OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# आभीर
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* আভীৰ (Assamese script)
* ᬆᬪᬷᬭ (Balinese script)
* আভীর (Bengali script)
* 𑰁𑰥𑰱𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀆𑀪𑀻𑀭 (Brahmi script)
* အာဘီရ (Burmese script)
* આભીર (Gujarati script)
* ਆਭੀਰ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌆𑌭𑍀𑌰 (Grantha script)
* ꦄꦴꦨꦷꦫ (Javanese script)
* 𑂄𑂦𑂲𑂩 (Kaithi script)
* ಆಭೀರ (Kannada script)
* អាភីរ (Khmer script)
* ອາຠີຣ (Lao script)
* ആഭീര (Malayalam script)
* ᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢨᡳᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘁𑘥𑘲𑘨 (Modi script)
* ᠠᢗᠪᠾᠢᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦡𑧅𑧓𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐁𑐨𑐷𑐬 (Newa script)
* ଆଭୀର (Odia script)
* ꢃꢩꢷꢬ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆄𑆨𑆵𑆫 (Sharada script)
* 𑖁𑖥𑖱𑖨 (Siddham script)
* ආභීර (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩛𑩳𑩑𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚁𑚡𑚯𑚤 (Takri script)
* ஆபீ⁴ர (Tamil script)
* ఆభీర (Telugu script)
* อาภีร (Thai script)
* ཨཱ་བྷཱི་ར (Tibetan script)
* 𑒂𑒦𑒲𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨊𑨡𑨁𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɑː.bʱiː.ɾɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɑː.bʱiː.ɾɐ/

### Proper noun

आभीर • (ābhīra) stem, m
* name of a community of cowherds

#### Descendants

* Prakrit: 𑀆𑀪𑀻𑀭 (ābhīra), 𑀆𑀳𑀻𑀭 (āhīra), 𑀅𑀳𑀺𑀭 (ahira), 𑀆𑀳𑁆ē𑀭 (āhēra)
** Kumaoni: अहीर (ahīr)
** Bengali: আহীর (ahir)
** Odia: ଆହିର (āhira)
** Bihari: अहीर (ahīr)
** Bhojpuri: 𑂃𑂯𑂱𑂩𑂹 (ahir)
** Awadhi: अहिर (ahir)
** Hindi: अहीर (ahīr)
*** → English: Ahir
** Gujarati: આહીર (āhīr)
** Marathi: 𑘀𑘮𑘲𑘨 (ahīr)
# उत्कर्ष
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* উত্কৰ্ষ (Assamese script)
* ᬉᬢ᭄ᬓᬃᬱ (Balinese script)
* উত্কর্ষ (Bengali script)
* 𑰄𑰝𑰿𑰎𑰨𑰿𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀱 (Brahmi script)
* ဥတ္ကရ္ၑ (Burmese script)
* ઉત્કર્ષ (Gujarati script)
* ਉਤ੍ਕਰ੍ਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌉𑌤𑍍𑌕𑌰𑍍𑌷 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦠ꧀ꦏꦂꦰ (Javanese script)
* 𑂇𑂞𑂹𑂍𑂩𑂹𑂭 (Kaithi script)
* ಉತ್ಕರ್ಷ (Kannada script)
* ឧត្កឞ៌ (Khmer script)
* ອຸຕ຺ກຣ຺ຩ (Lao script)
* ഉത്കര്ഷ (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᢠᡬᠠᡵᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘄𑘝𑘿𑘎𑘨𑘿𑘬 (Modi script)
* ᠤᢐᢉᠠᠷᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦤𑦽𑧠𑦮𑧈𑧠𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐎𑐬𑑂𑐲 (Newa script)
* ଉତ୍କର୍ଷ (Odia script)
* ꢆꢡ꣄ꢒꢬ꣄ꢰ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆇𑆠𑇀𑆑𑆫𑇀𑆰 (Sharada script)
* 𑖄𑖝𑖿𑖎𑖨𑖿𑖬 (Siddham script)
* උත‍්කර්‍ෂ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩫 𑪙𑩜𑩼 𑪙𑪀 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚄𑚙𑚶𑚊𑚤𑚶 (Takri script)
* உத்கர்ஷ (Tamil script)
* ఉత్కర్ష (Telugu script)
* อุตฺกรฺษ (Thai script)
* ཨུ་ཏྐ་རྵ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒅𑒞𑓂𑒏𑒩𑓂𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨙𑩇𑨋𑨫𑩇𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ut.kɐɾ.ʂɐ/, [ut̚.kɐɾ.ʂɐ]
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ut̪.kɐɾ.ʂɐ/, [ut̪̚.kɐɾ.ʂɐ]

### Noun

उत्कर्ष • (utkarṣa) stem, ?
* Superior, eminent
* Much, abundant
* Exaggerated, boastful
* Attractive

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### Descendants

* → Malayalam: ഉത്കർഷം (utkaṟṣaṁ), ഉല്കർഷം (ulkaṟṣaṁ), ഉൽകർഷം (ulkaṟṣaṁ)
# उत्कूट
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* উত্কূট (Assamese script)
* ᬉᬢ᭄ᬓᬹᬝ (Balinese script)
* উত্কূট (Bengali script)
* 𑰄𑰝𑰿𑰎𑰳𑰘 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀓𑀽𑀝 (Brahmi script)
* ဥတ္ကူဋ (Burmese script)
* ઉત્કૂટ (Gujarati script)
* ਉਤ੍ਕੂਟ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌉𑌤𑍍𑌕𑍂𑌟 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦠ꧀ꦏꦹꦛ (Javanese script)
* 𑂇𑂞𑂹𑂍𑂴𑂗 (Kaithi script)
* ಉತ್ಕೂಟ (Kannada script)
* ឧត្កូដ (Khmer script)
* ອຸຕ຺ກູຏ (Lao script)
* ഉത്കൂട (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᢠᡬᡠᡠᢞᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘄𑘝𑘿𑘎𑘴𑘘 (Modi script)
* ᠤᢐᢉᠤᠤᢌᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦤𑦽𑧠𑦮𑧕𑦸 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐎𑐹𑐚 (Newa script)
* ଉତ୍କୂଟ (Odia script)
* ꢆꢡ꣄ꢒꢹꢜ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆇𑆠𑇀𑆑𑆷𑆛 (Sharada script)
* 𑖄𑖝𑖿𑖎𑖳𑖘 (Siddham script)
* උත‍්කූට (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩫 𑪙𑩜𑩒𑩛𑩦 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚄𑚙𑚶𑚊𑚱𑚔 (Takri script)
* உத்கூட (Tamil script)
* ఉత్కూట (Telugu script)
* อุตฺกูฏ (Thai script)
* ཨུ་ཏྐཱུ་ཊ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒅𑒞𑓂𑒏𑒴𑒙 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨙𑩇𑨋𑨃𑨊𑨔 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Latter part Borrowed from South Dravidian, compare Malayalam കുട (kuṭa). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ut.kuː.ʈɐ/, [ut̚.kuː.ʈɐ]
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ut̪.kuː.ʈɐ/, [ut̪̚.kuː.ʈɐ]

### Noun

उत्कूट • (utkūṭa) stem, m
* umbrella, parasol
# उत्सु
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* উত্সু (Assamese script)
* ᬉᬢ᭄ᬲᬸ (Balinese script)
* উত্সু (Bengali script)
* 𑰄𑰝𑰿𑰭𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀲𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ဥတ္သု (Burmese script)
* ઉત્સુ (Gujarati script)
* ਉਤ੍ਸੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌉𑌤𑍍𑌸𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦈꦠ꧀ꦱꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂇𑂞𑂹𑂮𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಉತ್ಸು (Kannada script)
* ឧត្សុ (Khmer script)
* ອຸຕ຺ສຸ (Lao script)
* ഉത്സു (Malayalam script)
* ᡠᢠᠰ᠌ᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘄𑘝𑘿𑘭𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᠤᢐᠰᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦤𑦽𑧠𑧍𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐸 (Newa script)
* ଉତ୍ସୁ (Odia script)
* ꢆꢡ꣄ꢱꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆇𑆠𑇀𑆱𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖄𑖝𑖿𑖭𑖲 (Siddham script)
* උත‍්සු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩒𑩫 𑪙𑪁𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚄𑚙𑚶𑚨𑚰 (Takri script)
* உத்ஸு (Tamil script)
* ఉత్సు (Telugu script)
* อุตฺสุ (Thai script)
* ཨུ་ཏྶུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒅𑒞𑓂𑒮𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨃𑨙𑩇𑨰𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ut.su/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ut̪.s̪u/

### Noun

उत्सु • (utsu) stem, ?
* To stir up, agitate
# продолговатый мозг
## Russian
### Etymology

From продолгова́тый (prodolgovátyj, “elongated, oblong”) +‎ мозг (mozg, “part; lobe”), a calque of Latin medulla oblongāta.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [prədəɫɡɐˈvatɨj mosk]

### Noun

продолгова́тый мозг • (prodolgovátyj mozg) m inan (genitive продолгова́того мо́зга, nominative plural продолгова́тые мозги́, genitive plural продолгова́тых мозго́в)
* (neuroanatomy) medulla oblongata
# कुसृति
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কুসৃতি (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬸᬲᬺᬢᬶ (Balinese script)
* কুসৃতি (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰲𑰭𑰴𑰝𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀼𑀲𑀾𑀢𑀺 (Brahmi script)
* ကုသၖတိ (Burmese script)
* કુસૃતિ (Gujarati script)
* ਕੁਸ੍ਰਤਿ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑍁𑌸𑍃𑌤𑌿 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦸꦱꦽꦠꦶ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂳𑂮𑃂𑂞𑂱 (Kaithi script)
* ಕುಸೃತಿ (Kannada script)
* កុស្ឫតិ (Khmer script)
* ກຸສ຺ຣິຕິ (Lao script)
* കുസൃതി (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᡠᠰ᠌ᡵᡳᢠᡳ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘳𑘭𑘵𑘝𑘱 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠤᠰᠷᠢᢐᠢ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧔𑧍𑧖𑦽𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐸𑐳𑐺𑐟𑐶 (Newa script)
* କୁସୃତି (Odia script)
* ꢒꢸꢱꢺꢡꢶ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆶𑆱𑆸𑆠𑆴 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖲𑖭𑖴𑖝𑖰 (Siddham script)
* කුසෘති (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩒𑪁𑩙𑩫𑩑 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚰𑚨𑚙𑚮 (Takri script)
* குஸ்ரிதி (Tamil script)
* కుసృతి (Telugu script)
* กุสฺฤติ (Thai script)
* ཀུ་སྲྀ་ཏི (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒳𑒮𑒵𑒞𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨃𑨰𑨼𑨉𑨙𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ku.sr̩.ti/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ku.s̪r̩.t̪i/

### Noun

कुसृति • (kusṛti) stem, ?
* Fraud, cheating, deceit
# क्रीडारत्न
## Sanskrit
### Etymology

क्रीडा (krīḍā) +‎ रत्न (ratna).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɾiː.ɖɑː.ɾɐt.nɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /kɾiː.ɖɑː.ɾɐt̪.n̪ɐ/

### Noun

क्रीडारत्न • (krīḍāratna) stem, ? (root क्रीड्)
* copulation
# वञ्च्
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ৱঞ্চ্ (Assamese script)
* ᬯᬜ᭄ᬘ᭄ (Balinese script)
* বঞ্চ্ (Bengali script)
* 𑰪𑰗𑰿𑰓𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀯𑀜𑁆𑀘𑁆 (Brahmi script)
* ဝဉ္စ် (Burmese script)
* વઞ્ચ્ (Gujarati script)
* ਵਞ੍ਚ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌵𑌞𑍍𑌚𑍍 (Grantha script)
* ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕ꧀ (Javanese script)
* 𑂫𑂖𑂹𑂒𑂹 (Kaithi script)
* ವಞ್ಚ್ (Kannada script)
* វញ្ច៑ (Khmer script)
* ວຎ຺ຈ຺ (Lao script)
* വഞ്ച് (Malayalam script)
* ᠸᠠᠨᡳᠶᢜ (Manchu script)
* 𑘪𑘗𑘿𑘓𑘿 (Modi script)
* ᠸᠠᡛᢋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧊𑦷𑧠𑦳𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐰𑐘𑑂𑐔𑑂 (Newa script)
* ଵଞ୍ଚ୍ (Odia script)
* ꢮꢛ꣄ꢗ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆮𑆚𑇀𑆖𑇀 (Sharada script)
* 𑖪𑖗𑖿𑖓𑖿 (Siddham script)
* වඤ්‍ච් (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩾𑩥 𑪙𑩡 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚦𑚓𑚶𑚏𑚶 (Takri script)
* வஞ்ச் (Tamil script)
* వఞ్చ్ (Telugu script)
* วญฺจฺ (Thai script)
* ཝ་ཉྩ྄ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒫𑒘𑓂𑒔𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨭𑨓𑩇𑨣𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *wenk- (“to be bent or bowed”). Compare Avestan 𐬬𐬋𐬵 (vōh, “crooked; mistake”), as well as Proto-Germanic *wangaz (“field, meadow”); see the latter for more potential cognates.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ʋɐɲt͡ɕ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ʋɐɲt͡ɕ/

### Root

वञ्च् • (vañc)
* to move crookedly

#### Derived terms
##### Primary Verbal Forms

* वञ्चति (váñcati, Present)
* वञ्चिष्यति (vañciṣyáti, Future)
* वञ्चिता (vañcitā́, Periphrastic Future)
* अवञ्चीत् (ávañcīt, Aorist)
* वच्यात् (vacyā́t, Benedictive)
* ववञ्च (vaváñca, Perfect)

##### Secondary Forms

* वच्यते (vacyáte, Passive)
* वञ्चयति (vañcáyati, Causative)
* अववञ्चत् (ávavañcat, Causative)
* विवञ्चिषति (vivañciṣati, Desiderative)
* वनीवच्यते (vanīvacyate, Intensive)
* वनीवञ्चीति (vanīvañcīti, Intensive)

##### Non-Finite Forms

* वञ्चित (vañcitá, Past Participle)
* वञ्चितुम् (vañcitum, Infinitive)
* वञ्चित्वा (vañcitvā́, Gerund)
* वचित्वा (vacitvā́, Gerund)
* वक्त्वा (vaktvā́, Gerund)

##### Derived Nominal Forms

* वञ्चक (vañcaka)
* वञ्चन (vañcana)
* वञ्चनीय (vañcanīya)
* वङ्कु (vaṅku)
* वङ्कृ (vaṅkṛ)
* वक्र (vakra)
* वक्व (vakva)
* वक्वन् (vakvan)
* वञ्चयितृ (vañcayitṛ)
* वञ्चयितव्य (vañcayitavya)
* वङ्क्य (vaṅkya)

#### Descendants
### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “VAÑC”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 492-3
* ↑ Wolfgang Pfeifer, editor (1993), “Wange”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “वञ्च्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 914/2.
* William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 152
# गन्धार
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* गान्धर (gāndhara)

### Alternative scripts

* গন্ধাৰ (Assamese script)
* ᬕᬦ᭄ᬥᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
* গন্ধার (Bengali script)
* 𑰐𑰡𑰿𑰠𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
* ဂန္ဓာရ (Burmese script)
* ગન્ધાર (Gujarati script)
* ਗਨ੍ਧਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌗𑌨𑍍𑌧𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
* ꦒꦤ꧀ꦣꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
* 𑂏𑂢𑂹𑂡𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
* ಗನ್ಧಾರ (Kannada script)
* គន្ធារ (Khmer script)
* ຄນ຺ຘາຣ (Lao script)
* ഗന്ധാര (Malayalam script)
* ᡤᠠᠨᢡᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘐𑘡𑘿𑘠𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠠᠨᢑᠾᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦰𑧁𑧠𑧀𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐐𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
* ଗନ୍ଧାର (Odia script)
* ꢔꢥ꣄ꢤꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆓𑆤𑇀𑆣𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
* 𑖐𑖡𑖿𑖠𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
* ගන්‍ධාර (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩞𑩯 𑪙𑩮𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚌𑚝𑚶𑚜𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
* க³ந்த⁴ார (Tamil script)
* గన్ధార (Telugu script)
* คนฺธาร (Thai script)
* ག་ནྡྷཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
* 𑒑𑒢𑓂𑒡𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨍𑨝𑩇𑨜𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡɐn.dʱɑː.ɾɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɡɐn̪.d̪ʱɑː.ɾɐ/

### Proper noun

गन्धार • (gandhāra) stem, m
* (historical) An ancient kingdom that occupied parts of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### Descendants

* Gandhari: 𐨒𐨎𐨢𐨪 (gaṃdhara)
* Hindustani:
    → Hindi: गंधार (gandhār) (learned)
    → Urdu: گندھار (gandhār) (learned)
* → Middle Chinese: 犍陀羅 (kɨɐn dɑ lɑ)
** Chinese: 犍陀羅 / 犍陀罗 (Jiāntuóluó)
* → Burmese: ဂန္ဓာရ (gandhara.)
* → English: Gandhara
* → Old Persian: 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 (Gaⁿdāraʰ)
** → Akkadian:
    Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊑 (ga-an-da-ri /⁠Gandari⁠/), 𒃶𒁕𒅈 (gan-da-ar /⁠Gandar⁠/), 𒃶𒁕𒊏 (gan-da-ra /⁠Gandara⁠/), 𒃶𒁕𒊑 (gan-da-ri /⁠Gandari⁠/), 𒅗𒀭𒁕𒊏 (ka-an-da-ra /⁠Kandara⁠/)
** → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒅔𒁕𒅕 (ka₄-in-da-ir /⁠Kaindair⁠/), 𒃷𒁕𒊏 (kán-da-ra /⁠Kandara⁠/), 𒃷𒁕𒌇 (kán-da-ráš /⁠Kandaraš⁠/)
* → Russian: Гандхара (Gandxara)
* → Thai: คันธาระ (khanṭhāra)
* 1 2 3 Tavernier, Jan (2007) “3.2.6 (*)Gandāra- (G-d-a-r-)”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 93: “93”
# घोट
## Marathi
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘑𑘻𑘘 (ghoṭa), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁆- (ghuṭṭ-), from Ashokan Prakrit [Term?]. Compare Gujarati ઘોટ (ghoṭ), Hindi घूंट (ghūṇṭ), Punjabi ਘੁੱਟ (ghuṭṭa).

### Noun

घोट • (ghoṭ) m
* sip, gulp

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “घोट”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “घोट”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “घोट”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ghuṭṭ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ঘোট (Assamese script)
* ᬖᭀᬝ (Balinese script)
* ঘোট (Bengali script)
* 𑰑𑰺𑰘 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀖𑁄𑀝 (Brahmi script)
* ဃောဋ (Burmese script)
* ઘોટ (Gujarati script)
* ਘੋਟ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌘𑍋𑌟 (Grantha script)
* ꦓꦺꦴꦛ (Javanese script)
* 𑂐𑂷𑂗 (Kaithi script)
* ಘೋಟ (Kannada script)
* ឃោដ (Khmer script)
* ໂຆຏ (Lao script)
* ഘോട (Malayalam script)
* ᢚᠣᢞᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘑𑘻𑘘 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠾᠣᠸᠠᢌᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦱𑧜𑦸 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐑𑑀𑐚 (Newa script)
* ଘୋଟ (Odia script)
* ꢕꣂꢜ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆔𑆾𑆛 (Sharada script)
* 𑖑𑖺𑖘 (Siddham script)
* ඝොට (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩟𑩕𑩦 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚍𑚴𑚔 (Takri script)
* கே⁴ாட (Tamil script)
* ఘోట (Telugu script)
* โฆฏ (Thai script)
* གྷོ་ཊ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒒𑒼𑒙 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨎𑨆𑨔 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kutiray (“horse”). Compare घुट् (ghuṭ).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡʱɐw.ʈɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɡʱoː.ʈɐ/

### Noun

घोट • (ghoṭa) stem, m
* a horse (ĀpŚr. xv, 3, 12)
* the beard (Gal.)

#### Descendants

* ⇒ Sanskrit: घोटक (ghoṭaka)
** Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
*** Fiji Hindi: ghorra
** Magadhi Prakrit:
*** Early Assamese: ঘোড়া (ghöṛa)
**** Assamese: ঘোঁৰা (ghü̃ra)
*** Bengali: ঘোড়া (ghōṛa)
*** Odia: ଘୋଡ଼ା (ghoṛā)
*** Rohingya: gúra
*** Sylheti: ꠊꠥꠠꠣ (gúṛa)
** Maharastri Prakrit:
*** Konkani: घोडो (ghoḍô)
*** Old Marathi: 𑘑𑘻𑘚𑘳 (ghoḍu)
**** Marathi: घोडा (ghoḍā)
** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀖𑁄𑀟𑀕 (ghoḍaga)
*** Gurjara Apabhramsa:
**** Old Gujarati:
***** Gujarati: ઘોડો (ghoḍo)
***** Marwari: घोड़ौ (ghoṛau)
**** Saurashtra: ꢕꣁꢞꣁ (ghoḍo)
*** Hindustani:
    Hindi: घोड़ा (ghoṛā)
    Urdu: گھوڑا (ghoṛā)
*** Nepali: घोडा (ghoḍā)
*** Punjabi: ਘੋੜਾ (ghoṛā) / گھوڑا (ghoṛā)
*** Romani: khuro
*** Sindhi: گهوڙو / घोड़ो (ghoṛo)
** → Old Javanese: kuda
*** > Javanese: ꦏꦸꦢ (kuda) (inherited)
*** >? Malay: kuda (see there for further descendants)
# चतुष्क
## Sanskrit
### Etymology

From चतुर् (catur). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /t͡ɕɐ.tuʂ.kɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /t͡ɕɐ.t̪uʂ.kɐ/

### Adjective

चतुष्क • (catuṣka) stem
* consisting of four-parts

### Noun

चतुष्क • (catuṣka) stem, ?
* set of four-parts
* crossway
* quadrangular courtyard

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kashmiri: [script needed] (ċôkᵘ)
* Pali: catukka
* Prakrit: 𑀘𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓 (caükka)
** Central:
*** Hindustani: cauk, caukā, cauk
    Hindi: चौक, चौका, चौकी
    Urdu: چَوک, چَوکَا, چَوکِی
** Eastern:
*** Assamese: চৌকা (souka), চকী (soki)
*** Bengali: চক (cok), চৌক (cōuk), চৌকা (cōuka)
*** Bihari:
**** Bhojpuri: चउक (cauk), चउका (caukā)
**** Maithili: चौकी (caukī)
*** Odia: ଚଉକ (cauka), ଚୌକା (caukā), ଚଉକି (cauki)
** Northern:
*** Western Pahari:
**** Bhadrawahi: [script needed] (ċöuk)
*** Central Pahari:
**** Kumaoni: चौक, चौखो, चौको
*** Eastern Pahari:
**** Nepali: चौक (cauk), चौको (cauko), चौकि (cauki)
** Northwestern:
*** Sindhi: caũku, caũko, caũkī
    Arabic script: چَونڪُ, چَونڪو, چَونڪِي
    Devanagari script: चौँकु, चौँको, चौँकी
*** Punjabi: cauk, caukkā, caukā, caukī
    Gurmukhi script: ਚੌਕ, ਚੌੱਕਾ, ਚੌਕਾ, ਚੌਕੀ
    Shahmukhi script: چَوک, چَوکَّا, چَوکَا, چَوکِی
** Southern:
*** Konkani: cauku
    Devanagari script: चौक
    Latin script: chouk
    Kannada script: ಚೌಕ್
*** Old Marathi: cauka
    Devanagari script: चौक
    Modi script: 𑘓𑘼𑘎
**** Marathi: चौक (cauk)
** Western:
*** Gujarati: ચોક (cok), ચોકો (coko), ચોકી (cokī), ચોકિયું (cokiyũ)

### References

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “catuṣka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
# चिह्न
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit चिह्न (cihna). Doublet of चिन्ह (cinha).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /t͡ʃɪɦ.nᵊ/, [t͡ʃɪʱ.nᵊ], /t͡ʃɪn.ɦᵊ/, [t͡ʃɪ̃n.ɦᵊ]

### Noun

चिह्न • (cihna) m
* Synonym of चिन्ह (cinha).

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* চিহ্ন (Assamese script)
* ᬘᬶᬳ᭄ᬦ (Balinese script)
* চিহ্ন (Bengali script)
* 𑰓𑰰𑰮𑰿𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀘𑀺𑀳𑁆𑀦 (Brahmi script)
* စိဟ္န (Burmese script)
* ચિહ્ન (Gujarati script)
* ਚਿਹ੍ਨ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌚𑌿𑌹𑍍𑌨 (Grantha script)
* ꦕꦶꦲ꧀ꦤ (Javanese script)
* 𑂒𑂱𑂯𑂹𑂢 (Kaithi script)
* ಚಿಹ್ನ (Kannada script)
* ចិហ្ន (Khmer script)
* ຈິຫ຺ນ (Lao script)
* ചിഹ്ന (Malayalam script)
* ᢜᡳᡥᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘓𑘱𑘮𑘿𑘡 (Modi script)
* ᢋᠢᠾᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦳𑧒𑧎𑧠𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑑂𑐣 (Newa script)
* ଚିହ୍ନ (Odia script)
* ꢗꢶꢲ꣄ꢥ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆖𑆴𑆲𑇀𑆤 (Sharada script)
* 𑖓𑖰𑖮𑖿𑖡 (Siddham script)
* චිහ‍්න (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩡𑩑𑪂 𑪙𑩯 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚏𑚮𑚩𑚶𑚝 (Takri script)
* சிஹ்ந (Tamil script)
* చిహ్న (Telugu script)
* จิหฺน (Thai script)
* ཙི་ཧྣ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒔𑒱𑒯𑓂𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨣𑨁𑨱𑩇𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /t͡ɕiɦ.nɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /t͡ɕiɦ.n̪ɐ/

### Noun

चिह्न • (cihna) stem, m
* symbol

#### Descendants

* → Balinese: ᬘᬶᬳ᭄ᬦ (learned)
* → Bengali: চিহ্ন (cihno) (learned)
* → Malayalam: ചിഹ്നം (cihnaṁ) (learned)
* → Punjabi: ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ (cinnh) (learned)
# जम्बीर
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* জম্বীৰ (Assamese script)
* ᬚᬫ᭄ᬩᬷᬭ (Balinese script)
* জম্বীর (Bengali script)
* 𑰕𑰦𑰿𑰤𑰱𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀚𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀻𑀭 (Brahmi script)
* ဇမ္ဗီရ (Burmese script)
* જમ્બીર (Gujarati script)
* ਜਮ੍ਬੀਰ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌜𑌮𑍍𑌬𑍀𑌰 (Grantha script)
* ꦗꦩ꧀ꦧꦷꦫ (Javanese script)
* 𑂔𑂧𑂹𑂥𑂲𑂩 (Kaithi script)
* ಜಮ್ಬೀರ (Kannada script)
* ជម្ពីរ (Khmer script)
* ຊມ຺ພີຣ (Lao script)
* ജമ്ബീര (Malayalam script)
* ᡯᠠᠮᠪᡳᡳᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘕𑘦𑘿𑘤𑘲𑘨 (Modi script)
* ᠽᠠᠮᠪᠢᠢᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦵𑧆𑧠𑧄𑧓𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐖𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐷𑐬 (Newa script)
* ଜମ୍ବୀର (Odia script)
* ꢙꢪ꣄ꢨꢷꢬ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆘𑆩𑇀𑆧𑆵𑆫 (Sharada script)
* 𑖕𑖦𑖿𑖤𑖱𑖨 (Siddham script)
* ජම‍්බීර (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩣𑩴 𑪙𑩲𑩑𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚑𑚢𑚶𑚠𑚯𑚤 (Takri script)
* ஜம்பீ³ர (Tamil script)
* జమ్బీర (Telugu script)
* ชมฺพีร (Thai script)
* ཛ་མྦཱི་ར (Tibetan script)
* 𑒖𑒧𑓂𑒥𑒲𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨥𑨢𑩇𑨠𑨁𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Uncertain, though probably a substrate loanword from a Munda language. Other theories link the word to the Vedic-attested जाम्बील (jā́mbīla, “saliva (perhaps)”) (itself of unclear origin and interpretation), via an unattested root जम्बी (jambī); the purported semantic link would be "saliva-inducing (sour) fruit" > "citron".

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /d͡ʑɐm.biː.ɾɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /d͡ʑɐm.biː.ɾɐ/

### Noun

जम्बीर • (jambīra) stem, m
* the citron tree

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

### Noun

जम्बीर • (jambīra) stem, n
* a citron (fruit)

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

### Descendants

** → Burmese: သံပရာ (sampa.ra)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jambīraḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 418
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “jambīra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 207

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “जम्बीर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 412/1.
# झञ्झा
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* ঝঞ্ঝা (Assamese script)
* ᬛᬜ᭄ᬛᬵ (Balinese script)
* ঝঞ্ঝা (Bengali script)
* 𑰖𑰗𑰿𑰖𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀛𑀜𑁆𑀛𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* ဈဉ္ဈာ (Burmese script)
* ઝઞ્ઝા (Gujarati script)
* ਝਞ੍ਝਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌝𑌞𑍍𑌝𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦙꦚ꧀ꦙꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂕𑂖𑂹𑂕𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಝಞ್ಝಾ (Kannada script)
* ឈញ្ឈា (Khmer script)
* ຌຎ຺ຌາ (Lao script)
* ഝഞ്ഝാ (Malayalam script)
* ᢝᠠᠨᡳᠶᢝᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘖𑘗𑘿𑘖𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᠽᠾᠠᡛᠽᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦶𑦷𑧠𑦶𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐗𑐘𑑂𑐗𑐵 (Newa script)
* ଝଞ୍ଝା (Odia script)
* ꢚꢛ꣄ꢚꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆙𑆚𑇀𑆙𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖖𑖗𑖿𑖖𑖯 (Siddham script)
* ඣඤ‍්ඣා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩤𑩥 𑪙𑩤𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚒𑚓𑚶𑚒𑚭 (Takri script)
* ஜ²ஞ்ஜ²ா (Tamil script)
* ఝఞ్ఝా (Telugu script)
* ฌญฺฌา (Thai script)
* ཛྷ་ཉྫྷཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒗𑒘𑓂𑒗𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨦𑨓𑩇𑨦𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /d͡ʑʱɐɲ.d͡ʑʱɑː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /d͡ʑʱɐɲ.d͡ʑʱɑː/

### Noun

झञ्झा • (jhañjhā) stem, ?
* The noise of the wind or of falling rain
* Wind and rain, hurricane, gale
* A clanking sound, jingling
* Raining in large drops
* Anything lost
# झ्यु
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* ঝ্যু (Assamese script)
* ᬛ᭄ᬬᬸ (Balinese script)
* ঝ্যু (Bengali script)
* 𑰖𑰿𑰧𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀛𑁆𑀬𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ဈျု (Burmese script)
* ઝ્યુ (Gujarati script)
* ਝ੍ਯੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌝𑍍𑌯𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦙꦾꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂕𑂹𑂨𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಝ್ಯು (Kannada script)
* ឈ្យុ (Khmer script)
* ຌ຺ຍຸ (Lao script)
* ഝ്യു (Malayalam script)
* ᢝᠶᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᠽᠾᠶ᠋ᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦶𑧠𑧇𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐗𑑂𑐫𑐸 (Newa script)
* ଝ୍ଯୁ (Odia script)
* ꢚ꣄ꢫꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆙𑇀𑆪𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖖𑖿𑖧𑖲 (Siddham script)
* ඣ්‍යු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩤 𑪙𑩻𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚒𑚶𑚣𑚰 (Takri script)
* ஜ்²யு (Tamil script)
* ఝ్యు (Telugu script)
* ฌฺยุ (Thai script)
* ཛྷྱུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒗𑓂𑒨𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨦𑩇𑨪𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /d͡ʑʱju/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /d͡ʑʱju/

### Verb

झ्यु • (jhyu) third-singular indicative
* To go or move
# टु
## Sanskrit
### Alternative forms

* টু (Assamese script)
* ᬝᬸ (Balinese script)
* টু (Bengali script)
* 𑰘𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀝𑀼 (Brahmi script)
* ဋု (Burmese script)
* ટુ (Gujarati script)
* ਟੁ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌟𑍁 (Grantha script)
* ꦛꦸ (Javanese script)
* 𑂗𑂳 (Kaithi script)
* ಟು (Kannada script)
* ដុ (Khmer script)
* ຏຸ (Lao script)
* ടു (Malayalam script)
* ᢞᡠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘘𑘳 (Modi script)
* ᢌᠤ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦸𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐚𑐸 (Newa script)
* ଟୁ (Odia script)
* ꢜꢸ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆛𑆶 (Sharada script)
* 𑖘𑖲 (Siddham script)
* ටු (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩦𑩒 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚔𑚰 (Takri script)
* டு (Tamil script)
* టు (Telugu script)
* ฏุ (Thai script)
* ཊུ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒙𑒳 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨔𑨃 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ʈu/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ʈu/

### Noun

टु • (ṭu) stem, ?
* Gold
* One who can change his shape at will
* N. of the god of love