# 空手
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kōngshǒu
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄕㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$ sau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khûng-sú
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kang$^1$ ciu$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khang-chhiú
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khon-seu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kōngshǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kongshǒu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^1$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: kūng-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongshoou
*** Palladius: куншоу (kunšou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$ sau$^2$
*** Yale: hūng sáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$ sau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$ seo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$兇手 / 凶手 空手
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khûng-sú
*** Hakka Romanization System: kung$^ˊ$ su$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kung$^1$ su$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ²⁴ su³¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kang$^1$ ciu$^3$ [Phonetic: kang$^5$ niu$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kang-chiû
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$niu⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kang$^1$ ciu$^3$ [Phonetic: kang$^5$ niu$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ $^{(t͡sʰ-)}$niu³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khang-chhiú
*** Tâi-lô: khang-tshiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qangchiuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ³³ t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khon-seu
*** MiniDict: khon$^平$ seu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khon-seu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ⁵⁵ sɤ²¹/

### Verb

空手
* to be empty-handed
* to be unarmed
* to be without a copy, model, diagram, blueprint, etc.

#### Derived terms

* 空手套白狼 (kōngshǒu tào báiláng)
* 空手道 (kōngshǒudào)

### Noun

空手
* Short for 空手道 (kōngshǒudào, “karate”).

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| から Grade: 1 (ateji) | て Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 唐手
Orthographic borrowing from Okinawan 唐手(とーでぃー) (tōdī) to Japanese 唐手(からて) (karate), compound of 唐 (kara, “Tang Dynasty; China”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”), as the art was originally transmitted from China to Okinawa, and thence to mainland Japan.
The use of 空 to spell the kara portion is an example of ateji (当て字) to express the idea of “empty-handed” or “unarmed”.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) からて [kàráté] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠te̞]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

空(から)手(て) • (karate)
* karate

##### Derived terms

* 空手道 (karatedō, “karate-ism, school of karate, tao of karate”)
* 空手家 (karateka, “karate practitioner”)

##### Descendants

* → Afrikaans: karate
* → Arabic: كَارَاتِيه m (karātē), كَارَاطِي (kārāṭī)
* → Chinese: 空手道
** → Mandarin: 空手道 (kōngshǒudào)
** → Cantonese: 空手道 (hung$^1$ sau$^2$ dou$^6$)
** → Hokkien: 空手道 (khong-chhiú-tō)
** → Korean: 공수도 (gongsudo)
** → Vietnamese: không thủ đạo
* → Czech: karate n
* → Danish: karate c
* → Dutch: karate n or m
* → English: karate
* → Finnish: karate
* → French: karaté m
* → German: Karate n
* → Icelandic: karate n
* → Indonesian: karate
* → Italian: karatè m
* → Latvian: karatē m
* → Norwegian Bokmål: karate m
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: karate m
* → Polish: karate n
* → Portuguese: karaté m, caraté
* → Romanian: karate n
* → Serbo-Croatian: karate m
* → Spanish: karate m, kárate
* → Swahili: karate
* → Swedish: karate c
* → Tagalog: karate
* → Vietnamese: không thủ

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| から Grade: 1 | て Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 空 (kara, “empty”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) からて [kàráté] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠te̞]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

空(から)手(て) • (karate)
* the state of being empty-handed
    参(まい)った！出(しゅっ)張(ちょう)したのにお土産(みやげ)を忘(わす)れて、空手(からて)で帰(かえ)ってしまった。
       Maitta! Shutchō shita no ni omiyage o wasurete, karate de kaette shimatta.
       Oh no! I went on a trip, but I forgot to get any gifts, and returned empty-handed.

##### Usage notes

Note that this term in Japanese is a noun, but it is often translated into English as the adjective empty-handed.

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| あ(き) Grade: 1 | て Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 空 (aki, “empty, open”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”).

#### Alternative forms

* 空き手, 明き手, 明手

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [a̠kʲite̞]

#### Noun

空(あき)手(て) • (akite)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) the left, the left hand, the left-hand side (from the way a blind person would hold their cane in their right hand, leaving the left empty)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) (by extension) someone with nothing to do, someone unoccupied at the moment, an idler
    Synonyms: 手隙 (tesuki), 透き (tesuki), 手明き (teaki)

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| そら Grade: 1 | て > で Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 空 (sora, “sky; out of the blue”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”). The te changes to de as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Alternative forms

* 虚手

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [so̞ɾa̠de̞]

#### Noun

空(そら)手(で) • (sorade)
* (archaic) sudden-onset pain in one's hands or arms with no clear immediate cause, such as due to arthritis or neuralgia

### Etymology 5

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| むな Grade: 1 | て > で Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 空 (muna, “empty, hollow”) +‎ 手 (te, “hand”). The te changes to de as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Alternative forms

* 徒手

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɯ̟na̠de̞]

#### Noun

空(むな)手(で) • (munade)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) the state of being empty-handed, bare-handed, unarmed
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) the state of being empty-handed, doing nothing with no success or positive result

### Etymology 6

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 手 |
| くう Grade: 1 | しゅ Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 空手 (MC khuwng syuwX, literally “empty + hand”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くうしゅ [kúꜜùshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ːɕɨ]

#### Noun

空(くう)手(しゅ) • (kūshu)
* the state of being empty-handed, bare-handed, unarmed
    Synonyms: 素手 (sude), 空拳 (kūken), 手ぶら (te-bura)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 空 | 手 |

### Noun

空手
* chữ Hán form of không thủ (“karate”).