# thừa
## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [tʰɨə˨˩]
* (Huế) IPA: [tʰɨə˦˩]
* (Saigon) IPA: [tʰɨə˨˩]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 剩. The reading fails to retain the final consonant in Middle Chinese 剩 (zying$^H$), which seems to be unique to Vietnamese (compare Mandarin 剩 (shèng), Cantonese 剩 (sing$^6$, zing$^6$), Japanese じょう (jō) and Korean 승 (seung)). The one that does, thặng, only occurs in the word thặng dư or colloquial adjective thượng thặng (“first-degree, top-level”). This failure to retain the final consonant also occurs for another etymon below, and for the name of the Chinese author 吴承恩 (Wú Chéng'ēn, Ngô Thừa Ân).
Alternatively, Haudricourt (1954) suggests that thừa is a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 餘 (“left over, extra”, SV: dư).

#### Adjective

thừa
* exceeding what is needed; redundant; superfluous
    Synonyms: dư, dư thừa
    động tác thừa ― redundant action
    còn thừa thời gian ― still have time
    trả tiền thừa cho kháchto pay the change to some customer
    Thừa tiền mà mua cái ngữ ấy!Are there even enough money to buy that thing?
    Lời mẹ dặn không có thừa đâu![Your] mother's advice is not redundant!
* leftover
    đồ ăn thừa ― leftover food
    vải thừa ― leftover textile
* unneeded; needless; unnecessary
    Bài viết này có nhiều câu thừa.This article contains many unnecessary sentences.

#### Adverb

thừa
* (informal) without doubt; self-assured
    thừa biết; biết thừa ― to be well aware
    thừa hiểu ― to fully understand
    Nó thừa khôn ngoan để hiểu chuyện ấy.He is surely smart enough to understand the matter.

### Etymology 2

Sino-Vietnamese word from 乘.

#### Verb

thừa
* (chiefly in fixed expressions) to take advantage of (an opportunity or situation)
    Hyponym: nhân
    thừa cơ; thừa gió bẻ măngto seize an opportunity
    thừa thắngto take advantage of a victory
    thừa thếto take advantage of a beneficial situation
    thừa dịpto take advantage of a situation
    Thừa lúc đông người, kẻ xấu lẻn vào ăn cắp.Taking advantage of the crowd, a morally bad person sneaked in to steal.

##### Derived terms

* thừa cơ
* thừa thắng
* thừa thế

#### Romanization

thừa
* Sino-Vietnamese reading of 乘

##### Derived terms

* thừa số
* thừa số nguyên tố

### Etymology 3

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Possibly Sino-Vietnamese word from 承? Compare kế thừa.”

#### Verb

thừa
* to agree (with a person of higher ranking, social status or age)
    thừa lệnh thủ tướng ― obey an order of the prime minister
    thừa ân ― be grateful
    khâm thừa ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    phụng thừa ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (chiefly in compounds) to help; to assist
    huyện thừa ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    phủ thừa ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    tự thừa; thừa tự ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Derived terms

* huyện thừa
* khâm thừa
* phủ thừa
* phụng thừa
* tự thừa

### Etymology 4

Sino-Vietnamese word from 承.

#### Verb

thừa
* (chiefly in compounds) to inherit; to receive

##### Derived terms

* giao thừa (交承)
* kế thừa (繼承)
* thừa hưởng (承享)
* thừa kế (承繼)
* thừa nhận (承認)
* Thừa Thiên Huế
* Thừa Thiên (承天)

#### Noun

thừa
* (poetry) shō

##### See also

* khai (“ki”)
* khởi (“ki”)
* chuyển (“ten”)
* hợp (“gō”)

### Etymology 5

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

thừa
* (obsolete) Short for thừa phái.

### References

* ↑ André-Georges Haudricourt. "Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque", Word 10(2/3). 351–364 (1954). Reprinted (with additions) 1 in Problèmes de phonologie diachronique: 161-182. Translated in 2017 by Guillaume Jacques. draft
* “thừa”, in Chunom.net (in Vietnamese)