# -ula
## Translingual
### Etymology

From Latin -ula. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.

### Suffix

-ula
* Used to form taxonomic names, usually of genera; small-.

#### Derived terms

* See -ula at Wikispecies.

## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ula. Doublet of -ule.

### Suffix

-ula
* Forming diminutive nouns.
    ‎marimba + ‎-ula → ‎marimbula
    ‎ameba + ‎-ula → ‎amebula

#### Usage notes

* The suffix is not very productive in English and most common in words directly borrowed from Latin.

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ “-ula, suffix”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

## Czech
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Unproductive suffix in Czech. Compare Russian -у́ля (-úlja) and Polish -ula.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ ula]

### Suffix

-ula f
* forms feminine nouns, usually endearing
    ‎papať + ‎-ula → ‎papula
    ‎šikovný + ‎-ula → ‎šikula

#### Declension
### Further reading

* -ula in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Finnish
### Etymology

-u +‎ -la

### Suffix

-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)
* Forms diminutive nouns.

#### Usage notes

* The suffix is productive. See, for instance, vempula.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of -ula (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ulani
-ulani
accusative
nom.
-ulani
-ulani
gen.
-ulani
genitive
-ulani
-uloideni -uloitteni -ulaini $^{rare}$
partitive
-ulaani
-uloitani
inessive
-ulassani
-uloissani
elative
-ulastani
-uloistani
illative
-ulaani
-uloihini
adessive
-ulallani
-uloillani
ablative
-ulaltani
-uloiltani
allative
-ulalleni
-uloilleni
essive
-ulanani
-uloinani
translative
-ulakseni
-uloikseni
abessive
-ulattani
-uloittani
instructive
comitative
—-uloineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ulasi
-ulasi
accusative
nom.
-ulasi
-ulasi
gen.
-ulasi
genitive
-ulasi
-uloidesi -uloittesi -ulaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
-ulaasi
-uloitasi
inessive
-ulassasi
-uloissasi
elative
-ulastasi
-uloistasi
illative
-ulaasi
-uloihisi
adessive
-ulallasi
-uloillasi
ablative
-ulaltasi
-uloiltasi
allative
-ulallesi
-uloillesi
essive
-ulanasi
-uloinasi
translative
-ulaksesi
-uloiksesi
abessive
-ulattasi
-uloittasi
instructive
comitative
—-uloinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ulamme
-ulamme
accusative
nom.
-ulamme
-ulamme
gen.
-ulamme
genitive
-ulamme
-uloidemme -uloittemme -ulaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
-ulaamme
-uloitamme
inessive
-ulassamme
-uloissamme
elative
-ulastamme
-uloistamme
illative
-ulaamme
-uloihimme
adessive
-ulallamme
-uloillamme
ablative
-ulaltamme
-uloiltamme
allative
-ulallemme
-uloillemme
essive
-ulanamme
-uloinamme
translative
-ulaksemme
-uloiksemme
abessive
-ulattamme
-uloittamme
instructive
comitative
—-uloinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ulanne
-ulanne
accusative
nom.
-ulanne
-ulanne
gen.
-ulanne
genitive
-ulanne
-uloidenne -uloittenne -ulainne $^{rare}$
partitive
-ulaanne
-uloitanne
inessive
-ulassanne
-uloissanne
elative
-ulastanne
-uloistanne
illative
-ulaanne
-uloihinne
adessive
-ulallanne
-uloillanne
ablative
-ulaltanne
-uloiltanne
allative
-ulallenne
-uloillenne
essive
-ulananne
-uloinanne
translative
-ulaksenne
-uloiksenne
abessive
-ulattanne
-uloittanne
instructive
comitative
—-uloinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ulansa
-ulansa
accusative
nom.
-ulansa
-ulansa
gen.
-ulansa
genitive
-ulansa
-uloidensa -uloittensa -ulainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
-ulaansa
-uloitaan -uloitansa
inessive
-ulassaan -ulassansa
-uloissaan -uloissansa
elative
-ulastaan -ulastansa
-uloistaan -uloistansa
illative
-ulaansa
-uloihinsa
adessive
-ulallaan -ulallansa
-uloillaan -uloillansa
ablative
-ulaltaan -ulaltansa
-uloiltaan -uloiltansa
allative
-ulalleen -ulallensa
-uloilleen -uloillensa
essive
-ulanaan -ulanansa
-uloinaan -uloinansa
translative
-ulakseen -ulaksensa
-uloikseen -uloiksensa
abessive
-ulattaan -ulattansa
-uloittaan -uloittansa
instructive
comitative
—-uloineen -uloinensa :

#### Derived terms
## Latin
### Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.
The words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).
Alternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula.
Compare instrument nouns in -ulum.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /u.la/, [ʊɫ̪ä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /u.la/, [ulä] (stressed on the antepenult)

#### Suffix

-ula f (genitive -ulae); first declension
* Noun suffix denoting instrument.
    ‎regō + ‎-ula → ‎rēgula
    ‎tegō + ‎-ula → ‎tēgula

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* -ula: (Classical Latin) IPA: /u.la/, [ʊɫ̪ä]
* -ula: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /u.la/, [ulä]
* -ulā: (Classical Latin) IPA: /u.laː/, [ʊɫ̪äː]
* -ulā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /u.la/, [ulä]

#### Suffix

-ula
* inflection of -ulus:
** nominative/vocative feminine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

#### Suffix

-ulā
* ablative feminine singular of -ulus

### References

* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
* ↑ Nielsen, Benedicte (2004) “On Latin instrument-nouns in */-lo-/”, in James Clackson and Birgit Anette Olsen, editors, Indo-European Word Formation (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European; 2), Museum Tusculanum Press, pages 189-213
* ↑ Ranjan Sen (2015) Syllable and Segment in Latin, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 131-132, 152-153

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-uľa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈu.la/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ula
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ula f
* forms feminine nouns, usually endearing
    ‎baba + ‎-ula → ‎babula

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -ula in Polish dictionaries at PWN