# 強

| 強 | U+5F37, &#24375; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37 |
| ← 弶 [U+5F36] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 弸 → [U+5F38] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 強 |
| Simplified | 强 |
| Traditional | 強 |

### Han character

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 1323$_6$, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 359, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5F37

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 強
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 繈 | *kaŋʔ |
| 襁 | *kaŋʔ |
| 膙 | *kaŋʔ |
| 鏹 | *kaŋʔ |
| 勥 | *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ |
| 強 | *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ |
Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”), hence a rather conservative variant is 𧖑.
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).
The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

### Etymology

(egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiáng (qiang$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): koeng$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kiang$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): giòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiang$^5$ / gion$^5$ / giên$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$jian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^2$
*** Yale: chyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
*** Palladius: цян (cjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koeng$^4$
*** Yale: kèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kiang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiaŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiûnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
*** Tâi-lô: kiâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/
* kiûⁿ - vernacular;
* kiông/kiâng - literary.
* Middle Chinese: gjang
Rime :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨良切 |
| Baxter | gjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | koeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-kaŋ/ |
| English | strong |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 10318 |
| Phonetic component | 强 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 強 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaŋ/ |
| Notes | 彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊 |

#### Definitions

強
* strong; powerful; energetic
* to strengthen
* staunch; strong-willed
* brutal; forceful
    強拖乘客下機／强拖乘客下机 ― qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī ― to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
* capable; of a high level
* superior; better
* slightly more than; plus
    四分之一強／四分之一强 ― sì fēnzhī yī qiáng ― a bit more than a fourth
    From: c. 1239, Liu Kezhuang（劉克莊）,一剪梅•余赴廣東實之夜餞於風亭
    Shù yùn xiāo xíng shílǐ qiáng, tiǎo dé shī náng, pāo le yī náng. [Pinyin]
    With burning hemps, I walked for more than ten li. Carrying on my shoulders a bundle of poetry books, And the parcel of garments I threw into brooks.
* final contestants in a competition; finalist
    八強／八强 ― bāqiáng ― quarterfinals
* (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋 (dàn).

#### Synonyms

* (strong): (literary) 鴻／鸿 (hóng)

#### Antonyms

* 弱 (ruò)

#### Compounds

* 不強 / 不强
* 不憚強禦 / 不惮强御
* 不畏強禦 / 不畏强御
* 以弱制強 / 以弱制强
* 以強陵弱 / 以强陵弱
* 伯強 / 伯强
* 倚強凌弱
* 倚強欺弱 / 倚强欺弱 (yǐqiáng qī ruò)
* 兵強 / 兵强
* 兵強將勇 / 兵强将勇
* 兵強將盛 / 兵强将盛 (bīng qiáng jiàng shèng)
* 兵強馬壯 / 兵强马壮 (bīngqiángmǎzhuàng)
* 刁蹬用強 / 刁蹬用强
* 列強 / 列强 (lièqiáng)
* 剛強 / 刚强 (gāngqiáng)
* 力強 / 力强
* 加強 / 加强 (jiāqiáng)
* 北方之強 / 北方之强
* 南方之強 / 南方之强
* 博聞強記 / 博闻强记 (bówénqiángjì)
* 博聞強識 / 博闻强识 (bówénqiángzhì)
* 占強
* 口強 / 口强
* 四強 / 四强 (sìqiáng)
* 國富兵強 / 国富兵强 (guófùbīngqiáng)
* 國富民強 / 国富民强 (guófùmínqiáng)
* 地震強度 / 地震强度
* 堅強 / 坚强 (jiānqiáng)
* 增強 / 增强 (zēngqiáng)
* 壓強 / 压强 (yāqiáng)
* 外強中乾 / 外强中干 (wàiqiángzhōnggān)
* 多聞強記 / 多闻强记
* 奮發圖強 / 奋发图强 (fènfātúqiáng)
* 奮發自強 / 奋发自强
* 女強人 / 女强人 (nǚqiángrén)
* 好強 / 好强 (hàoqiáng)
* 富國強兵 / 富国强兵 (fùguóqiángbīng)
* 富強 / 富强 (fùqiáng)
* 富強康樂 / 富强康乐
* 差強人意 / 差强人意
* 年富力強 / 年富力强 (niánfùlìqiáng)
* 康強 / 康强
* 強人 / 强人 (qiángrén)
* 強仕 / 强仕
* 強似 / 强似 (qiángsì)
* 強健 / 强健 (qiángjiàn)
* 強力 / 强力 (qiánglì)
* 強力膠 / 强力胶
* 強勁 / 强劲 (qiángjìng)
* 強勢 / 强势 (qiángshì)
* 強勢貨幣 / 强势货币
* 強化 / 强化 (qiánghuà)
* 強化玻璃 / 强化玻璃
* 強化食品 / 强化食品
* 強半 / 强半 (qiángbàn)
* 強占 (qiángzhàn)
* 強固 / 强固 (qiánggù)
* 強圉 / 强圉
* 強壯 / 强壮 (qiángzhuàng)
* 強壯劑 / 强壮剂
* 強大 / 强大 (qiángdà)
* 強奪 / 强夺 (qiángduó)
* 強姦 / 强奸 (qiángjiān)
* 強姦民意 / 强奸民意
* 強宗 / 强宗
* 強寇 / 强寇
* 強幹弱枝 / 强干弱枝
* 強度 / 强度 (qiángdù)
* 強弓硬弩 / 强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
* 強弩 / 强弩
* 強弩之末 / 强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
* 強弱 / 强弱 (qiángruò)
* 強弱懸殊 / 强弱悬殊
* 強強滾 / 强强滚 (qiángqiánggǔn)
* 強心劑 / 强心剂 (qiángxīnjì)
* 強心針 / 强心针 (qiángxīnzhēn)
* 強悍 / 强悍 (qiánghàn)
* 強搶 / 强抢 (qiángqiǎng)
* 強敵環伺 / 强敌环伺
* 強暴 / 强暴 (qiángbào)
* 強有力 / 强有力 (qiángyǒulì)
* 強本弱枝 / 强本弱枝
* 強梁 (qiángliáng)
* 強梗 / 强梗
* 強棒 / 强棒
* 強橫 / 强横 (qiánghèng)
* 強權 / 强权 (qiángquán)
* 強權外交 / 强权外交
* 強權政治 / 强权政治 (qiángquán zhèngzhì)
* 強死 / 强死 (qiángsǐ)
* 強波器 / 强波器
* 強渡 / 强渡 (qiángdù)
* 強烈 / 强烈 (qiángliè)
* 強盛 / 强盛 (qiángshèng)
* 強盜 / 强盗 (qiángdào)
* 強盜演戲 / 强盗演戏
* 強硬 / 强硬 (qiángyìng)
* 強硬手段 / 强硬手段
* 強者 / 强者 (qiángzhě)
* 強虜 / 强虏
* 強行軍 / 强行军 (qiángxíngjūn)
* 強記 / 强记
* 強記洽聞 / 强记洽闻
* 強調 / 强调 (qiángdiào)
* 強諫 / 强谏
* 強酸 / 强酸 (qiángsuān)
* 強韌 / 强韧
* 強項 / 强项 (qiángxiàng)
* 強風特報 / 强风特报
* 強鹼 / 强碱
* 強點 / 强点 (qiángdiǎn)
* 恃強凌弱 (shìqiánglíngruò)
* 恃強欺弱 / 恃强欺弱
* 抓尖要強 / 抓尖要强
* 扶弱抑強 / 扶弱抑强
* 抑強扶弱 / 抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
* 撇強 / 撇强
* 木強則折 / 木强则折
* 本事高強 / 本事高强
* 板強 / 板强
* 極限強度 / 极限强度
* 民富國強 / 民富国强 (mínfùguóqiáng)
* 氣強 / 气强
* 洽聞強記 / 洽闻强记
* 濟弱鋤強 / 济弱锄强
* 火性強陽 / 火性强阳
* 煞強如 / 煞强如
* 爭勝要強 / 争胜要强
* 爭強 / 争强 (zhēngqiáng)
* 爭強好勝 / 争强好胜
* 爭強賭勝 / 争强赌胜
* 爭強顯勝 / 争强显胜
* 爭強鬥勝 / 争强斗胜
* 特強 / 特强
* 畏強凌弱
* 疲乏強度 / 疲乏强度
* 發憤圖強 / 发愤图强 (fāfèntúqiáng)
* 硬弩強弓 / 硬弩强弓
* 精明強幹 / 精明强干
* 索強如 / 索强如
* 維新圖強 / 维新图强
* 繁榮富強 / 繁荣富强
* 肥強 / 肥强
* 自強 / 自强 (zìqiáng)
* 自強不息 / 自强不息 (zìqiángbùxī)
* 自強學堂 / 自强学堂
* 自強活動 / 自强活动
* 自立自強 / 自立自强 (zìlìzìqiáng)
* 莊敬自強 / 庄敬自强
* 補強 / 补强 (bǔqiáng)
* 要強 / 要强 (yàoqiáng)
* 誇勝道強 / 夸胜道强
* 誇強說會 / 夸强说会
* 豪俠強徒 / 豪侠强徒
* 豪強 / 豪强 (háoqiáng)
* 超強 / 超强
* 超級強國 / 超级强国
* 身強力壯 / 身强力壮 (shēnqiánglìzhuàng)
* 逞強 / 逞强 (chěngqiáng)
* 逞強稱能 / 逞强称能
* 違強陵弱 / 违强陵弱
* 鋤強扶弱 / 锄强扶弱 (chúqiángfúruò)
* 電流強度 / 电流强度
* 音強 / 音强
* 頑強 / 顽强 (wánqiáng)
* 頑強不屈 / 顽强不屈
* 馬壯人強 / 马壮人强
* 騁強背理 / 骋强背理
* 高強 / 高强 (gāoqiáng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qiǎng (qiang$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qiang$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiòng / khióng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong$^2$ / giong$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): giōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kióng / kiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giang$^2$ / kiang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$jian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciǎng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiang$^3$
*** Yale: chyǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cheang
*** Palladius: цян (cjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: qiang$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koeng$^5$
*** Yale: kéuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koeng$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kêng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰœːŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng / khióng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiong$^ˇ$ / kiong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiong$^2$ / kiong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/, /kʰi̯oŋ³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiong$^2$ / giong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/, /kiɔŋ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: giōng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyoŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
*** Tâi-lô: kióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiáng
*** Tâi-lô: kiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giang$^2$ / kiang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiáng / khiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiaŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$jian
*** MiniDict: jian$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$jjian
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑiã²³/
* Middle Chinese: gjangX
Rime :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 其兩切 |
| Baxter | gjangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | goeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-kaŋʔ/ |
| English | make an effort |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10319 |
| Phonetic component | 强 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 彊字注或體 |

#### Definitions

強
* to force; to compel; to coerce
    勉強／勉强 ― miǎnqiǎng ― to force somebody to do something
* to strive

#### Compounds

* 勉強 / 勉强
* 強人所難 / 强人所难 (qiǎngrénsuǒnán)
* 強作鎮靜 / 强作镇静
* 強使 / 强使
* 強制 / 强制 (qiángzhì)
* 強制保險 / 强制保险
* 強制執行 / 强制执行
* 強制罪 / 强制罪
* 強制處分 / 强制处分
* 強制認領 / 强制认领
* 強制辯護 / 强制辩护
* 強加 / 强加
* 強勉 / 强勉
* 強勒 / 强勒
* 強幹 / 强干
* 強忍 / 强忍 (qiǎngrěn)
* 強攻 / 强攻
* 強文假醋 / 强文假醋
* 強死強活 / 强死强活
* 強求 / 强求
* 強聒不舍 / 强聒不舍
* 強行 / 强行 (qiángxíng)
* 強行法 / 强行法
* 強詞奪理 / 强词夺理 (qiǎngcíduólǐ)
* 強辯 / 强辩 (qiǎngbiàn)
* 強迫 / 强迫
* 強迫中獎 / 强迫中奖
* 強迫儲蓄 / 强迫储蓄
* 強迫取分 / 强迫取分
* 強迫教育 / 强迫教育
* 強迫降落 / 强迫降落
* 強逼 / 强逼 (qiǎngbī)
* 強酒 / 强酒
* 強顏 / 强颜
* 強顏歡笑 / 强颜欢笑 (qiǎngyánhuānxiào)
* 強飯為嘉 / 强饭为嘉
* 惡醉強酒 / 恶醉强酒
* 牽強 / 牵强 (qiānqiǎng)
* 牽強附會 / 牵强附会 (qiānqiǎngfùhuì)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiàng (jiang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng$^6$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng / kiāng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giang$^6$ / kiang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^4$
*** Yale: jyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
*** Palladius: цзян (czjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: goeng$^6$
*** Yale: geuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: goeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kœːŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiɔŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng
*** Tâi-lô: kiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiāng
*** Tâi-lô: kiāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giang$^6$ / kiang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiăng / khiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: gjangX
Rime :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 其兩切 |
| Baxter | gjangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /gi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | goeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-kaŋʔ/ |
| English | make an effort |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 強 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 10319 |
| Phonetic component | 强 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勥 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 彊字注或體 |

#### Definitions

強
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hard; stiff
* stubborn; obstinate
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 倔強 / 倔强
* 嘴強 / 嘴强
* 崛強 / 崛强
* 強嘴 / 强嘴
* 彆強 / 别强
* 拗強 / 拗强
* 掘強 / 掘强
* 木強 / 木强
* 村強 / 村强

### Pronunciation 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 勥).

### References

* “強”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* strong
    Antonym: 弱
* strength
* powerful
* potent

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごう (gō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
* Tō-on: がん (gan)
* Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 強い, Jōyō)、つよまる (tsuyomaru, 強まる, Jōyō)、つよめる (tsuyomeru, 強める, Jōyō)、しいる (shiiru, 強いる, Jōyō)、こわい (kowai, 強い)、あながち (anagachi, 強ち)、したたか (shitataka, 強か)、つとめる (tsutomeru, 強める)

#### Compounds

* 頑(がん)強(きょう) (gankyō)
* 強(きょう)圧(あつ) (kyōatsu)
* 強(きょう)化(か) (kyōka)
* 強(きょう)悍(かん) (kyōkan)
* 強(こう)諫(れん) (kōren)
* 強(きょう)顔(がん) (kyōgan)
* 強(きょう)幹(かん)弱(じゃく)枝(し) (kyōkanjakushi)
* 強(きょう)記(き) (kyōki)
* 強(きょう)禦(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
* 強(きょう)圉(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
* 強(きょう)肩(けん) (kyōken)
* 強(きょう)健(けん) (kyōken)
* 強(きょう)権(けん) (kyōken)
* 強(きょう)固(こ) (kyōko)
* 強(きょう)行(こう) (kyōkō)
* 強(きょう)攻(こう) (kyōkō)
* 強(きょう)硬(こう) (kyōkō)
* 強(きょう)梗(こう) (kyōkō)
* 強(きょう)豪(ごう) (kyōgō)
* 強(きょう)行(こう)軍(ぐん) (kyōkōgun)
* 強(きょう)仕(し) (kyōshi)
* 強(きょう)死(し) (kyōshi)
* 強(きょう)志(し) (kyōshi)
* 強(きょう)弱(じゃく) (kyōjaku)
* 強(きょう)襲(しゅう) (kyōshū)
* 強(きょう)恕(じょ) (kyōjo)
* 強(きょう)靭(じん) (kyōjin)
* 強(きょう)制(せい) (kyōsei)
* 強(きょう)請(せい) (kyōsei)
* 強(きょう)僭(せん) (kyōsen)
* 強(きょう)壮(そう) (kyōsō)
* 強(きょう)大(だい) (kyōdai)
* 強(きょう)調(ちょう) (kyōchō)
* 強(きょう)弩(ど) (kyōdo)
* 強(きょう)忍(にん) (kyōnin)
* 強(きょう)迫(はく) (kyōhaku)
* 強(きょう)迫(はく)観(かん)念(ねん) (kyōhakukannen)
* 強(きょう)半(はん) (kyōhan)
* 強(きょう)風(ふう) (kyōfū)
* 強(きょう)弁(べん) (kyōben)
* 強(きょう)暴(ぼう) (kyōbō)
* 強(きょう)要(よう) (kyōyō)
* 強(きょう)梁(りょう) (kyōryō)
* 強(きょう)力(りょく) (kyōryoku, “brute strength”)
* 強(きょう)烈(れつ) (kyōretsu)
* 屈(くっ)強(きょう) (kukkyō)
* 堅(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
* 牽(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
* 件(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
* 強(ごう)引(いん) (gōin)
* 強(ごう)姦(かん) (gōkan)
* 強(ごう)情(じょう) (gōjō)
* 強(ごう)訴(そ) (gōso)
* 強(ごう)奪(だつ) (gōdatsu)
* 強(ごう)談(だん) (gōdan)
* 強(ごう)談(だ)威(に)迫(はく) (gōdanihaku)
* 強(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
* 強(こわ)飯(めし) (kowameshi)
* 強(ごう)欲(よく) (gōyoku)
* 強(ごう)力(りき)犯(はん) (gōrikihan)
* 強(つよ)強(つよ) (tsuyotsuyo)
* 強(こわ)談(だん)判(ぱん) (kowadanpan)
* 強(こわ)面(もて) (kowamote)
* 強(つよ)気(き) (tsuyoki)
* 強(つよ)腰(ごし) (tsuyogoshi)
* 強(つよ)吟(ぎん) (tsuyogin)
* 富(ふ)強(きょう) (fukyō)
* 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō)
* 補(ほ)強(きょう) (hokyō)
* 列(れっ)強(きょう) (rekkyō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 強
* きょう Grade: 2
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

(as a noun)
* (Tokyo) きょー [kyóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲo̞ː]

#### Noun

強(きょう) • (kyō)
* strength

#### Suffix

強(きょう) • (-kyō)
* (of lengths of time) slightly more than

##### Antonyms

* 弱(じゃく) (-jaku)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 強
* つよし Grade: 2
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡sɨjo̞ɕi]

#### Proper noun

強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 强

### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjang, “strong”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng) | 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl) | 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [강]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang))
* hanja form of 강 (“strong; strength”)
    Antonym: 弱 (약 (yak))

#### Compounds

* 강경 (強硬/強勁, ganggyeong)
* 강고 (強固, ganggo)
* 강공 (強攻, ganggong)
* 강국 (強國, gangguk)
* 강군 (強軍, ganggun)
* 강권 (強權, ganggwon)
* 강대 (強大, gangdae)
* 강도 (強度, gangdo)
* 강도 (強盜, gangdo)
* 강력 (強力, gangnyeok)
* 강렬 (強烈, gangnyeol)
* 강병 (強兵, gangbyeong)
* 강성 (強盛, gangseong)
* 강세 (強勢, gangse)
* 강심 (強心, gangsim)
* 강약 (強弱, gang'yak)
* 강인 (強靭, gang'in)
* 강자 (強者, gangja)
* 강적 (強敵, gangjeok)
* 강점 (強點, gangjeom)
* 강조 (強調, gangjo)
* 강직 (強直, gangjik)
* 강진 (強震, gangjin)
* 강타 (強打, gangta)
* 강포 (強暴, gangpo)
* 강풍 (強風, gangpung)
* 강호 (強豪, gangho)
* 강화 (強化, ganghwa)
* 막강 (莫強, makgang)
* 보강 (補強, bogang)
* 부강 (富強, bugang)
* 억강부약 (抑強扶弱, eokgangbuyak)
* 열강 (列強, yeolgang)
* 완강 (頑強, wan'gang)
* 증강 (增強, jeunggang)
* 최강 (最強, choegang)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjangX, “make an effort”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng) | 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 힘ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul) | 강 (Yale: kang) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [강(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))
* hanja form of 강 (“to force; to coerce”)
* hanja form of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”)

#### Compounds

* 강간 (強姦, ganggan)
* 강겁 (強劫, ganggeop)
* 강구 (強求, ganggu)
* 강권 (強勸, ganggwon)
* 강매 (強買, gangmae)
* 강매 (強賣, gangmae)
* 강박 (強迫, gangbak)
* 강변 (強辯, gangbyeon)
* 강압 (強壓, gang'ap)
* 강요 (強要, gang'yo)
* 강점 (強占, gangjeom)
* 강제 (強制, gangje)
* 강취 (強取, gangchwi)
* 강탈 (強奪, gangtal)
* 강행 (強行, ganghaeng)
* 견강 (牽強, gyeon'gang)
* 굴강 (屈強, gulgang)
* 면강 (勉強, myeon'gang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

#### Compounds

* 強國 (cường quốc)

### Adverb

強 • (càng)
* chữ Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
** 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗) [The Paper Fan]:強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

### References

* Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999