# 絆

| 絆 | U+7D46, &#32070; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D46 |
| ← 絅 [U+7D45] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 絇 → [U+7D47] |

## Translingual
### Han character

絆 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 女火火手 (VFFQ), four-corner 2995$_0$, composition ⿰糹半)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 921, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27376
* Dae Jaweon: page 1354, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3386, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7D46

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 半 | *paːns |
| 絆 | *paːns |
| 靽 | *paːns |
| 姅 | *paːns, *pʰaːns |
| 拌 | *pʰaːn, *baːnʔ |
| 拚 | *pʰaːn, *brons, *pʰaːn, *puns |
| 坢 | *pʰaːnʔ |
| 判 | *pʰaːns |
| 泮 | *pʰaːns |
| 頖 | *pʰaːns |
| 胖 | *pʰaːns |
| 冸 | *pʰaːns |
| 牉 | *pʰaːns |
| 柈 | *baːn |
| 伴 | *baːnʔ, *baːns |
| 叛 | *baːns |
| 畔 | *baːns |
| 袢 | *ban |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *paːns): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bàn (ban$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pan$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bun$^6$ / bun$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pan
* Eastern Min (BUC): buáng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): poàn / pòaⁿ / pǒaⁿ / poān / pōaⁿ
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$boe / $^5$pe; $^5$boe / $^6$buon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ban$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bàn
*** Wade–Giles: pan$^4$
*** Yale: bàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bann
*** Palladius: бань (banʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pän⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: pan$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: pan
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰan²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bun$^6$ / bun$^3$
*** Yale: buhn / bun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bun$^6$ / bun$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bun$^6$ / bun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /puːn²²/, /puːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pan
*** Hakka Romanization System: ban
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ban$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pan⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: buáng
*** Sinological IPA : /puɑŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poàn
*** Tâi-lô: puàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poaxn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /puan²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pòaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: puànn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvoax
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /puã¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /puã²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pǒaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: puǎnn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puã²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poān
*** Tâi-lô: puān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poan
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puan⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pōaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: puānn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvoa
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /puã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /puã²²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$boe
*** MiniDict: boe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$boe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /bø²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$pe; $^5$boe
*** MiniDict: pe$^去$; boe$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /pe⁵²³/, /bø⁵²³/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$buon
*** MiniDict: buon$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /buõ¹¹³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ban$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pan⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: panH
Rime :
| Character | 絆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 博慢切 |
| Baxter | panH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /puɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /puɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pwan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /puɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /puɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /puɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*paːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 絆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 244 |
| Phonetic component | 半 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 半 |
| Old Chinese | /*paːns/ |

### Definitions

絆
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) fetter; shackle
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to fetter; to shackle
* to trip; to stumble
    絆手絆腳／绊手绊脚 ― bànshǒubànjiǎo ― to be in the way; to be a hindrance
       Tā bèi shùgēn bàn le yīxià. [Pinyin]
       He stumbled over the root of a tree.
       Chàdiǎnr bàn le wǒ yī jiāo. [Pinyin]
       I tripped and almost fell.
* to hinder; to restrain
       Bié ràng rìcháng shìwù bǎ nǐ bànzhù le. [Pinyin]
       Don't get yourself bogged down in routine work.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, figuratively) trap
* (Eastern Min) to be annoying
       ciā nè̤ng iā buáng / [t͡sia³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ ia³³ puɑŋ²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
       This person is really annoying

### Compounds

* 使絆兒 / 使绊儿 (shǐ bànr)
* 使絆子 / 使绊子 (shǐ bànzi)
* 圉絆 / 圉绊
* 拘絆 / 拘绊
* 拉絆著 / 拉绊著
* 根絆 / 根绊
* 無根無絆 / 无根无绊
* 牽絆 / 牵绊 (qiānbàn)
* 磕磕絆絆 / 磕磕绊绊
* 籠絆 / 笼绊
* 絆住 / 绊住
* 絆倒 / 绊倒 (bàndǎo)
* 絆惹 / 绊惹
* 紲絆 / 绁绊
* 絆翻 / 绊翻 (bànfān)
* 絆腳 / 绊脚
* 絆腳石 / 绊脚石 (bànjiǎoshí)
* 絆跌 / 绊跌 (bàndiē)
* 絆跤 / 绊跤
* 絆馬坑 / 绊马坑
* 絆馬索 / 绊马索 (bànmǎsuǒ)
* 絆驥 / 绊骥
* 繼絆 / 继绊
* 纏絆 / 缠绊
* 羈心絆意 / 羁心绊意
* 羈絆 / 羁绊 (jībàn)
* 跌腳絆手 / 跌脚绊手
* 踢腳絆手 / 踢脚绊手
* 鈕絆 / 钮绊

### References

* “絆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* ties, bonds
* fetters

#### Readings

* Go-on: はん (han)
* Kan-on: はん (han)
* Kan’yō-on: ばん (ban)
* Kun: きずな (kizuna, 絆)、つなぐ (tsunagu, 絆ぐ)、ほだされる (hodasareru, 絆される)、ほだす (hodasu, 絆す)

#### Compounds

* 絆創膏(ばんそうこう) (bansōkō, “adhesive bandage, band-aid”)
* 羈絆(きはん) (kihan, “bond; fetter”)
* 脚絆(きゃはん) (kyahan, “gaiters, leggings”)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 絆
* きずな Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 紲 緤
/kiduna/ → /kid͡zuna/ → /kizuna/
Likely from Old Japanese, first attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
The final -zuna is definitely from 綱 (tsuna, “rope”), while the initial ki- remains uncertain.
The more positive connotation of "bond" is attested in The Tale of the Heike (c. 1330).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きずな [kìzúná] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) きずな [kíꜜzùnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kʲizɨna̠]

#### Noun

絆(きずな) or 絆(キズナ) • (kizuna)
* a bond (emotional link or connection), tie
** 1985 August 20, Taeko Watanabe, “第(だい)四十六話(わ)　時(とき)の絆(きずな)　Ⅲ [Chapter 46: The Bond of Time Ⅲ]”, in ファミリー！ [Family!], volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 183:
    ７年(ねん)後(ご)　キムは16になる　ハービィが望(のぞ)んだように　父(ちち)と娘(むすめ)の絆(きずな)はその時(じ)間(かん)によって清(せい)算(さん)されるのだろうか　そして　その後(のち)　新(あら)たにはじまる時(とき)は　ふたりの間(あいだ)にどんな絆(きずな)を育(はぐく)むのだろう
       Nana-nen go Kimu wa jūroku ni naru Hābyi ga nozonda yō ni chichi to musume no kizuna wa sono jikan ni yotte seisan sareru no darō ka Soshite sono nochi arata ni hajimaru toki wa futari no aida ni donna kizuna o hagukumu no darō
       7 years later, Kim turned 16. The bond between father and daughter faded away with time, just as Harvey had hoped. But then, as time went on, something else also started to blossom in both of them. A different bond.
* a rope used to bind a horse, for example, as not to get away; a fetter

##### Proverbs

* 浮(うき)世(よ)の絆(きずな) (ukiyo no kizuna)
* 貧(ひん)は菩提(ぼだい)の種(たね)富(とみ)は輪廻(りんね)の絆(きずな) (hin wa bodai no tane tomi wa rinne no kizuna, literally “poverty is the seed of awakening, wealth is the fetter of rebirth”)

#### Proper noun

絆(きずな) • (Kizuna)
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 絆
* ほだし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 絆し
/podasi/ → /fodaɕi/ → /hodaɕi/
From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 絆す (hodasu, “to tie something up, such as a horse, as not to get away”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほだし [hòdáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ほだし [hòdáshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ho̞da̠ɕi]

#### Noun

絆(ほだし) • (hodashi)
* what binds human mind and behavior from freedom; an obstacle to freedom (Can we verify this sense?)
* a rope used to bind a horse, for example, as not to get away
* fetters, shackles
    Alternative form: ほだ (hoda)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 絆
* ふもだし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
⟨pumi$_1$ podasi⟩ → /pumodasi/ → /fumodaɕi/
Compound of 踏み (fumi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 踏む (fumu, “to step, tread”) + 絆 (hodashi, “rope to bind a horse, for example, as not to get away”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟mo̞da̠ɕi]

#### Noun

絆(ふもだし) • (fumodashi)
* a rope used to bind a horse's foot, as not to get away; a fetter

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 絆 (MC panH).

### Hanja

絆 (eumhun 얽어맬 반 (eolgeomael ban))
* hanja form of 반 (“bond”)

#### Compounds

* 반창고 (絆瘡膏, banchanggo, “band-aid”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

絆: Hán Nôm readings: bận
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.