# 下令
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàlìng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$ ling$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ha-lin
    (Hailu, HRS): ha$^˖$ lin$^˖$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha$^5$ ling$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-lēng / hā-lēng / hēe-lēng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàlìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàlìng
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-ling$^4$
*** Yale: syà-lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahlinq
*** Palladius: сялин (sjalin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$下令 夏令
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Yale: hah lihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ ling$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² lɪŋ²²/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$下令 夏令
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-lin
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha lin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^4$ lin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ lin⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha$^˖$ lin$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha³³ lin³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ha$^5$ ling$^5$ [Phonetic: ha$^4$ ling$^5$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hā-līng
*** Sinological IPA : /ha²¹⁻⁴² liŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-lēng
*** Tâi-lô: hǎ-līng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² liɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-lēng
*** Tâi-lô: hā-līng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxleng
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ liɪŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-lēng
*** Tâi-lô: hēe-līng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ liɪŋ²²/

### Verb

下令
* to order; to give an order

#### Synonyms

* 令
* 吩咐 (fēnfù)
* 命令 (mìnglìng)
* 指令 (zhǐlìng)
* 申令 (shēnlìng) (formal)
* 著令 (zhuólìng)
* 號令 / 号令 (hàolìng)
* 責令 / 责令 (zélìng)
* 責成 / 责成 (zéchéng)
* 飭令 / 饬令 (chìlìng) (dated, usually in official documents)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 하령(下令) (haryeong)
* → Vietnamese: hạ lệnh (下令)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 令 |
| か Grade: 1 | れい Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ɾe̞ː]

### Noun

下(か)令(れい) • (karei)
* the act of giving an order

### Verb

下(か)令(れい)する • (karei suru) suru (stem 下(か)令(れい)し (karei shi), past 下(か)令(れい)した (karei shita))
* to order; to give orders

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 下令し | かれいし | karei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 下令し | かれいし | karei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 下令する | かれいする | karei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 下令する | かれいする | karei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 下令すれ | かれいすれ | karei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 下令せよ¹ 下令しろ² | かれいせよ¹ かれいしろ² | karei seyo¹ karei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 下令される | かれいされる | karei sareru |
| Causative | 下令させる 下令さす | かれいさせる かれいさす | karei saseru karei sasu |
| Potential | 下令できる | かれいできる | karei dekiru |
| Volitional | 下令しよう | かれいしよう | karei shiyō |
| Negative | 下令しない | かれいしない | karei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 下令せず | かれいせず | karei sezu |
| Formal | 下令します | かれいします | karei shimasu |
| Perfective | 下令した | かれいした | karei shita |
| Conjunctive | 下令して | かれいして | karei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 下令すれば | かれいすれば | karei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||