# 奈

| 奈 | U+5948, &#22856; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5948 |
| ← 奇 [U+5947] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 奉 → [U+5949] |
| 奈 | U+F90C, &#63756; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F90C |
| ← 喇 [U+F90B] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 懶 → [U+F90D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

奈 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 大一一火 (KMMF), four-corner 4090$_1$, composition ⿱大示)

#### Derived characters

* 倷 㖠 捺 㮈 㴎 錼 䱞 萘 𡞏 𪨼 𭝎 𭦛 𪻦 𥇧 𮁿 𦝀 𮚎 𮛢 𩈫 𩜪 𣮦 𬷝 𪥑 𠣼 𫆕 𤷈 𦤗 𮂃 𭝍

#### Descendants

* な
* ナ

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 251, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5893
* Dae Jaweon: page 511, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 532, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5948
* Unihan data for U+F90C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 奈 | *naːls, *naːds |
| 柰 | *naːds |
| 渿 | *naːds |
| 捺 | *naːd |
A variant of 柰; however it is etymologically unrelated to it. It represents a man (大) and a sacrifical altar (示), perhaps with a reference to a sacrifice.

### Etymology
#### “how; why”

    Possibly a contraction of 若 (OC *nak) and 之 (OC *tə), as in 若之何 (ruòzhīhé) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 34).

#### “nano-”

    Borrowed from English nano-.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nài (nai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): noi$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): noi$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nai
* Eastern Min (BUC): nâi
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tā / ta / tāi / nāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nài
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nài
*** Wade–Giles: nai$^4$
*** Yale: nài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nay
*** Palladius: най (naj)
*** Sinological IPA : /naɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: noi$^6$
*** Yale: noih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: noi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: noi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɔːi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: noi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdᵘɔi³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nai
*** Hakka Romanization System: nai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /nai̯⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nâi
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡɑi²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: nāi
*** Sinological IPA : /nai²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tā
*** Tâi-lô: tā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: da
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ta²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ta⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta
*** Tâi-lô: ta
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
*** Tâi-lô: tāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dai
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
*** Tâi-lô: nāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nai
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/
* ta/tai/tā - vernacular (limited, e.g. 無奈何);
* nāi - literary.
* Middle Chinese: najH, naH
Rime :
| Character | 奈 | 奈 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 奴帶切 | 奴箇切 |
| Baxter | najH | naH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /naj$^H$/ | /na$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nài | nuò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | naai$^6$ | no$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːls/, /*naːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 奈 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ naj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁa[t]-s/ |
| English | cope with |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 奈 | 奈 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 9349 | 9350 |
| Phonetic component | 奈 | 奈 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 奈 | 柰 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːls/ | /*naːds/ |

### Definitions

奈
* how; why (used in rhetorical questions)
* to bear; to stand; to endure
* [from 1985] (Taiwan) nano- (SI unit prefix)
    Synonym: 納 / 纳 (nà) (Mainland China)

#### See also

SI prefix :
| Last | | Next |
| 微 (wēi) | 奈/納 | 皮 (pí) |

### Compounds

* 不奈
* 不奈何
* 不奈煩 / 不奈烦
* 不寧奈 / 不宁奈
* 可奈
* 叵奈
* 基奈
* 奈上祝下
* 奈何 (nàihé)
* 奈何橋 / 奈何桥 (nàihéqiáo)
* 奈升
* 奈及利亞 / 奈及利亚 (Nàijílìyà)
* 奈向
* 奈守
* 奈曼
* 奈洛比 (Nàiluòbǐ)
* 奈煩 / 奈烦 (nàifán)
* 奈秒
* 奈米 (nàimǐ)
* 奈良 (Nàiliáng)
* 奈良時代 / 奈良时代
* 如之奈何 (rú zhī nàihé)
* 寧奈 / 宁奈
* 尀奈
* 山奈
* 山奈鉀 / 山奈钾
* 康奈爾 / 康奈尔
* 康奈爾大學 / 康奈尔大学
* 怎奈
* 末奈何
* 欽奈 / 钦奈 (Qīnnài)
* 沒及奈何 / 没及奈何
* 沒奈何 / 没奈何 (mònàihé)
* 沒極奈何 / 没极奈何
* 沒計奈何 / 没计奈何
* 澀奈 / 涩奈
* 無可奈何 / 无可奈何 (wúkěnàihé)
* 無奈 / 无奈 (wúnài)
* 無奈我何 / 无奈我何
* 無如奈何 / 无如奈何
* 無計奈何 / 无计奈何
* 爭奈 / 争奈
* 神奈川縣 / 神奈川县
* 萬般無奈 / 万般无奈
* 莫可奈何
* 葛林奈爾 / 葛林奈尔
* 葛林奈爾大學 / 葛林奈尔大学
* 蘇爾奈 / 苏尔奈 (sū'ěrnài)
* 西奈 (Xīnài)
* 西奈半島 / 西奈半岛 (Xīnài Bàndǎo)
* 西奈協定 / 西奈协定
* 西奈山 (Xīnài Shān)
* 頗奈 / 颇奈
* 香奈兒 / 香奈儿

### References

* “奈”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “奈”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 162.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* Abbreviation of 奈良: the city of Nara
* what
* (obsolete) apple tree

#### Readings

* Go-on: な (na, Jōyō)、ない (nai)
* Kan-on: だ (da)、だい (dai)
* Kun: いかん (ikan, 奈)、いかんせん (ikansen, 奈)、いかんぞ (ikanzo, 奈)、からなし (karanashi, 奈)
* Nanori: なに (nani)、なん (nan)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 奈
* Grade: 4
* Alternative spelling
* 柰
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ɾa̠na̠ɕi]

#### Noun

奈(からなし) or 奈(カラナシ) • (karanashi)
* Obsolete form of 唐梨 (“red apple”).
* (by extension) Obsolete spelling of 林檎 (“apple”).

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 奈
* Grade: 4
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ikã̠ɴ]

#### Pronoun

奈(いかん) • (ikan)
* Alternative form of 奈何 (“what”)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 奈 (MC najH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 냉〮 (Yale: náy$^?$) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 내 (nay)$^訓$ (Yale: nay) in Gwangju Cheonjamun (光州千字文 / 광주천자문), 1575.

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [nɛ] ~ [ne̞]
* Phonetic hangul: [내/네]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 奈 (eumhun 어찌 내 (eojji nae))
* hanja form of 내 (“but; how”)

#### Compounds

* 내하 (奈何, naeha, “how”)
* 막무가내 (莫無可奈, mangmuganae, “stubborn”)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 奈 (MC naH).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [na̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [나]

#### Hanja

奈 (eumhun 어찌 나 (eojji na))
* hanja form of 나 (“but; how”)

#### Compounds

* 나락 (奈落, narak)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

奈: Hán Nôm readings: nại, nhự
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.