# -ska
## Finnish
### Etymology 1

Probably -s +‎ -(k)ka.

#### Suffix

-ska (front vowel harmony variant -skä, linguistic notation -skA)
* Forms diminutive nouns.

##### Derived terms

* -skari
* -ski
* -sko
* -sku

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Swedish -ska, as used in older Swedish as a suffix used to derive feminine nouns (such as sångare → sångerska, major → majorska).

#### Suffix

-ska (front vowel harmony variant -skä, linguistic notation -skA) (colloquial, archaic)
* (now humoristic) Used to transform husband's family name or title to a term for addressing or speaking of a married woman. Used especially with family names ending with -nen and titles ending -ri.
    ‎Virtanen + ‎-ska → ‎Virtaska
    ‎pastori + ‎-ska → ‎pastorska
    ‎kamreeri + ‎-ska → ‎kamreerska

### Anagrams

* -kas, SAK, kas

## Icelandic
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ska f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -sku, no plural)
* forms names of languages from countries or demonyms
    ‎Japan (“Japan”) + ‎-ska → ‎japanska (“Japanese”)
    ‎Úkraína (“Ukraine”) + ‎-ska → ‎úkraínska (“Ukrainian”)
    ‎Laos (“Laos”) + ‎-ska → ‎laoska (“Lao, Laotian”)

##### Derived terms

* -eska, -neska, -íska, -verska

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ska f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -sku, no plural)
* forms abstract nouns from nouns, verbs and adjectives
    ‎illur (“evil”) + ‎-ska → ‎illska (“evil”)
    ‎gleyma (“to forget”) + ‎-ska → ‎gleymska (“forgetfulness”)
    ‎heimur (“world”) (originally “abode, home”) + ‎-ska → ‎heimska (“stupidity”) (originally “naiveté, the state of not leaving one's home much”)

##### Derived terms

* -mennska

## Lower Sorbian
### Suffix

-ska f
* used to form the names of countries and regions

#### Derived terms
## Polish

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### Etymology 1

Coalesced from Proto-Slavic *-ьskaja (definite feminine relational adjective suffix). Cognate with Czech -ská, Slovak -ská; Belarusian -ская (-skaja), -ска́я (-skája); etc.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ska/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: ska

#### Suffix

-ska
* feminine nominative singular of -ski
* forms surnames

##### Alternative forms

* -cka, -zka

##### Descendants

* → English: -ska
* ⇒ Ukrainian: -ська (-sʹka), -ська́ (-sʹká); (after -л- (-l-)) -ьска (-ʹska), -ьська́ (-ʹsʹká) (influenced)
* ⇒ Carpathian Rusyn: -ьска (-ʹska), -ьска́ (-ʹská); (after a labial consonant) -ска (-ska), -ска́ (-ská) (influenced)

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьska (genitive).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ska/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

#### Suffix

-ska
* masculine genitive singular of -sk

## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ska/

### Adjective

-ska
* feminine nominative singular of -sky

## Swedish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-ska f
* Signifies a female (particularly after professions and nationalities); -ess
    en spanjor och spanjorska ― a Spaniard and Spaniardess
    en kassör och kassörska ― a cashier and cashieress
* (historical) Added to the husband's occupation title to form a courtesy title for the wife or widow.
    en direktörska ― a wife of a director (literally, “a directoress”)
    en kaptenska ― a wife of a captain (literally, “a captainess”)
* Denotes that the object is related to the aforementioned person or family; -ian, of
    Sahlgrenska UniversitetssjukhusetThe Sahlgrenian University Hospital (named after Niclas Sahlgren)
    Callanderska gårdenThe Callanderian estate (named after Sofia Nordvaeger, née Callander)
** 1815 August 9, N. S. Colliander, “Allmän Kungörelse [Publick Notice]”, in Wexiö Tidning, number 61, page 4:Till Gyllenpalmska Famillen hafva sedan sista redovisning influtit: En skärf från 2:ne Enkor till den fattiga famillen. Många bäckar små göra en stor å, 2 R:dr R:gd d. 17 Juli 1815.Unto the Family of Gyllenpalm hath since the last account been received: A small gift from two widows to the poor family. Many a little makes a mickle, 2 Rixdollars, the 17th of July, 1815.(literally, “Unto the Gyllenpalmian Family […] ”)

#### Usage notes

In older practice, a husband's title suffixed with -ska formed a title for his wife. For example, the wife of a captain (kapten) would be a kaptenska ("captainess"). This practice gradually began dying out around the 1950s. See the article on du-reformen on Wikipedia for more information.

#### See also

* -erska
* -inna
* fru
* fröken
* herr