# turpis
## Latin
### Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”) (with the word interpreted as "turning away" > "repelling" > "disgusting"), and compared with Ancient Greek τρέπω (trépō, “to turn, divert”), Sanskrit त्रपते (trapate, “to be ashamed”). Compare typologically Russian отврати́тельный (otvratítelʹnyj) (< Old Church Slavonic отъвратити (otŭvratiti) < вратити (vratiti)). De Vaan is skeptical of the semantics of this derivation, and prefers, albeit with hesitation, to compare the word with torpeō (“to be stiff”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈtur.pis/, [ˈt̪ʊrpɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈtur.pis/, [ˈt̪urpis]

### Adjective

turpis (neuter turpe, comparative turpior, superlative turpissimus, adverb turpiter); third-declension two-termination adjective
* ugly, unsightly; foul, filthy
    Synonym: foedus
** Attributed to Ennius by Cicero in Dē nātūrā deōrum, Book I, Chapter XXXV
    Sīmia quam similis turpissima bēstia nōbīs!
       How similar to us is that most vile beast, the ape!
    Vidē quam turpī lētō pereāmus! ― See what a disgraceful death we die!
* (of sound) cacophonous, disagreeable
* (figuratively) base, infamous, scandalous, dishonorable, shameful, disgraceful, unseemly, vile
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.193–194:Nunc hiemem inter sē luxū, quam longa, fovēre, rēgnōrum immemorēs, turpīque cupīdine captōs.Now [Dido and Aeneas] warm one another in wanton excess for as long as winter lasts, mindless of their kingdoms, and seized by shameful lust.

#### Declension

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

#### Derived terms

* turpe
* turpiculus
* turpificātus
* turpiloquium
* turpilucricupidus
* turpilucrus
* turpiter
* turpitūdō
* turpō

#### Descendants

* Balkan Romance:
** → Albanian: turp
* Italo-Romance:
** >? Gallurese: tulpi
** Italian: turpe
* Padanian:
** Romansch: tuorp
* Ibero-Romance:
** Galician: torpe
** Portuguese: torpe
** Spanish: torpe ⇒ estorpar
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: turpe (obsolete), tzurpu (doubtful)
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exturpiāre
** Italian: storpiare, stroppiare (Old Lucchese)
*** → French: estropier
*** → German: struppieren (regional)
*** → Portuguese: estropiar
*** → Spanish: estropear
** Piedmontese: stropiè
** Romansch: strupiar, strupchiar, strupchier, strupchá
* Borrowings:
** → English: turpid
** → French: turpide, turpe
** → Hungarian: turpisság

### References

* “turpis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “turpis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* turpis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a virtuous (immoral) life: vita honesta (turpis) to follow virtue; to flee from vice: honesta expetere; turpia fugere
* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “tŭrpis”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 13: To–Tyrus, page 432
* Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “túrpe”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 635