjin)
* human, person, human being

### References

* Miyara, Shinshō (宮良信詳) (2021) うちなーぐち活用辞典 [Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所 言語変異研究領域), →DOI, →ISBN, page 233

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 人 | 間 |

### Noun

人間
* chữ Hán form of nhân gian (“the human world; the world of mortals”).