# 洋

| 洋 | U+6D0B, &#27915; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D0B |
| ← 洊 [U+6D0A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 洌 → [U+6D0C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

洋 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水廿手 (ETQ), four-corner 3815$_1$, composition ⿰氵羊)

#### Derived characters

* 𣺸, 𫈭

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 619, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17363
* Dae Jaweon: page 1014, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1615, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6D0B

## Chinese

* 洋 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 洋 (Cantonese)
* 洋 (Classical)
* 洋 (Gan)
* 洋 (Wu)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 洋
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 样 | *ʔslaːŋ, *laŋ |
| 佯 | *zlaŋ, *laŋ |
| 詳 | *ljaŋ, *laŋ |
| 洋 | *ljaŋ, *laŋ |
| 翔 | *ljaŋ |
| 庠 | *ljaŋ |
| 祥 | *ljaŋ |
| 痒 | *ljaŋ, *laŋʔ |
| 姜 | *klaŋ |
| 羌 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 蜣 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 猐 | *kʰlaŋ |
| 唴 | *kʰlaŋs |
| 羊 | *laŋ |
| 徉 | *laŋ |
| 烊 | *laŋ |
| 蛘 | *laŋ, *laŋʔ |
| 眻 | *laŋ, *laŋs |
| 鴹 | *laŋ |
| 恙 | *laŋs |
| 羕 | *laŋs |
| 樣 | *laŋs |
| 漾 | *laŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).

### Etymology
#### “multitudinous; vast; ocean”

    Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
    Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).

#### "vast expanse of flat land"

    The same word as 陽 (OC *laŋ), which is a variant of 野 (OC *laːʔ, “plain”), used in 平陽／平阳 (píngyáng, “flat land”) and many place names in which 陽／阳 (yáng) does not seem to mean "south side of mountain or north side of river" (Pan, 2016). It is also the same word as 垟 (yáng), used in place names. Cognate with 浪 (làng), 塱 (lǎng), 埌 (làng) used in place names.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yáng (yang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ён (i͡on, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): joeng$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yiang$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): iong$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yong$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ion$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): iô̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): iòng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ieo$^2$ / iuⁿ$^2$ / yong$^2$ / yeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iûⁿ / iôⁿ / iông / iâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ion$^5$ / iên$^5$ / iang$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): io$^5$ / yiang$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$yan; $^6$ghan / $^2$yan / $^2$ghan
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): ian$^2$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): ian$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yáng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^2$
*** Yale: yáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yang
*** Palladius: ян (jan)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ён (i͡on, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /iɑŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^4$
*** Yale: yèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yiang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiaŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: iong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /iɔŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /iɔŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ion$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /iɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iô̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /iɔŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: iòng
*** Sinological IPA : /yoŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ieo$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: á̤uⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ieu¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: iuⁿ$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩũ¹³/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yong$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ió̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /yɒŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /yøŋ¹³/
* ieo2/iuⁿ2 - vernacular;
* yong2/yeng2 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: yang
Rime :
| Character | 洋 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 與章切 |
| Baxter | yang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /iaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢ(r)aŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 洋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yang › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢ(r)aŋ/ |
| English | "great expanse of water" |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 洋 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 14536 |
| Phonetic component | 羊 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 陽 |
| Old Chinese | /*laŋ/ |

#### Definitions

洋
* multitudinous; vast
* ocean; vast area of sea; great expanse of water
    太平洋 ― Tàipíngyáng ― the Pacific Ocean
* overseas; foreign; western; imported
    洋人 ― yángrén ― foreigner (especially a westerner or Caucasian)
    洋蔥／洋葱 ― yángcōng ― onion (literally, “Western green onion”)
    From: 1881, 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records)
    Jīn yě jǔguó zhī suǒ fú zhě, yáng zhī yě, yáng rǎn yě. Jǔguó zhī suǒ yòng zhě, yáng wù yě. Suǒ jiē zhě, yángrén yě. Suǒ jīnjīn ér liúxián zhě, yáng zhī qíjìyínqiǎo yě. [Pinyin]
    In these days, what is worn in the entire country are Western clothes with Western dyes. What is used in the entire country are Western things. The people that one greets are Western men. What is overflowing and coveted are the clever tricks and wicked craft of the Westerners.
* modern; stylish; fashionable
* novel; unusual
* (historical or Shanghainese) foreign money; dollar (Classifier: 隻／只 w)
       From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 29
       $^7$peq $^6$ngu $^1$se-tsaq $^6$yan [Wugniu]
       Give me three dollars.
* (Min, Hakka, often in place names) plain; flatland
* (historical) A river in southern Shaanxi, China
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 一片汪洋
* 三大洋
* 中洋脊
* 五大洋
* 伶仃洋 (Língdīngyáng)
* 假洋鬼子
* 光洋 (guāngyáng)
* 冰洋
* 出洋 (chūyáng)
* 出洋相 (chū yángxiàng)
* 北冰洋 (Běibīngyáng)
* 北洋 (Běiyáng)
* 北洋大臣
* 北洋海軍 / 北洋海军
* 北洋航線 / 北洋航线
* 北洋軍閥 / 北洋军阀 (Běiyáng Jūnfá)
* 十里洋場 (shílǐyángchǎng)
* 南冰洋 (Nánbīngyáng)
* 南北洋
* 南洋 (Nányáng)
* 南洋大臣
* 南洋群島 / 南洋群岛 (Nányáng Qúndǎo)
* 南洋航線 / 南洋航线
* 印度洋 (Yìndùyáng)
* 吃洋飯 / 吃洋饭
* 唱洋梆子
* 喜氣洋洋 / 喜气洋洋 (xǐqìyángyáng)
* 喝洋水
* 喜洋洋 (xǐyángyáng)
* 土洋結合 / 土洋结合
* 外洋 (wàiyáng)
* 大度汪洋
* 大洋 (dàyáng)
* 大洋洲 (Dàyángzhōu)
* 大洋盆地
* 大西洋 (Dàxīyáng)
* 太平洋 (Tàipíngyáng)
* 小洋
* 崇洋 (chóngyáng)
* 崇洋媚外 (chóngyángmèiwài)
* 彷洋 (pángyáng)
* 得意洋洋 (déyìyángyáng)
* 意氣洋洋 / 意气洋洋 (yìqìyángyáng)
* 懶洋洋 / 懒洋洋 (lǎnyángyáng)
* 拉洋片 (lā yángpiān)
* 放洋 (fàngyáng)
* 方洋 (pángyáng)
* 暖洋洋 (nuǎnyángyáng)
* 望洋 (wàngyáng)
* 望洋興歎 / 望洋兴叹 (wàngyángxīngtàn)
* 望洋驚嘆 / 望洋惊叹
* 東洋 / 东洋 (Dōngyáng)
* 東洋人 / 东洋人 (dōngyángrén)
* 東洋劍 / 东洋剑
* 東洋大海 / 东洋大海
* 東洋話 / 东洋话
* 東洋車 / 东洋车 (dōngyángchē)
* 毫洋
* 江洋大盜 / 江洋大盗 (jiāngyángdàdào)
* 沙洋 (Shāyáng)
* 汪洋 (wāngyáng)
* 汪洋大海 (wāngyángdàhǎi)
* 汪洋浩博
* 汪洋自恣
* 汪洋自肆
* 汪洋閎肆 / 汪洋闳肆
* 洋乾漆 / 洋干漆
* 洋井
* 洋人 (yángrén)
* 洋傘 / 洋伞 (yángsǎn)
* 洋勁 / 洋劲
* 洋務 / 洋务 (yángwù)
* 洋務運動 / 洋务运动 (Yángwù Yùndòng)
* 洋包子
* 洋化 (yánghuà)
* 洋叫
* 洋名字
* 洋商陸 / 洋商陆
* 洋嗓子 (yángsǎngzi)
* 洋地黃 / 洋地黄 (yángdìhuáng)
* 洋坪 (Yángpíng)
* 洋基 (Yángjī)
* 洋場 / 洋场 (yángchǎng)
* 洋奴 (yángnú)
* 洋娃娃 (yángwáwa)
* 洋布 (yángbù)
* 洋底盆地
* 洋廣貨 / 洋广货
* 洋式 (yángshì)
* 洋房 (yángfáng)
* 洋撈 / 洋捞
* 洋文 (yángwén)
* 洋書 / 洋书
* 洋服 (yángfú)
* 洋梓 (Yángzǐ)
* 洋槍 / 洋枪 (yángqiāng)
* 洋槐 (yánghuái)
* 洋樓 / 洋楼 (yánglóu)
* 洋橄欖 / 洋橄榄
* 洋氣 / 洋气 (yángqì)
* 洋河
* 洋油 (yángyóu)
* 洋洋 (yángyáng)
* 洋流 (yángliú)
* 洋派
* 洸洋
* 洋洋喜氣 / 洋洋喜气
* 洋洋大觀 / 洋洋大观 (yángyángdàguān)
* 洋洋得意 (yángyángdéyì)
* 洋洋灑灑 / 洋洋洒洒 (yángyángsǎsǎ)
* 洋津畈 (Yángjīnfàn)
* 洋洋纚纚 / 洋洋𫄥𫄥
* 洋洋自得 (yángyángzìdé)
* 洋港 (Yánggǎng)
* 洋溢 (yángyì)
* 洋溪 (Yángxī)
* 洋溝 / 洋沟
* 洋火 (yánghuǒ)
* 洋火腿
* 洋灰 (yánghuī)
* 洋煙 / 洋烟
* 洋燈 / 洋灯 (yángdēng)
* 洋燭 / 洋烛 (yángzhú)
* 洋爐 / 洋炉
* 洋版
* 洋玉蘭 / 洋玉兰
* 洋琴 (yángqín)
* 洋瓷
* 洋畫兒 / 洋画儿
* 洋白菜 (yángbáicài)
* 洋盤 / 洋盘
* 洋相 (yángxiàng)
* 洋磁
* 洋碼子 / 洋码子 (yángmǎzi)
* 洋節 / 洋节 (yángjié)
* 洋篷
* 洋粉 (yángfěn)
* 洋紅 / 洋红 (yánghóng)
* 洋紙 / 洋纸
* 洋紗 / 洋纱
* 洋紫荊 / 洋紫荆 (yángzǐjīng)
* 洋緞 / 洋缎
* 洋繡球 / 洋绣球
* 洋繩 / 洋绳
* 洋罪
* 洋芋 (yángyù)
* 洋芋片 (yángyùpiàn)
* 洋菜 (yángcài)
* 洋菇 (yánggū)
* 洋菸 / 洋烟
* 洋蔥 / 洋葱 (yángcōng)
* 洋藥 / 洋药 (yángyào)
* 洋蘭 / 洋兰
* 洋蠟 / 洋蜡 (yánglà)
* 洋行 (yángháng)
* 洋裁
* 洋裝 / 洋装 (yángzhuāng)
* 洋話 / 洋话 (yánghuà)
* 洋財 / 洋财 (yángcái)
* 洋貨 / 洋货 (yánghuò)
* 洋車 / 洋车 (yángchē)
* 洋酒 (yángjiǔ)
* 洋金
* 洋銀 / 洋银
* 洋錢 / 洋钱 (yángqián)
* 洋鐵 / 洋铁 (yángtiě)
* 洋鐵皮 / 洋铁皮
* 洋關 / 洋关
* 洋香瓜
* 洋馬兒 / 洋马儿
* 洋鬼子 (yángguǐzi)
* 洋鹼 / 洋碱 (yángjiǎn)
* 洋麵 / 洋面
* 洋麻
* 海洋 (hǎiyáng)
* 海洋化學 / 海洋化学 (hǎiyáng huàxué)
* 海洋地質 / 海洋地质
* 海洋學 / 海洋学 (hǎiyángxué)
* 海洋放流
* 海洋文學 / 海洋文学
* 海洋權 / 海洋权
* 海洋氣候 / 海洋气候
* 海洋漁業 / 海洋渔业
* 海洋牧場 / 海洋牧场
* 海洋環流 / 海洋环流
* 海洋生物
* 海洋線 / 海洋线
* 海洋能
* 海洋觀測 / 海洋观测
* 海洋資源 / 海洋资源
* 海洋開發 / 海洋开发
* 海洋隆起
* 漂洋 (piāoyáng)
* 漁洋關 / 渔洋关 (Yúyángguān)
* 潢洋
* 瀇洋 / 㲿洋
* 爛板洋錢 / 烂板洋钱
* 現大洋 / 现大洋 (xiàndàyáng)
* 現洋 / 现洋 (xiànyáng)
* 留洋 (liúyáng)
* 發洋財 / 发洋财 (fāyángcái)
* 白洋 (Báiyáng)
* 磨洋工 (móyánggōng)
* 茫洋
* 蘆洋 / 芦洋 (Lúyáng)
* 西洋 (Xīyáng)
* 西洋人 (xīyángrén)
* 西洋劍 / 西洋剑
* 西洋參 / 西洋参 (xīyángshēn)
* 西洋史
* 西洋景 (xīyángjǐng)
* 西洋棋 (xīyángqí)
* 西洋畫 / 西洋画 (xīyánghuà)
* 西洋象棋 (xīyáng xiàngqí)
* 西洋鏡 / 西洋镜 (xīyángjìng)
* 赤道洋流
* 越洋 (yuèyáng)
* 越洋電話 / 越洋电话
* 巡洋艦 / 巡洋舰 (xúnyángjiàn)
* 遠洋 / 远洋 (yuǎnyáng)
* 遠洋漁業 / 远洋渔业
* 遠渡重洋 / 远渡重洋 (yuǎndùchóngyáng)
* 重洋 (chóngyáng)
* 銀洋 / 银洋 (yínyáng)
* 開洋 / 开洋 (kāiyáng)
* 開洋葷 / 开洋荤
* 陶聲洋 / 陶声洋
* 零丁洋 (Língdīngyáng)
* 飄洋 / 飘洋
* 飄洋過海 / 飘洋过海
* 食洋不化
* 鷹洋 / 鹰洋 (yīngyáng)
* 龍洋 / 龙洋

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)
Others:
* → Zhuang: yangz

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiáng (xiang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siáng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiang$^2$
*** Yale: syáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyang
*** Palladius: сян (sjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: zjang
Rime :
| Character | 洋 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 似羊切 |
| Baxter | zjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /zɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ziɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ziɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ziaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /zi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljaŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 洋 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 14525 |
| Phonetic component | 羊 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 詳 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljaŋ/ |

#### Definitions

洋
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 翔 (xiáng, “to soar; wing; side”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “good fortune; to bless”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 祥 (xiáng, “gentle; tender”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative name for 彌河／弥河 (“Mi River in Shandong”).
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǎng (yang$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǎng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^3$
*** Yale: yǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeang
*** Palladius: ян (jan)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ²¹⁴/

#### Definitions

洋
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Only used in 洋洋, alternative form of 養養 / 养养 (“worried; anxious”)

### References

* “洋”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “洋”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 299.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “洋”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 277.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* ocean
* foreign country
* the West
* vast, wide

#### Readings

From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang, “ocean, West”):
* Go-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC zjang, “Mi River”):
* Go-on: ぞう (zō)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
Native Japanese readings:
* Kun: なだ (nada, 洋)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、うみ (umi)、おおみ (ōmi)、きよ (kiyo)、なみ (nami)、はるか (haruka)、ひろ (hiro)、ひろし (hiroshi)、ひろみ (hiromi)、ひろむ (hiromu)、ふかし (fukashi)、み (mi)、ゆたか (yutaka)、わたる (wataru)

#### Compounds

* 洋(よう)洋(よう), 洋(よう)々(よう) (yōyō)
* 洋(よう)上(じょう) (yōjō)
* 遠(えん)洋(よう) (en'yō)
* 海(かい)洋(よう) (kaiyō)
* 外(がい)洋(よう) (gaiyō)
* 極(きょく)洋(よう) (kyokuyō)
* 洸(こう)洋(よう), 潢(こう)洋(よう) (kōyō)
* 西(せい)洋(よう) (seiyō)
* 大(たい)西(せい)洋(よう) (Taiseiyō)
* 太(たい)平(へい)洋(よう) (Taiheiyō)
* 大(たい)洋(よう) (taiyō)
* 東(とう)洋(よう) (tōyō)
* 渡(と)洋(よう) (toyō)
* 南(なん)洋(よう) (nan'yō)
* 望(ぼう)洋(よう) (bōyō)
* 芒(ぼう)洋(よう), 茫(ぼう)洋(よう) (bōyō)
* 北(ほく)洋(よう) (hokuyō)
* 洋(よう)灯(とう) (yōtō), 洋灯(ランプ) (ranpu)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 洋
* よう Grade: 3
* on'yomi
/jɨau/ → /jɔː/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Compare modern Mandarin 洋 (yáng).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よー [yóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [jo̞ː]

#### Noun

洋(よう) • (yō)
* an ocean
* (by extension, from the sense of across the ocean) the East (Orient) or especially the West (Occident)

##### Derived terms

* 洋画(ようが) (yōga)
* 洋学(ようがく) (yōgaku)
* 洋楽(ようがく) (yōgaku)
* 洋掛(ようがけ), 洋(よう)掛(が)け (yōgake)
* 洋菓子(ようがし) (yōgashi)
* 洋(よう)辛子(がらし), 洋(よう)芥子(がらし) (yōgarashi)
* 洋行(ようこう) (yōkō)
* 洋裁(ようさい) (yōsai)
* 洋紙(ようし) (yōshi)
* 洋書(ようしょ) (yōsho)
* 洋食(ようしょく) (yōshoku)
* 洋装(ようそう) (yōsō)
* 洋凧(ようだこ) (yōdako)
* 洋灯(ようとう) (yōtō)
* 洋(よう)鋏(ばさみ) (yōbasami)
* 洋品(ようひん) (yōhin)
* 洋本(ようほん) (yōhon)
* 洋風(ようふう) (yōfū)
* 洋服(ようふく) (yōfuku)
* 和洋(わよう) (wayō)

##### Idioms

* 洋(よう)の東(とう)西(ざい)を問(と)わず (yō no tōzai o towazu): “regardless of east or west of the ocean” → in either the East or the West → anywhere in the world, all over the world

#### Proper noun

洋(よう) • (Yō)
* a surname
* a male or female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 洋
* なだ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

#### Alternative forms

* 灘

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なだ [náꜜdà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [na̠da̠]

#### Noun

洋(なだ) • (nada)
* Alternative spelling of 灘 (nada): the open sea

#### Proper noun

洋(なだ) • (Nada)
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 洋
* ひろし Grade: 3
* irregular
Nominalization of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 広し (hiroshi), modern 広い (hiroi, “vast, wide”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [çiɾo̞ɕi]

#### Proper noun

洋(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
* a surname
* a male or female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 3893:, text here

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 洋 (MC yang). Recorded as Middle Korean 야ᇰ (yang) (Yale: yang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 洋 (eumhun 큰 바다 양 (keun bada yang))
* hanja form of 양 (“ocean; western”)

#### Compounds

* 대서양 (大西洋, daeseoyang, “the Atlantic”)
* 동양 (東洋, dong'yang, “the East, the Orient (Asia)”)
* 서양 (西洋, seoyang, “the West (Europe, America)”)
* 양말 (洋襪, yangmal, “socks”)
* 양복 (洋服, yangbok, “suit”)
* 양식 (洋式, yangsik, “western style”)
* 양식 (洋食, yangsik, “western food”)
* 양인 (洋人, yang'in, “westerner”)
* 원양 (遠洋, wonyang, “far sea, deep sea”)
* 인도양 (印度洋, indoyang, “the Indian Ocean”)
* 태평양 (太平洋, taepyeong'yang, “the Pacific”)
* 해양 (海洋, haeyang, “ocean, sea”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

洋: Hán Nôm readings: dương
* chữ Hán form of dương (“ocean”).