# in vitro
## English
### Alternative forms

* in-vitro (as attributive adjective)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in vitro (“within the glass”), from vitrum (“glass”).

### Adjective

in vitro (not comparable)
* In an artificial environment outside the living organism.

#### Antonyms

* in vivo

#### Translations
### Adverb

in vitro (not comparable)
* In an artificial environment outside the living organism.

#### Antonyms

* in vivo

#### Derived terms

* in vitro fertilization

#### Translations
### See also

* in silico

## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin in vitro.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɪn ˈvi.troː/
* Audio:(file)

### Prepositional phrase

in vitro
* in vitro

## Interlingua
### Phrase

in vitro
* in vitro

## Italian
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in vitrō (literally “in glass”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /in ˈvi.tro/
* Hyphenation: in‧vì‧tro

### Adjective

in vitro (invariable)
* in vitro
    Synonym: in provetta

#### Derived terms

* fecondazione in vitro

### Anagrams

* nitrivo, rinvito, rinvitò, rivinto, tornivi

## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in vitro.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /inˈvi.trɔ/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -itrɔ
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Adjective

in vitro (not comparable, no derived adverb)
* (biology, medicine) in vitro

### Adverb

in vitro (not comparable)
* (biology, medicine) in vitro

### Further reading

* in vitro in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* in vitro in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in vitrō (literally “in glass”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈĩ ˈvi.tɾu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈĩ ˈvi.tɾu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ˈĩ ˈvi.tɾo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈin ˈvi.tɾɔ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈin ˈvi.tɾɔ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /ˈin ˈbi.tɾɔ/ [ˈin ˈβi.tɾɔ]

### Adjective

in vitro (invariable)
* (higher register) in vitro
    Antonym: in vivo
** 2001 October, Edenio Detmann et al., “Cromo e indicadores internos na determinação do consumo de novilhos mestiços, suplementados, a pasto [Chromium and internal markers in intake determination by crossbred steers, supplemented at pasture]”, in Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, volume 30, number 5, Viçosa: Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia; UFV, →DOI, page 1601, column 2:Assim, a técnica in vitro não seria considerada adequada para ser utilizada como indicador de digestibilidade na determinação do consumo a pasto.Thus, the in vitro techinique wouldn't be deemed appropriate to be used as a digestibility marker for determining pasture consumption.

### Adverb

in vitro
* (higher register) in vitro
    Antonym: in vivo
** 2016, “Desafios da extração do RNA do vírus da dengue” (chapter 25), in Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende, Carlos Ricardo Soccol, editors, Biotecnologia aplicada à agro&indústria: fundamentos e aplicações, volume 4, São Paulo: Blucher, →ISBN, Possibilidades terapêuticas e/ou industriais (section 25.11), page 956:O isolamento da transcriptase reversa de um retrovírus […] permitiu que a transcrição reversa fosse feita in vitro, em uma etapa anterior à PCR, a qual, então, amplifica o DNA.The isolation of a retrovirus reverse transcriptase allowed for the reverse transcription to be made in vitro, at a step before the PCR, which, then, aplifies the DNA.

### Further reading

* “in vitro”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
* “in vitro”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
* “in vitro”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025
* “in vitro”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025

## Spanish
### Adjective

in vitro (invariable)
* in vitro (in an artificial environment, outside the living organism)

### Further reading

* “in vitro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10