# bestia
## Aragonese
### Etymology

From Latin bēstia (“animal, beast”).

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestias)
* beast

### References

* Bal Palazios, Santiago (2002) “bestia”, in Dizionario breu de a luenga aragonesa, Zaragoza, →ISBN

## Asturian
### Etymology

Derived from Latin bēstia.

### Adjective

bestia (epicene, plural besties)
* (figurative, derogatory) brutal; coarse

### Noun

bestia f (plural besties)
* wild animal (beast)
** 2000, Carlos Ealo López, José Luis Caramés Lage, sir gawain y el caballeru verde‎, Academia Llingua Asturiana, →ISBN:Asina entama l’artificiu narrativu de Sir Gawain y el caballeru verde, anónimu inglés de finales del sieglu XIV qu’amuesa, cuasimente dende l’entamu, un mundu de caballeros y besties espantoses nel que l’honor de la Mesa Redonda pue quedar frayáu pa siempre.Thus beings the narrative creation of Sir Gawain and the Green Horse, nameless English from the end of the fourteen century that shows, almost from the start, a world of horses and frightening beasts that the Round Table’s honour can leave broken forever.

### References

* Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2000). Diccionariu de la llingua asturiana (1ª edición). →ISBN. on-line version.

## Catalan
### Etymology

From bes- +‎ tia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [bəsˈti.ə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [besˈti.a]

### Noun

bestia f (plural besties)
* great-aunt

### See also

* besoncle

## Italian
### Etymology

Probably borrowed from Latin bēstia, but some sources consider it inherited. Cognate to biscia, which is definetly inherited.

### Pronunciation

* (Tuscany) IPA: /ˈbe.stja/
** Rhymes: -estja
** Hyphenation: bé‧stia
* (central Italian, Rome) IPA: /ˈbɛ.stja/
** Rhymes: -ɛstja
** Hyphenation: bè‧stia

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestie)
* beast
** 13th century, “ⅬⅩⅩⅩⅡ. De’ Pagoni [82. About Peacocks]”, in Trattato dell'agricoltura [Treatise On Agriculture]‎, translation of Opus ruralium commodorum libri Ⅻ by Pietro De' Crescenzi, published 1605, page 474:Il nido si dee lor fare sotto tetto, e da terra levato, acciocchè serpente o bestia, andar non vi possaTheir nest is to be made under a canopy, and above ground, so that no snake or [other] animal can get to it

#### Derived terms

* bestia da soma

#### Related terms

* bestiale
* bestiaio
* bestiario
* biscia

#### Descendants

* → Romanian: bestie
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: бѐштија, бе̏стија
    Latin script: bèštija, bȅstija

### References

* ↑ bestia in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa
* ↑ bestia in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
* ↑ bestia in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

### Anagrams

* basite, beasti

## Ladino
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish bestia (“beast”), from Latin bēstia (“beast”).

### Noun

bestia f (Hebrew spelling ביסטייה)
* animal; being; creature [16th c.]
    Synonyms: animal, animalia
** 2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar‎, Nur Afakot, page 78:Durante la gerra, kuando estávamos en Mombaroccio, el papá refuzó siempre de komer karne de puerko i de bestias muertas.During the war, when we were in Mombaroccio, dad always refused to eat meat from pigs and dead animals.

### References

* ↑ “bestia”, in Trezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

## Latin
### Etymology

The origin is unknown. A Proto-Indo-European preform *dʰwēstiā has been proposed, from the root *dʰwēs- (“to breathe”) (compare Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius) from *dʰwes- (“to breathe”); more at English deer), but this is uncertain, since an initial f- would be expected in Latin; it apparently follows instead the same initial change of duellum>bellum (see w:History of Latin § Other sequences).

### Pronunciation

* bēstia: (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈbeːs.ti.a/, [ˈbeːs̠t̪iä]
* bēstia: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈbes.ti.a/, [ˈbɛst̪iä]

### Noun

bēstia f (genitive bēstiae); first declension
* a beast
** 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.30.30:Leō fortissimus bēstiārum ad nūllīus pavēbit occursum.A lion, the strongest of beasts, who hath no fear of any thing he meeteth (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.)

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Synonyms

* bēlua

#### Derived terms

* bēstiālis
* bēstiārium (“a medieval treatise of various real or imaginary animals”)
* bēstiārius (“involving wild beasts; person who fights with wild beasts in the arena”)
* bēstiola (“a little creature or beast”)

#### Descendants

Through the derived Vulgar Latin bīstia:
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Istriot: bies'cia
** Italian: biscia, biscio
** Venetan: bisa, bìsa, bissa — alternative spellings, biso m
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Friulian: bis, bise
* Gallo-Italic:
** Emilian: bìsa, béssa (Bologna)
** Romagnol: bèsa
* Gallo-Romance:
** Old French: bisse, biche
*** Middle French: biche
**** French: biche
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Galician-Portuguese: bescha
*** Galician: bicha
*** Portuguese: bicha, bicho
**** Kabuverdianu: bitchu
** Old Spanish:
*** Spanish: bicha, bicho
* Ancient borrowings:
** → Albanian: bishë
Romance borrowings:
* → Aragonese: bestia
* → Asturian: bestia
* → Catalan: bèstia
* → Friulian: bestie
* →? Italian: bestia
** → Romanian: bestie
** → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: бѐштија, бе̏стија
    Latin script: bèštija, bȅstija
* → Occitan: bèstia
* → Old French: beste (see there for further descendants)
* →? Old Galician-Portuguese: besta, bestia
** Galician: besta
** Portuguese: besta
* → Romansch: bestga, biestg, bestia, bes-cha
* → Sicilian: bestia, bbestia, vestia, estia
* → Spanish: bestia
** Papiamentu: bestia
* → Venetan: bestia
External borrowings:
* → Czech: bestie
* → German: Bestie
* → Old Irish: píast, péist
** Middle Irish: péist
*** Irish: péist
*** Manx: beisht
*** Scottish Gaelic: bèist
* → Polish: bestia
* → Russian: бестия (bestija)
* → Slovak: beštia
* → Yiddish: בעסטיע (bestye)

### References

* “bestia”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “bestia”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "bestia", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* bestia in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “bestia”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bestia”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 71
* Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “bestia”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 69b
* Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “bestia”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 102
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) “269”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 269

## Old Galician-Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbes̺.tja/

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestias)
* Alternative form of besta

## Old Spanish
### Alternative forms

* vestia

### Etymology

Derived from Latin bēstia. Cognate with Old French beste and Old Galician-Portuguese besta.

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestias)
* animal; being; creature (deer; wight)
    Synonyms: animal, animalia
** c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:[…] en ſemblança delas beſtias ſuujſta cuemo braſas de fuego encendidas e ſemblanca de lampadesThe appearance of the creatures was like burning coals of fire or like torches
** wild animal (beast)
*** c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. e pues diremos q̃ beſtia mala lo mato ⁊ lo comẏo. Oẏo lo ruben ⁊ peſol eq̃ſol enparar“Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! And then we will say that a fierce beast killed and ate him.” Reuben heard this and was grieved by it, and decided to protect him.
*** c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 105v:[…] preſtal contra contra toda ferida de culuebra o de alacran. o de otra beſtia emponzonada.It serves against any injury made by a snake or a scorpion, or of any other venomous beast.

#### Descendants

* Ladino: bestia, ביסטייה
* Spanish: bestia
** Papiamentu: bestia

### References

* Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946) “bestia”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume I, Chapel Hill, page 75

## Papiamentu
### Etymology

Inherited from Portuguese besta and Spanish bestia.

### Noun

bestia
* beast
* animal

## Polish
### Alternative forms

* berdyjá, bestyjá (Podegrodzie)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin bēstia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɛs.tja/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛstja
* Syllabification: bes‧tia

### Noun

bestia f (diminutive bestyjka)
* beast (non-human animal)
    Synonym: zwierz
* (figurative) beast (person who behaves in a violent, antisocial, or uncivilized manner)
    Synonym: zwyrodnialec

#### Derived terms

* bestialny
* bestialski
* bestializm
* bestyjnik
* bestwić impf, zbestwić pf
* rozbestwiać impf, rozbestwić pf

#### Related terms

* bestialsko
* bestialność
* bestialstwo
* bestiarium
* bestiariusz

### References

* ↑ Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bestia”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna

### Further reading

* bestia in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* bestia in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Romanian
### Noun

bestia
* definite nominative/accusative singular of bestie

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* bes-cha (Puter, Vallader), bestga (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan), biestg (Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran, Sursilvan)

### Etymology

Derived from Latin bēstia.

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestias)
* (Sursilvan) animal
    Synonyms: (Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Vallader) animal, (Sursilvan) tier

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish bestia (“beast”), from Latin bēstia (“beast”). Compare English beast.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbestja/ [ˈbes.t̪ja]
* Audio (Spain):(file)
* Rhymes: -estja
* Syllabification: bes‧tia

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestias, diminutive bestezuela)
* beast
    Synonym: bicho
** 1909, “Génesis I”, in Casiodoro de Reina, transl., edited by Cipriano de Valera, Biblia Reina-Valera‎, Madrid: Depósito Central de la Sociedad Bíblica, page 2:Y á toda bestia de la tierra, y á todas las aves de los cielos, y á todo lo que se mueve sobre la tierra, en que hay vida, toda hierba verde les será para comer: y fué así.‘And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is a living soul, I have given every green herb for food.’ And it was so.
* animal
    Synonym: animal
    Hyponym: bestia de carga

### Noun

bestia m or f by sense (plural bestias)
* (figurative, derogatory) brute (person who acts stupidly)
    Synonym: bruto

### Adjective

bestia m or f (masculine and feminine plural bestias)
* (figurative, derogatory) brutal; coarse
    Él es demasiado bestia.He is too coarse.

#### Derived terms

* a lo bestia
* bestia negra
* como bestias
* como una bestia

#### Related terms

* bestial
* bestiario

#### Descendants

* Papiamentu: bestia

### Further reading

* “bestia”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
* “bestia”, in Diccionario de americanismos [Dictionary of Americanisms] (in Spanish), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language [Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], 2010

## Venetan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin bestia. Doublet of bìsa.

### Noun

bestia f (plural bestie)
* animal
* beast
* insect