# 抗

| 抗 | U+6297, &#25239; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6297 |
| ← 抖 [U+6296] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 折 → [U+6298] |

## Translingual
### Han character

抗 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手卜竹弓 (QYHN), four-corner 5001$_7$, composition ⿰扌亢)
* resist, oppose, defy, reject

#### Derived characters

* 𫩽, 𩷠, 𮅑, 𰞠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 422, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11889
* Dae Jaweon: page 769, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1843, character 4
* Unihan data for U+6297

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 笐 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 亢 | *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs |
| 牨 | *kaːŋ |
| 苀 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 魧 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 迒 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 邟 | *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 忼 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ |
| 骯 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ |
| 抗 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 炕 | *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ |
| 伉 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 閌 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 犺 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 蚢 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 砊 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 阬 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 頏 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 航 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 杭 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 沆 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 肮 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 吭 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 秔 | *kraːŋ |
| 坑 | *kʰraːŋ |
| 劥 | *kʰraːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kàng (kang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kong$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khong / khóng
    (Hailu, HRS): kong$^ˇ$ / kong$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kong$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): kǎng
* Eastern Min (BUC): káung
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): korng$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khòng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khaon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kàng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻang$^4$
*** Yale: kàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
*** Palladius: кан (kan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kong$^3$
*** Yale: kong
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kong$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khong / khóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kong / kong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kong$^4$ / kong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰoŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kong$^ˇ$ / kong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ¹¹/, /kʰoŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: káung
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑuŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: korng$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ko̤̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɒŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khòng
*** Tâi-lô: khòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoxng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khaon
*** MiniDict: khaon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khaan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃³⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit抗 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰaŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰaŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰaŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰɔ̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰɑŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰɑ̃¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰɑŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰaŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰaŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰaŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰã̠¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰɑ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰɒ̃¹¹/ ～不住 /kʰɒ̃⁴⁵/ 抵～ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰɑ̃⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰɑ̃³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰɑ̃⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰuɔ⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰa³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰau⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰan⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰɔn⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰɔŋ²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰɔŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰɔŋ³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kʰɔŋ³³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰɔuŋ²¹²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰaŋ²¹³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xaŋ³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: hang, khangH
Rime :
| Character | 抗 | 抗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 胡郎切 | 苦浪切 |
| Baxter | hang | khangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaŋ/ | /kʰaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣɑŋ/ | /kʰɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | háng | kàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hong$^4$ | hong$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/, /*ɡaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 抗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁaŋ-s/ |
| English | set up; oppose; protect |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 抗 | 抗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 7365 | 7388 |
| Phonetic component | 亢 | 亢 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 抗 | 航 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːŋs/ | /*ɡaːŋ/ |

### Definitions

抗
* to resist, to oppose
    抗日戰爭／抗日战争 ― kàngrì zhànzhēng ― "War of Resistance Against Japan" (the Second Sino-Japanese War)
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Guāngōng yuē: “Rǔ zěn gǎn kàng wú?” Jìn yuē: “Shàngmìng chāiqiǎn, shēnbùyóujǐ. Wàng jūnhóu liánmǐn, shì yǐ sǐ bào.” [Pinyin]
    Lord Guan said: "How dare you oppose me?" (Yu) Jin said: "We were ordered from above, (we did so) not on our own accord. We hope ye, milord, would have mercy. We swear we'll repay that with death."
* (obsolete) to raise; to lift; to elevate; to hold high
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dàhóu jìkàng, gōngshǐ sīzhāng. [Pinyin]
    The great target is set up; The bows and arrows are made ready for the shooting.
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Bēishī, zhòngchí, tānlì, zé kàng zhī yǐ gāozhì. [Pinyin]
    The self-deprecating people, the encumbered and sluggish, and the pettily covetous ones — we elevate them with a high spirit.
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Nìng yǔ qíjì kàng'è hū? Jiāng suí númǎ zhījì hū? [Pinyin]
    Shall I rather hold myself aloft in the yoke of Pegasus, or waste away after the tracks of a Rocinante?

#### Compounds

* 不可抗力 (bùkěkànglì)
* 不可抗拒 (bùkě kàngjù)
* 不抗不卑
* 八年抗戰 / 八年抗战
* 分庭抗禮 / 分庭抗礼 (fēntíngkànglǐ)
* 匹配阻抗
* 反抗 (fǎnkàng)
* 反抗期
* 對抗 / 对抗 (duìkàng)
* 對抗賽 / 对抗赛
* 抗凝血劑 / 抗凝血剂
* 抗利尿素
* 抗力 (kànglì)
* 抗力點 / 抗力点
* 抗原 (kàngyuán)
* 抗告 (kànggào)
* 抗命
* 抗塵走俗 / 抗尘走俗
* 抗心希古
* 抗志
* 抗憂鬱藥 / 抗忧郁药
* 抗戰 / 抗战 (kàngzhàn)
* 抗戰勝利 / 抗战胜利
* 抗戰夫人 / 抗战夫人
* 抗戰歌曲 / 抗战歌曲
* 抗手
* 抗拒 (kàngjù)
* 抗敵 / 抗敌 (kàngdí)
* 抗日 (kàngrì)
* 抗日戰爭 / 抗日战争 (Kàngrì Zhànzhēng)
* 抗旱 (kànghàn)
* 抗暴 (kàngbào)
* 抗毒素 (kàngdúsù)
* 抗毒血清
* 抗氧化劑 / 抗氧化剂 (kàngyǎnghuàjì)
* 抗溼紙 / 抗湿纸
* 抗爭 / 抗争 (kàngzhēng)
* 抗生素 (kàngshēngsù)
* 抗疏
* 抗直
* 抗禮 / 抗礼
* 抗稅 / 抗税 (kàngshuì)
* 抗節 / 抗节
* 抗糧 / 抗粮
* 抗組織胺 / 抗组织胺 (kàngzǔzhī'àn)
* 抗菌素 (kàngjūnsù)
* 抗菌血清
* 抗藥性 / 抗药性
* 抗血清
* 抗行
* 抗衡 (kànghéng)
* 抗論 / 抗论
* 抗議 / 抗议 (kàngyì)
* 抗議文學 / 抗议文学
* 抗議書 / 抗议书
* 抗足
* 抗辯 / 抗辩 (kàngbiàn)
* 抗逆力 (kàngnìlì)
* 抗邁 / 抗迈
* 抗震 (kàngzhèn)
* 抗章
* 抗頡作用 / 抗颉作用
* 抗顏 / 抗颜
* 抗首
* 抗體 / 抗体 (kàngtǐ)
* 拒抗
* 抵抗 (dǐkàng)
* 抵抗力 (dǐkànglì)
* 抵抗權 / 抵抗权
* 拮抗 (jiékàng)
* 搭抗
* 撇抗
* 擣虛撇抗 / 捣虚撇抗
* 暴抗
* 狼抗
* 負嵎頑抗 / 负嵎顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
* 負隅頑抗 / 负隅顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
* 違抗 / 违抗 (wéikàng)
* 阻抗 (zǔkàng)
* 難與抗衡 / 难与抗衡
* 頑抗 / 顽抗 (wánkàng)
* 高抗

### References

* “抗”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “抗”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 121.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* fight against
* meet head on
* contravene
* to disagree with

#### Readings

* Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)、ごう (gō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あらがう (aragau, 抗う)、ふせぐ (fusegu, 抗ぐ)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 抗 (MC hang).

### Hanja

Wikisource 抗 (eumhun 막을 항 (mageul hang))
* hanja form of 항 (“fight against”)

#### Compounds

* 대항 (對抗, daehang)
* 반항 (反抗, banhang)
* 저항 (抵抗, jeohang)
* 항거 (抗拒, hanggeo)
* 항변 (抗辯, hangbyeon)
* 항소 (抗訴, hangso)
* 항암 (抗癌, hang'am)
* 항의 (抗議, hang'ui)
* 항체 (抗體, hangche)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

抗: Hán Nôm readings: kháng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.