# 助

| 助 | U+52A9, &#21161; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A9 |
| ← 动 [U+52A8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 努 → [U+52AA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

助 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一大尸 (BMKS), four-corner 7412$_7$, composition ⿰且力)

#### Derived characters

* 鋤 (锄) 勗 筯 莇 𪜾 𢚆 𢭟 𬂶 𣵪 𤞩 𮘑 𧱑 𮫼 𭓖 𫦬 𪊹 𪾫 𫦵 𬀼 𠢞 𪳌 𰁂 𢃃 𢄂 𠢟 𫯲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2313
* Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 368, character 8
* Unihan data for U+52A9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 助 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 虘 | *zaːl, *zaː |
| 蔖 | *zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ |
| 摣 | *rnaː, *ʔsraː |
| 袓 | *ʔsjaː, *zaʔ |
| 怚 | *ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ |
| 罝 | *ʔsjaː |
| 謯 | *ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ |
| 姐 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 抯 | *ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː |
| 飷 | *ʔsjaːʔ |
| 且 | *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa |
| 趄 | *sʰjaːs, *sʰa |
| 笡 | *sʰjaːs |
| 查 | *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː |
| 柤 | *ʔsraː |
| 樝 | *ʔsraː |
| 皻 | *ʔsraː |
| 渣 | *ʔsraː |
| 楂 | *zraː |
| 苴 | *zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa |
| 駔 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ |
| 租 | *ʔsaː |
| 蒩 | *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 祖 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 組 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 珇 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 靻 | *ʔsaːʔ |
| 粗 | *sʰaː, *zaːʔ |
| 徂 | *zaː |
| 殂 | *zaː |
| 麆 | *zaːʔ, *zras |
| 伹 | *zaːʔ, *sʰa |
| 蛆 | *ʔsa, *sʰa |
| 沮 | *ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra |
| 咀 | *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ |
| 疽 | *sʰa |
| 雎 | *sʰa |
| 狙 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 岨 | *sʰa |
| 砠 | *sʰa |
| 坥 | *sʰa, *sʰas |
| 刞 | *sʰas |
| 覰 | *sʰas |
| 覷 | *sʰas |
| 跙 | *zaʔ |
| 筯 | *das |
| 菹 | *ʔsra |
| 葅 | *ʔsra |
| 阻 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 俎 | *ʔsraʔ |
| 詛 | *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras |
| 鉏 | *zra, *zraʔ |
| 豠 | *zra |
| 鋤 | *zra |
| 耡 | *zra, *zras |
| 齟 | *zraʔ |
| 助 | *zras |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zras): phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhù (zhu$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zu$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zo$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zo$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cu$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ci$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zu$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): cū
* Eastern Min (BUC): câe̤ / cô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zo$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhù
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhù
*** Wade–Giles: chu$^4$
*** Yale: jù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juh
*** Palladius: чжу (čžu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zu$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zo$^6$
*** Yale: joh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzo$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zo$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔː²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: zo$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sᵘɔ³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhu
*** Hakka Romanization System: cu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ci$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡su⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cū
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: câe̤ / cô
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔ²⁴²/, /t͡sou²⁴²/
* câe̤ - vernacular;
* cô - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit助 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂu⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡su⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʈ͡ʂu⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂu³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /p͡fu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂv̩²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡su¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /p͡fu¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡səu³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡su¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡su²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡su²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡su⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡su⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡su⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡sz̩ʷ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡su⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zu²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zəu³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zu¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zɤu²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰu²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰəu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰəu⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡zəɯ²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰu²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɔ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɔ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sɔ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sɔ²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sou²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡su⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡so³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /to³³/ 訓佐 |
* Middle Chinese: dzrjoH
Rime :
| Character | 助 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 牀據切 |
| Baxter | dzrjoH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒɨʌ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐiɔ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒiɔ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐɨə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒiɔ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒĭo$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱi̯wo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zo$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ra-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zras/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 助 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzrjo$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ra-s/ |
| English | help (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 助 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10457 |
| Phonetic component | 且 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 助 |
| Old Chinese | /*zras/ |

### Definitions

助
* to help; to aid; to assist

#### Synonyms

* 佐理 (zuǒlǐ) (literary, with a task)
* 使勁 / 使劲 (shǐjìn)
* 加勢 / 加势 (jiāshì)
* 助力 (zhùlì)
* 助理 (zhùlǐ)
* 助益 (zhùyì) (literary)
* 匡助 (kuāngzhù) (literary)
* 協助 / 协助 (xiézhù)
* 參佐 / 参佐 (cānzuǒ) (literary)
* 增援 (zēngyuán, “to provide reinforcements”)
* 幫 / 帮 (bāng)
* 幫助 / 帮助 (bāngzhù)
* 幫同 / 帮同 (bāngtóng) (literary)
* 幫寸 / 帮寸 (bāngcùn)
* 幫帶 / 帮带 (bāngdài)
* 幫忙 / 帮忙 (bāngmáng)
* 幫手 / 帮手 (bong$^1$ sau$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 幫扶 / 帮扶 (bāngfú)
* 幫襯 / 帮衬 (bāngchèn)
* 幫贈 / 帮赠 (Hokkien)
* 扶
* 扶助 (fúzhù)
* 扶持 (fúchí)
* 扶掖 (fúyè) (formal)
* 拉巴 (dialectal)
* 挺 (tǐng)
* 援助 (yuánzhù)
* 𢯭手 (Hakka)
* 支助 (zhīzhù) (literary)
* 支持 (zhīchí)
* 支援 (zhīyuán)
* 救 (jiù)
* 相幫 / 相帮 (xiāngbāng) (dialectal)
* 相輔 / 相辅 (Teochew)
* 翼 (yì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 聲援 / 声援 (shēngyuán, “to express support for”)
* 臂助 (bìzhù) (literary)
* 補益 / 补益 (bǔyì)
* 補臺 / 补台 (bǔtái) (mainland China)
* 贈力 / 赠力 (Hokkien)
* 贈助 / 赠助 (Hokkien)
* 贊喙 / 赞喙 (“to express support for”) (Hokkien)
* 贈手 / 赠手 (Hokkien)
* 贊聲 / 赞声 (“to express support for”) (Hokkien)
* 輔助 / 辅助 (fǔzhù)
* 陪 (péi) (literary, or in compounds)
* 鬥幫贈 / 斗帮赠 (Hokkien)
* 鬥相共 / 斗相共 (Hokkien)
* 鬥跤手 / 斗跤手 (Hokkien)
* 鬥跤搭 / 斗跤搭 (Hokkien)

#### Antonyms

* 妨礙 / 妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 干擾 (gānrǎo)
* 搗亂 / 捣乱 (dǎoluàn)
* 阻礙 / 阻碍 (zǔ'ài)

### Compounds

* 互助 (hùzhù)
* 互助合作
* 互助會 / 互助会 (hùzhùhuì)
* 佐助器
* 借助 (jièzhù)
* 內助 / 内助 (nèizhù)
* 公共救助
* 助人 (zhùrén)
* 助人為樂 / 助人为乐 (zhùrénwéilè)
* 助力 (zhùlì)
* 助動詞 / 助动词 (zhùdòngcí)
* 助勢 / 助势
* 助奏
* 助威 (zhùwēi)
* 助學 / 助学 (zhùxué)
* 助學貸款 / 助学贷款 (zhùxué dàikuǎn)
* 助學金 / 助学金 (zhùxuéjīn)
* 助惡 / 助恶 (zhù'è)
* 助我張目 / 助我张目
* 助戰 / 助战 (zhùzhàn)
* 助手 (zhùshǒu)
* 助攻 (zhùgōng)
* 助教 (zhùjiào)
* 助桀為虐 / 助桀为虐
* 助燃
* 助理 (zhùlǐ)
* 助產 / 助产 (zhùchǎn)
* 助產士 / 助产士 (zhùchǎnshì)
* 助產婆 / 助产婆
* 助益 (zhùyì)
* 助紂為虐 / 助纣为虐 (zhùzhòuwéinüè)
* 助聽器 / 助听器 (zhùtīngqì)
* 助興 / 助兴 (zhùxìng)
* 助詞 / 助词 (zhùcí)
* 助講 / 助讲
* 助賑 / 助赈
* 助跑 (zhùpǎo)
* 助辯 / 助辩
* 助選 / 助选 (zhùxuǎn)
* 助選員 / 助选员
* 助長 / 助长 (zhùzhǎng)
* 助陣 / 助阵 (zhùzhèn)
* 動態助詞 / 动态助词 (dòngtài zhùcí)
* 匡助 (kuāngzhù)
* 協助 / 协助 (xiézhù)
* 同惡相助 / 同恶相助
* 堯夫助麥 / 尧夫助麦
* 大有助益
* 天助自助 (tiānzhùzìzhù)
* 失業救助 / 失业救助
* 失道寡助 (shīdàoguǎzhù)
* 如有神助
* 孤立無助 / 孤立无助
* 守望相助 (shǒuwàngxiāngzhù)
* 將伯之助 / 将伯之助
* 幫助 / 帮助 (bāngzhù)
* 得道多助 (dédàoduōzhù)
* 愛莫之助 / 爱莫之助
* 愛莫能助 / 爱莫能助 (àimònéngzhù)
* 扶助 (fúzhù)
* 把薪助火
* 拔刀相助 (bádāoxiāngzhù)
* 拔苗助長 / 拔苗助长 (bámiáozhùzhǎng)
* 指南之助
* 按彊助弱 / 按强助弱
* 捐助 (juānzhù)
* 推波助瀾 / 推波助澜 (tuībōzhùlán)
* 援助 (yuánzhù)
* 援助交際 / 援助交际 (yuánzhù jiāojì)
* 揠苗助長 / 揠苗助长 (yàmiáozhùzhǎng)
* 摩旗相助
* 支助 (zhīzhù)
* 救助 (jiùzhù)
* 救助金 (jiùzhùjīn)
* 施助
* 有助 (yǒuzhù)
* 求助 (qiúzhù)
* 江山之助
* 濟助 / 济助
* 無助 / 无助 (wúzhù)
* 特別助理 / 特别助理
* 獎助 / 奖助
* 現金救助 / 现金救助
* 相助 (xiāngzhù)
* 社會救助 / 社会救助
* 祐助
* 線上求助 / 线上求助
* 臂助 (bìzhù)
* 自助 (zìzhù)
* 自助人助
* 自助旅行
* 自助旅遊 / 自助旅游
* 自助餐 (zìzhùcān)
* 藉助 / 借助
* 補助 / 补助 (bǔzhù)
* 補助商業 / 补助商业
* 補助教育 / 补助教育
* 補助翼 / 补助翼 (bǔzhùyì)
* 補助貨幣 / 补助货币
* 補助費 / 补助费
* 補助金 / 补助金 (bǔzhùjīn)
* 襄助 (xiāngzhù)
* 語助詞 / 语助词
* 談助 / 谈助
* 貧民救助 / 贫民救助
* 資助 / 资助 (zīzhù)
* 資怨助禍 / 资怨助祸
* 賢內助 / 贤内助 (xiánnèizhù)
* 贊助 / 赞助 (zànzhù)
* 贊助人 / 赞助人
* 輔助 / 辅助 (fǔzhù)
* 輔助車道 / 辅助车道
* 醫務扶助 / 医务扶助
* 隨緣樂助 / 随缘乐助
* 鼎力相助 (dǐnglìxiāngzhù)
* 齎助 / 赍助

### Descendants

* → Thai: ช่วย (chûai)

### References

* “助”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00384

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じょ (jo, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そ (so)
* Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 助ける, Jōyō)、たすかる (tasukaru, 助かる, Jōyō)、すける (sukeru, 助ける)、すけ (suke, 助, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 助
* すけ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すけ [sùké] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sɨ̥ke̞]

#### Noun

助(すけ) • (suke)
* assistance

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 助
* じょう Grade: 3
* goon
From Middle Chinese 助 (MC dzrjoH).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʑo̞ː]

#### Prefix

助(じょ) • (jo-)
* help
* assistant

## Korean
### Hanja

助 (eumhun 도울 조 (doul jo))
* hanja form of 조 (“help”)

#### Compounds

* 원조 (援助, wonjo, “aid; assistance; support”)
* 조력 (助力, joryeok, “help; assistance; helping hand”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

助: Hán Nôm readings: trợ, rợ, chợ, chữa, đợ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.