OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# postis
## Konkani
### Romanization

postis
* Latin-script form of पस्तीस (pastīs)

## Latin
### Etymology

From either:
* Proto-Italic *porstis, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥-sth₂-i-s (“standing forth”), from *pró +‎ *steh₂- (“to stand”) +‎ *-is;
* or Proto-Italic *postis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó-sth₂-i-s (“standing upright”), from *h₂pó +‎ *steh₂- (“to stand”) +‎ *-is.

### Noun

postis m (genitive postis); third declension
* post, doorpost, doorjamb
    tenēre postem ― to consecrate a temple, or other edifices
* (by extension, chiefly in the plural) a door

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem, ablative singular in -e or occasionally -ī).

#### Descendants

* Gallo-Romance:
** Northern:
*** Old French: post
**** Middle French: post
***** French: pôt (dialectal)
***** ⇒ Middle French: poteaul, postiau
****** French: poteau
** Southern:
*** Catalan: post
*** Occitan: pòst
* Ibero-Romance:
** Galician: poste
** Portuguese: poste
*** → Hunsrik: Poste
** Spanish: poste
*** → Cebuano: poste
*** → Tagalog: poste
* Borrowings:
** → Proto-West Germanic: *post (see there for further descendants)
** → Welsh: post

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “postis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484

### Further reading

* “postis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “postis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "postis", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* postis in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “postis”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /posˈt͡ʃis/
* (Brazil) IPA: /posˈt͡ʃis/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /poʃˈt͡ʃiʃ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /puʃˈtiʃ/

### Noun

postis
* plural of postil.

## Spanish
### Noun

postis
* plural of posti

## Swedish
### Etymology

post +‎ -is, or perhaps rather from a clipping of postfunktionär +‎ -is.

### Noun

postis c
* (previously colloquial, now dated) employee at the post agency

#### Declension
### References

* postis in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# freogan
## Old English
### Alternative forms

* frēogean, frēon, frīġan, frīan, frēwan

### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *frijōn, from Proto-Germanic *frijōną, from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfre͜oː.jɑn/

### Verb

frēoġan
* to free, to liberate
** Deuteronomy:
    Freo hine on ðam seofoðan geare.Free him in the seventh year.
* to like, to love, to honour
** Beowulf:
    Ic ðec for sunu wylle freogan.I will love you as a son.

#### Derived terms

* befrēoġan
* ġefrēoġan

#### Related terms

* frēond
* friþ
* frīġ
* frēo
* frēod

#### Descendants

* Middle English: freen
** English: free
** Scots: fre, frey, free

### Further reading

* Campbell, Alistair (1959) Old English grammar, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 335:Frēoġan set free, love, past frēode, is developed from *frīōi̯-, *frīō-. These would give OE *frīeġ- > *frīiġ- (§376) > *frīġ-, and frīo-, frēo-. Accordingly VP has pres. indic. sg. ġefrīgu, -frēos, -frīoð, -frēoð, -frēað, pl. -frīġað, imper. -frīa, -frēa, past -frīode, -frēode, -frēade, and so pass. part. In view of this clear distinction of two stems frīġ-, frīo- in VP, the W-S stem frēoġ- is to be regarded as a contamination of frīġ- by frēo-; so also Ru. pres. subj. ġefrēoġe.
* Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 361:We would expect 'to love; to set free' to have been pre-OE *frijōja- ~ *frijō- [...] In early WS, however, the stem frīo- of the pres. indic. 2sg., 3sg., iptv. 2sg., which is supported by past frīo-d-, has been levelled into the rest of the present paradigm, giving a longer stem frīoġa- (Hogg and Fulk 2011: 287-8).
* Hogg, Richard M., Fulk, R. D. (2011) A Grammar of Old English: Volume 2: Morphology, page 287:Vowel contraction also occurred in stems that had PGmc *-ij- before *-ō-, since /j/ was lost, with compensatory lengthening, see Hogg (1992b: §7.70), followed by loss of hiatus. The PGmc stem *frij-ōj- 'liberate, love' thus produced Pre-OE *frī-ōj-, which then developed to *frī-ej- > *frī-ij- (ibid.: §6.52) > frīġ-, whilst the alternative stem without /j/ after /oː/, *frij-ō-, developed to *frī-ō- > WS frīo-, frēo-. In WS, the diphthong of the latter stem was levelled into the former, producing a paradigm like that of twēoġan, with inf. frēoġan, pret.sg. frēode
# slidais
## Latvian
### Adjective

slidais
* definite nominative masculine singular of slids
# استفادة
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِسْتَفَادَ (istafāda).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.ti.faː.da/

### Noun

اِسْتِفَادَة • (istifāda) f
* verbal noun of اِسْتَفَادَ (istafāda) (form X)
* benefit
* utilization

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: istifadə
* → Ottoman Turkish: استفاده (istifade)
** > Turkish: istifade (inherited)
* → Persian: استفاده (estefâde)
** Tajik: истифода (istifoda)
# groupmind
## English
### Etymology

From group +‎ mind.

### Noun

groupmind (plural groupminds)
* A composite mind, the sum of several individual minds.
    Synonym: hivemind

#### See also

* groupthink
* unlife
# visslāviskākajā
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslāviskākajā
* definite locative masculine/feminine singular of visslāviskāks
# gomaricë
## Albanian
### Noun

gomaricë f; masculine equivalent gomar
* jennet, jenny

### Further reading

* Newmark, L. (1999) “gomaricë”, in Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary‎
# Bagnères-de-Luchon
## English
### Etymology

From French Bagnères-de-Luchon.

### Proper noun

Bagnères-de-Luchon
* A city in Haute-Garonne department, Occitania, France.

#### Translations
## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Occitan Banhères de Luishon.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.ɲɛʁ.də.ly.ʃɔ̃/

### Proper noun

Bagnères-de-Luchon f
* Bagnères-de-Luchon (a city in Haute-Garonne department, France)
    Synonym: Luchon

#### Descendants

* → English: Bagnères-de-Luchon
# livián
## Galician
### Alternative forms

* levián, liviao
* leviám, levião (reintegrationist)
* liviám, livião (reintegrationist)

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese livião (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Vulgar Latin *leviānus, from Latin levis. Cognate with Spanish liviano and Portuguese livão.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liˈbjaŋ/ [liˈβ̞jɑŋ]
* Rhymes: -aŋ
* Hyphenation: li‧vián

### Noun

livián m (plural liviáns)
* (usually in the plural, of animals) lights, lungs
    Synonyms: boche, bofe, pulmón

### Adjective

livián (feminine liviá, masculine plural liviáns, feminine plural liviás)
* light
    Synonym: lixeiro

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “livião”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “liviã”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “livián”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “livián”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “livián”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
# slidenais
## Latvian
### Adjective

slidenais
* definite nominative masculine singular of slidens
# Cortaderia
## Translingual

* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Cortaderia f
* A taxonomic genus within the family Poaceae – pampas grasses of Central and South America.

#### Hypernyms

* (genus): Eukaryota – superkingdom; Plantae – kingdom; Viridiplantae – subkingdom; Streptophyta – infrakingdom; Embryophyta – superphylum; Tracheophyta – phylum; Spermatophytina – subphylum; angiosperms, monocots, commelinids – clades; Poales – order; Poaceae – family; Danthonioideae – subfamily; Danthonieae – tribe

#### Hyponyms

* (genus): Cortaderia selloana – type species

### References

* Cortaderia on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Cortaderia on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Category:Cortaderia on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
# 生馬性
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiⁿ-bé-sèng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiⁿ-bé-sèng
*** Tâi-lô: tshinn-bé-sìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chvi'befsexng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

### Noun

生馬性
* (Xiamen Hokkien) hot temperament; bad temper

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 火烌性, 火烌仔性, 草仔性
# nyawöng
## Acehnese
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nihawa, from Proto-Austronesian *NiSawa. Compare Indonesian nyawa. Cognate of Eastern Cham yawa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲawʌŋ/

### Noun

nyawöng
* soul, spirit
# visslāviskākajās
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslāviskākajās
* definite locative feminine plural of visslāviskāks
# paranakan
## Sundanese
### Etymology

From Malay peranakan.

### Noun

paranakan (Sundanese script ᮕᮛᮔᮊᮔ᮪)
* A mixed-race person, especially of Peranakan descent

### Further reading

* Maman Sumantri, et al. (1985) Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia
# Cenweald
## Old English
### Alternative Forms

* coenƿald (cōenwald) (Northumbrian, 10th C.)

### Etymology

From cēne (“bold”) +‎ weald (“power, authority”)

### Proper Noun

Cēnweald m
* a male given name

### References

* “King Æthelstan of England grants privileges to the bishopric of Crediton in return for 60 pounds of silver”, in Cotton MS Augustus II 31‎ (in Old English), 933, via British Library
# ống bơ
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

From ống (“can”) +‎ bơ (“butter”). From the French colonial period, when canned food (including canned butter) was introduced into Vietnam.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔəwŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɓəː˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɓəː˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔəwŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɓəː˧˧]

### Noun

(classifier cái) ống bơ
* tin can
    Synonyms: bơ, lon, lon thiếc
# slimais
## Latvian
### Adjective

slimais
* definite nominative masculine singular of slims
# استعداد
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِسْتَعَدَّ (istaʕadda).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /is.tiʕ.daːd/
* Rhymes: -aːd

### Noun

اِسْتِعْدَاد • (istiʕdād) m
* verbal noun of اِسْتَعَدَّ (istaʕadda) (form X)
** preparation

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: istedad
* → Ottoman Turkish: استعداد (istidat)
** Turkish: istidat
* → Persian: استعداد (este'dâd)
** → Tajik: истеъдод (isteʾdod)
** → Urdu: استعداد
* → Uyghur: ئىستېدات (istëdat)
* → Uzbek: iste'dod

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِعْدَاد (istiʕdād).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔis.tiʔ.dɑːð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪs.t̪ʰe̞ʔ.d̪ɑːd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪs.t̪ʰe̞ʔ.d̪ɑːd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪs.t̪ʰeː.d̪ɑːd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔis.t̪ʰeː.d̪ɔːd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔes.t̪ʰeʔ.d̪ɒːd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔis.t̪ʰeʔ.d̪ɔd̪]

### Noun

استعداد • (este'dâd)
* talent, aptitude
    استعداد موسیقی ― este'dâd-e musiqi ― talent for music
    استعداد ذاتی ― este'dâd-e zâti ― natural talent
** 1105, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad al-Ghazalī, کیمیای سعادت [The Alchemy of Happiness]‎:اما در این جهان، شرف وی بدان است که وی را استعداد و شایستگی باشد که بدان شرف و عز حقیقی رسد وگرنه از وی ناقص‌تر و پیچیده‌تر امروز کیست؟ammā dar īn jahān, šaraf-i way bad-ān ast ki way rā isti'dād u šāyistagī bāšad ki bad-ān šaraf u izz-i haqīqī rasad w-agar-na az way nāqistar u pēčīdatar imrōz kī-st?But in this world, his [the human being's] nobility comes from his possession of the natural aptitude and fitness to reach that true nobility and glory. Otherwise, who today is more deficient and twisted than him?(Classical Persian transliteration)
* natural disposition

#### Descendants

* → Chagatai: استعداد
** Uzbek: iste'dod
* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: इस्तेदाद (istedād)
    Urdu: اِسْتِعْداد (istedād)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِعْدَاد (istiʕdād).

### Noun

اِسْتِعْداد • (istedād) f (Hindi spelling इस्तेदाद)
* knack, talent, skill
* aptitude
# 火烌性
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hé-hu-sèng / hér-hu-sèng / hóe-hu-sèng
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hé-hu-sèng
*** Tâi-lô: hé-hu-sìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hefhusexng
*** IPA (Taipei): /he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hér-hu-sèng
*** Tâi-lô: hér-hu-sìng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hə⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóe-hu-sèng
*** Tâi-lô: hué-hu-sìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoefhusexng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/

### Noun

火烌性
* (Hokkien) hot temperament; bad temper

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 火烌仔性, 生馬性／生马性, 草仔性
# visslāviskākajos
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslāviskākajos
* definite locative masculine plural of visslāviskāks
# Bestiac
## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Occitan Bestiac.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛs.tjak/

### Proper noun

Bestiac m
* Bestiac (a village in Ariège department, Occitania, France)

### References

* Jòrdi Deledar and Patrici Poujade, "L'Occitan parlé en Ariège", 2001, Pamiers, Cercle Occitan Prospèr Estieu, →ISBN, Page 58.

## Occitan
### Proper noun

Bestiac m
* Alternative form of Vestiac: Bestiac (a village in Ariège department, Occitania, France)

#### Descendants

* → French: Bestiac

### References

* Jòrdi Deledar and Patrici Poujade, "L'Occitan parlé en Ariège", 2001, Pamiers, Cercle Occitan Prospèr Estieu, →ISBN, Page 58.
# slovēniskais
## Latvian
### Adjective

slovēniskais
* definite nominative masculine singular of slovēnisks
# STCA
## English
### Noun

STCA (usually uncountable, plural STCAs)
* (aviation) Initialism of short-term conflict alert, a system for automatically warning air traffic controllers if radar data indicates that two or more aircraft will pass dangerously-close to one another or potentially collide in flight.

### Adjective

STCA (not comparable)
* (real estate) Initialism of subject to council approval.

### Anagrams

* cats, SATC, ACTs, TSCA, TACs, TCAs, TACS, acts, Cast, CATs, scat, Cats, TCAS, CTAs, -cast, ATSC, Acts, cast, ATCs
# visslāviskākajiem
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslāviskākajiem
* definite dative/instrumental masculine plural of visslāviskāks
# Contrasi
## Occitan
### Proper noun

Contrasi ?
* Contrazy (a village in Ariège department, Occitania, France)

### References

* Jòrdi Deledar and Patrici Poujade, "L'Occitan parlé en Ariège", 2001, Pamiers, Cercle Occitan Prospèr Estieu, →ISBN, Page 60.
# smagais
## Latvian
### Adjective

smagais
* definite nominative masculine singular of smags
# अठ्ठेताळ
## Marathi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əʈ.ʈʰe.t̪aɭ̆/

### Numeral

अठ्ठेताळ • (aṭhṭhetāḷ)
* alternative form of अठ्ठेताळीस (aṭhṭhetāḷīs), which is an obsolete form of अठ्ठेचाळीस (aṭhṭhecāḷīs, “forty-eight”).
# cancer root
## English
### Noun

cancer root (plural cancer roots)
* Any of various low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, including:
** Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana)
** Conopholis spp.
** Orobanche spp., especially Orobanche uniflora (one-flower cancer-root)

#### Derived terms

* alpine cancer-root (Conopholis alpina)
* Mexican cancer-root (Conopholis alpina var. mexicana)
* American cancer-root (Conopholis americana)
* one-flower cancer-root (Orobanche uniflora)

### References

* cancer root on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* “cancer root”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# aapü
## Paraujano
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Ta-Arawak *kʰapɨ, from Proto-Arawak *kʰapɨ. Compare Wayuu ajapü.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaːpɨ/
* Rhymes: -aːpɨ
* Syllabification: aa‧pü

### Noun

aapü (inalienable, first person singular taapü, second person singular paapü)
* hand

#### Derived terms

* aapüñaa (“bracelet”)

### References

* Álvarez, José, Bravo, María (2008) “aapü”, in Diccionario básico de la lengua añú [Basic dictionary of the Añú language]‎, Maracaibo, Venezuela: University of Zulia, →ISBN, page 41.
# melawas
## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Indonesian) IPA: /məˈlawas/ [məˈla.was]
* Rhymes: -awas
* Syllabification: me‧la‧was

### Etymology 1

Affixation of lawas +‎ meng-.

#### Adjective

melawas
* clear (of view)
* spacious, vast, (of land)
* wide open

### Etymology 2

Affixation of lawas +‎ meng-.

#### Verb

melawas (active melawas)
* to run out (about fruit and so on)

### Further reading

* “melawas” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
# visslepkavīgākajā
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslepkavīgākajā
* definite locative masculine/feminine singular of visslepkavīgāks
# những
## Vietnamese
### Alternative forms

* (Northern Vietnam) dững
* (shorthand) ~

### Etymology

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 仍 (“to continue; to be done repeatedly; many; still”, SV: nhưng). Compare nhưng.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ɲɨŋ˦ˀ˥]
* (Huế) IPA: [ɲɨŋ˧˨]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɲɨŋ˨˩˦]
* Audio (Hà Nội):(file)

### Determiner

những • (仍, 忍)
* Plural marker.
    tất cả những người khác ― all the others

#### Usage notes

* Những (“some; several [of the same category]”) has a slightly literary flavour, and is not used very often in colloquial speech, where mấy may be used instead.
* Generally speaking, những suggests that only certain of the total possible number are referred to, as opposed to các, which implies that all of a given set of entities are involved.
* Plural marking is not always grammatically required in Vietnamese, and may be omitted in many situations.

#### Derived terms

* những ai

### Adverb

những
* (archaic) only; just (followed by a verb)

#### Derived terms

* chẳng những
* không những
* những là
* những như
* những tưởng

### Particle

những
* Emphasizes the quantity of noun: as many as; as much as
    Bài kiểm tra rồi tớ được những tám điểm đấy!I got an EIGHT on the last exam!
* (colloquial) Emphasizes the abundance and uncountability of something: nothing but
    những hoa là hoa ― nothing but flowers
* (literary, otherwise rare) Emphasizes the overwhelming nature of a psychological or emotional state.
# Cotens
## Occitan
### Proper noun

Cotens ?
* Coutens (a village in Ariège department, Occitania, France)

### References

* Jòrdi Deledar and Patrici Poujade, "L'Occitan parlé en Ariège", 2001, Pamiers, Cercle Occitan Prospèr Estieu, →ISBN, Page 60.
# spalvainais
## Latvian
### Adjective

spalvainais
* definite nominative masculine singular of spalvains
# Mahumez
## Old French
### Proper noun

Mahumez
* nominative singular of Mahumet
# أشجار
## Arabic
### Pronunciation 1

* IPA: /ʔaʃ.d͡ʒaːr/
* Rhymes: -aːr

#### Noun

أَشْجَار • (ʔašjār) m pl
* plural of شَجْر (šajr)

### Pronunciation 2

* IPA: /ʔaʃ.d͡ʒaːr/
* Rhymes: -aːr

#### Noun

أَشْجَار • (ʔašjār) f pl
* plural of شَجَرَة (šajara)
# visslepkavīgākie
## Latvian
### Adjective

visslepkavīgākie
* definite nominative/vocative masculine plural of visslepkavīgāks
# La Tor del Criu
## Occitan
### Etymology

Cognate with French La Tour-du-Crieu. Created in 1915 in replacement of Les Alamands which sounded too unpatriotic in the context of the war with Germany.

### Proper noun

La Tor del Criu ?
* La Tour-du-Crieu (a village in Ariège department, Occitania, France)
    Synonym: Les Alamands

### References

* Jòrdi Deledar and Patrici Poujade, "L'Occitan parlé en Ariège", 2001, Pamiers, Cercle Occitan Prospèr Estieu, →ISBN, Page 73.
# spalgais
## Latvian
### Adjective

spalgais
* definite nominative masculine singular of spalgs
# pirum
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* pyrum (Medieval Latin)

### Etymology

* Per De Vaan a loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source, original form something like (a)pisom reflected also in Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́πῐον (ắpĭon, “pear”) and ᾰ̓́πῐος (ắpĭos, “pear tree”). Also compare Aramaic 𐡐𐡀𐡓𐡀 (pera, “fruit”).
* Per Trubachyov ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peys-, akin to Latin pinsō, pistus, Proto-Slavic *pьšeno (whence Russian пшено́ (pšenó)). Compare Proto-Slavic *kruša (voiced counterpart: *gruša, whence Russian гру́ша (grúša)) akin to *krušiti (> Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ)).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpi.rum/, [ˈpɪrʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpi.rum/, [ˈpiːrum]

### Noun

pirum n (genitive pirī); second declension
* a pear (fruit)
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

#### Inflection

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Derived terms

* perula (Medieval Latin)
* pirācium (noun)
* pirārius (adjective) (Medieval Latin)
* pirifōrmis (adjective)

#### Related terms

* pirus (“pear tree”)

#### Descendants

* → Proto-Brythonic: *per (see there for further descendants)
* → Proto-West Germanic: *peru (see there for further descendants)
* → Irish: piorra
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Romansch: pair, pér (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan), peir (Surmiran)
* → Scottish Gaelic: peur
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pira (reanalyzed as feminine singular)
** Dalmatian: paira
** Eastern Romance:
*** Aromanian: pearã
*** Romanian: pară
** Italian: pera
** Old French: peire
*** French: poire
*** → Middle Irish: péire
**** Irish: péire
*** Norman: paithe, peire (continental Normandy), père (Guernsey)
** Old Occitan: pera
*** Catalan: pera
*** Occitan: pera
** Old Galician-Portuguese: pera
*** Galician: pera
*** Portuguese: pera
** Old Spanish: pera
*** Spanish: pera
** Rhaeto-Romance:
*** Romansch: paira
** Sardinian: pira
** Sicilian: piru
* ⇒ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (diminutive)
** Padanian:
*** Friulian: piruç
*** Piedmontese: pruss

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pirum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 467
* ↑ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gruša”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 156

### Further reading

* “pĭrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “pirum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "pirum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* pirum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.