# دشمن
## Azerbaijani
### Noun

دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی (düşməni), plural دشمنلر (düşmənlər))
* Arabic spelling of düşmən (“enemy”)

#### Declension
## Baluchi
### Noun

دشمن • (dušman)
* enemy

### See also

* دژمن (dužman)

## Khalaj
### Noun

دُشمَن (duşman) (definite accusative دُشمَنؽ, plural دُشمَنلار)
* Arabic spelling of duşman (“enemy”)

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* տիւշմէն (düşmen), տիւշման (düşman) — Armeno-Turkish

### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن (došman).

### Noun

دشمن • (düşmen, düşman)
* enemy, foe
    Synonyms: خصم (hasm, hasım), یاغی (yağı)
** 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk‎, page 500:دشمنلر و خلیفه‌لر برابر اوله‌بیلیرلر و هر شی یاپمغه تشبث ایده‌بیلیرلر. فقط ، یكی توركیه‌نك طرز اداره‌سنی ، سیاستنی ، قوتی قطعیاً صارصه‌مزلر.Düşmanlar ve halifeler beraber olabilirler ve her şey yapmaya teşebbüs edebilirler. Fakat, yeñi Türkiye'nin tarz idaresini, siyasetini, kuvveti katiyen sarsamazlar.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: düşman
* → Albanian: dushman
* → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
* → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
* → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
* → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
* → Russian: душман (dušman)
* → Serbo-Croatian: dȕšman / ду̏шман
* → Urdu: دشمن (duśman)

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšmn'), [script needed] (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn /⁠dušmēn⁠/, “enemy”), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánāh. Compare Ancient Greek δῠσμενής (dŭsmenḗs), Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [duʃ.ˈman]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [d̪ʊʃ.mǽn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [d̪uʃ.mǽn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [d̪oʃ.mǽn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [d̪uʃ.mǽn]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

دُشْمَن • (došman) (plural دشمنان (došmanân))
* enemy
    Synonym: عدو ('adov)
    Antonym: دوسْت (dust)

#### Inflection

$^△$ Colloquial.
$^△$ Colloquial.
$^△$ Colloquial.

#### Derived terms

* دشمنی (došmani)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: դուշման (dušman)
* → Assamese: দুছমন (dusomon)
* → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܸܫ̃ܡܸܢ (dižmin)
* → Avar: тушман (tušman)
* → Azerbaijani: düşmən, дүшмән
* → Bengali: দুশমন (duśmon)
* → Chuvash: тӑшман (tăšman)
* → Dhivehi: ދުށްމިނު (duṣ̊minu)
* → Eastern Mari: тушман (tušman)
* → Erzya: душман (dušman)
* → Hindi: दुश्मन (duśman)
* → Karaim: душман (duşman)
* → Kazakh: дұшпан (dūşpan)
* → Khalaj: duşman
* → Kyrgyz: душман (duşman), тушман (tuşman)
* → Moksha: душман (dušman)
* → Old Tati:
    Old Azari: دشمن (dusmon)
* → Ottoman Turkish: دشمن (düşman), دشمن (düşmen)
** → Turkish: düşman
** → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
** → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
** → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
** → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
** → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман, dȕšman
* → Marathi: दुशमन (duśman)
* → Nepali: दुस्मन (dusman), दुश्मन (duśman)
* → Punjabi: ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), ਦੁਸਮਣ (dusmaṇ)
* → Romani: duśman
* → Russian: душма́н (dušmán)
* → Santali: ᱫᱩᱥᱢᱚᱱ (dusmôn)
* → Southern Altai: тушман (tušman)
* → Sylheti: ꠖꠥꠡ꠆ꠝꠘ (duśmono)
* → Tatar: дошман (doşman)
* → Turkmen: душман, duşman
* → Udi: дуьшмаьн (düšmän)
* → Urdu: دُشْمَن (duśman)
* → Urum: душман (duşman)
* → Uyghur: دۈشمەن (düshmen)
* → Uzbek: dushman

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

## Punjabi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Urdu دُشْمَن (duśman).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /d̪ʊʃᵊ.məɳᵊ/
* Rhymes: -əɳᵊ

### Noun

دُشْمَݨ • (duśmaṇ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ)
* enemy, villain

### References

* “دشمن”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Punjabi دُشْمَݨ (duśmaṇ).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /d̪ʊʃ.mən/
* Audio (Pakistan):(file)
* Rhymes: -ən
* Hyphenation: دُشْ‧مَن

### Noun

دُشْمَن • (duśman) m (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)
* enemy, foe
    Synonyms: شَتْرُو (śatrū), بَیری (bairī)
** 1904, Muhammad Iqbal, Tarānā-e-Hind :کُچھ بات ہَے کِہ ہَسْتی مِٹْتی نَہِیں ہَماری صَدِیوں رَہَا ہَے دُشْمَن دَورِ زَماں ہَماراkuch bāt hai ki hastī miṭtī nahī̃ hamārī sadiyõ rahā hai duśman daur-i zamā̃ hamārāThere is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle has been our enemy.
* opponent
    Synonym: مُخالِف (muxālif)

#### Related terms

* دُشْمَنِی (duśmanī)

### Further reading

* “دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “دشمن”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 308
* Platts, John T. (1884) “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 518
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 628
* John Shakespear (1834) “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 860