# اسم
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Semitic *šim-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *sim- (“name”). Leveled in Arabic to the roots و س م (w s m) and س م و (s m w).
Cognate with Hebrew שם (shém).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ism/
* Audio:(file)
** (Gulf) IPA: /ɪ.sɪm/

#### Noun

اِسْم • (ism) m (plural أَسْمَاء (ʔasmāʔ) or أَسَامٍ (ʔasāmin))
* name
    مَا ٱسْمُكَ؟ ― mā smuka? ― What is your name?
    بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيمِbismi allāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmiin the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate
    بِسْمِ ٱلْآبِ وَٱلِٱبْنِ وَٱلرُّوحِ ٱلْقُدُسِbismi l-ʔābi wal-ibni war-rūḥi l-qudusiIn the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost
* appellation
* reputation, prestige
* (grammar) noun (a category above, including pronouns and substantives like adjectives and participles, see the derived terms to get a picture of the usage)

##### Derived terms

* اَلْأَسْمَاء الْخَمْسَة (al-ʔasmāʔ al-ḵamsa, “the five nouns”)
* اِسْم آلَة (ism ʔāla, “nomen instrumenti”)
* اِسْم إِشَارَة (ism ʔišāra, “pronomen demonstrativum”)
* اِسْم اِسْتِفْهَام (ism istifhām, “pronomen interrogativum”)
* اِسْم تَفْضِيل (ism tafḍīl, “elativus”)
* اِسْم جَمْع (ism jamʕ, “nomen generis”)
* اِسْم جِنْس (ism jins, “nomen appellativum”)
* اِسْم جِنْس إِفْرَادِيّ (ism jins ʔifrādiyy)
* اِسْم جِنْس جَمْعِيّ (ism jins jamʕiyy)
* اِسْم زَمَان (ism zamān, “nomen temporis”)
* اِسْم عَدَد (ism ʕadad, “nomen numeri”)
* اِسْم عَلَم (ism ʕalam, “nomen proprium”)
* اِسْم فَاعِل (ism fāʕil, “participium activum”)
* اِسْم مَرَّة (ism marra, “nomen vicis”)
* اِسْم مَفْعُول (ism mafʕūl, “participium passivum”)
* اِسْم مَقْصُور (ism maqṣūr, “noun ending in ى or ا”)
* اِسْم مَكَان (ism makān, “nomen loci”)
* اِسْم مَنْقُوص (ism manqūṣ, “noun ending in ـٍ (-in)”)
* اِسْم مَوْصُول (ism mawṣūl, “pronomen relativum”)
* اِسْم نَوْع (ism nawʕ, “nomen speciei”)
* اِسْم هَيْئَة (ism hayʔa, “nomen speciei”)
* اِسْم وَحْدَة (ism waḥda, “nomen unitatis”)
* اِسْم وِعَاء (ism wiʕāʔ, “nomen vasis”)
* اِسْمِيّ (ismiyy, “nominal, titular”)

##### Descendants

* Cypriot Arabic: ism
* Egyptian Arabic: اسم (ism)
* Hijazi Arabic: اسم (isim)
* Maltese: isem
* Moroccan Arabic: اسم (ism)
* Tunisian Arabic: اسم (ism)
* → Azerbaijani: isim
* → Classical Persian: اِسْم (ism)
** → Bashkir: исем (isem)
** → Chagatai: اسم
*** Uzbek: ism
*** Uyghur: ئىسىم (isim)
** → Gujarati: ઇસમ (isam)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इस्म (isma)
    Urdu: اِسْم (ism)
** → Kannada: ಇಸಮು (isamu)
** → Kazakh: есім (esım)
** → Marathi: इसम (isam)
** → Ottoman Turkish: اسم (ism, isim)
*** Turkish: isim
* → Malay: isim
* → Swahili: isimu

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

اُسْمُ • (usmu) (form I) /us.mu/
* second-person masculine singular imperative of سَمَا (samā)

### Further reading

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “اسم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 359–360
* Carter, Michael George (2017) “The Seven Deadly Sins of Arabic Studies”, in Manuel Sartori, Manuela E. B. Giolfo, Philippe Cassuto, editors, Approaches to the History and Dialectology of Arabic in Honor of Pierre Larcher (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics; 88), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 519–521
* Kasher, Almog (2009 October 1) “Term Ism in Medieval Arabic Grammatical Tradition: A Hyponym of Itself”, in Journal of Semitic Studies‎, Oxford Academix, retrieved 26 October 2018
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “سم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

## Azerbaijani
### Noun

اسم (ism) (definite accusative اسمی, plural اسملر)
* Alternative spelling of ایسیم

## Chadian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Noun

اسم • (usum) m (plural أسامي (asāme))
* name, appellation
* (grammar) noun

### References

* Heath, Judith, Mahadi, Mahamat Zene (2021) Lexique Arabe Tchadien-Français‎ (in French), 11th edition, N'Djamena, Chad: SIL Chad, page 148

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i.sim/, [ɪsɪm]

### Noun

اسم • (isim) m (construct state اِسْم (ism), plural أسامي (ʔasāmi) or أسماء (ʔasmāʔ))
* name

## Malay
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

اسم (plural اسم-اسم or اسم٢, informal 1st possessive اسمکو, 2nd possessive اسممو, 3rd possessive اسمڽ)
* Jawi spelling of isim‎

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

اسم (plural اسم-اسم or اسم٢, informal 1st possessive اسمکو, 2nd possessive اسممو, 3rd possessive اسمڽ)
* Jawi spelling of asam‎

#### Adjective

اسم
* Jawi spelling of asam‎

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Noun

اسم • (ism, isim) (plural اسملر)
* name
* (grammar) noun

#### Synonyms

* آد (ad)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: isim

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔism]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪsm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪsm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪsm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔism]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔesm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔism]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

اسم • (esm) (plural اسم‌ها (esm-hâ) or اسامی (asâmi) or اَسْماء (asmâ'))
* (especially Iran) name
    Synonym: نام (nâm)
** 2024 April 30, “یک سند محرمانه از تعرض جنسی به نیکا شاکرمی و جزئیات قتل او به دست نیروهای امنیتی ایران پرده برداشت”, in bbc.com/persian‎, BBC Persian:این اسناد شامل اسامی قاتلان نیکا و فرماندهان ارشدی است که سعی کردند واقعیت این ماجرا را مخفی کنند.in asnâd šâmel-e asâmi-ye qâtelân-e nikâ va farmândehân-e aršâdi ast ke sa'y kardand vâqe'iyat-e in mâjarâ râ maxfi konand.These documents contain the names of Nika's murderers and the senior commanders who attempted to hide the truth behind the incident.
* appellation
    Synonym: نامیده (nâmide)
* (grammar) noun
    Hyponym: اسم خاص (esm-e xâs)

#### Usage notes

* (name): In Iran, نام is formal. اسم must be used in informal speech, but is also common in formal contexts. In Dari and Tajik, اسم is not the common word for "name" at any level of formality.

#### Descendants

* → Bashkir: исем (isem)
* → Chagatai: اسم
** Uzbek: ism
** Uyghur: ئىسىم (isim)
* → Gujarati: ઇસમ (isam)
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इस्म (isma)
    Urdu: اِسْم (ism)
* → Kannada: ಇಸಮು (isamu)
* → Kazakh: есім (esım)
* → Marathi: इसम (isam)
* → Ottoman Turkish: اسم (ism, isim)
** Turkish: isim

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔism/, [ˈʔɪ.s(ɪ)m]
* IPA: /ʔusm/, [ˈʔʊ.s(ʊ)m]
* Audio (Jerusalem):(file)

### Noun

اسم • (ʔism, ʔusm) m (plural أسامي (ʔasāmi))
* name
    اسم العيلة ― ʔism il-ʕēle ― surname, family name
    Audio (Ramallah):(file)
    اسم الشخص ― ʔism iš-šaḵṣ ― first name
    Audio (Ramallah):(file)
    شو اسمك؟ ― šu ʔismak? ― What's your name?
    شو الاسم الكريم؟ ― šu l-ʔism il-karīm? ― What's your noble name?
* (grammar) noun

## Tunisian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِسْم (ism).

### Noun

اسم (ʔism) m
* name
    شسمك ؟ ― šismik ― What's your name?
* (grammar) noun
* title
    ما ختارش اسم باهي لكتابه ― mā ḵtāriš ʔism bāhi liktābu ― He didn't choose a good title for his book
* first name

## Urdu
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian اسم (ism), from Arabic اِسْم (ism).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɪsm/

#### Noun

اِسْم • (ism) m (Hindi spelling इस्म)
* (rare) name, appellation, designation
* (grammar) noun, substantive

##### Synonyms

* نام (nām)

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असम (asama).

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ə.səm/

#### Adjective

اَسَم • (asam) (Hindi spelling असम)
* unequal
* uneven
* dissimilar
* unusual

### Further reading

* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “اسم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.