# 河洛
## Chinese

* 河洛

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Héluò
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ho$^4$ lok$^6$ / ho$^4$ lok$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hô-lo̍k
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wu-loq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Héluò
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Héluò
*** Wade–Giles: Ho$^2$-lo$^4$
*** Yale: Hé-lwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Herluoh
*** Palladius: Хэло (Xɛlo)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^4$ lok$^6$ / ho$^4$ lok$^3$
*** Yale: hòh lohk / hòh lok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^4$ lok$^9$ / ho$^4$ lok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^4$ log$^6$ / ho$^4$ log$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²¹ lɔːk̚²/, /hɔː²¹ lɔːk̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hô-lo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: Hô-lo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoilok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ho²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ho²⁴⁻²² lɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$wu-loq
*** MiniDict: wu$^去$ loh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhu-loq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²² loʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ha lak
Rime :
| Character | 河 | 洛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 胡歌切 | 盧各切 |
| Baxter | ha | lak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦa/ | /lak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑ/ | /lɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hé | luò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^4$ | lok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl ɡ·raːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese | /*[C.ɡ]ˁaj/ |
| English | river |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 河 | 洛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7459 | 3866 |
| Phonetic component | 可 | 各 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 何 | 落 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːl/ | /*ɡ·raːɡ/ |

#### Proper noun

河洛
* Yellow River and Luo River
* the area between the Yellow River and Luo River
* Short for 河圖洛書／河图洛书.

### Etymology 2

The endonym of some Hokkien speakers in Taiwan, not used in Hokkien-speaking areas of Fujian. It is etymologically unrelated to Etymology 1 河洛 (Héluò, “Yellow River and Luo River”) (Wei and Lee, 2019). The earliest origins of the term are:
* As an exonym for Han people in Fujian used by She people, attested in the form 河老 in 天下郡國利病書 [17th century]. The first syllable was written as 河 (hé, “Yellow River”) and associated with Henan by intellectuals at the time, but it is likely etymologically unrelated to 河 (hé) as 河 (hé) lacks a stop coda in Hakka and Southern Min.
* As a derogatory exonym for Southern Min speaking people used by Hakka people in eastern Guangdong, first attested in the form 貉獠 in the place name 貉獠坪 in then Yong'an county, Huizhou prefecture (present day Zijin, Heyuan) in the Annals of Yong'an County [1586]. The alternative form of the place name, 貉老坪, is recorded in Gujin Tushu Jicheng [1725]. This exonym was likely derogatory given the use of the character 貉 (ho̍k) to write the first syllable, even though the first syllable may not be related to 貉 (“raccoon dog”) etymologically. Note 學老／学老 (ho̍k-ló) remains an exonym for Southern Min speaking people in Hakka to this day, and 學老 is commonly attested in place names in Hakka-speaking areas of eastern Guangdong (ibid.).
The earliest attestation of 鶴老 (Ho̍h-ló) is found in Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum [1626–1642], where it is glossed as "necio barbaro sabe poco". In Taiwan, 鶴老 appeared no later than 1769, while 學老 appeared no later than 1796. The association with 河洛 (Héluò) is a late folk etymology, with the first attestation of 河洛 (Héluò) found in Taiwan scholar Wu Huai's 1957 paper titled 〈河洛語中之唐宋故事〉, and has since become popular.
The form 福佬 is possibly the result of reanalysis of this word based on associating the first syllable with Hokkien 福 (Hok) (as in 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Héluò
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hô-ló / Ho̍h-ló / Hō-ló
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Héluò
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Héluò
*** Wade–Giles: Ho$^2$-lo$^4$
*** Yale: Hé-lwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Herluoh
*** Palladius: Хэло (Xɛlo)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hô-ló
*** Tâi-lô: Hô-ló
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoiloir
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ho̍h-ló
*** Tâi-lô: Ho̍h-ló
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoiqloir
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló
*** Tâi-lô: Hō-ló
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoixloir
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho³³⁻¹¹ lo⁵³/

#### Noun

河洛
* Hoklo people

##### Derived terms

* 河洛人 (héluòrén)
* 河洛話 / 河洛话 (héluòhuà)

##### See also

* 學佬／学佬
* 福佬 (fúlǎo)