# 耕

| 耕 | U+8015, &#32789; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8015 |
| ← 耔 [U+8014] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 耖 → [U+8016] |

## Translingual
### Han character

耕 (Kangxi radical 127, 耒+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 手木廿廿 (QDTT), four-corner 5590$_0$, composition ⿰耒井)

#### Derived characters

* 𦷂, 𮋫, 𮅰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 962, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28907
* Dae Jaweon: page 1410, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2770, character 10
* Unihan data for U+8015

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 耕 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 硎 | *kʰreːŋ, *ɡeːŋ |
| 耕 | *kreːŋ |
| 荊 | *keŋ |
| 井 | *skeŋʔ |
| 丼 | *kl'oːmʔ, *skeŋʔ |
| 妌 | *sɡeŋʔ |
| 穽 | *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs |
| 阱 | *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs |
| 汫 | *sɡeːŋʔ |
| 刑 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 形 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 邢 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 鉶 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 型 | *ɡeːŋ |
| 侀 | *ɡeːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kreːŋ): semantic 耒 (“tilling tool”) + phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gēng (geng$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gen$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang$^1$ / gang$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gang$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kâng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gang$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): geng$^1$ / jing$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gáing
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): geng$^1$ / ga$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng / kng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$kan; $^1$ken
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gen$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: geng
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^1$
*** Yale: gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
*** Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gen$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gen
*** Sinological IPA : /kən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaang$^1$ / gang$^1$
*** Yale: gāang / gāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaang$^1$ / gang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gang$^1$ / geng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːŋ⁵⁵/, /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gang$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: geng$^1$ / jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kəŋ¹¹/, /t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gáing
*** Sinological IPA : /kaiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: geng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛŋ⁵³³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ga$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ka⁵³³/
* geng1 - literary;
* ga1 - used in place names (e.g. 西耕).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit耕 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kəŋ⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ /kəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kəŋ²¹³/ /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kə̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ken⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kəŋ¹¹/ 農～ /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ ～地 |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kəŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕie̞¹³/ ～地 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kə̃ŋ³¹/ 春～ /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/ ～地 |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ken³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kiɛ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʌ̃³¹/ /kɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kɑŋ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kɑŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐŋ⁵³/ /kaŋ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kaŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kaŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kɛiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaiŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kẽ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ²³/ /kɔŋ²³/ /kɛ²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: keang
Rime :
| Character | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古莖切 |
| Baxter | keang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kæŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤ<r>eŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁ<r>eŋ/ |
| English | plow (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6850 |
| Phonetic component | 井 |
| Rime group | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 耕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːŋ/ |

### Definitions

耕
* (literal) to plow; to till
* (figurative) to undertake; to work
    筆耕／笔耕 ― bǐgēng ― to engage in writing

#### Synonyms

* (to plow):
* 作 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 犁 (lí)
* 穓 (yì) (literary)
* 耕作 (gēngzuò)
* 耕地 (gēngdì)
* 農耕 / 农耕 (nónggēng)

#### Compounds

* 中耕
* 代耕
* 休耕 (xiūgēng)
* 備耕 / 备耕 (bèigēng)
* 傭耕 / 佣耕
* 刀耕火種 / 刀耕火种 (dāogēnghuǒzhòng)
* 刀耕火耨
* 可耕地 (kěgēngdì)
* 套耕
* 女織男耕 / 女织男耕
* 寒耕暑耘
* 寒耕熱耘 / 寒耕热耘
* 廢耕 / 废耕
* 廣耕 / 广耕
* 心織筆耕 / 心织笔耕
* 春耕 (chūngēng)
* 歸耕 / 归耕
* 水耕
* 水耕栽培 (shuǐgēng zāipéi)
* 水耕法
* 水耕蔬菜
* 深耕 (shēngēng)
* 深耕易耨
* 游耕
* 火耕
* 火耕水種 / 火耕水种
* 火耕水耨
* 火耕流種 / 火耕流种
* 火耨刀耕
* 男耕女織 / 男耕女织 (nángēngnǚzhī)
* 目耕
* 硯耕 / 砚耕
* 礫耕栽培 / 砾耕栽培
* 秋耕
* 筆耕 / 笔耕 (bǐgēng)
* 筆耕墨耘 / 笔耕墨耘
* 等高耕作
* 築室反耕 / 筑室反耕
* 精耕
* 精耕細作 / 精耕细作
* 耕九餘三 / 耕九余三
* 耕作 (gēngzuò)
* 耕具 (gēngjù)
* 耕前耡後 / 耕前锄后
* 耕地 (gēngdì)
* 耕地放領 / 耕地放领
* 耕墾 / 耕垦
* 耕夫
* 耕寬 / 耕宽
* 耕御路
* 耕戶 / 耕户
* 耕牛 (gēngniú)
* 耕牧
* 耕犁
* 耕田 (gēngtián)
* 耕畜 (gēngchù)
* 耕當問奴 / 耕当问奴
* 耕種 / 耕种 (gēngzhòng)
* 耕稼
* 耕織 / 耕织
* 耕者
* 耕耘 (gēngyún)
* 耕耘機 / 耕耘机 (gēngyúnjī)
* 耕耨
* 耕讀 / 耕读
* 耕讀傳家 / 耕读传家
* 耕鋤 / 耕锄
* 耦耕
* 自耕農 / 自耕农 (zìgēngnóng)
* 舌耕 (shégēng)
* 親耕 / 亲耕
* 谷口耕岩
* 躬耕 (gōnggēng)
* 躬耕樂道 / 躬耕乐道
* 輟耕壟上 / 辍耕垄上
* 輟耕錄 / 辍耕录
* 農耕 / 农耕 (nónggēng)
* 農耕隊 / 农耕队
* 鑿飲耕食 / 凿饮耕食
* 默默耕耘

### References

* “耕”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “耕”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 267.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 耕 |
| Kyūjitai | 耕󠄁 耕+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 耕󠄃 耕+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)
* cultivation land
* to plow; to till

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: たがやす (tagayasu, 耕す, Jōyō)
* Nanori: おさむ (osamu)、たがやす (tagayasu)、つとむ (tsutomu)、やす (yasu)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1726 (paper), page 915 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

耕 (eumhun 밭갈 경 (batgal gyeong))
* hanja form of 경 (“plow, cultivate”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

耕: Hán Nôm readings: canh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.