# 徒

| 徒 | U+5F92, &#24466; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F92 |
| ← 徑 [U+5F91] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 従 → [U+5F93] |

## Translingual
### Han character

徒 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹人土卜人 (HOGYO), four-corner 2428$_1$, composition ⿰彳走)

#### Derived characters

* 𠻀, 𢲛, 𣺺, 𪼊, 𱼓, 𦪂, 𨃝, 蓗, 𥱰, 𮐓, 𭕫, 𤸭, 𭄂

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 367, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10121
* Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 823, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5F92

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 徒
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'aː): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): tú (tu$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thù
* Jin (Wiktionary): tu$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǔ
* Eastern Min (BUC): dù
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dou$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tu$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$du
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tú
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tú
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
*** Palladius: ту (tu)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: tu$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^4$
*** Yale: tòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hu²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thù
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: tu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǔ
*** Sinological IPA : /tu²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dù
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dou$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dó
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔu¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘
*** Tâi-lô: tôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tu$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thû
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$du
*** MiniDict: du$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$du
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²³/
* Middle Chinese: du
Rime :
| Character | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 同都切 |
| Baxter | du |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /do/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /do/ |
| Wang Li | /du/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l'aː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ du › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]ˁa/ |
| English | go on foot |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 徒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12494 |
| Phonetic component | 徒 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 徒 |
| Old Chinese | /*l'aː/ |

### Definitions

徒
* to be on foot
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǐ wú cóng dàfū zhīhòu, bùkě tú xíng yě. [Pinyin]
    For, to follow in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.
    From: Western Jin, 魯褒, 錢神論
    Gù jiàn Qímǔ xiānshēng, bān bái ér tú xíng. [Pinyin]
    He saw Mr. Qimu, who had graying hair yet was travelling on foot.
* foot soldier
* disciple; follower; adherent
* religious follower; apostle; worshipper
* the likes of
    Synonym: friend
    From: Han Yu, 師說 (shīshuō)
    Shèngrén wú cháng shī: Kǒngzǐ shī Tánzǐ, Chánghóng, Shīxiāng, Lǎodān. Tánzǐ zhī tú, qí xián bùjí kǒngzǐ. [Pinyin]
    The wise man does not have an invariable teacher: Confucius learned from Tanzi, Chang Hong, Shixiang, and Laozi. The likes of Tanzi are not more virtuous than Confucius.
* prison sentence
    無期徒刑／无期徒刑 ― wúqī tú xíng ― life imprisonment (literally, “Sentence of indefinite imprisonment”)
* (derogatory) suffix for people with certain characteristics
    暴徒 ― bàotú ― thug
    歹徒 ― dǎitú ― ruffian
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zǒu! Fù rù yán Pèigōng, wú Gāoyáng jiǔtú yě, fēi rúrén yě. [Pinyin]
    Depart! Make haste! Go back in there and tell the Prince of Pei again that I am the Drunkard of Gaoyang; I'm no 'scholar!'
* bare; plain
    徒跣 ― túxiǎn ― barefoot
    徒手 ― túshǒu ― with one's bare hands
* merely; only; just
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tú shàn bùzú yǐ wéi zhèng, tú fǎ bùnéng yǐ zì xíng. [Pinyin]
    Virtue alone is not sufficient for the exercise of government; laws alone cannot carry themselves into practice.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zhù zhī zhǎng zhě, yà miáo zhě yě. Fēi tú wúyì, ér yòu hài zhī. [Pinyin]
    They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it
* in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail
    徒勞／徒劳 ― túláo ― to be futile
* a surname

### Compounds

* 上色徒弟
* 上首徒弟
* 不法之徒 (bùfǎzhītú)
* 不肖之徒
* 不逞之徒 (bùchěngzhītú)
* 丹徒布衣
* 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
* 佞徒損友 / 佞徒损友
* 使徒 (shǐtú)
* 信徒 (xìntú)
* 僧徒 (sēngtú)
* 凶徒 (xiōngtú)
* 刁徒
* 匪徒 (fěitú)
* 十二使徒
* 博徒
* 叛徒 (pàntú)
* 司徒 (sītú)
* 吾徒
* 囚徒 (qiútú)
* 回教徒 (huíjiàotú)
* 大司徒
* 好事之徒
* 奸徒
* 好色之徒 (hàosèzhītú)
* 學徒 / 学徒 (xuétú)
* 學徒制 / 学徒制
* 學徒工 / 学徒工 (xuétúgōng)
* 宗徒 (zōngtú)
* 宗教徒 (zōngjiàotú)
* 家徒四壁 (jiātúsìbì)
* 家徒壁立
* 家徒甚殷
* 實繁有徒 / 实繁有徒
* 工徒
* 左徒
* 市井之徒 (shìjǐngzhītú)
* 師徒 / 师徒 (shītú)
* 帶徒弟 / 带徒弟
* 廝徒 / 厮徒
* 徒不上墓
* 徒亂人意 / 徒乱人意
* 徒兒 / 徒儿
* 徒兵
* 徒具
* 徒刑 (túxíng)
* 徒勞 / 徒劳 (túláo)
* 徒勞往返 / 徒劳往返
* 徒勞無功 / 徒劳无功 (túláowúgōng)
* 徒勞無益 / 徒劳无益
* 徒子徒孫 / 徒子徒孙 (túzǐtúsūn)
* 徒廢脣舌 / 徒废唇舌
* 徒弟 (túdì)
* 徒手 (túshǒu)
* 徒手操
* 徒搏
* 徒有其名 (túyǒuqímíng)
* 徒有虛名 / 徒有虚名 (túyǒuxūmíng)
* 徒杠
* 徒歌
* 徒步 (túbù)
* 徒步旅行
* 徒步當車 / 徒步当车
* 徒然 (túrán)
* 徒眾 / 徒众 (túzhòng)
* 徒行 (túxíng)
* 徒託空言 / 徒托空言
* 徒負虛名 / 徒负虚名
* 徒費無益 / 徒费无益
* 徒費脣舌 / 徒费唇舌
* 徒跣
* 徒陳空文 / 徒陈空文
* 徒隸 / 徒隶
* 息徒
* 惡徒 / 恶徒 (ètú)
* 授徒 (shòutú)
* 擔負公徒 / 担负公徒
* 教徒 (jiàotú)
* 斗筲之徒
* 暴徒 (bàotú)
* 有期徒刑 (yǒuqī túxíng)
* 木石為徒 / 木石为徒
* 株送徒
* 棍徒
* 歹徒 (dǎitú)
* 歹徒橫行 / 歹徒横行
* 法徒
* 清教徒 (qīngjiàotú)
* 滿徒 / 满徒
* 潑無徒 / 泼无徒
* 無徒 / 无徒
* 無期徒刑 / 无期徒刑 (wúqī túxíng)
* 無籍之徒 / 无籍之徒
* 煙波釣徒 / 烟波钓徒
* 狂徒 (kuángtú)
* 狐鼠之徒
* 生徒 (shēngtú)
* 登徒子 (dēngtúzǐ)
* 福不徒來 / 福不徒来
* 穴處之徒 / 穴处之徒
* 絳帳授徒 / 绛帐授徒
* 繁有徒
* 纓緌之徒 / 缨𮉫之徒
* 義徒 / 义徒
* 藝徒 / 艺徒
* 豪俠強徒 / 豪侠强徒
* 賭徒 / 赌徒 (dǔtú)
* 躍躍狂徒 / 跃跃狂徒
* 車徒 / 车徒
* 酒徒 (jiǔtú)
* 酒色之徒
* 釣徒 / 钓徒
* 門徒 / 门徒 (méntú)
* 非徒
* 章句之徒
* 饕餮之徒
* 馬齒徒增 / 马齿徒增
* 馬齒徒長 / 马齿徒长
* 騙徒 / 骗徒 (piàntú)
* 高徒 (gāotú)
* 高陽酒徒 / 高阳酒徒
* 鹽徒 / 盐徒
* 黨徒 / 党徒 (dǎngtú)

### References

* “徒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01288

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* going on foot
* empty-handed
* useless, in vain
* disciple
* a party, a gang
* criminal, penal servitude
* only

#### Readings

* Go-on: ず (zu)
* Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
* Kun: いたずら (itazura, 徒)、いたずらに (itazura ni, 徒に)、あだ (ada, 徒)、かち (kachi, 徒)、かし (kashi, 徒)、ともがら (tomogara, 徒)、むだ (muda, 徒)
* Nanori: とも (tomo)

#### Compounds

* 徒(と)競(きょう)走(そう) (tokyōsō)
* 徒(と)刑(けい) (tokei)
* 徒(と)行(こう) (tokō)
* 徒(と)死(し) (toshi)
* 徒(と)爾(じ) (toji)
* 徒(と)手(しゅ) (toshu)
* 徒(と)消(しょう) (toshō)
* 徒(と)渉(しょう) (toshō)
* 徒(と)食(しょく) (toshoku)
* 徒(と)跣(せん) (tosen)
* 徒(と)然(ぜん) (tozen)
* 徒(と)卒(そつ) (tosotsu)
* 徒(と)長(ちょう) (tochō)
* 徒(と)弟(てい) (totei)
* 徒(と)党(とう) (totō)
* 徒(と)輩(はい) (tohai)
* 徒(と)費(ひ) (tohi)
* 徒(と)歩(ほ) (toho)
* 徒(と)法(ほう) (tohō)
* 徒(と)労(ろう) (torō)
* 徒(と)論(ろん) (toron)
* 学(がく)徒(と) (gakuto)
* 奸(かん)徒(と), 姦(かん)徒(と) (kanto)
* 義(ぎ)徒(と) (gito)
* 逆(ぎゃく)徒(と) (gyakuto)
* 凶(きょう)徒(と), 兇(きょう)徒(と) (kyōto)
* 教(きょう)徒(と) (kyōto)
* 刑(けい)徒(と) (keito)
* 残(ざん)徒(と) (zanto)
* 使(し)徒(と) (shito)
* 緇(し)徒(と) (shito)
* 囚(しゅう)徒(と) (shūto)
* 宗(しゅう)徒(と) (shūto)
* 酒(しゅ)徒(と) (shuto)
* 信(しん)徒(と) (shinto)
* 生(せい)徒(と) (seito)
* 聖(せい)徒(と) (seito)
* 僧(そう)徒(と) (sōto)
* 賊(ぞく)徒(と) (zokuto)
* 檀(だん)徒(と) (danto)
* 博(ばく)徒(と) (bakuto)
* 叛(はん)徒(と) (hanto)
* 匪(ひ)徒(と) (hito)
* 仏(ぶっ)徒(と) (butto)
* 暴(ぼう)徒(と) (bōto)
* 門(もん)徒(と) (monto)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* いたずら Grade: 4
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ita̠zɨɾa̠]

#### Adjective

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) $^†$-nari
* useless, pointless, fruitless
* unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless
* in idleness

#### Noun

徒(いたずら) • (itazura)
* a kind of women's hairstyles in the late Edo period

##### Derived terms

* 徒(いたず)らに (itazura ni, “uselessly, pointlessly”)
* 悪戯(いたずら) (itazura, “prank, mischief”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* あだ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あだ [àdáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [a̠da̠]

#### Adjective

徒(あだ) • (ada) $^†$-nari
* useless, fruitless
    一度(いちど)限(かぎ)りの人生(じんせい)を徒(あだ)にしてしまう
       ichido kagiri no jinsei o ada ni shiteshimau
       to make one's one-time life gone ruined
* (now rare) ephemeral, temporary
* (now rare) fickle, frivolous
* (now rare) slack, lukewarm
* (historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style

##### Derived terms

* 徒(あだ)になる (ada ni naru, “to backfire, to have a harmful result”)
* 徒花(あだばな) (adabana, “blossom that bear no fruit; things which being gorgeous in the pretence but worthless in actuality”)
* 徒徒(あだあだ)し (adaadashi)
* 徒(あだ)う (adau)
* 徒(あだ)く (adaku)
* 徒(あだ)げ (adage)
* 徒(あだ)し (adashi)
* 徒(あだ)つく (adatsuku)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* かち Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry. :
| 【かち】 | [noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩: (dated) walking, going on foot [noun] 徒, 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士: (historical) a lower-level samurai who accompanies with the master in walking and goes on the beginning of the parade Alternative spellings 歩, 歩行, 徒歩, 徒士 |
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* ただ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry. :
| 【ただタダ】 | [noun] 徒, 只: ordinary, common, nothing special Alternative spelling 只 |
| 【ただ】 | [adjective] 徒, 只: ordinary, simple [adjective] 徒, 只: nothing Alternative spelling 只 |
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* むだ Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry. :
| 【無駄むだ】 | [adjective] useless, pointless; meaningless [adjective] wasteful [noun] uselessness; no good; being in vain; futility [noun] waste Alternative spelling ムダ |
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* と Grade: 4
* kan'on

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) と [tóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [to̞]

#### Noun

徒(と) • (to)
* fellows, same kind people; a set, a party, a gang
    Synonyms: 輩 (yakara), 輩 (tomogara)

##### Derived terms

* 口(こう)舌(ぜつ)の徒(と) (kōzetsu no to)
* 市(し)井(せい)の徒(と) (shisei no to)

### Etymology 7

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* ず Grade: 4
* goon

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ず [zúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [d͡zɨ]

#### Noun

徒(ず) • (zu)
* (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude
    Synonyms: 徒刑 (tokei), 懲役 (chōeki)

##### Derived terms

* 徒(ず)罪(ざい) (zuzai)
* 徒(ず)人(にん) (zunin)
* 流(る)徒(ず) (ruzu)

### Etymology 8

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* かし Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
⟨kasi⟩ → /kaɕi/
From an eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かし [káꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠ɕi]

#### Noun

徒(かし) • (kashi)
* (Classical Japanese, dialectal) Obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4417:
    阿加胡麻乎(あかごまを)　夜麻努尓波賀志(やまのにはがし)　刀里加尓弖(とりかにて)　多麻能余許夜麻(たまのよこやま)　加志(かし)由加也良牟(ゆかやらむ) [Man'yōgana]
    赤駒(あかごま)を　山野(やまの)に放(はが)し　捕(と)りかにて　多摩(たま)の横山(よこやま)　徒(かし)ゆか遣(や)らむ [Modern spelling]
    (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)

### Etymology 9

* Kanji in this term
* 徒
* ともがら Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 徒 – see the following entry. :
| 【ともがら】 | [noun] fellows, folks Alternative spellings 輩, 們 |
(This term, 徒, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ “徒”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 徒 (MC du). Recorded as Middle Korean 도 (two) (Yale: two) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 徒 (eumhun 무리 도 (muri do))
* hanja form of 도 (“party; gang; group; disciple”)
* hanja form of 도 (“going on foot”)
* hanja form of 도 (“useless; in vain”)

#### Compounds

* 교도 (敎徒, gyodo)
* 도로 (徒勞, doro)
* 도보 (徒步, dobo)
* 문도 (門徒, mundo)
* 사도 (使徒, sado)
* 생도 (生徒, saengdo)
* 신도 (信徒, sindo)
* 폭도 (暴徒, pokdo)
* 학도 (學徒, hakdo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

徒: Hán Nôm readings: đồ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.