# cross
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), from Old Norse kross, from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (crucī). In this sense displaced native Middle English rood, from Old English rōd; see rood. Compare Welsh croes, Irish crois.
The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.
* Icelandic kross (“cross”)
* Faroese krossur (“cross”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk kross, kors (“cross”)
* Danish kors (“cross”)
* Swedish kors (“cross”)
* North Frisian kross, korss (“cross”)
* Saterland Frisian Krjuus, Kjus (“cross”)
* West Frisian krús (“cross”)
* Dutch kruis (“cross”)
* German Low German Krüüz (“cross”)
* German Kreuz (“cross”)

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /kɹɒs/
* (General American) enPR: krôs, IPA: /kɹɔs/
* (cot–caught merger, dialects of Canada) enPR: krŏs, IPA: /kɹɑs/
** Audio (California):(file)
* (Canada, dialects of the US) IPA: /kɹɒs/
** Audio (Southern Ontario):(file)
* (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /kɹɔs/, /kɹɒs/
** Audio (Queensland):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɒs, -ɔːs

### Noun

cross (plural crosses)
* A geometrical figure consisting of two straight lines or bars intersecting each other such that at least one of them is bisected by the other.
    Coordinate terms: (similar shapes) tee, T, t; ex, x; chi, χ, (marks meaning yes or no) tick, check, checkmark
    Put a cross for a wrong answer and a tick for a right one.
* (heraldry) Any geometric figure having this or a similar shape, such as a cross of Lorraine or a Maltese cross.
    Hypernym: charge
* A wooden post with a perpendicular beam attached and used (especially in the Roman Empire) to execute criminals (by crucifixion).
    Synonym: crucifix
    Coordinate terms: gibbet, gallows
    Criminals were commonly executed on a wooden cross.
* (Christianity) Alternative letter-case form of Cross (“the Crucifix, the cross on which Christ was crucified”).
** 1811, Walter Scott, The Vision of Don Roderick; a Poem, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for John Ballantyne and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, stanza XXVII, page 31:From the dim landscape roll the clouds away— / The Christians have regained their heritage; / Before the Cross has waned the Crescent's ray, / And many a monastery decks the stage, / And lofty church, and low-brow'd hermitage.
* (Christianity) A hand gesture made in imitation of the shape of the Cross; sign of the cross.
    She made the cross after swearing.
* (Christianity) Any representation of the crucifix, as in religious architecture, burial markers, jewelry, etc.
    Synonym: crucifix
    She was wearing a cross on her necklace.
* (figurative, from Christ's bearing of the cross) A difficult situation that must be endured.
    It's a cross I must bear.
** 1641, Ben Jonson, Timber:Heaven prepares good men with crosses.
* The act of going across; the act of passing from one side to the other
    A quick cross of the road.
* (biology) An animal or plant produced by crossbreeding or cross-fertilization.
* (by extension) A hybrid of any kind.
** 1856, Lord Dufferin, Letters from High Latitudes:Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler
* (boxing) A hook thrown over the opponent's punch.
* (soccer) A pass in which the ball is kicked from a side of the pitch to a position close to the opponent’s goal.
** 2010 December 29, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC‎:And Stamford Bridge erupted with joy as Florent Malouda slotted in a cross from Drogba, who had stayed just onside.
* A place where roads intersect and lead off in four directions; a crossroad (common in UK and Irish place names such as Gerrards Cross).
* A monument that marks such a place. (Also common in UK or Irish place names such as Charing Cross)
* (obsolete) A coin stamped with the figure of a cross, or that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general.
** c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse.
* (obsolete, Ireland) Church lands.
** 1612, John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued:the church-lands lying within the same, which were called the Cross
* A line across or through another line.
* (surveying) An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.
* A pipe-fitting with four branches whose axes usually form a right angle.
* (Rubik's Cube) Four edge cubies of one side that are in their right places, forming the shape of a cross.
* (cartomancy) The thirty-sixth Lenormand card.
* (archaic) A betrayal; dishonest practices, especially deliberately losing a sporting contest.
* (slang) Crossfire.

#### Synonyms

* (production of cross-breeding or -fertilization): hybrid
* (cross on which Christ was crucified): True Cross
* (hand gesture): sign of the cross

#### Derived terms

* abbot on the cross
* altar cross
* Andean cross
* ansate cross
* archbishop's cross
* archiepiscopal cross
* autocross
* back cross
* Bedgebury Cross
* Brent Cross
* Bromley Cross
* Broughton Cross
* buttercross
* Calvary cross
* Carolingian cross
* Celtic cross
* Charing Cross
* Church Cross
* Clay Cross
* come home by weeping cross
* countercross
* cross aisle
* cross and pile
* crossarm
* cross assembler
* cross axle
* crossback
* crossbeak
* cross bearer
* cross bike
* crossbill
* crossbite
* cross-bone
* crossbones
* cross bore
* cross bottony
* crossbow
* cross brace
* cross channel
* cross check
* Cross City
* cross compiler
* cross country
* cross cousin
* cross cove
* Cross Creek
* cross crosslet
* cross dowel
* cross file
* crossfish
* cross flory
* cross fox
* cross gamma
* Cross Gates
* Cross Green
* crosshair
* cross handle
* Cross Hands
* crosshead
* Cross Hills
* Cross Houses
* Cross in Hand
* Cross Inn
* cross join
* cross junction
* Cross Keys
* crossless
* crosslet
* crosslight
* crosslike
* crossline
* crossling
* crossman
* cross moline
* cross of gold
* cross of Lorraine
* cross of Malta
* cross pattée
* cross peen hammer
* crosspipe
* cross potence
* cross potent
* crossroad, cross road
* crossroads
* cross sea
* cross spider
* cross springer
* cross-stitch
* Cross Street
* cross tab
* cross tabulation
* cross term
* cross to bear
* cross to take up
* cross training
* cross vanna
* cross vault
* Crossville
* cross volga
* crosswire
* Cross-worshipper
* crosswort
* cross write
* crutch cross
* diamond cross
* double cross
* Egyptian cross
* Einstein cross
* equilateral cross
* fiery cross
* Four Crosses
* Geneva cross
* George Cross
* Gerrards Cross
* Goold's Cross
* Greek cross
* green cross
* Green Cross Code
* Harman's Cross
* Hatton Cross
* herb of the cross
* high cross
* Hoar Cross
* holy cross
* holy cross frog
* Horns Cross
* hot cross bun
* Hunt's Cross
* Iron Cross
* iron cross
* Jerusalem cross
* kayak cross
* Keynesian cross
* King's Cross
* Kirby Cross
* Korolev cross
* Latin cross
* left cross
* Lorraine cross
* Maltese cross
* Maltesian cross
* Maple Cross
* Mark Cross
* market cross
* Martinhoe Cross
* moline cross
* Mortimer's Cross
* motocross
* Mount of the Holy Cross
* New Cross
* Nordic cross
* on the cross
* papal cross
* patriarchal cross
* Peasley Cross
* Peltier's cross
* plague cross
* Poison Cross
* preaching cross
* Red Cross
* right cross
* Robeston Cross
* Rose Cross
* Saint Andrew's cross
* Saint Anthony's cross
* Saint George's cross
* Scandinavian cross
* scissor cross
* Shaw Cross
* short cross
* sign of the cross
* Silver Cross
* skicross
* skiercross
* snowboard cross
* solar cross
* Southern Cross
* Stoke Holy Cross
* Stone Cross
* St Owen's Cross
* subcross
* sun cross
* take the cross
* Tau Cross
* tau cross
* testcross
* Three Crosses
* thunder cross
* True Cross
* Victoria Cross
* Walpole Cross Keys
* Waltham Cross
* white cross
* widow's cross
* yellow cross liquid

#### Related terms

* across
* crouched
* crozier
* crucial
* crucifix
* crucify
* crusade
* crux

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Adjective

cross (comparative crosser, superlative crossest)
* Transverse; lying across the main direction.
    At the end of each row were cross benches which linked the rows.
** 1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “(please specify |book=1 to 3)”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC:the cross refraction of the second prism
* (archaic) Opposite, opposed to.
    His actions were perversely cross to his own happiness.
* (now rare) Opposing, adverse; being contrary to what one would hope or wish for.
** 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:, New York Review of Books, 2001, p.50:
    As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences.
** c. 1650, Jeremy Taylor, Of Contentedness:a cross fortune
** 1665, Joseph Glanvill, Scepsis Scientifica: Or, Confest Ignorance, the Way to Science; […], London: […] E. C[otes] for Henry Eversden […], →OCLC:the cross and unlucky issue of my designs
** 1694, Robert South, Christianity Mysterious, and the Wisdom of God in Making it So (sermon preached at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 1694)
    The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvellously cross to the common experience of mankind.
** 1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe: A Tragedy. […], London: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1676, →OCLC, (please specify the page number):We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross, / One must be happy by the other's loss.
* (chiefly British, Ottawa Valley) Bad-tempered, angry, annoyed.
    She was rather cross about missing her train on the first day of the job.
    Please don't get cross at me. (or) Please don't get cross with me.
** 1650/1651, Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living
    He had received a cross answer from his mistress.
* Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged.
    cross interrogatories
    cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other
* (nautical) Of the sea, having two wave systems traveling at oblique angles, due to the wind over shifting direction or the waves of two storm systems meeting.
** 1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 15:As my father remarked to me when I stole on deck to view the state of affairs, the sea was a "cross one," and very difficult to steer against.
* (archaic) Dishonest.

#### Synonyms

* (opposite to): contrarily, opposed, reverse, antipodal
* (mildly angry): angry, annoyed, irritated

#### Derived terms

* cross action
* cross as two sticks
* cross bat
* crossbeam
* cross-chain
* cross-contaminant
* cross cut
* cross elasticity of demand
* cross-examine
* crossguard
* cross-handed
* cross-inhibition
* cross-inhibitory
* crossish
* crossly
* cross-multiplication
* crossness
* crosspatch
* cross purposes
* cross-section
* cross-wise
* Walpole Cross Keys

#### Translations
### Preposition

cross
* (archaic) Across.
    She walked cross the mountains.
** 1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.
* The cross product of the previous vector and the following vector.
    The Lorentz force is q times v cross B.

#### Derived terms

* cross lots

#### See also

* dot
* × (the multiplication sign)

### Verb

cross (third-person singular simple present crosses, present participle crossing, simple past and past participle crossed)
* To make or form a cross.
** To place across or athwart; to cause to intersect.
    She frowned and crossed her arms.
** To lay or draw something across, such as a line.
    to cross the letter t
** To mark with an X.
    Cross the box which applies to you.
** To write lines of text at right angles to and over the top of one another in order to save paper.
*** 1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part I, London: Collins, →ISBN:An indulgent playmate, Grannie would lay aside the long scratchy-looking letter she was writing (heavily crossed ‘to save notepaper’) and enter into the delightful pastime of ‘a chicken from Mr Whiteley's’.
** (reflexive, to cross oneself) To make the sign of the cross over oneself.
*** 1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Rappaccini's Daughter”, in Mosses from an Old Manse:Again Beatrice crossed herself and sighed heavily as she bent over the dead insect.
** (transitive) To make the sign of the cross over (something or someone).
*** 1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 298:"Well, no! that's what I cannot make out either," said the mother quite innocently, "for I've had castor in the cradle, - I have crossed him, and I put a silver brooch in his shirt, and I stuck a knife in the beam over the door, so I don't know how they could have managed to change him."
** (UK, Oxford University, slang, obsolete, transitive) To mark a cross against the name of (a student) in the buttery or kitchen, so that they cannot get food there.
*** 2022, Andrew Lang, Oxford
    The reign of Mary was scarcely more favourable to letters. No one knew what to be at in religion. In Magdalen no one could be found to say Mass, the fellows were turned out, the undergraduates were whipped — boyish martyrs — and crossed at the buttery.
* To move relatively.
** (transitive) To go from one side of (something) to the other.
    Why did the chicken cross the road?
    You need to cross the street at the lights.
*** 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:Now we plunged into a deep shade with the boughs lacing each other overhead, and crossed dainty, rustic bridges over the cold trout-streams, the boards giving back the clatter of our horses' feet: or anon we shot into a clearing, with a colored glimpse of the lake and its curving shore far below us.
*** 2012 June 19, Phil McNulty, “England 1-0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:Ukraine, however, will complain long and hard about a contentious second-half incident when Marko Devic's shot clearly crossed the line before it was scrambled away by John Terry, only for the officials to remain unmoved.
*** 2021 December 29, Philip Haigh, “Rail's role in unifying Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, in RAIL, number 947, page 24:Whatever the merits or otherwise of Scottish independence or a united UK, plenty of people cross the border every year.
** (intransitive) To travel in a direction or path that will intersect with that of another.
    Ships crossing from starboard have right-of-way.
** (transitive) To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time.
*** November 4, 1866, James David Forbes, letter to E. C. Batten Esq.
    Your kind letter crossed mine.
** (sports) Relative movement by a player or of players.
*** (cricket, reciprocally) Of both batsmen, to pass each other when running between the wickets in order to score runs.
*** (soccer) To pass the ball from one side of the pitch to the other side.
    He crossed the ball into the penalty area.
*** (rugby) To score a try.
**** 2011 February 12, Mark Orlovac, “England 59-13 Italy”, in BBC:England cut loose at the end of the half, Ashton, Mark Cueto and Mike Tindall all crossing before the break.
* (social) To oppose.
** (transitive) To contradict (another) or frustrate the plans of.
    "You'll rue the day you tried to cross me, Tom Hero!" bellowed the villain.
*** 1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC:At length I begged him, with all the earnestness I felt, to tell me what had occurred to cross him so unusually, and to let me sympathize with him, if I could not hope to advise him.
*** 1995, “Gangsta's Paradise”, in Artis Ivey, Jr., Karry Sanders, Doug Rasheed (lyrics), Gangsta's Paradise (CD), performed by Coolio and L.V., Tommy Boy, →OCLC:But I ain't never crossed a man that didn't deserve it / Me be treated like a punk, you know that's unheard of / You better watch how you talkin' and where you walkin' / Or you and your homies might be lined in chalk
** (transitive, obsolete) To interfere and cut off ; to debar.
*** c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:to cross me from the golden time I look for
** (law) To conduct a cross examination; to question a hostile witness.
* (biology) To cross-fertilize or crossbreed.
    They managed to cross a sheep with a goat.
** 1978, Kim Applegate Peggs, Carpenter, volume 96, page 16:Question: What do you get when you cross an elephant with a rhino? Answer : El-if-I-no.
* (transitive) To stamp or mark (a cheque) in such a way as to prevent it being cashed, thus requiring it to be deposited into a bank account.
** 1924, Commerce Reports, volume 1, number 13, page 849:The English practice of crossing checks so that payment may be made to the bank account or to order is prevalent.

#### Conjugation

$^†$ Archaic or obsolete.

#### Synonyms

* (to cross-fertilize or crossbreed): cross-fertilize, crossbreed

#### Hyponyms

* crisscross

#### Derived terms

* anticross
* backcross
* becross
* bookcross
* countercross
* crossable
* cross a bridge before one comes to it
* cross-country
* crossing
* crossing loop
* crossing number
* cross my heart
* cross my heart and hope to die
* crossnumber
* cross off
* cross one's arms
* cross oneself
* cross one's fingers
* cross one's heart
* cross one's legs
* cross out
* crossover
* cross over
* cross paths
* crosspoint
* crossrow
* cross someone's mind
* cross someone's palm
* cross someone's palm with silver
* cross someone's path
* cross someone's T
* cross swords
* crosstable
* cross that bridge when one comes to it
* cross the aisle
* cross the floor
* cross the line
* cross the river
* cross the Rubicon
* cross the Styx
* cross the Thames
* cross the Tiber
* cross the t's and dot the i's
* cross the wires
* crosstrack
* crosstree
* crossunder
* cross up
* crossvine
* crosswalk
* crosswall
* crossway
* crosswedge
* cross wires
* crosswise
* crossword
* dot the i's and cross the t's
* double-cross
* get one's wires crossed
* incross
* intercross
* noncrossing
* outcross
* overcross
* recross
* uncross
* uncrossability

#### Translations
## Basque
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kros̺/ [kros̺]
* Rhymes: -os̺

### Noun

cross inan
* Proscribed spelling of kros (“cross country”)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “cross”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]

## French
### Etymology

From English.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʁɔs/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

cross m (uncountable)
* (sports) cross-country

### Further reading

* “cross”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Italian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English cross.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrɔs/
* Rhymes: -ɔs
* Hyphenation: cròss

### Noun

cross m (invariable)
* motocross
* cross (boxing punch, tennis shot)
* slice (golf shot)

#### Derived terms

* crossista

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* cros, croz, crosse, crosce

### Etymology

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux. Doublet of crouche and croys.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /krɔs/

### Noun

cross (plural crosses)
* A cross or gibbet (wooden frame for execution).
* The Holy Cross; Christ's cross.
* A representation of a cross; the cross as a Christian symbol:
** (heraldry) A cross in heraldry.
** A crucifix (cross-shaped structure).
** A crosier (clerical staff)
** The intersection of drawn lines, especially as a signature.
* (figurative) The cross in Christian metaphor:
** Crucifixion; nailing to a cross.
** Suffering, penury.
** (biblical) Christianity; the Christian religion.
* The sign of the cross.

#### Descendants

* English: cross
** → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
* Scots: cross, cros

#### References

* “cros, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-03.

## Swedish
### Noun

cross c
* a ball hit more or less diagonally across the playing field
** (soccer) a cross
** (tennis) a cross-court
* motocross (or similar sports)
    Synonym: motocross
* a motorbike (small and light motorcycle (as used in or similar to those used in motocross))
    åka cross i skogenride a motorbike in the forest
** 2000, The Latin Kings (lyrics and music), “De e knas [There's trouble]”, in Mitt kvarter [My neighborhood]‎:Träffade shunne på en nybaxad cross. Han frågade om jag ska ha skjuts och bjussade på ett bloss.Met a dude on a freshly-stolen motorbike. He asked if I need a ride and gave me a smoke.

#### Declension
### References

* cross in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* cross in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)