# 尊

| 尊 | U+5C0A, &#23562; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C0A |
| ← 尉 [U+5C09] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 尋 → [U+5C0B] |

## Translingual
### Han character

尊 (Kangxi radical 41, 寸+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿田木戈 (TWDI), four-corner 8034$_6$, composition ⿱酋寸)

#### Derived characters

* 僔, 噂, 墫, 壿, 嶟, 撙, 樽, 澊, 燇, 竴, 繜(𰬺), 罇, 譐(𬤢), 蹲, 鐏(𨱔), 鱒(鳟), 遵, 鷷(𫜄), 䔿
* 𢕰, 𣦝, 𥊭, 𥖁, 𥢎, 𫆸, 𦪚, 𧒆, 𫑼, 𣞊, 𠟃, 𤮐, 𠥙, 𥳰, 𩯄
* 𫱵, 𭞵, 𬛘, 𭹼, 𬲝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 295, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7445
* Dae Jaweon: page 585, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 509, character 6
* Unihan data for U+5C0A

## Chinese

* 尊 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Zun (English)

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 尊 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 尊 | *ʔsuːn |
| 樽 | *ʔsuːn |
| 罇 | *ʔsuːn |
| 嶟 | *ʔsuːn, *ʔsun |
| 繜 | *ʔsuːn |
| 撙 | *ʔsuːnʔ |
| 噂 | *ʔsuːnʔ |
| 譐 | *ʔsuːnʔ |
| 僔 | *ʔsuːnʔ |
| 蹲 | *zuːn |
| 鱒 | *zuːnʔ, *zuːns |
| 鐏 | *zuːns |
| 遵 | *ʔsun |
| 鷷 | *ʔsun, *zun |
| 墫 | *sʰun |
| 竴 | *sʰun |
Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 寸 (“hand”) – to give 寸 (cùn) an offering such as a vessel of wine 酋 (qiú) – to show respect, veneration.
However per small seal script, it may instead be a variant of 𢍜, which is Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 酋 (“wine”) + 廾 (“two hands”).

### Etymology

Cognate to Tibetan བཙུན (btsun), བཙུན་པ (btsun pa, “respectable, venerable”), མཚུན (mtshun, “ancestor god”). The "vessel" sense is because it was used in ritual ceremonies (Schuessler, 2007).

#### "glorious; marvelous; wonderful"

    Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 尊(とうと​)い (tōto​i).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zūn (zun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄣ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zyun$^1$ / zeon$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dun$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): jin$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chûn
    (Hailu, HRS): zun$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): zun$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): có̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cŏng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zong$^1$ / zuong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zung$^1$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): zung$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zen$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zun
*** Wade–Giles: tsun$^1$
*** Yale: dzwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuen
*** Palladius: цзунь (czunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zyun$^1$ / zeon$^1$
*** Yale: jyūn / jēun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzyn$^1$ / dzoen$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jun$^1$ / zên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syːn⁵⁵/, /t͡sɵn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tun³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: zun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sun⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: zun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sun⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: có̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡souŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zong$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceong
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zuong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suoŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chun
*** Tâi-lô: tsun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zwn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsung
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suŋ³³/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsen
*** MiniDict: tsen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sən³³/
* Middle Chinese: tswon
Rime :
| Character | 尊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 祖昆切 |
| Baxter | tswon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡suən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡suon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡suən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡swən/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡suən/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡suən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡suən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zyun$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤu[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsuːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 尊 | 尊 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zūn | zūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tswon › | ‹ tswon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁu[n]/ | /*[ts]ˁu[n]/ |
| English | honor (v.) | wine-cup |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 尊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 17984 |
| Phonetic component | 尊 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 尊 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsuːn/ |

### Definitions

尊
* to respect; to revere; to venerate
* to honor
* (historical) zun (a type of container for alcoholic beverage in historical China)
    alt. forms: 樽 (zūn), 鐏 / 𨱔 (zūn), 罇 / 樽 (zūn)
* Classifier for heavy and chiefly immobile artificial objects; colossuses. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    一尊巨像 ― yī zūn jùxiàng ― a colossal statue
    一尊大炮 ― yī zūn dàpào ― a large cannon
* your (honorfic)
    尊夫人 ― zūn fūrén ― your wife (honorfic)
* (ACG) glorious; marvelous; wonderful

#### Synonyms

* (respect): 敬 (jìng), 崇 (chóng), 重 (zhòng)
* (respectable): 崇 (chóng)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “respect”): 鄙 (bǐ), 蔑 (miè), 藐 (miǎo)

### Compounds

* 上尊
* 不動尊 / 不动尊
* 世尊 (Shìzūn)
* 九五之尊 (jiǔwǔzhīzūn)
* 二足尊
* 仁尊
* 令尊 (lìngzūn)
* 令尊大人
* 位尊勢重 / 位尊势重
* 倒清尊
* 傍尊
* 元始天尊
* 勞尊重 / 劳尊重
* 匏尊 (páozūn)
* 唯吾獨尊 / 唯吾独尊
* 唯我獨尊 / 唯我独尊 (wéiwǒdúzūn)
* 堂尊
* 太尊
* 天尊 (tiānzūn)
* 妄自尊大 (wàngzìzūndà)
* 安富尊榮 / 安富尊荣
* 定於一尊 / 定于一尊 (dìngyúyīzūn)
* 家尊 (jiāzūn)
* 尊上
* 尊人
* 尊俎
* 尊像
* 尊兄
* 尊公
* 尊前
* 尊前集
* 尊卑 (zūnbēi)
* 尊古卑今
* 尊君
* 尊命 (zūnmìng)
* 尊嚴 / 尊严 (zūnyán)
* 尊嚴死 / 尊严死
* 尊堂
* 尊大君
* 尊夫人 (zūnfūrén)
* 尊姓大名 (zūnxìngdàmíng)
* 尊嫜
* 尊官厚祿 / 尊官厚禄
* 尊容 (zūnróng)
* 尊宿 (zūnsù)
* 尊崇 (zūnchóng)
* 尊己卑人
* 尊師 / 尊师 (zūnshī)
* 尊師貴道 / 尊师贵道
* 尊師重道 / 尊师重道 (zūnshīzhòngdào)
* 尊年尚齒 / 尊年尚齿
* 尊府 (zūnfǔ)
* 尊敬 (zūnjìng)
* 尊榮 / 尊荣 (zūnróng)
* 尊王攘夷 (zūnwángrǎngyí)
* 尊甫
* 尊相
* 尊稱 / 尊称 (zūnchēng)
* 尊紀 / 尊纪
* 尊翁 (zūnwēng)
* 尊老
* 尊者 (zūnzhě)
* 尊號 / 尊号 (zūnhào)
* 尊親屬 / 尊亲属
* 尊貴 / 尊贵 (zūnguì)
* 尊賢使能 / 尊贤使能
* 尊賢愛物 / 尊贤爱物
* 尊重 (zūnzhòng)
* 尊鑒 / 尊鉴
* 尊長 / 尊长 (zūnzhǎng)
* 尊門 / 尊门
* 尊閫 / 尊阃
* 尊顏 / 尊颜 (zūnyán)
* 尊顯 / 尊显
* 尊駕 / 尊驾 (zūnjià)
* 屈尊 (qūzūn)
* 屈尊敬賢 / 屈尊敬贤
* 師嚴道尊 / 师严道尊
* 師尊 / 师尊 (shīzūn)
* 師道尊嚴 / 师道尊严 (shīdàozūnyán)
* 府尊
* 德尊望重
* 德隆望尊
* 推尊 (tuīzūn)
* 放尊重
* 敝屣尊榮 / 敝屣尊荣
* 敬老尊賢 / 敬老尊贤
* 旁尊
* 本尊 (běnzūn)
* 毒手尊拳
* 汙尊 / 污尊
* 烏尊 / 乌尊 (Wūzūn)
* 犧尊 / 牺尊
* 獨尊 / 独尊 (dúzūn)
* 獻尊 / 献尊
* 男尊女卑 (nánzūnnǚbēi)
* 目無尊長 / 目无尊长 (mùwúzūnzhǎng)
* 萬乘之尊 / 万乘之尊
* 紆尊降貴 / 纡尊降贵 (yūzūnjiàngguì)
* 縣尊 / 县尊
* 老尊
* 老尊堂
* 老行尊
* 聚寶尊王 / 聚宝尊王
* 聽憑尊便 / 听凭尊便 (tīngpíngzūnbiàn)
* 自尊 (zìzūn)
* 自尊心 (zìzūnxīn)
* 自尊自大
* 至尊 (zhìzūn)
* 至尊至貴 / 至尊至贵
* 識才尊賢 / 识才尊贤
* 貴無常尊 / 贵无常尊
* 賢尊 / 贤尊
* 辭尊居卑 / 辞尊居卑
* 迦葉尊者 / 迦叶尊者
* 道尊
* 達尊 / 达尊
* 長幼尊卑 / 长幼尊卑 (zhǎngyòuzūnbēi)
* 阿尊事貴 / 阿尊事贵
* 降貴紆尊 / 降贵纡尊
* 雞肋尊拳 / 鸡肋尊拳
* 養尊處優 / 养尊处优 (yǎngzūnchǔyōu)
* 鰲裡奪尊 / 鳌里夺尊
* 齒尊 / 齿尊

### Related terms

* 樽 (zūn)

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: tôn (尊)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 尊 |
| Kyūjitai | 尊󠄂 尊+&#xE0102; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 尊󠄄 尊+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* noble, precious
* exalt, revere
* indicates respect and reverence, such as to a buddha or nobleman

#### Readings

* Go-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
* Kun: たっとい (tattoi, 尊い, Jōyō)、たっとぶ (tattobu, 尊ぶ, Jōyō)、とうとい (tōtoi, 尊い, Jōyō)、とうとぶ (tōtobu, 尊ぶ, Jōyō)、みこと (mikoto, 尊)
* Nanori: たか (taka)、たかし (takashi)、たけ (take)

#### Compounds

* 尊(そん)翰(かん) (sonkan)
* 尊(そん)顔(がん) (songan)
* 尊(そん)敬(きょう) (sonkyō, “respect, honor”)
* 尊(そん)兄(けい) (sonkei, “(honorific) older brother”)
* 尊(そん)敬(けい) (sonkei, “respect”)
** 尊(そん)敬(けい)語(ご) (sonkeigo, “honorific language”)
* 尊(そん)厳(げん) (songen, “dignity”)
* 尊(そん)称(しょう) (sonshō, “honorific title”)
* 尊(そん)心(しん) (sonshin)
* 尊(そん)崇(すう) (sonsū), 尊(そん)崇(そう) (sonsō, “reverence, veneration”)
* 尊(そん)属(ぞく) (sonzoku, “direct ancestors”)
* 尊(そん)体(たい) (sontai, “(honorific) one's health”)
* 尊(そん)大(だい) (sondai, “haughty, arrogant”)
* 尊(そん)重(ちょう) (sonchō, “respect”)
* 尊(そん)卑(ぴ) (sonpi)
* 尊(そん)父(ぷ) (sonpu)
* 尊(そん)慮(りょ) (sonryo)
* 三(さん)尊(そん) (sanson)
* 三(さん)尊(ぞん) (Sanzon)
* 至(し)尊(そん) (shison)
* 自(じ)尊(そん) (jison)
** 自(じ)尊(そん)心(しん) (jisonshin)
* 釈(しゃく)尊(そん) (Shakuson)
* 世(せ)尊(そん) (Seson)
* 追(つい)尊(そん) (tsuison)
* 独(どく)尊(そん) (dokuson)
** 天(てん)上(じょう)天(てん)下(げ)唯(ゆい)我(が)独(どく)尊(そん) (tenjō tenge yuiga dokuson)
* 本(ほん)尊(ぞん) (honzon), 本(ほ)尊(ぞん) (hozon)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 尊
* みこと Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese.
Derived from 御 (mi-, honorific prefix) +‎ 事 (koto, “thing, matter”).

#### Alternative forms

* 命

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みこと [mìkótó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲiko̞to̞]

#### Noun

尊(みこと) • (mikoto)
* (Shinto) indicates respect and reverence, such as to the 神 (kami, “Shinto deity”) or the 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor of Japan”): Highness
* (by extension) indicates respect to a superior or other high-ranking person
* indicates deep affection: beloved
** 711–712, Kojiki, poem 4:
    ...和加久佐能(わかくさの)都麻能(つまの)美許登(みこと)許登能(ことの)加多理碁登母(かたりごとも)許遠婆(こをば) [Man'yōgana]
    ...若草(わかくさ)の妻(つま)のみこと事(こと)の語(かた)り言(ごと)もこをば [Modern spelling]

##### Derived terms

* 天(あま)つ尊(みこと) (Amatsumikoto)
* 天(あめの)忍(おし)穂(ほ)耳(みみの)尊(みこと) (Amenōshihomimi no Mikoto)
* 天(あまの)常(とこ)立(たちの)尊(みこと) (Amanotokotachi no Mikoto)
* 天(あめ)命(みこと)開(ひらかす)別(わけの)尊(みこと) (Amemikoto Hirakasuwake no Mikoto)
* 伊弉(いざ)諾(なぎの)尊(みこと) (Izanagi no Mikoto)
* 伊弉(いざ)冉(なみの)尊(みこと) (Izanami no Mikoto)
* 鸕鷀(う)草葺(がやふき)不合(あえずの)尊(みこと) (Ugayafukiaezu no Mikoto)
* 小(お)碓(うすの)尊(みこと) (Ōsu no Mikoto)
* 置瀬(おきせの)尊(みこと) (Okise no Mikoto)
* 草(くさ)分(わけの)尊(みこと) (Kusawake no Mikoto)
* 国(くにの)常(とこ)立(たち)尊(のみこと) (Kuninotokotachi no Mikoto), 国(くにの)底(そこ)立(たちの)尊(みこと) (Kuninosokotachi no Mikoto)
* 素(す)戔(さの)嗚(おの)尊(みこと) (Susanō no Mikoto)
* 天皇(すめらみこと), 皇尊(すめらみこと) (sumeramikoto)
* 高皇産霊(たかみむすひの)尊(みこと) (Takamimusuhi no Mikoto)
* 月(つき)読(よみの)尊(みこと), 月(つき)夜(よ)見(みの)尊(みこと) (Tsukiyomi no Mikoto)
* 豊斟(とよくむ)渟(ねの)尊(みこと) (Toyokumune no Mikoto)
* 瓊瓊(にに)杵(ぎの)尊(みこと) (Ninigi no Mikoto)
* 彦(ひこ)火火出(ほほで)見(みの)尊(みこと) (Hikohohodemi no Mikoto)
* 皇子(みこの)尊(みこと) (miko no mikoto)
* 御孫(みまの)尊(みこと) (mima no mikoto)
* 日本(やまと)武(たけるの)尊(みこと) (Yamato Takeru no Mikoto)

#### Pronoun

尊(みこと) • (mikoto)
* (archaic, derogatory) second person personal pronoun: you
    Synonyms: あんた (anta), お前様 (omae-sama), 貴様 (kisama)
* (archaic) third person pronoun
    Synonyms: お方 (o-kata), 人 (hito)

##### Derived terms

* 我(わ)尊(みこと), 和(わ)尊(みこと) (wamikoto)

#### Proper noun

尊(みこと) • (Mikoto)
* a male given name
* a female given name

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 尊
* とうと Grade: 6
* kun'yomi
⟨taputo$_1$⟩ → */taputʷo/ → /tafuto/ → /tauto/ → /tɔːto/ → /toːto/
From Old Japanese.
Stem of classical adjective 尊し (tafutoshi → tōtoshi), modern 尊い (tōtoi, “precious, sacred”).

#### Alternative forms

* 貴

#### Noun

尊(とうと) • (tōto)
* respect, reverence
** 1702, Oku no Hosomichi:あらたうと　青(あを)葉(ば)若(わか)葉(ば)の　日(ひ)の光(ひかり)ara-tōto, aoba wakaba no, hi no hikari(please add an English translation of this example)(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Derived terms

* 尊(とうと)がる (tōtogaru)
* 尊(とうと)ぶ (tōtobu)
* 尊(とうと)む (tōtomu)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 尊
* そん Grade: 6
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 尊 (MC tswon).
Compare modern Mandarin 尊 (zūn).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そん [sóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [sõ̞ɴ]
* Pronunciation for suffix sense unknown.

#### Noun

尊(そん) • (son)
* a superior
* (historical) zun: an ancient wine vessel usually made of bronze

#### Counter

尊(そん) • (-son)
* (Buddhism) counter for buddhas

#### Proper noun

尊(そん) • (Son)
* a male or female given name

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 尊
* Grade: 6
* irregular
Nominalization of classical adjective 高し (takashi), modern 高い (takai, “high”).

#### Proper noun

尊(たかし) • (Takashi)
* a male given name

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 尊
* Grade: 6
* irregular
Various theories exist, possibly a nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

#### Proper noun

尊(たける) • (Takeru)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ “尊”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

尊 (eumhun 높을 존 (nopeul jon))
* hanja form of 존 (“respect; revere; veneration”)

#### Compounds

* 존경 (尊敬, jon'gyeong, “admiration; respect”)
* 존대 (尊待, jondae, “respect; deference”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

尊: Hán Việt readings: tôn (祖(tổ)昆(côn)切(thiết))
尊: Nôm readings: tôn, nhôn, ton, chun, tông, tun
* chữ Hán form of tôn (“to respect”).

#### Compounds

* 尊師 (tôn sư)
* 尊敬 (tôn kính)
* 尊重 (tôn trọng)

### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).