# grád
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ɡɾˠɑːd̪ˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ɡɾˠaːd̪ˠ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish grád, but with /d̪ˠ/ restored under the influence of English and French grade; all of which are borrowed from Latin gradus.

#### Noun

grád m (genitive singular gráid, nominative plural gráid)
* grade; degree, class
* (nautical) rating

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
grád
gráid
vocative
a ghráid
a ghráda
genitive
gráid
grád
dative
grád
gráid
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an grád
na gráid
genitive
an ghráid
na ngrád
dative
leis an ngrád don ghrád
leis na gráid :

##### Derived terms

* díghrádaigh (“degrade”, verb)
* grád gnó (“business class”)
* grád pá (“pay grade”)
* grádach (“graded”)
* grádaigh (“grade; rate, scale; graduate, calibrate”, verb)
* grádán (“grade, gradient”)
* íosghrádaigh (“downgrade”, verb)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

grád
* (dialectal) first-person singular present subjunctive of gráigh (“love”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “grád”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “grád”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “grád”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡraːð/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *gʷrādus, perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to yearn for”) and related to Proto-Germanic *grēduz (“hunger, desire”).

#### Noun

grád n (genitive gráda, nominative plural grád)
* love, affection, fondness, charity

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Irish: grá
* Manx: graih
* Scottish Gaelic: gràdh
* ⇒ Middle Irish: grádaigidir
** Irish: gráigh
** Scottish Gaelic: gràdhaich

#### References

* ↑ Zair, N. (2012). The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Netherlands: Brill, p. 80

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 grád (‘love, affection’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin gradus.

#### Noun

grád n (genitive gráid, nominative plural gráid)
* grade, degree
* rank, order
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 28$^c$7
    ma chomalnit a ngrád ꝉ apud plebiles ma rud·choiscset a mmuintirif they fulfill their orders or, among the plebiles, if they have corrected their household
* (Christianity) holy orders
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 29$^a$28
    Ní taibre grád for nech causa a pectha ꝉ a chaíngníma: ar biit alaili and ro·finnatar a pecthe resíu do·coí grád forru; alaili is íarum ro·finnatar. Berir dano fri láa bráthaYou sg should not confer orders on anyone because of his sin or of his good deed: for there are some whose sins are known before their ordination, others whose [sins] are known afterwards. Reference is made, then, to the day of judgment.(literally, “…before orders shall go upon them…”)

##### Inflection

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

##### Descendants

* Middle Irish: grád
** Irish: grádh
** ⇒ Irish: grád (with d replacing expected dh under English and French influence)

#### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 grád (‘grade, degree’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.