# demon
## English

For quotations using this term, see Citations:demon.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdiː.mən/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -iːmən
* Homophone: daemon

### Etymology 1

From Middle English demon, a borrowing from Medieval Latin dēmōn, daemōn (“lar, familiar spirit, guardian spirit”), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, god, protective spirit”). Doublet of daimon.

#### Alternative forms

* (now chiefly in reference to the ancient Greek spirit): daimon, daemon, dæmon

#### Noun

demon (plural demons)
* An evil supernatural spirit.
** An evil spirit resident in or working for Hell; a devil. [from 10th c.]
*** 2007 December 2, April D. DeConick, “What the Gospel of Judas really says”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 23 November 2011, Essay‎:So what does the Gospel of Judas really say? It says that Judas is a specific demon called the "Thirteenth." In certain Gnostic traditions, this is the given name of the king of demons - an entity known as Ialdabaoth who lives in the 13th realm above the earth. Judas is his human alter ego, his undercover agent in the world. These Gnostics equated Ialdabaoth with the Hebrew Yahweh, whom they saw as a jealous and wrathful deity and an opponent of the supreme God whom Jesus came to earth to reveal. Whoever wrote the Gospel of Judas was a harsh critic of mainstream Christianity and its rituals. Because Judas is a demon working for Ialdabaoth, the author believed, when Judas sacrifices Jesus he does so to the demons, not to the supreme God. This mocks mainstream Christians' belief in the atoning value of Jesus' death and in the effectiveness of the Eucharist.
** (now chiefly historical) A false god or idol; a Satanic divinity. [from 10th c.]
** A very wicked or malevolent person; also (in weakened sense) a mischievous person, especially a child. [from 16th c.]
** A source (especially personified) of great evil or wickedness; a destructive feeling or character flaw. [from 17th c.]
    The demon of stupidity haunts me whenever I open my mouth.
** (in the plural) A person's fears or anxieties. [from 19th c.]
*** 2013 January 21, The Guardian:After a short spell on an adult psychiatric ward, she decided to find her own way to deal with her demons.
* A neutral supernatural spirit.
** A person's inner spirit or genius; a guiding or creative impulse. [from 14th c.]
*** c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:Oh Anthony […] Thy Dæmon that thy spirit which keepes thee, is Noble, Couragious, high vnmatchable.
*** 2000, Phillip Pullman, The Amber Spyglass:“You saw her. And I picked her up,” Lyra said, blushing, because of course it was a gross violation of manners to touch something so private as someone else's dæmon.
** (Greek mythology) A tutelary deity or spirit intermediate between the major Olympian gods and mankind, especially a deified hero or the entity which supposedly guided Socrates, telling him what not to do. [from 16th c.]
** A spirit not considered to be inherently evil; a (non-Christian) deity or supernatural being. [from 19th c.]
** A hypothetical entity with special abilities postulated for the sake of a thought experiment in philosophy or physics.
*** 1874, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, “Kinetic Theory of the Dissipation of Energy” in Nature 9, 441-444:
    Let the orders now be that each demon is to stop all molecules from crossing his area in either direction except 100 coming from A, arbitrarily chosen to be let pass into B, and a greater number, having among them less energy but equal momentum, to cross from B to A.
* Someone with great strength, passion or skill for a particular activity, pursuit etc.; an enthusiast. [from 19th c.]
    He’s a demon at the card tables.
** 2021 May 29, David Hytner, “Chelsea win Champions League after Kai Havertz stuns Manchester City”, in The Guardian‎:Chelsea defended like demons to snuff out Manchester City but this was a perfectly calibrated triumph, built upon a structured attacking approach, choosing the right moments to transition, and illuminated by the smoothness of Havertz’s technique.
* (card games) A type of patience or solitaire (card game) played in the UK and/or US. [from 19th c.]
    Coordinate term: Canfield
** 1924, EM Forster, A Passage to India, Penguin, published 2005, page 89:‘That's much the best feeling to have.’ She dealt out the first row of ‘demon’.
* Any of various hesperiid butterflies of the genera Notocrypta and Udaspes.

##### Usage notes

Meanings drawing on the neutral, ancient Greek conception now often distinguish themselves by the variant spellings daimon or daemon.

##### Synonyms

* (evil spirit): See Thesaurus:demon
* (neutral spirit): genius, tutelary deity, see also Thesaurus:god and Thesaurus:spirit

##### Hyponyms

* (evil spirit): See Thesaurus:demon
* (theoretical entity): Maxwell's demon

##### Derived terms

* bedemon
* confront one's demons
* dedemonization
* demonagogue
* demon catshark
* demon core
* Demoncrat
* demon dialing
* demon duck of doom
* demoness
* demonette
* demonic
* demonical
* demonify
* demonisation
* demonise
* demonish
* demonism
* demonist
* demonize
* demonkin
* demonkind
* demonless
* demonlike
* demonlore
* demonocracy
* demonography
* demonolatory
* demonology
* demonomachy
* demonomancy
* demonomaniac
* demonomist
* demonopathy
* Demonrat
* demonship
* demonslayer
* demonspawn
* face one's demons
* half-demon
* Laplace's demon
* like a demon
* nasal demon
* nondemon
* semen demon
* speed demon

##### Related terms

* agathodemon
* antidemonic
* archdemon
* cacodemon
* counterdemonic
* demonagogue
* Demon core
* demon dialing
* demoness
* demonette
* demonhood
* demoniac, demoniacal
** demoniacally
* demonian
** demonianism
* demonic, demonical
** demonically
* demonifuge
* demonify
* demonish
* demonism
* demonist
* demonize
** demonization
* demonkin
* demonkind
* demonlike
* demonlore
* demonly
* demonocracy
* demonographer
* demonography
* demonolater
* demonolatry
* demonology
* demonomagy
* demonomancy
* demonomania
* demonomaniac
* demonomist
* demonomy
* demonopathy
* demonophobia
* demonry
* demonship
* eudemon
* half-demon
* Maxwell's demon
* nasal demon
* speed demon

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Etymology 2

From distinct electron motion +‎ -on.

#### Noun

demon (plural demons)
* (physics) Acronym of distinct electron motion particle: A quasiparticle, a type of massless neutral electron excitation associated with superconductivity.

##### Synonyms

* DEMon
* Pines' Demon
* Pines Demon
* Pines' demon
* Pines demon
* Pines's demon
* Pines's Demon

##### Hypernyms

* plasmon
* quasiparticle

##### Related terms

* electron
* exciton
* magnon
* phason
* phonon
* plasmon

#### Further reading

* Pines' demon on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### Etymology 3

From Maxwell's demon; a derivation from “disk and execution monitor” is generally considered a backronym.

#### Alternative forms

* daemon, dæmon

#### Noun

demon (plural demons)
* (computing) Alternative spelling of daemon

### Anagrams

* Emond, monde, moned

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Latin daemon (“lar, genius, guardian spirit”), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, god, protective spirit”). This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdeː.mɔn/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: de‧mon

### Noun

demon m (plural demonen or demons)
* genius, lar
* (uncommon) demon
    Synonyms: demoon, duivel

## Finnish
### Noun

demon
* genitive singular of demo

### Anagrams

* moden

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* dēmum

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈdeː.mon/, [ˈd̪eːmɔn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈde.mon/, [ˈd̪ɛːmon]

### Noun

dēmon m
* accusative singular of dēmos

## Middle English
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin dēmōn, daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn). Doublet of tyme (“time”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dɛːˈmɔːn/

### Noun

demon (plural demones)
* demon, devil, malicious spirit
* (rare) daimon, helpful spirit

#### Descendants

* English: demon

#### References

* “dēmōn, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-25.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn).

### Noun

demon m (definite singular demonen, indefinite plural demoner, definite plural demonene)
* a demon

#### Derived terms

* demonisere

#### Related terms

* demonisk

### References

* “demon” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn).

### Noun

demon m (definite singular demonen, indefinite plural demonar, definite plural demonane)
* a demon

#### Derived terms

* demonisere

#### Related terms

* demonisk

### References

* “demon” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* demun

### Etymology

From Latin daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), though the plural seems to be from daemonia, the plural of the diminutive daemonium.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdʲeβ̃on]

### Noun

demon m (genitive demuin, nominative plural demna)
* demon, devil
* the Devil
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9$^d$24
    arna dich cách assa dligud i n-adaltras tri láthar demuin et tri bar nebcongabthetit-silest everyone go out of his duty into adultery through the Devil’s machination and through your incontinence

#### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: deamhan
* Scottish Gaelic: deamhan

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 280, page 178; reprinted 2017

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “demon”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin daemon (“lar, genius, guardian spirit”), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, god, protective spirit”). Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English daemon.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈdɛ.mɔn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛmɔn
* Syllabification: de‧mon

### Noun

demon m animal
* (mythology, religion) demon (evil supernatural spirit)
* (computing) daemon (running program that does not have a controlling terminal)

#### Derived terms

* demoniczny
* demonicznie
* demonek
* demonica
* demonizm
* demonizowanie
* demonologia
* zdemonizowanie
* demonizować impf, zdemonizować pf

### Further reading

* demon in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* demon in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Alternative forms

* dimon — regional, Moldova

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic демонъ (demonŭ), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn). Compare also Aromanian demun.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdemon]

### Noun

demon m (plural demoni)
* demon
* (figuratively) a despicable person

#### Synonyms

* diavol
* drac

#### Antonyms

* înger
* sfânt

#### Related terms

* demonic

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Greek δαίμονας (daímonas).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /děmoːn/
* Hyphenation: de‧mon

### Noun

dèmōn m (Cyrillic spelling дѐмо̄н)
* demon

#### Derived terms

* dèmōnskī

## Swedish
### Alternative forms

* dæmon (archaic)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn).

### Noun

demon c
* a demon (evil spirit)
* (Greek mythology) a demon (neutral spirit)
* (in the plural) a demon (personification of anxiety and the like)
    kämpa mot sina inre demonerfight one's inner demons

#### Related terms

* demoni
* demonisera
* demonisk

#### See also

* jävel (used in the sense of being a demon at something)

### References

* demon in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* demon in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* demon in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* demon in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)