# kim
## English
### Noun

kim (uncountable)
* Alternative form of gim (“edible seaweed”)

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch kim, from Middle Dutch kimme.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəm/

### Noun

kim (plural kimme)
* horizon
    Synonym: horison

## Ainu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kim]

### Noun

kim (Kana spelling キム)
* mountain

#### Derived terms

* kimpe (“bear”)

#### Descendants

* Western Old Japanese: [script needed] (kî)

### References

* Bugaeva, Anna. Handbook of the Ainu Language, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502859

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Turkish kim, Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [cim]
* Audio (Baku):(file)

### Pronoun

kim (definite accusative kimi, plural kimlər)
* who

#### Derived terms

* kimlik (“identity”)
* kimsə (“someone”)
** kimsəsiz (“ownerless, derelict, parentless”)

### See also

* what: nə, (dialectal) nəmənə
* who: kim
* which: hansı
* which (in a numbered series): neçənci
* who (by occupation): nəçi
* who (by origin): haralı
* where (which place): hara, hayan, (colloquial) hanı, (dialectal) həncəri
* where (at which place): harada, hayanda
* whither (to which place): hara, haraya, hayana
* whence (from which place): haradan, hayandan
* when: nə vaxt, nə zaman, haçan, (colloquial) havaxt
* why: niyə, nə üçün, neyçün
* how: necə, nətər, nə təhər, (archaic) nə tövr, nə cür, (dialectal) həncəri
* how much: nə qədər
* how many: neçə

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kem, *Ka-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”).

### Pronoun

kim
* who, whom

#### Declension
### References

* Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎, Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kiːm/, [kʰiːˀm]

### Noun

kim c or n (singular definite kimen or kimet, plural indefinite kim, plural definite kimene)
* germ
* seeds pl

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch kimme. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɪm/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: kim
* Rhymes: -ɪm
* Homophone: Kim

### Noun

kim f (plural kimmen, diminutive kimmetje n)
* horizon

#### Synonyms

* horizon

### Anagrams

* mik

## Eskayan
### Pronoun

kim
* we; us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)

## Gagauz
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish كِمْ (kim, gim), from Proto-Turkic *kem. Compare Turkish kim, Azerbaijani kim.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /cim/

### Pronoun

kim (accusative kimi, plural kimnär)
* (interrogative) who?
    kimi inanêrsın?who do you believe?
** 2015 November 24, Yuliya JEREBŢOVA, “İntelektual oyunu “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ””, in Ana Sözü‎:Kasım ayın 17-dä Kiriyet küüyün “Dionis TANASOGLU” adına teoretik liţeyindä, 9-cu klaslar için, seftä geçti pek meraklı bit intelektual oyunu – “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ”. Hazırladı onu liţeyin gagauz dilindä hem literaturasında üüredici Anna Kirilovna KOLOMİİTSEVA.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2019 April 10, Todur Zanet, “Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?”, in Ana Sözü‎:Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?Who will clean our place from these crap?
* (relative) who, that
    kardaşım, kim bırda yaşêêrmy sibling who lives here

#### Derived terms

* kimnik
* kimsä

#### Related terms

* ki
* kimsey

### References

* ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kim”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* ↑ András Rajki, A Concise Gagauz Dictionary with etymologies and Turkish, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar and Turkmen cognates, 2007

### Further reading

* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ким”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 269
* Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN
* Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 100

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of kim – see 金 (“copper; metal; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 金).

## Hungarian
### Etymology

ki (“who”) +‎ -m (“my, of mine”, possessive suffix)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkim]
* Hyphenation: kim

### Pronoun

kim
* first-person singular single-possession possessive of ki
    Kim vagy te nekem? - Én nem Kim vagyok, hanem a bácsikád. ― Who of mine are you? - I'm not Kim but your uncle.

#### Declension
## Karaim
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Relate to Crimean Tatar kim ,Karachay-Balkar ким (kim) ,Kumyk ким (kim) , Urum ким (kim) ,Tofa ӄум (qum), Tuvan кым (kım), etc.

### Pronoun

kim
* who

### References

kim

## Khalaj

| Perso-Arabic | Perso-Arabic | کیم |

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɪm]
* (Xarrâbî) IPA: [kɪm]

### Pronoun

kim (oblique, plural stem)
* Alternative form of kêm (“who”).

### References

* Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
* Doerfer, Gerhard (1988) Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, →OCLC

## Livonian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kümmen. Akin to Finnish kymmenen.

### Numeral

kim
* ten

#### Usage notes

In names of tens kim takes on the form kimdõ – declension type 118 – sieldõ. In vīžkimdõ both compound components are declineable, e.g., in genitive vīdkimdõ.

#### Related terms

* kimmõz

#### See also

* Livonian cardinals (1–11):

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʲim/

### Pronoun

kim
* instrumental of chto
* locative of chto

## Middle Vietnamese
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums).

### Noun

kim
* needle

#### Descendants

* Vietnamese: kim

### References

* Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) “kim”, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (in Middle Vietnamese, Latin, and Portuguese), Rome: Propaganda Fide

## Muong
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums). Cognate with Vietnamese kim.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kim¹/

### Noun

kim
* (Mường Bi) needle

#### References

* Nguyễn Văn Khang, Bùi Chỉ, Hoàng Văn Hành (2002) Từ điển Mường - Việt (Muong - Vietnamese dictionary)‎, Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Dân tộc Hà Nội.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

kim m (definite singular kimen, indefinite plural kimar, definite plural kimane)
* Alternative form of kime

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkim/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -im
* Syllabification: kim

### Pronoun

kim
* instrumental of kto
* locative of kto

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Kümmel, from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kîm/

#### Noun

kȉm m (Cyrillic spelling ки̏м)
* caraway (Persian cumin)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kîːm/

#### Pronoun

kȋm (Cyrillic spelling ки̑м)
* (with) whom (instrumental)

##### Declension
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish كیم (kim, “who”), from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), Karakhanid كِمْ (kim, “who”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /cim/
* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

kim
* who

#### Derived terms

* kim bilir
* kime ne
* kimlik

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [kim˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [kim˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [kim˧˧]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金 (“metal; gold”).
This reading is irregular, the expected reading would be *câm; cf. cấm < 禁 (MC kimH), cầm < 琴 (MC gim). ⟨-im⟩ is a very rare rime in Sino-Vietnamese proper, with this and the homophonous kim < 今 (MC kim) being the only examples.
It is possible that the usage of kim as the Sino-Vietnamese reading for 金 (MC kim) and 今 (MC kim) was to avoid homophony with câm (“mute”), although it is difficult to be sure. The much less common 衿 (MC kim) (that basically has no usage in Vietnamese) is considered to have the expected reading câm.
Also possibly compare Korean 금 (geum) and 김 (gim), the former is the expected Sino-Korean reading of 金 (MC kim) while the latter found chiefly as a surname.

#### Noun

kim
* (rare, only in compounds) metal
    ánh kimmetallic shininess
* Metal, one of the Wu Xing
    Thổ sinh kim. Kim sinh thuỷ. Hoả khắc kim. Kim khắc mộc.Earth bears Metal. Metal enriches Water. Fire melts Metal. Metal chops Wood.

##### Derived terms

* á kim
* giả kim
* giả kim thuật
* hoàng kim
* hợp kim
* Kim
* kim cương
* kim khí
* kim loại
* Kim tinh
* luyện kim
* nhà giả kim (“alchemist”)
* phi kim
* thuật giả kim (“alchemy”)

##### See also

* ngũ hành
* vàng

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm. Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 針 (“needle”, SV: châm). Cognate to Muong kim.
Attested as kim in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

#### Noun

(classifier cây) kim
* a needle
* (of a clock/watch) a hand

##### Derived terms

* mò kim đáy bể

### See also

* Kim

## Volapük
### Pronoun

kim
* who (nominative)

#### Inflection

* genitive: kima
* accusative: kimi

## White Hmong
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ki˩̰/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 貴 (kʉi$^H$, “expensive”)

#### Adjective

kim
* expensive

##### See also

* tsis pheejyig

### Etymology 2

From Mandarin 跪 (guì) ("to kneel").

#### Verb

kim
* to kneel on one knee