# barr
## English
### Etymology 1

From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).

#### Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)
* (obsolete) To make the sound of an elephant.
** 1737, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, The Complete Works of Doctor François Rabelais:He gave us also the example of the Philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary Privacy, far from the rufling Clutterments of the tumultuous and confused World, the better to improve his Theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost Endeavours to free himself from all untowards Noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of Curs, howling of Wolves, neighing of Horses, bleating of Sheep, barring of Elephants, hissing of Serpents, braying of Asses, chirping of Grasshoppers, cooing of Turtles […]

### Etymology 2

See bar.

#### Noun

barr (countable and uncountable, plural barrs)
* Obsolete spelling of bar.

#### Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)
* Obsolete spelling of bar.

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse barr, from Proto-Germanic *baraz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /parː/
* Rhymes: -arː

### Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)
* pine needles

#### Derived terms

* barrfinka (“siskin”)
* barrskógur
* barrspæta (“great spotted woodpecker”)
* barrtré (“conifer”)
* barrviður

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* bárr (obsolete)

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /bˠɑːɾˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /bˠaːɾˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top”), from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

#### Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)
* tip, head, point
* top; summit
* surface
* (agriculture) crop, yield
* crest (of wavelength)

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
barr
barra
vocative
a bhairr
a bharra
genitive
bairr
barr
dative
barr
barra
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an barr
na barra
genitive
an bhairr
na mbarr
dative
leis an mbarr don bharr
leis na barra :

###### Alternative declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
barr
barra
vocative
a bharr
a bharra
genitive
barr
barra
dative
barr
barra
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an barr
na barra
genitive
an bharr
na mbarra
dative
leis an mbarr don bharr
leis na barra :

##### Derived terms

* ar barr do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
* ar barr do theanga
* ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
* bain barr de (“vie with”)
* barr ar (“in excess of”)
* barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
* barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
* barr láin
* barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
* barr taoide (“high tide”)
* barr- (“topped”)
* barraicín- (“tiptoe”)
* beir barr (“surpass, overcome”)
* bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
* bun barr (“completely”)
* cé dhá bharr (“why?”)
* dá bharr (“gained”)
* dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
* de bharr (“because of”)
* de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
* de bharr go (“because”)
* dul i mbarr (“deprive”)
* i mbarr d'anama (“with all one’s strength”)
* i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
* ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
* príomhbharr (“main crop”)
* tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”)
* tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”)
* thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
* thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
* uchtbharr (“parapet”)

##### Related terms

* cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

#### Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)
* (transitive) top

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh |
| past participle | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | barraim | barrann tú; barrair$^†$ | barrann sé, sí | barraimid | barrann sibh | barrann siad; barraid$^†$ | a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann* | barrtar |
| past | bharr mé; bharras | bharr tú; bharrais | bharr sé, sí | bharramar; bharr muid | bharr sibh; bharrabhair | bharr siad; bharradar | a bharr / ar bharr* | barradh |
| past habitual | bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ | bharrtá / mbarrtá‡‡ | bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, sí‡‡ | bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ | bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ | bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ | a bharradh / a mbarradh* | bharrtaí / mbarrtaí‡‡ |
| future | barrfaidh mé; barrfad | barrfaidh tú; barrfair$^†$ | barrfaidh sé, sí | barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid | barrfaidh sibh | barrfaidh siad; barrfaid$^†$ | a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh* | barrfar |
| conditional | bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ | bharrfá / mbarrfá‡‡ | bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, sí‡‡ | bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ | bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ | bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ | a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh* | bharrfaí / mbarrfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go mbarra mé; go mbarrad$^†$ | go mbarra tú; go mbarrair$^†$ | go mbarra sé, sí | go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid | go mbarra sibh | go mbarra siad; go mbarraid$^†$ | — | go mbarrtar |
| past | dá mbarrainn | dá mbarrtá | dá mbarradh sé, sí | dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid | dá mbarradh sibh | dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad | — | dá mbarrtaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | barraim | barr | barradh sé, sí | barraimis | barraigí; barraidh$^†$ | barraidís | — | barrtar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Etymology 2

From Old French barre, barrer. Compare English bar.

#### Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)
* bar, hindrance

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
barr
vocative
a bhairr
genitive
bairr
dative
barr
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an barr
genitive
an bhairr
dative
leis an mbarr don bharr :

#### Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)
* (transitive) bar, hinder

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh | barradh |
| past participle | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha | barrtha |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | barraim | barrann tú; barrair$^†$ | barrann sé, sí | barraimid | barrann sibh | barrann siad; barraid$^†$ | a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann* | barrtar |
| past | bharr mé; bharras | bharr tú; bharrais | bharr sé, sí | bharramar; bharr muid | bharr sibh; bharrabhair | bharr siad; bharradar | a bharr / ar bharr* | barradh |
| past habitual | bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡ | bharrtá / mbarrtá‡‡ | bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, sí‡‡ | bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡ | bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡ | bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡ | a bharradh / a mbarradh* | bharrtaí / mbarrtaí‡‡ |
| future | barrfaidh mé; barrfad | barrfaidh tú; barrfair$^†$ | barrfaidh sé, sí | barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid | barrfaidh sibh | barrfaidh siad; barrfaid$^†$ | a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh* | barrfar |
| conditional | bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡ | bharrfá / mbarrfá‡‡ | bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, sí‡‡ | bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡ | bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡ | bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡ | a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh* | bharrfaí / mbarrfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go mbarra mé; go mbarrad$^†$ | go mbarra tú; go mbarrair$^†$ | go mbarra sé, sí | go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid | go mbarra sibh | go mbarra siad; go mbarraid$^†$ | — | go mbarrtar |
| past | dá mbarrainn | dá mbarrtá | dá mbarradh sé, sí | dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid | dá mbarradh sibh | dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad | — | dá mbarrtaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | barraim | barr | barradh sé, sí | barraimis | barraigí; barraidh$^†$ | barraidís | — | barrtar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “barr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “barr”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “barr”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /barr/

### Etymology 1

From Arabic بَرّ (barr).

#### Noun

barr m
* wilderness

### Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

#### Verb

barr (imperfect jborr)
* to coo (make a coo sound)

##### Conjugation
## Middle Welsh
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bar/

### Noun

barr m (plural barriau)
* top
* summit, crest

#### Descendants

* Welsh: bar

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Middle Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bar͈]

### Noun

barr m (genitive bairr)
* tip
* top

#### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Derived terms

* cathbarr (“battle helmet”)

#### Descendants

* Irish: barr
* Manx: baar
* Scottish Gaelic: bàrr

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

### Noun

barr n
* acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
* barley

#### Derived terms

* barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
* barrviðr (“pine-forest; the wood of the fir”)

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: barr
* Faroese: barr
* Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
* Old Swedish: bar
** Swedish: barr

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “barr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 42; also available at the Internet Archive

## Romani
### Alternative forms

* bar
* bař (Pan-Vlax)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit *वर्त (varta, “round stone”).

### Noun

barr m (nominative plural barra)
* (International Standard) stone, rock

#### Derived terms

* barrorro
* barrutno

### References

* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661
* 1 2 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b
* 1 2 Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: barr

### Noun

barr n
* needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
* (dated, slang, uncountable) hair

#### Hyponyms

* granbarr, tallbarr

#### Related terms

* barra

#### See also

* burr

#### Further reading

* barr on the Swedish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{sv}$

### Noun

barr c
* (gymnastics) parallel bars

#### Declension
### References

* barr in Svensk ordbok.