# 民族
## Chinese

* 民族 (Written Standard Chinese)
* bîn-cho̍k (Southern Min)

### Etymology

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005):
    From: The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6th century CE
    Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn. [Pinyin]
    Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.
According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): mínzú
       (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): минзў (minzw, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^4$ zuk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mìn-chhu̍k
* Eastern Min (BUC): mìng-cŭk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bîn-cho̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ming$^5$ zog$^8$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$min-zoq$_8$ / $^2$min-zoq$_8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mínzú
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mínzú
*** Wade–Giles: min$^2$-tsu$^2$
*** Yale: mín-dzú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mintzwu
*** Palladius: миньцзу (minʹczu)
*** Sinological IPA : /min³⁵ t͡su³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: минзў (minzw, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ²⁴ t͡su²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^4$ zuk$^6$
*** Yale: màhn juhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^4$ dzuk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^4$ zug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$民俗 民族
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-chhu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: min$^ˇ$ cug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: min$^2$ cug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /min¹¹ t͡sʰuk̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng-cŭk
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵³⁻³³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒuʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn-cho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: bîn-tso̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: binzok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ming$^5$ zog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mîng tso̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$min-zoq$_8$
*** MiniDict: min$^去$ zoh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$min-zoq$_5$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /min²² zoʔ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^2$min-zoq$_8$
*** MiniDict: min$^平$ zoh$^入$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /min³¹ zoʔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: mjin dzuwk
Rime :
| Character | 民 | 族 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 屋 (3) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 彌鄰切 | 昨木切 |
| Baxter | mjin | dzuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /miɪn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /min/ | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mjen/ | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /min/ | /d͡zəwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /miĕn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭĕn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ĕn/ | /d͡zʱuk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mín | zú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^4$ | zuk$^6$ |

### Noun

民族
* people; nation; nationality; ethnic group; minority; ethnos (Classifier: 個／个)
    民族宗教 ― mínzú zōngjiào ― ethnoreligious
    民族政治 ― mínzú zhèngzhì ― ethnopolitical
    民族大融合 ― mínzú dà rónghé ― major ethnic assimilation
    民族區域自治區／民族区域自治区 ― mínzú qūyù zìzhìqū ― ethnic autonomous regions
* Short for 少數民族／少数民族 (shǎoshù mínzú, “ethnic minority”).

#### Synonyms

* (people): 族群 (zúqún)

#### Derived terms

* 中華民族 / 中华民族 (Zhōnghuá mínzú)
* 原住民族 (yuánzhùmínzú)
* 多民族 (duōmínzú)
* 少數民族 / 少数民族 (shǎoshù mínzú)
* 民族主義 / 民族主义 (mínzú zhǔyì)
* 民族共同語 / 民族共同语 (mínzú gòngtóngyǔ)
* 民族區域自治 / 民族区域自治 (mínzú qūyù zìzhì)
* 民族唱法 (mínzú chàngfǎ)
* 民族國家 / 民族国家 (mínzú guójiā)
* 民族大義 / 民族大义 (mínzú dàyì)
* 民族學 / 民族学 (mínzúxué)
* 民族安全 (mínzú ānquán)
* 民族形式 (mínzú xíngshì)
* 民族社會主義 / 民族社会主义 (mínzú shèhuì zhǔyì)
* 民族聲樂 / 民族声乐 (mínzú shēngyuè)
* 民族自決權 / 民族自决权 (mínzú zìjuéquán)
* 民族英雄 (mínzú yīngxióng)
* 民族蘇木 / 民族苏木
* 民族資本 / 民族资本 (mínzú zīběn)
* 民族資產階級 / 民族资产阶级 (mínzú zīchǎn jiējí)
* 民族運動 / 民族运动 (mínzú yùndòng)
* 民族鄉 / 民族乡 (mínzú xiāng)
* 民族鎮 / 民族镇
* 游牧民族 (yóumù mínzú)
* 漢民族 / 汉民族
* 白衣民族 (Báiyī Mínzú)
* 直過民族 / 直过民族 (zhíguò mínzú)

#### Related terms

* 種族／种族 (zhǒngzú)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 民族(みんぞく) (minzoku)
* → Korean: 민족(民族) (minjok)
* → Vietnamese: dân tộc (民族)
Others:
* → Bouyei: minfzuf
* → Zhuang: minzcuz

### Proper noun

民族
* (～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

### References

* ↑ Richard Mather (2005) “Buddhism and Indigenous Chinese Culture”, in Victor H. Mair, Nancy S. Steinhardt, & Paul R. Goldin, editors, Hawai‘i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture, page 274
* ↑ 茹莹 [Ru Ying] (2001) “汉语"民族"一词在我国的最早出现 [The earliest appearance of the Chinese word 民族 in our country.]”, in 世界民族 [Journal of World Peoples Studies] (in Chinese), number 6, page 1

### Further reading

* “民族”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 民 | 族 |
| みん Grade: 4 | ぞく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みんぞく [míꜜǹzòkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [mʲĩnd͡zo̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

民(みん)族(ぞく) • (minzoku)
* people, race, ethnic group - people that have a common culture, common customs, etc.

### References

* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 民 | 族 |

### Noun

民族 • (minjok) (hangeul 민족)
* hanja form of 민족 (“an ethnicity”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 民 | 族 |

### Noun

民族
* chữ Hán form of dân tộc (“ethnic group, nationality, race”).