# ash
## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: ăsh, IPA: /æʃ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -æʃ

### Etymology 1

From Middle English asshe, from Old English æsċe, from Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ (compare West Frisian jiske, Dutch as, Low German Asch, German Asche, Danish aske, Swedish aska, Norwegian aske), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-; see it for cognates.
The rare plural axen is from Middle English axen, axnen, from Old English axan, asċan (“ashes”) (plural of Old English axe, æsċe (“ash”)).

#### Noun

ash (countable and uncountable, plural ashes)
* The solid remains of a fire.
    The audience was more captivated by the growing ash at the end of his cigarette than by his words.
    Ash from a fireplace can restore minerals to your garden's soil.
    Ashes from the fire floated over the street.
    Ash from the fire floated over the street.
* (chemistry) The nonaqueous remains of a material subjected to any complete oxidation process.
* Fine particles from a volcano, volcanic ash.
* (in the plural) Human (or animal) remains after cremation.
    The urn containing his ashes was eventually removed to a closet.
* (archaic, in the plural) Mortal remains in general.
    Napoleon’s ashes are not yet extinguished, and we’re breathing in their sparks.
* (figuratively) The matter that remains after a catastrophe.
** 2010 May 6, Jean-Claude Laguerre, “Haiti Will Rise From the Ashes”, in The Epoch Times:Now, it's Haiti that needs help to rebuild and rise from the ashes [of an earthquake].
* A gray color, similar to ash.
    ash:

##### Synonyms

* (cremation remains): cremains

##### Derived terms

* ashbin
* ash blond
* ash-blond
* ash blonde
* ash-blonde
* ash bread
* ash cake
* ashcake
* ashcan
* ash cash
* ash-colored
* ash-coloured
* ashdump
* ashen
* ashery
* ashfall
* ashfield
* ashflow
* ash gourd
* ash gray
* ash grey
* ash-heap
* ash-heap-cake
* ash heap of history
* ash-hole
* ashhole
* ash-hopper
* ashless
* ashlike
* ashman
* Ash Monday
* ashpan
* ash pan
* ash pit
* ashpit
* ash pumpkin
* ash stand
* ash-throated crake
* ashtray
* Ash Wednesday
* ashweed
* ashy
* asshole
* bone ash
* deash
* flash the ash
* fly ash
* lime-ash
* pearl ash
* pearl-ash
* pearlash
* potash
* satinash
* soda ash
* the Ashes
* ultramarine ash
* volcanic ash

##### Translations

Abaza: хъва (qʷa)
Abkhaz: аццышә (accəŝʷ)
Acehnese: abée
Adyghe: яжьэ (jaźɛ)
Afar: gombod
Aiton: please add this translation if you can
Aklanon: abo
Albanian: hi (sq) m
Amharic: አመድ (ʾämäd)
Arabic: رَمَاد m (ramād), سَكَن m (sakan)
Egyptian Arabic: رماد m (ramād)
Hijazi Arabic: رَماد m (ramād)
Aragonese: senra
Aramaic:
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܩܸܛܡܵܐ m (qiṭma)
Classical Syriac: ܩܛܡܐ m (qeṭmā)
Argobba: ሀመድ (hämäd)
Armenian: մոխիր (hy) (moxir)
Aromanian: cinushi f, cinushe f
Assamese: ছাই (sai)
Asturian: ceniza (ast) f
Atong (India): thapyra
Avar: мухӏур (muḥʳur), рахъу (raqxu)
Azerbaijani: kül (az)
Bakung: abu
Bashkir: көл (köl)
Basque: errauts (eu)
Baure: po'ip
Belarusian: по́пел (be) m (pópjel)
Bengali: ছাই (bn) (chai)
Bonkiman: kweʌk
Breton: ludu (br) m
Budukh: рехъ (req)
Buginese: awu
Bulgarian: пе́пел (bg) f (pépel)
Burmese: ပြာ (my) (pra)
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: abu
Catalan: cendra (ca) f, cendre (ca) (Algherese)
Cebuano: abo
Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴷ (iɣd)
Central Melanau: dabou
Chakma: please add this translation if you can
Chamicuro: kajchijpe
Chamorro: apu
Chechen: чим (čim)
Cherokee: ᎪᏍᏚ (gosdu)
Chichewa: chipala, phulusa
Chinese:
Mandarin: 灰 (zh) (huī)
Chuvash: кӗл (kĕl)
Crimean Tatar: kül
Czech: popel (cs) m
Dalmatian: canaisa f
Danish: aske (da) c
Dargwa: палда (palda)
Dutch: as (nl) f, asse (nl) f
Egyptian: (jtnw)
Erzya: кулов (kulov)
Esperanto: cindro
Estonian: tuhk (et)
Etruscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌍𐌀 class inanimate (faśena)
Even: хултэн (hultən)
Farefare: tãmpɛglʋm
Faroese: øska (fo)
Finnish: tuhka (fi)
Franco-Provençal: cindra
French: cendre (fr) f
Friulian: cinise f
Gagauz: kül
Galician: cinza (gl) f, cinsa (gl) f, borralla (gl) f, borrallo (gl) m
Gallurese: chixina, cinus
Georgian: ნაცარი (ka) (nacari), ფერფლი (perpli)
German: Asche (de) f
Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 f (azgō)
Greek: στάχτη (el) f (stáchti), τέφρα (el) f (téfra)
Ancient: σποδός f (spodós), τέφρα f (téphra), κόνις f (kónis)
Greenlandic: arsat
Haitian Creole: sann
Hawaiian: lehu
Hebrew: אֵפֶר (he) m (éfer)
Higaonon: abu
Hiligaynon: abu
Hindi: राख (hi) f (rākh)
Hungarian: hamu (hu)
Iban: abu, amau
Icelandic: aska (is) f
Ido: cindro (io)
Ilocano: dapo
Indonesian: abu (id)
Ingrian: tuhka
Ingush: чил (čil)
Interlingua: cinere (ia)
Iranun: umbi
Irish: luaith f, luaithreach m, luaithreamhán m
Italian: cenere (it) f
Ivatan: avo
Japanese: 灰 (ja) (はい, hai)
Javanese: awu (jv)
Kabardian: сахуэ (kbd) (saxʷɛ)
Kaingang: mrẽj
Kanakanabu: abu
Kapampangan: abu
Karachay-Balkar: кюл (kül)
Karo Batak: abu
Kashmiri: سوٗر (sūr)
Kashubian: pòpiół
Kazakh: күл (kül)
Khamti: please add this translation if you can
Khmer: កំញម (km) (kɑmñɑɑm)
Khvarshi: йулӏу (yuƛu)
Kikuyu: mũhu class 3
Kiput: abew
Korean: 재 (ko) (jae)
Kumyk: кюл (kül)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: خۆڵەمێش (xollemêş)
Northern Kurdish: xwelî (ku) f
Kyrgyz: күл (ky) (kül)
Lak: лах (lax)
Lao: ເທົ່າ (thao)
Latgalian: palni m pl
Latin: cinis (la) m, afa f
Latvian: pelni (lv) m pl
Lezgi: руьхъ (rüq)
Ligurian: çenee f
Lingala: putulu
Linngithigh: ibhi
Lithuanian: pelenai (lt) m pl
Lokono: balisi
Lombard: zener (lmo) f
Lü: ᦑᧁᧈ (taw¹)
Luhya: likokhe
Luxembourgish: Äsch f
Macedonian: пе́пел f (pépel)
Magahi: please add this translation if you can
Maguindanao: umbi
Malagasy: lavènona (mg)
Malay: ابو (ms) abu (ms), دبو debu (ms), دولي duli (ms) (poetic), لبو lebu (ms)
Malayalam: ചാരം (ml) (cāraṁ)
Maltese: irmied m
Manchu: ᡶᡠᠯᡝᠩᡤᡳ (fulenggi)
Maori: pokorehu, pungarehu, rehu
Maranao: ombi
Megleno-Romanian: tșănușă f
Moksha: кулу (kulu)
Mongolian: үнс (mn) (üns), нурам (mn) (nuram)
Moore: tompeglem
Mwani: rivu
Nanai: пунэктэн (punekten)
Navajo: łeeshchʼih
Neapolitan: cènnera f
Nepali: खरानी (ne) (kharānī)
Norman: chendre f (Jersey, Guernsey)
Northern Mansi: хӯльм (hūlʹm)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: aske (no) m or f
Nynorsk: oske f
Occitan: cendre (oc)
Odia: please add this translation if you can
Ohlone:
Northern Ohlone: júki'
Ojibwe: bingwi
Old East Slavic: попелъ m (popelŭ), пепелъ m (pepelŭ)
Old English: æsce f
Oromo: daaraa
Ossetian: ӕртхутӕг (ærtxutæg)
Ottoman Turkish: كول (kül)
Papiamentu: shinishi
Pashto: please add this translation if you can
Persian: خاکستر (fa) (xâkestar)
Phake: please add this translation if you can
Piedmontese: sëner f
Pitjantjatjara: unu
Plautdietsch: Ausch f
Polish: popiół (pl) m
Portuguese: cinzas (pt) f pl
Punjabi: ਸੁਆਹ (pa) f (suāha)
Quechua: uchpa
Rapa Nui: ikuvera
Rohingya: sai
Romagnol: zéndra
Romanian: cenușă (ro) f, scrum (ro) m
Romansch: tschendra f
Russian: пе́пел (ru) m (pépel), зола́ (ru) f (zolá)
Saanich: K̵OYEĆ
Sango: pupuru
Sanskrit: भस्म (sa) m (bhasma), आस (sa) m (āsa)
Sardinian:
Campidanese: cinixu
Logudorese: chixina
Sassarese: chixina, chisgina
Scottish Gaelic: luath f, luaithre f
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: пепео m
Roman: pepeo (sh) m
Shor: кӱл (kül)
Sicilian: cìnniri (scn)
Sikkimese: please add this translation if you can
Sinhalese: අළු (si) (aḷu)
Slovak: popol (sk) m
Slovene: pepel (sl) m
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: popjeł m
Southern Altai: кӱл (kül)
Spanish: ceniza (es) f
Sundanese: lebu (su)
Svan: ქა̈მ (käm)
Swahili: majivu (sw)
Swedish: aska (sv) c
Sylheti: ꠍꠣꠟꠤ (sáli)
Tabasaran: рюкъ (rjuq̄)
Tagalog: abo (tl)
Tahitian: rehu
Tai Dam: please add this translation if you can
Tai Nüa: please add this translation if you can
Tajik: хокистар (tg) (xokistar)
Tamil: சாம்பல் (ta) (cāmpal)
Tarifit: iɣed m
Tat: хокистэр
Tatar: көл (tt) (köl)
Telugu: బూడిద (te) (būḍida)
Tetum: kadesan
Thai: เถ้า (th) (tâo)
Tibetan: གོ་ཐལ (go thal)
Tok Pisin: sit bilong faia
Tumbuka: phulusa
Turkish: kül (tr)
Turkmen: kül
Tuvan: хүл (xül)
Udi: йекъ (jeq̇)
Udmurt: пень (peń)
Ukrainian: по́піл m (pópil), зола́ f (zolá)
Urdu: راکھ f (rākh)
Uyghur: كۈل (kül)
Uzbek: kul (uz)
Venetan: sènare, sènere
Vietnamese: tro (vi)
Vilamovian: oś f, oš f
Volapük: zen (vo)
Walloon: cinde (wa) f
Warlpiri: puna
Welsh: lludw (cy) m
West Frisian: jiske
White Hmong: tshauv
Wutunhua: ta
Yakan: abu
Yakut: күл (kül)
Yámana: afwa
Yiddish: אַש n (ash)
Zande: kuke
Zealandic: asse f
Zhuang: daeuh
Zulu: umlotha class 3 :

#### Verb

ash (third-person singular simple present ashes, present participle ashing, simple past and past participle ashed)
* (ambitransitive, chemistry) To reduce to a residue of ash. See ashing.
** 1919, Harry Gordon, Total Soluble and Insoluble Ash in Leather, published in the Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, W. K. Alsop and W. A. Fox, eds, volume XIV, number 1, on page 253
    I dried the extracted leather very slowly on the steam bath […] until the substance was dry enough to ash. […] I think that the discrepancy in the percentages of "total ash" by method No. 2 and No. 6 is due to this excessive heat required to ash the leather […]
** 1981, Hans Weill, Margaret Turner-Warwick, and Claude Lenfant, eds, Occupational Lung Diseases: Research Approaches and Methods, Lung Biology in Health and disease, volume 18, page 203
    The inorganic material left after ashing lung tissue specimens not only contains inhaled particles but also very large quantities of inorganic residue derived from the tissue itself.
** 1989?, Annals of Botany, volume 64, issues 4-6, page 397
    Ash and silica contents of the plant material were determined by classical gravimetric techniques. Tissue samples were ashed in platinum crucibles at about 500 °C, and the ash was treated repeatedly with 6 N hydrochloric acid to remove other mineral impurities.
** 2010, S. Suzanne Nielsen, ed, Food Analysis, fourth edition, →ISBN, Chapter 12, "Traditional Methods for Mineral Analysis", page 213
    A 10-g food sample was dried, then ashed, and analyzed for salt (NaCl) content by the Mohr titration method (AgNO$_3$ + Cl → AgCl). The weight of the dried sample was 2g, and the ashed sample weight was 0.5g.
* (ambitransitive) To hit the end off (a burning cigar or cigarette).
** 1936, F.J. Thwaites, The Redemption, Sydney: H. John Edwards Publishing, published 1940, page 62:"Nonsense," Mrs. Gardiner challenged, ashing her cigarette.
** 1961, Kenneth Cook, Wake in Fright, published 1988, page ii. 52:He realized that he was standing staring at her and he sat down quickly, making a business of ashing his cigarette.
** 1978, C.J. Koch, The Year of Living Dangerously, published 1986, page 35:Hamilton ashed his cigar, and studied the end of it for some moments without speaking.
** 2000, Zadie Smith, White Teeth, London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN, page 242:‘He’s right, you know,’ said Archie earnestly, ashing a fag in an empty curry bowl.
* (transitive, Christianity, chiefly passive voice) To mark (someone) with an ashen cross on the forehead to observe Ash Wednesday.
* (obsolete, chiefly passive voice) To cover newly-sown fields of crops with ashes.
** 1847, H., Ashes on Corn.---An Experiment, published in the Genesee Farmer, volume 8, page 281
    Last spring, after I planted, I took what ashes I have saved during the last year, and put on my corn […] . On harvesting I cut up the two rows which were not ashed (or twenty rods of them,) and set them apart from the others in stouts; and then I cut up two rows of the same length, on each side, which had been ashed, […]
** 1849, in a letter to James Higgins, published in 1850 in The American Farmer, volume V, number 7, pages 227-8
    After the corn was planted, upon acre A, I spread broadcast one hundred bushels of lime, (cost $3) and fifty bushels of ashes, (cost $6.) […] The extra crop of the combination over the limed acre or ashed, was paid by the increased crop, […]

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

From Middle English asshe, from Old English æsċ, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz (compare West Frisian esk, Dutch es, German Esche, Danish/Norwegian/Swedish ask), from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s- (compare Welsh onnen, Latin ornus (“wild mountain ash”), Lithuanian úosis, Russian я́сень (jásenʹ), Albanian ah (“beech”), Ancient Greek ὀξύα (oxúa, “beech”), Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi)).

#### Noun

ash (countable and uncountable, plural ashes)
* (countable, uncountable) A shade tree of the genus Fraxinus.
    Synonym: ash tree
    The ash trees are dying off due to emerald ash borer.
    The woods planted in ash will see a different mix of species.
* (uncountable) The wood of this tree.
* The traditional name for the ae ligature (æ), as used in Old English.
    Alternative forms: æsc, æsh

##### Derived terms

* Afghan ash (Fraxinus xanthoxyloides)
* American ash (Fraxinus americana)
* Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina)
* Ash Fork
* ash-leaf maple, ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo)
* black ash (Fraxinus nigra)
* blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata)
* Bunge's ash (Fraxinus bungeana)
* California ash (Fraxinus dipetala)
* Cape ash (Ekebergia capensis)
* Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana)
* Caucasian ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa)
* Chihuahua ash (Fraxinus papillosa)
* Chinese ash Korean ash (Fraxinus chinensis)
* Claret ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa)
* common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
* crow's ash (Flindersia australis)
* European ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
* flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus)
* fragrant ash (Fraxinus cuspidata)
* Goodding's ash (Fraxinus gooddingii)
* green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
* Gregg's ash (Fraxinus greggii)
* Griffith's ash (Fraxinus griffithii)
* Himalayan manna ash (Fraxinus floribunda)
* Japanese ash (Fraxinus japonica)
* Japanese flowering ash (Fraxinus sieboldiana)
* Korean ash (Fraxinus chinensis)
* Lowell ash (Fraxinus lowellii)
* Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandschurica)
* manna ash (Fraxinus ornus)
* Mexican ash (Fraxinus berlandieriana)
* Modesto ash (Fraxinus velutina)
* Moreton Bay ash
* mountain ash, Mountain Ash
* narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia)
* Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia)
* Pallis' ash (Fraxinus pallisiae)
* poison ash (Comocladia dodonaea)
* prickly ash (Zanthoxylum)
* pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda)
* raywood ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa)
* red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
* red ash (Trichilia dregeana)
* Shamel ash (Fraxinus uhdei)
* singleleaf ash (Fraxinus anomala)
* Späth's ash (Fraxinus spaethiana)
* Texas ash (Fraxinus texensis)
* tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei)
* two-petal ash (Fraxinus dipetala)
* velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina)
* weeping ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
* white ash (Fraxinus americana)
* ash borer (Podosesia syringae)
* Ashbrook
* ash dieback
* Ash Flat
* Ashford
* Ash Fork
* ash grove
* ash-leaf
* Ashleigh
* Ashley
* ashling
* ashplant
* ashwood
* clash of the ash
* Eight Ash Green
* Five Ashes
* Four Ashes
* Knotty Ash
* Nash
* world-ash

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

### Etymology 3

Transliteration of Persian آش.

#### Noun

ash (uncountable)
* Alternative form of aush

### Etymology 4

Abbreviation.

#### Adverb

ash (not comparable)
* (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of as hell and as heck.
    Synonyms: asf (“as fuck”), asl (“as hell”)

### See also

* Yggdrasil
* cinerary

### References

* Fraxinus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Fraxinus on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
* Category:Fraxinus on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

### Anagrams

* sha, SAH, AHS, has, šâh, Ahs, ha's, šāh, SHA, Hsa., sah, ahs

## Middle English
### Noun

ash
* Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)