# mḏd
## Egyptian
### Etymology

The proper noun is derived from the participle of the verb, thus perhaps meaning ‘the one who hits the mark’, ‘the true-striking’.

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /mɛd͡ʒɛd/
** Conventional anglicization: medjed

### Verb

3-lit.
* (transitive) to physically strike (someone or something) with an arrow or spear
* (transitive) to physically strike with (an arrow or spear) [Late Period]
* (intransitive, in fixed expressions) to hit the target when shooting arrows [New Kingdom]
* (transitive, of fire) to meet (someone) [Pyramid Texts and Late Period]
* (transitive) to drive in (a stake or pale) [19th Dynasty]
* (transitive) to symbolically drive an implement, originally one’s little finger, into (the mouth) of the deceased in the Opening of the Mouth ritual
* (transitive) to press hard on, as if to drive in
* (transitive) to obey, to follow (an order)
* (transitive) to practise (a virtue)
* (transitive) to follow, to stay true to (a path)
* (transitive) to distribute, to share out to the proper target
* (transitive) to impose (something) as a duty in the form of corvee labor or taxes [Old Kingdom]

#### Inflection

infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive$^1$
singular
plural
mḏd
mḏdw, mḏd
mḏdt
mḏd
mḏd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective$^2$
periphrastic prospective$^2$
mḏd
ḥr mḏd
m mḏd
r mḏd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
mḏd.n
mḏdw, mḏd
consecutive
mḏd.jn
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
terminative
mḏdt
perfective$^3$
mḏd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
obligative$^1$
mḏd.ḫr
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
imperfective
mḏd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
prospective$^3$
mḏd
mḏdd
potentialis$^1$
mḏd.kꜣ
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
subjunctive
mḏd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
mḏd.n
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
perfective
mḏd
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
mḏd
mḏd, mḏdw$^5$, mḏdy$^5$
imperfective
mḏd, mḏdy, mḏdw$^5$
active + .tj$^1$, .tw$^2$
mḏd, mḏdj$^6$, mḏdy$^6$
mḏd, mḏdw$^5$
prospective
mḏd, mḏdtj$^7$
mḏdtj$^4$, mḏdt$^4$
$^1$ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
$^2$ Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
$^3$ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
$^4$ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
$^5$ Only in the masculine singular.
$^6$ Only in the masculine.
$^7$ Only in the feminine. :

#### Alternative forms

| mḏd | mḏd | mḏd | mḏd | mḏd | mḏ |
| | | [Old Kingdom] | [Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] |
| abbreviation | abbreviation | | in hieratic |

#### Derived terms

* wd-r-mḏd
* mḏdw
* mḏd wꜣt
* mḏd mṯn
* mḏd-r-nbtj
* mḏdt
* r mḏdw n jb n
* rnpt-mḏd-ꜥ
* st-r-mḏd

### Noun

m
* dues or obligations in the form of corvee labor or taxes [Old Kingdom]

#### Inflection
### Proper noun

m
* Medjed, a minor god mentioned in the Book of the Dead
** c. 1478 BCE – 1397 BCE, Book of the Dead of Nu (pLondon British Museum EA 10477) chapter 17, lines 76–79: nn hꜣy.j r ktwt.sn ḥr ntt {t}wj rḫ.kw st rḫ.kw mḏd pwy jmj.sn n(j) pr-wsjr stt m jrt.f nj mꜣ.n.tw.f pẖr.n pt m ns(rt) n(j) rꜣ.f smj ḥꜥpj nj mꜣ.n.tw.fI will not fall into their cauldron, for I know it, and I know of that Medjed among them of the House of Osiris who shoots from his eye without being able to be seen, with the flame of whose mouth the sky is encircled, whom Hapi announces without his being able to be seen.

#### Alternative forms

| mḏd | mḏd | mḏd |
| [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Saite Period] |

#### Descendants

* → English: Medjed
** → Japanese: メジェド (Mejedo)

### References

* “mḏd (lemma ID 78770)”, “mḏd (lemma ID 78780)”, and “mḏd (lemma ID 78850)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 191.14–192.9, 192.14
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 124
* Leitz, Christian, Budde, Dagmar, Dils, Peter, Goldbrunner, Lothar, Mendel, Daniela (2002) Christian Leitz, editor, Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen, volumes 3: p–nbw, Leuven: Peeters, page 476
* Baud, Michel (1998) “Une épithète de Rêdjedef et la prétendue tyrannie de Chéops. Étude sur la statuaire de Rêdjedef, II.” in Le Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, volume 98, pages 15–30
* ↑ BM EA10477,3; text begins midway down the 20th line from the left of sheet 3.