# 在許
## Chinese
### Etymology

First syllable from a lenited form of 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH) (Qian, 1997).
The second syllable likely resulted from an irregular reflex of 許 (MC xjoX) > *he (Fu & Zhengzhang, 2015) (Qian, 1997) which has developed usages as determiners or pronoun plural suffixes in various Wu varieties. Compare Wenzhounese 許／许 ($^3$hi, $^3$hei, $^3$he, $^3$shi, “that”), Wenling Taizhounese 我許／我许 ($^3$ngo-he$_3$, “we”), Shanghainese 壗頭／壗头 ($^5$he-deu$_6$, “over there at...”), etc.
The aspect marker senses are part of a commonplace semantic derivation in Wu and some of Gan, whereby preposition-demonstrative phrases come to be grammaticalized as stative verb markers (Qian, 1997).

### Pronunciation

* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$le-he$_5$; $^6$la-he$_5$; $^8$laq-he$_5$; $^8$leq-he$_5$ / $^6$le-he$_1$; $^8$leq-he$_1$ / $^8$leq-ha$_1$ / $^2$le-he$_5$; $^8$laq-he$_5$
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le-he$_5$; $^6$la-he$_5$; $^8$laq-he$_5$; $^8$leq-he$_5$
*** MiniDict: le$^去$ he$^去$; la$^去$ he$^去$; lah$^入$ he$^去$; leh$^入$ he$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$le-he$_2$; $^3$la-he$_2$; $^5$laq-he$_2$; $^5$leq-he$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²² he⁴⁴/, /la²² he⁴⁴/, /laʔ¹¹ he²³/, /ləʔ¹¹ he²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le-he$_1$; $^8$leq-he$_1$
*** MiniDict: le$^去$ he$^平$; leh$^入$ he$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /le²³ he¹¹/, /ləʔ²² he³³/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^8$leq-ha$_1$
*** MiniDict: leh$^入$ ha$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ləʔ²² hɑ³⁴/
** (Northern: Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^2$le-he$_5$; $^8$laq-he$_5$
*** MiniDict: le$^平$ he$^去$; lah$^入$ he$^去$
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /le²² he⁵¹/, /lɐʔ²² he³⁵/

### Verb

在許 (Wu)
* to be (somewhere), to be in, to exist
       $^6$ngu $^8$laq-he$_5$ $^6$du-sy$_1$-kuoe$_5$ $^6$li-shian [Wugniu]
       I am in the library.
* Used to indicate the continuous aspect.
       $^6$non $^8$laq-he$_5$ $^5$ten $^5$sa-gnin$_6$-gha$_0$ [Wugniu]
       Who are you waiting for?
       $^3$shiau $^2$niu-ghe$_3$ $^8$leq-ha$_1$ $^6$do-zen$_2$ $^6$mien-jien$_2$ $^1$chien-sy$_1$-paen$_1$-den$_2$ [Wugniu]
       The girl is acting cute in front of the adults.
       $^6$non $^8$weq-laq-he-meq $^6$laon-fi $^1$khon-chi $^5$shi-theq-meq $^6$laon-fi $^5$thu-di $^6$ngu $^6$ne $^7$taq-non $^5$ci-chi $^6$gha $^6$zy $^6$laon-fi $^6$zen-kuaon $^6$ghau-sau $^5$kuen $^1$khe [Wugniu]
       You're a waste of air alive and waste of soil dead, me talking to you right now is a waste of time, now fuck off!
* (when placed at the end of a sentence) Used to indicate the perfective aspect.
       $^6$ngu $^6$zhieu $^7$iq-ka-deu $^8$weq-laq-he $^6$m-meq $^7$iq-gheq $^6$gnin $^5$hau $^1$kau $^6$ngu $^5$kaon-kaon $^6$ghe-gho $^7$iq-zeq $^5$ten-tau $^6$yeu $^7$iq-thaon-tsy $^5$sa-ha-la $^1$so-moq $^6$li $^7$tsheq-tsy $^5$ku-tsaon $^6$da-ke $^6$yeu $^8$loq-gni-gheq $^6$zy-thi [Wugniu]
       So I lived my life alone, without anyone that I could really talk to, until I had an accident with my plane in the Desert of Sahara, six years ago.

#### Usage notes

When placed at the end of a sentence, glottalized pronunciations are preferred. The compound tends attach onto the preceding term.
This orthography is an etymological spelling that can be applied to all lects. However, its usage may be limited, and phonetic spellings, such as 辣海, 勒海, 垃海, and 勒哈 (in Hangzhounese), may be preferred instead.

#### Synonyms

* (at):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 於 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 在, 挨, 跟, 的 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 在 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 在, 從 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 在 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 在 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 在 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 在 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Rugao | 吖 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 在 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 喺, 在 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 響, 喺 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 響, 揀 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 揀 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 到, 響 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 到, 響 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 到, 響 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 響 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 響, 在, 喺 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 在 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 在 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 喺, 響 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 喺 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 在 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 在 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 在 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 嗨 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 在 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 在 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 在 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 在 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 在 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 在 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 在 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 在 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 在 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 在 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 在 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 在 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 在 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 在 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 在 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 在 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 在 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 在 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 到 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 著, 在, 洽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 著, 洽 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 著 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 佇, 踮, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 佇, 踮, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 佇, 咧, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 佇, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 佇 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 佇, 踮, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 佇, 蹛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 壏 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 佇, 踮 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 在, 壏, 放 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 著 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 在 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 在, 壏 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 佇, 放 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 佇 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 著 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 在 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) | 垃該, 拉 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 立垃, 勒嵌 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) | 垃, 垃垃 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) | 垃該 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Fengxian) | 垃該 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jinshan) | 有垃, 垃該 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Qingpu) | 勒拉 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 勒勒, 勒 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡 |
| Wu | Changshu | 勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 勒, 勒浪, 勒海 |
| Wu | Qidong | 勒 |
| Wu | Qidong (Lüsi) | 在, 來, 來該 |
| Wu | Nantong (Haimen) | 勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒 |
| Wu | Haimen (Sijia) | 來, 來到 |
| Wu | Rudong | 勒, 勒勒 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化 |
| Wu | Haining (Xiashi) | 有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 勒, 勒勒 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏 |
| Wu | Liyang | 立 |
| Wu | Changzhou (Jintan) | 在, 則 |
| Wu | Danyang | 在, 則 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 來, 勒 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 勒, 勒勒 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 拉 |
| Wu | Deqing | 垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好 |
| Wu | Deqing (Geting) | 拉 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 來, 來埭, 來同 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 來, 來裡, 來夯 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯 |
| Wu | Shaoxing (Keqiao) | 來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 來固, 來蒙, 來頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 來 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Beilun) | 來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Yinzhou) | 立該, 來, 來的, 來該 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 來, 得, 來浪 |
| Wu | Ninghai | 來的 |
| Wu | Zhoushan (Dinghai) | 勒 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 是 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 在 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 在 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 在 |
* (in the process of):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 正在, 刻正 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 正在, 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 正在, 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 正在, 在 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 正在, 在 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 在 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺度 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 在該, 當在 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 當, 在該 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 在該 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 在該 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 在該 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 正在, 在遐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 著𡅏, 𡅏 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 著𡅏 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 著𡅏 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 佇 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 佇咧 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 佇咧, 咧 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 在 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 在 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 是, 是搭 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 著 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 著 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 著 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 著 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 著 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 倒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 倒, 穩 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 著 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 緊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 緊 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 緊 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 倒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 等 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 等 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 等 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 等 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 緊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 等 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 緊 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 著 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 緊 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勒海, 勒該 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 勒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼 |