# 凋

| 凋 | U+51CB, &#20939; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CB |
| ← 凊 [U+51CA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 凌 → [U+51CC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

凋 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一月土口 (IMBGR), four-corner 3712$_0$, composition ⿰冫周)

#### Derived characters

* 𪄄 𦶌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 44
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1668
* Dae Jaweon: page 296, character 32
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 299, character 7
* Unihan data for U+51CB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 凋
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 裯 | *tuːw, *dɯw, *do |
| 啁 | *tuːw, *rtɯːw, *tɯw |
| 禂 | *tuːwʔ |
| 綢 | *tʰuːw, *dɯw |
| 翢 | *tʰuːw, *duːw |
| 錭 | *duːw |
| 雕 | *tɯːw |
| 凋 | *tɯːw |
| 琱 | *tɯːw |
| 鯛 | *tɯːw |
| 鵰 | *tɯːw |
| 彫 | *tɯːw |
| 奝 | *tɯːw |
| 調 | *dɯːw, *dɯːws, *tɯw |
| 蜩 | *dɯːw |
| 惆 | *tʰɯw |
| 婤 | *tʰɯw, *tjɯw |
| 稠 | *dɯw |
| 椆 | *dɯw, *tjɯws |
| 周 | *tjɯw |
| 輖 | *tjɯw |
| 賙 | *tjɯw |
| 郮 | *tjɯw |
| 晭 | *tjɯwʔ |
| 倜 | *tʰɯːwɢ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): diāo (diao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): diu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): tiâu
    (Hailu, HRS): diau$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): diĕu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dieo$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: diāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: diao
*** Wade–Giles: tiao$^1$
*** Yale: dyāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: diau
*** Palladius: дяо (djao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: diu$^1$
*** Yale: dīu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: diu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: diu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tiːu̯⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tiâu
*** Hakka Romanization System: diau$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: diau$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ti̯au̯²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: diau$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tiau⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diĕu
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dieo$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: da̤u
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiau
*** Tâi-lô: tiau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diaw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiau⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiau³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiau⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiau⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiau⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tew
Rime :
| Character | 凋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 蕭 (93) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 都聊切 |
| Baxter | tew |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /teu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /teu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /teu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tɛw/ |
| Li Rong | /teu/ |
| Wang Li | /tieu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tieu/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | diāo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | diu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤiw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tɯːw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 凋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | diāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tew › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁiw/ |
| English | wither (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 凋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17514 |
| Phonetic component | 周 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貂 |
| Old Chinese | /*tɯːw/ |

### Definitions

凋
* to wither; to fall
* to exhaust; to fade
* (of life and business) depressed; in decline

#### Compounds

* 不凋
* 凋亡 (diāowáng)
* 凋兵
* 凋厥
* 凋弊 (diāobì)
* 凋換 / 凋换
* 凋敗 / 凋败
* 凋敝 (diāobì)
* 凋殘 / 凋残 (diāocán)
* 凋疏
* 凋萎
* 凋落 (diāoluò)
* 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè)
* 凋零 (diāolíng)
* 家業凋零 / 家业凋零
* 後凋 / 后凋
* 急景凋年
* 松柏後凋 / 松柏后凋
* 歲寒不凋 / 岁寒不凋
* 民力凋弊
* 民生凋敝
* 老成凋謝 / 老成凋谢

### References

* “凋”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 697.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “凋”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 51.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* wither, wilt, fade

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちょう (chō)
* Kan-on: ちょう (chō)
* Kun: しぼむ (shibomu, 凋む)、おちぶれる (ochibureru)

## Korean
### Hanja

凋 (eum 조 (jo))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

凋: Hán Nôm readings: điêu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.