# ar
## Translingual
### Etymology

Abbreviation of English Arabic

### Symbol

ar
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Arabic.

### See also

* Wiktionary’s coverage of Arabic terms

## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɑː/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈɑɹ/
* (Ireland) IPA: /ˈaɹ/, /ˈäːɹ/
* (African-American Vernacular) IPA: /ˈɑɹə/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː, -ɑɹ, -ɔɹ, -ɑɹə

### Etymology 1

From Middle English *ar, arres pl, from earlier *er.

#### Noun

ar (plural ars)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
    All the ars in the inscription.
** 2004, Will Rogers, The Stonking Steps, page 170:I have drunk en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar from the ef-ell-oh-doubleyou-ee-ar-ess in his gee-ay-ar-dee-ee-en many a time.
** 2016 CCEB, Communications Instructions Radiotelephone Procedures: ACP125 (G), p. 3-5
    RV [is spoken] as "ar-vee" instead of "I SPELL Romeo Victor".

##### Derived terms

* ar-dropping
* arless

##### Descendants

* → Malay: ar
* → Tagalog: ar

##### Translations
#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) letter; a, bee, cee, dee, e, ef, gee, aitch, i, jay, kay, el, em, en, o, pee, cue, ar, ess, tee, u, vee, double-u, ex, wye, zee / zed

### Etymology 2
#### Interjection

ar
* (UK, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr

##### Derived terms

* oh ar

#### Particle

ar
* (UK, West Country, West Midlands) Alternative form of arr

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

ar
* Obsolete spelling of are.
** 1570, Roger Ascham, The Scholemaster:But commonlie, the fairest bodies, ar bestowed on the foulest purposes.

### Etymology 4
#### Particle

ar
* (Manglish, Singlish) Alternative form of ah (question particle)

### Anagrams

* 'RA, 'Ra, ra, RA, Ra

## Abinomn
### Noun

ar
* Pometia pinnata

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* ār (NW Gheg)

### Etymology 1

Borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin aurum (“gold”). Considering the rendering of Latin au- as Albanian ā-, it is a relatively archaic borrowing. Although Arbëresh dialects preserve the original Latin neuter, in standard Albanian it is masculine.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɾ/
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

ar m (definite ari)
* (chemistry) gold
    Synonyms: flori, dukat
** 1555, Gjon Buzuku, Meshari:Të provuomitë e fesë saj të jetë mā e pāçmuome se ari.The temptations of her religion are more precious than (the) gold.
* (figurative) treasure, gem
    Synonym: thesar
* golden thread

##### Derived terms

* artë, praroj, artar, arturinë

#### Adjective

ar (feminine are)
* golden
    Synonyms: artë, flori
    Ai/ajo e ka zemrën ar. ― He/she has a golden heart.
* (figurative) precious
    Synonym: çmueshëm
* (figurative) yellow; white, bright
    Synonyms: verdhë, lylc, bardhë, ndritshëm
* (figurative) blonde, bright, light (hair)
    Synonym: biond

### Etymology 2

Probably via French are (“are”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɾ/

#### Noun

ar m (plural arë, definite ari, definite plural arët)
* are (unit of area; abbrev. a)
    (metric unit of measure:) 1 a = 100 (m²) square meters = ~119.6 square yards
    Synonym: a (abbrev.)

##### Declension
### References

* ↑ Jungg, G. (1895) “aar”, in Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct [Small Albanian–Italian dictionary], page 1
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ar”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 7
* ↑ Topalli, K. (2017) “ar”, in Fjalor Etimologjik i Gjuhës Shqipe, Durrës, Albania: Jozef, page 111
* ↑ “ar”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* ↑ “ar”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* aru

### Etymology

From Latin arō. Compare Daco-Romanian ara, ar.

### Verb

ar first-singular present indicative (third-person singular present indicative arã, past participle aratã)
* to plough

#### Related terms

* araci
* arare / arari
* arat
* aratru
* arãtor
* arãturã

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic عَار (ʕār).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑr/
* Audio (Baku):(file)

### Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)
* feeling of shame

#### Synonyms

* utanma, abır, həya

#### Derived terms

* arlanmaq
* arsız
** arsızcasına
** arsızlıq

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ar inan or anim
* male

#### Declension
## Breton
### Article

ar
* the

#### See also

* an
* al

## Chuukese
### Determiner

ar
* third person plural general possessive; their

#### Related terms
## Cimbrian
### Etymology 1

From Middle High German ahorn, from Old High German ahorn. Cognate with German Ahorn.

#### Noun

ar m
* (Luserna) maple, maple tree

##### Alternative forms

* aorn (Sette Comuni)

#### References

* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ar
* (Sette Comuni) Short for èar (“he”).
    Ar khimmet lóofanten.He comes running.

#### References

* “ar” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

## Czech
### Etymology

From French are, created during the French Revolution as a learned formation from Latin area, a piece of level ground.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Noun

ar m inan
* are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

#### Related terms

* hektar

### References

* ↑ Jiří Rejzek (2007) “ar”, in Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Leda

### Further reading

* “ar”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “ar”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːr/, [ɑːˀ]
* Rhymes: -aːˀr

### Etymology 1

From Old Norse ørr.

#### Noun

ar n (singular definite arret, plural indefinite ar)
* scar
* (slang) mouth

##### Derived terms

* arre
* arret

#### Verb

ar
* imperative of arre

### Etymology 2

From French are, from Latin ārea (“open space”).

#### Noun

ar c (singular definite aren, plural indefinite ar)
* are (square decametre, 100 m²)

##### Inflection
### Further reading

* ar on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$
* Ar (sår) on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{da}$

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑr/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ar
* Rhymes: -ɑr

### Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch arre, erre, irre, from Old Dutch *irri, from Proto-Germanic *irzijaz.

#### Adjective

ar (comparative arder, superlative arst)
* (obsolete) angry, furious
* (archaic) sorry, sad, regrettable

##### Derived terms

* in arren moede

### Etymology 2

Back-formation of arrenslee (see there for further etymology).

#### Noun

ar m or f (plural arren, diminutive arretje n)
* (obsolete) sledge

##### Related terms

* arrenslee

## East Central German
### Etymology

Compare German er.

### Pronoun

ar
* (Erzgebirgisch) he

### Further reading

* 2020 June 11, Hendrik Heidler, Hendrik Heidler's 400 Seiten: Echtes Erzgebirgisch: Wuu de Hasen Hoosn haaßn un de Hosen Huusn do sei mir drhamm: Das Original Wörterbuch: Ratgeber und Fundgrube der erzgebirgischen Mund- und Lebensart: Erzgebirgisch – Deutsch / Deutsch – Erzgebirgisch‎, 3. geänderte Auflage edition, Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 17:

## Galician
### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese aar, from an older aere, from Latin aēr.

#### Alternative forms

* aire

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaɾ]

#### Noun

ar m (plural ares)
* air

### Etymology 2

Unknown

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaɾ]

#### Adverb

ar
* (archaic) furthermore, in addition
* (archaic) never

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “ar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “aar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “aere”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Hausa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔár/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [ʔár]
* Hyphenation: ar̃

### Interjection

ar̃
* damn it

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
* ar (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
* for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
* íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Manx er and Scottish Gaelic air.
The pronunciation is taken from the third-person singular masculine inflected form air, although the spellings remain distinct in the standard language.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛɾʲ/

#### Preposition

ar (plus dative, triggers no mutation in general references but lenition in qualified or particularized references, triggers eclipsis in a few fixed expressions)
* on
* Used with a variety of nouns to indicate feelings and minor medical conditions
    Tá áthas orm.I am glad.(literally, “Joy is on me.”)
    Tá ocras orm.I am hungry.(literally, “Hunger is on me.”)
    Tá slaghdán orm.I have a cold.(literally, “A cold is on me.”)
* Used with a verbal noun to indicate a state
    ar crith ― trembling
    ar foluain ― hovering
    ar díol ― for sale
* upon (with a verbal noun plus personal form of do indicating the subject of the verb)
    ar éirí dom ― when I get/got up; upon my rising
* upon (with a (“his, her, their”)—indicating the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb—plus verbal noun to indicate completion of an action)
    ar a theacht / arna theacht ― when he comes/came; on his coming
    ar a chríochnú dom / arna chríochnú dom ― when I (had) completed it; upon my completion of it
* (in conjunction with the verb bí) must, have to
    Bhí orainn anailís a dhéanamh ar bhlúirí a bhí bainte as téacs.We had to analyse fragments abstracted from a text.

##### Derived terms

* ar aba (“on account of”)
* ar aghaidh (“in front of, opposite, facing”)
* ar ais (“back”)
* ar ala na huaire (“on the spur of the moment”)
* ar amharc (“in sight”)
* ar an gcéad dul síos (“firstly, first of all”)
* ar aon chaoi (“at any rate, anyway, anyhow”)
* ar ball (“a while ago; in a while, presently, by and by”)
* ar bith
* ar buile (“mad, furious, on the warpath”)
* ar bun (“going on, happening, afoot; established, set up”)
* ar chor ar bith (“at all, any at all”)
* ar chúl (“behind, in back of”)
* ar dtús (“at first”)
* ar fad (“still; all, fully; always; quite, clean; altogether; away”)
* ar feadh (“for, during”)
* ar iarraidh (“missing”)
* ar lóistín (“lodging; in lodgings”)
* ar maidin (“in the morning”)
* ar meisce (“drunk”)
* ar na rópaí (“on the ropes”)
* ar ndóiche
* ar ndóigh (“of course”)
* ar nós (“in the style or manner of, like”)
* ar olca le (“to spite”)
* ar oscailt (“open”)
* arna (“upon his/her/their; when he/she/they”)
* arnár (“upon our; when we”)
* cuir ar (“put on”)
* cuir caoi ar (“put in order, fix, repair; fix up”)
* cuir pionós ar (“punish”)
* de bhreis ar (“over and above”)
* de gheall ar (“for the sake of; disposed to, intending to”)
* déan caimiléireacht ar
* déan cneámhaireacht ar
* faigh locht ar (“find fault with/in”)
* feall ar (“cheat”)
* gabh seilbh ar (“confiscate”)
* i ngeall ar (“on account of”)
* mar gheall ar (“on account of, because of, concerning”)
* tabhair ar (“call; make, cause, compel”)
See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "ar"

### Etymology 2

an +‎ -r

#### Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)
* Used to form direct and indirect questions
    Ar chuala tú mé? ― Did you hear me?
    Níl a fhios agam ar chas sé an t-amhrán. ― I don’t know if/whether he sang the song.
    Ar ól an cat an bainne? ― Did the cat drink the milk?
    Ar cuireadh an síol? ― Was the seed sown?
* Used to form direct and indirect copular questions; used before consonants
    Ar mhúinteoir tú? ― Were you a teacher?

##### Related terms

* an (used with non-past tenses and in the past tense of some irregular verbs)

#### Particle

ar (copular form used before consonants and nouns beginning with vowels; triggers lenition in the past/conditional)
* Introduces an indirect relative clause; present/future tense
    an fear ar múinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son is a teacher
    an fear ar iascaire a mhac ― the man whose son is a fisherman
* Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense
    an fear ar mhúinteoir a mhac ― the man whose son was a teacher
* Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense
    Ar mhaith leat cupán tae?Would you like a cup of tea?
    Níl a fhios agam ar mhaith léi cupán tae.I don’t know if she would like a cup of tea.

##### Related terms

Simple copular forms :
| | | affirmative | negative | interrogative | neg. inter. |
| present/future ||||||
| main clauses | main clauses | is | ní | an | nach |
| relative clauses | direct | is | nach | – | – |
| relative clauses | indirect | ar, arb$^v$ | nach | – | – |
| other subordinate clauses | other subordinate clauses | gur, gurb$^v$ | nach | an | nach |
| past/conditional ||||||
| main clauses | main clauses | ba, b’$^v$ | níor, níorbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| relative clauses | direct | ba, ab$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | – | – |
| relative clauses | indirect | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | – | – |
| other subordinate clauses | other subordinate clauses | gur, gurbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ | ar, arbh$^v$ | nár, nárbh$^v$ |
| present subjunctive ||||||
| | | gura, gurab$^v$ | nára, nárab$^v$ | – | – |
Compound copular forms :
| base word | present/future | past/conditional |
| cá | cár, cárb$^v$ | cár, cárbh$^v$ |
| cé | cér, cérb$^v$ | cér, cérbh$^v$ |
| dá | – | dá mba, dá mb’$^v$ |
| de/do | dar, darb$^v$ | dar, darbh$^v$ |
| faoi | faoinar, faoinarb$^v$ | faoinar, faoinarbh$^v$ |
| i | inar, inarb$^v$ | inar, inarbh$^v$ |
| le | lenar, lenarb$^v$ | lenar, lenarbh$^v$ |
| má | más | má ba, má b’$^v$ |
| mura | mura, murab$^v$ | murar, murarbh$^v$ |
| ó (prep.) | ónar, ónarb$^v$ | ónar, ónarbh$^v$ |
| ó (conj.) | ós | ó ba, ó b’$^v$ |
| trí | trínar, trínarb$^v$ | trínar, trínarbh$^v$ |
$^v$ Used before vowel sounds :

### Etymology 3

a +‎ -r

#### Particle

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)
* Introduces an indirect relative clause
    an chathaoir ar shuigh an gasúr air ― the chair the boy sat on
    an cailín ar ól a cat an bainne ― the girl whose cat drank the milk
    an gort ar cuireadh an síol ann ― the field the seed was sown in

##### Related terms

* a (used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

#### Pronoun

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)
* all that, whatever
    Sin ar chonnaic mé ann.That’s all that I saw there.
    Ar thuig tú ar canadh?Did you understand all that was sung?
    Cheannaigh mé ar íoc tú as.I bought whatever you paid for.

##### Related terms

* a (form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs)

### Etymology 4

From Middle Irish ol, from Old Irish ol.

#### Verb

ar (used only with 3rd-person pronouns, usually emphatic)
* said, says
    “Tar isteach,” ar seisean.“Come in,” he said.
    “Ní thuigim,” ar sise.“I don’t understand,” she says.
    “Cén fáth?” ar siadsan.“Why?” they said.

##### Related terms

* arsa (used with other persons and with full nouns)

### Etymology 5

Old Irish ar (“ploughing, ploughed land”), verbal noun of airid (“to plough”).

#### Noun

ar m (genitive singular air)
* (literary, agriculture) verbal noun of air (“plough”)
* (literary, agriculture) tillage

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
nominative
ar
vocative
a air
genitive
air
dative
ar
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative
an t-ar
genitive
an air
dative
leis an ar don ar :

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 100

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ar”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “ar”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “ar”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈar/
* Rhymes: -ar
* Hyphenation: àr

### Contraction

ar
* (Rome) Contraction of a er (“to the, at the”).

## Jamaican Creole
### Etymology 1

Derived from English or.

#### Conjunction

ar
* or
** 2023, Yuunivorshal Deklarieshan a Yuuman Raits, United Nations, Aatikl 17:Evribadi av di rait fi uon prapati bai demself ar wid ada piipl.Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.(literally, “Everybody have the right to own property by themselves or with other people.”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ar
* her
** 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Maak 7:30:Wen shi riich uom shi si ar pikni lai dong pan ar bed an di diiman gaan outa ar.She went home and found the child lying on the bed, the demon gone.(literally, “When she went home she saw her child lying on the bed and the demon had gone out of her.”)

### Further reading

* ar at majstro.com

## Kalasha
### Etymology

From Sanskrit आरा (ārā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óleh₂ (“awl”). Cognate with German Ahle, English awl.

### Noun

ar
* awl

## Khasi
### Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʔaːr, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓaar. Cognate with Pnar ar, Blang lál, Bahnar ʼbar, Khmer ពីរ (pii), Vietnamese hai, Santali ᱵᱟᱨ (bar).

### Numeral

ar
* two

## Latgalian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ár. Cognates include Latvian ar (“with”) and dialectal Lithuanian ar (“and”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈâr]
* Hyphenation: ar

### Preposition

ar (+ instrumental)
* with

### References

* Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN

## Latvian
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- Cognate with Lithuanian ar (“whether, if, and”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).

### Preposition

ar (with instrumental)
* with

### Verb

ar
* inflection of art:
** second/third-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of art
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of art

## Lithuanian
### Alternative forms

* er

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”), thought to be a specialized conjunctional usage of the Proto-Indo-European root's usual "to fit" meaning. Cognate with Latvian ar (“whether, if, with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).

### Conjunction

ar̃
* (interrogative) whether, if
    Ar norite valgyti? ― Do you want to eat?
    Nežinau, ar tai tiesa, ar ne. ― I don't know whether that is true or not.
* (dialectal) and

#### Usage notes

Although commonly placed at the start of a sentence to form a yes/no question, it is not necessary to use ar to form such a question. Intonation alone can accomplish that. Additionally, there are other particles that can be used for the same purpose: ar̃gi, bè, benè, gál, kažìn, nègi, nejaũ, nejaũgi.

#### See also

* czy (word with the same function in Polish, which has significant historical presence in Lithuania)

### References

* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ar”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
* ↑ Vytautas Ambrazas (2006) Lithuanian Grammar, 2nd revised edition, →ISBN, pages 400, 428, 597, 712–713

### Further reading

* “ar”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2025
* “ar”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2025

## Malay
### Etymology

From English ar.

### Pronunciation

* (Johor) IPA: /ˈa(r)/ [ˈa(r)]
* (Penang, Baku) IPA: /ˈar/ [ˈar]

### Noun

ar (plural ar-ar)
* The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

#### Synonyms

* er (Indonesian)
* ra (Jawi letter name)

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

## Megleno-Romanian
### Etymology

From Latin arō. Compare Romanian ara, ar.

### Verb

ar
* plough

#### Related terms

* ărari
* ărat

### References

* Atasanov, Petar (1990) Le mégléno-roumain de nos jours: Une approche linguistique, Hamburg: Buske
* ↑ https://www.dex.ro/ara

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Determiner

ar
* (chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ar
* (Northern) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)

## Middle Welsh
### Alternative forms

* er

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *ar, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

#### Preposition

ar (triggers lenition)
* on, upon
* over, of (of a ruler with respect to the area ruled)
** Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:
    Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.
       Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

##### Inflection

* First-person singular: arnaf
* Second-person singular: arnat
* Third-person singular masculine: arnaw
* Third-person singular feminine: arnei, erni
* First-person plural: arnam
* Second-person plural: arnawch
* Third-person plural: arnunt

##### Derived terms

* ar hynny (“thereupon”)
* y ar (“from upon”)

##### Descendants

* Welsh: ar

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ar
* he/she who, whoever
** Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:
    Ar ny del yn uuyd, kymmeller o nerth cledyueu.
       Whoever does not come with obedience shall be compelled by the force of swords.
* that which, whatever
** Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet:
    Pa amgen uedwl yssyd yndaw ef heno noc ar a uu yr blwydyn y heno?
       What is the different mind that is in him tonight than that which has been since a year ago tonight?

## Northern Kurdish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːɾ/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Iranian *āθ(a)r-, from *HáHtr̥š, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”).

#### Noun

ar m (Arabic spelling ئار)
* fire
    Synonyms: agir, alav, pêt
* ash, ashes

##### Derived terms

* ardû

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ar m (Arabic spelling ئار)
* Alternative form of ard (“flour”)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3
#### Noun

ar ?
* shame, disgrace
    Synonym: 'ar
* are (square decametre, 100 m²)
* Abbreviation of argon.

### References

* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ar I”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 10
* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ar II”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 10

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“a piece of level ground, vacant ground, house ground”), either from Proto-Italic *āzeā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-e-yeh₂, from *h₂eHs- (“to become dry, burn; hearth, ashes”), or from Proto-Italic *āreā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂r-e-yeh₂, from *h₂eh₂rh₃- (“threshing tool”).

### Noun

ar n (definite singular aret, indefinite plural ar, definite plural ara or arene)
* an are, area of 100 square metres

#### Derived terms

* dekar

### References

* “ar” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “ar” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From French are, from Latin area.

### Noun

ar n (definite singular aret, indefinite plural ar, definite plural ara)
* an are, area of 100 square metres

#### Derived terms

* dekar

### References

* “ar” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːr/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu (“respect, honour”). Cognate with German Ehre.

#### Alternative forms

* āre

#### Noun

ār f
* honour, glory, grace
** Exeter Book, The Wanderer
    Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð, Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġA loner oft waits a grace for himself, Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

##### Derived terms

* ārlīċe (“honorably”)
* ārstafas (“help, kindness”)
* woroldār (“worldly honour”)

##### Descendants

* Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀ. Cognate with Old Norse eir (“brass, copper”), German ehern (“of metal, of iron”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz, “ore”), from Proto-Indo-European *áyos, h₂éyos. Compare Dutch oer (“iron-holding earth”). Compare Latin aes (“bronze, copper”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (aiiah), Sanskrit अयस् (áyas, “copper, iron”).

#### Noun

ār n
* ore, brass, copper

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
** English: ore
** Scots: ure, uir

### Etymology 3

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“oar”), from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old Norse ár, Danish åre, Swedish åra.

#### Noun

ār f
* oar

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
** English: oar
** Scots: air

### Etymology 4

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

#### Noun

ār m
* messenger, herald
** 8th-11th century, Beowulf, ll. 335-6:Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.I am Hrothgar's herald and officer.
* angel
* missionary

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* er

### Etymology

from Latin re- (“again”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaɾ/

### Adverb

ar
* also
** a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 90 (facsimile):
    & ar ſẽ (com)panneira u a de(us) (con)cebiſte
       and also without equal when you conceived God
* again
** a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 274 (facsimile):
    na obra que leyxara / por fazer ar começou
       (He) started working again on his unfinished work

#### Descendants

* Portuguese: er

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).

#### Preposition

ar (with accusative or dative)
* for, for the sake of, because of
For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

##### Inflection

Forms combined with the definite article:
* masculine/feminine accusative singular: arin
* neuter accusative singular: ara
* dative singular all genders: arin(d), airind(í)
* accusative plural all genders: arna
* dative plural all genders: a(i)rnaib
Forms combined with a possessive determiner:
* first person singular: armo
* third person singular and plural: ara
Form combined with the relative particle: ara

##### Derived terms

* cid ara

##### Descendants

* Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

#### Conjunction

ar
* Alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ar (‘for’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 275–76, 497–99; reprinted 2017

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.

#### Determiner

ar (triggers eclipsis)
* our
For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

##### Descendants

* Irish: ár
* Scottish Gaelic: ar

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 440, pages 277–78; reprinted 2017

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Celtic *arom, whence also Welsh âr; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”).

#### Noun

ar n (genitive aire, no plural)
* verbal noun of airid: ploughing, tilling
* ploughed land, cultivated land

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization
* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Derived terms

* airem

##### Descendants

* Middle Irish: ar m
** Irish: ar m

##### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “4 ar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 268.3., page 172; reprinted 2017

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *jērą.

### Noun

ār n
* year

#### Descendants

* Swedish: år

## Pnar
### Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʔaːr, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓaar. Cognate with Khasi ar, Blang lál, Bahnar ʼbar, Khmer ពីរ (pii), Vietnamese hai, Santali ᱵᱟᱨ (bar).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔar/

### Numeral

ar
* two

## Polabian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Low German or.

#### Conjunction

ar
* or
    Synonym: cĕ

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Low German her.

#### Adverb

ar
* here

##### Alternative forms

* er

### References

* Lehr-Spławiński, T., Polański, K. (1962) “I. ar”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 1 (A – ďüzd), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 19
* Lehr-Spławiński, T., Polański, K. (1962) “II. ar||er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 1 (A – ďüzd), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 19
* Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “ar I.”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 34
* Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “ar//er II.”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 34
* Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “ar”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 7
* Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Err”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 266

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈar/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ar
* Syllabification: ar

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from French are.

#### Noun

ar m inan (abbreviation a)
* are (square decametre, 100 m²)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

ar f pl
* genitive plural of ara

### Further reading

* ar in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* ar in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese aar, aire, aere, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈah]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ˈaʁ/ [ˈaχ]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈaɻ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈaɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈa.ɾi/
* (Caipira Brazil) IPA: /ˈaɹ/
* Rhymes: (Portugal, São Paulo) -aɾ, (Portugal) -aʁ
* Hyphenation: ar
* Audio (São Paulo):(file)

### Noun

ar m (plural ares)
* air
* look, air (aspect)

#### Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ar.

#### Derived terms

* ao ar livre
* ar comprimido
* ar condicionado

#### Related terms

* aéreo
* airoso
* aragem
* arejar

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Etymology 1

From older Romanian ară, are, presumably from Latin habēret (for the singular) and habērent (for the plural). See also are.

#### Verb

(el/ea) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person singular form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)
* (he/she) would

#### Verb

(ele/ei) ar (modal auxiliary, third-person plural form of avea, used with infinitives to form conditional tenses)
* (they) would

#### Related terms

* ai
* am
* aș
* ați

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

ar
* first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive of ara

### Etymology 3

From French are.

#### Noun

ar m (plural ari)
* an are (a unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

##### Declension
## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish ar. Cognates include Irish ár.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əɾ (n)/

#### Determiner

ar (triggers eclipsis)
* our
    ar n-athair. ― our father.
    Tha ar nighean ruadh. ― Our daughter is red-haired.
    Tha ar n-oilthigh ùr. ― Our university is new.

##### See also

$^L$ Triggers lenition; $^H$ Triggers H-prothesis; $^N$ Triggers eclipsis $^1$ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aɾ/

#### Verb

ar (defective)
* think

##### Usage notes

* Only has the present and past tense, which both have the same form ar.
* Always followed by the preposition le or a prepositional pronoun:
    ar le mòran nach fhaod seo a bhith ― many thought this can't be
    ar leam gun... ― it seems/seemed to me that...

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

ar (comparative aire)
* slow, sluggish

## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

ar m (Cyrillic spelling ар)
* are (square decametre, 100 m²)

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Etymology 1

Ultimately from Latin area, probably via French are. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Noun

ar c or n
* are (square decametre, 100 m²)

##### Related terms

* hektar

### Etymology 2

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *arô.

#### Noun

ar m
* (dialectal) eagle

### References

* ar in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* ar in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* ar in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
* ar in Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket (8th ed., 1923)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from English ar, the English name of the letter R/r.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔaɾ/ [ʔɐɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: ar

### Noun

ar (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)
* the name of the Latin-script letter R/r, in the Filipino alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) ra, (in the Abecedario) ere

#### See also

* (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi

### Further reading

* “ar”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* ra

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish عار (ar), from Arabic عَار (ʕār).

#### Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)
* feeling of shame
** 2023 November 22, Owen Jones, Annwn’da yaşam: Willy jones'un ölümden sonraki hikâyesi (Annwn)‎, Tektime, →ISBN:... pek arsız değil . ” " Evet , tamam . Bazen biraz arsız olsan da bağımsız olmanı daha çok seviyorum . Bana gençliğimizi hatırlatıyorsun ... Ergenlik çağında flört ettiğimiz zamanları . Sende aynı çizgi o zamanlarda vardı ... " " Öyle mi ...not very cheeky. ” " Yes , okay . Even though you can be a little cheeky sometimes , I like it more when you are independent . You remind me of our youth ... when we used to flirt in adolescence . You had the same streak back then
** (Can we date this quote?), Mo Yan, İri Memeler ve Geniş Kalçalar (Dünya Edebiyatı)‎, Can Yayınları, →ISBN:... ar kalmamış! Sen onunla birlikteyken eniştesini çalan baldızı oynuyordun, herkesin kitabında bunun utanç verici olduğu yazar!” Ablam bir an şaşırdı, hemen arkasından, “Ana, sen çok değiştin,” dedi. Annem, “Evet, değiştim ama ben yine de ...No decency at all! When you were with him, you were playing the sister-in-law who stole his brother-in-law, it is written in everyone's book that this is shameful!” My sister was surprised for a moment, then said, "Mother, you have changed a lot." My mother said, “Yes, I have changed, but I still...

##### Derived terms

* arsız (“shameless”)
* arlı (“scrupulous”) (Often in negation, such as "anladım o sana fena davrandı ama sende pek arlı değilsin.)
    (I see she treated you meanly, yet you are no angel either)
* arsızlık yapmak (“act cheekily”) (or sentence structure "arsızca davranmak")
* ar kalmamış (“unscrupulous”) (it is a fixed phrase and in negation only, see quotes.)
* arsız köpek (“cheeky bastard”) (vulgar, offensive)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French are.

#### Noun

ar (definite accusative arı, plural arlar)
* are (unit of area)

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh ar, from Old Welsh guar, guor, from Proto-Celtic *uɸer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/

### Preposition

ar (triggers soft mutation or h-prothesis if before ugain)
* on
* about to (with a verbal noun)
** King, Gareth (1993) Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 131:
    Brysiwch, mae’r trên ar fynd!Hurry up, the train’s about to leave!

#### Derived terms

* Category:Welsh phrasal verbs formed with "ar"

## Yola
### Alternative forms

* or, o'

### Etymology

From Middle English ar, or, o; partially contracted from other, auther, from Old English āþor, āwþer, āhwæþer.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ar/, /ɔr/, /ɔ/
* Homophone: 'ar

### Conjunction

ar
* or
** 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:Ar aany noor dhing at woode comfoort mee,Or any other thing that would comfort me,
** 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:Gooude var nat oan dhing, niether treesh ar thraame;Good for not one thing; neither for the trace, nor the car.
** 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 106:Ich woode be pitcht ee kurkeen, ar zippeen, to a coolaan.I would be poked into the mow or the stack up to the back of my head.

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 104