# se
## Translingual
### Symbol

se
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Northern Sami.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Northern Sami terms

## English
### Etymology

From Mandarin 瑟 (sè).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ

### Noun

se (plural ses)
* (music) A type of ancient Chinese plucked zither.

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-

## Abinomn
### Noun

se
* cloud

## Afrikaans
### Alternative forms

* s'n (used without a following noun)
* syn (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Dutch zijn, z'n (“his, its”). An Afrikaans innovation is the use of se regardless of the number or gender of the possessor, which may be due to a merger with the Dutch genitive suffix -s as well as, perhaps, the adjective suffix -s, -sch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/
* Audio:(file)

### Particle

se
* follows a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's
    Hierdie is my ouma se huis. — This is my grandmother’s house.

### See also

* van

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *tśe(i), *tśi from Proto-Indo-European *kʷe-, *kʷ(e)i- (“how, what”). Interrogative and relative pronoun, especially in connection with a preposition.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/

### Conjunction

se
* that, as, when
    Më duket se ke nevojë për disa shokë të rinj. — It seems to me that you need some new friends.
    Vëllai im më tha se don të bisedojë me ty rreth librit të ri. — My brother told me that he wants to talk to you about the new book.

#### Related terms

* si
* sa

## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* 's (unstressed form)

### Etymology

Cognate with German sie.

### Pronoun

se
* she, her (accusative)
* they, them

#### Synonyms

* de

### See also
## Bonan
### Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *usun.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/

### Noun

se
* water

### References

* Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Baoan, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA), November 1994
* Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

## Breton
### Pronoun

se
* that, this
    Petra eo se? — What's that?

## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin sē.

### Pronunciation

* (Balearic, Central) IPA: /sə/
* (Valencia, Alghero) IPA: /se/

### Pronoun

se (enclitic, contracted 's, proclitic es, contracted proclitic s')
* himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
* oneself (direct or indirect object)
* themselves (direct or indirect object)
* each other (direct or indirect object)

#### Usage notes

* -se is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩, or between some adverbs/pronouns and a verb. In some varieties of Catalan (Balearic/Valencian) it can also occur in sentence-initial position.
* The use of se and other direct personal pronouns can indicate the passive in Catalan.

#### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

## Central Huasteca Nahuatl
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [se]

### Numeral

se
* one (number).

## Central Nahuatl
### Numeral

se
* one.

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* ze (Sette Comuni)

### Etymology

From Middle High German si(e) (“they”), merged from Old High German sie m pl, sio f pl, siu n pl, from Proto-Germanic *īz m, *ijôz f, *ijō n, the nominative plural forms of *iz. Cognate with German sie, Dutch zij.

### Pronoun

se
* (Luserna) they

#### Inflection
### References

* “se” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Coatepec Nahuatl
### Numeral

se
* one.

## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsɛ]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Czech sě, from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

#### Pronoun

se (reflexive)
* clitic accusative of sebe:
    oneself
    myself
    yourself
    himself
    herself
    itself
    ourselves
    yourselves
    themselves
    Synonym: (stressed) sebe

##### Related terms

$^1$ animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

### Etymology 2
#### Preposition

se (also s)
* with

### Further reading

* “se”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “se”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “se”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Dalmatian
### Etymology

From Latin sē.

### Pronoun

se
* (reflexive pronoun) oneself

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Danish se, from Old Norse (East) *sēa, (Old Norse (West) sjá), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, cognate with English see, German sehen, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈseˀ]
* Rhymes: -eːˀ

### Verb

se (imperative se, infinitive at se, present tense ser, past tense så, perfect tense har set)
* to see
* (reciprocal passive) to see each other

#### Conjugation

activepassive
present
ser
ses
past
så
sås
infinitive
se
ses
imperative
se
participle
present
seende
past
set (auxiliary verb have)
gerund
seen :
reciprocal
activepassive
present
ses
past
sås
infinitive
ses
imperative
participle
present
past
sets or setes (auxiliary verb have)
gerund

## Dimasa
### Numeral

sé
* one

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian se, influenced by French si, Spanish si and Latin sī.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* IPA: [se]
* Hyphenation: se

### Conjunction

se
* if

## Ewe
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/

### Noun

se (plural sewo)
* law

## Fala
### Alternative forms

* si

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese se, sse, from Latin sē.

### Pronoun

se
* Used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent; one
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned [by someone].
* Reflexive and reciprocal pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself; each other, one another
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Anexu: A Porcá:Cumían algu de herba por camiñus, se bañaban i os devulvían a casa por as tardis.They ate some pasture along the way, bathed themselves and were returned to their home in the afternoon.

#### Usage notes

* Takes the form -si when suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

#### See also

Dialects:  $^L$ Lagarteiru   $^M$ Mañegu   $^V$ Valverdeñu

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seː/

### Noun

se n (genitive singular ses, plural se)
* The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.

#### Declension
## Fijian
### Conjunction

se
* whether, or.

### Noun

se
* flower
* gills

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. For plural forms, see etymology of ne.
The variation in inflectional stems (se-, si-, sii-,) dates back to at least Late Proto-Finnic. The oblique stem si-, seen in most inflected forms, is also found in other Finnic languages, such as the following cognates of the partitive singular sitä: Karelian sitä, Livvi sittäh, Veps sidä, Votic sitä. This is possibly a remnant of the original expected form **si (due to final e > i) which was reversed in some forms, possibly by influence from the plural ne.
The stem sii-, seen in internal locative case forms, may have been generalized from the plural forms as a means to distinguish from partitive/essive sitä, sinä; expected internal locative cases **sissä, **sistä may have been avoided as a dissimilation. Compare Veps siš (inessive singular of se).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

#### Pronoun

se
* (demonstrative) that (compare tuo, see usage notes)
    Älä koske siihen!Don't touch that! (something located close to the speaker)
    Sitäkö sinä sillä tarkoitit?That's what you meant by that?
* (demonstrative) it
    Onko se hän, joka on ovella?Is it her who's at the door?
    Ota kortti ja pane se pöydälle kuvapuoli alaspäin.Take a card and put it on the table face down.
    Kukas se sieltä tulee?Who's it coming over there?
* the one (who, what, which) (always with a relative clause)
    Se, jolla on eniten pisteitä, on voittaja.The one who has the most points is the winner.
    Joka kuritta kasvaa, se kunniatta kuolee.[The one] who grows up without discipline dies without honor.
* (colloquial or dialectal) he, she, one, they sg (of a human being; gender-neutral)
    Synonym: hän
    Se vaan lähti.He just left.

#### Determiner

se
* that (compare tuo, see usage notes)
    Sen auton pakoputki on rikki.That car has a broken exhaust.
    Onko sinulla vielä sitä jäätelöä?Do you still have some of that ice cream?
* (colloquial) the (as a definite article; see the usage notes below)

##### Usage notes

* Both tuo and se can be translated as "that"; see tuo for more information on the difference between the two.
* In colloquial and dialectal Finnish, se is the usual and neutral personal pronoun in the third person singular, and its standard Finnish counterpart hän is restricted to certain particular uses. Using se of a person carries no negative connotation.
* Due to the influence of Germanic languages, and nowadays especially to that of English, se may often be used as a kind of definite article in colloquial Finnish, though in standard Finnish, where word order expresses whether something is definite or indefinite, this colloquial usage is ungrammatical. (Compare the usage of yksi.)
    (standard)
       Mies tuli luokseni. ― The man came to me.
       Luokseni tuli mies. ― A man came to me.
    (colloquial)
       Se mies tuli mun luokse. ― The man came to me.
       Yks mies tuli mun luokse. ― A man came to me.
* The external case forms sillä, siltä and sille are generally only used in abstract or possessive meanings. For locations, the corresponding adverbs siellä, sieltä and sinne are used instead.

##### Inflection

Irregular (singular stems: se-, si-, sii-, plural stems: ne-, nii-).
Declension of se
noun case
singular
pluraladverbial form
singular
plural
nominative
se
nesuperessive
siellä
genitive
sen
niiden, niittendelative
sieltä
partitive
sitä
niitäsublative
sinne
accusative
se, sen
nelative
siis
inessive
siinä
niissätemporal
silloin
elative
siitä
niistäcausative
siten
illative
siihen
niihinmultiplicative
adessive
sillä
niillädistributive
ablative
siltä
niiltätemp. dist.
allative
sille
niilleprolative
essive
sinä
niinäsituative
translative
siksi
niiksioppositive
abessive
(niittä)
instructive
(niin)
comitative
niine :

##### Synonyms

* (he or she): hän
* see (rare, dialectal (Southwestern Finnish))

##### Derived terms

* näetsen
* se ja se
* se siitä
* sekä
* sellainen
* semmoinen
* sen koommin
* sen pituinen se
* senaikainen
* senaikuinen
* senhetkinen
* senkaltainen
* senlaatuinen
* senluonteinen
* senniminen
* senperästä
* senpäiväinen
* sentapainen
* sentähden
* senvuotinen
* siinähän tuo
* siis
* sikäli
* sikäläinen
* silloin
* silti
* sinne
* sinnes
* sinänsä
* siten
* sitten
* sitävastoin

##### Descendants

* Kven: se

##### See also
#### Further reading

* Tämä, tuo vai se?. Kielikello (4/2001). An article analyzing the usage and differences between the Finnish demonstrative pronouns tämä, tuo and se. (in Finnish)
* “se”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Etymology 2

Akin to tseh.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈse(ˣ)/, [ˈs̠e̞(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

#### Interjection

se (dialectal)
* here you go; an encouragement to take something, usually something that is being handed over.
* an encouragement to an animal to eat (food)

##### Usage notes

Despite being an interjection, some verb-like forms can also be found (sehkää).

##### Alternative forms

* seh

### Anagrams

* es

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

From Latin sī.

### Conjunction

se (prevocalic s') (ORB, broad)
* if

#### Derived terms

* se vos plét

### References

* si [1] in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* se in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

From Middle French se, from Old French se, from Latin sē. See also soi.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ə
* Homophone: ce

### Pronoun

se m or f (pre-vocalic s’)
* The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
** (to) himself
** (to) herself
** (to) oneself
** (to) itself
** (to) themselves
** (to) each other
* (Louisiana) The second-person plural reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
    Je suis partie à la chasse et faut vous autres se comportes bien. ― I'm going hunting and y'all need to behave yourselves.

#### Usage notes

* Se becomes s’ before a vowel or unaspirated h, and sometimes, in nonstandard writing, in other cases where the e would be silent, e.g. in lyrics.
* Se is often used with an actual subject, but it is also very often used with an abstract subject:
    Il est normal de se parler. — It is normal to talk to oneself.

#### Derived terms

* s’en aller

#### Related terms

$^1$ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). $^2$ Vous is also used as the polite singular form. $^3$ Ils and eux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members. $^4$ These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.

#### See also

* The other reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronouns: me, m’, te, t’, nous, vous.
* The third-person reflexive and reciprocal disjunctive pronoun: soi.

### Further reading

* “se”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* es, ès

## Galician
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese se (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin sī.

#### Conjunction

se
* if

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Alternative forms

* xe

#### Pronoun

se
* accusative/dative of si
* The third-person reflexive pronoun.
** (to) himself
** (to) herself
** (to) oneself
** (to) itself
** (to) themselves
** (to) each other

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “se”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “se”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “se”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Garo
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

se
* husband

## German Low German
### Alternative forms

* sei

### Etymology

From Middle Low German sê, variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zeː/, /seː/, /zɛɪ/, /sɛɪ/

### Pronoun

se
* she
    Se is Anke. — She is Anke (Annie).

### Pronoun

se
* they
    Se kaamt ut Bremen. — They come from Bremen.
** 1861, G. Ungt, Twee Geschichten in Mönstersk Platt. Ollmanns Jans in de Friümde un Ollmanns Jans up de Reise, page 163:Dao gävven$^5$ sick de Beiden dann auk an, datt se wier by ähr keimen.$^6$$^5$ gaben – gaben sich an – strengten sich an. $^6$ zu ihnen kamen.

### See also

* dative and possessive of se: ehr, eer, er, är, ähr

## Gun
### Etymology

From Proto-Gbe *se (“to hear”). Cognates include Fon sè (“to understand, hear, feel”), Saxwe Gbe sè (“to hear”), Adja sè (“to understand, hear, feel, respond”), Ewe se (“to hear”)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sè/

### Verb

sè
* to hear, to listen
* to understand

#### Derived terms

* sètónú (“to obey”)

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French c’est (“it is”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

### Verb

se
* to be
* that is (compare French c'est)
* it is (compare French c'est)

#### Usage notes

* Use ye at the end of a clause.
* This word does not appear when the predicate is an adjective or prepositional phrase, except when the preposition in the prepositional phrase is pou (“for”) or tankou (“like”).

### References
## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʃɛ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ʃɛ

### Conjunction

se (clitic)
* Alternative form of sem.

#### Derived terms

* sebaj
* sohase
* úgyse
* ahol a madár se jár
* se füle, se farka
* se híre, se hamva
* se lát, se hall
* se nem oszt, se nem szoroz
* se szeri, se száma

### See also

* se-

### Further reading

* (not … either, not even): se in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
* ([folksy, informal] alternative form of sem): se, redirecting to sem in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.

## Ido
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/, /sɛ/

### Etymology 1

From Esperanto se.

#### Conjunction

se
* if
    La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus. — The clerk would begin to work if he could.
    Se me povus, me komprus altra domo. — If I could, I would buy another house.

### Etymology 2

From s +‎ -e.

#### Noun

se (plural se-i)
* The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

##### See also

* Latin script letter names: literi: a · be · ce · che · de · e · fe · ge · he · i · je · ke · le · me · ne · o · pe · que · re · se · she · te · u · ve · we · xe · ye · ze

## Ingrian
### Alternative forms

* see (dialectal)

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈse/, [ˈʃe̞]
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se
* Homophone: že

### Pronoun

se
* this, that (not bound to a specific location)
** 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 63:Linnuille höö siihe kagraa siputtiit.They sprinkled oats onto it for the birds.
** 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:Inmihiset panniit merkille i sen, etti kaik predmetat päivääl, päivytpaiston aikanna, viskajaat kupahaiset.People noticed this as well, that all objects during the day, being a sunny time, cast shadows.
* (dialectal) that (distal)
** 2008, “Läkkäämmä omal viisii [We're speaking [our] own way]”, in Inkeri‎, volume 4, number 69, St. Petersburg, page 12:Tämä on Logoven kylä, a se ono Reppoilan kylä.This is the village Logovi, and that is the village Reppoila.

### Determiner

se
* this, that (not bound to a specific location)
** 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 40:Peen tulo saatii siint pellost.A small income was received from this field.
* (dialectal) that (distal)

#### Usage notes

* Se and neet are anaphoric: That is to say they refer to something previously mentioned (or soon afterwards mentioned) in the conversation. In contrast, too and noo are deictic, and thus refer to physical entities.
* Although Junus (1936; p. 99) describes sen as the accusative and senen as the genitive, in practice, sen is often used as a short form of the genitive as well.
* In the Soikkola dialect, the functions of too (“that”) have merged into se.

#### Derived terms

* sellain
* sevverta
* siint
* siis
* siks
* sikälitse
* sikäläin
* silloin
* sinis

#### See also
### References

* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 99
* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 514
* Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, pages 13-14

## Interlingua
### Pronoun

se (third person)
* Reflexive: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
    Illa se videva in le speculo. ― She saw herself in the mirror.
* Reciprocal: each other, one another.
    Quando illes se cognosceva? ― When did they meet (each other)?
* Used for passive constructions with undetermined agent (translated by "one").
    De mi casa se vide le mar. ― From my house the sea is seen. (Literally, “...the sea sees itself.”)
* Hence, used for expressions of the type "to get/become ...-ed".
    espaventar — “to frighten”; espaventar se = "to get frightened" (lit., "to frighten oneself")

#### Usage notes

* (reflexive, reciprocal, oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other, one another): Many verbs bear a reflexive pronoun by default. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc., according to the subject.
    infiltrar se — “to infiltrate”
    repentir se — “to repent”

## Istriot
### Etymology

From Latin sī.

### Conjunction

se
* if
** 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:Biela, se ti vedissi li galiereBeautiful one, if you saw the galleys

## Italian
### Etymology 1

From Latin sī (“if”) or from Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī and quid ("what").

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/$^{**}$
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

#### Conjunction

se
* if
    Se non è vero, è ben trovato.If it is not true, it is a good story.
* whether
* if only

##### Derived terms

* se non
* se non che

### Etymology 2

From Latin sē.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/$^°$
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

#### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of si

##### Usage notes

* Used when followed by a third-person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).

##### See also

| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
| Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | mi, m', -mi | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | — |
| Singular | second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | ti, t', -ti | ti, t', -ti | te | te | — | — |
| Singular | third | m | lui | si$^2$, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se$^2$ | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Singular | third | f | lei, Lei$^1$ | si$^2$, s', -si | la, La$^1$, l', L'$^1$, -la, -La$^1$ | le$^3$, Le$^1$, -le$^3$, -Le$^1$ | glie, se$^2$ | lei, Lei$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ci, c', -ci | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | — |
| Plural | second | — | voi, Voi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | vi, Vi$^4$, v', V'$^4$, -vi, -Vi$^4$ | ve | voi, Voi$^4$ | — | — |
| Plural | third | m | loro, Loro$^1$ | si, s', -si | li, Li$^1$, -li, -Li$^1$ | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro$^1$ | glie, se | loro, Loro$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| Plural | third | f | loro, Loro$^1$ | si, s', -si | le, Le$^1$, -le, -Le$^1$ | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro$^1$ | glie, se | loro, Loro$^1$, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' |
| $^1$ | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. |
| $^2$ | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. |
| $^3$ | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. |
| $^4$ | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |

### Etymology 3

From Latin sīc.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/$^*$
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

#### Adverb

se
* (archaic) Alternative form of così

#### Conjunction

se
* (archaic) Alternative form of così: if (only); even if
    se Dio ti lasci, lettor, prender frutto / di tua lezione ― even if God leaves you, reader, take fruit of your lesson (Dante)

##### Usage notes

* Used to express a conditional with the implicit hope on the part of the speaker that something does or does not happen. Always followed by the subjunctive.

### References

* ↑ Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951
* ↑ se$^2$ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Further reading

* se in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

## Jamaican Creole
### Etymology

Derived from English say.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

### Verb

se
* to say, to tell
** 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Matyu 3:7:Bot wen im si uol iip a piipl fram di Farisii an Sadyusii gruup a kom fi im baptaiz dem, im se tu dem se, “Unu siniek pikni unu! A uu waan unu fi ron we fram di jojment we a kom?But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, "You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?

### Pronoun

se
* (relative) that (which, who; representing a subject, direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition)
** 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Matyu 2:22:Bot wen im ier se a Erad pikni, Arkelos, tek uova an did a ruul Judiya, im kech im fried an neehn waahn go de-so. An kaa Gad did waan im aaf iina wan jriim, im lef go Gyalalii insted.But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there, and being warned in a dream he withdrew to the district of Galilee.(literally, “But when he heard that Herod's child Archelaus took over and was ruling Judea […])”)

### Further reading

* se at majstro.com

## Japanese
### Romanization

se
* The hiragana syllable せ (se) or the katakana syllable セ (se) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kalasha
### Etymology

From Sanskrit स (sa), सा (sā), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

### Pronoun

se
* he/she/it (absent from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)

#### Coordinate terms

* áya

### See also
## Karelian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsʲe/
* Hyphenation: se

### Determiner

se
* (South Karelian) Alternative form of še

### Pronoun

se
* (South Karelian) Alternative form of še

### References

* A. V. Punzhina (1994) “se”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN

## Kven
### Etymology

From Finnish se, from Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈse/

### Determiner

se
* this, that

### Pronoun

se
* this, that
* he, she, it

#### Declension

Declension of se
singular
plural
nominative
se
net
genitive
sen
niitten, niinen
partitive
sitä
niitä
illative
siihen
niihin
inessive
siinä
niissä
elative
siitä, siittä
niistä
allative
sille, sillet
niile, niilet
adessive
sillä
niilä
ablative
siltä
niiltä
translative
sinä
niinä
essive
siksi
niiksi :

#### Synonyms

* (he, she): hän

#### See also
### References

* Eira Söderholm (2017) Kvensk grammatikk, Tromsø: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, →ISBN, page 278

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Latin sē.

### Pronoun

se
* (indefinite) one, you, we, they, people. Note: often translated using the passive voice in English.
* (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves; (reciprocal) each other, one another. Note: With some verbs, si is not translated in English.

## Ladino
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Spanish se (“oneself”), from Latin sē.

#### Pronoun

se m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling סי, third person)
* third person reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, herself, himself, itself; each other; one another
* used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person
** 2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they put him on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.

##### Usage notes

* (third person reflexive): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

### Etymology 2

From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).

#### Pronoun

se m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling סי, third person)
* used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las

### References

* 1 2 “se”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* sēsē (emphatic, especially in reference to a preceding ipse, or at the beginning or the end of a clause)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈseː/, [ˈs̠eː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈse/, [ˈsɛː]

### Pronoun

sē (accusative and ablative, no nominative)
* (reflexive pronoun) the accusative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
    Vōcālis est littera quae per sē syllabam facere potest. ― A vowel is a letter that can form a syllable by itself.
    Quīntus quōmodo sē habet hodiē? ― How's Quintus doing today? (literally, “is holding himself”)
    In mare sē praecipitāvit. ― He drowned himself in the ocean.
* (reflexive pronoun) the ablative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun

#### Derived terms

* inter sē
* per sē
* sēcum

#### Descendants

* Aromanian: se
* Catalan: es, se
* Dalmatian: se
* Franco-Provençal: sè
* French: se, soi
* Galician: se
* Italian: sé, si, -si
* Ladin: se
* Occitan: se
* Portuguese: se
* Romanian: se, sine
* Sicilian: si
* Spanish: se

### See also
## Ligurian
### Etymology

From Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī (“if”) + quid (“what”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

### Conjunction

se
* if

## Livonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

### Pronoun

se
* that
* he

#### Declension
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɛ]

### Pronoun

se
* myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
* each other, one another
* used to form passives

#### Derived terms

* se wě

### References

* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “se”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zə/

### Pronoun

se
* unstressed form of si

#### Declension

See Template:lb-decl-personal pronouns for declension.

## Malay
### Alternative forms

* esa
* ĕsă
* sĕ (sĕ-)
* sa (sa-)
* să (să-)
* اسا
* س (س-)

### Etymology

Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/
* Rhymes: -sə, -ə

### Numeral

se (Jawi spelling س)
* one

#### Synonyms

* satu / ساتو
* tunggal / توڠݢل
* eka (eka-) / ايک (ايک-)
* ahad / احد

#### Derived terms

* se- / س-

## Maltese
### Alternative forms

* ser

### Etymology

Sometimes thought to have been inherited from Arabic سَ (sa), from سَوْفَ (sawfa). However, it is more likely that the similarity is entirely coincidental and that Maltese se(r) is merely a shortened form of sejjer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/

### Particle

se
* Indicates a future tense.

## Mandarin
### Romanization

se
* Nonstandard spelling of sè.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle Dutch
### Pronoun

se
* accusative of si (“they”)

## Middle English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛː/, /seː/

### Etymology 1

From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.

#### Adverb

se
* so

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

se
* Alternative form of see (“sea”)

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

se
* Alternative form of see (“see”)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of sche

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French se, from Latin sē.

### Pronoun

se
* The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct object pronoun.
** himself
** herself
** oneself
** itself
** themselves
** each other
* The third-person reflexive and reciprocal indirect object pronoun.
** to himself
** to herself
** to oneself
** to itself
** to themselves
** to each other
    ils se donnerent bataille ― they gave each other battle (they gave battle to each other)

#### Usage notes

* Whether to translate as himself, herself, oneself, itself, themselves or each other depends on the gender (male, female or none) and number (singular or plural).
* Usually becomes s' before a vowel. In older manuscripts, it becomes s- with no apostrophe.

#### Descendants

* French: se

## Middle Low German
### Alternative forms

* su, sia

### Etymology

Variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

### Pronunciation

* Stem vowel: ê⁴
** (originally) IPA: /seː/

### Pronoun

sê
* (third person singular female nominative) she
* her (accusative of sê)
* (third person plural nominative) they
* them (accusative of sê)

#### Declension

See Template:gml-perpron for declension.

#### Descendants

* Dutch Low Saxon: zee
* German Low German: se
* Plautdietsch: see

## Mpade
### Etymology

From Proto-Central Chadic *sa, from Proto-Chadic *sa. Cognate with Matal sa (“to drink”).

### Verb

se
* to drink

### References

* S. Allison, Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon (SIL)
* R.C. Gravina, The Phonology of Proto-Central Chadic

## Neapolitan
### Etymology

From Latin sē.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/
* Rhymes: -e

### Pronoun

se
* reflexive third person pronoun: oneself, himself, itself, herself, themselves etc.

### References

* AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 80: “si chiama” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

## Nheengatu
### Etymology

From Old Tupi xe. Cognate with Guaraní che.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [se]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.
* Hyphenation: se
* Rhymes: -e

### Pronoun

se
* (second-class) first-person singular personal pronoun (I, me, my)
    Se akanhemu aikú nhaãsé se kirá aikú.I am scared because I am fat.
    Aé uputari upitá se irũmu.He wants to stay with me.
    Se manha uwiké uka pisasú upé.My mother enters the new house.

#### Usage notes

* As a second-class pronoun, se is used as the subject of a sentence when its verb is a second-class one (those verbs are sometimes referred to as adjectives). The personal pronoun se is also used when governed by any postposition with the exception of arama and supé. Finally, se is used as a possessive pronoun as well.

### See also

Nheengatu personal pronouns :
| singular | first-class pronoun | second-class pronoun |
| first-person | ixé | se |
| second-person | indé | ne |
| third-person | aé | i |
| plural | first-class pronoun | second-class pronoun |
| first-person | yandé | yané |
| second-person | penhẽ | pe |
| third-person | aintá (or tá) | aintá (or tá) |

### References

* AVILA, Marcel Twardowsky (2021) Proposta de dicionário nheengatu–português, page 688
* NAVARRO, Eduardo de Almeida (2016) Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno): a língua das origens da civilização amazônica, 2nd edition, →ISBN, pages 11 and 108

## North Frisian
### Alternative forms

* sä (Föhr-Amrum)
* siinj (Mooring)

### Etymology

From Old Frisian siā, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.

### Pronunciation

* (Sylt) IPA: [sɛ]

### Verb

se
* (Sylt) to see

#### Conjugation
## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

An early loan from Middle Persian [script needed] (sg /⁠sag⁠/), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ. Akin to native sipe.

### Noun

| Central Kurdish | سەگ (seg) |
se m
* dog

#### Synonyms

* kûçik

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Danish se, from Old Norse sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seː/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eː
* Hyphenation: se
* Homophones: C, c

### Verb

se (imperative se, present tense ser, passive ses or sees, simple past så, past participle sett, present participle seende)
* to see (perceive with the eyes).

#### Derived terms

* anse
* etterse
* forutse
* innse
* overse
* påse
* seer
* usett
* utseende

### References

* “se” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Old English
### Alternative forms

* þē — late nom. masc. sg. form
* þē — Mercian
* sæ, ðē, ðæ — Northumbrian

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seː/

### Article

sē
* the
    sē mōna ― the moon
    sēo sunne ― the sun
    þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades
    þā steorran ― the stars

### Determiner

sē
* that
    Sele mē þone hamor.Give me that hammer.

### Pronoun

sē
* that
    Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.He went home, and after that I never saw him again.
* the one / that one
    Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.She's not the one you need to convince.
    Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?Are you reading this book right now or that one?
    Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?
* (relative) that, who, what, which
** late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
    Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.
    Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.Not everything that glitters is gold.

#### Usage notes

* The word "the" was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for "the" (sē previously only meant "that"), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word "the" include:
** Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
** All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
** A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant "the Earth."
** "the world," whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ eom æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
** A couple of abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I'm telling you the truth, I swear”).
** Dryhten (“the Lord”).
** morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
** The four seasons, lencten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it's warm and in the winter it's cold”).
** forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
** forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
** þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
** Genitive phrases could include the word "the" before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun ("John's car," not "the car of John"). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome's fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire's god.”

#### Declension
### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.

### Descendants

* Middle English: se, ze, sæ

## Old French
### Etymology 1

From Latin sē.

#### Alternative forms

* sei
* soi

#### Pronoun

se m or f (invariable)
* himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
* herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
* itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
* oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
* themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)

##### Descendants

* French: se

### Etymology 2

From Latin si.

#### Conjunction

se
* if
* then (afterwards; following)

##### Descendants

* French: si

## Old Frisian
### Pronoun

se
* she
* they

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sʲe]

### Determiner

se
* Alternative form of so used after palatalized consonants and front vowels

## Old Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /sɛ/
* IPA: (15th CE) /sɛ/

### Preposition

se
* Alternative form of z

## Old Saxon
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *sa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛː/

### Article

sē m (demonstrative)
* definite article: the
    sē māno ― the moon
* demonstrative adjective: that, those
    Hē gaf thē gift. ― He gave that gift.

#### Declension
## Old Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin sē.

### Pronoun

se
* third person reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, herself, himself or itself; each other; one another
** c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.
* Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person.
** c. 1132, Cartularios de Valpuesta‎, doc 162:[…] et abet se adimplir del poço de sancto Dominico per foro […]And it is to be fulfilled from the well of Saint Dominic by charter.

#### Usage notes

* (third person reflexive): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

#### Descendants

* Ladino: se, סי
* Spanish: se

### References

* Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946) “se”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume II, Chapel Hill, page 459

## Old Swedish
### Verb

se
* first-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
* second-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
* third-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
* third-person plural singular present active subjunctive of vara

## Ometepec Nahuatl
### Adjective

se
* one.

## Pennsylvania German
### Etymology

Compare German sie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sə/

### Pronoun

se
* she, her

#### Declension

$^1$ unstressed

## Phalura
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

#### Determiner

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
* the
* that (agr: rem fem / rem non-nom masc)

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

#### Determiner

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
* the
* those (agr: rem)

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

#### Pronoun

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
* it
* she (rem fem nom)

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

#### Pronoun

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
* they (rem nom)

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Pilagá
### Pronoun

se
* I
    se-take ― I want

### References

* 2001, Alejandra Vidal, quoted in Subordination in Native South-American Languages

## Pipil
### Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sɨmayV. Compare Classical Nahuatl ce (“one”). Cognate with Hopi suukya' (“one”), Shoshone seme' (“one”), Cahuilla súplli (“one”), and O'odham hema (“one”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈseː/

### Numeral

sē
* one
    Nikneki semaya seI want only one

### Article

sē
* a, indefinite article
    Tikitat se tekulut tik ne kwajkwawitWe saw an owl in the trees

### Pronoun

sē
* someone, something, indefinite pronoun
    Walajsik se ina ka metzishmatiSomeone came who said she/he knows you
    Se anmejemet nemi pal yawi pal kikua ne takwalOne of you has to go to buy the food
    Ne nunan nechmakak se anmupalMy mom gave me something for you all

## Polish
### Etymology

Clipping of sobie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɛ/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Podegrodzie) IPA: /ˈsɛ/
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈsɛ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Syllabification: se

### Pronoun

se
* (colloquial, sometimes proscribed or dialectal, Przemyśl, Podegrodzie) (dative, weak form) oneself, myself, yourself, itself, etc.
    Synonym: sobie
    Daj se z tym spokój.Give it a break.

### Further reading

* se in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Saloni (1899) “se”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors, Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny (in Polish), volume 13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page 244
* Karol Mátyás (1891) “se”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 329

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /si/
* (Brazil) IPA: /si/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /se/
* (Portugal) IPA: /sɨ/
* Homophones: si (Brazil), cê (South Brazil)
* Hyphenation: se

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese sse, se, from Latin sē.

#### Pronoun

se m or f by sense
* third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself; herself; itself; themselves
    Ela se viu no espelho.She saw herself in the mirror.
* (nonstandard, colloquial, Brazil, highly proscribed) first-person singular reflexive pronoun; myself
    Synonym: (standard) me
    Eu acordei e se vesti.I woke up and dressed myself.
* third-person singular and plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another
    Quando eles se conheceram?When did they meet (each other)?
* (colloquial, nonstandard, Brazil, Alentejo) first-person plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another
    Synonym: (standard) nos
    Nós se beijámos.We kissed each other.
* second-person singular and plural reflexive and reciprocal pronoun, when used with second-person pronouns other than tu and vós; yourself; yourselves
    E você se diz um professor!And you call yourself a teacher!
* impersonal pronominal verb; oneself
    Vive-se bem em Belém.One lives well in Belém.(literally, “Lives oneself well in Belém”)
* a particle that passivizes the verb without specifying its agent
    Sempre se usavam roupas elegantes nessas reuniões.Elegant clothes were always worn in these meetings.
** 1890, Aluísio Azevedo, O Cortiço, Rio de Janeiro: B. L. Garnier: Começavam a fazer compras na venda; ensarilhavam-se discussões e resingas; ouviam-se gargalhadas e pragas; já se não falava, gritava-se.
* accessory, when it is used to embellish the verb without its omission impairing the understanding or changing the meaning
    "Vão-se os reis, mas as nações ficam."Kings go, but nations remain.
* particle of spontaneity, when it indicates that there was spontaneity in the action by its agent
    Ele morreu-se.He died.

##### Usage notes

* When the verb precedes se, a hyphen must be used. In Portugal post-verb se is more common, while in Brazil it usually precedes the verb.
* (reflexive and reciprocal): Many verb senses take a reflexive pronoun by default; they are called pronominal verbs. se must be replaced by me, te, etc. according to the subject.
    comunicar-se (com) ― to communicate (with)
    arrepender-se ― to repent
* Many ergative English verbs are translated by a bare verb for transitive usage and a pronominal one for intransitive:
    O professor acalmou os alunos.The teacher calmed the students down.
    O professor acalmou-se.The teacher calmed down.
* (impersonal pronominal verb, passivizing particle): se may also have a modal sense (e.g. advice, duty, or prohibition):
    É assim que se lida com um cliente chato.This is how an annoying customer should be dealt with.
    2015, Atchim e Espirro (lyrics and music), “Não Atire o Pau no Gato [Don't Throw the Stick at the Cat]”, in Luccas Fantinato Trevisani (lyrics), Cantigas de Roda [Nursery Rhymes]‎:Não atire o pau no ga-to-to / Porque is-so-so não se faz, faz, fazDon't throw the stick at the cat, cat, cat / Because that must, must not be done, done, done

##### See also

See Template:Portuguese personal pronouns for further pronouns.

### Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese se, from Latin sī (“if”).

#### Alternative forms

* si (obsolete)

#### Conjunction

se
* if (introduces a condition that may be (or prove to be) either true or false)
    Se for sair, leve um guarda-chuva.If you go out, take an umbrella.
    Só começaremos se nos pagarem.We will only begin if they pay us.
    Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que
    Antonyms: caso contrário, senão
** 2009, Maria Gadú (lyrics and music), “Altar particular”:Tu me devolva o que tirou daqui / Que o meu peito se abre e desata os nós / Se enfim, você um dia resolver mudar / Tirar meu pobre coração do altarGive me back what you took from here / 'Cause my chest will open and untie the knots / If you finally decide to change / Take my poor heart from the altar
** 2007, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte, Rocco, page 317:Desculpe, acho que dá mais medo se for meia-noite!I'm sorry, I thought it would be more fearsome if it were midnight!
* if (introduces a condition that is counterfactual or hypothetical)
    Se ela não tivesse me falado, não ia saber.If she hadn't told me, I wouldn't know.
    Se eu fosse você, não iria ali sozinha.If I were you, I wouldn't go there alone.
    Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que
    Antonyms: caso contrário, senão
* if (introduces a condition that is known to be true)
    Se você tem carro, por que ir a pé?If you have a car, why go on foot?
    O ralo está entupido — e, se o ralo está entupido, a água não flui.The drain's blocked — and if the drain's blocked, the water won't flow.
    Synonyms: porque, porquanto, já que, visto que, uma vez que, como
* if (introduces a relevance conditional)
    Tenho sobras de bolo se você quiser.I have leftover cake if you want some.
    Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que
    Antonyms: caso contrário, senão
* if (when; whenever; every time that)
    Se ele fala, irrita a todos.If he speaks, he annoys everyone.
    Se chove, cai um toró.If it rains, it pours.
    Synonyms: quando, assim que, sempre que, logo que, mal, desde que
* if, whether (used to introduce a noun clause, an indirect question, that functions as the direct object of certain verbs)
    Não sei se ela vem.I don't know if she will come.
    Pergunto-lhe se já tem uma solução para o caso.I ask you whether you already have a solution for the case.

##### Usage notes

* Specifically a subordinating conjunction like English if.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

se
* (Brazil, text messaging) Nonstandard spelling of cê (“you”).
    Synonym: c
    se sabe oq aconteceu??do u know what happened?

## Romagnol
### Alternative forms

* s' (Apocopic)

### Conjunction

se
* if

## Romanian
### Etymology

From Latin sē.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/
* Rhymes: -e

### Pronoun

se
* (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

#### Related terms

* sine

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) si
* (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) sen
* (Puter, Vallader) sü

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Adverb

se
* (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) up, upward, upwards

## Rwanda-Rundi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *cé.

### Noun

sé class 1a (plural bāsé class 2a)
* his/her father
* his/her paternal uncle

## Samoan
### Article

se
* a (singular indefinite article)

#### See also

* le

## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

#### Pronoun

se (Cyrillic spelling се)
* oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun)
** myself
** ourselves
** thyself (archaic)
** yourself, yourselves
** himself, herself, itself
** themselves
* (by extension, impersonal) Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person where the impersonal subject does the verb unto itself
    Kako se zoveš? ― What's your name? (literally, “What do you call yourself?”)
    Kako se to kaže na španjolskom? ― How is that said in Spanish? / How do you say that in Spanish? (literally, “How does it say itself in Spanish?”)
    Ovdje se govori španjolski ― Spanish is spoken here (literally, “Spanish speaks itself here.”)
    Svjetska prvenstva se igraju ljeti. ― World Cups are played during the summer. (literally, “World Cups play themselves during the summer.”)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *sь.

#### Particle

se (Cyrillic spelling се)
* (obsolete) this is; here is
** 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet, (Please provide the book title or journal name):се лежи вигань милошевиꙉьHere lies Viganj Milošević

## Sicilian
### Alternative forms

* sì
* se', sè (non-orthographic)

### Etymology

From Latin sīc. In the “yes” sense, from sīc (est). Doublet of sì.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɛ/ (stressed)
* IPA: /si/ (unstressed)
* Hyphenation: sè

### Adverb

se
* yes
    Antonyms: no, noni, nonzi, ntz

#### Derived terms

* se e no
* unu se e l'autru macari
* unu se e unu no

#### Related terms

* accussini
* accussì
* accuḍḍini
* accuḍḍì
* d'accussì

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/

### Pronoun

se
* oneself: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
* ourselves, yourselves, themselves
* Dummy pronoun to make a verb intransitive, reflexive, or for reflexive voice.

#### Inflection
### See also

* jaz
* ti
* on
* ona
* ono

### Further reading

* “se”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
* “se”, in Termania, Amebis
* See also the general references

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /se/ [se]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -e
* Syllabification: se
* Homophones: sé, (Latin America) ce

### Etymology 1

From Latin sē.

#### Pronoun

se m or f by sense (third person, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)
* third person (also used for usted and ustedes) reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, himself, herself, itself, yourself; each other; one another
    Juan se lava. ― Juan washes himself.
    Juan se lava la cara. ― Juan washes his own face. (literally, “Juan, to himself, washes the face.”)
    Juan y María se aman. ― Juan and María love each other.
* used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person and with usted and ustedes
    ¿Cómo se llama? ― What is your name? (literally, “How do you call yourself?”)
    Se dice que... ― It is said that... (literally, “It says itself that...”)
    Aquí se habla español ― Spanish is spoken here / They speak Spanish here. (literally, “One speaks Spanish here, Spanish speaks itself here.”)

##### Usage notes

* (third person reflexive, also used for ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

### Etymology 2

From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).

#### Alternative forms

* ge (archaic)

#### Pronoun

se m or f by sense (third person, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)
* used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las
    El samaritano se las dio. ― The Samaritan gave them to him.

#### See also

See Appendix:Spanish pronouns for an overview of Spanish pronouns and Template:es-personal pronouns for a pronoun table.

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

se (main verb saber)
* Misspelling of sé.

### Further reading

* “se”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sranan Tongo
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch zee.

### Noun

se
* sea

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish sēa, sē, sīa, from Old Norse séa, sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną. Final -g of the past tense form added under influence of the Old Swedish plural form sāgho.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /seː/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: C, c
* Rhymes: -eː

### Verb

se (present ser, preterite såg, supine sett, imperative se)
* to see (not be blind)
    Han sa att han var blind, men han kan seHe said he was blind, but he can see
* to look
    Synonyms: titta, kolla, stirra, glo
    Han såg på igelkottenHe looked at the hedgehog
** 1888, August Strindberg, Fröken Julie‎:Tvärtom, fröken Julie, som ni ser har jag skyndat uppsöka min övergivna!Quite the opposite, miss Julie, as you can see I have rushed to find my abandoned one!
** 1915, John Wahlborg, Stjärnbanér i blågult‎:Vad jag sett och hört och känt har helt enkelt överväldigat mig.What I have seen and heard and felt has quite simply overwhelmed me.
* to see; to understand
    Synonyms: förstå, fatta, begripa
    Jag ser inte hur det skulle kunna vara möjligt. ― I don't see how that could be possible.
* to see, to visualize; to form a mental picture of

#### Usage notes

"Jag ser" for "I see" as in "I understand" does not work in (sense 3). See the synonyms instead.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Archaic. $^2$ Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

#### Hypernyms

* förnimma

#### Derived terms

* avse
* bortse
* frånse
* inse
* se an / se något an
* se efter
* se i syne
* se på
* se ut
* se till
* tillse
* återse
* överse

#### Related terms

* höra
* lukta
* smaka
* känna

#### See also

* syn
* sikt

### References

* se in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* se in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* se in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* -es

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈse/ [ˈsɛ]
* Rhymes: -e
* Syllabification: se

### Etymology 1

See ce.

#### Noun

se (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ) (historical)
* Alternative form of ce

### Etymology 2

See che.

#### Noun

se (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ) (historical)
* Alternative form of che

### Anagrams

* es

## Talysh
### Etymology

Cognate with Persian سه (seh).

### Numeral

se
* three

## Tarantino
### Pronoun

se (impersonal, reflexive)
* it
* one

## Ternate
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈse]

#### Preposition

se (Jawi سي)
* human oblique preposition
** to
** at, in
** on
** from

##### Usage notes

Se is only used when the referent is human. For non-human referents, toma is used instead.

##### Alternative forms

* si

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈse]

#### Preposition

se (Jawi سي)
* associative preposition: with
    ngori totagi butu se ngori rinongoru ― I go to the market with my younger sibling
* instrumental preposition: with, by, using
    tabu se usipera ― fire the gun (literally, “to shoot with the gun”)

##### Usage notes

Generally, when se takes a human referent, it is associative, and when se takes a non-human referent, it is instrumental, although exceptions do exist.

##### Alternative forms

* si

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈse]

#### Conjunction

se (Jawi سي)
* and
    tohida riyaya se ribaba ― I see my mother and my father
* forms compound numbers
    bobato nyagimoi se tofkange ― the (council of) eighteen bobatos (literally, “the ten and eight bobatos”)

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tocharian A
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian B soy, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús).

### Noun

se m
* son

#### See also

* ckācar
* pācar
* mācar
* pracar
* ṣar

## Tocharian B
### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of kᵤse (“who, which”) (colloquial)

## Turkish
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

se
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

se
* Letter of the Arabic alphabet: ث

## Tuvaluan
### Article

se (indefinite article)
* a, an

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

### Pronoun

se
* it

#### Inflection

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

### Determiner

se
* that (far)

#### Inflection

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

#### Derived terms

* -se

### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “та, то, тот”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [sɛ˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʂɛ˧˧] ~ [sɛ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʂɛ˧˧] ~ [sɛ˧˧]

### Verb

se
* to be almost dry
* to be wrung with pain

### References

* “se”, in Soha Tra Từ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Vietnam Communications Corporation. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license.

## Volapük
### Preposition

se
* out of

## Volscian
### Etymology 1

Perhaps an accusative form of *sim (“pig”), from Proto-Italic *sūs, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-. If this is true, the term would be a cognate with Latin sūs and Umbrian sim. This interpretation has been criticized for being phonologically improbable as the letter "e" may not have been likely to represent the sound "/iː/."

#### Noun

se (accusative)
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: pig

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Latin sum, in particular Latin siet. This interpretation has been criticized for being phonologically improbable as the letter "e" may not have been likely to represent the sound "/iː/."

#### Verb

se (3rd person singular subjunctive)
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: to be

### Etymology 3

Fron Proto-Italic *sei. Cognate with Latin sī or Latin sīc.

#### Conjunction

se
* The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: if, thus

##### Alternative forms

* *sei

### References

* 2022, Blanca María Prósper, “The Tabula Veliterna: a sacred law from Central Italy”, in Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e dialettologia‎, number XXIV (quotation in English; overall work in English), pages 10-11:

## Votic
### Pronunciation

* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: /ˈse/, [ˈse]
* Rhymes: -e
* Hyphenation: se

### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of see

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɛ/

### Verb

se (not mutable)
* Contraction of basai.

## West Frisian
### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of sy (“she”)

### Pronoun

se
* Alternative form of sy (“they”)

## Wutunhua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sʰə]

### Etymology 1

From Mandarin 四 (sì).

#### Numeral

se
* four

### Etymology 2

From Mandarin 死 (sǐ).

#### Verb

se
* to die
    rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.(Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 114)

### References

* Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
* Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *sì, compare with Igala hì, Igbo si

#### Alternative forms

* hè (Ìkálẹ̀)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sè/

#### Verb

sè
* (transitive) to cook
    Ó se ọbẹ̀ ilá. ― He cooked okra soup.
* (transitive) to boil
    Mi ò mọ ẹyin ín sè. ― I don't know how to boil eggs.

##### Usage notes

* When to cook is intransitive use dáná.
* (to boil): When referring to leafy vegetables or meat use bọ̀, when referring to water use hó.

##### Synonyms

Yoruba Varieties and Languages - sè (“to cook, boil”) :
| view map; ||||||
| Language Family | Variety Group | Variety/Language | Subdialect | Location | Words |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Eastern Àkókó | Ọ̀bà | Ọ̀bà Àkókó | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè) | Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè) | Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè) | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Ìjẹ̀bú | Ìjẹ̀bú Òde | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Ìjẹ̀bú | Àgọ́ Ìwòyè | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Ìjẹ̀bú | Ìjẹ̀bú Igbó | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Rẹ́mọ | Ẹ̀pẹ́ | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Rẹ́mọ | Ìkẹ́nnẹ́ | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Rẹ́mọ | Ìkòròdú | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Rẹ́mọ | Òde Rẹ́mọ | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀bú | Rẹ́mọ | Ṣágámù | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ifọ́n | Ifọ́n | Ifọ́n | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀) | Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀) | Òkìtìpupa | hè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Mahin | hè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Òde Ùgbò | hè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ) | Òde Etíkàn | hè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Oǹdó | Oǹdó | Oǹdó | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Ọ̀wọ̀ (Ọ̀ghọ̀) | Ọ̀wọ̀ (Ọ̀ghọ̀) | Ọ̀wọ̀ (Ọ̀ghọ̀) | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Southeast Yoruba | Usẹn | Usẹn | Usẹn | hè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Ìtsẹkírì | Ìtsẹkírì | Ìtsẹkírì | Ìwẹrẹ | sè |
| Proto-Itsekiri-SEY | Olùkùmi | Olùkùmi | Olùkùmi | Ugbódù | fẹ́unzẹ́ |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Èkìtì | Àdó Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Èkìtì | Òdè Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Èkìtì | Òmùò Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Èkìtì | Awó Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Èkìtì | Ìfàkì Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Àkúrẹ́ | Àkúrẹ́ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Èkìtì | Mọ̀bà | Ọ̀tùn Èkìtì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀) | Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀) | Ilé Ifẹ̀ (Ulé Ufẹ̀) | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà) | Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà) | Iléṣà (Uléṣà) | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Òkè Igbó | Òkè Igbó | Òkè Igbó | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Central Yoruba | Western Àkókó | Western Àkókó | Ọ̀gbàgì Àkókó | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Àwórì | Àwórì | Èbúté Mẹ́tà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Àwórì | Àwórì | Ìgbẹsà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Àwórì | Àwórì | Ọ̀tà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Àwórì | Àwórì | Agége | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Àwórì | Àwórì | Ìlogbò Erémi | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbá | Ẹ̀gbá | Abẹ́òkúta | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ayétòrò | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ẹ̀gbádò | Igbógila | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ìjàká | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ìlaròó | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ẹ̀gbádò | Ìṣàwọ́njọ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Èkó | Èkó | Èkó | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìbàdàn | Ìbàdàn | Ìbàdàn | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìbàràpá | Ìbàràpá | Igbó Òrà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìbàràpá | Ìbàràpá | Èrúwà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìbọ̀lọ́ | Ìbọ̀lọ́ | Òṣogbo (Òsogbo) | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìbọ̀lọ́ | Ìbọ̀lọ́ | Ọ̀fà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìgbómìnà | Ìgbómìnà | Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìgbómìnà | Ìgbómìnà | Ìfẹ́lódùn LGA | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìgbómìnà | Ìgbómìnà | Ìrẹ́pọ̀dùn LGA | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìgbómìnà | Ìgbómìnà | Ìsin LGA | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ìlọrin | Ìlọrin | Ìlọrin | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Òtù | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Ìwéré Ilé | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Òkèhò | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Ìsẹ́yìn | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Ṣakí | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Tedé | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Oǹkó | Oǹkó | Ìgbẹ́tì | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ọ̀yọ́ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ (Ògbómọ̀sọ́) | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ìkirè | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ọ̀yọ́ | Ìwó | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Standard Yorùbá | Standard Yorùbá | Nàìjíríà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northwest Yoruba | Standard Yorùbá | Standard Yorùbá | Bɛ̀nɛ̀ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Gbẹ̀dẹ̀ | Gbẹ̀dẹ̀ | Ìyá Gbẹ̀dẹ̀ | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Ìbùnú | Ìbùnú | Bùnú | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Ìjùmú | Ìjùmú | Ìjùmú | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Ìkìrì | Ìkìrì | Akutupa Kiri | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Ìyàgbà | Ìyàgbà | Ìsánlú Ìtẹ̀dó | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Owé | Owé | Kabba | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Northeast Yoruba/Okun | Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀ | Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀ | Lọ́kọ́ja | hè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè | Ìkpòbɛ́ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè | Ọ̀húnbẹ́ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè | Onigbolo | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Kétu/Ànàgó | Ìlárá | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Kétu/Ànàgó | Ìdọ̀fà | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Kétu/Ànàgó | Ìmẹ̀kọ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Kétu/Ànàgó | Ìwòyè Kétu | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè | Kétu/Ànàgó | Kétu | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ifɛ̀ | Ifɛ̀ | Akpáré | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ifɛ̀ | Ifɛ̀ | Atakpamɛ | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ifɛ̀ | Ifɛ̀ | Est-Mono | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Ifɛ̀ | Ifɛ̀ | Tchetti (Tsɛti, Cɛti) | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Southern Nago | Southern Nago | Ìsakété | sè |
| Proto-Yoruba | Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba | Southern Nago | Southern Nago | Ìfànyìn | sè |
| Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo. ||||||

##### Derived terms

* oúnjẹ sísè (“cooking”)
* sísè (“cooked, cooking”)
* àsè (“banquet”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sé/

#### Verb

sé
* (transitive) to block; to shut
    Wọ́n sé fèrèsé náà. ― They blocked that window.
* (transitive) to miss
    Òkúta tí ó jù sé ihò. ― The rock she threw missed the hole.

##### Derived terms

* sé léèémí (“to strangle, to choke”)
* sé mọ́lé (“to quarantine”)
* ìsédò (“dam”)
* ìséjúlé (“deep defending”)

## Zazaki
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɛ]

### Etymology 1

From Turkish -se (“if”).

#### Conjunction

se
* if

##### Derived terms

* benose

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Iranian *číš (“what”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what, which, that”).

#### Adverb

se
* what
* how

### Etymology 3
#### Numeral

se
* Alternative form of sed