# 思念
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sīniàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄙ ㄋㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^1$ nim$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̂-ngiam
    (Hailu, HRS): sii$^ˋ$ ngiam$^˖$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): so$^1$ nieng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): su-liām / sir-liām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se$^1$ niam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sīniàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄙ ㄋㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sihniàn
*** Wade–Giles: ssŭ$^1$-nien$^4$
*** Yale: sz̄-nyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syniann
*** Palladius: сынянь (synjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$思念 私念
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^1$ nim$^6$
*** Yale: sī nihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^1$ nim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^1$ nim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː⁵⁵ niːm²²/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$思念 私念
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̂-ngiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˊ$ ngiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^1$ ngiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$ ngiam$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵³ ŋiam³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: so$^1$ nieng$^5$ [Phonetic: so$^2$ nieng$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: seo-niāng
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬo⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: so$^1$ nieng$^5$ [Phonetic: so$^2$ nieng$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬɵ⁵³³⁻¹³ niɛŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: su-liām
*** Tâi-lô: su-liām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: suliam
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /su⁴⁴⁻³³ liam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /su⁴⁴⁻²² liam²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sir-liām
*** Tâi-lô: sir-liām
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ³³ liam⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: se$^1$ niam$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ niăm
*** Sinological IPA : /sɯ³³⁻²³ niam³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: si nemH
Rime :
| Character | 思 | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 息兹切 | 奴店切 |
| Baxter | si | nemH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨ/ | /nem$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɨ/ | /nem$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sie/ | /nɛm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sɨ/ | /nɛm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /siə/ | /nem$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭə/ | /niem$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /si/ | /niem$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sī | niàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^1$ | nim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ə nˤim-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*snɯ nɯːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 思 | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sī | niàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ si › | ‹ nem$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ə/ | /*nˁim-s/ |
| English | think | think of |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 思 | 念 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13835 | 6588 |
| Phonetic component | 囟 | 今 |
| Rime group | 之 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 思 | 念 |
| Old Chinese | /*snɯ/ | /*nɯːms/ |
| Notes | | 或以心含會意 |

### Verb

思念
* to miss, think of, yearn for, reminisce
    From: 1973, performed by Chen Fen-lan, lyrics by Sun Yi, music by Weng Ching-Hsi, “The Moon Represents My Heart”
    shēnshēn dì yīduàn qíng, jiào wǒ sīniàn dào rújīn [Pinyin]
    A period of deep love makes me think of the present.

#### Synonyms

* 念想 (niànxiǎng)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 思慕 (sīmù)
* 思量 (sīliáng) (literary)
* 想念 (xiǎngniàn)
* 感想 (gǎnxiǎng) (literary)
* 憶著 / 忆着 (Xiamen Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 懷 / 怀 (huái) (literary)
* 懷念 / 怀念 (huáiniàn)
* 懷想 / 怀想 (huáixiǎng)
* 相思 (xiāngsī)
* 眷念 (juànniàn) (formal)
* 眷戀 / 眷恋 (juànliàn) (formal)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 想念, 思念, 掛念, 惦念, 懷念 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 想念, 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 想念, 想 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 算 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 掛住, 掛望 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 掛住 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 掛住 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 數念, 心念 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 數念 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 數念, 心念 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 數念, 心念 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 想, 數念, 思念 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 數念 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 數念 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 數念 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 思念 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 想念 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 算, 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 算, 念, 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 算, 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 算, 干掛 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 算, 干掛 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 想, 牽記, 想念 somewhat literary |
| Wu | Suzhou | 牽記 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 忖 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 想, 忖 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 思(し)念(ねん) (shinen)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 思 | 念 |
| し Grade: 2 | ねん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | goon |

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 思念 (MC si nemH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しねん [shíꜜnèǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕinẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

思(し)念(ねん) • (shinen)
* a thought, reminiscence

### Verb

思(し)念(ねん)する • (shinen suru) suru (stem 思(し)念(ねん)し (shinen shi), past 思(し)念(ねん)した (shinen shita))
* to think, reminisce

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 思念し | しねんし | shinen shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 思念し | しねんし | shinen shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 思念する | しねんする | shinen suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 思念する | しねんする | shinen suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 思念すれ | しねんすれ | shinen sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 思念せよ¹ 思念しろ² | しねんせよ¹ しねんしろ² | shinen seyo¹ shinen shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 思念される | しねんされる | shinen sareru |
| Causative | 思念させる 思念さす | しねんさせる しねんさす | shinen saseru shinen sasu |
| Potential | 思念できる | しねんできる | shinen dekiru |
| Volitional | 思念しよう | しねんしよう | shinen shiyō |
| Negative | 思念しない | しねんしない | shinen shinai |
| Negative continuative | 思念せず | しねんせず | shinen sezu |
| Formal | 思念します | しねんします | shinen shimasu |
| Perfective | 思念した | しねんした | shinen shita |
| Conjunctive | 思念して | しねんして | shinen shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 思念すれば | しねんすれば | shinen sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### See also

* 思(おぼ)し念(ねん)ず (oboshinenzu)
* 思(おも)い念(ねん)ず (omoinenzu)
* 想(そう)念(ねん) (sōnen)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN