# 坑

| 坑 | U+5751, &#22353; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5751 |
| ← 坐 [U+5750] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坒 → [U+5752] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坑 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土卜竹弓 (GYHN), four-corner 4011$_7$, composition ⿰土亢)

#### Derived characters

* 𡷲

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4932
* Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 426, character 9
* Unihan data for U+5751

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 坑 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 笐 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 亢 | *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs |
| 牨 | *kaːŋ |
| 苀 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 魧 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 迒 | *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ |
| 邟 | *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 忼 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ |
| 骯 | *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ |
| 抗 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 炕 | *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ |
| 伉 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 閌 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 犺 | *kʰaːŋs |
| 蚢 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 砊 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 阬 | *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ |
| 頏 | *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ |
| 航 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 杭 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 沆 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ |
| 肮 | *ɡaːŋ |
| 吭 | *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs |
| 秔 | *kraːŋ |
| 坑 | *kʰraːŋ |
| 劥 | *kʰraːŋ |
In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰraːŋ): phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬.

### Etymology 1

Possibly related to 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; space; air”), though the function of the *-r- in the Old Chinese reconstruction is unclear and its presence thus problematic (STEDT).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kēng (keng$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄥ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haang$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hang$^1$ / hang$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hâng
    (Hailu, HRS): hang$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hang$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): káng
* Eastern Min (BUC): kăng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ka$^1$ / kaⁿ$^1$ / keng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiⁿ / kheⁿ / kheng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kên$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khan; $^1$khaon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: keng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻêng$^1$
*** Yale: kēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keng
*** Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (坑兒 / 坑儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kēngr
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄥㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kengr
*** Wade–Giles: kʻêng$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: kēngr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kengl
*** Palladius: кэнр (kɛnr)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
* kēngr - “pit; hollow”.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit坑 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰəŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰəŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰəŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰəŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰə̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰə⁴⁴̃/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰəŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰɑ̃⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰã⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰen³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰiɛ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰʌ̃³¹/ /kʰɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰɑŋ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /haŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hɑŋ²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /haŋ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /haŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /haŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/ /kʰĩ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰaŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰẽ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xaŋ³⁵/ /xaŋ³¹/ 俗 |
* Middle Chinese: khaeng
Rime :
| Character | 坑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 客庚切 |
| Baxter | khaeng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰraːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7399 |
| Phonetic component | 亢 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 阬 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰraːŋ/ |
| Notes | 同阬見莊子 |

#### Definitions

坑
* pit; hole (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
    泥坑 ― níkēng ― mud pit
    隕石坑／陨石坑 ― yǔnshí kēng ― meteorite crater
* tunnel
    礦坑／矿坑 ― kuàngkēng ― mining pit; mine shaft
* (dialectal, including Cantonese) ditch; trench (Classifier: 條／条 c)
* (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Taishanese) valley; gully; ravine
* (Hakka) small stream; creek; brook (Classifier: 條／条 h)
* (figurative) trap
* (by extension, neologism, Internet slang) fandom; media franchise
    入坑 ― rùkēng ― to get into a fandom
* (literary) to bury alive
    焚書坑儒／焚书坑儒 ― fénshūkēngrú ― to burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive
* to entrap; to cheat

##### Synonyms

* (pit): (dialectal) 潭 (tán)
* (to entrap):
* 坑害 (kēnghài)
* 構陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
* 陷 (xiàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 陷害 (xiànhài)

#### Compounds

* 入坑 (rùkēng)
* 古坑 (Gǔkēng)
* 坑井
* 坑人
* 坑園 / 坑园 (Kēngyuán)
* 坑坑坎坎
* 坑子
* 坑害 (kēnghài)
* 坑木 (kēngmù)
* 坑洼 (kēngwā)
* 坑渠
* 坑蒙
* 坑蒙拐騙 / 坑蒙拐骗 (kēngmēngguǎipiàn)
* 坑道 (kēngdào)
* 坑騙 / 坑骗
* 填坑 (tiánkēng)
* 屎坑
* 挖坑 (wākēng)
* 東坑 / 东坑 (Dōngkēng)
* 栗木坑 (Lìmùkēng)
* 棄坑 / 弃坑 (qìkēng)
* 深坑 (shēnkēng)
* 退坑 (tuìkēng)
* 長坑 / 长坑
* 開坑 / 开坑 (kāikēng)
* 陷坑 (xiànkēng)
* 饢坑 / 馕坑 (nángkēng)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Mandarin 漢?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): haang$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haang$^1$
*** Yale: hāang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːŋ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

坑
* (Cantonese, in compounds) man

#### Compounds

* 中坑
* 老坑
* 老坑公
* 老坑婆

### References

* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “坑”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
* Kun: あな (ana, 坑)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 坑
* こう Grade: S
* on'yomi

### Noun

坑(こう) • (kō)
* pit, usually of a mine

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 坑 (MC khaeng).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄏᆡᇰ (Yale: khoyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kɛŋ] ~ [ke̞ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [갱/겡]

### Hanja

Wikisource 坑 (eumhun 구덩이 갱 (gudeong'i gaeng))
* hanja form of 갱 (“pit”)

#### Compounds

* 갱구 (坑口, gaenggu)
* 갱도 (坑道, gaengdo)
* 갱목 (坑木, gaengmok)
* 갱외 (坑外, gaeng'oe)
* 분서갱유 (焚書坑儒, bunseogaeng'yu)
* 탄갱 (炭坑, tan'gaeng)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坑: Hán Việt readings: khanh, khâng, khuâng
坑: Nôm readings: khanh, ganh
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.