# زمان
## Arabic
### Etymology

With the alternative form زَمَن (zaman) an old loan, becoming productive in the root ز م ن (z m n), perhaps directly borrowed from or from a close Aramaic relative to Imperial Aramaic 𐡆𐡌𐡍 (zmn), 𐡆𐡌𐡀𐡍 (zmʾn), borrowed from a late pronunciation of the religiously relevant Old Persian *jamānā (“time”), reconstructible for Proto-Iranian *ǰámaHnaH, of a native derivation type from Proto-Indo-European.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /za.maːn/

### Noun

زَمَان • (zamān) m (plural أَزْمِنَة (ʔazmina))
* (uncountable and countable) time
    Synonym: زَمَن (zaman)
    Coordinate term: مَكَان (makān)
* age (A particular period of time in history)
* season
    أَزْمِنَةُ ٱلسَّنَةِ هِيَ: ٱلْخَرِيفُ وَٱلشِّتَاءُ وَٱلرَّبِيعُ وَٱلصَّيْفُʔazminatu s-sanati hiya: l-ḵarīfu waš-šitāʔu war-rabīʕu waṣ-ṣayfuThe seasons of the year are: autumn, winter, spring and summer.

#### Derived terms

* زَمَانِيّ (zamāniyy)
* زَمَكَان (zamakān)

#### Descendants

* Maltese: żmien

### References

* Freytag, Georg (1833) “زمان”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 256
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “زمن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 444

## Central Kurdish
### Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *hižwáH (compare Persian زوان (zavân)/زبان (zabân), Pashto ژبه (žəba), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 (hizuuā)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (compare Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā), Hindi जीभ (jībh)), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (compare Old Prussian insuwis, Russian язы́к (jazýk), French langue, English tongue).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zmaːn/
* Hyphenation: ز‧مان

### Noun

زمان (ziman)
* tongue
* language

## Chadian Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic زَمَان (zamān).

### Adverb

زمان • (zamān)
* long ago
** 2019, الكتاب المقدس بالعربي الدارجي هنا تشاد [The Bible in Chadian Arabic]‎, N'Djamena: Alliance biblique du Tchad, أعمال الرُسُل [Acts] 15:18:الْمَعْرُوف منِ زَمَان[he has made these things] known from the earliest times.
* used to form the past tense of the copula: was, were
    هو زمان كريم ― hu zamān karīm. ― He was generous.

#### Usage notes

The past tense of the copula is usually implicit, however زمان or كان can also be used to express the past notion. While زمان is uninflected, كان changes in form according to the subject.

### References

* ↑ Absi, Samir Abu, Sinaud, Andre (1966) Spoken Chad Arabic, Washington D.C., USA: Peace Corps, page 34

## Khalaj
### Noun

زَمان (zamân) (definite accusative زَمانؽ, plural زَمانلار)
* Arabic spelling of zamân (“time”)

#### Declension
## Malay
### Noun

زمان
* Jawi spelling of zaman‎

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠 (ODNA /⁠zamān⁠/), 𐭦𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩 (ẕmʾn' /⁠zamān⁠/), 𐭦𐭬𐭭𐭩 (zmn' /⁠zamān⁠/), 𐫉𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zmʾn /⁠zamān⁠/), from Old Persian *jamānā; see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [za.ˈmɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zä.mɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zä.mɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zä.mɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zä.mɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zæ.mɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zä.mɔ́n]
* Rhymes: -ɑːn

### Noun

زمان • (zamân) (plural زمان‌ها (zamân-hâ) or ازمنه (azmâne))
* time, epoch, period, age, season (a broad time period; not the precise time on a clock)
    در زمان شاه ― dar zamân-e šâh ― in the time of the Shah
    در زمان جنگ ― dar zamân-e jang ― in the time of the war
    در این زمان ― dar in zamân ― in this period, in these days
** (physics) time
** (grammar) tense
    زمان گذشته ― zamân-e gozašte ― past tense
** (figurative) death
    Synonym: مرگ (marg)

#### Derived terms

* زمانمند (zamânmand)
* زمانه (zamâne)
* زمانی (zamâni)
* زمان‌بندی (zamân-bandi)
* فضازمان (fazâ-zamân)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: զաման (zaman)
* → Azerbaijani: zaman
* → Bashkir: заман (zaman)
* → Gilaki: [script needed] (zəmån)
* → Kazakh: заман (zaman)
* → Kermanic:
    Qohrudi: zamān
* → Khalaj: zamân
* → Central Kurdish: زه‌مان (zeman)
* → Kyrgyz: заман (zaman)
* → Malay: زمان / zaman
** Indonesian: zaman, jaman
* → Ossetian: за́ман (záman)
* → Pashto: زمانه (zamâna)
* → Ottoman Turkish: زمان (zaman)
** → Turkish: zaman
** → Greek: ζαμάνι (zamáni)
** → Albanian: zaman
** → Serbo-Croatian: заман
* → Southern Altai: саман (saman)
* → Tatar: заман (zaman)
* → Waigali: zëmën

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic زَمَان (zamān).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /za.maːn/, [zaˈmæːn], [zaˈmaːn]
* Audio (Amman):(file)

### Noun

زمان • (zamān) m (plural زمانات (zamānāt))
* time, period, era (in the past)
    كان عايش على زمان الأتراك.kān ʕāyeš ʕala zamān il-ʔatrākHe lived in the Ottoman period.(literally, “He was living in the time of the Turks.”)
* (definite) long ago
    انتا متذكر كيف كانت أيّام زمان؟enta mitzakker kīf kānat ʔayyām zamān?Do you remember how the old days used to be?(literally, “Do you remember how the days of long ago were?”)

### Adverb

زمان • (zamān)
* (in a) long time
    زمان ما رحت على رام الله.zamān mā ruḥt ʕala rām-allahI haven't been to Ramallah in a long time.
    ما شفته من زمان. ― mā šufto min zamān. ― I haven't seen him in a long time.
    زمان عنّك. ― zamān ʕannak ― Long time no see. (literally, “A long time from you.”)

#### See also

* وقت (waʔt, “time”)
* مرّة (marra, “time, instance”)