# karhu
## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu, probably derived from *karhëda; equivalent to karhea (“rough, coarse”) +‎ -u. Originally a euphemism for *okci (whence oksi, ohto, and otso). Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Swedish björn and sense 4 from English bear.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑrhu/, [ˈkɑ̝rhu]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑrhu
* Hyphenation: kar‧hu

### Noun

karhu
* bear (large omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae)
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:karhu
* brown bear, Ursus arctos
    Synonyms: maakarhu, ruskeakarhu
* (informal) debtor
    Synonym: velkoja
** (informal) taxman
    Synonyms: verottaja, veronkantaja, (informal) verokarhu
* (finance) bear (investor who sells in anticipation of falling prices)
    Antonym: härkä

#### Declension

Possessive forms of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karhuni
karhuni
accusative
nom.
karhuni
karhuni
gen.
karhuni
genitive
karhuni
karhujeni
partitive
karhuani
karhujani
inessive
karhussani
karhuissani
elative
karhustani
karhuistani
illative
karhuuni
karhuihini
adessive
karhullani
karhuillani
ablative
karhultani
karhuiltani
allative
karhulleni
karhuilleni
essive
karhunani
karhuinani
translative
karhukseni
karhuikseni
abessive
karhuttani
karhuittani
instructive
comitative
—karhuineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karhusi
karhusi
accusative
nom.
karhusi
karhusi
gen.
karhusi
genitive
karhusi
karhujesi
partitive
karhuasi
karhujasi
inessive
karhussasi
karhuissasi
elative
karhustasi
karhuistasi
illative
karhuusi
karhuihisi
adessive
karhullasi
karhuillasi
ablative
karhultasi
karhuiltasi
allative
karhullesi
karhuillesi
essive
karhunasi
karhuinasi
translative
karhuksesi
karhuiksesi
abessive
karhuttasi
karhuittasi
instructive
comitative
—karhuinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karhumme
karhumme
accusative
nom.
karhumme
karhumme
gen.
karhumme
genitive
karhumme
karhujemme
partitive
karhuamme
karhujamme
inessive
karhussamme
karhuissamme
elative
karhustamme
karhuistamme
illative
karhuumme
karhuihimme
adessive
karhullamme
karhuillamme
ablative
karhultamme
karhuiltamme
allative
karhullemme
karhuillemme
essive
karhunamme
karhuinamme
translative
karhuksemme
karhuiksemme
abessive
karhuttamme
karhuittamme
instructive
comitative
—karhuinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karhunne
karhunne
accusative
nom.
karhunne
karhunne
gen.
karhunne
genitive
karhunne
karhujenne
partitive
karhuanne
karhujanne
inessive
karhussanne
karhuissanne
elative
karhustanne
karhuistanne
illative
karhuunne
karhuihinne
adessive
karhullanne
karhuillanne
ablative
karhultanne
karhuiltanne
allative
karhullenne
karhuillenne
essive
karhunanne
karhuinanne
translative
karhuksenne
karhuiksenne
abessive
karhuttanne
karhuittanne
instructive
comitative
—karhuinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
karhunsa
karhunsa
accusative
nom.
karhunsa
karhunsa
gen.
karhunsa
genitive
karhunsa
karhujensa
partitive
karhuaan karhuansa
karhujaan karhujansa
inessive
karhussaan karhussansa
karhuissaan karhuissansa
elative
karhustaan karhustansa
karhuistaan karhuistansa
illative
karhuunsa
karhuihinsa
adessive
karhullaan karhullansa
karhuillaan karhuillansa
ablative
karhultaan karhultansa
karhuiltaan karhuiltansa
allative
karhulleen karhullensa
karhuilleen karhuillensa
essive
karhunaan karhunansa
karhuinaan karhuinansa
translative
karhukseen karhuksensa
karhuikseen karhuiksensa
abessive
karhuttaan karhuttansa
karhuittaan karhuittansa
instructive
comitative
—karhuineen karhuinensa :

#### Derived terms

* karhukainen
* Karhula
* karhumainen
* Karhunen
* karhuta
* kuin perseeseen ammuttu karhu
* alkukarhu
* atlaskarhu
* emokarhu
* emäkarhu
* etruskikarhu
* forsterinmerikarhu
* gobinkarhu
* harmaakarhu
* henkikarhu
* huulikarhu
* häirikkökarhu
* Iso karhu
* jääkarhu
* karhuemo
* karhujahti
* karhukirje
* karhukissa
* karhukoira
* Karhukopla
* Karhukorpi
* karhukävely
* Karhulahti
* karhulanka
* karhulori
* Karhumaa
* karhumakaki
* karhumarkkina
* karhumarkkinat
* Karhumäki
* karhunajo
* karhunhammas
* karhunjuuri
* karhunkaataja
* karhunkaato
* karhunkieli
* karhunkierros
* karhunkoppi
* karhunköynnös
* karhunlanka
* karhunlaukka
* karhunliha
* karhunmarja
* karhunmetsästys
* karhunnahka
* karhunpalvelus
* karhunpalvonta
* karhunpeijaiset
* karhunpenikka
* karhunpentu
* karhunpesä
* karhunpoika
* karhunpoikanen
* karhunputki
* karhunpyynti
* karhunpyytäjä
* karhunraudat
* karhunrauta
* karhunruoho
* karhunsammal
* karhunseitikki
* karhuntalja
* Karhunvartija
* karhunvatukka
* karhunäätä
* karhupaviaani
* karhupumppu
* karhuruno
* Karhu-ryhmä
* Karhusaari
* Karhusuo
* karhuvipu
* karhuäyriäinen
* karjalankarhukoira
* kauluskarhu
* kermodekarhu
* kierteishäntäkarhu
* kissakarhu
* kodiakinkarhu
* koirakarhu
* luolakarhu
* maakarhu
* malaijikarhu
* marjaskarhu
* merikarhu
* mustakarhu
* muurahaiskarhu
* naaraskarhu
* nallekarhu
* nenäkarhu
* pandakarhu
* pesukarhu
* Pieni karhu
* pikkukarhu
* pohjanmerikarhu
* puolikarhu
* pussikarhu
* ruskeakarhu
* sarastuskarhu
* sepelkarhu
* silmälasikarhu
* syyriankarhu
* teddykarhu
* tiekarhu
* tylppäkuonokarhu
* verokarhu

### Further reading

* “karhu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈkɑru/, [ˈkɑru]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈkɑrhu/, [ˈkɑrhu]
* Rhymes: -ɑru, -ɑrhu
* Hyphenation: kar‧hu

### Noun

karhu
* bear
** 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:A täs ono karhu.And here is a bear.

#### Derived terms

* merikarhu
* metsäkarhu
* tarhaakarhu
* valkia karhu

### References

* Fedor Tumansky (1790) “каро”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 679
* V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 61
* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 136
* Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 80

## Karelian

Regional variants of karhu :
| North Karelian (Viena) | karhu |
| South Karelian (Tver) | karhu |

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkɑrhu/
* Hyphenation: kar‧hu

### Noun

karhu (genitive karhun, partitive karhuo)
* (archaic or poetic) Synonym of kontie / kondie

#### Declension
### References

* A. V. Punzhina (1994) “karhu”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
* Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “karhu”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja‎, Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN
* P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “медведь”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN