# gul
## English
### Alternative forms

* gol, göl, gül

### Etymology

From Classical Persian گُل (gul, “flower”).

### Noun

gul (plural guls)
* Any medallionlike design on a Central or West Asian rug.

### Anagrams

* LUG, lug, Lug

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-; cognate with English callow, Serbo-Croatian gol, Latvian gāle (“sheet of ice, black ice”). Possibly related to ngul.

### Adjective

gul (feminine gule)
* (Arbëresh) hornless

#### Derived terms

* guli
* gulixhë

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gul”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 126

## Aleut
### Pronunciation

* (Western) IPA: /ˈɣul/

### Verb

gul
* (Western) to go through

### References

* 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

## Bouyei
### Etymology

From Proto-Tai *kuːᴬ (“I; me”), *kawᴬ (“I; me”). Cognate with Thai กู (guu), Zhuang gou.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ku˨˦/

### Pronoun

gul
* I; me

## Bura
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡúl]

### Noun

gul
* small hole

### References

* 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

## Cornish
### Etymology

Contraction of gwul, cognate with Welsh gwneud, Breton ober (conjugation in gr-).

### Verb

gul (irregular)
* do, make

#### Conjugation

| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Subjunctive | Subjunctive | Imperative |
| | Pres-fut | Imperfect | Preterite | Conditional | Pres-fut | Imperfect | Imperative |
| 1s | gwrav vy | gwren vy | gwrug(av) vy | gwrussen vy | gwrylliv vy | gwrellen vy | - |
| 2s | gwredh jy, gwre'ta | gwres jy | gwrugys jy, gwruss'ta | gwrusses jy | gwrylli jy | gwrelles jy | gwra |
| 3s | gwra ev | gwre ev | gwrug ev | gwrussa ev | gwrello ev | gwrella ev | gwres |
| 1p | gwren ni | gwren ni | gwrussyn ni | gwrussen ni | gwryllyn ni | gwrellen ni | gwren |
| 2p | gwrewgh hwi | gwrewgh hwi | gwrussowgh hwi | gwrussewgh hwi | gwryllowgh hwi | gwrellewgh hwi | gwrewgh |
| 3p | gwrons i | gwrens i | gwrussons i | gwrussens i | gwrellons i | gwrellens i | gwrens |
| 0 | gwrer | gwres | gwrug | gwrussys | gwreller | gwrellys | - |
| Present participle: ow kul Verbal adjective: gwrys ||||||||

### Mutation
## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡuːˀl/, [ɡ̊uˀl], [kuˀl]

### Adjective

gul
* yellow

#### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

### See also

Colors in Danish · farver (layout · text) :
| hvid | grå | sort |
| rød; højrød | orange; brun | gul; flødefarvet |
| lime | grøn | |
| cyan; turkis | azurblå | blå |
| violet; indigo | magenta; lilla | lyserød |

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣʏl/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: gul
* Rhymes: -ʏl

### Etymology 1

Uncertain. Probably cognate with West Frisian gol (“kind of heart”), Middle English gulle (“friendly”). A relation to gutsen has been suggested.

#### Adjective

gul (comparative guller, superlative gulst)
* generous, unselfish
* unsparing, plentiful
* hearty, cordial
    Hij lachte gul.He laughed heartily.

##### Synonyms

* (generous): genereus, goedgeefs, munificent, vrijgevig, royaal

##### Derived terms

* gulaardig
* gulhartig
* gulheid

##### Related terms

* gullen

### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch *gul(le) (attested only in the diminutive gullekijn). Uncertain, but plausibly related to geel (“yellow”).

#### Noun

gul m or f (plural gullen, diminutive gulletje n)
* young cod

### References

* ↑ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “gul”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

## Faroese
### Adjective

gul
* inflection of gulur:
** feminine nominative singular
** neuter nominative/accusative plural

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُل (gul, “flower, rose”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /ˈɡul/ [ˈɡʊl]
* Rhymes: -ul
* Syllabification: gul

### Noun

gul (plural gul-gul) (archaic, obsolete)
* Synonym of bunga (“flower”)
* Synonym of mawar (“rose”)

### Further reading

* “gul” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Khalaj

| Perso-Arabic | Perso-Arabic | گُل |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گل (gul).

### Pronunciation

* (Xarrâbî) IPA: [ɡʊl], [ɡo̝l]

### Noun

gul (definite accusative gulı, plural gullar)
* flower

#### Declension
### References

* Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

## Mangas
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡùl/

### Noun

gul
* bone

### References

* Blench, Robert; Bulkaam, Michael (2021) An Introduction to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. University of Cambridge.

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* gull, gulle, gule, goule, goole

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡul(ə)/, /ˈɡoːl(ə)/

### Adjective

gul
* (Late Middle English) yellow, pale

#### Descendants

* ⇒ Scots: golgrav

#### See also

Colors in Middle English · coloures, hewes (layout · text) :
| whit | grey, hor | blak |
| red; cremesyn, gernet | citrine, aumbre; broun, tawne | yelow, dorry, gul; canevas |
| grasgrene | grene | |
| plunket; ewage | asure, livid | blewe, blo, pers |
| violet; inde | rose, murrey; purpel, purpur | claret |

#### References

* “gul, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## North Frisian
### Alternative forms

* gölj (Mooring)
* Gul (Sylt)

### Etymology

From Old Frisian gold, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥tóm (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow”).

### Noun

gul n
* (Föhr-Amrum) gold

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُل (gul).

### Noun

gul f
* flower

#### Derived terms

* gulan
* gulav
* gulberoj
* gulbihar
* gulbijêr
* gulbijêrk
* guldank
* guldeste
* guleberbiro
* gulebûk
* gulfîdan
* gulgulî
* gulgîn
* gulhingivîn
* gulik
* gulistan
* gulistanî
* gulkelem
* gulkelemî
* gulnas
* gulnasî
* gulnesrîn
* gulperî
* gulyar
* gulyarî
* gulzan
* gulzanî
* gulçin
* gulçinî
* gulçîn
* gulçînî
* gulçînîtî
* gulî
* gulşen

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse gulr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʉːɽ/, /ɡʉːl/
* (Fredrikstad dialect) IPA: [ɡʉːɽ]
* Rhymes: -ʉːɽ

### Adjective

gul (masculine and feminine gul, neuter gult, definite singular and plural gule, comparative gulere, indefinite superlative gulest, definite superlative guleste)
* yellow

#### Derived terms

* brungul
* gulaktig
* gulbrun
* gulfarge
* gulnebblom
* gulrot
* lysegul
* okergul
* paillegul
* sennepsgul

### References

* “gul” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʉːl/

### Adjective

gul (neuter gult, definite singular and plural gule, comparative gulare, indefinite superlative gulast, definite superlative gulaste)
* yellow

#### Derived terms

* brungul
* gulaktig
* gulbrun
* gulfarge
* gulflankedelfin
* gulnebblom
* gulrot
* lysegul
* okergul
* sennepsgul

### See also

Colors in Norwegian Nynorsk · fargar (layout · text) :
| kvit | grå | svart |
| raud | oransje; brun | gul |
| | grøn | |
| (turkis) | | blå |
| | rosa; lilla | rosa |

### References

* “gul” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡul/
* (Greater Poland):
** (Central Greater Poland) IPA: /ˈɡul/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ul
* Syllabification: gul
* Homophones: ghul, gól, Gul

### Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic.

#### Interjection

gul
* sound a turkey makes; gobble
* sound of bubbling; gurgle

### Etymology 2

See ghul.

#### Noun

gul m animal
* (Islam) Alternative spelling of ghul

##### Declension
### Etymology 3

Clipping of gwoli.

#### Preposition

gul
* (Central Greater Poland, Środa, Pleszew) Synonym of gwoli

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

gul f
* genitive plural of gula

### Further reading

* gul in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* gul in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Oskar Kolberg (1877) “gul”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 18

## Scottish Gaelic
### Noun

gul m (genitive singular guil)
* verbal noun of guil

## Southwestern Dinka
### Noun

gul
* jaw

### References

* Dinka-English Dictionary‎, 2005

## Sumerian
### Romanization

gul
* Romanization of 𒄢 (gul)

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʉːl/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ʉːl

### Adjective

gul (comparative gulare, superlative gulast)
* yellow

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

### Noun

gul
* yellow

#### Related terms

* gula

### See also

* Colors in Swedish · färger (layout · text)  vit  grå  svart  röd; karmosin, karmosinröd  orange; brun  gul; beige  limegrön  grön    cyan (rare) turkos (common); teal  azur  blå  lila; indigo  magenta; purpur  rosa (common), skär (uncommon)

## Turkmen
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”). Cognate to Turkish kul (“slave, servant”)

### Noun

gul (definite accusative guly, plural gullar)
* slave
* servant

#### Derived terms

* Gulyýew
* Gurbanguly
* Işanguly
* Magtymguly
* Mälikguly
* Nurguly
* Soltanguly
* Şaguly

### Further reading

* “gul” in Enedilim.com
* “gul” in Webonary.org

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai [Term?], from Classical Persian گُل (gul). Compare Uyghur گۈل (gül) / гүл (gül), Turkish gül, etc.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡʊl/, [ɡ˖ʏl]
* Hyphenation: gul

### Noun

gul (plural gullar)
* flower

#### Synonyms

* chechak

## Volapük
### Etymology

From Latin angulus (“angle, corner”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡul/

### Noun

gul (nominative plural guls)
* angle
* corner

#### Declension

$^1$ status as a case is disputed $^2$ in later, non-classical Volapük only

## Welsh
### Adjective

gul
* Soft mutation of cul (“narrow”).

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Zazaki
### Etymology

Compare Persian گل (gol).

### Noun

gul
* rose

## Zou
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ruul, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ruːl. Cognates include Khimi Chin mägui and Tibetan སྦྲུལ (sbrul).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡul˧/

### Noun

gul
* snake, serpent

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 40