# 累

| 累 | U+7D2F, &#32047; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D2F |
| ← 紮 [U+7D2E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 細 → [U+7D30] |
| 累 | U+F94F, &#63823; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F94F |
| ← 漏 [U+F94E] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 縷 → [U+F950] |

## Translingual
### Han character

累 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 6090$_3$, composition ⿱田糸)

#### Derived characters

* 傫, 嫘, 摞, 漯, 樏, 㹎, 䐯, 磥, 縲(缧), 螺, 鏍(镙), 騾(骡), 蔂, 䉂, 瘰
* 𠼱, 𡏱, 𰌯, 𡻱, 𤡂, 𨻽, 𪱀, 𤍶, 𤨴, 𥉹, 𥛧, 𥡜, 𦧲, 𫤡, 𧫖, 𧷳, 𧹶, 𧽲, 𨄱, 𮤄, 𩌹, 𩏞, 𤳻, 𪍯
* 𰫥, 𤮉, 𰀨, 𩌺, 𩕃, 𮭒(𲎃), 𡻭, 𩮹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 919, character 35
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
* Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3381, character 4
* Unihan data for U+7D2F
* Unihan data for U+F94F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 摞 | *roːl, *roːls |
| 騾 | *roːl |
| 螺 | *roːl |
| 蔂 | *roːl, *rul |
| 虆 | *roːl, *rul |
| 瘰 | *roːlʔ |
| 礌 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 雷 | *ruːl |
| 擂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 攂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 礧 | *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
| 儡 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
| 瓃 | *ruːl, *rul, *ruls |
| 櫑 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
| 鑘 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
| 鐳 | *ruːl |
| 畾 | *ruːl |
| 轠 | *ruːl, *rulʔ |
| 罍 | *ruːl |
| 蕾 | *ruːlʔ |
| 癗 | *ruːlʔ |
| 磥 | *ruːlʔ |
| 累 | *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols |
| 儽 | *ruːls, *rul |
| 樏 | *rolʔ, *rul |
| 鸓 | *rul, *rulʔ |
| 嫘 | *rul |
| 纍 | *rul, *ruls |
| 欙 | *rul |
| 纝 | *rul |
| 壘 | *rulʔ |
| 櫐 | *rulʔ |
| 蘽 | *rulʔ |
| 藟 | *rulʔ |
| 讄 | *rulʔ |
Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田).
Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸).

### Etymology

Various semantic fields can be distinguished:

#### “to add; to accumulate”

    Related to 壘 (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), 厽 (OC *rolʔ), 絫 (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).

#### “to damage; exhausted; tired”

    Related to 儽 (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), 儡 (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruəy, “tired; exhausted”), Mizo rawih (“weak; worn out; broken down”), Tibetan རུལ (rul, “to decay; to rot”), འབྲུལ ('brul, “to fall; to come out”), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, “torn; ragged”), སྲུལ (srul, “(archaic) to rot; to decompose”) (ibid.).

#### “to bind; to wind around”

    See 纍 (OC *rul, *ruls).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lěi (lei$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi$^5$ / leoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lûi
* Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̆
* Eastern Min (BUC): lūi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lúi
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$le
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lěi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^3$
*** Yale: lěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leoi$^5$ / leoi$^6$
*** Yale: léuih / leuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loey$^5$ / loey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêu$^5$ / lêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵy̯¹³/, /lɵy̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lûi
*** Hakka Romanization System: lui$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lui$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /lu̯i²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳ̆
*** Sinological IPA : /ly²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lūi
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ui³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lúi
*** Tâi-lô: luí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lui⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lui⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lui⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lui⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lui⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le
*** MiniDict: le$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit累 (累積) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lei²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /luei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /le⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /luei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /luei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /luɨ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /luei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /luei⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /luei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nei⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nuei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nuei⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /luei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /luəi²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /le²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luei⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luei⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /luei⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /le²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /le̞⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lei⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /lai³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /le³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lei⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nəi⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lui²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lui⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løy²³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lui²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /løy²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lui⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /lui⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lui²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ljweX
Rime :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (12) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力委切 |
| Baxter | ljweX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuᴇ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷiɛ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuɛ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwiə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /liue$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lǐwe$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lwie̯$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lěi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leoi$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ojʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rolʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lěi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljwe$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ojʔ/ |
| English | accumulate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 7733 |
| Phonetic component | 畾 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 絫 |
| Old Chinese | /*rolʔ/ |
| Notes | 同絫 |

#### Definitions

累
* to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
    alt. forms: 傫 (lěi)
    積累／积累 ― jīlěi ― to accumulate
    累計／累计 ― lěijì ― to accumulate
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Jiǔ céng zhī tái, qǐ yú lěi tǔ. [Pinyin]
    The tower of nine storeys rose from a (small) heap of earth.
* repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
    經年累月／经年累月 ― jīngniánlěiyuè ― for years and years
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Liùyì jīngzhuàn yǐ qiānwàn shǔ, lěishì bùnéng dān qí xué, dāngnián bùnéng jiū qí lǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete) to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
* (obsolete) to add (to); to increase; to grow
* (obsolete) to amount (to); to sum up (to)
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 絫 (lěi, “ancient weight unit”)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 不差累黍 (bùchālěishǔ)
* 事危累卵
* 危如累卵 (wēirúlěiluǎn)
* 危於累卵 / 危于累卵
* 寸積銖累 / 寸积铢累
* 成千累萬 / 成千累万 (chéngqiānlěiwàn)
* 成年累月 (chéngniánlěiyuè)
* 日積月累 / 日积月累 (rìjīyuèlěi)
* 疵蒙謬累 / 疵蒙谬累
* 盈千累百
* 盈千累萬 / 盈千累万
* 盈篇累牘 / 盈篇累牍
* 積年累月 / 积年累月
* 積德累仁 / 积德累仁
* 積德累功 / 积德累功
* 積累 / 积累 (jīlěi)
* 積金累玉 / 积金累玉
* 積銖累寸 / 积铢累寸
* 窮年累世 / 穷年累世
* 窮年累月 / 穷年累月
* 窮年累歲 / 穷年累岁
* 累七齋 / 累七斋
* 累世 (lěishì)
* 累丸
* 累代 (lěidài)
* 累加 (lěijiā)
* 累卵 (lěiluǎn)
* 累卵之危
* 累土至山
* 累塊積蘇 / 累块积苏
* 累增字
* 累年
* 累彰勛效 / 累彰勋效
* 累德
* 累戰 / 累战
* 累日 (lěirì)
* 累時 / 累时
* 累月經年 / 累月经年
* 累榭
* 累次
* 累次三番
* 累牆 / 累墙
* 累牘連篇 / 累牍连篇
* 累犯 (lěifàn)
* 累積 / 累积 (lěijī)
* 累積性傷害症候群 / 累积性伤害症候群
* 累積盈餘 / 累积盈余
* 累累 (lěilěi)
* 累計 / 累计 (lěijì)
* 累足
* 累足成步
* 累進 / 累进 (lěijìn)
* 累進稅 / 累进税
* 累進稅率 / 累进税率
* 累進處遇 / 累进处遇
* 累遷 / 累迁 (lěiqiān)
* 累重
* 累黍
* 經年累月 / 经年累月
* 經旬累月 / 经旬累月
* 脅肩累足 / 胁肩累足
* 蕪累 / 芜累
* 虧累 / 亏累
* 負債累累 / 负债累累 (fùzhài lěilěi)
* 連篇累幅 / 连篇累幅
* 連篇累牘 / 连篇累牍 (liánpiānlěidú)
* 連階累任 / 连阶累任
* 連章累牘 / 连章累牍
* 鄙言累句
* 重光累洽
* 重熙累洽
* 重規累矩 / 重规累矩
* 銖積寸累 / 铢积寸累
* 長年累月 / 长年累月 (chángniánlěiyuè)
* 長篇累牘 / 长篇累牍
* 食不累味
* 駢肩累足 / 骈肩累足
* 駢肩累跡 / 骈肩累迹
* 駢肩累踵 / 骈肩累踵

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lèi, lěi (lei$^4$, lei$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˋ, ㄌㄟˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): луй (luy, III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lui
* Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̄
* Eastern Min (BUC): lôi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lūi
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$le
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lia$^6$ / lei$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lèi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^4$
*** Yale: lèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ley
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lěi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^3$
*** Yale: lěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
* “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
** lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
** lèi (Taiwan standard).
* All other senses:
** lèi.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit累 (連累) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /lei⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /lei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /luei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /le⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /luei³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /luei⁰/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /luɨ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /luei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /luei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /luei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nei³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nuei¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nuei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /luei²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /luəi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /le⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luei⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /luei³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /luei⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /le²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /le̞³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lei¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /lai³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /le²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /li¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lei⁵⁵/ /lei¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nəi²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lui²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lui⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lui⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løy²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lui²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /løy²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lui²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /lui³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lui³³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ljweH
Rime :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (12) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 良僞切 |
| Baxter | ljweH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liue$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lǐwe$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lwie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*rols/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 7735 |
| Phonetic component | 畾 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 累 |
| Old Chinese | /*rols/ |

#### Definitions

累
* to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
    連累／连累 ― liánlei ― to implicate
    累人累物 [Cantonese] ― leoi$^6$ jan$^4$ leoi$^6$ mat$^6$ [Jyutping] ― to bring burden on others
* (obsolete) burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
* (obsolete) to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
* (obsolete) to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Wú yù yǐ guó lěi zǐ, zǐ bì wù xiè yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired
    別累著眼睛／别累着眼睛 ― bié lèi zhe yǎnjīng ― Do not tire your eyes.
** to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone)
       zan$^1$ hai$^6$ m$^4$ hou$^2$ ji$^3$ si$^1$, leoi$^6$ nei$^5$ baak$^6$ haang$^4$ jat$^1$ tong$^3$. [Jyutping]
       I'm really sorry for making you come here for nothing.
    From: 1958, 周而復, 上海的早晨
    Lái le hěn jiǔ ba, lěi nǐ děng le. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete) suffering; misery; harm; disaster
* (obsolete) fault; crime; slip; defect
* to work hard; to toil; to overwork
       Wǒ jīntiān lèi le yī zhěng tiān. [Pinyin]
       I've been working hard all day today.
* tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
    我很累。 ― Wǒ hěn lèi. ― I'm tired.
       Tā huì lèi dé jīngpílìjié de. [Pinyin]
       He'll wear himself out.
* (obsolete) wife and children; one's family
* (Changsha Xiang, polite) please; asking for help
       From: 1998, 鮑厚星 et al. (editors), 長沙方言詞典, page 66
       lia$^6$ nyi$^3$ ban$^1$ ha$^5$ man$^2$ lo [Wiktionary]
       Please help.

#### Synonyms

* (tired):
* 乏力 (fálì)
* 倦怠 (juàndài)
* 勞累 / 劳累 (láolèi)
* 勞頓 / 劳顿 (láodùn)
* 厭𤺪 / 厌𤺪 (Hokkien)
* 困乏 (kùnfá)
* 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
* 懶 / 懒 (lǎn)
* 疲乏 (pífá)
* 疲倦 (píjuàn)
* 疲勞 / 疲劳 (píláo)
* 疲困 (píkùn) (literary)
* 疲憊 / 疲惫 (píbèi)
* 精疲力盡 / 精疲力尽 (jīngpílìjìn)
* 精疲力竭 (jīngpílìjié)
* 頓 / 顿 (literary)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 疲倦, 疲乏, 疲累, 疲憊, 疲勞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 累, 乏 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 累 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 累 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 累 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 累, 乏 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 乏 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 乏, 累 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 乏 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 累 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 累 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 累, 痿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 累 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 疚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 疚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 疚攰 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 疚攰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 疓 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 疓 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 疚, 攰 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 疚, 攰 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 疚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 疚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 疚, 攰, 疓 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 疚, 攰 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 疚, 攰 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 疚算 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 累 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 疓, 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 疓 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 攰, 疓 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 攰, 累 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 攰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 攰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 累 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𤸁, 渴 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 渴 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 悿 Hetian, 渴 Xintian |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 悿 |
| Hakka | Changting | 累 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 累 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 累 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 累 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 𤸁, 悿 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 𤸁, 悿 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 悿 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 悿, 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 悿 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 悿 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 𤸁 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 𤺪 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 渴 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 渴 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 吃力 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 乏, 累 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 累 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 累, 軟 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 弱 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 𤺪, 厭 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 𤺪, 厭 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 𤺪, 厭 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 厭, 悿 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 悿 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 悿, 懶 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 悿, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 乏, 累 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 乏, 𤺪 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 悿 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 𤺪, 累, 乏 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 乏 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 乏 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 瞓 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 吃力, 衰瘏 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 吃力 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 吃力 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 着力, 吃力 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 㾯, 吃力 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 傫 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 鶴累 |

#### Compounds

* 俗累
* 倦累
* 勞累 / 劳累 (láolèi)
* 受累
* 同名之累
* 塵累 / 尘累
* 多累
* 家累
* 家累千金，坐不垂堂
* 帶累 / 带累 (dàilěi)
* 干累
* 忝累
* 房累
* 拖累 (tuōlěi)
* 掛累 / 挂累
* 波累 (bōlěi)
* 滯累 / 滞累
* 炊累
* 物累
* 牽累 / 牵累 (qiānlěi)
* 疲累 (pílèi)
* 私累
* 竿累
* 累乏
* 累人 (lèirén)
* 累及 (lěijí)
* 累句
* 累垮 (lèikuǎ)
* 累壞 / 累坏 (lèihuài)
* 累得慌
* 累德
* 累心
* 累懇 / 累恳
* 累手
* 累掯
* 累死 (lèi sǐ)
* 累死累活 (lěisǐlěihuó)
* 累活
* 累活兒 / 累活儿
* 累煩 / 累烦
* 累贅 / 累赘
* 累重
* 纏累 / 缠累 (chánlěi)
* 苦累
* 負累 / 负累 (fùlěi)
* 賠累 / 赔累 (péilèi)
* 賤累 / 贱累
* 連累 / 连累
* 遲累 / 迟累
* 鄙累

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): léi, lěi (lei$^2$, lei$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˊ, ㄌㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lui
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lûi
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$le
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: léi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: léi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^2$
*** Yale: léi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lei
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lěi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^3$
*** Yale: lěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leoi$^6$
*** Yale: leuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵy̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lui
*** Hakka Romanization System: lui
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /lu̯i⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lûi
*** Tâi-lô: luî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luii
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /lui²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lui¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le
*** MiniDict: le$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/
* Middle Chinese: ljweH
Rime :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (12) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 良僞切 |
| Baxter | ljweH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liue$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lǐwe$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lwie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*rols/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 累 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 7735 |
| Phonetic component | 畾 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 累 |
| Old Chinese | /*rols/ |

#### Definitions

累
* Used in 累贅／累赘 (léizhui, “cumbersome”).

### Pronunciation 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍 (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 纍).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Pronunciation 5

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǜ (lü$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄩˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǜ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lyù
*** Wade–Giles: lü$^4$
*** Yale: lyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liuh
*** Palladius: люй (ljuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly⁵¹/

#### Definitions

累
* Only used in 謼遫累／呼遫累.

### Pronunciation 6

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liè (lie$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄝˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liè
*** Wade–Giles: lieh$^4$
*** Yale: lyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh
*** Palladius: ле (le)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛ⁵¹/

#### Definitions

累
* Only used in 肥累.

### Pronunciation 7

* For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 裸 (“bare; nude; naked; to undress; to strip”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as an ancient form of 裸).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 纍)
* accumulate

#### Readings

* Go-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)
* Kun: かさね (kasane, 累)、かさねる (kasaneru, 累ねる)、しばる (shibaru, 累る)、わずらわせ (wazurawase, 累わせ)

## Korean
### Hanja

累 (eumhun 묶을 루 (mukkeul ru), word-initial (South Korea) 묶을 누 (mukkeul nu))
* hanja form of 루/누 (“tired”)
* hanja form of 루/누 (“implicate, involve”)
* hanja form of 루/누 (“bother”)

## Vietnamese
### Chữ Hán

累: Hán Nôm readings: lụy/luỵ, lủi, lũy/luỹ, mệt, luy, luệ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.