# -at
## Albanian
### Etymology

Seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat Bushat. The [-t] as [-s] as both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. Toponym is considered a preservation of Illyrian *-atāi, attested in [Labeatai], [Docleatae], [Autoriatae], [Delmatae]. See -të

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at/

### Suffix

-at m (-at m)
* used to form toponyms. -ian

### References

* ↑ Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008
* ↑ Kulla, Ariola (2010) The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ātus.

### Suffix

-at (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -ata, masculine plural -ats, feminine plural -ates)
* forms the masculine singular past participle of verbs whose infinitives end in -ar
    ‎parlar (“to speak”) + ‎-at → ‎parlat (“spoken”)

### Suffix

-at (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ata, masculine plural -ats, feminine plural -ates)
* forms adjectives, from nouns, meaning “which contains the suffixed noun”
    ‎piga (“freckle”) + ‎-at → ‎pigat (“freckled”)

### Suffix

-at m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ats)
* forms nouns, from the names of types of professionals, meaning the position of being that type of professional; -dom
    ‎almirall (“admiral”) + ‎-at → ‎almirallat (“admiralty”)

### Further reading

* “-at”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “-at” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Czech
### Suffix

-at
* a common ending for many infinitive verbs

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -at in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Danish
### Etymology

From Latin -ātus.

### Suffix

-at n
* used to form nouns

#### Derived terms
### References

* “-at” in Den Danske Ordbog

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ātum, whence also English -ate, and the inherited French doublet -é.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a/

### Suffix

-at m (plural -ats)
* denotes an action or a result of an action
    ‎assassiner (“to assassinate”) + ‎-at → ‎assassinat (“assassination”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ é-; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ātum, whence also English -ate.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-at n
* -ate

#### Descendants

* → Russian: -ат (-at)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
** Cyrillic script: -ат
** Latin script: -at
* → Ukrainian: -ат (-at)

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɒt]
* Rhymes: -ɒt

### Etymology 1

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (causative suffix).

#### Suffix

-at
* (causative suffix) Added to a back-vowel verb (or extremely rarely to a noun) to form a verb with a meaning of let or make somebody do something.
    Synonyms: -tat/-tet, -aszt/-eszt/-öszt, -jt/-ajt/-ejt, -ít, -dít, (obsolete in this sense) -t
    ‎zár (“to close”) + ‎-at → ‎zárat (“to make someone close something or to have something closed”)

##### Usage notes

* (causative suffix) Variants:
    -at is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant + t and most monosyllabic words
       ‎vár (“to wait”) + ‎-at → ‎várat (“to have someone wait”)
    -et is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant + t and most monosyllabic words
       ‎kér (“to ask for”) + ‎-et → ‎kéret (“to have someone ask(ed) for; to summon someone [by ordering a servant to fetch him/her]”)
    -tat is added to back-vowel words ending in a vowel + t
       ‎tisztít (“to clean”) + ‎-tat → ‎tisztíttat (“to have someone clean or to have something cleaned”)
    -tet is added to front-vowel words ending in a vowel + t
       ‎keres (“to look for”) + ‎-tet → ‎kerestet (“to have someone look(ed) for”)

##### Further reading

* Műveltető (faktitív) “Factitive” in Kiefer, Ferenc (ed.). Strukturális magyar nyelvtan 3. Morfológia (“A structural grammar of Hungarian, Vol. 3. Morphology”), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2000.

### Etymology 2

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (noun-forming suffix).

#### Suffix

-at
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun, expressing the result of the action or sometimes a more abstract relation (compare -ás/-és).
    Synonym: -mány/-mény

##### Usage notes

* (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
    -at is added to back-vowel verbs
       ‎gondol (“to think”) + ‎-at → ‎gondolat (“a thought, an idea”)
       ‎mond (“to say”) + ‎-at → ‎mondat (“sentence”)
    -et is added to front-vowel verbs
       ‎dicsér (“to praise”) + ‎-et → ‎dicséret (“praise, commendation”)
       ‎él (“to live”) + ‎-et → ‎élet (“life”)
       ‎ítél (“to judge”) + ‎-et → ‎ítélet (“judgment”)
       ‎mér (“to measure”) + ‎-et → ‎méret (“measurement, size”)

##### Derived terms

* sarkalatos

### Etymology 3

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (accusative suffix).

#### Suffix

-at (accusative case suffix)
* Forms the accusative case for a certain group of back-vowel nouns and numerals, back-vowel past participles, most back-vowel adjectives, and all back-vowel forms following any other inflectional suffix(es).
    ház (“house”) → Vettem egy házat. ― I bought a house.
    okos (“smart, clever”) → okosat (“smart, clever [acc.]”)
    hány? (“how many”) → hányat? (“how many [acc.]”)
    három (“three”) → hármat (“three [acc.]”)
    ablakok (“windows”) → ablakokat (“windows [acc.]”)
    asztalom (“my desk/table”) → asztalomat (“my desk/table [acc.]”)
    nagyobb (“bigger”) → nagyobbat (“a/the bigger one [acc.]”)
    nyitott (“opened”) → nyitottat (“the opened one [acc.]”)

##### Usage notes

* (accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use -t. Variants:
    -t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final -o in foreign words changes to -ó-.
    -ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -at is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -et is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -∅ (zero form), optionally, after possessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well), except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”, -ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.
       Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅), kabátod(at/∅); kabátunk(at/∅), kabátotok(at/∅), kabátjuk(at/∅); kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.
    It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem, téged (“me, you”)).
$^1$ Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként

#### See also

$^1$Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All Hungarian pronouns /

### Etymology 4

From -atik (passive-forming suffix), removing the ending.

#### Suffix

-at
* Combining form of -atik (passive-forming suffix) before all inflectional and derivational suffixes, except the dictionary form itself, the indefinite third-person singular present indicative
    elnyomatik (“to be suppressed”) → elnyomatás (“suppression”, being suppressed).

##### Usage notes

(combining forms of the passive-forming suffix) Variants: -at-, -et-, -tat-, -tet- (from -atik, -etik, -tatik, -tetik), as well as the tautological (doubly suffixed) forms -attat-, -ettet- (from -attatik, -ettetik). See more in the template of the full forms of this suffix.

#### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *-āt, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈat/, [ˈät̪]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈat/, [ˈät̪]

### Suffix

-at
* third-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)

#### Descendants

* Old Galician-Portuguese: -a
** Galician: -a
** Portuguese: -a
* Spanish: -a

### Suffix

-āt
* (poetic, syncopated, rare) third-person singular perfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)

#### Descendants

* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: -a
*** French: -a

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ات.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-at]
* Hyphenation: -at

### Suffix

-at
* Suffix used to derive the plural and feminine form of certain nouns derived from Arabic.
    ‎Muslim (“a Muslim”) + ‎-at → ‎Muslimat (“feminine plural of Muslim”)

#### Usage notes

* This suffix is unproductive.

#### Derived terms
## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːt/

### Suffix

-at
* Alternative form of -iet (noun plural suffix)

#### Usage notes

* Regularly used after għ. Otherwise only in exceptional forms, though somewhat commonly after ħ and q.

## Northern Sami
### Pronunciation

* (Kautokeino) IPA: /ˈ-ah(t)/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-ëŋkë.

#### Suffix

-at
* Forms adjectives indicating something that is possessed as a characteristic.
    ‎guhkes juolgi (“long leg”) + ‎-at → ‎guhkesjuolggat (“long-legged”)

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-ëtē, from Proto-Uralic *-eta. Related to Finnish -ea/-eä.

#### Suffix

-at
* Forms adjectives from stems, without any particular meaning. Often, the more basic stem is an adverb, the adjective's own attributive form, or has fallen out of use altogether.

##### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-at
* Form of the suffix -a used with odd-syllable stems.

##### Inflection
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin -ātus.

### Suffix

-at n
* used to form nouns

#### Derived terms
### References

* “-at” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “-at” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin -atus.

### Suffix

-at n
* used to form nouns

#### Derived terms
### References

* “-at” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Norse
### Alternative forms

* -a, -t (after vowels)

### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *aiwwihtiz, whence Old English āwiht (“anything, something; at all”). The prototype of ek veit-at 'I don't know' would then be Proto-Norse *ek ne wait aiwwihti 'I know not at all', after which *aiwwihti was reduced to -at and ne eventually dropped in a process identical to the origin of French pas (“not”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-at
* negative verbal suffix; does not
    Synonyms: eigi, né
    hann veitathe knows not

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “-at”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 22; also available at the Internet Archive

## Phalura
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-at/

### Suffix

-at
* Second person plural suffix

#### Alternative forms

* -íit (With e-ending verb stems)
* -óot (With a-ending verb stems)
* -et (Biori)
* -éet (With e-ending verb stems in Biori)
* -áat (With a-ending verb stems in Biori)

### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-at”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Polish
### Etymology

Derived from Latin -ātus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at/
* Rhymes: -at
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-at m
* forms masculine nouns; -ate, -age
    ‎anonim + ‎-at → ‎anonimat

#### Declension

Inanimate declension:
Animate declension:

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -at in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ātus, from Proto-Italic *-ātos.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /at/

### Suffix

-at m or n (feminine singular -ată, masculine plural -ați, feminine and neuter plural -ate)
* Used with a stem to form the masculine singular past participle of regular -a (first conjugation) verbs.
    ‎arunca (“to throw”) + ‎-at → ‎aruncat (“thrown”)
    ‎cânta (“to sing”) + ‎-at → ‎cântat (“sung”)

#### Related terms

* -it

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From German -at, first from direct loanwords, and later becoming productive on its own.

### Suffix

-at (Cyrillic spelling -ат)
* Used on nominal and verbal stems of loanwords, rarely of native words, to build nouns of various meanings.
** Denoting a person.
    adrèsa → adrèsāt
    ȗnija → unìjat
    Ȃzija → Azìjat
    Mìja → Mìjat
    delegácija → delègāt
    kandidírati → kandìdāt
** Denoting a room, building or field.
    dèkān → dekànāt
    ekònom → ekonòmāt
    kàlīf → kalìfāt
    konzul → konzùlāt
    màršāl → maršalat
    pròtektor → protektòrāt
    rȅktor → rektòrāt
** Denoting an honor or service.
    dȍktor → doktòrāt
    đȁkon → đakònāt
    lȅktor → lektòrāt
    pàtrōn → patrònāt
    nàdbiskup → nadbiskùpāt
** Denoting collectivity.
    èpiskop → episkòpāt
    làik → laìkāt
    pàtrīcīj → patricìjāt
** Denoting things.
    bikarbóna → bikarbònāt
    jod → jòdāt
    separirati → sepàrāt
** Denoting abstract notions.
    citírati → cìtāt
    diktírati → dìktāt
    hìstōrija → historìjāt

#### Derived terms
### References

* Babić, Stjepan (2002), Tvorba riječi u hrvatskome književnome jeziku, 3rd revised edition, Zagreb: HAZU, page(s) 358

## Turkish
### Alternative forms

* -ât

### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـات, borrowed from Arabic ـَات (-āt).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːt/, /ɑt/, [ɑt̪]
* Rhymes: -ɑt

### Suffix

-at (no longer productive)
* Forms plurals from words of Arabic origin.
    ‎gidiş (“way of going”) + ‎-at → ‎gidişat (“the way things go”)
    ‎hayvan (“animal”) + ‎-at → ‎hayvanat (“animals”)
* Forms collective nouns.
    ‎mühimme (“important”) + ‎-at → ‎mühimmat (“ammunition”)
    ‎hasıl (“produce, profit”) + ‎-at → ‎hasılat (“income”)
    ‎müfret (“singular”) + ‎-at → ‎müfredat (“curriculum”)
    ‎er (“soldier”) + ‎-at → ‎erat (“soldiers (collective)”)
* Forms nouns referring to fields of knowledge or practice.
    ‎lisani (“linguistic”) + ‎-at → ‎lisaniyat (“linguistics”)
    ‎Türki (“Turkic”) + ‎-at → ‎Türkiyat (“Turkology”)

### References

* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/ek/%2B%C4%81t”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

## Volapük
### Suffix

-at
* Used to indicate an amount