# lind
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English lind, linde, from Old English lind, from Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.
Cognate with Dutch linde, German Linde, Swedish lind. Cognate to Albanian lëndë (“wood, timber, material”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪnd/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪnd
* Homophone: lend (pin–pen merger)

### Noun

lind (plural linds)
* (obsolete) the lime tree, or linden tree

## Albanian
### Etymology

Whatever the origin, it undisputedly a parallel formation to lej (“to give birth; to be born”). Likely from Proto-Indo-European *li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti, a nasal-infixed present from the root *leyd- (“to release”). Alternatively from the root *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”), though the formal composition is unclear.

### Verb

lind (aorist linda, participle lindur)
* (intransitive) to be born
    Synonyms: lej, lindem
* (transitive) to give birth, bear (child)
    Synonym: lej

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

#### Derived terms

* lindem
* rilindem

### References

* 1 2 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “lej”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 217
* 1 2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “lei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 402–403
* 1 2 Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “lind”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -end

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse lind.

#### Adjective

lind
* soft
* thin

##### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse lind.

#### Noun

lind c (singular definite linden, plural indefinite linde)
* linden, lime, basswood (Tilia)

##### Inflection
## Estonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *lunta or *linta, compare with Finnish lintu, Ter Sami lonnˈt, Northern Mansi лунт (lunt) and Hungarian lúd.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlind̥/, [ˈlʲind̥]
* Rhymes: -ind
* Hyphenation: lind

### Noun

lind (genitive linnu, partitive lindu)
* bird

#### Derived terms

* kodulind
* laululind
* linnuke
* teraslind

### Further reading

* lind in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German linde, from Old High German lind, lindi, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī), from Proto-Germanic *linþaz. Compare English lithe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪnt/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

lind (strong nominative masculine singular linder, comparative linder, superlative am lindesten or am lindsten)
* (archaic, poetic) mild; gentle
** 1942, Stefan Zweig, Die Welt von Gestern […] [The World of Yesterday]‎:[…] es war lind, hier zu leben, in dieser Atmosphäre geistiger Konzilianz, und unbewußt wurde jeder Bürger dieser Stadt zum Übernationalen, zum Kosmopolitischen, zum Weltbürger erzogen.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms

* gelinde
* lindern

#### Related terms

* Lindwurm

### Further reading

* “lind” in Duden online
* “lind” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪnt/
* Rhymes: -ɪnt

### Etymology 1

Probably related to sense 2 (“linden tree”)

#### Noun

lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)
* spring (place where water emerges from the ground)
    Synonyms: uppspretta, brunnur, vatnsrás

##### Derived terms

* auðlind (“natural resource”)
* gróðalind (“profit source”)
* olíulind (“oil source”)
* orkulind (“power source”)
* tekjulind (“source of income”)

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

#### Noun

lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)
* lime, linden (Tilia)
    Synonym: linditré

##### Declension
### References

* The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. (1934). United States: Journal Publishing Company, p. 93

## Livonian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *lintu.

#### Noun

lind
* bird

### Etymology 2

Likely from Proto-Finnic *lentädäk. i may be by analogy to "bird".

#### Alternative forms

* lindõ (Courland)

#### Verb

lind
* (Salaca) to fly

## Ludian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu. Cognates include Finnish lintu and Veps lind.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlʲind/
* Rhymes: -ind
* Hyphenation: lind

### Noun

lind
* bird

#### Declension
### References

* Juho Kujola (1944) Lyydiläismurteiden sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 205
* M. Pahomov (2022) “lind”, in Lüüdi-venän, venä-lüüdin sanakirdʹ‎, Helsinki: Lüüdilaine Siebr, →ISBN, page 93

## Middle English
### Noun

lind (plural lyndes)
* Alternative form of lynde.

### References

* “lind(e,, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2 May 2018.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

### Noun

lind f or m (definite singular linda or linden, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)
* lime, linden (Tilia)

### References

* “lind” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

### Noun

lind f (definite singular linda, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)
* lime, linden (Tilia)

### References

* “lind” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lind/

### Noun

lind f (nominative plural linde)
* lime, linden
* (poetic) shield (made from linden wood)

#### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

#### Derived terms

* lindhæbbend

#### Descendants

* Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
** English: lind, lime
** Scots: lind, lynde, leind

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *lindos, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). The two differently-inflecting nouns are closely related, but their morphologies are mysterious.

### Noun

lind f (genitive linde)
* a body of water: pool, lake
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 102$^a$2
    .i. lind tei.e. hot pool [The glossator having misunderstood Latin termes (“branch”) as being related to therma (“hot bath”)]

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

### Noun

lind n (genitive lenda)
* drink
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 7$^d$9
    […] hi sunt tra ↄricc frissa lind serb in chúrsactha, lase fo·ruillecta beóil in chalich di mil cosse anall […] […] Herein, then, he comes into contact with the bitter drink of the reproval, when the lips of the chalice have hitherto been smeared with honey […]
** c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 6, pages 115-179:[…] céne con·n-oither mo thimnasa insin purt-sa, nícon·ibthar lind dermait dé and. […] as long as my rules are upheld in this place, liquor that leads to us forgetting about God are not to be drunk.
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 73$^a$8
    lind ― glosses Latin liquamen (“drink”)
* liquid
** c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 88, pages 115-179:Acht is mí-chumne spiride fri télach neich din imarcraid lenda bís isind churp.But it is an evil recollection of the spirit, accompanying a discharge of some of the excess liquid that is usually in the body.
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 129$^d$13-14
    ibthecha .i. it mathi inna ganema oc oul ind lenda.absorbent, i.e. the sands are good at absorbing the liquid.

#### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*lindu-, *lindo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 239-240

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *lindō.

### Noun

lind f
* lime, linden (tree)
* (poetic) linden shield, spear-shaft (weaponry or gear made from lime)

#### Related terms

* lindi

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: lind
* Faroese: lind
* Norwegian Nynorsk: lind
* Swedish: lind c
* Danish: lind c
** Norwegian Bokmål: lind m or f

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “lind”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Plautdietsch
### Etymology

From Middle Low German lind, probably borrowed from Middle High German lint, from Old High German lind, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī).

### Adjective

lind
* mild, soft
* lenient

## Swedish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Swedish lind, from Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪnd/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

lind c
* linden tree

#### Derived terms

* parklind
* skogslind

### Further reading

* lind in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker
* lind in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu.

### Noun

lind
* bird

#### Derived terms

* kagrlind
* kegonpaniilind
* kodalind
* käbulind
* lindunpoigaine
* pihl'lind
* rugižlind
* toroklind
* tähklind
* vagolind
* vilulind

### References

* Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “птица”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎, Petrozavodsk: Periodika