# 偽

| 偽 | U+507D, &#20605; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-507D |
| ← 偼 [U+507C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 偾 → [U+507E] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 偽 |
| Simplified | 伪 |
| Japanese | 偽 |
| Korean | 僞 |

### Han character

偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 2222$_7$, composition ⿰亻為)

#### Derived characters

* 𠼮

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
* Unihan data for U+507D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 偽 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) | Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Transcribed ancient scripts | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts05848Transcribed ancient scriptsL21811L21812 |||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 譌 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 嬀 | *kʷral |
| 潙 | *kʷral, *ɢʷal |
| 蟡 | *kʷralʔ, *qʷral |
| 僞 | *ŋʷrals |
| 噅 | *qʰʷral |
| 撝 | *qʰʷral |
| 爲 | *ɢʷal, *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals |
| 鄬 | *ɢʷal, *ɢʷalʔ |
| 蔿 | *ɢʷalʔ |
| 儰 | *ɢʷalʔ |
| 寪 | *ɢʷalʔ |
| 蘤 | *ɢʷalʔ |
Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

### Etymology

Often thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
Alternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).
Jacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wěi, wèi
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngúi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngui$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngui$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngôi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gui$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gūi / ūi / ûi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngui$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$we
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wěi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wěi
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^3$
*** Yale: wěi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woei
*** Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^4$
*** Yale: wèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
*** Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngai$^6$
*** Yale: ngaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngúi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngui$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋu̯i³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngui$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋui²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋuɪ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngôi
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋui²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gui$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gūi
*** Sinological IPA : /kui²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gūi
*** Tâi-lô: guī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gui
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡui²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡui³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡui⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi
*** Tâi-lô: uī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ui
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ui²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
*** Tâi-lô: uî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uii
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ui²⁴/
* gūi - literary;
* ûi/ūi - colloquial variant.
* Middle Chinese: ngjweH
Rime :
| Character | 偽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (14) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 危睡切 |
| Baxter | ngjweH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋˠiuᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷᵚiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiuɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋjwiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋjue$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋǐwe$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋwie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/, /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷrals/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 偽 | 偽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wěi | wěi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjwe$^H$ › | ‹ ngjwe$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/ | /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/ |
| English | false | falsify; deceive |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 偽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12867 |
| Phonetic component | 爲 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 僞 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷrals/ |

### Definitions

偽
* false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial
    虛偽／虚伪 ― xūwěi ― hypocritical; hypocrisy
    偽造／伪造 ― wěizào ― to forge; to counterfeit
    偽鈔／伪钞 ― wěichāo ― counterfeit banknote
    偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱 ― wěimáhuángjiǎn ― pseudoephedrine
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě. [Pinyin]
    Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.
* falsehood; untruthfulness
* illegal; illegitimate
    偽政權／伪政权 ― wěizhèngquán ― puppet government
    偽滿洲國／伪满洲国 ― Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó ― Manchukuo
    偽北京大學／伪北京大学 ― Wěi Běijīng Dàxué ― the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan

### Compounds

* 世偽 / 世伪
* 乖偽 / 乖伪
* 乘偽行詐 / 乘伪行诈
* 以偽亂真 / 以伪乱真
* 作偽 / 作伪 (zuòwěi)
* 侈偽 / 侈伪
* 偽人 / 伪人
* 偽作 / 伪作 (wěizuò)
* 偽俗 / 伪俗
* 假偽 / 假伪
* 偽傳 / 伪传
* 偽冒 / 伪冒
* 偽劣 / 伪劣 (wěiliè)
* 偽化 / 伪化
* 偽史 / 伪史 (wěishǐ)
* 偽名 / 伪名
* 偽君子 / 伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
* 偽命 / 伪命
* 偽品 / 伪品
* 偽善 / 伪善 (wěishàn)
* 偽國 / 伪国 (wěiguó)
* 偽塗 / 伪涂
* 偽夫 / 伪夫
* 偽妄 / 伪妄
* 偽娘 / 伪娘 (wěiniáng)
* 偽媮 / 伪偷
* 偽孔 / 伪孔
* 偽孔傳 / 伪孔传
* 偽字 / 伪字
* 偽學 / 伪学
* 偽定 / 伪定
* 偽客 / 伪客
* 偽局 / 伪局
* 偽巧 / 伪巧
* 偽師 / 伪师
* 偽幣 / 伪币 (wěibì)
* 偽庭 / 伪庭
* 偽廉 / 伪廉
* 偽廷 / 伪廷
* 偽從 / 伪从
* 偽心 / 伪心
* 偽怠 / 伪怠
* 偽惑 / 伪惑
* 偽情 / 伪情
* 偽意 / 伪意
* 偽態 / 伪态
* 偽戾 / 伪戾
* 偽托 / 伪托 (wěituō)
* 偽撰
* 偽政府 / 伪政府
* 偽政權 / 伪政权 (wěizhèngquán)
* 偽方 / 伪方
* 偽易 / 伪易
* 偽書 / 伪书 (wěishū)
* 偽服 / 伪服
* 偽朝 / 伪朝
* 偽本 / 伪本
* 偽民 / 伪民
* 偽滿 / 伪满 (Wěimǎn)
* 偽滿洲國 / 伪满洲国 (Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó)
* 偽物 / 伪物
* 偽百合 / 伪百合
* 偽皇 / 伪皇 (wěihuáng)
* 偽真 / 伪真
* 偽科學 / 伪科学 (wěikēxué)
* 偽端 / 伪端
* 偽筍 / 伪笋
* 偽組織 / 伪组织
* 偽經 / 伪经 (wěijīng)
* 偽繆 / 伪缪
* 偽臣 / 伪臣
* 偽荊卿 / 伪荆卿
* 偽蔽 / 伪蔽
* 偽薄 / 伪薄
* 偽藥 / 伪药
* 偽蠶 / 伪蚕
* 偽行 / 伪行
* 偽裝 / 伪装 (wěizhuāng)
* 偽裝滲透 / 伪装渗透
* 偽言 / 伪言
* 偽託 / 伪托 (wěituō)
* 偽詐 / 伪诈
* 偽說 / 伪说
* 偽論 / 伪论
* 偽謬 / 伪谬
* 偽證 / 伪证 (wěizhèng)
* 偽譔 / 伪撰
* 偽議 / 伪议
* 偽讓 / 伪让
* 偽貌 / 伪貌
* 偽足 / 伪足 (wěizú)
* 偽跡 / 伪迹
* 偽蹟 / 伪迹
* 偽軍 / 伪军 (wěijūn)
* 偽辭 / 伪辞
* 偽辯 / 伪辩
* 偽造 / 伪造 (wěizào)
* 偽造文書 / 伪造文书
* 偽道 / 伪道
* 偽金錢 / 伪金钱
* 偽鈔 / 伪钞 (wěichāo)
* 偽錢 / 伪钱
* 偽飾 / 伪饰
* 偽體 / 伪体
* 偽鳳 / 伪凤
* 偽麻黃鹼 / 伪麻黄碱 (wěimáhuángjiǎn)
* 偽黨 / 伪党
* 僭偽 / 僭伪
* 凶偽
* 別裁偽體 / 别裁伪体
* 化性起偽 / 化性起伪
* 南偽 / 南伪
* 厭偽 / 厌伪
* 去偽存真 / 去伪存真 (qùwěicúnzhēn)
* 妖偽 / 妖伪
* 姦偽 / 奸伪
* 巧偽 / 巧伪
* 幻偽 / 幻伪
* 彫偽 / 雕伪
* 情偽 / 情伪
* 慝偽 / 慝伪
* 敵偽 / 敌伪 (díwěi)
* 晦偽 / 晦伪
* 智偽 / 智伪
* 棄偽從真 / 弃伪从真
* 機偽 / 机伪
* 樹偽 / 树伪
* 欺偽 / 欺伪
* 汙偽 / 污伪
* 浮偽 / 浮伪
* 淺偽 / 浅伪
* 淫偽 / 淫伪
* 澆偽 / 浇伪
* 濫偽 / 滥伪
* 煩偽 / 烦伪
* 狡偽 / 狡伪
* 猾偽 / 猾伪
* 番偽 / 番伪
* 百偽 / 百伪
* 真偽 / 真伪 (zhēnwěi)
* 真偽莫辨 / 真伪莫辨
* 眾偽 / 众伪
* 矜偽 / 矜伪
* 矯偽 / 矫伪
* 矯言偽行 / 矫言伪行
* 矯飾偽行 / 矫饰伪行
* 祅偽 / 祅伪
* 積偽 / 积伪
* 空偽 / 空伪
* 篡偽 / 篡伪
* 苦偽 / 苦伪
* 華偽 / 华伪
* 虛偽 / 虚伪 (xūwěi)
* 蠱偽 / 蛊伪
* 行偽 / 行伪
* 託偽 / 托伪
* 訛偽 / 讹伪
* 詐偽 / 诈伪
* 詭偽 / 诡伪
* 誠偽 / 诚伪 (chéngwěi)
* 詿偽 / 诖伪
* 誣偽 / 诬伪
* 請偽 / 请伪
* 諂偽 / 谄伪
* 讎偽 / 雠伪
* 輕偽 / 轻伪
* 遂偽 / 遂伪
* 邀偽 / 邀伪
* 邪偽 / 邪伪
* 酢偽 / 酢伪
* 闇偽 / 暗伪
* 隱偽 / 隐伪
* 雕偽 / 雕伪
* 雜偽 / 杂伪
* 飾偽 / 饰伪

### References

* “偽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 偽 |
| Kyūjitai | 僞 |

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)
* falsehood, lie
* fake, forgery

#### Readings

* Go-on: が (ga)、ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: が (ga)、ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
* Kan’yō-on: か (ka)
* Kun: いつわり (itsuwari, 偽り)、いつわる (itsuwaru, 偽る, Jōyō)、にせ (nise, 偽, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 疑(ぎ)似(じ) (giji)
* 偽(ぎ)装(そう) (gisō)
* 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
* 偽(ぎ)善(ぜん) (gizen)
* 偽(ぎ)名(めい) (gimei)
* 偽(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku)
* 虚(きょ)偽(ぎ) (kyogi), 虚(こ)偽(ぎ) (kogi)
* 詐(さ)偽(ぎ) (sagi)
* 真(しん)偽(ぎ) (shingi)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 偽
* ぎ Grade: S
* on'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 僞 (kyūjitai)
/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/
From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぎ [gíꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡʲi]

#### Noun

偽(ぎ) • (gi)
* a falsehood, lie
    Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)
* (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)
    Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)

##### Derived terms

* 偽(ぎ)印(いん) (gīn)
* 偽(ぎ)札(さつ) (gisatsu)
* 偽(ぎ)陰(いん)性(せい) (gīnsei)
* 偽(ぎ)陽(よう)性(せい) (giyōsei)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 偽
* にせ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 僞 (kyūjitai) 贋
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 似(に)せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にせ [nìsé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɲ̟ise̞]

#### Adjective

偽(にせ) or 偽(ニセ) • (nise)
* a counterfeit, forgery
* an imitation, replica
* prefixed to nouns:
** counterfeit, forged
    偽(にせ)札(さつ)
       nisesatsu
       counterfeit paper money
** fake, false
    偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)
       nise-gakusei
       student with a false identity

##### Usage notes

* This is an example of a word that can be spelled with katakana to convey an informal conversational tone, as ニセ.

##### Derived terms

* 偽(にせ)アカウント (nise-akaunto), 偽(にせ)アカ (niseaka)
* 偽(にせ)印(いん) (nisein)
* 偽(にせ)書(がき), 偽(にせ)書(が)き (nisegaki)
* 偽(にせ)金(がね) (nisegane)
* 偽(にせ)首(くび) (nisekubi)
* 偽(にせ)札(さつ) (nisesatsu)
* 偽(にせ)証(じょう)文(もん) (nise-jōmon)
* 偽(にせ)電(でん)話(わ)詐(さ)欺(ぎ) (nise denwa sagi)
* 偽(にせ)判(はん) (nise-han)
* 偽(にせ)者(もの) (nisemono)
* 偽(にせ)物(もの) (nisemono)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

偽 (eum 위 (wi))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.