# 泳ぐ
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 泳
* およ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 游ぐ

### Etymology

Likely from Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *oyonku. Included in The Tale of Genji from the late 900s or early 1000s. Listed in sources with a note that this may have been pronounced originally as oyoku, however, cognates among the Ryūkyūan languages would seem to support a voiced /ɡ/ as the final consonant. Compare Kunigami 泳じゅん (uijun), Okinawan 泳じゅん (qwiijun).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) およぐ [òyóꜜgù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [o̞jo̞ɡɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「泳ぐ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 泳ぐ | およぐ | [òyóꜜgù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 泳げ | およげ | [òyóꜜgè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 泳がれる | およがれる | [òyógáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 泳がせる | およがせる | [òyógáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 泳げる | およげる | [òyógéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 泳ごう | およごー | [òyógóꜜò] |
| Negative | 泳がない | およがない | [òyógáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 泳がなかった | およがなかった | [òyógáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 泳ぎます | およぎます | [òyógímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 泳いだ | およいだ | [òyóꜜìdà] |
| Conjunctive | 泳いで | およいで | [òyóꜜìdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 泳げば | およげば | [òyóꜜgèbà] |

### Verb

泳(およ)ぐ • (oyogu) intransitive godan (stem 泳(およ)ぎ (oyogi), past 泳(およ)いだ (oyoida))
* to swim
    昨日(きのう)、私(わたし)はジムで５(ご)キロ泳(およ)ぎました。
       Kinō, watashi wa jimu de go kiro oyogimashita.
       Yesterday I swam 5 kilometers at the gym.
    ここで泳(およ)げる。
       Koko de oyogeru.
       We can swim here.
    泳(およ)ぐことができない。
       Oyogu koto ga dekinai.
       I cannot swim.
* to act freely while being monitored (in the possibility that one will do something incriminating); used in the causative 泳がす、泳がせる (oyogasu, oyogaseru, “to let someone act freely and monitor them”)
    容疑者(ようぎしゃ)を泳(およ)がせる
       yōgisha o oyogaseru
       to let a suspect swim → to monitor a suspect

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 泳が | およが | oyoga |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 泳ぎ | およぎ | oyogi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 泳ぐ | およぐ | oyogu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 泳ぐ | およぐ | oyogu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 泳げ | およげ | oyoge |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 泳げ | およげ | oyoge |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 泳がれる | およがれる | oyogareru |
| Causative | 泳がせる 泳がす | およがせる およがす | oyogaseru oyogasu |
| Potential | 泳げる | およげる | oyogeru |
| Volitional | 泳ごう | およごう | oyogō |
| Negative | 泳がない | およがない | oyoganai |
| Negative continuative | 泳がず | およがず | oyogazu |
| Formal | 泳ぎます | およぎます | oyogimasu |
| Perfective | 泳いだ | およいだ | oyoida |
| Conjunctive | 泳いで | およいで | oyoide |
| Hypothetical conditional | 泳げば | およげば | oyogeba |
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation) :
| Ren’yōkei / Verb stem | 泳ぎ [oyogi] | 泳ぎ [oyogi] |
| Rentaikei / Attributive | 泳ぐ [oyogu] | 泳ぐ [oyogu] |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Conjunctive (te-form) | 泳いで [oyoide] | 泳がないで [oyoganai de], 泳がなくて [oyoganakute] |
| Non-past / Imperfective |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳ぐ [oyogu] | 泳がない [oyoganai] |
| Polite | 泳ぎます [oyogimasu] | 泳ぎません [oyogimasen] |
| Past / Perfective |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳いだ [oyoida] | 泳がなかった [oyoganakatta] |
| Polite | 泳ぎました [oyogimashita] | 泳ぎませんでした [oyogimasen deshita] |
| Passive |||
| Verb stem | 泳がれ [oyogare] | 泳がれ [oyogare] |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳がれる [oyogareru] | 泳がれない [oyogarenai] |
| Polite | 泳がれます [oyogaremasu] | 泳がれません [oyogaremasen] |
| Past / Perfective | 泳がれた [oyogareta] | 泳がれなかった [oyogarenakatta] |
| Polite past / perfective | 泳がれました [oyogaremashita] | 泳がれませんでした [oyogaremasen deshita] |
| Causative |||
| Verb stem | 泳がせ [oyogase] | 泳がせ [oyogase] |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳がせる [oyogaseru], short form: 泳がす [oyogasu] | 泳がせない [oyogasenai] |
| Polite | 泳がせます [oyogasemasu] | 泳がせません [oyogasemasen] |
| Past / Perfective | 泳がせた [oyogaseta] | 泳がせなかった [oyogasenakatta] |
| Polite past / perfective | 泳がせました [oyogasemashita] | 泳がせませんでした [oyogasemasen deshita] |
| Potential |||
| Verb stem | 泳げ [oyoge] | 泳げ [oyoge] |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳げる [oyogeru] | 泳げない [oyogenai] |
| Polite | 泳げます [oyogemasu] | 泳げません [oyogemasen] |
| Past / Perfective | 泳げた [oyogeta] | 泳げなかった [oyogenakatta] |
| Polite past / perfective | 泳げました [oyogemashita] | 泳げませんでした [oyogemasen deshita] |
| Imperative |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Meireikei / Firm instruction | 泳げ [oyoge] | prohibitive: 泳ぐな [oyogu na] |
| Polite | 泳いでください [oyoide kudasai] | 泳がないでください [oyoganai de kudasai] |
| -nasai form | 泳ぎなさい [oyoginasai] | — |
| Volitional / Presumptive |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳ごう [oyogō] | — |
| Polite | 泳ぎましょう [oyogimashō] | — |
| Conditional |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Hypothetical / Provisional | 泳げば [oyogeba] | 泳がなければ [oyoganakereba], colloquial: 泳がなきゃ [oyoganakya] |
| -tara form | 泳いだら [oyoidara] | 泳がなかったら [oyoganakattara] |
| Causative passive |||
| Verb stem | 泳がせられ [oyogaserare] | 泳がせられ [oyogaserare] |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳がせられる [oyogaserareru] | 泳がせられない [oyogaserarenai] |
| Polite | 泳がせられます [oyogaseraremasu] | 泳がせられません [oyogaseraremasen] |
| Past / Perfective | 泳がせられた [oyogaserareta] | 泳がせられなかった [oyogaserarenakatta] |
| Polite past / perfective | 泳がせられました [oyogaseraremashita] | 泳がせられませんでした [oyogaseraremasen deshita] |
| Desiderative (-tai form) |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳ぎたい [oyogitai] | 泳ぎたくない [oyogitaku nai] |
| | For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection. | For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection. |
| Progressive action and current state (-te iru form) |||
| | Positive | Negative |
| Plain | 泳いでいる [oyoide iru] contraction: 泳いでる [oyoideru] | 泳いでいない [oyoide inai] contraction: 泳いでない [oyoidenai] |
| Polite | 泳いでいます [oyoide imasu] | 泳いでいません [oyoide imasen] |
| Past / Perfective | 泳いでいた [oyoide ita] | 泳いでいなかった [oyoide inakatta] |
| Polite past / perfective | 泳いでいました [oyoide imashita] | 泳いでいませんでした [oyoide imasen deshita] |
Other forms and suffixes :
| Negative continuative | 泳がず [oyogazu] ¹ |
| (〜に): without 〜ing | 泳がず [oyogazu] ¹ |
| Listing examples (-tari form) | 泳いだり [oyoidari] |
| ¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech. ||

#### Derived terms

* 蛙(かえる)泳(およ)ぎ (kaeru oyogi): “frog swimming” → breaststroke
* 平(ひら)泳(およ)ぎ (hira oyogi): “flat swimming” → breaststroke
* 背(せ)泳(およ)ぎ (se oyogi): “back swimming” → backstroke
* 横(よこ)泳(およ)ぎ (yoko oyogi): “sideways swimming” → sidestroke
* 立(た)ち泳(およ)ぎ (tachi oyogi): “standing swimming” → treading water

#### Idioms

* 時流(じりゅう)に乗(の)って泳(およ)ぐ (jiryū ni notte oyogu): “to swim, riding on the current of the times” → to go with the flow
* 人波(ひとなみ)を泳(およ)ぐ (hitonami o oyogu): “to swim the surging crowd” → to wade through a crowd

#### Synonyms

* 水泳(すいえい)する (suiei suru): to swim

### See also

* 水(みず)着(ぎ) (mizugi): a swimsuit

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN