# عود
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return, to turn back”) in the sense of a branch or other slender piece of wood being flexible.
The sense “oud, lute” can be understood as a semantic loan from Middle Persian [script needed] (lwt' /⁠rōd⁠/, “string; stringed instrument; barbat”) (> Persian رود (rud)), compare like liquid rebracketing in عَسْكَر (ʕaskar) and أَنْجَر (ʔanjar).
The instrument sense of the word is thus an Arabic version of the Persian بربط (barbat). The oud featured a smaller, more curved neck with greater tension, as well as a larger rounded belly created from steam-bent strips of wood. The barbat was carved from one solid piece of wood. The larger size of the oud's belly was something not previously possible before the further development of using hot moisture to aid in bending thin strips. This characteristic technique became the traditional source of the instruments name; for more see Oud and Barbat.
However there is a cognate instrument Ugaritic 𐎓𐎄 (ʿd, “lute, an instrument”) thousands of years prior to this, identified as an early chordophone with connection to Sumerian 𒄑𒅗𒌣 ($^{GEŠ}$gu$_3$.de$_2$, “instruments in general, a lute”, literally “wood that has voice”). This precursor to ouds and guitars was constructed of strings laid on a wood-staff that ran through the whole body of the instrument attached to a simple drum-like resonating body; as strings of lyres and drums were used prior, the distinguishing feature was this wooden rod.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕuːd/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

عُود • (ʕūd) m (plural أَعْوَاد (ʔaʕwād) or عِيدَان (ʕīdān))
* wood, timber
* stick, rod, pole
* branch, twig
* stem, stalk
* cane, reed
* aloe, agarwood, any plant with high moisture content
** a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات [ʿajāʾib al-maḵlūqāt wa-ḡarāʾib al-mawjūdāt]‎, Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1849, page 260:عود شجرة تنبت في جزائر بحر الهند عروقها تقلع وتدفن في الأرض حتى تتعفن منها الحشية فيبقى العود الخالص قال شيخ الرئيس مضعة يطيب النكهة وينفع الدماغ جدَّا ويقوّي الحواسّ والقلب ويفرحه وتدخينه بالسكر طيب جدَّا والسكر يقوّي رائحته وشراب العود طارد للرياح المؤلمة.Agalloch is a tree that grows in islands of the Indian sea and its roots are extracted and buried in the earth until they rot, of it one makes a stuffing and it stays pure, Šayḵ ar-Raʾīs says that a bit of it already is of nice smell and assists the brain in a serious extent and strengthens the senses and the heart and rejoices it and when smoked with sugar it is also very nice, sugar strengthens its smell and the syrup of agalloch expectorates doloriferous winds.
* thin strip of wood, veneer
* (music) oud, lute
* body, build, physique
* strength, specifically tensile strength, force, intensity

##### Descendants

* Maltese: għuda
* → Azerbaijani: ud
* → English: oud
* → Ottoman Turkish: عود (ʿūd)
    > Turkish: ud, ut (inherited)
* → Persian: عود ('ud)
* → Old Occitan: laüt
** Occitan: laüt
* → Portuguese: alaúde
* → Spanish: laúd
* → Swahili: udi
* → Uyghur: ئۇد (ud)
* → Uzbek: ud

### Etymology 2

Verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return”), from the root ع و د (ʕ w d).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕawd/

#### Noun

عَوْد • (ʕawd) m
* verbal noun of عَادَ (ʕāda) (form I)
* return
* reversion, recurrence
* (law) recidivism
* repetition, reiteration
** a. 1274, Ibn Malik, Alfiyyah, verses 559–560:وَعَوْدُ خَافِضٍ لَدَى عَطْفٍ عَلَى / ضَمِيرِ خَفْضٍ لَازِمًا قَدْ جُعِلَا / وَلَيْسَ عِنْدِي لَازِمًا إِذْ قَدْ أَتَى / فِي ٱلنَّظْمِ وَٱلنَّثْرِ الصَّحِيحِ مُثْبَتَاwaʕawdu ḵāfiḍin ladā ʕaṭfin ʕalā / ḍamīri ḵafḍin lāziman qad juʕilā / walaysa ʕindī lāziman ʔiḏ qad ʔatā / fī n-naẓmi wan-naṯri ṣ-ṣaḥīḥi muṯbatā(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* camel trained to be ridden
** p. 700, a forger of Imruʾ al-Qays, سما لكَ شوقٌ بعدما كان أقصر :وَإِنِّي زَعِيمٌ (var. أَذِينٌ) إِنْ رَجِعْتُ مُمَلَّكٌ / بِسَيْرٍ تَرَى مِنْهُ الفُرَانِقَ أَزْوَرَا عَلَى لَاحِبٍ لَا يَهْتَدِي بِمَنَارِهِ / إِذَا سَافَهُ الْعَوْدُ النُّبَاطِيُّ (var. دِيَافِيُّ) جَرْجَرَا عَلَى كُلِّ مَقْصُوصِ الذُنَابَى مُعَاوِدٍ / بَرِيدَ السَرَى بِاللَيْلِ مِن خَيْلِ بَرْبَرَاwa-ʔinnī zaʕīmun (var. ʔaḏīnun) ʔin rajiʕtu mumallakun / bi-sayrin tarā minhu l-furāniqa ʔazwarā ʕalā lāḥibin lā yahtadī bi-manāri-hī / ʔiḏā sāfa-hū l-ʕawdu n-nubāṭiyyu (var. diyāfiyyu) jarjarā ʕalā kulli maqṣūṣi ḏ-ḏunābā muʕāwidin / barīda s-sarā bi-l-layli min ḵayli barbarāAnd when I am the leader, back in the kingly rights, I trip so fast that you but see asquint the courier on an open road guided by no waymark, when it is smelled by the Nabataean camel dragging forward on every clipped bird-tail returning nocturnal journey’s mail by night from a horse that whinnied.
* worn road

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ Jean During (1988-12-15) “Barbaṭ”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York
* ↑ Matahisa Koitabashi: Musical Instruments in the Ugaritic Texts. In: Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan Vol. 39 (1996) No. 2 P 16-32
* ↑ “gude”, in The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary‎, University of Pennsylvania, 2006; note: the ĝeš prefix is a determinative for wooden objects.
* ↑ "194a" in Dominique Collon: Ancient Near Eastern Art. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1995 in conjunction with The Trustees of the British Museum, page 225.
* ↑ Commented by Jacob, Georg (1892) Studien in arabischen Geographen‎ (in German), volume 4, Berlin: Meyer & Müller, pages 159–160, who identifies this use with Aquilaria agallocha.

## Gulf Arabic
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ʕoːd/

#### Adjective

عود • (ʿōd)
* big, large
    Synonym: كبير (kbīr)

#### Noun

عود • (ʿōd) m
* (Kuwait, colloquial) (with الـ (il-)) Emir of Kuwait

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ʕuːd/

#### Noun

عود • (ʿūd) m (plural اَعْواد (aʿwād) or عيدان (ʿīdān))
* drinking straw
* oud, lute
* incense

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (Kuwait) IPA: /ʕəwːəd/

#### Verb

عَوَّد • (ʿawwad) (non-past يعود (iʿawwid))
* to make someone get used to something or someone
    عودنا عليك ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕuːd/

### Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural أعواد (ʔaʕwād) or عيدان (ʕīdān))
* stick, rod, pole
* branch, twig
* stem, stalk
* cane, reed
* agarwood, aloe, any plant with high moisture content
* thin strip of wood, veneer
* (music) oud, lute

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕuːd/

#### Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عواد (ʕwād))
* wood, timber
* stick
* branch, twig
* (music) oud, lute

### Etymology 2

From Arabic عَوْد (ʕawd, “camel trained to be ridden”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕawd/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

عود • (ʕawd) m (plural عودان (ʕawdān), feminine عودة (ʕawda))
* horse
    Synonyms: حصان (ḥiṣān, ḥṣān), خيل (ḵīl, ḵayl)

## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* اود (öd)

### Etymology

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

### Noun

عود • (ʼud, öd)
* wood, piece of wood or timber; stick, wand, etc.
* aloeswood, agarwood, agalloch
* oud, lute

#### Derived terms

* عود آغاجی (öd ağacı)

### Further reading

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “عود”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1327

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔuːð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔuːd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔuːd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔuːd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔud̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔuːd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔud̪]
* Rhymes: -uːd

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “aromatic wood”).

#### Noun

عود • ('ud)
* incense

##### Descendants

* → Gujarati: ઊદ (ūda)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic عُود (ʕūd, “wood; lute”).

#### Noun

عود • ('ud) (plural عودها ('ud-hâ))
* (music) oud, lute, barbat
    Synonyms: بربط (barbat), لوت (lut)

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Arabic عَوَّدَ (ʕawwada).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕaw.wad/, [ˈʕaw.wad]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

#### Verb

عوّد • (ʕawwad) II (present بعوّد (biʕawwed))
* (transitive) to accustom

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Arabic عُود (ʕūd).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʕuːd/, [ʕuːd]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

#### Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural عيدان (ʕīdān))
* branch, piece of wood

##### See also

* عودة (ʕūde, “stick, twig”)

#### Noun

عود • (ʕūd) m (plural أعواد (ʔaʕwād))
* oud, lute