# 獄

| 獄 | U+7344, &#29508; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7344 |
| ← 獃 [U+7343] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 獅 → [U+7345] |

## Translingual
### Han character

獄 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 大竹卜口大 (KHYRK), four-corner 4323$_4$, composition ⿰狺犬)

#### Derived characters

* 𭗢, 嶽, 𧀀, 𡽺, 𩁓, 鸑(𬸚), 𡈭

#### Related characters

* 狱 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 717, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20603
* Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1365, character 16
* Unihan data for U+7344

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 獄 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 嶽 | *ŋroːɡ |
| 鸑 | *ŋroːɡ |
| 哭 | *ŋ̊ʰoːɡ |
| 獄 | *ŋoɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 㹜 (“two dogs”) + 言 (“words”) (㹜 = 犭 + 犬, two forms of “dog”). A place where dogs are barking (言) at each other, a jail with guard dogs.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yù (yu$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йү (yü, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): juk$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiu̍k
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiug$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiug$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): yeh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ngṳ̀
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goeh$^7$ / gyeh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ga̍k / gio̍k / ge̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghêg$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$yoq; $^8$gnioq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yù
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yù
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^4$
*** Yale: yù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йү (yü, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /y²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: juk$^6$
*** Yale: yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯uk̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiug$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiuk²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiʊk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: yeh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /yəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋy⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋyʔ⁵/, /ŋouʔ⁵/
* ngṳ̆k - literary;
* ngŏk - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit獄 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /y⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /y⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /y⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /y²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /y⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /y²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /y²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /y⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /y¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /y¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /iəu²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yo³¹/ /y¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /iu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /iu³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐuʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /yəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /yəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yʌʔ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /y⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵioʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ȵioʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦioʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵo²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /niu²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵiu¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʐəu²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /iəɯ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiuʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiuk̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋiuk̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jok̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /juk̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /juk̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giɔk̚⁵/ /gak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋoʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋy⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /gek̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zok̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngjowk
Rime :
| Character | 獄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 燭 (8) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 魚欲切 |
| Baxter | ngjowk |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭwok̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋi̯wok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | juk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]rok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋoɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 獄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]rok/ |
| English | lawsuit; prison |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 獄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16032 |
| Phonetic component | 獄 |
| Rime group | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 玉 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋoɡ/ |

### Definitions

獄
* prison
    From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
    Rú yǒu fànfǎ, zé sī yù zài. [Pinyin]
    If there are those who break the law, then there are officers and jails to deal with them.
* lawsuit; case
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Xiǎo dà zhī yù, suī bùnéng chá, bì yǐ qíng. [Pinyin]
    Though unable personally to attend to the details of all trials, big and small, I always demand the facts.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 監獄, 監牢, 牢獄, 牢房 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 監獄, 班房兒, 泡兒局 dated |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 監獄 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 監獄 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 監獄, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 牢, 班房, 笆籬子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 監牢 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 監獄, 班房兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 監獄 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 監獄, 監牢獄, 監 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 監牢獄, 監獄 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 監牢獄 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 監獄, 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 監獄, 監, 牢 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 牢, 班房 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 監獄, 牢, 大圈兒, 八號兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 班房子, 獄監 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 監獄, 班房子, 班房 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子, 班房子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 監獄, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 監獄, 牢, 班房 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 監獄, 牢 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 監獄, 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 牢監, 牢, 班房 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 監牢, 牢 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 監獄 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 監倉 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 監獄, 監倉, 祠堂 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牢監, 班房 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 班房 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 監房 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 班房 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 監獄仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 監獄 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 監獄 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 監牢 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 監牢, 牢 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牢, 班房 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 監牢, 監, 牢房, 牢, 班房 |
| Jin | Linhe | 監獄, 監, 牢, 班房子 |
| Jin | Jining | 班房 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 監獄, 監, 牢, 獄, 班房 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 監獄, 牢 |
| Jin | Handan | 監獄, 房子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 班房 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated, 櫳間 dated, 鴿仔空 dated |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 監獄, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 監獄, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 監獄, 監牢, 櫳仔, 櫳仔間, 內籬仔 GT |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 監獄, 櫳仔內 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 跤跔, 跤跔間 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 監牢, 釘鏈間 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 跤跔, 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 監獄 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 釘鏈間, 監牢 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 監倉 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 監牢, 牢監 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 監牢 |
| Wu | Danyang | 監牢 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 牢監 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 牢監, 監牢 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 牢監, 班房 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 監牢 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 班房, 籠子 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

### Compounds

* 下地獄 / 下地狱
* 三字獄 / 三字狱
* 下獄 / 下狱 (xiàyù)
* 人間地獄 / 人间地狱 (rénjiān dìyù)
* 入獄 / 入狱 (rùyù)
* 具獄 / 具狱
* 典獄 / 典狱 (diǎnyù)
* 典獄長 / 典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
* 冤獄 / 冤狱 (yuānyù)
* 出獄 / 出狱 (chūyù)
* 劫獄 / 劫狱 (jiéyù)
* 問事獄具 / 问事狱具
* 地獄 / 地狱 (dìyù)
* 執獄 / 执狱
* 外役監獄 / 外役监狱
* 大獄 / 大狱
* 岸獄 / 岸狱
* 左獄 / 左狱
* 巫蠱之獄 / 巫蛊之狱
* 巴士底獄 / 巴士底狱 (Bāshìdǐ Yù)
* 折獄 / 折狱
* 拔舌地獄 / 拔舌地狱
* 政清獄簡 / 政清狱简
* 斃獄 / 毙狱 (bìyù)
* 文字獄 / 文字狱 (wénzìyù)
* 斷獄 / 断狱 (duànyù)
* 梁獄上書 / 梁狱上书
* 死獄 / 死狱
* 決獄 / 决狱
* 決獄斷刑 / 决狱断刑
* 法獄治罪 / 法狱治罪
* 活地獄 / 活地狱 (huódìyù)
* 滿獄 / 满狱
* 炸獄 / 炸狱
* 煉獄 / 炼狱 (liànyù)
* 片言折獄 / 片言折狱
* 牢獄 / 牢狱 (láoyù)
* 牢獄之災 / 牢狱之灾 (láoyùzhīzāi)
* 犁舌獄 / 犁舌狱
* 獄人 / 狱人
* 獄卒 / 狱卒 (yùzú)
* 獄吏 / 狱吏 (yùlì)
* 獄子 / 狱子
* 獄掾 / 狱掾
* 獄案 / 狱案
* 獄氣 / 狱气
* 獄犴 / 狱犴
* 獄訟 / 狱讼
* 獄警 / 狱警 (yùjǐng)
* 獄豻 / 狱豻
* 獄貨非寶 / 狱货非宝
* 畫地為獄 / 画地为狱
* 疑獄 / 疑狱 (yíyù)
* 監獄 / 监狱 (jiānyù)
* 競獄 / 竞狱
* 繫獄 / 系狱 (xìyù)
* 聽獄 / 听狱 (tīngyù)
* 胡藍之獄 / 胡蓝之狱
* 蔽獄 / 蔽狱
* 觥籌獄 / 觥筹狱
* 詔獄 / 诏狱
* 讞獄 / 谳狱
* 賣官鬻獄 / 卖官鬻狱
* 越獄 / 越狱 (yuèyù)
* 逃獄 / 逃狱 (táoyù)
* 邊獄 / 边狱
* 酒食地獄 / 酒食地狱
* 鋃鐺入獄 / 锒铛入狱 (lángdāngrùyù)
* 阿呼地獄 / 阿呼地狱
* 阿鼻地獄 / 阿鼻地狱 (ābí dìyù)
* 鬻獄 / 鬻狱 (yùyù)

### References

* “獄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “狱”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 289.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* prison
* lawsuit; case

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごく (goku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ぎょく (gyoku)
* Kun: ひとや (hitoya, 獄)

#### Compounds

* 獄(ごく)衣(い) (gokui): prison clothes
* 獄則(ごくそく) (gokusoku): prison rules
* 地(じ)獄(ごく) (jigoku): hell
* 辺獄(へんごく) (hengoku): (theology) limbo
* 煉獄(れんごく) (rengoku): (theology) purgatory

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 獄
* ごく Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 獄 / 狱 (ngjowk, “prison”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ごく [góꜜkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡo̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

獄(ごく) • (goku)
* prison

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 獄
* ひとや Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 人屋 囚獄
Compound of 人 (hito, “human”) +‎ 屋 (ya, “house”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひとや [hìtóyá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çi̥to̞ja̠]

#### Noun

獄(ひとや) • (hitoya)
* prison

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

獄 • (ok) (hangeul 옥)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

獄: Hán Nôm readings: ngục
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: ngục

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999