# 突破
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tūpò, túpò
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨ ㄆㄛˋ, ㄊㄨˊ ㄆㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dat$^6$ po$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tu̍t-phòa / tu̍t-phò͘ / tu̍t-phò
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dug$^8$ pua$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tūpò
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨ ㄆㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tupò
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^1$-pʻo$^4$
*** Yale: tū-pwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tupoh
*** Palladius: тупо (tupo)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: túpò
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ ㄆㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: túpò
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$-pʻo$^4$
*** Yale: tú-pwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twupoh
*** Palladius: тупо (tupo)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dat$^6$ po$^3$
*** Yale: daht po
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dat$^9$ po$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ded$^6$ po$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐt̚² pʰɔː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu̍t-phòa
*** Tâi-lô: tu̍t-phuà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dudphoax
*** IPA (Taipei): /tut̚⁴⁻³² pʰua¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /tut̚⁴⁻³² pʰua²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tut̚²⁴⁻² pʰua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pʰua²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu̍t-phò͘
*** Tâi-lô: tu̍t-phòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dudphox
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tut̚²⁴⁻² pʰɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu̍t-phò
*** Tâi-lô: tu̍t-phò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dudphoix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tut̚⁴⁻³² pʰo²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ pʰo²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dug$^8$ pua$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tu̍k phuà
*** Sinological IPA : /tuk̚⁴⁻² pʰua²¹³/

### Verb

突破
* (literally, military) to breach a main defense position; to pierce; to penetrate
* (figuratively) to make a breakthrough

#### Synonyms

* (to breach a main defense position):
* 攻破 (gōngpò)
* 陷 (xiàn) (literary, or in compounds)

### Noun

突破
* breakthrough

#### Synonyms

* 起色 (qǐsè)
* 轉機／转机 (zhuǎnjī)

### Derived terms

* 突破口 (tūpòkǒu)
* 突破性 (tūpòxìng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 突(とっ)破(ぱ) (toppa)

### Related terms

* 打破 (dǎpò)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 突 | 破 |
| とつ > とっ Grade: S | は > ぱ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 突破 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とっぱ [tòppá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞p̚pa̠]

### Noun

突(とっ)破(ぱ) • (toppa)
* rising above, exceeding, breaking
* breaking through
* overcoming

### Verb

突(とっ)破(ぱ)する • (toppa suru) suru (stem 突(とっ)破(ぱ)し (toppa shi), past 突(とっ)破(ぱ)した (toppa shita))
* exceed, pass, break (a level, a mark)
    4000(よんせん)人(にん)の大台(おおだい)を突破(とっぱ)した。
       Yonsen-nin no ōdai o toppa shita.
       The death toll surpassed four thousands.
* break through
* overcome

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 突破し | とっぱし | toppa shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 突破し | とっぱし | toppa shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 突破する | とっぱする | toppa suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 突破する | とっぱする | toppa suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 突破すれ | とっぱすれ | toppa sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 突破せよ¹ 突破しろ² | とっぱせよ¹ とっぱしろ² | toppa seyo¹ toppa shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 突破される | とっぱされる | toppa sareru |
| Causative | 突破させる 突破さす | とっぱさせる とっぱさす | toppa saseru toppa sasu |
| Potential | 突破できる | とっぱできる | toppa dekiru |
| Volitional | 突破しよう | とっぱしよう | toppa shiyō |
| Negative | 突破しない | とっぱしない | toppa shinai |
| Negative continuative | 突破せず | とっぱせず | toppa sezu |
| Formal | 突破します | とっぱします | toppa shimasu |
| Perfective | 突破した | とっぱした | toppa shita |
| Conjunctive | 突破して | とっぱして | toppa shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 突破すれば | とっぱすれば | toppa sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 突 | 破 |

### Verb

突破
* chữ Hán form of đột phá (“breakthrough”).