# -ek
## Basque
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ek
* Ergative plural suffix.
    Txakurrek katuak jan dituzte. ― The dogs have eaten the cats.

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) +‎ -k (ergative suffix).

#### Suffix

-ek
* Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -k (ergative indefinite suffix)

##### Declension
## Breton
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ek/

### Suffix

-ek
* Adjectival suffix
    ‎douar (“earth”) + ‎-ek → ‎douarek (“earthy, earthly”)
    ‎dour (“water”) + ‎-ek → ‎dourek (“watery, humid”)
    ‎houarn (“iron”) + ‎-ek → ‎houarnek (“ferrous”)

#### Related terms

* -eg

## Cornish
### Etymology

Derived from Proto-Celtic *-ākos.

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: [-ɛk]
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: [-ɐk]

### Suffix

-ek
* Adjectival suffix
    ‎mor (“sea”) + ‎-ek → ‎morek (“maritime”)
    ‎spern (“thorn bushes”) + ‎-ek → ‎spernek (“thorny”)
    ‎Frynk (“France”) + ‎-ek → ‎frynkek (“French”)
* Adjectival suffix denoting abundance
    ‎ys (“corn”) + ‎-ek → ‎ysek (“abounding in corn”)
    ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“abounding in fish”)
* Adjectival suffix denoting prominence; "having big X"
    ‎lagas (“eye”) + ‎-ek → ‎lagasek (“big-eyed”)
    ‎troos (“foot”) + ‎-ek → ‎tròsek (“big-footed”)
    ‎skovarn (“ear”) + ‎-ek → ‎skovarnek (“big-eared”)

### Suffix

-ek m (plural -ogyon or -oges)
* Forms masculine nouns
    ‎kroghen (“skin”) + ‎-ek → ‎kronek (“toad”)
    ‎dren (“thorn”) + ‎-ek → ‎drenek (“spurdog”)

### Suffix

-ek f (plural -egi)
* Forms feminine nouns denoting a place where something is abundant
    ‎enys (“island”) + ‎-ek → ‎enesek (“archipelago”)
    ‎lytheren (“letter, character”) + ‎-ek → ‎lytherennek (“alphabet”)
    ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“fishing-ground”)

### Suffix

-ek
* Verbal ending
    ‎res (“race, course”) + ‎-ek → ‎resek (“to run, race”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* 2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, p.184)

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

### Suffix

-ek m inan or m anim (noun-forming suffix)
* forms masculine diminutive nouns
    ‎stůl + ‎-ek → ‎stolek

#### Declension

inanimate:
animate:

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -ek in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛk]
* Rhymes: -ɛk

### Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (plural suffix).

#### Suffix

-ek
* (plural suffix) -s, -es
    ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

##### Usage notes

* (plural suffix) Variants:
    -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
       ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)
       ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)
       ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)
    -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)
    -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)
    -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)
       ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)
    -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:
       ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)
* Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
* The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
* If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

### Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (personal suffix).

#### Suffix

-ek
* (personal suffix) Forms the first-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).
    ‎kér (“to ask, request”) + ‎-ek → ‎kérek (“I ask, I am asking”)
    Engedélyt kérek a távozásra. ― I request permission to leave.

##### Usage notes

| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
| én | -ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -sz | -sz | -sz |
| te | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | -esz |
| te | after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | – | – | – |
| ő maga ön | -ik verbs | -ik | -ik | -ik |
| mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | -ünk |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
| ti | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | -nek |
| ők maguk önök | after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | -enek |
| See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -ok is added to back-vowel verbs
    -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
    -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs
    -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs
    -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Mokilese
### Suffix

-ek
* Used to form intransitive verbs

#### Usage notes

This suffix sometimes becomes -iek after a vowel.

#### Derived terms
## Northern Kurdish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛk/

### Suffix

-ek (Arabic spelling ـەک)
* (affixed to words ending in a consonant) Alternative form of -yek (“a, an (indefinite article)”)

## Northern Ohlone
### Alternative forms

* -k (before vowels)

### Etymology

Cognate with Southern Ohlone kan-.

### Pronoun

-ek
* I (first-person, singular, subject enclitic pronoun)

### See also

$^1$ Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). $^2$ Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine and undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

### References

* María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎, Unpublished

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛk/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛk
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ek m
* masculine diminutive noun suffix
    ‎dół + ‎-ek → ‎dołek
    ‎Jarosław + ‎-ek → ‎Jarek

#### Declension

Masculine personal:
Note: The masculine personal nominative plural ending -ki is rare and mostly limited to depreciative forms or humorous expressions such as bawidamek, gagatek, złodziejaszek, hultajek, psotniczek, łobuziaczek.
Masculine animate:
Masculine inanimate:

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -ś (forming nicknames)

### Further reading

* -ek in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)
* Suffix appended to the present stem of verbs or nouns to form an adjective denoting a feature or a dimension.
** Proto-Slavic *dalь + -ek → dalek (“far”).

### See also

* -ak
* -ok

### Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)
* (Kajkavian) Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a performer, feature, human relation, result of an action, object, diminutive or a proper name.

## Turkish
### Alternative forms

* -ak

### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـك (-ek), from Proto-Turkic *-gek.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ec/

### Suffix

-ek
* Creates nouns out of verbs.
** küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).
** gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).

#### Derived terms
## Yup'ik
### Suffix

-ek
* ablative-modalis case ending

#### Usage notes

A historical merger of ablative and modalis (instrumental). It performs a wide range of adverbial and syntactic functions.

### References

* ↑ Miyaoka, Osahito (2012) A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY), Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, →ISBN, page 750