# 困難
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kùnnan, kùnnán
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣˋ ˙ㄋㄢ, ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan$^3$ naan$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kun$^3$ lan
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khun-nàn
    (Hailu, HRS): kun$^ˇ$ nan
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kong$^4$ nang$^2$ / kuong$^4$ nang$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khùn-lân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kung$^3$ lang$^5$ / kung$^3$ nang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kùnnan
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ˙ㄋㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kùnnån
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^4$-nan$^5$
*** Yale: kwùn-nan
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuenn.nan
*** Palladius: куньнань (kunʹnanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵¹ nän¹/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kùnnán
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kùnnán
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^4$-nan$^2$
*** Yale: kwùn-nán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuennnan
*** Palladius: куньнань (kunʹnanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵¹ nän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwan$^3$ naan$^4$
*** Yale: kwan nàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwan$^3$ naan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuen$^3$ nan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɐn³³ naːn²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kun$^3$ lan
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰun²¹³⁻²¹ lan¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khun-nàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kun nan$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kun$^4$ nan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁵⁵ nan¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kun$^ˇ$ nan
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰun¹¹ nan⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kong$^4$ nang$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keo̍ng-náng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔŋ⁴² naŋ¹³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kuong$^4$ nang$^2$ [Phonetic: kuong$^1$ nang$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuoŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-lân
*** Tâi-lô: khùn-lân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quonlaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ lan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ lan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰun¹¹⁻⁵³ lan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun²¹⁻⁴¹ lan²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kung$^3$ lang$^5$ / kung$^3$ nang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khùng lâng / khùng nâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ laŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰuŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khwonH nan
Rime :
| Character | 困 | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 苦悶切 | 那干切 |
| Baxter | khwonH | nan |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuon$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwən$^H$/ | /nan/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /nɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kùn | nán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fan$^3$ | naan$^4$ |

### Adjective

困難
* hard; difficult; challenging
       Nǐmen xuǎnzé le yī tiáo kùnnan zhī lù. [Pinyin]
       You have all chosen a difficult path.
* poor; impoverished; disadvantaged
    困難兒童／困难儿童 ― kùnnan értóng ― disadvantaged children

#### Synonyms

* (hard):
* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
* 苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 難 / 难
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 惡 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |
* (poor):
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
* 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
* 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 艱苦 / 艰苦 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “difficult”): 容易 (róngyì)

### Noun

困難
* difficulty; challenge; dire straits; hardships
    害怕困難／害怕困难 ― hàipà kùnnan ― to be afraid of difficulties
    克服困難／克服困难 ― kèfú kùnnan ― to overcome difficulties
    呼吸困難／呼吸困难 ― hūxī kùnnan ― (to have) breathing difficulty
    困難重重／困难重重 ― kùnnan chóngchóng ― to have many difficulties
    就業困難／就业困难 ― jiùyè kùnnan ― difficulties finding a job
       Yǒu shénme kùnnan kěyǐ lái zhǎo wǒ. [Pinyin]
       You can come find me if you have any difficulties.
       Zhǐyào yǒu xìnxīn, kùnnan bì zhànshèng. [Pinyin]
       Difficulties can be overcome so long as you have confidence.
       Suīrán wǒ de yuèdú shuǐpíng hěn hǎo, dànshì gēn zhōngguórén jiǎnghuà yǒudiǎn kùnnan. [Pinyin]
       Although my reading skills are very good, I have some difficulty conversing with Chinese people.

#### Synonyms

* 困急 (kùnjí) (literary)
* 困難的事情 / 困难的事情 (kùnnan de shìqing)
* 挑戰 / 挑战 (tiǎozhàn)

### Derived terms

* 吞嚥困難 / 吞咽困难 (tūnyàn kùnnan)
* 呼吸困難 / 呼吸困难 (hūxī kùnnan)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 困難(こんなん) (konnan)
* → Korean: 곤란(困難) (gollan)
* → Vietnamese: khốn nạn (困難)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 困 | 難 |
| こん Grade: 6 | なん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 困難 (kyūjitai)

### Adjective

困(こん)難(なん) • (konnan) -na (adnominal 困(こん)難(なん)な (konnan na), adverbial 困(こん)難(なん)に (konnan ni))
* difficult, trying, hard

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 困難だろ | こんなんだろ | konnan daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 困難で | こんなんで | konnan de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 困難だ | こんなんだ | konnan da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 困難な | こんなんな | konnan na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 困難なら | こんなんなら | konnan nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 困難であれ | こんなんであれ | konnan de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 困難ではない 困難じゃない | こんなんではない こんなんじゃない | konnan de wa nai konnan ja nai |
| Informal past | 困難だった | こんなんだった | konnan datta |
| Informal negative past | 困難ではなかった 困難じゃなかった | こんなんではなかった こんなんじゃなかった | konnan de wa nakatta konnan ja nakatta |
| Formal | 困難です | こんなんです | konnan desu |
| Formal negative | 困難ではありません 困難じゃありません | こんなんではありません こんなんじゃありません | konnan de wa arimasen konnan ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 困難でした | こんなんでした | konnan deshita |
| Formal negative past | 困難ではありませんでした 困難じゃありませんでした | こんなんではありませんでした こんなんじゃありませんでした | konnan de wa arimasen deshita konnan ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 困難で | こんなんで | konnan de |
| Conditional | 困難なら（ば） | こんなんなら（ば） | konnan nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 困難だったら | こんなんだったら | konnan dattara |
| Volitional | 困難だろう | こんなんだろう | konnan darō |
| Adverbial | 困難に | こんなんに | konnan ni |
| Degree | 困難さ | こんなんさ | konnansa |

### Noun

困(こん)難(なん) • (konnan)
* difficulties, hardship, trouble

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 困 | 難 |

### Noun

困難 • (gollan) (hangeul 곤란)
* hanja form of 곤란 (“trouble; difficulty”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 困 | 難 |

### Adjective

困難
* chữ Hán form of khốn nạn (“difficult”).

### Interjection

困難
* chữ Hán form of khốn nạn (“(offensive) Damn! Shit!”).