# lume
## English
### Etymology

Short for luminous or luminescent.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈluːm/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

lume (countable and uncountable, plural lumes)
* (informal) A luminescent paint used to make a timepiece's dial readable in the dark.
** 2020, Colin A. White, The Vintage Rolex Field Manual Chevalier Digital Edition, page 46:Within the realm of vintage watch restoration there are few sub-specialties as controversial as dial lume.
** 2021, Thomas M. Meine, Vintage Watches - Radium and Tritium, page 16:LumiNova and Super-LumiNova fall into the category of photoluminescent lumes.

### Anagrams

* Mule, mule

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* lumi, alumi

### Etymology

From Latin lūmen. See figurative meaning as the "light of life". Compare Romanian lume.

### Noun

lume f (definite articulation lumea)
* people
* world
* humanity, mankind

#### Related terms

* lunjinã

#### See also

* oaminj
* pimintu
* cozmu, dunjeai, etã, plasi

## Estonian
### Noun

lume
* genitive singular of lumi

## Finnish
### Etymology

lumo +‎ -e

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlumeˣ/, [ˈlume̞(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ume
* Hyphenation: lu‧me

### Noun

lume
* illusion

#### Declension

Possessive forms of lume (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lumeeni
lumeeni
accusative
nom.
lumeeni
lumeeni
gen.
lumeeni
genitive
lumeeni
lumeideni lumeitteni
partitive
lumettani
lumeitani
inessive
lumeessani
lumeissani
elative
lumeestani
lumeistani
illative
lumeeseeni
lumeisiini lumeihini
adessive
lumeellani
lumeillani
ablative
lumeeltani
lumeiltani
allative
lumeelleni
lumeilleni
essive
lumeenani
lumeinani
translative
lumeekseni
lumeikseni
abessive
lumeettani
lumeittani
instructive
comitative
—lumeineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lumeesi
lumeesi
accusative
nom.
lumeesi
lumeesi
gen.
lumeesi
genitive
lumeesi
lumeidesi lumeittesi
partitive
lumettasi
lumeitasi
inessive
lumeessasi
lumeissasi
elative
lumeestasi
lumeistasi
illative
lumeeseesi
lumeisiisi lumeihisi
adessive
lumeellasi
lumeillasi
ablative
lumeeltasi
lumeiltasi
allative
lumeellesi
lumeillesi
essive
lumeenasi
lumeinasi
translative
lumeeksesi
lumeiksesi
abessive
lumeettasi
lumeittasi
instructive
comitative
—lumeinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lumeemme
lumeemme
accusative
nom.
lumeemme
lumeemme
gen.
lumeemme
genitive
lumeemme
lumeidemme lumeittemme
partitive
lumettamme
lumeitamme
inessive
lumeessamme
lumeissamme
elative
lumeestamme
lumeistamme
illative
lumeeseemme
lumeisiimme lumeihimme
adessive
lumeellamme
lumeillamme
ablative
lumeeltamme
lumeiltamme
allative
lumeellemme
lumeillemme
essive
lumeenamme
lumeinamme
translative
lumeeksemme
lumeiksemme
abessive
lumeettamme
lumeittamme
instructive
comitative
—lumeinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lumeenne
lumeenne
accusative
nom.
lumeenne
lumeenne
gen.
lumeenne
genitive
lumeenne
lumeidenne lumeittenne
partitive
lumettanne
lumeitanne
inessive
lumeessanne
lumeissanne
elative
lumeestanne
lumeistanne
illative
lumeeseenne
lumeisiinne lumeihinne
adessive
lumeellanne
lumeillanne
ablative
lumeeltanne
lumeiltanne
allative
lumeellenne
lumeillenne
essive
lumeenanne
lumeinanne
translative
lumeeksenne
lumeiksenne
abessive
lumeettanne
lumeittanne
instructive
comitative
—lumeinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
lumeensa
lumeensa
accusative
nom.
lumeensa
lumeensa
gen.
lumeensa
genitive
lumeensa
lumeidensa lumeittensa
partitive
lumettaan lumettansa
lumeitaan lumeitansa
inessive
lumeessaan lumeessansa
lumeissaan lumeissansa
elative
lumeestaan lumeestansa
lumeistaan lumeistansa
illative
lumeeseensa
lumeisiinsa lumeihinsa
adessive
lumeellaan lumeellansa
lumeillaan lumeillansa
ablative
lumeeltaan lumeeltansa
lumeiltaan lumeiltansa
allative
lumeelleen lumeellensa
lumeilleen lumeillensa
essive
lumeenaan lumeenansa
lumeinaan lumeinansa
translative
lumeekseen lumeeksensa
lumeikseen lumeiksensa
abessive
lumeettaan lumeettansa
lumeittaan lumeittansa
instructive
comitative
—lumeineen lumeinensa :

#### Derived terms

* lumettua
* lumeutua
* lumeavioliitto
* lumehaitta
* lumehoito
* lumelääke
* lumemaailma
* lumetodellisuus
* lumevaikutus
* silmänlume

### Further reading

* “lume”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* lemu, melu

## Galician
### Etymology

13th century. Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese lume, from Latin lūmen. Cognate with Portuguese lume, Asturian llume, Spanish lumbre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlume/ [ˈlu.mɪ]
* Rhymes: -ume
* Hyphenation: lu‧me

### Noun

lume m (plural lumes)
* flame, fire
    Synonym: fogo
* (dated) light
    Synonym: luz
** 1295, R. Lorenzo, editor, La traducción gallega de la Crónica General y de la Crónica de Castilla, Ourense: I. E. O. P. F, page 481:Ay, meu fillo, alegria do meu curaçõ, lume dos meus ollos, solaz da mjna velleçe!Woe! My son, joy of my heart, light of my eyes, solace of my old age!
** 1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 689:ca despois que anoyteçeu tornou outrosí escuro speso a sobreguisa, et nõ fazía luar nẽ lume, pouco nẽ mais.because after nightfall it became dark, and this darkness was exceedingly thick, and it was neither moonlight nor light, no less or more
** 1395, Miguel González Garcés, editor, Historia de La Coruña. Edad Media, A Coruña: Caixa Galicia, page 557:se alguas seeteyras ou lançeyros estan feytas en a parede da dicta casa, que as çarren de pedra et que as non abran nunca nen façan y outras alguas a saluo fique en o sotoo da dicta casa as lumeeyras que foren neçesarias et perteesçentes para dar lume ao dicto sotoo que non seian por maneyra de defensa alguaif some arrowslits or embrasures are built in the walls of that tower house, they must be closed in stone, never to be reopened, and they shouldn't build new ones, with this exception: that in the ground floor there should be the needed and sufficient skylights for giving light to said ground floor, as long as they are used for defending
* forest fire
    Synonym: incendio
** 1990, Xaquín Fernández Leiceaga, Economia (politica) do monte galego, page 103:A hipótese básica é que os lumes, por máis que sexan intencionados, non obedecen a unha lóxica económica de potencia irregular de ano en ano, senón a causas continuamente presentesThe basic hypothesis is that forest fires, even being caused intentionally, don't follow year after year an economic logic of irregular potential, but instead causes that are continuously present

#### Derived terms

* alumear

### References

* “lume” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006-2012.
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “lume”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “lume”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “lume”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “lume”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin lūmen. In the sense of "lumen" it is a modern neologism. Doublet of lumen, a borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.me/
* Rhymes: -ume
* Hyphenation: lù‧me

### Noun

lume m (plural lumi)
* a light source
** 1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XXII”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory]‎, lines 67–69; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Facesti come quei che va di notte, / che porta il lume dietro e sé non giova, / ma dopo sé fa le persone dotte […]You did as one who walks in the night, carrying his light behind, and does not help himself, but makes the people after them wary
** 1349–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Giornata seconda – Novella settima”, in Decameron; republished as Aldo Francesco Massera, editor, Il Decameron‎, Bari: Laterza, 1927:Pericone non diede indugio a seguitarla, ma spento ogni lume prestamente dall'altra parte le si coricò al lato […]Pericone was not slow to follow her, but, putting out every light, promptly hid himself beside her […]
** (dated) a non-electrical light source (e.g. a candle or an oil lamp)
*** 1840–1842, Alessandro Manzoni, chapter XXXIII, in I promessi sposi‎, Milan: Guglielmini e Redaelli, published in I promessi sposi - Storia della colonna infame:C’era una vernaccia!... Ma, con una buona dormita, tutto se ne va. Ho un gran sonno... Levami un po’ quel lume dinanzi, che m’accieca... mi dà una noia...!The wine was so fine!... With a good sleep all will be well again. I am overcome by sleep... Get that lamp away from before me, it's blinding me... it troubles me so...!
* (rare) an electrical light source
* (by extension, poetic) star
    Synonyms: stella, astro
** 1316–c. 1321, Dante Alighieri, “Canto II”, in Paradiso [Heaven]‎, lines 64–66; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:La spera ottava vi dimostra molti / lumi, li quali e nel quale e nel quanto / notar si posson di diversi volti.The eighth sphere displays many lights to you, which—in their quality and quantity—can be noted of different aspects.
** 1336–1374, Francesco Petrarca, “CCCXXV — Tacer non posso, et temo non adopre”, in Il Canzoniere, lines 72–74; republished as Daniele Ponchiroli, editor, Turin: publ. Giulio Einaudi, 1964:Fra tanti amici lumi, / una nube lontana mi dispiacque; / la qual temo che 'n pianto si risolve […]Among so many friendly stars, one distant cloud displeased me: which I fear will melt away in tears
** (figurative, poetic) God
*** 1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XIII”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory]‎, lines 85–87; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Volsimi a loro e: «O gente sicura», / incominciai, «di veder l'alto lume / che ’l disio vostro solo ha in curaI turned towards them, and, "O people, certain," I began, "of seeing the high light, which is the only care of your desire
* (figurative, by extension, poetic) a blessed soul or entity
** 1316–c. 1321, Dante Alighieri, “Canto X”, in Paradiso [Heaven]‎, lines 71–73; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:si trovan molte gioie care e belle / tanto che non si posson trar del regno; / e ’l canto di quei lumi era di quelle;Many jewels are found, so fair and precious that one cannot take them away from the realm; and the singing of those lights was one of them
* (figurative, by extension, literary, poetic) a notable person within a specific field or discipline
** 1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Inferno [Hell]‎, lines 82–84; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:O de li altri poeti onore e lume, / vagliami ’l lungo studio e ’l grande amore / che m’ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume."O, of the other poets honour and light, avail me the long study and great love that have impelled me to explore thy volume!
** mid 1560s [29–19 BCE], “Libro secondo”, in Annibale Caro, transl., Eneide, translation of Aeneis by Publius Vergilius Maro (in Classical Latin), lines 694–695; republished as L’Eneide di Virgilio‎, Florence: G. Barbera, 1892:Cadde Riféo, ch’era ne’ Teucri un lume / di bontà, di giustizia e d’equitateRipheus fell, who was a light among the Teucrians / for goodness, justice and equity
** c. 1527, Francesco Berni, Orlando Innamorato [Orlando in Love]‎, Milano: Società Tipografica de' Classici Italiani, published 1828, Canto XIII, page 37:A que’ tre che tu, Fiorenza, onori / eterni lumi della lingua nostraTo those three that you, Florence, honour/honor, eternal lights of our own language
* light, specifically:
** (archaic, literary) (natural) light
    Synonym: luce
*** 1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory]‎, lines 37–38; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Li raggi delle quattro luci sante / fregiavan sì la sua faccia di lume / ch’i’ ’l vedea come ’l sol fosse davante.The rays of the four sacred stars so adorned his face with light, that I saw him as if the sun were before him.
*** 1909, Giovanni Pascoli, “La capinera”, in Nuovi Poemetti, lines 7–9:Il cinguettìo, così tra lume e scuro, / cessò d’un tratto. Era comparso il sole. / Sparì ciascuno nel bel giorno puro.The chirping, between light and darkness ceased suddenly. The Sun had risen. They all disappeared into the pure day.
** (dated) (artificial) light, (non-electrical)
* (painting) the manner in which the light strikes a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall
* (figurative) sight (sense)
    Synonym: vista
** 1516–1532, Ludovico Ariosto, “Canto 43”, in Orlando furioso, stanza 187; republished as Santorre Debenedetti, editor, Bari: Laterza, 1928:[…] e facea alcuno effetto sopr’umano, / dar lume a ciechi, e tornar morti a vita, / fermare il vento ad un segno di croce, / e far tranquillo il mar quand’è più atroce […].[a hermit] who had done superhuman deeds; regiving sight to the blind, and restoring the dead to life; hushing the winds with a sign of the cross and pacifying the sea when at its scariest.
** (in the plural) eyes
    Synonym: occhi
*** 1336–1374, Francesco Petrarca, “CLVI — I’ vidi in terra angelici costumi”, in Il Canzoniere, lines 5–8; republished as Daniele Ponchiroli, editor, Turin: publ. Giulio Einaudi, 1964:E vidi lagrimar que' duo bei lumi, / c'han fatto mille volte invidia al Sole; / ed udii sospirando dir parole / che farian gir i monti e stare i fiumi.And I saw two lovely eyes that wept, that made the sun a thousand times jealous; and I heard words emerge among sighs that made the mountains move, and halted rivers.
*** 1575, Torquato Tasso, “Canto 16”, in Gerusalemme liberata, stanza 60; republished as La Gerusalemme liberata di Torquato Tasso, Paris: Agostino Delalain; Pietro Durand; Gio. Claudio Molini, 1771:[…] e cadde tramortita: e di diffuse / di gelato sudore: e i lumi chiuse. […] and she fell to the ground, stunned, getting covered with freezing sweat, and closed her eyes.
*** 1818–1836, Giacomo Leopardi, “I — All'Italia”, in Canti, lines 134–136; republished as Alessandro Donati, editor, Bari: publ. Laterza, 1917:Ché, se il fato è diverso, e non consente / ch'io per la Grecia i moribondi lumi / chiuda prostrato in guerra, […]If fate's opposed, and will not consent that I fall in war, and close my dying eyes, for Greece, […]
* (figurative) spiritual or mental illumination, enlightenment, light
** 1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto VI”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory]‎, lines 43–45; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Veramente a così alto sospetto / non ti fermar, se quella non ti dice / che lume fia tra 'l vero e lo 'ntelletto.Verily, in so deep a questioning do not decide, unless she tell it thee, who light 'twixt truth and intellect shall be.
* (in the plural) the culture founded on a rationalistic basis
** 1766, Pietro Verri, “Conſiderazioni ſul Luſſo [Considerations upon Luxury]”, in Il caffè [The Café]‎, volume 1, Pietro Pizzolato, page 188:i lumi finalmente che ogni giorno più vanno allontanando gli uomini dall'antica ferociaand lastly the enlightenment, which every day carries mankind further away from the ancient ferocity
** 1764, Cesare Beccaria, “Capitolo V”, in Dei delitti e delle pene:Da ciò veggiamo quanto sia utile la stampa, che rende il pubblico, e non alcuni pochi, depositario delle sante leggi, e quanto abbia dissipato quello spirito tenebroso di cabala e d’intrigo, che sparisce in faccia ai lumi ed alle scienze […].Hence we see the use of printing, which makes the public, and not a few individuals, the guardians of the sacred laws, and how it has dissipated the gloomy spirit of cabal and intrigue, which disappears in the face of enlightenment and sciences […].
* (figurative, usually in the plural) useful information, advice
    Synonyms: chiarimento, consiglio
** 1881, Giovanni Verga, “Capitolo VII”, in I Malavoglia:La seduta fu sciolta senza concludere nulla. Il segretario voleva un po' di tempo per prender lume;The meeting was closed without deciding upon anything. The clerk wanted time to get up his subject.
** (by extension) discernment
    Synonym: discernimento
*** 1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XVI”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory]‎, lines 73–75; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate]‎, 2nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:Lo cielo i vostri movimenti inizia; / non dico tutti, ma, posto ch'i' 'l dica, / lume v'è dato a bene e a maliziaThe heavens your movements do initiate, I say not all; but granting that I say it, light has been given you for good and evil
* (anatomy) lumen
* (fishing) the size of a fishing net's meshes

#### Derived terms

* allumare

#### Related terms

* illuminare
* illuminismo
* luminare
* luminaria
* luminio
* luminoso

### Anagrams

* Mulè, mule

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

lume
* Alternative form of leme

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

lume
* Alternative form of lome (“loom”)

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin lūmen.

### Noun

lume m (plural lumes)
* fire
* vision
* (figurative) joy

#### Related terms

* Lugo
* luz
* Luzia
* lũa
* lũar
* lũes

#### Descendants

* Galician: lume
* Portuguese: lume

### Further reading

* Universo Cantigas - "lume"

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese lume, from Latin lūmen.
Cognate with Galician, French, Italian, and Romanian lume, Spanish lumbre, Catalan llum and Occitan lum. In the sense of "lumen" it is a modern neologism. Doublet of lúmen, a borrowing.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈlũ.mi/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈlũ.mi/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈlu.me/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈlu.mɨ/
* Hyphenation: lu‧me

### Noun

lume m (plural lumes)
* flame, fire (to cook or keep oneself warm)
    Synonym: fogo
* (anatomy) lumen
    Synonym: lúmen

#### Related terms

* lua
* luz

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin lūmen (“light”) (see figurative meaning as the "light of life"). Cf. English (anything) under the sun "(anything) in the world".
Compare also Slavic свѣтъ (světŭ), meaning both "light" and "world", and Hungarian világ, which also originally meant "light". Doublet of lumen (SI unit of measurement), borrowed from the same Latin source.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlu.me/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

lume f (plural lumi)
* (also figuratively) world
* people
    Synonym: oameni
* humanity, mankind
    Synonym: omenire
* (archaic, regional) light
    Synonym: lumină

#### Derived terms

* toată lumea
* lumea a treia
* în jurul lumii
* acoperișul lumii

#### Related terms

* lumină

#### See also

* pământ

### Further reading

* lume in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)