# 葛藤
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### figurative sense

    From the tendency of the vines of kudzu and rattan to become entangled.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): géténg
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄜˊ ㄊㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): got$^3$ tang$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kot-thèn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): koah-tîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: géténg
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˊ ㄊㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: géténg
*** Wade–Giles: ko$^2$-tʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: gé-téng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gerterng
*** Palladius: гэтэн (gɛtɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤ³⁵ tʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: got$^3$ tang$^4$
*** Yale: got tàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: got$^8$ tang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: god$^3$ teng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːt̚³ tʰɐŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kot-thèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: god$^ˋ$ ten$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: god$^5$ ten$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kot̚² tʰen¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koah-tîn
*** Tâi-lô: kuah-tîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koahdiin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kua(ʔ)⁵ tin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tin²³/
* Middle Chinese: kat dong
Rime :
| Character | 葛 | 藤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 曷 (63) | 登 (129) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古達切 | 徒登切 |
| Baxter | kat | dong |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑt̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑt̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑt̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kat̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑt̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑt̚/ | /dəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kɑt̚/ | /dʱəŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ge | téng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | got$^3$ | tang$^4$ |

### Noun

葛藤
* kudzu plant
* (figurative, literary) complicated relationships; complications
    From: 1925 June 9, Zhu Ziqing, 《山野掇拾》
    Qián yī zhǒng rén zhēn shì yī bǎ “dāo”, yī bǎ yà luànmá de kuàidāo! Shénme jiūfēn, shénme gěténg, dào le tā shǒu lǐ, dōu shì yīdāoliǎngduàn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 葛藤(かっとう) (kattō)
* → Korean: 갈등(葛藤) (galdeung)
* → Vietnamese: cát đằng (葛藤)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 葛 | 藤 |
| かつ > かっ Grade: S | とう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
From the tendency of the vines of 葛(かずら) (kazura, “creeper”) or 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “wisteria”) to become entangled.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かっとー [kàttóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠t̚to̞ː]

#### Noun

葛(かっ)藤(とう) • (kattō)
* conflict, complications
** 2012-03-30, mothy [mothy] (lyrics and music), “針音ノ時計塔 [Handbeat Clocktower]”‎:
    時(じ)間(かん)と葛(かっ)藤(とう)を心(こころ)に刻(きざ)みつける
       Jikan to kattō o kokoro ni kizamitsukeru
       Time and conflict, they strongly etch onto my heart

#### Verb

葛(かっ)藤(とう)する • (kattō suru) transitive suru (stem 葛(かっ)藤(とう)し (kattō shi), past 葛(かっ)藤(とう)した (kattō shita))
* to battle with

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 葛藤し | かっとうし | kattō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 葛藤し | かっとうし | kattō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 葛藤する | かっとうする | kattō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 葛藤する | かっとうする | kattō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 葛藤すれ | かっとうすれ | kattō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 葛藤せよ¹ 葛藤しろ² | かっとうせよ¹ かっとうしろ² | kattō seyo¹ kattō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 葛藤される | かっとうされる | kattō sareru |
| Causative | 葛藤させる 葛藤さす | かっとうさせる かっとうさす | kattō saseru kattō sasu |
| Potential | 葛藤できる | かっとうできる | kattō dekiru |
| Volitional | 葛藤しよう | かっとうしよう | kattō shiyō |
| Negative | 葛藤しない | かっとうしない | kattō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 葛藤せず | かっとうせず | kattō sezu |
| Formal | 葛藤します | かっとうします | kattō shimasu |
| Perfective | 葛藤した | かっとうした | kattō shita |
| Conjunctive | 葛藤して | かっとうして | kattō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 葛藤すれば | かっとうすれば | kattō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 葛 | 藤 |
| つづら Grade: S | ふじ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つづらふじ [tsùzúráꜜfùjì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [t͡sɨzɨɾa̠ɸɯ̟ʑi]

#### Noun

葛(つづら)藤(ふじ) or 葛藤(ツヅラフジ) • (tsuzurafuji)
* Synonym of 大葛藤 (“Chinese moonseed, Sinomenium acutum”)

##### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

##### Derived terms

* 青葛藤(アオツヅラフジ) (aotsuzurafuji)
* 大葛藤(オオツヅラフジ) (ōtsuzurafuji)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 葛 | 藤 |

### Noun

葛藤 • (galdeung) (hangeul 갈등)
* hanja form of 갈등 (“discord, conflict”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 葛 | 藤 |

### Noun

葛藤
* chữ Hán form of cát đằng (“thunbergia”).