# calidus
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* caldus

### Etymology

From caleō +‎ -idus.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈka.li.dus/, [ˈkälʲɪd̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈka.li.dus/, [ˈkäːlid̪us]

### Adjective

calidus (feminine calida, neuter calidum, comparative calidior, superlative calidissimus); first/second-declension adjective
* (literary) warm, hot
    Synonyms: (informal) caldus, (archaic) formus
    Antonym: frigidus
* fiery, fierce, vehement
* spirited, impassioned
* rash, eager, inconsiderate
* (rare) having a white spot on the forehead

#### Usage notes

* In the sense "hot water", the syncopated form calda is particularly common. Emperor Augustus "corrects [his grandson Gaius Caesar] for saying calidam rather than caldam, not because it's not Latin, but because it's annoying and, as he himself puts it in Greek, περίεργον (períergon, “affected, overdone”)".
* The form with -i- is completely absent from the surviving fragments of Petronius' Satyricon as inappropriate for representing informal speech, at least in the literal meaning.

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Antonyms

* frīgidus, frī̆gdus

#### Derived terms

* caldāmentum
* caldāria
* caldāriola
* caldārium
* caldārius
* caldor
* caldūmen
* calidē
* caliditās
* excaldō

#### Related terms

* calefaciō
* calefactābilis
* calefactiō
* calefactō
* calefactōrius
* calefactus
* caleō
* calēscō
* calor
* calōrātus
* calōrificus

#### Descendants

(Nearly all Romance descendants via the early syncopic form caldus.)
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: caldu, calidu
* Balkano-Romance:
** Aromanian: caldu, cald
** Istro-Romanian: cåd, cǫd
** Megleno-Romanian: cald
** Romanian: cald
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Corsican: caldu
** Dalmatian: cuolt
** Italian: caldo
** Neapolitan: càudu, càvero, càoro, càllo
** Sicilian: caudu, càvudu, cauru, càvuru, callu
** Venetan: calt, caldo
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: cjalt
** Romansch: chaud
* Gallo-Italic:
** Ligurian: câdo
** Lombard: cald
** Piedmontese: càud
* Gallo-Romance:
** Northern:
*** Franco-Provençal: chôd
*** Old French: chaut (see there for further descendants)
** Southern:
*** Catalan: cald
*** Occitan: caud, cald, chaud (Limousin)
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: caldu
** Old Galician-Portuguese: caldo
*** Galician: caldo
*** Portuguese: caldo
**** → Indonesian: kaldu
** Spanish: caldo
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)
** *caldūra
** *calidizāre
** *incalidīre
* Borrowings:
** → Asturian: cálidu
** → Italian: calido
** → Portuguese: cálido
** → Spanish: cálido

### References

* ↑ Adams, J. N. (2013) Social Variation and the Latin Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 94
* ↑ B. Boyce (2018 July 17) The Language of the Freedmen in Petronius' Cena Trimalchionis‎, BRILL, →ISBN, page 42

### Further reading

* “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "calidus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* calidus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.