# 考

| 考 | U+8003, &#32771; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8003 |
| ← 耂 [U+8002] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 耄 → [U+8004] |

## Translingual
### Han character

考 (Kangxi radical 125, 老+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 十大卜尸 (JKYS), four-corner 4420$_7$, composition ⿱耂丂(GTV) or ⿱耂⿺㇉一(H) or ⿱耂⿺㇉丿(JK))

#### Derived characters

* 侤 𠱼 㘼 㛈 𪫭 拷 洘 栲 烤 𧙲 𥹬 銬(铐) 鮳(鲓) 㼥 𫇷 𥬯 耉
* 𫷟 𬐈 𬁥 𮔁 𬢦 𬴗

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 960, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28843
* Dae Jaweon: page 1408, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2779, character 2
* Unihan data for U+8003

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 考 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 丂 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 攷 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 考 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 烤 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 拷 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 栲 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 洘 | *kʰluːʔ |
| 銬 | *kʰluːs |
| 巧 | *kʰruːʔ, *kʰruːs |
| 朽 | *qʰluʔ |
Variant of 老 (OC *ruːʔ) – Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 丂 (“a walking cane”) originally drawn as 匕 – an old man, leaning on a cane. Compare top component to 孝 (OC *qʰruːs).
Structurally related to 老 (OC *ruːʔ); the most commonly cited example of 轉注 (“reciprocal meaning”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kǎo (kao$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄠˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kao$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ко (ko, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haau$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hau$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kháu
    (Hailu, HRS): kau$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kau$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kau$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): kǎu
* Eastern Min (BUC): kō̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kor$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khóⁿ / khó
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kao$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎo
*** Wade–Giles: kʻao$^3$
*** Yale: kǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kao
*** Palladius: као (kao)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: kao$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kao
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰau⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ко (ko, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haau$^2$
*** Yale: háau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hao$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːu̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hau$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hau⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kháu
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau̯³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kau$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰau³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kau$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰau⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰau²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kō̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰo³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kô̤
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kor$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khónn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qvor
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó
*** Tâi-lô: khó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoir
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɤ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kao$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kháu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰau⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khau
*** MiniDict: khau$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɔ³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khawX
Rime :
| Character | 考 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦浩切 |
| Baxter | khawX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 考 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǎo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khaw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-r̥ˁuʔ/ |
| English | old; deceased father |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 考 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7404 |
| Phonetic component | 丂 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 考 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰluːʔ/ |

### Definitions

考
* to examine; to check
    考察 ― kǎochá ― to examine
* to study; to investigate
    考慮／考虑 ― kǎolǜ ― to consider
    思考 ― sīkǎo ― to think
    考古 ― kǎogǔ ― archaeology
    生卒年不可考 ― shēng zú nián bùkě kǎo ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to test; to assess
    你考倒我了。 ― Nǐ kǎo dǎo wǒ le. ― You got me there.
       Kǎo kǎo nǐ de shùxué nénglì. [Pinyin]
       Testing your maths prowess.
* to have a test; to have an exam
    考滿分／考满分 ― kǎo mǎnfēn ― to get full marks
       haau$^2$ ce$^1$, haau$^2$ ce$^1$ paai$^4$ [Jyutping]
       to take a driver's license test
    我明天考數學。／我明天考数学。 ― Wǒ míngtiān kǎo shùxué. ― I'm having my maths exam tomorrow.
* Short for 考試／考试 (kǎoshì, “exam; test”).
    高考 ― gāokǎo ― gaokao
* (literary) long-lived; elderly
    福祿壽考／福禄寿考 ― fúlù shòukǎo ― wealth, happiness and longevity
* (literary) deceased father; posthumous name for male relations
    先考 ― xiānkǎo ― deceased father
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Jì wángfù yuē huángzǔkǎo, wángmǔ yuē huángzǔbǐ. Fù yuē huángkǎo, mǔ yuē huángbǐ. Fū yuē huángpì. Shēng yuē fù, yuē mǔ, yuē qī, sǐ yuē kǎo, yuē bǐ, yuē pín. [Pinyin]
    In sacrificing to them, a grandfather is called 'the sovereign grandfather'; a grandmother, 'the sovereign grandmother'; a father, 'the sovereign father'; a mother, 'the sovereign mother; a husband, 'the sovereign pattern.' While alive, the names of 'father', 'mother', and 'wife' are used; when they are dead, those of 'the completed one', 'the corresponding one', and 'the honored one'.

### Compounds

* 丁等特考
* 三考
* 世事通考
* 丙等特考
* 主考 (zhǔkǎo)
* 乙等特考
* 伯邑考
* 備考 / 备考 (bèikǎo)
* 先祖考
* 先考 (xiānkǎo)
* 克克拉去考勒 (Kèkèlāqùkǎolè)
* 准考證 (zhǔnkǎozhèng)
* 切韻考 / 切韵考
* 升等考試 / 升等考试
* 參考 / 参考 (cānkǎo)
* 參考書 / 参考书 (cānkǎoshū)
* 同考官
* 國家考試 / 国家考试
* 報考 / 报考 (bàokǎo)
* 壽考 / 寿考
* 大主考
* 大學聯考 / 大学联考
* 大專聯考 / 大专联考
* 大考 (dàkǎo)
* 大考中心
* 如喪考妣 / 如丧考妣 (rúsàngkǎobǐ)
* 富貴壽考 / 富贵寿考
* 導向思考 / 导向思考
* 小考 (xiǎokǎo)
* 希區考克 / 希区考克
* 待考 (dàikǎo)
* 循名考實 / 循名考实
* 思考 (sīkǎo)
* 應考 / 应考 (yìngkǎo)
* 房考
* 打考
* 扣考
* 投考 (tóukǎo)
* 抽考
* 招考 (zhāokǎo)
* 文獻通考 / 文献通考 (Wénxiàn Tōngkǎo)
* 普考
* 普通考試 / 普通考试
* 替考 (tìkǎo)
* 會考 / 会考 (huìkǎo)
* 月考 (yuèkǎo)
* 期中考 (qīzhōngkǎo)
* 期末考 (qīmòkǎo)
* 期終考試 / 期终考试 (qīzhōng kǎoshì)
* 期考 (qīkǎo)
* 朝考
* 查考 (chákǎo)
* 模擬考試 / 模拟考试
* 檢定考試 / 检定考试
* 歲考 / 岁考
* 歷歷可考 / 历历可考
* 段考 (duànkǎo)
* 深稽博考
* 源流考
* 潁考叔 / 颍考叔
* 漢語水平考試 / 汉语水平考试 (Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì)
* 燕樂考源 / 燕乐考源
* 特種考試 / 特种考试
* 特考
* 王考
* 班班可考
* 甲等特考
* 留學考試 / 留学考试
* 畢業考試 / 毕业考试
* 皇祖考 (huángzǔkǎo)
* 皇考 (huángkǎo)
* 監考 / 监考 (jiānkǎo)
* 盤考 / 盘考
* 祖考
* 科考 (kēkǎo)
* 稽考 (jīkǎo)
* 細考 / 细考
* 經義考 / 经义考
* 缺考 (quēkǎo)
* 考中 (kǎozhòng)
* 考亭
* 考亭學派 / 考亭学派
* 考信錄 / 考信录
* 考克尼 (kǎokèní)
* 考功
* 考勤 (kǎoqín)
* 考區 / 考区
* 考卷 (kǎojuàn)
* 考取 (kǎoqǔ)
* 考古 (kǎogǔ)
* 考古圖 / 考古图
* 考古學 / 考古学 (kǎogǔxué)
* 考古編 / 考古编
* 考古質疑 / 考古质疑
* 考古題 / 考古题 (kǎogǔtí)
* 考名責實 / 考名责实
* 考問 / 考问 (kǎowèn)
* 考堂
* 考場 / 考场 (kǎochǎng)
* 考妣 (kǎobǐ)
* 考季
* 考官 (kǎoguān)
* 考察 (kǎochá)
* 考察團 / 考察团 (kǎochátuán)
* 考工令
* 考工記 / 考工记
* 考差
* 考後 / 考后 (Kǎohòu)
* 考徵 / 考征
* 考慮 / 考虑 (kǎolǜ)
* 考成 (kǎochéng)
* 考掠
* 考據 / 考据 (kǎojù)
* 考據學 / 考据学
* 考旦
* 考期
* 考查 (kǎochá)
* 考核 (kǎohé)
* 考校
* 考格
* 考案畫 / 考案画
* 考棚
* 考槃
* 考檢 / 考检
* 考求
* 考滿 / 考满
* 考生 (kǎoshēng)
* 考異 / 考异 (kǎoyì)
* 考研 (kǎoyán)
* 考究
* 考終 / 考终
* 考績 / 考绩 (kǎojì)
* 考績幽明 / 考绩幽明
* 考績黜陟 / 考绩黜陟
* 考考
* 考覈 (kǎohé)
* 考訂 / 考订 (kǎodìng)
* 考評 / 考评 (kǎopíng)
* 考評局 / 考评局 (Kǎopíngjú)
* 考試 / 考试 (kǎoshì)
* 考試委員 / 考试委员
* 考試權 / 考试权
* 考試院 / 考试院 (kǎoshìyuàn)
* 考語 / 考语 (kǎoyǔ)
* 考論 / 考论 (kǎolùn)
* 考證 / 考证 (kǎozhèng)
* 考運 / 考运
* 考選 / 考选
* 考釋 / 考释 (kǎoshì)
* 考量 (kǎoliáng)
* 考鏡 / 考镜
* 考院
* 考竟
* 考題 / 考题 (kǎotí)
* 考驗 / 考验 (kǎoyàn)
* 聯考 / 联考 (liánkǎo)
* 若喪考妣 / 若丧考妣
* 補考 / 补考 (bǔkǎo)
* 詢事考言 / 询事考言
* 赴考 (fùkǎo)
* 趕考 / 赶考 (gǎnkǎo)
* 路考 (lùkǎo)
* 逆向思考
* 通考 (tōngkǎo)
* 週考 / 周考
* 道考
* 重考 (chóngkǎo)
* 銓定考試 / 铨定考试
* 鏡考 / 镜考
* 閉卷考 / 闭卷考
* 開卷考 / 开卷考
* 開考 / 开考 (kāikǎo)
* 阿爾考特 / 阿尔考特
* 陪考
* 顯祖考 / 显祖考
* 顯考 / 显考
* 高普考
* 高等考試 / 高等考试
* 高考 (gāokǎo)
* 麥考萊 / 麦考莱

### Descendants

* → Guiqiong: kʰɐu (“to sit exams”)

### References

* “考”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03252

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* thought
* consideration

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: かんがえる (kangaeru, 考える, Jōyō)、かんがえ (kangae, 考え)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 考 (MC khawX).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 코ᇢ〯 (Yale: khwǒw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 고〮 (kwó) (Yale: kwó) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (to think):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞]
** Phonetic hangul: [고]
* (to study; to test):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ko̞(ː)]
** Phonetic hangul: [고(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 考 (eumhun 생각할 고 (saenggakhal go))
* hanja form of 고 (“to think; to consider”)
* hanja form of 고 (“to study; to investigate”)
* hanja form of 고 (“to test; to assess”)

#### Compounds

* 고고 (考古, gogo)
* 고려 (考慮, goryeo)
* 고사 (考査, gosa)
* 고시 (考試, gosi)
* 고안 (考案, goan)
* 고증 (考證, gojeung)
* 고찰 (考察, gochal)
* 논고 (論考, non'go)
* 묵고 (默考, mukgo)
* 비고 (備考, bigo)
* 사고 (思考, sago)
* 상고 (詳考, sanggo)
* 숙고 (熟考, sukgo)
* 재고 (再考, jaego)
* 참고 (參考, chamgo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

考: Hán Nôm readings: khảo
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.