# 宏

| 宏 | U+5B8F, &#23439; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B8F |
| ← 宎 [U+5B8E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 宐 → [U+5B90] |

## Translingual
### Han character

宏 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十大戈 (JKI), four-corner 3043$_2$, composition ⿱宀厷)

#### Derived characters

* 𫢦, 𠴈, 𫭊, 㙆, 峵, 𤥠, 硡, 𤈻, 浤, 𪰧, 鋐, 𮙎, 𨴵

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 282, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7086
* Dae Jaweon: page 556, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 916, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5B8F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 宏
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 肱 | *kʷɯːŋ |
| 宏 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 閎 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 吰 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 竑 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 谹 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 翃 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 紘 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 鈜 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 浤 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 耾 | *ɡʷrɯːŋ |
| 雄 | *ɡʷɯŋ |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hóng (hong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hong$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wang$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fèn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fen$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hèng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hong$^5$ / kuêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ghon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$
*** Yale: húng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
*** Palladius: хун (xun)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: hong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xung
*** Sinological IPA : /xoŋ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wang$^4$
*** Yale: wàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: weng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: fen$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fen¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fən¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɛiŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
*** Tâi-lô: hông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hong$^5$ / kuêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hông / khuêng
*** Sinological IPA : /hoŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰueŋ⁵⁵/
* hong5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping;
* kuêng5 - Jieyang, Chaoyang, Pontianak.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit宏 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xuŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xəŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xuə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xuŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xũn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xuŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xoŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xoŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xoŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦoŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦoŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦoŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦoŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xan⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xoŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦən¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fen¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fen¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wɐŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wɐŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /huŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hoŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hweang
Rime :
| Character | 宏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (118) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 戸萌切 |
| Baxter | hweang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠwɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwəɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣwæŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wang$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ʷˤ<r>əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷrɯːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 宏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hóng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ʷˁ<r>əŋ/ |
| English | resounding; great |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 宏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4130 |
| Phonetic component | 厷 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 宏 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷrɯːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

宏
* (originally referring to houses) wide; spacious; great; vast
    See also: 弘
* extensive
* loud and clear; resounding
* (alt. form 弘) to enlarge; to expand
* (Mainland China, computing) macro (comparatively human-friendly abbreviation of complex input to a computer program)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 博學宏詞 / 博学宏词
* 大展宏圖 / 大展宏图 (dàzhǎnhóngtú)
* 宏亮 (hóngliàng)
* 宏偉 / 宏伟 (hóngwěi)
* 宏偉壯觀 / 宏伟壮观
* 宏儒碩學 / 宏儒硕学
* 宏器
* 宏圖 / 宏图 (hóngtú)
* 宏壯 / 宏壮 (hóngzhuàng)
* 宏大 (hóngdà)
* 宏宏
* 宏富 (hóngfù)
* 宏志
* 宏揚 / 宏扬 (hóngyáng)
* 宏放
* 宏敞
* 宏旨 (hóngzhǐ)
* 宏明
* 宏材大略
* 宏構 / 宏构
* 宏碩 / 宏硕
* 宏綱 / 宏纲
* 宏規 / 宏规
* 宏覽 / 宏览
* 宏觀 / 宏观 (hóngguān)
* 宏論 / 宏论 (hónglùn)
* 宏辯 / 宏辩
* 宏達 / 宏达
* 宏邈
* 宏都拉斯 (Hóngdūlāsī)
* 宏願 / 宏愿 (hóngyuàn)
* 宏麗 / 宏丽 (hónglì)
* 寬宏 / 宽宏 (kuānhóng)
* 寬宏大量 / 宽宏大量 (kuānhóng dàliàng)
* 崇論宏議 / 崇论宏议
* 恢宏 (huīhóng)
* 恢宏大度
* 欒櫨宏敞 / 栾栌宏敞
* 泓宏
* 無關宏旨 / 无关宏旨
* 立論精宏 / 立论精宏
* 駿業宏發 / 骏业宏发
* 駿業宏興 / 骏业宏兴

### Etymology 2

Compare Mandarin 嗡 (wēng).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): wang$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wang$^1$
*** Yale: wāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: weng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

宏 (Cantonese, onomatopoeia)
* buzzing sound
* buzzing; humming; making a humming sound

#### Derived terms

* we we宏宏 (Cantonese)

### References

* “宏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: おう (ō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: ひろい (hiroi, 宏い)

### Proper noun

宏(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
* a male given name

## Korean
### Hanja

宏 (eumhun 클 굉 (keul goeng))
* large; great

#### Compounds

* 굉곽 (宏廓, goenggwak)
* 굉구 (宏構, goenggu)
* 굉규 (宏規, goenggyu)
* 굉기 (宏器, goenggi)
* 굉달 (宏達, goengdal)
* 굉대 (宏大, goengdae)
* 굉도 (宏圖, goengdo)
* 굉렬 (宏烈, goengnyeol)
* 굉모 (宏謀, goengmo)
* 굉박 (宏博, goengbak)
* 굉변 (宏辯, goengbyeon)
* 굉부 (宏富, goengbu)
* 굉사 (宏肆, goengsa)
* 굉업 (宏業, goeng'eop)
* 굉원 (宏遠, goeng'won)
* 굉유 (宏儒, goeng'yu)
* 굉유 (宏猷, goeng'yu)
* 굉음 (宏飮, goeng'eum)
* 굉장 (宏壯, goengjang)
* 굉장 (宏莊, goengjang)
* 굉재 (宏才, goengjae)
* 굉재 (宏材, goengjae)
* 굉재탁식 (宏才卓識, goengjaetaksik)
* 굉창 (宏敞, goengchang)
* 굉홍 (宏弘, goenghong)
* 굉활 (宏闊, goenghwal)
* 굉후 (宏厚, goenghu)
* 굉휴 (宏休, goenghyu)
* 연굉 (淵宏, yeon'goeng)
* 웅굉 (雄宏, unggoeng)
* 회굉 (恢宏, hoegoeng)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

宏: Hán Nôm readings: hoãng, hoành, giang
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.