# 黎

| 黎 | U+9ECE, &#40654; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9ECE |
| ← 黍 [U+9ECD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 黏 → [U+9ECF] |
| 黎 | U+F989, &#63881; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F989 |
| ← 麗 [U+F988] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 力 → [U+F98A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

黎 (Kangxi radical 202, 黍+3, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹竹人水 (HHOE), four-corner 2713$_2$, composition ⿳𥝢𠆢氺)

#### Derived characters

* 嚟, 㠟, 𤂱, 㰀, 瓈, 邌, 𤑬, 𤛼, 𥌛, 𥗍, 𥣵, 𧔌, 𬜜, 鑗, 𩧋, 𩼽, 𠠍, 𨟀, 𩁟, 𢤂, 藜, 𥨹, 䉫

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1517, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47994
* Dae Jaweon: page 2049, character 36
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4759, character 3
* Unihan data for U+9ECE
* Unihan data for U+F989

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 犁 | *riːl, *ril |
| 黎 | *riːl |
| 莉 | *riːl, *r'il, *r'i |
| 黧 | *riːl |
| 鯬 | *riːl, *ril |
| 筣 | *riːl, *ri |
| 蔾 | *riːl, *ril |
| 藜 | *riːl |
| 邌 | *riːl |
| 瓈 | *riːl |
| 鵹 | *rel |
| 棃 | *ril |
| 梨 | *ril |
| 蟍 | *ril |
| 蜊 | *ril |
| 鑗 | *ril |
| 利 | *rids |
| 痢 | *rids |
| 浰 | *riːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *riːl): semantic 黍 (“millet”) + phonetic 利 (OC *rids); however, the semantic component is contracted. A regularized but unused variant is 㴝, while a variant without contraction is 𥣥.

### Etymology
#### “black; numerous”

    Cognate with 黧 (“black”) (Wang, 1982).

#### “Li people”

    From Hlai Hlai. Alleged to be used in Eastern Han dynasty book Yiwu Zhi:
          From: 顧炎武《天下郡國利病書》, early Qing dynasty
          “Nányì Yìwù Zhì” wèi: Lǐ zài Guǎngzhōu zhī nán, sú hū Lǐ wèi Lí. [Pinyin]
          The Records of Foreign Matters says that the Li people live in the south of Guangzhou, and it is commonly known as "𥠖" (Li)
    Before Song dynasty, 俚 (lǐ) was a more common term.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lí (li$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lai$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lai$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lì / lài
    (Hailu, HRS): li / lai
    (Meixian, Guangdong): li$^2$ / lai$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): là̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): le$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lê
    (Teochew, Peng'im): li$^5$ / loi$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lí
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lí
*** Wade–Giles: li$^2$
*** Yale: lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: li
*** Palladius: ли (li)
*** Sinological IPA : /li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lai$^4$
*** Yale: làih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐi̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lai²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lì / lài
*** Hakka Romanization System: li$^ˇ$ / lai$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: li$^2$ / lai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/, /lai̯¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: li / lai
*** Sinological IPA: /li⁵⁵/, /lai⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: li$^2$ / lai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/, /laɪ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: là̤
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ɛ⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: le$^2$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lá̤
*** Sinological IPA : /le¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lê
*** Tâi-lô: lê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lee
*** IPA (Xiamen): /le²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /le²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /le¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /le²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /le²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: li$^5$ / loi$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lî / lôi
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵⁵/, /loi⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$li
*** MiniDict: li$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$li
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
* Middle Chinese: lej
Rime :
| Character | 黎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎奚切 |
| Baxter | lej |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lei/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lei/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛj/ |
| Li Rong | /lei/ |
| Wang Li | /liei/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /liei/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lai$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤij/, /*[r]ˤij/
    (Zhengzhang): /*riːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 黎 | 黎 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lí | lí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lej › | ‹ lej › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁij/ (Cf. 耆 0552l ɡij < *[ɡ]rij ‘old’) | /*[r]ˁij/ |
| English | old | black |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7880 |
| Phonetic component | 利 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黎 |
| Old Chinese | /*riːl/ |

### Definitions

黎
* (obsolete) black
    alt. forms: 黧 (lí)
* (literary) numerous
    黎民 ― límín ― common people
* until; at the time of
    黎明 ― límíng ― dawn
* (～國) (historical) state of Li (a state in modern-day Shanxi, China, during the Shang dynasty)
* Used in transcription.
    黎希留 ― Líxīliú ― Richelieu
    黎曼猜想 ― Límàn cāixiǎng ― Riemann hypothesis
** (～族) Li people (the largest ethnic minority in Hainan, China)
** Short for 黎巴嫩 (Líbānèn, “Lebanon”).
    From: 2017 April 7, 李良勇, 黎巴嫩友好人士任丝绸之路国际总商会荣誉主席
    Nián yú bā xún de kǎsà yǔ zhōngguó yuānyuán pō shēn, zì shàng shìjì 50 niándài yǐlái, tā yǐ fǎngwèn zhōngguó 50 yú cì, shì Zhōng Lí nǎizhì Zhōng Ā guānxì fāzhǎn de jiànzhèngzhě. [Pinyin]
    Kassar, who is over 80 years old, has a deep relationship with China; since the 1950s, he has visited China over 50 times, witnessing the development of Sino–Lebanese, and even Sino–Arab, relations.
* a surname
    黎元洪 ― Lí Yuánhóng ― Li Yuanhong (Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China)

### Compounds

* 九黎 (Jiǔlí)
* 人黎
* 任黎
* 伽黎
* 兆黎
* 凍黎 / 冻黎
* 匠黎
* 呵黎勒
* 哥斯達黎加 / 哥斯达黎加 (Gēsīdálíjiā)
* 孑黎
* 巴黎 (Bālí)
* 巴黎公社 (Bālí Gōngshè)
* 巴黎和會 / 巴黎和会
* 巴黎和約 / 巴黎和约
* 巴黎大學 / 巴黎大学
* 巴黎子
* 巴黎畫派 / 巴黎画派
* 巴黎盆地
* 巴黎綠 / 巴黎绿 (bālílǜ)
* 庶黎 (shùlí)
* 懸黎 / 悬黎
* 昌黎 (Chānglí)
* 查黎
* 楚懸黎 / 楚悬黎
* 楚黎
* 殘黎 / 残黎
* 民黎
* 波多黎各 (Bōduōlígè)
* 波黎
* 洞黎
* 消黎花
* 渠黎
* 災黎 / 灾黎 (zāilí)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí)
* 蒸黎
* 狐黎
* 玄黎
* 生黎
* 甿黎
* 疲黎
* 的黎波里 (Dīlíbōlǐ)
* 祝黎
* 突黎
* 窮黎 / 穷黎
* 終黎 / 终黎
* 群黎
* 花花黎黎
* 芭黎
* 花黎胡哨
* 萌黎
* 蒼黎 / 苍黎
* 蘇黎世 / 苏黎世 (Sūlíshì)
* 蘇黎士 / 苏黎士 (Sūlíshì)
* 蛤黎醬 / 蛤黎酱
* 訶黎勒 / 诃黎勒
* 貧黎 / 贫黎
* 赫胥黎 (Hèxūlí)
* 迦黎
* 遠黎 / 远黎
* 遺黎 / 遗黎
* 遺黎故老 / 遗黎故老
* 邊黎 / 边黎
* 重黎
* 闍黎 / 阇黎
* 阿闍黎 / 阿阇黎
* 阿黎
* 阿黎耶識 / 阿黎耶识
* 青黎
* 韓昌黎 / 韩昌黎
* 頗黎 / 颇黎
* 飣坐黎 / 饤坐黎
* 飢黎 / 饥黎
* 黎丘丈人
* 黎丘鬼
* 黎人
* 黎伯
* 黎俗
* 黎俱吠陀
* 黎元 (líyuán)
* 黎兜鍪
* 黎刀
* 黎司直
* 黎單 / 黎单
* 黎園子弟 / 黎园子弟
* 黎地
* 黎女
* 黎孑
* 黎家
* 黎家垸 (Líjiāyuàn)
* 黎山
* 黎山老姆
* 黎峒 (Lídòng)
* 黎巴嫩 (Líbānèn)
* 黎布
* 黎幕
* 黎幔
* 黎庶 (líshù)
* 黎庶塗炭 / 黎庶涂炭
* 黎弓
* 黎彥 / 黎彦
* 黎戶 / 黎户
* 黎族 (Lízú)
* 黎旦
* 黎旭
* 黎明 (límíng)
* 黎服
* 黎朦
* 黎朦子
* 黎杖
* 黎檬子 (líméngzǐ)
* 黎歌
* 黎母
* 黎母國 / 黎母国
* 黎母山
* 黎毯
* 黎民 (límín)
* 黎氓
* 黎渦 / 黎涡
* 黎烝
* 黎然
* 黎蒸
* 黎牛
* 黎物
* 黎獻 / 黎献
* 黎玄
* 黎甿
* 黎瘼
* 黎眾 / 黎众
* 黎祁
* 黎綠 / 黎绿
* 黎老
* 黎苗
* 黎萌
* 黎裝 / 黎装
* 黎語 / 黎语 (líyǔ)
* 黎豆
* 黎赤
* 黎農 / 黎农
* 黎邑
* 黎錦 / 黎锦
* 黎長 / 黎长
* 黎飯 / 黎饭
* 黎飾 / 黎饰
* 黎首 (líshǒu)
* 黎黃 / 黎黄
* 黎黑 (líhēi)
* 黎黔
* 黔黎

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* black, bluish black
* gloomy, dusky
* used to indicate the Li people of Hainan Province, China

#### Readings

* Go-on: らい (rai)
* Kan-on: れい (rei)
* On: り (ri)
* Kun: くろ (kuro, 黎)、くろい (kuroi, 黎い)
* Nanori: たみ (tami)

#### Compounds

* 群黎(ぐんれい) (gunrei)
* 黔黎(けんれい) (kenrei)
* 生黎(せいれい) (seirei)
* 重黎(ちょうれい) (chōrei)
* 泥黎(ないり) (nairi)
* 百黎(ひゃくれい) (hyakurei)
* 黎族(りーぞく) (rīzoku)
* 黎桓(れいかん) (reikan)
* 黎貴惇(れいきじゅん) (reikijun)
* 黎軒(れいけん) (reiken)
* 黎元(れいげん) (reigen)
* 黎元洪(れいげんこう) (reigenkō)
* 黎首(れいしゅ) (reishu)
* 黎庶(れいしょ) (reisho)
* 黎庶昌(れいしょしょう) (reishoshō)
* 黎聖宗(れいせいそう) (reiseisō)
* 黎旦(れいたん) (reitan)
* 黎朝(れいちょう) (reichō); or 黎朝(れちょう) (rechō)
* 黎朝刑律(れいちょうけいりつ) (reichōkeiritsu)
* 黎文悦(れいぶんえつ) (reibun'etsu)
* 黎民(れいみん) (reimin)
* 黎明(れいめい) (reimei, “dawn”)
* 黎明会(れいめいかい) (reimeikai)
* 黎明期(れいめいき) (reimeiki)
* 黎利(れいり) (reiri)

## Korean
### Hanja

黎 (eum 려 (ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 여 (yeo))
* hanja form of 여(黎) (“black”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

黎: Hán Nôm readings: lê, rê
* chữ Hán form of Lê (“a surname”).
    黎利 ― Lê Lợi