# mali
## English
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Hindi माली (mālī, “gardener”), from Sanskrit माली (mālī, “wreath-maker, garland-maker; florist; gardener”), मालिन् (mālin, “florist; gardener”), from माला (mālā, “wreath, garland; chaplet, crown”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈmɑːli/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈmɑli/, /ˈmæ-/
* Rhymes: -ɑːli, -æli
* Hyphenation: ma‧li

#### Noun

mali (plural malis)
* (India, South Asia) A member of a caste in South Asia whose traditional occupation is gardening; hence, any South Asian gardener. [from mid 18th c.]
** 1840, G. T. Frederic Speede, Indian Hand-book of Gardening; Containing Directions for the Management of the Kitchen and Flower Garden, etc. etc. in India: […], Calcutta: W. Thacker & Co. St. Andrew's Library, →OCLC, page 1:[H]ence the slow progress hitherto made in the cultivation of such produce of the garden as is generally held in estimation by the European portion of the community, left as it generally is, to the simple Hindoo mallee (or gardener,) it is not to be wondered at, that our bazars want what are deemed the more delicate articles of vegetable production for the table; […]
** 1848, “Report of Exhibitions of Vegetables, Fruits, Flowers and Agricultural Produce, Held at Bhaugulpore, on 11th February and 25th May, 1848. (Communicated by Major [T. E. A.] Napleton, Honorary Secretary Branch Agri-Horticultural Society.)”, in Journal of the Agricultural & Horticultural Society of India, volumes VI, part II (Correspondence and Selections), number 3, Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, →OCLC, page 125:Prizes were awarded to ten other mallees for best samples of vegetables, fruits and flowers, and last though not least we have to note, that a prize of two rupees was awarded to the mallee of Robert Fulton, Esq., of Sultangunge, for a remarkably fine bunch of grapes, clearly showing that either the soil of Mr. Fulton's garden, the climate of Sultangunge, or the skill of that gentleman's gardener, are highly favorable to the growth, and bringing to maturity of this delicious fruit.
** 1871 November 29, “Cachar: Further Correspondence on the Subject of the Looshai Raids and the Consequent Hostilities (in Continuation of Paper, No. 398, of 1871)”, in Accounts and Papers: […], volumes X (East India—continued), [London]: […] The House of Commons, […], published 28 May 1872, →OCLC, page 301:I sent down dhobies, sweepers, cooks, and mallees, last to dig trenches for burying the dead, when burning was not possible.
** 1924 June 4, E[dward] M[organ] Forster, chapter XXII, in A Passage to India, London: Edward Arnold & Co., →OCLC, part II (Caves), page 203:He found, as he expected, that the poor girl was crying. And, as always, an Indian close outside the window, a mali in this case, picking up sounds.
** 1934 October, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Burmese Days, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC; republished as chapter 2, in Burmese Days (ebook no. 0200051h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, November 2015:A nearly naked mali, watering-can in hand, was moving in the jungle of flowers like some large nectar-sucking bird.
** 2008, Amitav Ghosh, chapter 5, in Sea of Poppies, London: John Murray, →ISBN, pages 91–92:The grounds of the estates were extensive enough to provide each mansion with a surrounding park, and these were, if anything, even more varied in design than the houses they enclosed – for the malis who tended the gardens, no less than the owners themselves, vied to outdo each other in the fancifulness of their plantings, creating here a little patch of topiary and there an avenue of trees, trimmed in the French fashion; […]

##### Alternative forms

* mallee
* molly
* malley

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Xhosa imali, Zulu imali (“money”), both ultimately from Swahili mali (“riches, wealth; property”), from Arabic مَال (māl, “money; affluence, wealth; possessions, property”). Some dictionaries suggest an origin in English money instead, making no attempt to account for the distribution of the loanword nor the proposed shift from /n/ to /l/, both of which make this unlikely.

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General South African) IPA: /ˈmɑːli/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈmɑli/
* Rhymes: -ɑːli
* Hyphenation: ma‧li

#### Noun

mali (uncountable)
* (South Africa) Money, cash. [from mid 19th c.]

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin malī, a plural form of malus (“adverse, unfavourable, unfortunate, unlucky; destructive, hurtful; bad, evil”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“erroneous, false; bad, evil”)).

#### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈmeɪlaɪ/, /ˈmɑː-/, /ˈmæ-/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (General American) IPA: /ˈmeɪlaɪ/, /ˈmæ-/
* Hyphenation: ma‧li

#### Noun

mali
* plural of malus
** c. 1997, ASTIN Bulletin, page 48:The existence of boni and mali for the different risks can be interpreted through the sign of estimated covariances.
** 2000, Jean Pinquet, “Experience Rating through Heterogeneous Models”, in Georges Dionne, editor, Handbook of Insurance, Kluwer Academic Publishers, page 462:If the boni and mali do not depend on the frequency of claims, the average bonus-malus coefficient increases with the frequency.
** 2014, Akmal Akramkhanov, Bernhard Tischbein, Usman Khalid Awan, “Effective management of soil salinity – revising leaching norms”, in John P. A. Lamers, Asia Khamzina, Inna Rudenko, Paul L. G. Vlek, editors, Restructuring Land Allocation, Water Use and Agricultural Value Chains: Technologies, Policies and Practices for the Lower Amudarya Region, V & R unipress, Bonn University Press, →ISBN, page 131:Akramkhanov et al. (2010) also suggested a system of boni and mali on taxes to support the implementation of measures to achieve both water saving and salinity control (Table 3.3.1).

### References

* ↑ Monier Williams (1872) “माऌ māla”, in A Sanskṛit–English Dictionary: […], Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 774, columns 2–3.
* ↑ “mali, n.$^1$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2020; “mali$^1$, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
* ↑ Baldi, Sergio (2020 November 30) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN
* ↑ For example, “mali, n.$^2$”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2021.

### See also

* hom mali rice (etymologically unrelated)

### Anagrams

* Alim, Liam, Lima, Mila, alim, lima, mail

## Acehnese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mali/

### Adjective

mali
* draw; something that’s equal or in balance of each other.

## Albanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmali/
* Rhymes: -ali

### Noun

mali
* inflection of mal:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite dative/ablative singular

## Amis
### Noun

mali
* ball

### References

* “Entry #”, in 阿美語中部方言辭典 [Dictionary of the Central Dialect of Amis]‎ (in Chinese), Taiwan: Council of Indigenous Peoples, 2021

## Bunun
### Noun

mali
* ball

## Dyirbal
### Adjective

mali
* wonderful, fantastic

## Dyula
### Alternative forms

* mɛli

### Noun

mali
* hippopotamus

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Swedish malört.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈmɑli/, [ˈmɑ̝li]
* Rhymes: -ɑli
* Hyphenation: ma‧li

### Noun

mali
* wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of mali (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
malini
malini
accusative
nom.
malini
malini
gen.
malini
genitive
malini
malieni
partitive
maliani
malejani
inessive
malissani
maleissani
elative
malistani
maleistani
illative
maliini
maleihini
adessive
malillani
maleillani
ablative
maliltani
maleiltani
allative
malilleni
maleilleni
essive
malinani
maleinani
translative
malikseni
maleikseni
abessive
malittani
maleittani
instructive
comitative
—maleineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
malisi
malisi
accusative
nom.
malisi
malisi
gen.
malisi
genitive
malisi
maliesi
partitive
maliasi
malejasi
inessive
malissasi
maleissasi
elative
malistasi
maleistasi
illative
maliisi
maleihisi
adessive
malillasi
maleillasi
ablative
maliltasi
maleiltasi
allative
malillesi
maleillesi
essive
malinasi
maleinasi
translative
maliksesi
maleiksesi
abessive
malittasi
maleittasi
instructive
comitative
—maleinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
malimme
malimme
accusative
nom.
malimme
malimme
gen.
malimme
genitive
malimme
maliemme
partitive
maliamme
malejamme
inessive
malissamme
maleissamme
elative
malistamme
maleistamme
illative
maliimme
maleihimme
adessive
malillamme
maleillamme
ablative
maliltamme
maleiltamme
allative
malillemme
maleillemme
essive
malinamme
maleinamme
translative
maliksemme
maleiksemme
abessive
malittamme
maleittamme
instructive
comitative
—maleinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
malinne
malinne
accusative
nom.
malinne
malinne
gen.
malinne
genitive
malinne
malienne
partitive
malianne
malejanne
inessive
malissanne
maleissanne
elative
malistanne
maleistanne
illative
maliinne
maleihinne
adessive
malillanne
maleillanne
ablative
maliltanne
maleiltanne
allative
malillenne
maleillenne
essive
malinanne
maleinanne
translative
maliksenne
maleiksenne
abessive
malittanne
maleittanne
instructive
comitative
—maleinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
malinsa
malinsa
accusative
nom.
malinsa
malinsa
gen.
malinsa
genitive
malinsa
maliensa
partitive
maliaan maliansa
malejaan malejansa
inessive
malissaan malissansa
maleissaan maleissansa
elative
malistaan malistansa
maleistaan maleistansa
illative
maliinsa
maleihinsa
adessive
malillaan malillansa
maleillaan maleillansa
ablative
maliltaan maliltansa
maleiltaan maleiltansa
allative
malilleen malillensa
maleilleen maleillensa
essive
malinaan malinansa
maleinaan maleinansa
translative
malikseen maliksensa
maleikseen maleiksensa
abessive
malittaan malittansa
maleittaan maleittansa
instructive
comitative
—maleineen maleinensa :

#### Synonyms

* koiruoho

### Further reading

* “mali”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* Ilma, Mila, ilma, lima

## French
### Noun

mali m (uncountable)
* Mali (language)

### References

* “mali”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈma.li/
* Rhymes: -ali
* Hyphenation: mà‧li

### Noun

mali m
* plural of male

### Anagrams

* almi, lima, mail, mila

## Jingpho
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj (“four”). Cognate with Burmese လေး (le:), S'gaw Karen လွံၢ် (lwee̱), Nuosu ꇖ (ly), Tibetan བཞི (bzhi), Sikkimese ཞི (zhi).

### Numeral

mali
* four

## Kambera
### Alternative forms

* maling

### Noun

mali
* tonight
* late afternoon

### References

* Marian Klamer (1998) A Grammar of Kambera, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 213

## Kavalan
### Noun

mali
* ball

## Latin
### Adjective

malī
* inflection of malus:
** nominative/vocative plural
** genitive singular

### Noun

mālī
* inflection of mālus:
** nominative/vocative plural
** genitive singular

## Latvian
### Verb

mali
* second-person singular past indicative of malt

## Lubuagan Kalinga
### Noun

mali
* peanut

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²mɑː.lɪ/, /²mɑː.ɽɪ/

### Participle

mali
* (non-standard since 2012) feminine singular of malen
* (non-standard since 2012) neuter singular of malen

### Verb

mali
* (non-standard since 2012) supine of mala

### Anagrams

* lami, lima, mila

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈma.li/
* (Masovia):
** (Near Masovian) IPA: /ˈma.li/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ali
* Syllabification: ma‧li
* Homophone: Mali

### Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic.

#### Interjection

mali
* (Near Masovian, often repeated) used to call pigs
    Synonym: maciu
    Coordinate terms: a ksyk, a ciu

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Adverb

mali (not comparable)
* (Kielce) Synonym of prędzej

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

mali
* virile nominative/vocative plural of mały

### Further reading

* Władysław Matlakowski (1891) “mali”, in “Zbiór wyrazów ludowych dawnej ziemi czerskiej”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 372
* Jan Łoś (1886) “mali”, in “Gwara opoczyńska. Studium dialektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (1), volume 11, page 185

## Sakizaya
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.ˈli/, [ma.ˈli]

### Noun

mali
* ball

## Sardinian
### Etymology

From Latin male. Compare Italian male.

### Adverb

mali
* (Campidanese) badly

## Serbo-Croatian
### Adjective

mali
* inflection of mal:
** masculine nominative/vocative plural
** definite masculine nominative/vocative singular
** definite inanimate masculine accusative singular

## Sicilian
### Etymology

From Latin malus. Compare Italian mali, male.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈma.li/
* Hyphenation: mà‧li

### Adjective

mali m pl or f pl
* masculine plural of malu; bad.
* feminine plural of malu

#### Inflection
### Noun

mali m (plural mali)
* evil, harm

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmaʎi]

### Participle

mali
* plural l-participle of mať

## Swahili
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Noun

mali class VI (plural only)
* wealth, riches
* property

#### Usage notes

This word is morphologically plural but semantically singular. If a plural sense is required, it may be put in the n class.

#### Descendants

* → Ila: madi
* → Northern Ndebele: imali
* → Rwanda-Rundi: imari
* → Shona: mari
* → Tswana: madi
* → Xhosa: imali
* → Zulu: imali
** → English: mali

## Tagalog
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /maˈliʔ/ [mɐˈliʔ], (colloquial) /maˈleʔ/ [mɐˈlɛʔ]
* Rhymes: -iʔ
* Syllabification: ma‧li

#### Adjective

malî (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜎᜒ)
* wrong
    Synonym: lihis
    Antonyms: tama, wasto

##### Derived terms

* himali
* ipagkamali
* kamalian
* kung hindi ako nagkakamali
* magkamali
* mali-mali
* maliin
* mamali
* mapagkamalan
* pagkakamali
* pagkamalan
* pamali-mali
* walang-kamali-mali

### Etymology 2

Compare Malay mali (“Leea indica”) and Malay mali-mali (“Leea angulata”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈmali/ [ˈmaː.lɪ]
* Rhymes: -ali
* Syllabification: ma‧li

#### Noun

mali (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜎᜒ) (botany)
* bandicoot berry (Leea indica)

### Anagrams

* amil, ilam, Lima, lima

## Turkish
### Alternative forms

* malî

### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish مالی (mali), from Arabic مَالِيّ (māliyy).

### Adjective

mali
* financial, fiscal

#### Derived terms

* maliye

#### Related terms

* emtia
* mal

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “mali”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Woiwurrung
### Noun

mali
* mallee