# 하다
## Jeju
### Etymology

From Middle Korean 하다〮 (hàtá).

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽hata⫽
* (Jeju City) IPA: [ha̠da̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [하다]

### Adjective

하다 (hada) (infinitive 한 or 항, sequential 하난)
* to be many
    Synonym: 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda)
    Antonym: 족다 (jokda, “to be few”)
    가: 아이고, 봄이 뒈민 사오기 고장 보렌 제주도이 오는 관광객덜이 잘도 하는게마씀! 멧 열 헤 전에도 이영ᄒᆞ엿수과? 나: 엇다, 이제랑 사름이 하는디 엿날이랑 제주도는 아직도 하영 빈복헤낫이난 이영 하지 아니헤낫저.Ga: Aigo, bom-i dwemin saogi gojang boren jejudo-i oneun gwan'gwanggaek-deor-i jaldo haneun'ge-masseum! Met yeol he jeon-e-do iyeonghawyeotsugwa? Na: Eotda, ije-rang sareumi haneundi yeonnar-irang jejudo-neun ajikdo hayeong binbokhenasinan iyeong haji anihenatjeo.A: Wow, there are always a lot of people who come to Jeju in the spring to see the cherry blossom flowers! Was it like this a few decades ago too? B: No, there are a lot of people now, but back then, Jeju was still very poor, so there weren't this many.

#### Related terms

* 하 (ha, “big”)
* 하도 (hado, “very”)
* 하르방 (hareubang, “grandfather”)
* 하영 (hayeong, “many”)
* 한ᄋᆢ름 (hanyawreum, “midsummer”)
* 한더위 (handeowi)
* 한복판 (hanbokpan, “right in the middle”)
* 한사리 (hansari)
* 한소치 (hansochi, “striped marlin”)
* 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)
* 할망 (halmang, “grandmother”)
* 해 (hae, “many”)

### References

* 송상조 [songsangjo] (2023) “하다”, in 20세기 제주말 큰사전 [20segi jejumal keunsajeon], 한국문화사 [han'gungmunhwasa], →ISBN, page 843

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 허다 (heoda), 해다 (haeda) — dialectal
* 카다 (kada) — dialectal, only for "to say that" and extended senses

### Etymology

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Jeju ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).
It is believed that at an ancient stage, the stem of ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá) was actually *ᄒᆡ- (Yale: *hoy-), as still evidenced by the irregular infinitive form 하여 (hayeo) (Vovin 2010, p. 27).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ha̠da̠]
** Audio:(file)
* Phonetic hangul: [하다]

### Verb

하다 • (hada) (infinitive 해 or 하여, sequential 하니)
* (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action, in particular:
    했어? — 아니, 못 했어. ― Haess-eo? - ani, mot haess-eo. ― Did you do it? — No, I couldn't.
    느리게 하면 되나? ― neurige hamyeon doena? ― Will it work if I do it slowly?
    제가 할 수 있어요. ― Je-ga hal su isseo-yo. ― I can do it.
** to prepare, to make (food, clothes, etc.)
    내일 먹을 밥을 미리 하다 ― naeil meog-eul bab-eul miri hada ― to make tomorrow's rice in advance
** to make a certain facial expression
    어두운 얼굴을 하다 ― eoduun eolgur-eul hada ― to make a gloomy face
** (often polite) to have, to eat
    혹시 차나 하실래요? ― hoksi cha-na hasillae-yo? ― Should we have some tea?
    술을 좀처럼 하지 않다 ― sur-eul jomcheoreom haji anta ― to rarely drink alcohol
** to wear, to put on (accessories such as hats or jewelry)
    화려한 귀걸이를 하고 나가다 ― hwaryeohan gwigeori-reul hago nagada ― to go out wearing a fancy earring
** to run (an enterprise, etc.)
    조그만 옷가게를 하다 ― jogeuman otgage-reul hada ― to run a small clothing store
** to be, to take the responsibility of... (a charge, a role)
    대통령을 하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다.Daetongnyeong-eul haneun geos-eun swiun ir-i anida.It is not an easy thing to be president.
** to get (a result)
    2등밖에 못 하다 ― i-deung-bakke mot hada ― to only get second place
** (of prices, whether literal or figuratively) to cost, to be worth (a certain price)
    집 한 채에 십 억이나 한다. ― Jip han chae-e sip eog-ina handa. ― Each house is worth as much as a billion won.
    밥값도 못 하는 놈bapgap-do mot haneun nomworthless person(literally, “bastard who isn't even worth the price of his food”)
** (usually with 어떻게 (“how”)) to treat, to deal with
    이 문제를 어떻게 할까요? ― i munje-reul eotteoke halkka-yo? ― How should we deal with this problem?
** (euphemistic) to acquire (an object, by purchase or other arrangement)
    휴대폰을 하나 하다 ― hyudaepon-eul hana hada ― to get a cell phone
* to say (that):
    Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)
** (after an indirect quotation) to say (that)
    Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)
    잠깐 쉬자고 했다. ― Jamkkan swija-go haetda. ― She said we should rest a bit.
    잠깐 쉬자는 소리에 나는 고개를 돌렸다.Jamkkan swija-neun sori-e na-neun gogae-reul dollyeotda.At her saying we should rest a bit, I turned my head.(See Usage notes for the contraction)
** (after a direct quotation, colloquial, especially as 하고) to be like; to say (that)
    Synonym: 이러다 (ireoda)
    걔가 "씨발" 하고 욕하더라.Gyae-ga ssibal hago yok-hadeora.He cussed, like "fuck".
    걔가 나보고 "너 미쳤냐?" 하는 거 있지?gyae-ga na-bogo neo micheonnya? haneun geo itji?He was telling me, you know, "Are you insane?"
** (transitive) to call, to name
    서로 의미가 같은 단어를 동의어라 한다.Seoro uimi-ga gateun daneo-reul dong'uieo-ra handa.Words which have the same meaning are called synonyms.
** (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; make the sound of the onomatopoeia; to act according to the ideophone
    돌이 쿵 하고 떨어졌다. ― Dor-i kung hago tteoreojeotda. ― The rock fell, going "boom".
    병아리가 삐악삐악했다. ― Byeong'ari-ga ppiakppiak-haetda. ― The chick went "chirp-chirp".
** (after an interrogative suffix) to wonder, to ponder
    그가 뭘 보는가 했더니 만화책이었다.Geu-ga mwol boneun'ga haetdeoni manhwachaeg-ieotda.I was wondering what he was reading; it was a comic book.
* (transitive, with 으로 (“with”)) to make, to render:
** (with a noun) to decide on; to make; to use (as)
    Synonym: 삼다 (samda)
    황제는 차자를 태자로 했다. ― Hwangje-neun chaja-reul taeja-ro haetda. ― The emperor decided on his second son as his heir.
    그 여인을 부인으로 했다. ― Geu yeoin-eul bu'in-euro haetda. ― He made that woman his wife.
    아일랜드 농민들은 감자를 주식으로 했다.Aillaendeu nongmin-deur-eun gamja-reul jusig-euro haetda.The Irish peasantry had potatoes as their staple food.
** (with a clause nominalized with -기 or 것) to decide
    친구하고 등산하기로 했어요. ― Chin'gu-hago deungsanhagi-ro haesseoyo. ― I decided to go hiking with my friend.
    그는 전쟁을 하기로 했다. ― Geu-neun jeonjaeng-eul hagi-ro haetda. ― He decided to wage war.
    정책을 추진하는 것으로 했습니다.Jeongchaeg-eul chujin-haneun geos-euro haetseumnida.We decided to push forward with the policy.
** (with a direction) to cause to face
    얼굴을 메카 방향으로 하고 기도를 드렸다.Eolgur-eul Meka banghyang-euro hago gido-reul deuryeotda.He had his face face Mecca, and offered his prayers.
* (intransitive, with indirect object, with adverb) to treat (in a certain way)
    Synonym: 대(對)하다 (daehada)
    내가 남친한테 너무 나쁘게 한 것 같다.Nae-ga namchin-hante neomu nappeuge han geot gatda.I feel I treated my boyfriend too badly.
* (auxiliary) See -어하다 (-eohada, “to consider (as); to find (as)”).
* Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker -을 or the topic marker -은.
    ‎말 (mal, “speech”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎말하다 (malhada, “to talk”)
    ‎번역(飜譯) (beonyeok, “translation”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎번역(飜譯)하다 (beonyeokhada, “to translate”)
    ‎사랑 (sarang, “love”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎사랑하다 (saranghada, “to love”)
    나를 사랑은 했어? ― na-reul sarang-eun haess-eo? ― Did you even love me?
    전쟁을 하는 것이 얼마나 끔찍한 일인지 나는 몰랐었다.Jeonjaeng-eul haneun geos-i eolmana kkeumjjikhan ir-inji na-neun mollasseotda.I had not known what a terrible thing it is to wage war.
* Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker -은.
    ‎클린 (keullin, from English clean) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎클린하다 (keullinhada, “to be clean”)
    ‎은은(隱隱) (euneun, “being beautifully indistinct”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎은은(隱隱)하다 (euneunhada, “to be beautifully indistinct”)
    건강은 한데 맛이 너무 역하다.Geon'gang-eun hande mas-i neomu yeokhada.It's good for your health, but it tastes too repulsive.
* After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective. Such roots tend to be single-character Sino-Korean morphemes.
    ‎착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎착하다 (chakhada, “to be nice”)
    ‎망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎망(亡)하다 (manghada, “to be brought to ruin”)
* Used with no real meaning after a verb or adjective nominalized with -기 and followed by a particle.
    먹기는 했다. ― Meokgi-neun haetda. ― She did eat [but did not do anything else].
    먹기만 했다. ― Meokgi-man haetda. ― All she did was eat.
    먹기도 했다. ― Meokgi-do haetda. ― She also ate.
* Used as the neutral verbal element after suffixes expressing intent.
    Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)
    인도로 가고자 했다. ― Indo-ro ga-goja haetda. ― He intended to go to India.
    빨리 도망가려고 했다. ― Ppalli domang-ga-ryeogo haetda. ― He quickly tried to run away.
* Used as the neutral verbal element for constructions with repeated suffixes.
    앉았다가 섰다가 했다.Anj-at-daga seot-daga haetda.He was sitting down, then standing up, then sitting down again.
    갈까 말까 했다.Galkka malkka haetda.He wondered if he should go or not.
    아기는 울고 웃고 했다.Agi-neun ulgo utgo haetda.The baby was crying, then smiling.
* (colloquial) and all; used after -고 to emphasize a suffix expressing causation.
    Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)
    비가 와서 > 비가 오고 해서bi-ga waseo > bi-ga ogo haeseosince it was raining > since it was raining and all
    기분이 안 좋길래 > 기분이 안 좋고 하길래gibun-i an jo-killae > gibun-i an jo-ko hagillaesince I was feeling bad > since I was feeling bad and all
* Various idiomatic usages:
** See -게 하다 (-ge hada, “to make; (forms the causative)”).
** See -고는 하다 (-goneun hada, “[one] would [customarily]...”).
** See -다 하면 (-da hamyeon, “if... always”).
** See -어야 하다 (-eoya hada, “must; should; have to”).
** See -었으면 하다 (-eosseumyeon hada, “to wish; to hope”).
** See -으로 하여 (-euro hayeo, “because of; via”).
** See -쯤 해서 (-jjeum haeseo, “around the time...”).
** See -하고 (-hago, “and, with”).
** See 하면 (hamyeon, “as for”).
** See 할 것 없다 (hal geot eopda, “to have no need to distinguish”).

#### Usage notes

("to say", for direct quotes):
* Using 하고 (hago) is more colloquial and has a nuance of more intimate or faithful quoting than using -이라고 (-irago). For example, speakers use 하고 (hago) when imitating the actual way something was said (e.g. someone's accent, prosody, etc.), and -이라고 (-irago) when quoting written material.
    나보고 "야 너 어디야?" 하고 묻는 거야. ― Na-bogo ya neo eodi-ya? hago munneun geo-ya. ― He was like, "Hey, where are you?"
    촉수엄금이라고 적혀있었다. ― Choksueomgeum-irago jeokhyeo-isseotda. ― It was written, "Do not touch."
(compounds)
* As Korean verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by 하다 (hada).
(contractions)
* In compound verbs or adjectives, the stem can be contracted. This often has a literary nuance.
** After obstruent-final stems, the entire stem 하- (ha-) is dropped.
    생각하지 않았다 > 생각지 않았다 ― saenggak-ha-ji anatda > saenggak-ji anatda ― one did not think
    깨끗하고 > 깨끗고 ― kkaekkeut-ha-go > kkaekkeut-go ― it is clean, and...
** After sonorant-final stems, only the vowel is dropped and the initial ㅎ (h) merges with the following suffix, so that suffixes beginning with the consonants ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), and ㅈ (j) are aspirated to begin with ㅋ (k), ㅌ (t), and ㅊ (ch):
    고요하지 않았다 > 고요치 않았다 ― goyo-ha-ji anatda > goyo-chi anatda ― it was not calm
    편안하고 > 편안코 ― pyeonan-ha-go > pyeonan-ko ― one is comfortable, and...
* For some of the adverbs formed by such a contraction of conjugated forms, the presumed original verb or adjective is no longer widely used, if at all. For example, the adverb 기어(期於)코 (gieoko, “no matter what; in the end”) has no corresponding adjective *기어(期於)하다 (*gieohada).
* Some of these contracted forms have undergone semantic shifts and are no longer fully equivalent to the uncontracted forms. For example, 무심(無心)코 (musimko, “thoughtlessly”) cannot be replaced by 무심(無心)하고 (musim-hago, “[one] is careless, and...”).
* Contraction is more common for connective suffixes and less common for sentence-final ones, especially informal ones.
* Contraction is more common in Gyeongsang dialect than in Standard Seoul Korean.
(contraction in indirect quotes)
* In indirect quotes, the entire stem 하- (ha-) is commonly dropped.
    쉬자(고) 하는 소리 > 쉬자는 소리 ― swi-ja(-go) ha-neun sori > swi-ja-neun sori ― her saying we should rest
    없다(고) 하더라 > 없다더라 ― eop-da(-go) ha-deora > eop-da-deora ― He said it wasn't there.
(conjugation)
* In less formal language, the infinitive 하여 (hayeo) is always contracted to 해 (hae).
* Because the intimate style is never formal by definition, 하여 (hayeo) can never replace 해 (hae) in such contexts.

#### Conjugation
### References

* ↑ 안경화 [an'gyeonghwa] (1995) 한국어 인용구문의 연구 [han'gugeo inyonggumunui yeon'gu, A study of Korean quotative constructions], Seoul National University (PhD)

## Middle Korean
### Etymology

Perhaps related to Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (khútá, “to be big”).

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽ha$^{H!}$tá⫽

### Adjective

하〮다〮 (hátá) (infinitive 하〮, sequential 하〮니〮)
* to be big; to be many
** 1459, 훈민정음언해 :ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 제 ᄠᅳ〮들〮 시러〮 펴디〮 몯〯 ᄒᆞᇙ 노〮미〮 하니〮라〮mòchómnǎy cèy ptútúl sìlé phyètí mwǒt hòlq nwómí hànílá...many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.

#### Derived terms

* 한〮비〮 (hánpí, “heavy rain”)

#### Descendants

* Early Modern Korean: 하다 (hata)
* ⇒ Korean: 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han River (in Seoul)”)
* ⇒ Korean: 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)
* Jeju: 하다 (hada)