# raudus
## Finnish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈrɑu̯dus/, [ˈrɑ̝u̯dus̠]
* Rhymes: -ɑudus
* Hyphenation: rau‧dus

### Noun

raudus
* Clipping of rauduskoivu.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of raudus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
raudukseni
raudukseni
accusative
nom.
raudukseni
raudukseni
gen.
raudukseni
genitive
raudukseni
raudusteni rauduksieni
partitive
raudustani
rauduksiani
inessive
rauduksessani
rauduksissani
elative
rauduksestani
rauduksistani
illative
raudukseeni
rauduksiini
adessive
rauduksellani
rauduksillani
ablative
raudukseltani
rauduksiltani
allative
raudukselleni
rauduksilleni
essive
rauduksenani
rauduksinani
translative
rauduksekseni
rauduksikseni
abessive
rauduksettani
rauduksittani
instructive
comitative
—rauduksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rauduksesi
rauduksesi
accusative
nom.
rauduksesi
rauduksesi
gen.
rauduksesi
genitive
rauduksesi
raudustesi rauduksiesi
partitive
raudustasi
rauduksiasi
inessive
rauduksessasi
rauduksissasi
elative
rauduksestasi
rauduksistasi
illative
raudukseesi
rauduksiisi
adessive
rauduksellasi
rauduksillasi
ablative
raudukseltasi
rauduksiltasi
allative
rauduksellesi
rauduksillesi
essive
rauduksenasi
rauduksinasi
translative
raudukseksesi
rauduksiksesi
abessive
rauduksettasi
rauduksittasi
instructive
comitative
—rauduksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rauduksemme
rauduksemme
accusative
nom.
rauduksemme
rauduksemme
gen.
rauduksemme
genitive
rauduksemme
raudustemme rauduksiemme
partitive
raudustamme
rauduksiamme
inessive
rauduksessamme
rauduksissamme
elative
rauduksestamme
rauduksistamme
illative
raudukseemme
rauduksiimme
adessive
rauduksellamme
rauduksillamme
ablative
raudukseltamme
rauduksiltamme
allative
rauduksellemme
rauduksillemme
essive
rauduksenamme
rauduksinamme
translative
raudukseksemme
rauduksiksemme
abessive
rauduksettamme
rauduksittamme
instructive
comitative
—rauduksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rauduksenne
rauduksenne
accusative
nom.
rauduksenne
rauduksenne
gen.
rauduksenne
genitive
rauduksenne
raudustenne rauduksienne
partitive
raudustanne
rauduksianne
inessive
rauduksessanne
rauduksissanne
elative
rauduksestanne
rauduksistanne
illative
raudukseenne
rauduksiinne
adessive
rauduksellanne
rauduksillanne
ablative
raudukseltanne
rauduksiltanne
allative
rauduksellenne
rauduksillenne
essive
rauduksenanne
rauduksinanne
translative
raudukseksenne
rauduksiksenne
abessive
rauduksettanne
rauduksittanne
instructive
comitative
—rauduksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
rauduksensa
rauduksensa
accusative
nom.
rauduksensa
rauduksensa
gen.
rauduksensa
genitive
rauduksensa
raudustensa rauduksiensa
partitive
raudustaan raudustansa
rauduksiaan rauduksiansa
inessive
rauduksessaan rauduksessansa
rauduksissaan rauduksissansa
elative
rauduksestaan rauduksestansa
rauduksistaan rauduksistansa
illative
raudukseensa
rauduksiinsa
adessive
rauduksellaan rauduksellansa
rauduksillaan rauduksillansa
ablative
raudukseltaan raudukseltansa
rauduksiltaan rauduksiltansa
allative
raudukselleen rauduksellensa
rauduksilleen rauduksillensa
essive
rauduksenaan rauduksenansa
rauduksinaan rauduksinansa
translative
rauduksekseen raudukseksensa
rauduksikseen rauduksiksensa
abessive
rauduksettaan rauduksettansa
rauduksittaan rauduksittansa
instructive
comitative
—rauduksineen rauduksinensa :

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* rōdus
* rūdus

### Etymology

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from either of the Proto-Indo-European roots *(h₃)rew-d- (“to tear up, dig up”) or *gʰrew-d- (“gravel, stone”), along with rūdus (“debris, rubble”) and rudis (“rough, raw”); modern scholars however tend to deem this phonetically impossible. Rather, to be considered a substrate word and compared with Proto-West Germanic *arut (“ore”), along with perhaps Sumerian 𒍏 (urud, “copper”); this latter theory is supported by Kroonen. De Vaan, on the other hand, considers this a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), albeit loaned from a likely-extinct Indo-European branch.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈrau̯.dus/, [ˈräu̯d̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈrau̯.dus/, [ˈräːu̯d̪us]

### Noun

raudus n (genitive rauderis); third declension
* a rude mass, a rough piece, a lump, especially of metal or ore
* (particularly) a piece of brass or bronze
* (especially) a piece of brass or bronze used as a coin
* (figuratively) a brass or bronze coin

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

#### Derived terms

* raudusculus

### References

* ↑ Schrijver, Peter (1997) “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎, Amsterdam/Atlanta, page 308
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “raudus, -eris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 515

### Further reading

* “raudus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* raudus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Latvian
### Noun

raudus m
* (dialectal) accusative plural of rauds

### Adjective

raudus
* (dialectal) accusative plural masculine of rauds