# 菜花
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): càihuā
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): coi$^3$ faa$^1$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): coi$^4$ fa$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cai$^3$ hua$^1$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cai$^4$ hua$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhài-hoe / chhài-hoa
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tshe-ho
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: càihuā
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: càihua
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻai$^4$-hua$^1$
*** Yale: tsài-hwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsayhua
*** Palladius: цайхуа (cajxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: càihuār
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: càihuar
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻai$^4$-hua$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: tsài-hwār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsayhual
*** Palladius: цайхуар (cajxuar)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coi$^3$ faa$^1$
*** Yale: choi fā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoi$^3$ faa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: coi$^3$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: coi$^4$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoɪ⁵³ fa⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cai$^3$ hua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰai⁴⁵ xua¹¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cai$^4$ hua$^1$ [Phonetic: cai$^1$ ua$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cha̍i-hua
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ua⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Tong'an, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhài-hoe
*** Tâi-lô: tshài-hue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhae'hoef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /t͡sʰai¹²⁻⁴⁴ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/
*** IPA (Tong'an): /t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² hue⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhài-hoa
*** Tâi-lô: tshài-hua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhae'hoaf
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hua⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tshe-ho
*** MiniDict: tshe$^去$ ho
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tshe-ho
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³³ ho⁴⁴/

### Noun

菜花
* rape flower
* (by extension) flower found on leafy vegetables in general
* cauliflower
* (chiefly Taiwan) gonorrhea
* (chiefly Taiwan) genital warts
    From: 1995, 董漢欽, 《實用婦女醫學手冊》, section 24.5 菜花（尖形濕疣）, page 221
    Càihuā de zhìliáo yǐ diànshāo huò léishè wèizhǔ, zhìliáo yào yǒu chúcǎo bān de nàixīn, fā yīcì zhìliáo yīcì, jiànjiàn jiù néng quányù. [Pinyin]
    The main treatments for genital warts are electrocauterization and laser surgery. Treatment requires the patience of lawn mowing; every time you are infected, you just treat it, and you will gradually recover completely.
    From: 2013 February, 邱婉昀, 子宮頸癌診斷與治療, in 《台中慈濟藥訊》 (The Buddhist Tzuchi Taichung General Hospital Drug Bulletin), volume 4, number 1, page 3
    Lìngwài, chángjiàn de xìngchuánrǎnbìng － càihuā (xuémíng jiānxíng shīyóu), qí zhìbìngyuán yě shì zhè zhǒng bìngdú, zhǐshì bùtóng de yàxíng, yīncǐ céng rǎnhuàn càihuā zhě, gèng yìnggāi tèbié zhùyì měi nián xū zuò zǐgōngjǐng fáng'ái mǒpiàn jiǎnchá. [Pinyin]
    Moreover, the infectious agent of a common STI—genital warts (whose technical name is condylomata acuminata)—is also this pathogen, except that it is a different subtype. Thus, people who have been infected with genital warts should pay more attention and need to do Pap smears annually for prevention of cervical cancer.
    From: 2014, 童寶玲, 生理篇, in 《女人20‧40‧60——健康動起來》, page 20
    Dànshì, shǐyòng bǎoxiǎntào wúfǎ yǒuxiào fángzhǐ càihuā (jiānxíng shīyóu), pàozhěn de chuánrǎn! [Pinyin]
    However, using condoms cannot prevent the transmission of genital warts (condylomata acuminata) and herpes!
* (Kaohsiung and Tainan Hokkien) flowering garlic chives; garlic chive flowers (Allium tuberosum)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花椰菜, 菜花, 花菜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 花椰菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 菜花兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 花椰菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 菜花兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 菜花兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 菜花兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 菜花兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 菜花兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 菜花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 菜花兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 花菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 花菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 菜花 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 菜花兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 花菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 花菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 花菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 花菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 花菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 椰菜花, 菜花, 花菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 椰菜花 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 椰菜花 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 椰菜花 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 椰菜花 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 花菜, 菜花, 椰菜花 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 椰菜花 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 椰菜, 花菜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 花菜, 花菜仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 花菜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 花菜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 菜花 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 菜花兒 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 菜花兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 菜花兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 芥藍花 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 菜花, 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 椰菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Sidu) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Tingyang, Baiyang) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an (Wenshan, Taiping) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 花仔菜, 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 花菜, 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 花仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 花仔菜, 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 菜花, 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 高麗菜花 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 菜花, 高麗菜花 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 菜花 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 花菜 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 菜花 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 菜花, 芥藍花 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 菜花 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 椰菜花 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 花菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 花菜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 花菜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 花菜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 花菜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 花菜 |
* (gonorrhea): 淋病 (lìnbìng)
* (flowering garlic chives): 韭菜花 (jiǔcàihuā); (Northern Min) 韭仔花

#### Derived terms

* 奶油菜花 (nǎiyóu càihuā)
* 綠菜花 / 绿菜花 (lǜcàihuā)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 菜 | 花 |
| な Grade: 4 | はな > ばな Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
From 菜(な) (na) + 花(はな) (hana). The hana changes to bana as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なばな [náꜜbànà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [na̠ba̠na̠]

#### Noun

菜(な)花(ばな) • (nabana)
* rape blossom, the flowers or other edible parts of Brassica rapa and related species

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 菜 | 花 |
| な Grade: 4 | はな Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 菜花 – see the following entry. :
| 【菜なの花はな】 | [noun] rapeseed, Brassica campestris [noun] the flowers, leaves, or stems of various Brassica species used for food |
(This term, 菜花, is an alternative spelling (obsolete) of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 菜 | 花 |

### Noun

菜花 • (chaehwa) (hangeul 채화)
* hanja form of 채화