# 令

| 令 | U+4EE4, &#20196; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE4 |
| ← 代 [U+4EE3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 以 → [U+4EE5] |
| 令 | U+F9A8, &#63912; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A8 |
| ← 獵 [U+F9A7] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 囹 → [U+F9A9] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 令 |
| Simplified | 令 |
| Japanese | 令 |
| Korean | 令 |

### Han character

令 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 8030$_7$, composition ⿱亽龴(G) or ⿱亼龴(HTV) or ⿱亼𰆊(JK))

#### Derived characters

* 伶, 冷, 呤, 坽, 姈, 岭, 泠, 彾, 駖, 怜, 炩, 拎, 昤, 朎, 柃, 玲, 𪽏, 𫤚, 𪾧, 𠄖, 砱, 羚, 狑, 紷, 聆, 蛉, 軨(𫐉), 鈴(铃), 魿, 竛, 齡(齢/龄), 刢, 𬾂, 瓴, 翎, 領(领), 鴒(鸰), 𬹴, 邻, 㡵, 命, 𩇙, 岺, 苓, 笭, 閝(𫠂), 零, 𩆖, 囹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
* Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 111, character 10
* Unihan data for U+4EE4
* Unihan data for U+F9A8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 令 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj21073j21074j21075j21076j21077j21078j21079j21080j21081j21082j21083j21084j21085j21086j21087j21088j21089j21090j21091j21092j21093j21094j21095j21096j21097j21098j21099j21100j21101j21102j21103j21104j21105j21106j21107j21108j21109j21110j21111j21112j21113j21114j21115j21116j21117j21118j21119j21120j21121j21122j21123j21124j21125j21126j21127j21128j21129j21130j21131j21132j21133j21134j21135j21136j21137j21138j21139j21140j21141j21142j21143j21144j21145j21146j21147j21148j21149j21150j21151j21152j21153j21154j21155j21156j21157j21158j21159j21160j21161j21162j21163j21164j21165j21166j21167j21168j21169j21170Bronze inscriptionsb13977b13978b13979b13980b13981b13982b13983b13984b13985b13986b13987b13988b13989b13990b13991b13992b13993b13994b13995b13996b13997b13998b13999b14000b14001b14002b14003b14004b14005b14006b14007b14008b14009b14010b14011b14012b14013b14014b14015b14016b14017b14018b14019b14020b14021b14022b14023b14024b14025b14026b14027b14028b14029b14030b14031b14032b14033b14034b14035b14036b14037b14038b14039b14040Small seal scripts06555Transcribed ancient scriptsL37178L37179L37180L37181L37182L37183L37184L37185L37186L24398L24399L24400L24401L24402L24403L24404L24405L24406L24407L24408L24409 |||||||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 令 | *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
| 怜 | *riːn, *reːŋ |
| 零 | *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
| 魿 | *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ |
| 命 | *mreŋs |
| 冷 | *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
| 跉 | *reŋ, *reːŋ |
| 嶺 | *reŋʔ |
| 領 | *reŋʔ |
| 阾 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
| 柃 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
| 袊 | *reŋʔ |
| 詅 | *reŋs, *reːŋ |
| 旍 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 舲 | *reːŋ |
| 齡 | *reːŋ |
| 囹 | *reːŋ |
| 鴒 | *reːŋ |
| 蛉 | *reːŋ |
| 鈴 | *reːŋ |
| 苓 | *reːŋ |
| 伶 | *reːŋ |
| 泠 | *reːŋ |
| 瓴 | *reːŋ |
| 拎 | *reːŋ |
| 刢 | *reːŋ |
| 玲 | *reːŋ |
| 聆 | *reːŋ |
| 竛 | *reːŋ |
| 軨 | *reːŋ |
| 笭 | *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
| 翎 | *reːŋ |
| 閝 | *reːŋ |
| 鹷 | *reːŋ |
| 昤 | *reːŋ |
| 駖 | *reːŋ |
| 彾 | *reːŋ |
| 呤 | *reːŋ |
| 狑 | *reːŋ |
| 秢 | *reːŋ |
| 岭 | *reːŋ |
| 紷 | *reːŋ |
| 砱 | *reːŋ |
| 羚 | *reːŋ |
| 姈 | *reːŋ |
| 蕶 | *reːŋ |
| 澪 | *reːŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亼 + 卩. The upper part is an open mouth to convey the idea of giving orders, while the bottom part is a kneeling man. Compare 兄, in which an open mouth on top of the character conveys the same idea of giving orders.

### Etymology 1

Usually thought to be related to 命 (OC *mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is 令狐 (Línghú).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lìng (ling$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nin$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ling$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): len$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lin$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lin / liang
    (Hailu, HRS): lin$^˖$ / liang$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lin$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ling$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): lēng
* Eastern Min (BUC): lêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ling$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lēng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lêng$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^4$
*** Yale: lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nin$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
*** Sinological IPA : /nin²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^6$
*** Yale: lihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: len$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /len³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lin$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lin¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lin / liang
*** Hakka Romanization System: lin / liang
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lin$^4$ / liang$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin⁵⁵/, /li̯aŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lin$^˖$ / liang$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin³³/, /liaŋ³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ling$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /liŋ⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lēng
*** Sinological IPA : /leiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lêng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ɛiŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ling$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: līng
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lēng
*** Tâi-lô: līng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: leng
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /lɛŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /leŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$lin
*** MiniDict: lin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$lin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lin²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: lin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lin⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit令 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /liŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /liŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /liŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /liŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /liŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /liŋ³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /liŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /liə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /liŋ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lĩn¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /liŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nin³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nin¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /lĩ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lin⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lin⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /liəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /lĩŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /lin³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lin¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /leŋ²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /liʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /lɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lin⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nin⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lin²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lin⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lin⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /leŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /leŋ²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /liŋ²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /lɛiŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /leiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /leŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /leŋ³³/ 使～(俗) |
* Middle Chinese: ljeng, ljengH, lengH
Rime :
| Character | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 清 (121) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 呂貞切 | 力政切 | 郎定切 |
| Baxter | ljeng | ljengH | lengH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇŋ/ | /liᴇŋ$^H$/ | /leŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛŋ/ | /liɛŋ$^H$/ | /leŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liæŋ/ | /liæŋ$^H$/ | /lɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /liajŋ/ | /liajŋ$^H$/ | /lɛjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛŋ/ | /liɛŋ$^H$/ | /leŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛŋ/ | /lĭɛŋ$^H$/ | /lieŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ɛŋ/ | /li̯ɛŋ$^H$/ | /lieŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | líng | lìng | lìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ling$^4$ | ling$^6$ | ling$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*riŋ/, /*riŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*reŋ/, /*reŋs/, /*reːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng | lìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljeng › | ‹ ljeng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*riŋ/ | /*riŋ-s/ |
| English | send (a person) | issue a command |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Reading # | 2/5 | 3/5 | 5/5 |
| No. | 8277 | 8284 | 8332 |
| Phonetic component | 令 | 令 | 令 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 跉 | 令 | 零 |
| Old Chinese | /*reŋ/ | /*reŋs/ | /*reːŋs/ |

#### Definitions

令
* to order; to command
* order; command; directive
* to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow
    令人 ― lìngrén ― to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]
* (historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
* (literary, or in compounds) good; excellent
    From: 錢神論, by 魯褒 of the Western Jin dynasty
    Lìngwèn xiàotán, fēi qián bù fā. [Pinyin]
    Kind greetings, laughing while talking; these do not happen without money.
    From: c. 759 CE, Man’yōshū
    Yú shí, chūchūn lìngyuè, qì shū fēng hé, méi pī jìng qián zhī fěn, lán xūn pèi hòu zhī xiāng. [Pinyin]
    It was in new spring, in a fair month, When the air was clear and the wind a gentle breeze. Plum flowers blossomed a beauty's charming white And the fragrance of the orchids was their sweet perfume.
* (literary, or in compounds) time; season
* (literary, or in compounds) drinker's wager game; drinking game
* (respectful) your
    令尊 ― lìngzūn ― your father
    令嬡／令嫒 ― lìng'ài ― your daughter
* (poetry) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
* a surname

##### Synonyms

* (to order):
* 下令 (xiàlìng)
* 吩咐 (fēnfù)
* 命令 (mìnglìng)
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 申令 (shēnlìng) (formal)
* 著令 (zhuólìng)
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 責令 / 责令 (zélìng)
* 責成 / 责成 (zéchéng)
* 飭令 / 饬令 (chìlìng) (dated, usually in official documents)
* (order):
* 上級給下級的指示 / 上级给下级的指示 (shàngjí gěi xiàjí de zhǐshì)
* 命令 (mìnglìng)
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 誡命 / 诫命 (jièmìng) (literary)
* (to cause): 使 (shǐ), 讓／让 (ràng), (Cantonese) 令到 (ling6 dou3), 搞到 (gaau2 dou3)
* (season):
* 季候 (jìhòu) (dialectal)
* 季節 / 季节 (jìjié)
* 時令 / 时令
* 時節 / 时节 (shíjié)
* 歲時 / 岁时 (suìshí)
* 氣候 / 气候 (qìhòu) (literary)
* 節後 / 节后 (jiéhòu) (season and climate)
* (drinker's wager game): 酒令 (jiǔlìng)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 令(りょう) (ryō); 令(れい) (rei)
* → Vietnamese: lệnh (令), lành (令)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): líng, lìng (ling$^2$, ling$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ling$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: líng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: líng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^2$
*** Yale: líng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^4$
*** Yale: lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^4$
*** Yale: lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: leng
Rime :
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 3/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎丁切 |
| Baxter | leng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /leŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /leŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /leŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lieŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lieŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ling$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤiŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*reːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ leng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁiŋ/ |
| English | 脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 4/5 |
| No. | 8306 |
| Phonetic component | 令 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靈 |
| Old Chinese | /*reːŋ/ |

#### Definitions

令
* Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 令利.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 令俜.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 令星.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 脊令.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 瓴 (líng).

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from English ream.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǐng, lìng (ling$^3$, ling$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˇ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ling$^1$ / lim$^1$ / ling$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): len$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǐng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǐng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^3$
*** Yale: lǐng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liing
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^4$
*** Yale: lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^1$ / lim$^1$ / ling$^5$
*** Yale: līng / līm / líhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^1$ / lim$^1$ / ling$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^1$ / lim$^1$ / ling$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ⁵⁵/, /liːm⁵⁵/, /lɪŋ¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: len$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /len⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

令
* Classifier for reams of paper.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lián (lian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lián
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lián
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^2$
*** Yale: lyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ljen
Rime :
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力延切 |
| Baxter | ljen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lian/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ren/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 令 |
| Reading # | 1/5 |
| No. | 8271 |
| Phonetic component | 令 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 連 |
| Old Chinese | /*ren/ |

#### Definitions

令
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 令 – see 齡 (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 齡).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Compounds

* 一令
* 一聲令下 / 一声令下
* 下令 (xiàlìng)
* 三令五申 (sānlìngwǔshēn)
* 下逐客令
* 不令
* 中書令 / 中书令
* 京畿令
* 令尹 (lìngyǐn)
* 令人 (lìngrén)
* 令人不齒 / 令人不齿
* 令人切齒 / 令人切齿
* 令人心寒
* 令人意外
* 令人扼腕
* 令人捧腹
* 令人激賞 / 令人激赏
* 令人矚目 / 令人瞩目
* 令人神往
* 令人絕倒 / 令人绝倒
* 令人髮指 / 令人发指 (lìngrénfàzhǐ)
* 令人齒冷 / 令人齿冷
* 令兄 (lìngxiōng)
* 令公
* 令典
* 令出如山
* 令出必行
* 令出惟行
* 令史 (lìngshǐ)
* 令名 (lìngmíng)
* 令君
* 令嗣
* 令器
* 令坦
* 令堂 (lìngtáng)
* 令士
* 令妹 (lìngmèi)
* 令姊
* 令妻
* 令媛 (lìngyuàn)
* 令婿
* 令嬡 / 令嫒 (lìng'ài)
* 令子
* 令字旗
* 令官
* 令尊 (lìngzūn)
* 令尊大人
* 令岳
* 令弟 (lìngdì)
* 令德
* 令愛 / 令爱 (lìng'ài)
* 令慈
* 令旗
* 令日
* 令旨
* 令月 (lìngyuè)
* 令望
* 令正
* 令母
* 令牌 (lìngpái)
* 令狐
* 令甲
* 令節 / 令节
* 令箭 (lìngjiàn)
* 令箭荷花
* 令終 / 令终
* 令翠
* 令聞 / 令闻 (lìngwén)
* 令舅
* 令色 (lìngsè)
* 令行禁止 (lìngxíngjìnzhǐ)
* 令親 / 令亲 (lìngqīn)
* 令譽 / 令誉 (lìngyù)
* 令辰
* 令郎 (lìngláng)
* 令閣 / 令阁
* 令閫 / 令阃
* 使令 (shǐlìng)
* 來令片 / 来令片
* 借令
* 傳令 / 传令 (chuánlìng)
* 傳令兵 / 传令兵
* 先令 (xiānlìng)
* 光桿司令 / 光杆司令 (guānggǎn sīlìng)
* 冬令 (dōnglìng)
* 冬令進補 / 冬令进补
* 利令智昏 (lìlìngzhìhūn)
* 功令
* 劭令
* 勒令 (lèlìng)
* 動員令 / 动员令 (dòngyuánlìng)
* 即令 (jílìng)
* 口令 (kǒulìng)
* 司令 (sīlìng)
* 司令官 (sīlìngguān)
* 司令臺 / 司令台
* 司令部 (sīlìngbù)
* 召集令
* 吃口令
* 命令 (mìnglìng)
* 命令主義 / 命令主义 (mìnglìngzhǔyì)
* 命令句 (mìnglìngjù)
* 喝令 (hèlìng)
* 喊口令
* 善始令終 / 善始令终
* 園令 / 园令
* 夏令 (xiàlìng)
* 夏令時間 / 夏令时间
* 夏令營 / 夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)
* 外交詞令 / 外交词令
* 外交辭令 / 外交辞令 (wàijiāo cílìng)
* 大令
* 太史令 (tàishǐ lìng)
* 奉令
* 奉令承教
* 如律令
* 媽媽令兒 / 妈妈令儿
* 密令 (mìlìng)
* 將令 / 将令 (jiànglìng)
* 小令
* 尚書令 / 尚书令 (shàngshūlìng)
* 就令
* 屬令 / 属令
* 巧言令色 (qiǎoyánlìngsè)
* 巽令
* 帥令 / 帅令
* 廟令 / 庙令
* 律令 (lǜlìng)
* 得令 (délìng)
* 從令如流 / 从令如流
* 急令 (jílìng)
* 急口令 (jíkǒulìng)
* 慾令智昏 / 欲令智昏 (yùlìngzhìhūn)
* 憲令 / 宪令
* 應時當令 / 应时当令
* 戒嚴令 / 戒严令 (jièyánlìng)
* 手令 (shǒulìng)
* 打令 (dǎlìng)
* 抱令守律
* 拗口令 (àokǒulìng)
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 挾主行令 / 挟主行令
* 支付命令
* 政令 (zhènglìng)
* 政令不一
* 敕令 (chìlìng)
* 教令
* 施令
* 明令 (mínglìng)
* 明法審令 / 明法审令
* 春令 (chūnlìng)
* 時令 / 时令
* 時令病 / 时令病 (shílìngbìng)
* 月令
* 朝令夕改 (zhāolìngxīgǎi)
* 朝令暮改
* 油令
* 法令 (fǎlìng)
* 火牌令箭
* 特令 (tèlìng)
* 特赦令
* 生申令日
* 申令 (shēnlìng)
* 當令 / 当令 (dānglìng)
* 當時得令 / 当时得令
* 發令槍 / 发令枪
* 發號令 / 发号令
* 發號出令 / 发号出令
* 發號布令 / 发号布令
* 發號施令 / 发号施令 (fāhàoshīlìng)
* 白令
* 白令海 (Báilìng Hǎi)
* 白令海峽 / 白令海峡 (Báilìng Hǎixiá)
* 盧令 / 卢令
* 目使頤令 / 目使颐令
* 省令
* 禁令 (jìnlìng)
* 禁制令 (jìnzhìlìng)
* 秋令
* 科令
* 稟令 / 禀令
* 節令 / 节令 (jiélìng)
* 緊急命令 / 紧急命令
* 縣令 / 县令
* 縱令 / 纵令 (zònglìng)
* 總司令 / 总司令 (zǒngsīlìng)
* 繞口令 / 绕口令 (ràokǒulìng)
* 纏令 / 缠令
* 老令婆
* 考工令
* 耍令
* 聽令 / 听令 (tīnglìng)
* 脊令在原
* 荀令香
* 薙髮令 / 剃发令
* 蘭臺令史 / 兰台令史
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 號令如山 / 号令如山
* 號令森嚴 / 号令森严
* 行令 (xínglìng)
* 行政命令 (xíngzhèng mìnglìng)
* 行酒令 (xíng jiǔlìng)
* 觥令
* 討令 / 讨令
* 訓令 / 训令 (xùnlìng)
* 詞令 / 词令
* 詔令 / 诏令 (zhàolìng)
* 調令 / 调令 (diàolìng)
* 諂詞令色 / 谄词令色
* 諭令 / 谕令 (yùlìng)
* 貳令 / 贰令
* 趙令畤 / 赵令畤
* 軍令 / 军令 (jūnlìng)
* 軍令如山 / 军令如山 (jūnlìngrúshān)
* 軍令狀 / 军令状 (jūnlìngzhuàng)
* 辭令 / 辞令 (cílìng)
* 迫令 (pòlìng)
* 通令 (tōnglìng)
* 逐客令
* 通緝令 / 通缉令 (tōngjīlìng)
* 違令 / 违令 (wéilìng)
* 達令 / 达令 (dálìng)
* 郭令公
* 酒令 (jiǔlìng)
* 鈞令 / 钧令
* 閫令 / 阃令
* 關令 / 关令
* 限令 (xiànlìng)
* 陰令 / 阴令
* 雜板令 / 杂板令
* 電腦指令 / 电脑指令
* 飭令 / 饬令 (chìlìng)
* 鮑令暉 / 鲍令晖
* 點召令 / 点召令
* 鼓令

### Etymology 6

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Cognate with Hakka 亮 (lang, “smooth and shiny”)?”

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): ling$^3$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^3$
*** Yale: ling
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ³³/

#### Definitions

令
* (Cantonese) glossy; smooth and shiny

#### Compounds

* 蠟蠟靚 / 蜡蜡靓 (laap$^3$ laap$^3$ ling$^3$) (Cantonese)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: りょう (ryō)
* Kan-on: れい (rei, Jōyō)
* Kun: しむ (shimu, 令む)
* Nanori: おさ (osa)、なり (nari)、のり (nori)、はる (haru)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 令旨(りょうじ) (ryōji)
* 令外(りょうげ) (ryōge)
* 令月(れいげつ) (reigetsu)
* 令(れい)兄(けい) (reikei)
* 令(れい)閨(けい) (reikei)
* 令史(れいし) (reishi)
* 令(れい)室(しつ) (reishitsu)
* 令状(れいじょう) (reijō)
* 令(れい)嬢(じょう) (reijō)
* 令(れい)色(しょく) (reishoku)
* 令(れい)息(そく) (reisoku)
* 令(れい)夫人(ふじん) (reifujin)
* 令(れい)名(めい) (reimei)
* 禁令(きんれい) (kinrei)
* 訓令(くんれい) (kunrei)
* 号令(ごうれい) (gōrei)
* 司令(しれい) (shirei)
* 指令(しれい) (shirei)
* 辞令(じれい) (jirei)
* 条(じょう)令(れい) (jōrei)
* 勅令(ちょくれい) (chokurei)
* 伝令(でんれい) (denrei)
* 発令(はつれい) (hatsurei)
* 布令(ふれい) (furei)
* 法令(ほうれい) (hōrei)
* 命令(めいれい) (meirei)
* 律(りつ)令(りょう) (ritsuryō)
* 御布令(おふれ) (ofure)
* 県(けん)令(れい) (kenrei)
* 令史(さかん) (sakan)
* 仮令(たとい), 縦令(たとい) (tatoi), 仮令(たとえ), 縦令(たとえ) (tatoe)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 令
* れい Grade: 4
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れー [réꜜè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾe̞ː]

#### Noun

令(れい) • (rei)
* an order, command, decree
    Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)
* (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
* (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”)
* (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”)
* (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)
* (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

#### Affix

令(れい) • (rei)
* act, law, ordinance, rule
* law, ordinance, regulation
* (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
* (obsolete) admonition, teaching
* (rare) beautiful, excellent, fine, good
* honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative

##### Derived terms

* 令和(れいわ) (Reiwa): the Reiwa era
* 生(しょう)類(るい)憐(あわれ)みの令(れい) (Shōrui Awaremi no Rei)

#### Proper noun

令(れい) • (Rei)
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 令
* りょう Grade: 4
* goon
/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾʲo̞ː]

#### Noun

令(りょう) • (ryō)
* (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

##### Derived terms

* 令(りょうの)義解(ぎげ) (Ryō no Gige)

#### Affix

令(りょう) • (ryō)
* order, command, decree
* law, ordinance, rule

#### Proper noun

令(りょう) • (Ryō)
* a female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology
#### “to cause; to order; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 려ᇰ (Yale: lyeng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 령 (lyeng)$^訓$ (Yale: lyeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

#### “an order; a command”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljengH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 려ᇰ〮 (Yale: lyéng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 러ᇰ〮 (léng)$^訓$ (Yale: léng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 령 ( lyeng)$^訓$ (Yale: lyeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (initial position)
** (an order; to cause; to order; etc.):
*** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [jʌ̹ŋ]
*** Phonetic hangul: [영]
** (in 영감 (令監, yeonggam)):
*** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [jɘ(ː)ŋ]
*** Phonetic hangul: [영(ː)]
**** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
* (non-initial position)
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ɾjʌ̹ŋ]
** Phonetic hangul: [령]

### Hanja

Wikisource 令 (eumhun 하여금 령 (hayeogeum ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 하여금 영 (hayeogeum yeong))
* hanja form of 령/영 (“an order; a command”)
* hanja form of 령/영 (“to cause; to allow”)
* hanja form of 령/영 (“to order; to command”)

#### Compounds

* 가령 (假令, garyeong)
* 각령 (閣令, gangnyeong)
* 교령 (敎令, gyoryeong)
* 구령 (口令, guryeong)
* 군령 (軍令, gullyeong)
* 금령 (禁令, geumnyeong)
* 대령 (待令, daeryeong)
* 동령 (動令, dongnyeong)
* 명령 (命令, myeongnyeong, “order”)
* 발령 (發令, ballyeong)
* 법령 (法令, beomnyeong)
* 설령 (設令, seollyeong)
* 시령 (時令, siryeong)
* 영감 (令監, yeonggam)
* 영달 (令達, yeongdal)
* 영명 (令名, yeongmyeong)
* 영애 (令愛, yeong'ae)
* 영인 (令人, yeong'in)
* 영장 (令狀, yeongjang)
* 율령 (律令, yullyeong)
* 전령 (傳令, jeollyeong)
* 정령 (政令, jeongnyeong)
* 지령 (指令, jiryeong)
* 칙령 (勅令, chingnyeong)
* 타령 (打令, taryeong)
* 호령 (號令, horyeong)
* 훈령 (訓令, hullyeong)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

令: Hán Nôm readings: lệnh, linh, lanh, lành, lênh, lình, liệng, lịnh, loanh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation