# es
## Translingual
### Etymology 1

Abbreviation of Spanish español

#### Symbol

es
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Spanish.

### Etymology 2
#### Symbol

es
* (radio slang) a synonym for "and"
    WX HR COLD ES RAINYThe weather here is cold & rainy.

## English
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

es (plural esses)
* Alternative form of ess (the name of the Latin-script letter S/s) in compounds such as "es-hook".

##### Derived terms

* esmirtazapine

### Etymology 2

From e +‎ -s.

#### Noun

es
* (rare) Alternative form of e's.

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

es
* Pronunciation spelling of is.

### Etymology 4
#### Noun

es (plural eses)
* The name of the Cyrillic script letter С / с.

### Anagrams

* -se, SE, Se., se, se.

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch est, variant of eest, from Middle Dutch eeste (also este).

### Noun

es (plural esse)
* fireplace
    Synonym: vuurherd

## Alemannic German
### Pronunciation

* (Zürich) IPA: /əs/, /ɛs/

### Etymology 1
#### Article

es n
* neuter of en: a/an
** 1978, Rolf Lyssy & Christa Maerker, Die Schweizermacher (transcript):
    Das isch September vor eme Jar gsi.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Declension

* Short forms of the dative – eme, ere, eme – are also common.

### Etymology 2

From Middle High German ëȥ, from Old High German iȥ, from Proto-Germanic *it. Cognate with German es.

#### Pronoun

es n
* (personal) it

##### Declension
## Aragonese
### Pronoun

es
* them (masculine direct object)

#### Synonyms

* los

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* esu, ies, iesu

### Etymology

From Latin exeō. Compare Daco-Romanian ieși, ies.

### Verb

es first-singular present indicative (third-person singular present indicative easi or ease, past participle ishitã)
* to leave, exit, go out
* (of the sun, moon) to rise
* (figuratively) to defecate

#### Related terms

* ishiri / ishire
* ishit
* ishitã
* ishitor

#### See also

* mi-duc
* fug
* mi-cac

## Bavarian
### Etymology 1

Cognate with German es.

#### Pronoun

es
* it (nominative)
    Synonym: des

##### Usage notes

The usage of es is mainly impersonal. When referring to a noun, the form des is preferred.

##### See also
### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

es
* Alternative spelling of eß (“you”, plural)

## Catalan
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin sē.

#### Pronunciation

* (Balearic, Central) IPA: /əs/
* (Valencia) IPA: /es/

#### Pronoun

es (proclitic, contracted s', enclitic se, contracted enclitic 's)
* himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
* oneself (direct or indirect object)
* themselves (direct or indirect object)
* each other (direct or indirect object)

##### Usage notes

* es is the reinforced (reforçada) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a consonant.

##### Declension

$^1$ Behaves grammatically as plural.   $^2$ Behaves grammatically as third person. $^3$ Only as object of a preposition.   $^4$ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

### Etymology 2

From Latin ipse.

#### Alternative forms

* so

#### Pronunciation

* (Balearic, Central) IPA: /əs/
* (Valencia) IPA: /es/

#### Article

es m sg (feminine sa, masculine plural es, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)
* (Balearic) the

##### Usage notes

* In Balearic Catalan, es contrasts with el as an obviative article, but is often used in first instance.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈes]

#### Noun

es
* plural of e (“the letter E”)

#### Further reading

* “es” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* 'z (Luserna)
* is, 's

### Etymology

From Middle High German ëz, iz, from Old High German iz, from Proto-West Germanic *it, from Proto-Germanic *it, nominative/accusative singular neuter of *iz. Cognate with German es.

### Pronoun

es
* (Sette Comuni) it

#### Inflection
### References

* “es” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *es. Compare to Kumyk эс (es), etc.

### Noun

es
* mind, consciousness

### References

* https://classes.ru/all-crtatar/dictionary-crtatar-russian-cyr-term-14128.htm

## Czech
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛs]

#### Noun

es n (indeclinable)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) písmeno; á, bé, cé, dé, é, ef, gé, há, chá, í, jé, ká, el, em, en, ó, pé, kvé, er, es, té, ú, vé, dvojité vé, iks, ypsilon, zet

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɛs]

#### Noun

es n
* inflection of eso:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural

## Danish
### Etymology

Via Middle Low German es, from Latin as.

### Noun

es n (singular definite esset, plural indefinite esser)
* (card games) ace
    Jeg har alle esserne.
       I have all the aces.
* (tennis) abbreviation of servees

#### Declension
### See also

* være i sit es
Playing cards in Danish · kort, spillekort (layout · text) :
| es | toer | treer | firer | femmer | sekser | syver |
| otter | nier | tier | knægt, bonde | dame, dronning | konge | joker |

### References

* “es” in Den Danske Ordbog

## Dutch
### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch essche, from Old Dutch *aska, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz.
Compare West Frisian esk, English ash, German Esche, Danish ask, compare Welsh onnen, Latin ornus (“wild mountain ash”), Lithuanian úosis, Russian ясень (jasenʹ), Albanian ah (“beech”), Ancient Greek ὀξύα (oxúa, “beech”), Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi, “ash tree”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: es
* Rhymes: -ɛs
* Homophone: Esch

#### Noun

es m (plural essen, diminutive esje n)
* ash, ash tree, Fraxinus excelsior
* ash, any tree of the genus Fraxinus

##### Alternative forms

* esch (obsolete)

##### Derived terms

* esdoorn
* eslook
* essenstoof

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: es
* Rhymes: -ɛs

#### Noun

es m (plural essen, diminutive esje n)
* (music) E-flat

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əs/, /ɪs/
* Hyphenation: es

#### Adverb

es
* (informal, dialectal) Alternative form of eens (“once”)
    Kom es hier ― Come over here (for a second).

### Etymology 4

From Middle Dutch esche, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *atiska-. More at German Esch, Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (atisk).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: es
* Rhymes: -ɛs

#### Noun

es m (plural essen, diminutive esje n)
* a tract of open, often raised agricultural land near or surrounding a village or hamlet
    Synonym: enk

##### Alternative forms

* esch (obsolete)

## Finnish
### Etymology

From German Es (German key notation).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈe̞s̠]
* Rhymes: -es
* Hyphenation: es

### Noun

es
* (music) E-flat

#### Usage notes

Capitalized for the great octave or any octave below that, or in names of major keys; not capitalized for the small octave or any octave above that, or in names of minor keys.

#### Declension

Possessive forms of es (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
esini
esini
accusative
nom.
esini
esini
gen.
esini
genitive
esini
esieni
partitive
esiäni
esejäni
inessive
esissäni
eseissäni
elative
esistäni
eseistäni
illative
esiini
eseihini
adessive
esilläni
eseilläni
ablative
esiltäni
eseiltäni
allative
esilleni
eseilleni
essive
esinäni
eseinäni
translative
esikseni
eseikseni
abessive
esittäni
eseittäni
instructive
comitative
—eseineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
esisi
esisi
accusative
nom.
esisi
esisi
gen.
esisi
genitive
esisi
esiesi
partitive
esiäsi
esejäsi
inessive
esissäsi
eseissäsi
elative
esistäsi
eseistäsi
illative
esiisi
eseihisi
adessive
esilläsi
eseilläsi
ablative
esiltäsi
eseiltäsi
allative
esillesi
eseillesi
essive
esinäsi
eseinäsi
translative
esiksesi
eseiksesi
abessive
esittäsi
eseittäsi
instructive
comitative
—eseinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
esimme
esimme
accusative
nom.
esimme
esimme
gen.
esimme
genitive
esimme
esiemme
partitive
esiämme
esejämme
inessive
esissämme
eseissämme
elative
esistämme
eseistämme
illative
esiimme
eseihimme
adessive
esillämme
eseillämme
ablative
esiltämme
eseiltämme
allative
esillemme
eseillemme
essive
esinämme
eseinämme
translative
esiksemme
eseiksemme
abessive
esittämme
eseittämme
instructive
comitative
—eseinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
esinne
esinne
accusative
nom.
esinne
esinne
gen.
esinne
genitive
esinne
esienne
partitive
esiänne
esejänne
inessive
esissänne
eseissänne
elative
esistänne
eseistänne
illative
esiinne
eseihinne
adessive
esillänne
eseillänne
ablative
esiltänne
eseiltänne
allative
esillenne
eseillenne
essive
esinänne
eseinänne
translative
esiksenne
eseiksenne
abessive
esittänne
eseittänne
instructive
comitative
—eseinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
esinsä
esinsä
accusative
nom.
esinsä
esinsä
gen.
esinsä
genitive
esinsä
esiensä
partitive
esiään esiänsä
esejään esejänsä
inessive
esissään esissänsä
eseissään eseissänsä
elative
esistään esistänsä
eseistään eseistänsä
illative
esiinsä
eseihinsä
adessive
esillään esillänsä
eseillään eseillänsä
ablative
esiltään esiltänsä
eseiltään eseiltänsä
allative
esilleen esillensä
eseilleen eseillensä
essive
esinään esinänsä
eseinään eseinänsä
translative
esikseen esiksensä
eseikseen eseiksensä
abessive
esittään esittänsä
eseittään eseittänsä
instructive
comitative
—eseineen eseinensä :

#### Derived terms

* Es-duuri
* es-molli

### Anagrams

* se

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛ/, (in liaison) /ɛ.z‿/ ~ /e.z‿/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛ
* Homophones: ai, aie, aies, aient, ait, est, hais, hait

### Verb

es
* second-person singular present indicative of être

### Anagrams

* SE, se

## Fuyug
### Noun

es (plural esing)
* child

### References

* Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

## Galician
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/

### Verb

es
* second-person singular present indicative of ser

## German
### Alternative forms

* 's (chiefly informal or poetic)
* -'s

### Pronunciation

* (stressed) IPA: /ɛs/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* (unstressed) IPA: /əs/

### Etymology 1

From Middle High German ëz, from Old High German iz, from Proto-Germanic *it. Compare English it.

#### Pronoun

es n
* nominative and accusative neuter third-person singular personal pronoun
    Wo ist das Buch? Es liegt auf dem Tisch. (Audio:(file)) ― Where's the book? It’s on the table.
    Wo ist das Kind? Ich habe es. ― Where is the child? I have it.
    Welche Farbe hat das Pferd? Es ist weiß. (Audio:(file)) ― What color is the horse? It is white.
    Ich bemerkte ein merkwürdiges bärtiges Individuum und beschloss, es im Auge zu behalten. (Audio:(file)) ― I remarked a strange bearded individual and decided to keep an eye on him.
    Das Mädchen wusste nicht, dass es beobachtet wurde. (Audio:(file)) ― The girl didn’t know that she was being observed.
    Jedes Vorstandsmitglied kann das Wort ergreifen, wenn es dies wünscht. (Audio:(file)) ― Any board member may take the floor if they so wish.
** 1952, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Das dicke Kind:Das Kind sagte nichts und sah mich mit seinen kühlen Augen an. Dann war es fort.The child said nothing and looked at me with her cold eyes. Then she was gone.
* Impersonal pronoun used to refer to statements, activities, the environment etc., or as a placeholder/dummy pronoun — it, there
    Das kann es nicht geben. (Audio:(file)) ― This is nothing that could possibly exist.
    Sie begann zu laufen, und ich tat es auch. ― She started to run, and so did I. (literally, “She began to run, and I did it also.”)
    Es war einmal eine schöne Prinzessin. (Audio:(file)) ― There was once a beautiful princess.
    Es ist gut zu leben! (Audio:(file)) ― It's good to be alive!
    Es regnet. (Audio:(file)) ― It’s raining.
    Es ist sicher, dass morgen die Sonne scheinen wird. (Audio:(file)) ― It's certain that the sun will shine tomorrow.
    Wie geht es dir? (Audio:(file)) ― How are you doing?
    Ich bin es, Michael. (Audio:(file)) ― It's me, Michael.
    Es spielt das Fernsehorchester. (Audio:(file)) ― The television orchestra is playing.
    Sie wird es noch weit bringen. (Audio:(file)) ― She is going to go far.

##### Usage notes

* As a pronoun referring to people who are grammatically neutral, it is sometimes considered old-fashioned or dated to insist on using the neutral es instead of er/sie, especially for Mädchen, in spoken language, and when there is a large distance between when the person is introduced and when the corresponding pronoun is used.
* In a small and closed set of phrases, es continues a Middle High German ës which was the genitive of ëz: Ich bin es müde ‘I am tired of it’.
* In the colloquial speech of some areas, this pronoun is fully replaced with the demonstrative pronoun das, with which it shares the unstressed reduction /s/. This reflects a similar development for sie/die, but predates it.

##### Declension

$^1$These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters.   $^2$enclitic, colloquial   $^3$archaic

##### Derived terms

* Es
* -'s
* by the German spelling reform of 1996: gehts, nimms, wenns

### Etymology 2
#### Article

es n
* (regional, colloquial) Alternative form of das
    Soll ich es Fenster zumachen?Should I close the window?

##### Usage notes

* The contracted form 's is more common, but es is also frequently heard.

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese este. Cognate with Kabuverdianu es.

### Pronoun

es
* this

## Hunsrik
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌəs/, /ˈes/
* Rhymes: -es
* Syllabification: es
* Homophone: ess

### Pronoun

es
* it

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛːs/
* Rhymes: -ɛːs

### Noun

es n (genitive singular es or ess, nominative plural es)
* (music) E flat

#### Related terms

* e
* eses
* as
* ces
* des
* fes
* ges

### References

* Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2025), “es”, in Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
* Mörður Árnason (2019) Íslensk orðabók, 5th edition, Reykjavík: Forlagið

## Ido
### Etymology

By assimilation with English is, French es, Italian essere, Spanish es.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛs/

### Verb

es
* Apocopic form of esas
    Me es hike pro ke lu volis lo. ― I am here because he wanted me here.

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛs/, [ˈɛs]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛs, -s
* Hyphenation: ès

### Etymology 1

From Dutch ijs, from Middle Dutch ijs, from Old Dutch *īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

#### Noun

ès (plural es-es)
* ice

##### Alternative forms

* ais (Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore)

##### Derived terms

* es bantut
* es batu
* es bening
* es brenibon
* es buah campolai
* es buah hunkue
* es buah tap
* es campur
* es caruk
* es cendol
* es cendol kopi
* es doger
* es Fürst Pückler
* es goyang
* es goyobod
* es hanyut
* es kering
* es kolang-kaling
* es krim
* es krim Neapolitan
* es laksmana mengamuk
* es lekat
* es lilin
* es loder
* es mambo
* es oyen
* es pisang ijo
* es podeng
* es potong
* es puter
* es rumput laut
* es saguer
* es sekoteng
* es selasih
* es selendang mayang
* es serpihan
* es serut
* es tebak
* es teh tarik
* es teler
* lemari es

### Etymology 2

From Dutch es

#### Noun

ès (plural es-es)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.

##### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

### Further reading

* “es” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /es/

### Verb

es
* present indicative of esser: is, are, am

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology 1

From Portuguese eles.

#### Pronoun

es
* they

### Etymology 2

From Portuguese este.

#### Pronoun

es
* this

## Latgalian
### Alternative forms

* (archaic) as

### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ. Cognates include Latvian es and Lithuanian aš.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈæs]
* Hyphenation: es

### Pronoun

es
* I

#### See also
### References

* Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 35

## Latin
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈɛs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈɛs]

#### Noun

es f (indeclinable)
* The name of the letter S.

##### Usage notes

* Multiple Latin names for the letter S, s have been suggested. The most common is es or a syllabic s, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, sē, sss, əs, sə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ισσε (isse).

##### Coordinate terms

* (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

#### References

* es in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *es, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ési.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈɛs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈɛs]

#### Verb

es
* second-person singular present active indicative/imperative of sum ("you are") (singular) or ("be!")

### Etymology 3

Form of the verb edō (“I eat”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈeːs/, [ˈeːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈes/, [ˈɛs]

#### Verb

ēs
* second-person singular present active indicative/imperative of edō

##### Synonyms

* edis

## Latvian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ (from *éǵh₂). The non-nominative forms derive from Proto-Indo-European dependent stem *me- (the a instead of e in the Baltic languages appears to result from Iranian influence): reduplicated *me-me- → *mene → Proto-Baltic genitive/accusative *mane → *manen (by analogy with other accusatives) → *manens (by analogy with other genitives) → genitive manis, while *manen → accusative mani. Dative man comes from an older *mani. Instrumental variant manim imitates the nominal i-stem paradigm. Cognates include Lithuanian aš (archaic eš), Old Prussian es, as, Sudovian as, Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ (Old Church Slavonic азъ (azŭ), Old East Slavic ꙗзъ (jazŭ), Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian я (ja), Bulgarian аз (az), Czech já (from jaz), Polish ja (from jaz)), Proto-Germanic *ekan, *ek (Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik), Old Norse ek, Old High German ih, German ich, Old English ic, English I), Hittite [script needed] (uk), Sanskrit अहम् (ahám), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 (azəm), Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Latin ego, Ossetian ӕз (æz).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛs]
* Audio:(file)

#### Pronoun

es (personal, 1st person singular)
* I; first person pronoun, referring to the speaker
    Es te dzīvoju. ― I live here.
    Viņš mani sastapa ceļā. ― He met me on the road.
    Atnāc pie manis! ― Come to me (to my place)!
    Nāc ar mani dejot! ― Come dance with me!
    Man nav laika. ― I don't have time. (lit. There is no time to me.)

##### Usage notes

The dative form manim is used only optionally, with prepositions.

##### Related terms

* manējs

##### See also

* vietniekvārds

#### Noun

es m (invariable)
* I, ego (the essence of a person)
    mans es ― my I, my ego
    Runātājs izcēla savu es. ― The speaker highlighted his I, his ego.
    Briesmīgi nezināt nekā un just tikai sevi, savu es. ― It is terrible to know and feel nothing except oneself, one's I.
    Cilvēks var pierādīt savu vērtību, apliecināt savu “es” tikai darbā. ― A person can prove their worth, testify their “I”, only in (their) work.

### Etymology 2

A cross-linguistically frequent way of naming this sound, and the respective letter.

#### Noun

es m (invariable)
* The Latvian name of the Latin script letter S/s.

##### See also

* Latvian letter names:
    a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “es”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Lower Sorbian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/

### Noun

es m inan
* The name of the Latin-script letter s/S.

### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

## Malay
### Etymology

From English ess.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈes/ [ˈes]

### Noun

és (plural es-es)
* The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.

#### Synonyms

* ès (Indonesian)
* sin (Jawi letter name)

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

## Middle Dutch
### Pronoun

es
* genitive of hi
* genitive of het

### Verb

es
* Alternative form of is; third-person singular present indicative of wēsen

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Determiner

es
* Alternative form of his (“his”)

#### Pronoun

es
* Alternative form of his (“his”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

es
* Alternative form of his (“her”)

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

es
* Alternative form of is (“is”)

## Middle French
### Etymology 1

Old French es ("[you] are").

#### Verb

es
* second-person singular present indicative of estre

### Etymology 2

Old French es ("in the").

#### Contraction

es
* Contraction of en + les (“in the (plural)”).

## Middle Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /es/

### Noun

es f (genitive esi)
* stoat, weasel

#### Descendants

* Irish: eas

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 es”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## North Frisian
### Verb

es
* third-person singular present of wiis

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

es
* present of asa (to swell, ferment)

## Occitan
### Verb

es
* third-person singular present indicative of èsser

## Ojibwe
### Etymology

From Proto-Algonquian *e·hsa.

### Noun

es (plural esag)
* shell (2)
* oyster

## Old French
### Etymology

Contraction of en les.

### Preposition

es
* in the
** 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 186 of this essay:l'autre partie va es musculesthe other part goes into the muscles

#### Descendants

* French: ès (archaic except in fixed expressions)

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [es]

### Alternative forms

* ess (theoretically available for all senses; attested in only some)

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

es (gender unknown)
* the letter s

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

es (gender unknown)
* death

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

es (gender unknown)
* food

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

es (gender unknown)
* ox

### Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronoun

es
* Alternative spelling of as: third-person singular masculine of a

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Norse
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. Evolved to younger variant er. Compare vesa, vas (vera, var).

#### Verb

es
* Archaic form of er., third-person singular indicative present of vera

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

#### Pronoun

es
* Archaic form of er. (which, that)

#### Conjunction

es
* Archaic form of er. (when, where)

## Pennsylvania German
### Alternative forms

* 's

### Etymology

Compare German es, Dutch het, English it.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛs/

### Article

es n (definite)
* nominative/accusative neuter singular of der: the

#### Declension
### Pronoun

es n
* it

#### Declension

$^1$ unstressed

## Plautdietsch
### Verb

es
* third-person singular present of sennen

## Romagnol
### Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

### Verb

es
* to be
* (auxiliary, used to form composite past tense of many intransitive verbs) to have (done something).

## Sawi
### Interjection

es
* at once
    Uvur haramavimaken, du famud, es! — The tide is about to turn; cook the sago at once!
* enough

### References

* ↑ Don Richardson, Peace Child.

## Scots
### Noun

es (plural eses)
* Alternative spelling of aes

### References

* “es, n.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈes/ [ˈes]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -es
* Syllabification: es

### Etymology 1

From Latin est, from Proto-Italic *est, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Sanskrit अस्ति (ásti), English is.

#### Verb

es
* third-person singular present indicative of ser

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

es f pl
* plural of e

## Sudovian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *ís. Compare Lithuanian ji̇̀s, but dissimilar Latvian viņš (“he”), Old Prussian tāns (“he”).

### Pronoun

eſ m
* (third-person singular) he
** “Pagan dialects from Narew” line 4, (copied by V. Zinov, 1983):on — eſon — he

### References

* ↑ Zigmas Zinkevičius (1985) “Lenkų-jotvingių žodynėlis? [A Polish-Yotvingian dictionary?]”, in Baltistica, volume 21, number 1 (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: VU, →DOI, page 72: “eſ ‘jis, l. on’ 4.”
* ↑ “jìs” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–): “nar. prn. es er”.

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from English ess, the English name of the letter S/s.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔes/ [ʔɛs]
* Rhymes: -es
* Syllabification: es

### Noun

es (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔)
* the name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Filipino alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) sa, (in the Abecedario) ese

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi

### Further reading

* “es”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* se

## Tocharian A
### Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Compare Tocharian B āntse.

### Noun

es
* shoulder
* bough, limb (of a tree)
* branch of a particular matter

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *es (“memory, mind”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /es/

### Noun

es
* (archaic) mind
* (archaic) memory

#### Derived terms

* eslemek

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːs/
* Rhymes: -eːs

### Verb

es
* first-person singular preterite colloquial of mynd

#### Synonyms

* euthum (literary)