# ferrum
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin ferrum.

### Noun

ferrum (countable and uncountable, plural ferrums)
* (homeopathy) Any of various remedies made from iron-containing compounds.

#### Translations
## Latin
### Etymology

From earlier *ferzom, from a substrate loanword from an unknown source. According to de Vaan, possibly from a Phoenician dialect, 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 (brzl /⁠barzel⁠/, “iron”), akin to Aramaic פַּרְזְלָא, ܦܪܙܠܐ (parzəlā, “iron”), Akkadian 𒀭𒁇 (parzillum, “iron”), Ugaritic 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 (brḏl, “iron”), considered of Anatolian origin. The word could have entered Latin through Etruscan.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈfer.rum/, [ˈfɛrːʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈfer.rum/, [ˈfɛrːum]

### Noun

ferrum n (genitive ferrī); second declension
* iron
* (metonymically) any tool made of iron
    Synonym: chalybs
* sword
    Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.He threatened the city with fire and sword.
    Ferro incumbere.To fall on his sword.
    Hyponyms: ēnsis, gladius
* fight, clash
** c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 45.6:Non est miscix. ferrum optimum daturus est, sine fuga, carnarium in medio, ut amphitheater videat.He is no flibbertigibbet, he will give the best fight, without flight, a carnage in the middle, so that the whole amphitheater will see it.
** c. 161, Dig. XXVIII.I.8.4 Gaius libro septimo decimo ad edictum provinciale
    Hi vero, qui ad ferrum aut ad bestias aut in metallum damnantur, libertatem perdunt bonaque eorum publicantur: unde apparet amittere eos testamenti factionem.But those sentenced to fight in the arena or with the beasts or to work in the mines lose freedom and their assets are forfeited: hence one sees that the efficacy of their last will must be denied.
    Synonyms: pugna, gladius

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Derived terms

* ferrūgō

#### Related terms

* ferrāmentārius
* ferrāmentum
* ferrāria
* ferrārius
* ferrātus
* ferreus
* ferrūgināns
* ferrūgineus
* ferrūmen

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** Aromanian: her, heru, hjeru
** Istro-Romanian: fľer
** Megleno-Romanian: ier, ieru
** Romanian: fier, fer — regional
* Dalmatian:
** fiar
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: ferru, farru
** Italian: ferro
*** →? Sabir: ferro
** Neapolitan: fierro
    Tarantino: fierro
** Sicilian: ferru
* North Italian:
** Gallo-Italic:
*** Emilian: fèr
*** Ligurian: færo
*** Lombard: fèr
*** Piedmontese: fer
*** Romagnol: fër
** Friulian: fiêr
** Istriot: fièro
** Ladin: fer
** Romansch: fier
** Venetan: fero
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: fèr, fèrro, fa, far, farou, fè, fê
** Old French: fer, fier
*** Middle French: fer
**** French: fer (see there for further descendants)
*** Norman: fé (France, Jersey), faer (Guernsey), fer (Sark)
*** Walloon: fier
* Occitano-Romance:
** Gascon: hèr
** Occitan: fèrre, ferri, fèr
** Old Catalan: ferr, ferre, ferro
*** Catalan: ferro
* Ibero-Romance:
** Navarro-Aragonese: fierro
*** Aragonese: fierro
    Ribagorçan: ferri
** Old Leonese: fierru
*** Asturian: fierro, fierru, ḥierru, ḥierro
*** Extremaduran: hierru
*** Leonese: fierru
*** Mirandese: fierro
** Old Galician-Portuguese: ferro
*** Fala: ferru
*** Galician: ferro
*** Portuguese: ferro (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: fierro
*** Ladino: fierro
*** Spanish: fierro, hierro
**** Papiamentu: heru
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: ferru (most dialects), erru (most Nuorese varieties)
* Borrowings:
** → English: ferrum
** → Malay: ferum
** → Translingual: Fe

### References

* “ferrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ferrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "ferrum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* ferrum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks): ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes) to ravage with fire and sword: omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni or ferro flammaque vastare to fight a pitched battle: acie (armis, ferro) decernere all have perished by the sword: omnia strata sunt ferro (ambiguous) to fly aloft; to be carried into the sky: sublimem or sublime (not in sublime or sublimiter) ferri, abire (ambiguous) to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri (ambiguous) to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras (ambiguous) to feel inspired: divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri (Div. 1. 31. 66) (ambiguous) to take a higher tone (especially of poets and orators): exsurgere altius or incitatius ferri (ambiguous) to be carried away by one's passions: libidine ferri (ambiguous) to be carried away by something: praecipitem ferri aliqua re (Verr. 5. 46. 121) (ambiguous) to have no principles: caeco impetu ferri (ambiguous) to throw oneself heart and soul into politics: studio ad rem publicam ferri (ambiguous) to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword: strictis gladiis in hostem ferri
* “ferrum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ferrum”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 214
* ↑ Olmo Lete, Gregorio del with Sanmartín, Joaquín and Watson, Wilfred G. E. (2015) “ferrum”, in A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 112), 3rd edition, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 234
* ↑ Klein, Dr. Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1971.