# ज्येष्ठ
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha). Doublet of जेठ (jeṭh).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /d͡ʒjeːʂʈʰ/

### Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭh) m
* Jyeshth (third month of the Hindu lunar calendar)

#### Declension
### Adjective

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭh) (indeclinable)
* eldest, first-born
    ज्येष्ठ भ्राता ― jyeṣṭh bhrātā ― eldest brother

#### Related terms

* आश्विन (āśvin)
* आषाढ़ (āṣāṛh) ~ असाढ़ (asāṛh)
* कार्तिक (kārtik)
* चैत्र (caitra)
* ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭh)
* पौष (pauṣ)
* फाल्गुन (phālgun)
* भाद्र (bhādra)
* माघ (māgh)
* मार्गशीर्ष (mārgaśīrṣ), अग्रहायण (agrahāyaṇ)
* वैशाख (vaiśākh)
* श्रावण (śrāvaṇ)

## Nepali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡zjes̠t̠ʰʌ]
* Phonetic Devanagari: ज्येस्ठ

### Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭha)
* Jyeshtha
** the second month in the Vikram Samvat calendar
** the third month in the lunar Hindu calendar
    Synonym: जेठ (jeṭh)

#### Related terms

* (lunar months) वैशाख (vaiśākh), ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha) / जेठ (jeṭh), आषाढ (āṣāḍh), साउन (sāuna), भदौ (bhadau) / भाद्र (bhādra), असोज (asoj) / आश्विन (āśvina), कात्तिक (kāttik) / कार्त्तिक (kārttik), मङ्सिर (maṅsira) / मार्ग (mārga), पुस (pus) / पौष (pauṣ), माघ (māgh), फागुन (phāguna) / फाल्गुन (phālguna), चैत (cait) / चैत्र (caitra)

### Further reading

* “ज्येष्ठ”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
* Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “जेठ”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* জ্যেষ্ঠ (Assamese script)
* ᬚ᭄ᬬᬾᬱ᭄ᬞ (Balinese script)
* জ্যেষ্ঠ (Bengali script)
* 𑰕𑰿𑰧𑰸𑰬𑰿𑰙 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀚𑁆𑀬𑁂𑀱𑁆𑀞 (Brahmi script)
* ဇျေၑ္ဌ (Burmese script)
* જ્યેષ્ઠ (Gujarati script)
* ਜ੍ਯੇਸ਼੍ਠ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌜𑍍𑌯𑍇𑌷𑍍𑌠 (Grantha script)
* ꦗꦾꦺꦰ꧀ꦜ (Javanese script)
* 𑂔𑂹𑂨𑂵𑂭𑂹𑂘 (Kaithi script)
* ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ (Kannada script)
* ជ្យេឞ្ឋ (Khmer script)
* ຊ຺ເຍຩ຺ຐ (Lao script)
* ജ്യേഷ്ഠ (Malayalam script)
* ᡯᠶᡝᢢᡱᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘕𑘿𑘧𑘹𑘬𑘿𑘙 (Modi script)
* ᠽᠶ᠋ᠧᢔᢍᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦵𑧠𑧇𑧚𑧌𑧠𑦹 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐲𑑂𑐛 (Newa script)
* ଜ୍ଯେଷ୍ଠ (Odia script)
* ꢙ꣄ꢫꢾꢰ꣄ꢝ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆘𑇀𑆪𑆼𑆰𑇀𑆜 (Sharada script)
* 𑖕𑖿𑖧𑖸𑖬𑖿𑖙 (Siddham script)
* ජ්‍යෙෂ‍්ඨ (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩣 𑪙𑩻𑩔𑪀 𑪙𑩧 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚑𑚶𑚣𑚲𑚶𑚕 (Takri script)
* ஜ்யேஷ்ட² (Tamil script)
* జ్యేష్ఠ (Telugu script)
* ชฺเยษฺฐ (Thai script)
* ཛྱེ་ཥྛ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒖𑓂𑒨𑒹𑒭𑓂𑒚 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨥𑩇𑨪𑨄𑨯𑩇𑨕 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́yáHištʰas, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyéH-isth₂-o-s, the superlative degree from the root *ǵyeH- (“to overpower, opress”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /d͡ʑjɐ́jʂ.ʈʰɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /d͡ʑjeːʂ.ʈʰɐ/
* (Vedic) IPA: /d͡ʑjɐjʂ.ʈʰɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /d͡ʑjeːʂ.ʈʰɐ/

### Adjective

ज्येष्ठ • (jyéṣṭha or jyeṣṭhá) stem
* superlative degree of ज्या (jyā)
    Synonym: ज्यायस् (jyāyas)
* most excellent, pre-eminent, first, chief, best, greatest
** c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

#### Derived terms

* अज्येष्ठ (ajyeṣṭha, “not the best”)
* अनुज्येष्ठ (anujyeṣṭha, “second-eldest”)
* ज्येष्ठतम (jyeṣṭhatama, “eldest”)
* ज्येष्ठतर (jyeṣṭhatara, “elder”)
* ज्येष्ठता (jyeṣṭhatā, “seniority”)
* ज्येष्ठत्व (jyeṣṭhatva)

### Noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyéṣṭha) stem, m
* the eldest brother
** c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda
** c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic

### Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭha) stem, m
* the star Antares
* (Hinduism) Third month of the Hindu lunar calendar

#### Derived terms

* ज्यैष्ठ (jyaiṣṭha, “third lunar month”)

#### Related terms

* अश्विन् (aśvin)
* आषाढ (āṣāḍha)
* कार्त्तिक (kārttika)
* चैत्र (caitra)
* ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha)
* पौष (pauṣa)
* फाल्गुन (phālguna)
* भाद्र (bhādra)
* माघ (māgha)
* मार्गशीर्ष (mārgaśīrṣa), अग्रहायण (agrahāyaṇa)
* वैशाख (vaiśākha)
* श्रावण (śrāvaṇa)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Dameli: žē̆ṣṭa
** Kalasha: ǰeṣṭǟṅguṛ, ǰeṣṭā́li, ǰeṣṭak
** Kashmiri: زیُٹھُ (zyuṭhu), زٕٹھ (zụṭh)
** Pashayi:
*** Northeast Pashayi: deṣṭo
*** Northwest Pashayi: dešti
*** Southeast Pashayi: ǰéṣṭā, deṣṭā́, ǰiṣṭī́
** Phalura: جݜٹ (ǰεṣṭa)
** Shumashti: dyḗiṣṭi
** → Proto-Nuristani:
*** Ashkun: dištū, diṣṭu, dešte
*** Kalami: ǰeṣṭ, ǰištã
*** Prasuni: έštek, žišt
*** Waigali: duštö, dušt, deštēi
* Pali: jeṭṭha
* Prakrit: 𑀚𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞 (jĕṭṭha), 𑀚𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (jiṭṭha)
** Central:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Awadhi: जेठ (jeṭh)
**** Hindustani: jeṭh, jeṭhā, jeṭhī
***** Hindi: जेठ, जेठा, जेठी
***** Urdu: جیٹھ (jeṭh), جیٹھَہ (jeṭha), جیٹھِی (jeṭhī)
** Eastern:
*** Magadhi Prakrit:
**** Assamese: জেঠ (zeth), জেঠা (zetha), জেঠী (zethi), জেঠাল (zethal), জেঠিয়ই (zethii)
**** Bihari: जेठरी (jeṭhrī)
***** Bhojpuri: जेठ (jēṭh)
***** Maithili: जेठ (jēṭh), जेठि (jēṭhɨ)
**** Odia: ଜେଠ (jeṭha)
** Northern:
*** Khasa Prakrit:
**** Central Pahari:
***** Garhwali: जेठ (jeṭh)
***** Kumaoni: जेठो (jeṭho), जेठू (jeṭhū), ज्यठ (j̈yaṭh)
**** Eastern Pahari:
***** Nepali: जेठ (jeṭh), जेठो (jeṭho)
**** Western Pahari:
***** Bhadrawahi: जेठ (jeṭh), जेइठ (jeiṭh)
***** Churahi: जेठा (jeṭhā)
***** Pangwali: जेठा (jeṭhā)
** Northwestern:
*** Paisaci Prakrit:
**** Takka Apabhramsa:
***** Punjabi: jeṭh, jeṭṭhā, jeṭhāl
    Gurmukhi script: ਜੇਠ, ਜੇੱਠਾ, ਜੇਠਾਲ
    Shahmukhi script: جیٹھ, جیٹّھَہ, جیٹھَال
****** Lahnda: جیٹھ (jeṭh), جیٹھہ (jeṭhā)
**** Vracada Apabhramsa:
***** Sindhi: j̄eṭhu
    Arabic script: ڄيٺ
    Devanagari script: ॼेठ
****** Kachchi: જેઠ (jeṭh)
** Southern:
*** Helu Prakrit:
**** Dhivehi: ދޮށި (doṣi), ދޮށީ (doṣī)
**** Sinhalese: දෙට (deṭa), දෙටි (deṭi), දෙටුවා (deṭuwā)
*** Maharastri Prakrit:
**** Marathi: जेठ (jeṭh), जेठा (jeṭhā)
** Western:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Old Gujarati:
***** Rajasthani:
****** Old Marwari: जेठ (jeṭh)
***** Gujarati: જેઠ (jeṭh)
Borrowed terms
* → Hindi: ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭh) (learned)
* → Nepali: ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha) (learned)
* → Old Javanese: jyeṣṭha
** > Javanese: ꦢꦺꦱ꧀ꦠ (désta) (inherited)

### References

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jyestha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 291