# 暫

| 暫 | U+66AB, &#26283; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66AB |
| ← 暪 [U+66AA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 暬 → [U+66AC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

暫 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十中日 (JLA), four-corner 5260$_2$, composition ⿱斬日)
* temporary

#### Derived characters

* 𡃞 𪮻 𧔜 𡗎

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 499, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14120
* Dae Jaweon: page 868, character 20
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1533, character 3
* Unihan data for U+66AB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 暫
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 慚 | *zaːm |
| 慙 | *zaːm |
| 鏨 | *zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ |
| 槧 | *zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ |
| 暫 | *zaːms |
| 蹔 | *zaːms |
| 斬 | *ʔsreːmʔ |
| 獑 | *zeːm, *zaːm |
| 嶃 | *zreːmʔ, *zaːm |
| 覱 | *ʔsraːms |
| 摲 | *sʰraːms |
| 漸 | *ʔsam, *zamʔ |
| 塹 | *sʰams |
| 壍 | *sʰams |
| 嬱 | *sʰams |
| 螹 | *zam, *zamʔ |
| 蔪 | *zamʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zaːms): phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 日.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zàn, zhàn
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄢˋ, ㄓㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zan$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaam$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiam
    (Hailu, HRS): ciam$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qiam$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): câng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zang$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chām / chiām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziam$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ze
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zàn
*** Wade–Giles: tsan$^4$
*** Yale: dzàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzann
*** Palladius: цзань (czanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sän⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhàn
*** Wade–Giles: chan$^4$
*** Yale: jàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jann
*** Palladius: чжань (čžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zan$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zan
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡san²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaam$^6$
*** Yale: jaahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zam$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːm²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: qiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯am⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ciam$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰiam³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰiam⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: câng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɑŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zang$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cāng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chām
*** Tâi-lô: tsām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zam
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sam²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiām
*** Tâi-lô: tsiām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciam
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡siam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siam³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siam²²/
* chām - literary;
* chiām - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: dzamH
Rime :
| Character | 暫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 藏濫切 |
| Baxter | dzamH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɑm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɑm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɑm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zam$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zɑm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zɑm$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱɑm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zaam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤam-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zaːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 暫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzam$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁam-s/ |
| English | suddenly |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 暫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16793 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暫 |
| Old Chinese | /*zaːms/ |

### Definitions

暫
* brief; momentary
    短暫／短暂 ― duǎnzàn ― brief; momentary
** 1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 哥林多後書 [2 Corinthians] 4:17:
       Wǒmen zhè zhì zàn zhì qīng de kǔchǔ, yào wèi wǒmen chéngjiù jí zhòng wúbǐ yǒngyuǎn de róngyào. [Pinyin]
       For our light affliction, which is for the moment, worketh for us more and more exceedingly an eternal weight of glory (English Revised Version)
* temporarily; tentatively; for the time being
    暫別／暂别 ― zànbié ― to part temporarily
* (literary) just; just now
* (literary) suddenly

#### Synonyms

* (brief): 短暫／短暂 (duǎnzàn)
* (tentatively):
* 姑且 (gūqiě)
* 暫且 / 暂且 (zànqiě)
* 暫時 / 暂时
* 權且 / 权且 (quánqiě) (literary)
* 權時 / 权时 (quánshí) (literary)
* 聊 (liáo) (literary, or in compounds)
* 臨時 / 临时 (línshí)
* 苟且 (gǒuqiě)
* (just):
* 今仔 (Hokkien)
* 剛剛 / 刚刚 (gānggāng)
* 剛才 / 刚才 (gāngcái)
* 方才 (fāngcái)
* 站仔 (Hokkien)
* 適才 / 适才 (shìcái)
* (suddenly):
* 一下 (yīxià)
* 一下子 (yīxiàzi)
* 一舉 / 一举 (yījǔ)
* 一頭 / 一头 (yītóu)
* 乍然 (zhàrán) (literary)
* 倏忽 (literary)
* 卒爾 / 卒尔 (cù'ěr) (literary)
* 忽地 (hūdì)
* 忽然 (hūrán)
* 𢫦𢫦風 / 𢫦𢫦风 (Hakka)
* 猛 (měng)
* 猝然 (cùrán)
* 猛然 (měngrán)
* 猝爾 / 猝尔 (cù'ěr) (literary)
* 突然 (tūrán)
* 突然間 / 突然间 (tūránjiān)
* 豁然 (huòrán) (literary)
* 遽然 (jùrán) (literary)
* 陡 (dǒu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 陡然 (dǒurán)
* 霍然 (huòrán)
* 頓 / 顿 (literary)
* 頓然 / 顿然 (dùnrán)
* 驀地 / 蓦地
* 驀然 / 蓦然 (mòrán) (formal)
* 驟然 / 骤然 (zhòurán) (literary)

### Compounds

* 且暫 / 且暂
* 撒暫 / 撒暂
* 時來暫去 / 时来暂去
* 時暫 / 时暂
* 暫且 / 暂且 (zànqiě)
* 暫且擱下 / 暂且搁下
* 暫來 / 暂来
* 暫停 / 暂停 (zàntíng)
* 暫別 / 暂别 (zànbié)
* 暫刻 / 暂刻
* 暫勞 / 暂劳
* 暫勞永逸 / 暂劳永逸
* 暫寓 / 暂寓
* 暫往 / 暂往
* 暫息 / 暂息 (zànxī)
* 暫星 / 暂星
* 暫時 / 暂时
* 暫曉 / 暂晓
* 暫歡 / 暂欢
* 暫止 / 暂止
* 暫爾 / 暂尔
* 暫瞬 / 暂瞬
* 暫短 / 暂短
* 暫緩 / 暂缓 (zànhuǎn)
* 暫而 / 暂而
* 暫行 / 暂行 (zànxíng)
* 暫避 / 暂避 (zànbì)
* 暫雲 / 暂云
* 暫面 / 暂面
* 暫音 / 暂音
* 權暫 / 权暂
* 浮來暫去 / 浮来暂去
* 短暫 / 短暂 (duǎnzàn)
* 頃暫 / 顷暂

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* temporary, transient

#### Readings

* Go-on: ざん (zan, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kun: しばらく (shibaraku, 暫く)

### Compounds

* 暫時
* 暫定
* 久暫

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 暫 (MC dzamH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 짬〮 (Yale: ccám) | 짬〮 (Yale: ccám) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 잠ᄭᅡᆫ (Yale: cam-s-kan) | 잠 (Yale: cam) |

### Pronunciation

* (temporary; etc.):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕa̠m]
** Phonetic hangul: [잠]
* (in 잠시 (暫時, jamsi, “a moment”)):
** (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕa̠(ː)m]
** Phonetic hangul: [잠(ː)]
*** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 暫 (eumhun 잠깐 잠 (jamkkan jam))
* hanja form of 잠 (“temporary”)

#### Compounds

* 잠간 (暫間, jamgan)
* 잠류 (暫留, jamnyu)
* 잠벌 (暫罰, jambeol)
* 잠별 (暫別, jambyeol)
* 잠시 (暫時, jamsi)
* 잠정 (暫定, jamjeong)
* 잠차 (暫借, jamcha)
* 잠허 (暫許, jamheo)
* 잠혁 (暫革, jamhyeok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

暫: Hán Nôm readings: tạm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Compounds

* tạm biệt [暫別]