# longitudinal
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English longitudinal, from Latin longitūdin-, oblique stem of longitūdō (“length, longitude”). By surface analysis, longitude +‎ -in- +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌlɒŋɡɪˈt͡juːdɪnəl/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* (Standard Southern British) IPA: /ˌlɔŋɡɪˈt͡ʃʉwdɪnəl/
* (General American) IPA: /ˌlɔnd͡ʒɪˈtudɪnəl/
* (General American, cot–caught merger, dialects of Canada) IPA: /ˌlɑnd͡ʒɪˈtudɪnəl/, /ˌlɑnd͡ʒəˈtudənəl/
* (weak vowel merger, in the US) IPA: /ˌlɑnd͡ʒəˈtudənəl/
* (Canada, dialects of the US) IPA: /ˌlɒŋd͡ʒəˈtudənəl/
* (General Australian) IPA: /lɔŋɡəˈt͡ʃʉːdənəl/, /lɒŋɡəˈt͡ʃʉːdənəl/

### Adjective

longitudinal (not comparable)
* Relating to length.
    Antonym: transverse
    The motion about the longitudinal axis of an airplane is called roll.
* Relating to the geographical longitude.
    The longitudinal position of a ship refers to its angular distance east or west from the prime meridian.
* Running in the direction of the long axis of a body.
** 1960 November, “New electric multiple-units for British Railways: Glasgow Suburban”, in Trains Illustrated, page 660:The units have transverse seats, two and three astride the passageway with single or double longitudinal seats alongside the two entrance vestibules in each car.
** 2008, Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, editors, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, Routledge, →ISBN, page 165:The third rotation is about the longitudinal axis of the thigh.
** 2023 February 22, Paul Stephen, “TfL reveals first of new B23s for Docklands Light Railway”, in RAIL, number 977, page 12:Unlike the older trains, the new units have walk-through carriages and longitudinal rather than transverse seating.
* Forward and/or backward, relative to some defined direction.
* (sciences and social sciences, of a study) Sampling data over time rather than merely once.
    Antonym: cross-sectional
    longitudinal studies
** 2010 March 1, Don Peck, “How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America”, in The Atlantic‎:Examining national longitudinal data, Mossakowski has found that people who were unemployed for long periods in their teens or early 20s are far more likely to develop a habit of heavy drinking (five or more drinks in one sitting) by the time they approach middle age.

#### Derived terms

* dorsolongitudinal
* heliolongitudinal
* longitudinal aberration
* longitudinal fissure
* longitudinally
* longitudinal recording
* longitudinal relaxation time
* longitudinal wave
* medial longitudinal fasciculus
* nonlongitudinal
* paleolongitudinal
* pseudolongitudinal

#### Translations
### Noun

longitudinal (plural longitudinals)
* Any longitudinal piece, as in shipbuilding etc.
* (rail transport) A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail.

#### Translations
## French
### Etymology

From Latin longitūdō, longitūdinis (whence longitude) + -al.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɔ̃.ʒi.ty.di.nal/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

longitudinal (feminine longitudinale, masculine plural longitudinaux, feminine plural longitudinales)
* longitudinal (relating to length; running in the direction of the long axis of a body)
* longitudinal (relating to longitude)
    Coordinate term: latitudinal
* longitudinal (sampling data over time rather than merely once)
    Coordinate term: transversal

#### Derived terms

* longitudinalement

### Further reading

* “longitudinal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French longitudinal.

### Adjective

longitudinal m or n (feminine singular longitudinală, masculine plural longitudinali, feminine and neuter plural longitudinale)
* longitudinal

#### Declension
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lonxitudiˈnal/ [lõŋ.xi.t̪u.ð̞iˈnal]
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: lon‧gi‧tu‧di‧nal

### Adjective

longitudinal m or f (masculine and feminine plural longitudinales)
* longitudinal (relating to length or longitude)
* longitudinal (sampling data over time)
** 2001, Psicología infantil, Grupo Planeta (GBS) →ISBN, page 80
    El número de años que requiere un estudio longitudinal puede variar considerablemente.The number of years required by a longitudinal study may vary considerably.

#### Related terms

* longitud
* longitudinalmente

#### Further reading

* “longitudinal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10