# 陽炎
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yángyán
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^4$ jim$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yángyán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yángyán
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^2$-yen$^2$
*** Yale: yáng-yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yangyan
*** Palladius: янъянь (janʺjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$揚言 / 扬言 陽炎 / 阳炎 佯言
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^4$ jim$^4$
*** Yale: yèuhng yìhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^4$ jim$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^4$ yim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ²¹ jiːm²¹/

### Noun

陽炎
* dazzling sunlight, glare of sunlight

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 陽 | 炎 |
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| irregular ||
*/kaɡerʷo pʷi/ → /kaɡirohi/ → /kaɡiroi/
Originally a compound of かげる (kageru, “to shine, to shimmer”, obsolete, only found in compounds; cognate with 影 kage, “shadow”, and with the kaga element in 炫 kaga, kagaya, “shining, shimmering”; 輝く kagayaku, “to shine, to sparkle”) +‎ 火 (hi, “fire, flame”). In non-final position, /e/ raises to /i/ in Japanese.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かぎろい [kàgíróí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡʲiɾo̞i]

#### Noun

陽炎(かぎろい) • (kagiroi)
* (archaic) heat shimmer, heat haze
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 1835:, text here:
    今更 雪零目八方 蜻火之 燎留春部常 成西物乎
    今さらに 雪降らめやも かぎろひの 燃ゆる春へと なりにしものを
       いまさらに ゆきふらめやも かぎろひの もゆるはるへと なりにしものを
       Ima sara ni / yuki furame ya mo / kagirohi no / moyuru haru he to / narinishi mono wo
          And now already, when snow shall not fall, it has become the springtime with its smouldering heat haze
* (archaic) the glow of dawn
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 48:, text here:
    東 野炎 立所見而 反見為者 月西渡
    東の 野にかぎろひの 立つ見えて かへり見すれば 月かたぶきぬ
       ひむがしの のにかぎろひの たつみえて かへりみすれば つきかたぶきぬ
       Himugashi no / no ni kagirohi no / tatsu miete / kaherimi sureba / tsuki katabukinu
          In the field of the east, the start of the dawn's glow can be seen, and looking back the other way, the moon has begun to set

##### Usage notes

In general use, this term has been replaced by the modern form kagerō below.
Used in poetry and formal writing as a 枕詞 (makura kotoba), a kind of epithet, to precede certain terms.
* 陽炎の春 (kagiroi no haru): “heat-hazy spring” → introduces the idea of springtime, from the way that fields often shimmer in the heat of a sunny spring day.
* 陽炎の心燃ゆ (kagiroi no kokoro-moyu): “heat-hazy heart-burning” → in reference to the heat of one's passion (note that this is not heartburn in the English term's sense of indigestion).

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 陽 | 炎 |
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| irregular ||
/kaɡiroi/ → /kaɡeroi/
Traditionally described as a shift in pronunciation from kagiroi above. However, this might be the original form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かげろい [kàgéróí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡe̞ɾo̞i]

#### Noun

陽炎(かげろい) • (kageroi)
* (archaic) heat shimmer, heat haze

##### Usage notes

In general use, this term has been replaced by the modern form kagerō below.

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 陽 | 炎 |
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| irregular ||
/kaɡeroi/ → /kaɡerou/ → /kaɡeroː/
Shift in pronunciation from kageroi above, via vowel backing and raising of /fi/ > */fo/ > /fu/, reminiscent of 火 (ho-, “fire”) and Eastern Old Japanese 火 (pu, “fire”). This is the most common reading.
Starting from the Heian period, used in poetry to allude to something indistinct, or something that might not be there; compare use of the English term mirage.
Associated with the season of spring.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かげろー [kàgéꜜròò] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) かげろー [kàgéróó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡe̞ɾo̞ː]

#### Noun

陽炎(かげろう) or 陽炎(カゲロウ) • (kagerō)
* heat shimmer, heat haze
* (by extension) ephemerality

##### Idioms

* 陽炎(かげろう)稲妻(いなずま)水(みず)の月(つき) (kagerō inazuma mizu no tsuki): “heat haze, lightning, the moon [reflected] in water” → a metaphor for something unobtainable; compare pie in the sky

##### Usage notes

This kagerō form is the modern reading.
Used in writing as a 枕詞 (makura kotoba), a kind of epithet, to precede certain terms.
* 陽炎の小野 (kagerō no Ono): “heat-hazy Ono” → introduces places called Ono (literally “small field”), from the way that fields often shimmer in the heat of a sunny day.
* 陽炎の石 (kagerō no ishi): “heat-hazy stones” → in reference to a place with exposed stone, such as a stone wall, boulders, or a riverbed.

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 陽 | 炎 |
| よう Grade: 3 | えん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
/jauen/ → /jɔːen/ → /joːen/
From Middle Chinese compound 陽炎 / 阳炎 (yang hjem, literally “sun + burn, blazing”). Compare modern Mandarin 陽炎／阳炎 (yángyán, “sun glare”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よーえん [yòóéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jo̞ːẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

陽(よう)炎(えん) • (yōen)
* heat shimmer, heat haze

##### Usage notes

Less common than the kagerō reading above.

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 陽 | 炎 |

### Noun

陽炎 • (yang'yeom) (hangeul 양염)
* hanja form of 양염 (“heat haze; waves of heat; heat waves; (a veil of) heat shimmer; shimmering of heated air”)