# خلنگ
## Brahui
### Etymology 1

A highly polysemous verb resulting from the conflation of several sources:
* The first set of senses is inherited from Proto-Dravidian *kol- (“to strike”). Cognate with Tamil கொல் (kol).
* The sense of "lift cattle" is inherited from Proto-Dravidian *kaḷ- (“to steal”). Cognate with Tamil கள் (kaḷ, “to steal”).
* The sense of "uproot" is inherited from Proto-Dravidian *kaḷ- (“to pluck, uproot, gather”), which is formally identical to the previous etymon and thus may not be a separate reconstruction. Cognate with Tamil கள் (kaḷ, “to weed”).
McAlpin proposes several Elamite cognates for the various senses of this verb:
* He relates the "strike" and "kill" sense to Achaemenid Elamite [script needed] (hal-pi-iš /⁠halpiš⁠/, “he slew, had killed, hit, struck”), [script needed] (hal-ba /⁠halba⁠/, “died, dead”). He claims to split the "strike" and "kill" senses on the basis of only "strike" having the imperative form خَڷ (xał) but this does not seem supported by the literature, and he provides some of the same Elamite cognates for both anyways.
* He relates the "lift cattle" sense to Old Elamite [script needed] (ha-al-ma-h /⁠halmah⁠/, “I made disappear”), etc.
* He relates the "uproot" sense to New Elamite [script needed] (hi-ul-li-in /⁠hillin⁠/, “plunder, booty”).
* The "pitch a tent" sense is related to Middle Elamite [script needed] (hu-ul-ba-h /⁠hulbah⁠/, “I erected”)
* The "traverse" sense is related to Achaemenid Elamite [script needed] (hal-sa-ba /⁠halsaba⁠/, “to drive to pasture”)

#### Verb

خَلِّنْگ (xalliṅg)
* to strike
** to kill
** to apply gently
** to fire (a gun), throw (a stone), etc.
* to lift cattle
* to uproot, gather (vegetables, etc.)
* to pitch (a tent)
** to plant (a tree)
* to traverse (a road)
* to invest
* to begin

##### Derived terms

* خَڷ (xał, “pain”)

#### References

* ↑ Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “2132”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.
* ↑ Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “1372”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.
* ↑ Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “1373”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.
* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xal”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 76 of 64–123
* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xaɬ”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 77 of 64–123
* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xel”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 77 of 64–123
* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xol”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 77 of 64–123
* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xal”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 76 of 64–123
* 1 2 Ali, Liaquat, Kobayashi, Masato (2024) “xall-ing”, in Brahui Texts: Glossed and Translated Short Stories and Folktales‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, page 732

#### Further reading

* Bray, Denys (1934) “khalling”, in The Brahui Language‎, Calcutta, India: Superintendent Government Printing, Part II: The Brāhūī Problem; Part III: Etymological Vocabulary, page 179

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian [Term?]. Cognate with Tamil குலுங்கு (kuluṅku). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
McAlpin relates it to Achaemenid Elamite [script needed] (ip-ši-iš /⁠ipšiš⁠/, “they feared”), etc. which he claims are metathesised causatives from earlier *huš-p-.

#### Verb

خُلِنْگ (xuliṅg)
* to fear, be afraid

##### Derived terms

* خُلِیس (xulīs, “fear”)
* خُلْکُن (xulkun, “soft”)
* خُلِیفِنْگ (xulīfiṅg, “to scare”)

#### References

* ↑ McAlpin, David (2022) “*xuɬ”, in “Modern colloquial eastern Elamite”, in Al-Burz, volume 14, number 1, page 77 of 64–123

#### Further reading

* Bray, Denys (1934) “khuling”, in The Brahui Language‎, Calcutta, India: Superintendent Government Printing, Part II: The Brāhūī Problem; Part III: Etymological Vocabulary, page 186
* Ali, Liaquat, Kobayashi, Masato (2024) “xul-ing”, in Brahui Texts: Glossed and Translated Short Stories and Folktales‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, page 733

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian [Term?]. Cognate with Tamil குளி (kuḷi, “to pierce”), Tulu ಕುಳಿಪುನಿ (kuḷipuni, “to sting”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

خُلِّنْگ (xulliṅg)
* to pierce, stab
* to insert
* to traverse

#### Further reading

* Bray, Denys (1934) “khulling”, in The Brahui Language‎, Calcutta, India: Superintendent Government Printing, Part II: The Brāhūī Problem; Part III: Etymological Vocabulary, page 186

## Persian
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xa.lanɡ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xä.läŋɡ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xä.läŋɡ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xä.läŋɡ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xä.läŋɡ̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xæ.læɲɡʲ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χä.läŋɡ]

#### Adjective

خَلَنْگ • (xalang)
* bi-coloured, piebald

#### Noun

خَلَنْگ • (xalang)
* heather
    Synonyms: ورسک (veresk), اریکا (erika)

##### Derived terms

* خلنگی (xalangi, “ericaceous”)

##### Descendants

* → Arabic: خَلَنْج (ḵalanj)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xi.lanɡ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɪ.läŋɡ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɪ.läŋɡ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xɪ.läŋɡ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xi.läŋɡ̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xe.læɲɡʲ̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χi.läŋɡ]

#### Noun

خِلَنْگ • (xilang)
* pinching the skin with the nails

### Further reading

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “خلنگ”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “خلنگ”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “خلنگ”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 716