# кал
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kalъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaɫ]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aɫ

### Noun

кал • (kal) f
* mud, dirt

#### Declension
### References

* “кал”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “кал”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

### Anagrams

* лак (lak)

## Erzya
### Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *kalə, from Proto-Uralic *kala (“fish”). Cognates include Finnish kala, Kildin Sami кӯлль (kūll’), Eastern Mari кол (kol), Hungarian hal, Tundra Nenets халя (xalya).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kal/
* Rhymes: -al
* Hyphenation: кал

### Noun

кал • (kal)
* fish
    ярсамс рестазь калдо ― jarsams restaź kaldo ― to eat fried fish
** 1865, Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann, Das Evangelium des Matthäus ersamordwinisch, page 21:I ježeli väševeľ kal, maksovoľ tenze jozne?Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake?

#### Declension

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

#### Hyponyms

* сэрьге (sëŕge, “roach”)

### References

* B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “кал”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
* Entry #228 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kalъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaɫ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кал • (kal) m or f (plural калови, diminutive калца, augmentative калиште)
* mud

#### Declension

(Masculine declension)
(Feminine declension)

#### Derived terms

* искалоса pf (iskalosa)
* калиште n (kalište)
* каллив (kalliv)
* калца f (kalca)

## Moksha
### Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *kalə, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognate with Erzya кал (kal).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkal/
* Rhymes: -al
* Hyphenation: кал

### Noun

кал • (kal)
* fish

#### Derived terms

* калонь кундай (kaloń kundaj)
* калонь кундама (kaloń kundama)
* калонь салай (kaloń salaj)

### References

* V. I. Shchankina (1993) “кал”, in Мокшень-рузонь валкс [Moksha-Russian dictionary], Saransk: MKI, →ISBN, page 41

## Russian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old East Slavic калъ (kalŭ, “mud, muddy puddle, scum, sewage”), from Proto-Slavic *kalъ (“mud, swamp”).

#### Alternative forms

* калъ (kal) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaɫ]

#### Noun

кал • (kal) m inan (genitive ка́ла, nominative plural ка́лы, genitive plural ка́лов, relational adjective ка́ловый)
* dung, excrement, feces, poo
    Synonyms: испражне́ния (ispražnénija), наво́з (navóz), помёт (pomjót), стул (stul), экскреме́нты (ekskreménty), фека́лии (fekálii)
** 1842, Николай Гоголь [Nikolai Gogol], chapter VIII, in Лакейская; English translation from (Please provide a date or year):Позво́льте вам доложи́ть, А́нна Гаври́ловна, что кучера́ кучера́м рознь. Оно́, коне́чно, так как кучера́, по обыкнове́нию бо́льше своему́, нахо́дятся неотлу́чно при лошадя́х, иногда́ подчища́ют, с позволе́ния сказа́ть, кал[...]Pozvólʹte vam doložítʹ, Ánna Gavrílovna, što kučerá kučerám roznʹ. Onó, konéšno, tak kak kučerá, po obyknovéniju bólʹše svojemú, naxódjatsja neotlúčno pri lošadjáx, inogdá podčiščájut, s pozvolénija skazátʹ, kal[...](please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Derived terms

Compound words:
* калоприёмник m (kaloprijómnik)

##### Related terms

* кали́на f (kalína)

### Etymology 2

Abbreviation of кало́рия (kalórija, “calorie”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɐˈɫorʲɪjə] (phonetic respelling: кало́рия)

#### Noun

кал • (kal) f inan (indeclinable)
* cal, calorie

### Anagrams

* лак (lak)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kalъ, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂los (“dark”), whence also Latin cālīgō (“darkness, gloom”) and Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kâːl/

### Noun

ка̑л m (Latin spelling kȃl)
* mud
    Synonyms: блато, муљ, каљуга

#### Declension
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic калъ (kalŭ), from Proto-Slavic *kalъ (“dirt”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kaɫ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кал • (kal) m inan (genitive ка́лу, uncountable)
* excrement, feces, poo, dung
* (figuratively, vulgar) crap, junk, trash, shit
* (dated or dialectal) dirt, mud

#### Derived terms

* кали́на f (kalýna)
* кали́ти impf (kalýty)
* ка́ловий (kálovyj)
* ка́льний (kálʹnyj)

### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “кал”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “кал”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “кал”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* “кал”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)