# 昔

| 昔 | U+6614, &#26132; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6614 |
| ← 易 [U+6613] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 昕 → [U+6615] |

## Translingual
### Han character

昔 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿日 (TA), four-corner 4460$_1$, composition ⿱龷日)
* formerly
* ancient
* in the beginning

#### Derived characters

* 借, 徣, 惜, 耤, 措, 腊, 猎, 醋, 錯 (错), 𰃩

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 492, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13816
* Dae Jaweon: page 855, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1488, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6614

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 昔 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 借 | *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ |
| 唶 | *ʔsjaːɡs |
| 藉 | *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ |
| 躤 | *zjaːɡs |
| 蜡 | *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs |
| 齰 | *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ |
| 醋 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 錯 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 措 | *sʰaːɡs |
| 厝 | *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ |
| 逪 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 剒 | *sʰaːɡ |
| 鵲 | *sʰaɡ |
| 碏 | *sʰaɡ |
| 踖 | *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 趞 | *sʰaɡ |
| 皵 | *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ |
| 舄 | *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ |
| 斮 | *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 簎 | *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 諎 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 矠 | *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ |
| 庴 | *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ |
| 籍 | *zjaːɡ |
| 耤 | *zjaːɡ |
| 猎 | *zjaːɡ |
| 昔 | *sjaːɡ |
| 惜 | *sjaːɡ |
| 腊 | *sjaːɡ |
| 焟 | *sjaːɡ |
| 棤 | *sjaːɡ |
Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 𡿧 (“disaster; floods”) + 日 (“sun”) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times.
Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh (仌) left to dry in the sun (日). Original form of 腊 (OC *sjaːɡ).
Similar but unrelated to 展, 共, and 散.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“night, full 24-hour day, spend the night”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) and 夜 (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xī, xí
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ, ㄒㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sit
    (Hailu, HRS): sid
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xid$^5$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sék
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sek / siak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$shiq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xī
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: si
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^1$
*** Yale: syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xí
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sí
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^2$
*** Yale: syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sik$^1$
*** Yale: sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sit
*** Hakka Romanization System: xid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /sit̚²/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sid
*** Sinological IPA: /sit⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /sit̚¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sék
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiʔ²⁴/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sih$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sih
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sek
*** Tâi-lô: sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: seg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siak
*** Tâi-lô: siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sek
*** Sinological IPA : /sek̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$shiq
*** MiniDict: shih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$xiq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: sjek
Rime :
| Character | 昔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 思積切 |
| Baxter | sjek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /siɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /siæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /siajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /siɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]Ak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sjaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 昔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sjek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]Ak/ |
| English | in the past |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 昔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13309 |
| Phonetic component | 昔 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昔 |
| Old Chinese | /*sjaːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

昔
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) former times; the past; long ago; ancient times
    From: 范雲, 《別詩》
    Xī qù xuě rú huā, jīn lái huā sì xuě. [Pinyin]
    When I left then, the snow was like the flowers; I come now and the flowers are like the snow.
    From: 甄偉, 西漢通俗演義
    Xī Lǔ Gōng shā yī wúzuì gōngnǚ, suì zhì jiǔ nián hànlào; Jǐng Gōng nù shā gōngfēi, tái qīng sān lǐ. [Pinyin]
    In olden times, the Duke of Lu murdered a guiltless palace maid, thus resulting in nine years of drought and flood; the Duke of Jing murdered a palace concubine in anger, causing terraces to collapse by three li.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) yesterday
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Chóuxī zhī yáng, zǐ wéizhèng; jīnrì zhī shì, wǒ wéi zhèng. [Pinyin]
    With yesterday’s mutton, you were in charge, but in today’s affair, I am in charge.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Wèi chéng hū xīn ér yǒu shìfēi, shì jīnrì shì yuè ér xī zhì yě. [Pinyin]
    For one who has not this determined mind, to have his affirmations and negations is like the case described in the saying, 'He went to Yue to-day, and arrived at it yesterday.'
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) sunset; dusk
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 腊 (“dried meat”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 夕 (xī, “evening; night”)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Wèi yīxī zhī qī, xí Liáng jí Huò. [Pinyin]
    They made an overnight pact, and then mounted sneak attacks on Liang and Huo.
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 今不如昔 (jīnbùrúxī)
* 今昔 (jīnxī)
* 今昔之感
* 今非昔比 (jīnfēixībǐ)
* 伊昔
* 古昔 (gǔxī)
* 在昔
* 夙昔 (sùxī)
* 奶昔 (nǎixī)
* 宿昔 (sùxī)
* 密昔司
* 密昔斯
* 平昔 (píngxī)
* 往昔 (wǎngxī)
* 感今懷昔 / 感今怀昔
* 撫今追昔 / 抚今追昔 (fǔjīnzhuīxī)
* 攀今比昔
* 昔人 (xīrén)
* 昔年 (xīnián)
* 昔日 (xīrì)
* 昔昔 (xīxī)
* 昔時 / 昔时 (xīshí)
* 昔酒
* 曩昔 (nǎngxī)
* 疇昔 / 畴昔 (chóuxī)
* 非昔是今

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cuò (cuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄛˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cuò
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻo$^4$
*** Yale: tswò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuoh
*** Palladius: цо (co)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

昔
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) coarse; rough
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 錯 / 错 (“to criss-cross”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to use; to carry out”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chá
    (Teochew, Peng'im): za$^2$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chá
*** Tâi-lô: tsá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sa⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sa⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sa⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sa⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sa⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: za$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵²/

#### Definitions

昔
* (Southern Min) Alternative form of 早

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “昔”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 250.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃく (shaku, Jōyō $^†$)
* Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
* Kun: むかし (mukashi, 昔, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 昔
* むかし Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. The muka portion derives from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face opposite to something”), implying “that which stands opposite from the present”. The shi portion is suffix し (shi) indicating direction, also found in words 縦し (tatashi, “the standing or vertical direction”), 横し (yokoshi, “the sideways or horizontal direction”). This appears to be a somewhat rare alternative form, more commonly encountered as さ (sa), and may be cognate with the nominalizing adjective ending さ (sa).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むかし [mùkáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟ka̠ɕi]

#### Adverb

昔(むかし) • (mukashi)
* once (in the indeterminate past)
    昔(むかし)見(み)た映(えい)画(が)
       mukashi mita eiga
       a movie I once saw

#### Noun

昔(むかし) • (mukashi)
* the past, old times
    昔(むかし)と今(いま) ― mukashi to ima ― the past and the present
    昔(むかし)の自(じ)分(ぶん) ― mukashi no jibun ― my past self
    昔(むかし)からの友達(ともだち) ― mukashi kara no tomodachi ― a longtime friend (literally, “a friend since old times”)
    昔(むかし)に戻(もど)る ― mukashi ni modoru ― to return to the past
** 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:
    むかし、式部大輔、左大弁かけて清原の王ありけり。
* ancient
    昔(むかし)の人(ひと) ― mukashi no hito ― ancient people
    もう昔(むかし)の話(はなし)だ。 ― mō mukashi no hanashi da. ― That's ancient history.

##### Derived terms

* 昔(むかし)昔(むかし) (mukashi mukashi)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 昔
* いにしえ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 昔 – see the following entry. :
| 【いにしえ】 | [noun] the past [noun] ancient times [noun] (archaic, obsolete) the deceased Alternative spellings 古, 古え, 昔え, 往にしへ, 去にしへ |
(This term, 昔, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Hanja

昔 • (seok, chak) (hangeul 석, 착, revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)
* formerly
* ancient
* in beginning

## Vietnamese
### Han character

昔: Hán Nôm readings: tích, tếch, thách, tách
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.