# 熊

| 熊 | U+718A, &#29066; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-718A |
| ← 熉 [U+7189] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 熋 → [U+718B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

熊 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 戈心火 (IPF), four-corner 2133$_1$, composition ⿱能灬)

#### Derived characters

* 𧞞, 𨮳(𫔒), 𧀛, 羆, 𦌲, 𤻩

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 679, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19294
* Dae Jaweon: page 1090, character 32
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2227, character 5
* Unihan data for U+718A

## Chinese

* 熊

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 熊 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj22798Small seal scriptFile:ACC-s07258.svgs07258Transcribed ancient scriptsL30031File:ACC-L30032.svgL30032File:ACC-L30033.svgL30033File:ACC-L30034.svgL30034File:ACC-L30035.svgL30035File:ACC-L30036.svgL30036File:ACC-L30037.svgL30037File:ACC-L30038.svgL30038File:ACC-L30039.svgL30039File:ACC-L30040.svgL30040File:ACC-L00946.svgL00946File:ACC-L00947.svgL00947File:ACC-L00948.svgL00948File:ACC-L00949.svgL00949File:ACC-L00950.svgL00950 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
According to Shuowen, phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷlɯm): semantic 能 (“bear”) + abbreviated phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).
This character originally represented an onomatopoetic word (熊熊 (xióngxióng, “(of flame) raging”)). Later its semantic component 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ), the character for the Old Chinese word "bear", was borrowed for another word. This character thus began to represent the word "bear" instead.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. Cognate with Tibetan དོམ (dom, “bear”), Burmese ဝံ (wam) (in ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xióng (xiong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiong$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щүн (xün, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): huung$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xiung$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yùng
    (Hailu, HRS): rhung
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yung$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xyng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): hê̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hoeng$^2$ / hyeng$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hîm / hiông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): him$^5$ / hing$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xiong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xióng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syóng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiung$^2$
*** Yale: syúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyong
*** Palladius: сюн (sjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xiong$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xyng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕyoŋ²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щүн (xün, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕyŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^4$
*** Yale: hùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: huung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xiung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiuŋ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhung
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒuŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xyng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕyŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hê̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /xœyŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hyŋ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hoeng$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hé̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hœŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyøŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hîm / hiông
*** Tâi-lô: hîm / hiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiim, hioong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /him¹³/, /hiɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /him²³/, /hiɔŋ²³/
* hîm - vernacular (incl. surname);
* hiông - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit熊 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕyŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕyŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕyŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕyuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕyŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕyə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕyŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕỹn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕyŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕioŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕyoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕioŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕioŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕyŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕỹŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦioŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦioŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /joŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕioŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iuŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒuŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /juŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /huŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiɔŋ³⁵/ /him³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hyŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xœyŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /him⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiɔŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 熊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 羽弓切 |
| Baxter | hjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭuŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷlɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 熊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xióng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm/ |
| English | bear (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 熊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13906 |
| Phonetic component | 熊 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 雄 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷlɯm/ |

### Definitions

熊
* bear (mammal) (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 隻／只 m c mn)
* (colloquial) to scold (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* (colloquial) timid; cowardly
* (Northeastern Mandarin) to bully; to extort
* (gay slang) bear (large, hairy man, especially a homosexual one)
* (archaic, Muping and Xining Mandarin, Xinzhou Jin) black bear
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Jí mèng wéi hé? Wéi xióng wéi pí, Wéi huǐ wéi shé. [Pinyin]
    What dreams are lucky? They have been about black bears and brown bears; They have been about asps and adders.
* a surname, Xiong (Mainland China), Hsiung (Taiwan), or Hung (Hong Kong)
    熊十力 ― Xióng Shílì ― Xiong Shili (20th-century Chinese philosopher)

#### Synonyms

* (bear):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 熊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 狗熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 熊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 狗熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 狗熊, 熊瞎子, 黑熊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子, 黑熊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 狗駝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 狗熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 熊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 狗熊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 狗熊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 狗熊, 熊, 黑瞎得 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 狗熊 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 狗熊, 熊, 黑瞎子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 黑傻子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 黑瞎子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 黑瞎子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 狗熊兒, 大老黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 狗熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 狗熊, 黑瞎子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 狗熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 狗熊, 狗黑兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ankang | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 熊, 狗黑子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 熊, 狗黑子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 熊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 熊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 人熊, 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 老熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 熊, 熊嘎婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 老熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 熊, 熊人 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 熊人, 熊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 熊人 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 熊 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 熊 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 熊 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 熊 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 熊家 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 熊人 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 熊 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 熊 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 熊 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Jin | Datong | 狗熊 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Jin | Linhe | 狗熊 |
| Jin | Jining | 熊 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 人熊, 熊, 狗熊 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 狗熊 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 狗熊, 人熊 |
| Jin | Handan | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 熊 |
| Jin | Suide | 熊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 熊 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 狗熊 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 熊 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 熊 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 熊, 狗熊 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 熊 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 熊 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 熊 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 熊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 熊 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 熊 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 狗熊 |
* (to scold):
* 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
* 叱呵 (chìhē)
* 叱罵 / 叱骂 (chìmà)
* 叱責 / 叱责 (chìzé)
* 吆喝 (colloquial)
* 呲 (cī)
* 呲兒 / 呲儿 (cīr)
* 呵叱 (hēchì)
* 呼喝 (hūhè) (literary)
* 呲打 (cīda) (Northeastern Mandarin)
* 呵斥 (hēchì)
* 呵責 / 呵责 (hēzé) (literary)
* 喝叱
* 嗔怪 (chēnguài) (literary)
* 嗔著 / 嗔着 (chēnzhe) (colloquial)
* 怪 (guài)
* 怒 (nù) (Classical Chinese)
* 怨怪 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 怪罪 (guàizuì)
* 批評 / 批评 (pīpíng)
* 指摘 (zhǐzhāi)
* 指斥 (zhǐchì)
* 指責 / 指责 (zhǐzé)
* 指點 / 指点 (zhǐdiǎn)
* 捋 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 掛數 / 挂数 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 摘 (literary, or in compounds)
* 撻伐 / 挞伐 (tàfá) (literary, figurative)
* 數落 / 数落 (shǔluo) (informal)
* 數說 / 数说 (shǔshuō)
* 斥斥 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 斥罵 / 斥骂 (chìmà)
* 斥責 / 斥责 (chìzé)
* 歸咎 / 归咎 (guījiù)
* 歸罪 / 归罪 (guīzuì)
* 派
* 激勵 / 激励 (jīlì) (literary)
* 申斥 (shēnchì)
* 痛罵 / 痛骂 (tòngmà)
* 聲討 / 声讨 (shēngtǎo)
* 訓 / 训 (xùn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 訓斥 / 训斥 (xùnchì)
* 詬病 / 诟病 (gòubìng) (literary)
* 說 / 说
* 說話 / 说话 (shuōhuà)
* 謗議 / 谤议 (bàngyì) (literary)
* 譴責 / 谴责 (qiǎnzé)
* 責備 / 责备 (zébèi)
* 責怪 / 责怪 (zéguài)
* 責罵 / 责骂 (zémà)
* 責難 / 责难 (zénàn)
* 貶斥 / 贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
* 貶責 / 贬责 (biǎnzé)
* 賴 / 赖 (lài)
* 非議 / 非议 (fēiyì)
* 非難 / 非难 (fēinàn)
* 體斥 / 体斥 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* (timid):
* 喪膽 / 丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
* 小膽 / 小胆 (Hokkien)
* 怯懦 (qiènuò)
* 慄膽 / 栗胆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 懦弱 (nuòruò)
* 懾膽 / 慑胆 (Hokkien)
* 破膽 / 破胆 (Hokkien)
* 素母 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 細膽 / 细胆 (sai$^3$ daam$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 羞怯 (xiūqiè)
* 膽小 / 胆小 (dǎnxiǎo)
* 膽怯 / 胆怯 (dǎnqiè)
* 膽細 / 胆细 (Hokkien)
* 荏弱 (rěnruò)
* 軟弱 / 软弱 (ruǎnruò)
* 雀囝膽 / 雀囝胆 (Puxian Min)
* 鳥囝膽 / 鸟囝胆 (Puxian Min)
* 鳥膽 / 鸟胆 (Puxian Min)
* (black bear):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 黑熊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 黑瞎子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 狗黑子, 黑瞎子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 狗黑子, 狗熊, 黑狗熊, 黑瞎子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 狗熊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 狗熊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 狗熊 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 熊人 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 烏熊, 狗熊 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 狗熊, 熊 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 烏熊 |
| Wu | Danyang | 狗熊 |

### Compounds

* 丸熊
* 人熊 (rénxióng)
* 仲熊
* 內熊 / 内熊
* 北極熊 / 北极熊 (běijíxióng)
* 和熊
* 夢兆熊羆 / 梦兆熊罴
* 夢熊 / 梦熊
* 夢熊之喜 / 梦熊之喜
* 夢熊羆 / 梦熊罴
* 大熊星座
* 大熊湖 (Dàxiónghú)
* 大熊貓 / 大熊猫 (dàxióngmāo)
* 封熊
* 小熊星座
* 小熊貓 / 小熊猫 (xiǎoxióngmāo)
* 小貓熊 / 小猫熊 (xiǎomāoxióng)
* 憑熊 / 凭熊
* 有熊
* 柙虎樊熊
* 棕熊 (zōngxióng)
* 椶熊 / 棕熊
* 海熊
* 浣熊 (huànxióng)
* 消熊
* 灰熊 (huīxióng)
* 無尾熊 / 无尾熊 (wúwěixióng)
* 熊丸
* 熊丸之教
* 熊侯
* 熊僚
* 熊包
* 熊占
* 熊夢 / 熊梦
* 熊威
* 熊子國 / 熊子国
* 熊崗 / 熊岗
* 熊巖 / 熊岩
* 熊席
* 熊幡
* 熊心豹膽 / 熊心豹胆
* 熊戲 / 熊戏
* 熊掌 (xióngzhǎng)
* 熊據虎跱 / 熊据虎跱
* 熊旂 / 熊旗
* 熊旗
* 熊昱
* 熊本 (Xióngběn)
* 熊樣 / 熊样 (xióngyàng)
* 熊樣兒 / 熊样儿
* 熊武
* 熊河 (Xiónghé)
* 熊渠
* 熊渠子
* 熊灘 / 熊滩 (Xióngtān)
* 熊烝
* 熊熊 (xióngxióng)
* 熊熊烈火 (xióngxiónglièhuǒ)
* 熊狼
* 熊狸
* 熊環 / 熊环
* 熊白
* 熊瞎子 (xióngxiāzi)
* 熊經 / 熊经
* 熊經鳥伸 / 熊经鸟伸
* 熊經鳥引 / 熊经鸟引
* 熊經鳥曳 / 熊经鸟曳
* 熊經鳥申 / 熊经鸟申
* 熊經鴟顧 / 熊经鸱顾
* 熊羆 / 熊罴
* 熊羆之士 / 熊罴之士
* 熊羆之祥 / 熊罴之祥
* 熊羆入夢 / 熊罴入梦
* 熊耳
* 熊耳兵
* 熊耳杯
* 熊肪
* 熊背
* 熊腊
* 熊腰虎背
* 熊膰
* 熊膽 / 熊胆 (xióngdǎn)
* 熊虎 (xiónghǔ)
* 熊虎之士
* 熊虎士
* 熊虎將 / 熊虎将
* 熊虺
* 熊蛇
* 熊蜂 (xióngfēng)
* 熊螭
* 熊蟻 / 熊蚁
* 熊衣
* 熊豹
* 熊貓 / 熊猫 (xióngmāo)
* 熊貔
* 熊足
* 熊蹯
* 熊車 / 熊车
* 熊軍 / 熊军
* 熊軒 / 熊轩
* 熊軾 / 熊轼
* 熊軾轓 / 熊轼𰺜
* 熊轓 / 熊𰺜
* 熊集 (Xióngjí)
* 熊韜豹略 / 熊韬豹略
* 熊飛 / 熊飞
* 熊館 / 熊馆
* 熊首轓 / 熊首𰺜
* 熊騎 / 熊骑
* 熊魚 / 熊鱼
* 牛熊證 / 牛熊证 (niúxióngzhèng)
* 狗熊 (gǒuxióng)
* 玄熊
* 畫熊 / 画熊
* 畫荻丸熊 / 画荻丸熊
* 當熊 / 当熊
* 白熊 (báixióng)
* 維熊 / 维熊
* 綠熊席 / 绿熊席
* 老熊當道 / 老熊当道
* 耍熊
* 耍狗熊
* 虎背熊腰 (hǔbèixióngyāo)
* 虎體熊腰 / 虎体熊腰 (hǔtǐxióngyāo)
* 衣狐坐熊
* 袋熊 (dàixióng)
* 裝熊 / 装熊
* 豬熊 / 猪熊
* 豭熊
* 貂熊 (diāoxióng)
* 貓熊 / 猫熊 (māoxióng)
* 非熊
* 非熊兆
* 非熊賣屠 / 非熊卖屠
* 非熊非羆 / 非熊非罴
* 飛熊 / 飞熊
* 飛熊入夢 / 飞熊入梦
* 飾熊 / 饰熊
* 馬來熊 / 马来熊 (mǎlái xióng)
* 馬熊 / 马熊 (mǎxióng)
* 馮媛當熊 / 冯媛当熊
* 驢熊 / 驴熊
* 魚與熊掌 / 鱼与熊掌
* 黃熊 / 黄熊
* 黄熊
* 黑熊 (hēixióng)

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “熊”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* bear

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū)
* Kun: くま (kuma, 熊, Jōyō)
* Nanori: かげ (kage)

#### Compounds

* 熊害(ゆうがい) (yūgai)
* 熊掌(ゆうしょう) (yūshō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 熊
* くま Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
Further derivation is uncertain. Possibilities include:
* Might be cognate with Japanese 隈 (kuma, “inside corner; inner bend; hollow or hole in something”), perhaps from the way that bears often live in dens.
* Might also or separately be cognate with Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”), whose archaic form */koma/ is preserved as the first element of the toponym 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Kwòmánòlò, literally “Bear-ford”). Thus, a cognate of Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”) and Baekje 金馬 (*kəma/*kuma, “bear”).
* Might be an areal Wanderwort, borrowed from Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm) and ultimately deriving from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. See also the etymology notes in the *d-wam entry.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くま [kùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* (Tokyo) くま [kúꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ma̠]

### Noun

熊(くま) or 熊(クマ) • (kuma)
* [from 712] a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)
* [from 1701] (slang) hairiness in general; (more specifically) a bear, an otter (a hairy man, especially one who is gay)
* [???] (theater) standing room only audience members in the pit (from the way the standing section would often have a metal railing or fence separating it, resembling a bear cage)

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クマ.

#### Derived terms

* 熊(クマ)笹(ザサ) (kumazasa): bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii)
* 熊(クマ)葛(ツヅラ) (kumatsuzura): common vervain (Verbena officinalis)
* 熊(くま)手(で) (kumade): bamboo rake
* 熊(くま)襲(そ) (Kumaso): the Kumaso people
* 熊(くま)本(もと) (Kumamoto): Kumamoto
* 穴(アナ)熊(グマ) (anaguma): Meles meles, the Eurasian badger
* 洗(アライ)熊(グマ) (araiguma): a raccoon
* 牡(おす)熊(くま) (osukuma): a male bear
* 黒(くろ)熊(くま) (kurokuma): the Asian black bear
* 子(こ)熊(くま) (kokuma): a bear cub
* 小(こ)熊(くま) (kokuma): a species of small bear
* 白(しろ)熊(くま) (shirokuma): a white bear (polar bear)
* 灰(ハイ)色(イロ)熊(クマ) (haīrokuma): a grizzly bear
* 北(ホッ)極(キョク)熊(グマ) (hokkyokuguma): a polar bear
* 雌(めす)熊(くま) (mesukuma): a female bear; a she-bear

### Prefix

熊(くま) or 熊(クマ) • (kuma-)
* [from 712] prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties

#### Derived terms

* 熊(クマ)鼠(ネズミ) (kumanezumi): Rattus rattus, the black rat

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 熊 (MC hjuwng).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅘᅮᇰ (Yale: hhwùng) | ᅘᅮᇰ (Yale: hhwùng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 곰〯 (Yale: kwǒm) | 우ᇰ (Yale: wùng) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [uŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [웅]

### Hanja

Wikisource 熊 (eumhun 곰 웅 (gom ung))
* hanja form of 웅 (“bear”)

#### Compounds

* 웅녀 (熊女, Ungnyeo, “Ungnyeo”)
* 웅담 (熊膽, ungdam)
* 웅진 (熊津, Ungjin, “Ungjin”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* bear

#### Readings

* Kun: くま (kuma, 熊, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 熊
* くま Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
Cognate with Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”) and Korean 곰 (gom).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kuma]

### Noun

熊(くま) (kuma)
* bear

### References

* “くま【熊】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

熊: Hán Nôm readings: hùng
* bear