OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# облыс
## Kazakh
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian о́бласть f (óblastʹ, “a region, an oblast”), from Old Church Slavonic область f (oblastĭ, “power, jurisdiction”), from Proto-Slavic *obvolstь f.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈob.ləs/, [ˈwo̞b.ɫɤ̹s]
* Hyphenation: об‧лыс

### Noun

облыс • (oblys)
* a region, an oblast (first-level administrative division of Kazakhstan, Russia, and several other countries)
    Былтыр облысқа 7 мыңға жуық адам көшіп келді.Byltyr oblysqa 7 myñğa juyq adam köşıp keldı.Last year, approximately 7 thousand people have moved into the oblast.

#### Derived terms

* облыстық (oblystyq, “regional”)
# მალაიზია
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [maɫaizia]
* Hyphenation: მა‧ლა‧ი‧ზია

### Proper noun

მალაიზია • (malaizia)
* Malaysia (a country in Southeast Asia)

#### Declension

Declension of მალაიზია (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular |
| nominative | მალაიზია (malaizia) |
| ergative | მალაიზიამ (malaiziam) |
| dative | მალაიზიას(ა) (malaizias(a)) |
| genitive | მალაიზიის(ა) (malaiziis(a)) |
| instrumental | მალაიზიით(ა) (malaiziit(a)) |
| adverbial | მალაიზიად(ა) (malaiziad(a)) |
| vocative | მალაიზიავ (malaiziav) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of მალაიზია (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | მალაიზიაზე (malaiziaze) | |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | მალაიზიასთან (malaiziastan) | |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | მალაიზიაში (malaiziaši) | |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | მალაიზიასავით (malaiziasavit) | |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | მალაიზიისთვის (malaiziistvis) | |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | მალაიზიისებრ (malaiziisebr) | |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | მალაიზიისკენ (malaiziisḳen) | |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | მალაიზიისგან (malaiziisgan) | |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | მალაიზიისადმი (malaiziisadmi) | |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | მალაიზიიდან (malaiziidan) | |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | მალაიზიითურთ (malaiziiturt) | |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | მალაიზიამდე (malaiziamde) | |
# karū
## Livonian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Estonian karu.

### Noun

karū
* bear

#### Synonyms

* okš
# 蹴飛ばし
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 蹴 | 飛 |
| け Grade: S | と Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Etymology

Compound of 蹴 (ke, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 蹴る (keru, “to kick”)) +‎ 飛ばし (tobashi, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 飛ばす (tobasu, “to fly”)).

### Noun

蹴(け)飛(と)ばし • (ketobashi)
* [from 1915] (thief cant) horsemeat
    Synonym: 馬肉 (baniku, standard)

### References

* Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002) 日本国語大辞典　第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
# 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어질 때가 있다
## Korean
### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [wʌ̹nsʰuŋido̞ na̠mue̞sʰʌ̹ t͈ʌ̹ɾʌ̹d͡ʑiɭ t͈ɛɡa̠ it̚t͈a̠] ~ [wʌ̹nsʰuŋido̞ na̠mue̞sʰʌ̹ t͈ʌ̹ɾʌ̹d͡ʑiɭ t͈e̞ɡa̠ it̚t͈a̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [원숭이도 나무에서 떠러질 때가 읻따/원숭이도 나무에서 떠러질 떼가 읻따]

### Noun

원숭이도 나무에서 떨어질 때가 있다 • (wonsung'ido namueseo tteoreojil ttaega itda)
* Alternative form of 원숭이도 나무에서 떨어진다 (wonsung'ido namueseo tteoreojinda)
# 鷄芒毹
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 鷄芒毹 – see 雞芒毹 (“goosebumps”). (This term is a variant traditional form of 雞芒毹).
# išdum
## Akkadian
### Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *ʔišd- (backside, lower leg, base, foundation). Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎛𐎌𐎄 (ỉšd), as well as Arabic Arabic أس (uss, “base (also in algebra)”), Arabic أساس (asās, “base, basis, foundation”), Arabic است (ist, “base, foundation, buttocks, rump”). Compare also Arabic وِسَادَة (wisāda, “pillow”) and Biblical Hebrew יְסוֹד (yəsóḏ).

### Pronunciation

* (Old Babylonian) IPA: /ˈiʃ.dum/

### Noun

išdum m (construct state išid, dual išdān, plural išdātum f) (from Old Akkadian on)
* base, foundation, bottom
    𒄿𒅆𒀉 𒀭𒂊 [išid šamê] ― i-ši-id AN-e ― horizon
* (of persons) discipline
    𒁁𒂖 𒅖𒁲𒅔 [bēl išdīn] ― be-el iš-di-in ― disciplined person
* lower extremities
* administration, organization of a government

#### Alternative forms

* išdu (non-mimated)
* ešdum, ešdu
* ušdum, ušdu
* ištum (Old Babylonian)
* ildu, irdu (Middle Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian)
* issu (Neo-Assyrian)

#### Related terms

* bēl išdīn

### References

* “išdu”, in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)‎, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1956–2011
* Black, Jeremy, George, Andrew, Postgate, Nicholas (2000) “išdu(m)”, in A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, 2nd corrected edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
# Cornouaille
## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French Cornuaille, from Old French Cornuaille, from Early Medieval Latin Cornugallēnsis, of Celtic/Brythonic origin, corresponding to Proto-Brythonic *Körnɨw + the Germanic wealas (“Romans, Celts”) (see wealh). More at Cornouaille.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɔʁ.nwaj/
* Homophone: Cornouailles

### Proper noun

Cornouaille f
* A region of Brittany, France

#### See also

* Breton: Kernev
* Cornish: Kernow
* English: Cornwall
* French: Cornouailles

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “Cornwall”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French Cornuaille.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Proper noun

Cornouaille f
* (Jersey) Cornwall (A maritime county of England; forming its south-western extremity, bordered by Devon in the east)
# მამამთილი
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mamamtʰili]

### Noun

მამამთილი • (mamamtili) (plural მამამთილები)
* father-in-law, more specifically one's husband's father

#### Declension

Declension of მამამთილი (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular | plural | archaic plural |
| nominative | მამამთილი (mamamtili) | მამამთილები (mamamtilebi) | მამამთილნი (mamamtilni) |
| ergative | მამამთილმა (mamamtilma) | მამამთილებმა (mamamtilebma) | მამამთილთ(ა) (mamamtilt(a)) |
| dative | მამამთილს(ა) (mamamtils(a)) | მამამთილებს(ა) (mamamtilebs(a)) | მამამთილთ(ა) (mamamtilt(a)) |
| genitive | მამამთილის(ა) (mamamtilis(a)) | მამამთილების(ა) (mamamtilebis(a)) | მამამთილთ(ა) (mamamtilt(a)) |
| instrumental | მამამთილით(ა) (mamamtilit(a)) | მამამთილებით(ა) (mamamtilebit(a)) | |
| adverbial | მამამთილად(ა) (mamamtilad(a)) | მამამთილებად(ა) (mamamtilebad(a)) | |
| vocative | მამამთილო (mamamtilo) | მამამთილებო (mamamtilebo) | მამამთილნო (mamamtilno) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of მამამთილი (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | მამამთილზე (mamamtilze) | მამამთილებზე (mamamtilebze) |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | მამამთილთან (mamamtiltan) | მამამთილებთან (mamamtilebtan) |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | მამამთილში (mamamtilši) | მამამთილებში (mamamtilebši) |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | მამამთილივით (mamamtilivit) | მამამთილებივით (mamamtilebivit) |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | მამამთილისთვის (mamamtilistvis) | მამამთილებისთვის (mamamtilebistvis) |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | მამამთილისებრ (mamamtilisebr) | მამამთილებისებრ (mamamtilebisebr) |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | მამამთილისკენ (mamamtilisḳen) | მამამთილებისკენ (mamamtilebisḳen) |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | მამამთილისგან (mamamtilisgan) | მამამთილებისგან (mamamtilebisgan) |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | მამამთილისადმი (mamamtilisadmi) | მამამთილებისადმი (mamamtilebisadmi) |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | მამამთილიდან (mamamtilidan) | მამამთილებიდან (mamamtilebidan) |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | მამამთილითურთ (mamamtiliturt) | მამამთილებითურთ (mamamtilebiturt) |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | მამამთილამდე (mamamtilamde) | მამამთილებამდე (mamamtilebamde) |
# partridge-wood
## English
### Alternative forms

* partridge wood

### Noun

partridge-wood (uncountable)
* A hard variegated wood from a tree species of Brazil and the West Indies (Andira inermis), used in cabinet-work.
* Panga panga (Millettia stuhlmannii)

### References

* “partridge-wood”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* partridge-wood on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀
## Javanese
### Alternative forms

* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦏ꧀ (ambek)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /am.bək/
* Rhymes: -bək
* Hyphenation: am‧beg

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Javanese ambĕk (“inner man, mind or heart, inner disposition or attitude, character; inclination, desire, intention”).

#### Noun

ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ (ambeg)
* character
* (dialect) arrogance

##### Derived terms

* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦢꦂꦩ (ambeg darma)
* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦥꦠꦶ (ambeg pati)
* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦮꦤꦶ (ambeg wani)
* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ (ambeg welas)
* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦱꦶꦪ (ambeg siya)
* ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ꦱꦸꦫ (ambeg sura)

##### Descendants

* → Indonesian: ambek

### Etymology 2

Unknown (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ (ambeg)
* breath

#### Verb

ꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦒ꧀ (ambeg)
* to breathe

### Further reading

* “ambeg” in Javanese-Indonesian Dictionary [Kamus Bahasa Jawa-Indonesia], Yogyakarta, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta Special [Balai Bahasa Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta], 2023.
# kłapie
## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkwa.pjɛ/
* Rhymes: -apjɛ
* Syllabification: kła‧pie
* Homophone: kłapię

### Verb

kłapie
* third-person singular present of kłapać
# ژ

| ژ | U+0698, &#1688; ARABIC LETTER JEH |
| ← ڗ [U+0697] | Arabic | ڙ → [U+0699] |
| ﮊ | U+FB8A, &#64394; ARABIC LETTER JEH ISOLATED FORM |
| ← ﮉ [U+FB89] | Arabic Presentation Forms-A | ﮋ → [U+FB8B] |
| ﮋ | U+FB8B, &#64395; ARABIC LETTER JEH FINAL FORM |
| ← ﮊ [U+FB8A] | Arabic Presentation Forms-A | ﮌ → [U+FB8C] |

## Balti
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡s/, [t͡s]

### Letter

ژ (ts)
* The twenty-third letter of the Balti alphabet, written in the Perso-Arabic script

## Burushaski
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dʐ/, [ɖʐ~ʐ]

### Letter

ژ (j)
* The twenty-second letter of the Burushaski alphabet, written in the Perso-Arabic script

## Kashmiri
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /t͡seː/
* (phoneme): IPA: /t͡s/

### Letter

ژ • (ċ)
* The twenty-first letter of the traditional alphabet chart of Kashmiri.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز (z)
* Next letter: ژھ (ċh)

## Khowar
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ʒe/
* (phoneme): IPA: /ʒ/

### Letter

ژ (že)
* The twenty-first letter of the Khowar abjad.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز
* Next letter: ݱ

## Malayalam
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ɻa/
* (phoneme): IPA: /ɻ/

### Letter

ژ • (ḻa)
* The 45th letter of the Malayalam Arabic script. It represents the Malayalam letter ഴ. The Arabic script is rarely used to write Malayalam.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

## Pashto
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ʒe/
* (phoneme): IPA: /ʒ/

### Letter

ژ • (že)
* The nineteenth letter of the Pashto alphabet.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز
* Next letter: ږ

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʒ/

### Letter

ژ / ژ‍ / ﮋ / ‍ﮋ • (že)
* The fourteenth letter of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. It is preceded by ز and followed by س. Its name is ژه or ژِ.

### See also

* Wikipedia article on the Persian alphabet
* Search for entries beginning with ژ

## Punjabi
### Alternative forms

* Gurmukhi letter: ਜ਼ (za), ਜ਼਼, ਝ਼

### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /zeː/, /seː/, /ʒeː/
* (phoneme):
    (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /z/
    (rustic) IPA: /d͡ʒ/
    (hyperformal) IPA: /ʒ/

### Letter

ژ • (že)
* The seventeenth letter of Punjabi in the Shahmukhi script.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
| ژ | ـژ | ـژـ | ژـ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز (zē)
* Next letter: س (sīn)

## Urdu
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ʒeː/, [ʒeː], [zeː]
* (phoneme): IPA: /ʒ/, [ʒ], [z]

### Letter

ژ • (že)
* The seventeenth letter of the Urdu abjad.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز (z)
* Next letter: س (s)

## Uyghur
### Pronunciation

* (letter name): IPA: /ʒe/
* (phoneme): IPA: /ʒ/

### Letter

ژ • (zhe)
* The twelfth letter of the Uyghur alphabet.

#### Forms

| Isolated form | Final form |
| ژ | ـژ |

#### See also

* Previous letter: ز (z)
* Next letter: س (s)
# provinche
## Norman
### Alternative forms

* provînche (Jersey)

### Etymology

From Latin prōvincia.

### Noun

provinche f (plural provinches)
* (France) province
# მანია
## Georgian
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek μανία (manía).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mania]

### Noun

მანია • (mania) (uncountable)
* craze, mania

#### Declension

Declension of მანია (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular |
| nominative | მანია (mania) |
| ergative | მანიამ (maniam) |
| dative | მანიას(ა) (manias(a)) |
| genitive | მანიის(ა) (maniis(a)) |
| instrumental | მანიით(ა) (maniit(a)) |
| adverbial | მანიად(ა) (maniad(a)) |
| vocative | მანიავ (maniav) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of მანია (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | მანიაზე (maniaze) | |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | მანიასთან (maniastan) | |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | მანიაში (maniaši) | |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | მანიასავით (maniasavit) | |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | მანიისთვის (maniistvis) | |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | მანიისებრ (maniisebr) | |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | მანიისკენ (maniisḳen) | |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | მანიისგან (maniisgan) | |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | მანიისადმი (maniisadmi) | |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | მანიიდან (maniidan) | |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | მანიითურთ (maniiturt) | |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | მანიამდე (maniamde) | |
# kannkere
## Yoruba
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kã̄.ŋ̄.ké.ɾé/

### Noun

kann̄kéré
* Alternative form of kankéré (“concrete”)

### Verb

kann̄kéré
* Alternative form of kankéré (“to fill something up with concrete; eat a lot”)
# craziness
## English
### Etymology

From crazy +‎ -ness.

### Noun

craziness (usually uncountable, plural crazinesses)
* (uncountable) The state of being crazy; madness; derangement
* (archaic, uncountable) The state of being broken down or weakened
    the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs
* (countable) The result or product of being crazy.

#### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
# λαμπάδιον
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lam.pá.di.on/ → /lamˈpa.ði.on/ → /lamˈba.ði.on/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /lam.pá.di.on/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /lamˈpa.di.on/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /lamˈpa.ði.on/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /lamˈpa.ði.on/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /lamˈba.ði.on/

### Etymology 1

From λαμπάς (lampás) +‎ -ιον (-ion, diminutive suffix).

#### Noun

λαμπάδῐον • (lampádĭon) n (genitive λαμπᾰδίου); second declension
* a small torch
* a bandage for wounds

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* λαμπάδιον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* λαμπάδιον, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
* “λαμπάδιον”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* λαμπάδιον in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. bandage idem, page 60.swathe idem, page 847.

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

λαμπάδῐον • (lampádĭon)
* inflection of λαμπάδιος (lampádios):
** masculine accusative singular
** neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular
# 上雞芒毹
## Chinese

| | | up; on; on topup; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up | goosebumps |
| trad. (上雞芒毹/上鷄芒毹) | trad. (上雞芒毹/上鷄芒毹) | 上 | 雞芒毹/鷄芒毹 |
| simp. (上鸡芒毹) | simp. (上鸡芒毹) | 上 | 鸡芒毹 |

### Pronunciation

* Puxian Min (Xianyou, Pouseng Ping'ing): ciuⁿ$^5$ ge$^1$ mng$^2$ zou$^2$
* Puxian Min
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ciuⁿ$^5$ ge$^1$ mng$^2$ zou$^2$ [Phonetic: ciuⁿ$^5$ ge$^5$ mng$^5$ zou$^2$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰĩũ²¹ ke⁵³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍¹³⁻²¹ t͡sɔu¹³/

### Verb

上⫽雞芒毹 (verb-object)
* (Xianyou Puxian Min) to have goosebumps

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 起雞皮疙瘩兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 出雞兒疙瘩 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 起雞皮疙瘩子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 起雞皮疙瘩, 起雞皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 起雞肉皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 肉毛管起, 肉酸 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 起雞皮, 起雞皮皺, 毛管戙, 毛管鬆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 起雞皮, 毛管戙 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 起雞皮米, 雞皮米聳, 雞皮米粟 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 起雞皮 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 起雞婆皮, 起寒毛子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 起雞嫲皮 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 起寒毛菇, 起雞嫲皮 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 起寒毛菇, 起雞嫲皮 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 起寒毛菇, 雞嫲皮膨膨起 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 起雞嫲皮, 雞嫲皮膨膨起 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 起寒毛菇, 起雞嫲皮 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 起雞嫲皮 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 毛孔合合豎 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 發疙瘩 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 毛管鬆去, 毛鬆管制 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 起雞母皮 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 起雞母皮 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 雞母皮浮, 浮雞母皮 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 起雞皮 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 起雞母皮, 上雞肉毹 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 上雞祖 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 起雞母皮, 上雞芒毹 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 起肉毛管 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 筋肉痱子走來 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 起雞皮疙瘩 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 毛管隑起 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 寒毛管豎挈來 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 起雞皮它 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 起雞皮痆 |

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “上鸡芒毹”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 105.
# जळणे
## Marathi
### Etymology

* Marathi verb set
* जळणे (j̈aḷṇe)
* जाळणे (j̈āḷṇe)
Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘕𑘯𑘜𑘹 (jaḷaṇe), from Apabhramsa जलइ (jalaï), from Prakrit जलइ (jalaï), from Sanskrit ज्वलति (jválati).
Cognate with Konkani जळ्चे (j̈aḷce), Gujarati જળવું (jaḷvũ), Hindi जलना (jalnā), Punjabi ਜਲਣਾ / جَلݨا (jalṇā), Nepali जल्नु (jalnu), Assamese জলা (zola).

### Pronunciation

* (formal) IPA: /d͡zəɭ̆.ɳe/
* (colloquial) IPA: /d͡zəɭ̆.ɳə/
* Hyphenation: जळ‧णे
* Rhymes: -e

### Verb

जळणे • (jaḷṇe) (intransitive)
* to burn, to be on fire

### See also

* भाजणे (bhāj̈ṇe)

### Further reading

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जळणे”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary‎, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, page 49
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “जळणें”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press, page 311
* दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “जळणें”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ), page 1284.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jválati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 292

## Old Marathi
### Verb

जळणे (jaḷaṇe) (intransitive)
* Devanagari script form of 𑘕𑘯𑘜𑘹
# comuna
## English
### Noun

comuna (plural comunas)
* The smallest administrative subdivision in Chile.

## Catalan
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [kuˈmu.nə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [koˈmu.na]
* Rhymes: -una

### Noun

comuna f (plural comunes)
* toilet

### Adjective

comuna
* feminine singular of comú

### Further reading

* “comuna” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “comuna”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “comuna” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “comuna” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /koˈmũ.nɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /koˈmũ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /koˈmu.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kuˈmu.nɐ/
* Rhymes: (Brazil) -ũnɐ, (Portugal) -unɐ
* Hyphenation: co‧mu‧na

### Etymology 1

From French commune.

#### Alternative forms

* communa (pre-standardization spelling)

#### Noun

comuna f (plural comunas)
* commune (municipality-level subdivision in some countries)
* commune (small rural community whose members share ownership of property)
* a group of people who share an ideology and work together

### Etymology 2

Clipping of comunista (“communist”).

#### Noun

comuna m or f by sense (plural comunas)
* (derogatory) commie; red

### Further reading

* “comuna”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “comuna”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
* “comuna” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “comuna”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “comuna”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
* “comuna”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [koˈmuna]

### Noun

comuna f
* definite nominative/accusative singular of comună

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /koˈmuna/ [koˈmu.na]
* Rhymes: -una
* Syllabification: co‧mu‧na

### Noun

comuna f (plural comunas)
* commune

#### Related terms

* comunal

### Further reading

* “comuna”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10