# 杖

| 杖 | U+6756, &#26454; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6756 |
| ← 杕 [U+6755] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 杗 → [U+6757] |
| 杖 | U+FA94, &#64148; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA94 |
| ← 望 [U+FA93] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 歹 → [U+FA95] |

## Translingual
### Han character

杖 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木十大 (DJK), four-corner 4590$_0$, composition ⿰木丈)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 512, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14469
* Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1159, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6756
* Unihan data for U+FA94

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 丈 | *daŋʔ |
| 杖 | *daŋʔ |
| 仗 | *daŋʔ, *daŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *daŋʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 丈 (OC *daŋʔ).

### Etymology

Thought to be the same word as 丈 (OC *daŋʔ) "gentleman, older man, husband", i.e. "someone who walks with, or leans on, a staff"; though unlikely.
According to Schuessler (2007), this is an areal word. Compare Mizo tiang (“staff, stick, crutch”), Old Khmer toŋ (“shaft, stock, shank”), -toṅa (“stock, stem, stick”), and Khmer ដង (dɑɑng, “pole, shaft, handle, yoke, body, trunk”). Benedict (1976) also compares this to Proto-Tai *de:ŋ ~ *tʰe:ŋ (“stick, bar”), Malay tiang (“pillar, post, pole”), Fijian ndia (“stick, handle”), and to reconstructed Proto-Austro-Tai *(n)ti(j)aŋ.
A derivative, attested in Zuozhuan as 杖 (zhàng), is the verb 仗 (OC *daŋs) "to lean on", with suffix *-s → *-h → 去聲／去声 (qùshēng).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhàng (zhang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zoeng$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhóng
    (Hailu, HRS): chong$^ˊ$
* Northern Min (KCR): tiōng
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tieo$^5$ / tiuⁿ$^5$ / dyong$^5$ / dyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thn̄g / thňg / tiōng / tiǒng / tiāng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhàng
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^4$
*** Yale: jàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: janq
*** Palladius: чжан (čžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoeng$^6$
*** Yale: jeuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœːŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰoŋ²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tiōng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiông
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰuɔŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tieo$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: tā̤uⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieu²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: tiuⁿ$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰĩũ²¹/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyong$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: diō̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tyɒŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dyeng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tyøŋ²¹/
* tieo5/tiuⁿ5 - vernacular;
* dyong5/dyeng5 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: drjangX
Rime :
| Character | 杖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直兩切 |
| Baxter | drjangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[t]raŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 杖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-[t]raŋʔ/ |
| English | stick (Sagart & Ma, 2020) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 杖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16837 |
| Phonetic component | 丈 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 丈 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

杖
* walking stick
* staff; rod; cane; wand
* (historical) flogging with a stick
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to flog (a prisoner)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to support; to prop
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to hold; to grasp
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 仗 (zhàng, “to rely on; to depend on”)
* (Eastern Min) Classifier for segments of sugarcane.

#### Compounds

* 不杖期夫
* 串杖
* 伯俞泣杖
* 倚杖
* 兵杖
* 几杖
* 刀杖器械
* 刑杖
* 哀杖
* 大杖則走 / 大杖则走
* 天杖
* 夾杖 / 夹杖
* 廷杖 (tíngzhàng)
* 手杖 (shǒuzhàng)
* 扶杖 (fúzhàng)
* 拐杖 (guǎizhàng)
* 拄杖 (zhǔzhàng)
* 持刀動杖 / 持刀动杖
* 拿刀動杖 / 拿刀动杖
* 搏杖
* 撇杖兒 / 撇杖儿
* 擔杖 / 担杖 (dànzhàng)
* 擀麵杖 / 擀面杖 (gǎnmiànzhàng)
* 明杖
* 杖子頭 / 杖子头
* 杖履
* 杖屨 / 杖屦
* 杖戟
* 杖斷 / 杖断
* 杖期
* 杖期夫
* 束杖理民
* 杖策
* 杖莫如信
* 杖藜
* 杖錢 / 杖钱
* 杖限
* 杖頭 / 杖头
* 杖頭木偶 / 杖头木偶
* 杖頭資 / 杖头资
* 杖頭錢 / 杖头钱
* 杖鼓 (zhànggǔ)
* 柱杖
* 枴杖 (guǎizhàng)
* 權杖 / 权杖 (quánzhàng)
* 泣杖
* 滿杖 / 满杖
* 禪杖 / 禅杖 (chánzhàng)
* 竹杖成龍 / 竹杖成龙
* 笞杖
* 策杖 (cèzhàng)
* 簳麵杖 / 簳面杖
* 綠玉杖 / 绿玉杖
* 脊杖
* 苴杖
* 葦戟桃杖 / 苇戟桃杖
* 葦杖 / 苇杖
* 藜杖 (lízhàng)
* 藤杖
* 虎杖 (hǔzhàng)
* 行杖
* 賣杖搖鈴 / 卖杖摇铃
* 邛杖
* 重杖
* 錫杖 / 锡杖 (xīzhàng)
* 雙頭火杖 / 双头火杖
* 魔杖 (mózhàng)
* 鳩杖 / 鸠杖
* 麵杖 / 面杖 (miànzhàng)
* 麵杖吹火 / 面杖吹火
* 齒杖 / 齿杖
* 龍頭拐杖 / 龙头拐杖

#### Descendants

* → Mongolian: зан (zan), ᠵᠠᠩ (ǰang)
* → Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩ (jang)

### References

* “杖”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: ちょう (chō)
* Kun: つえ (tsue, 杖)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 杖
* つえ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 筇 丈 仗
⟨tuwe⟩ → /tuwe/ → /t͡suwe/ → /t͡suje/ → /t͡sue/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つえ [tsúꜜè] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [t͡sɨe̞]

#### Noun

杖(つえ) • (tsue)
* staff, stick, walking stick, cane, stave, strove, rod, wand
** 2000 March 1, “古(こ)代(だい)魔(ま)導(どう)士(し) [Ancient Mage]”, in BOOSTER 7, Konami:
    数(かず)多(おお)くの杖(つえ)を持(も)ち、それぞれを使(つか)い分(わ)け多(た)彩(さい)な攻(こう)撃(げき)をする。
       Kazuōku no tsue o mochi, sorezore o tsukaiwake tasai na kōgeki o suru.
       He wields an array of wands, each of which is used for a distinctive attack.
* something one leans on, a support
* a cane used for corporal punishment
* a particularly shaped stirring stick used to make New Year's porridge
    Synonym: 粥杖 (kayuzue)
* the stem of a pear
* (historical) a traditional unit of length
** (historical) approximately 3 meters
** (historical) seven 尺 (shaku, traditional Japanese foot) and five 寸 (sun, traditional Japanese inch), or approximately 2.3 meters
* (historical) a traditional unit of area
** (historical) one-fifth of a 段 (tan, traditional Japanese paddy size, roughly half of an English acre), or around 237m²

##### Usage notes

The Japanese term tsue can refer generally to a stick or staff of various lengths, as expressed by the range of English meanings apparent in the senses above.

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 杖
* じょう Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 杖 (MC drjangX).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じょー [jóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [d͡ʑo̞ː]

#### Noun

杖(じょう) • (jō)
* a jo: a fighting staff, a little over 4 尺 (shaku, “a traditional unit of measure, about 30 cm or a foot”) long, shorter than a 棒 (bō, “quarterstaff”)
* (historical) under the ancient Ritsuryō system, caning as a form of corporal punishment
* (historical) a traditional unit of area: one-fifth of a 段 (tan, traditional Japanese paddy size, roughly half of an English acre), or around 237m²

##### Coordinate terms

* 棒(ぼう) (bō): a bo staff

#### Compounds

* 錫(しゃく)杖(じょう) (shakujō): a khakkhara, a Buddhist monk's "sounding staff"
* 杖(じょう)道(どう) (jōdō): a traditional Japanese martial art using a shortened staff
* 杖(じょう)術(じゅつ) (jōjutsu): the techniques of jōdō, a traditional Japanese martial art using a shortened staff

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 804:, text here
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [장]

### Hanja

Wikisource 杖 • (jang) (hangeul 장, revised jang, McCune–Reischauer chang, Yale cang)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

杖: Hán Nôm readings: trượng, rường
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.