# who
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English who, hwo, huo, wha, hwoa, hwa, from Old English hwā (dative hwām, genitive hwæs), from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis.
The sound change /hw/ > /h/ (without a corresponding change in spelling) was due to wh-cluster reduction after an irregular change of /ɑː/ to /oː/ in Middle English (instead of the expected /ɔː/) and further to /uː/ regularly in Early Modern English. A similar change occurred in two. Compare how, which underwent wh-reduction earlier (in Old English), and thus is spelt with h.
Compare Scots wha, West Frisian wa, Dutch wie, Low German we, German wer, Swedish vem, Danish hvem, Norwegian Bokmål hvem, Norwegian Nynorsk kven, Icelandic hver.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, Canada) enPR: ho͞o, IPA: /huː/
** (Received Pronunciation) IPA: [huː], [hʊw]
*** Audio (London):(file)
** (Standard Southern British) IPA: [hʉw], [hʉː]
*** Audio (London); [hʉː]:(file)
** (General American) IPA: [hu(ː)]
*** Audio (California):(file)
** (Canada) IPA: [huː], [hʉː]
** Rhymes: -uː
* (Early Modern) enPR: h(w)o͞o, h(w)ō, IPA: /h(w)uː/, /h(w)ɔː/, (originally unstressed) /hwɒ/

### Pronoun

who (singular or plural, nominative case, objective whom, who, possessive whose)
* (interrogative) What person or people; which person or people; asks for the identity of someone; used in a direct or indirect question.
    Who is that? (direct question)
    I don't know who it is. (indirect question)
** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragœdy of Othello, the Moore of Venice. […] (First Quarto), London: […] N[icholas] O[kes] for Thomas Walkley, […], published 1622, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 8:Ia[go]. Hee’s married. Caſ[ſio]. To who? […] Ia[go]. Marry to. ---- Come Captaine, will you goe? Oth[ello]. Ha, with who?
* (relative) Introduces a relative clause having a human antecedent.
** With antecedent as subject.
    That's the man who works at the newsagent. (defining)
    My sister, who works in the accounts department, just got promoted to manager. (non-defining)
*** 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:Chorban: I don't really think my scanning disturbs them, but the authorities might disagree. Chorban: I'd like to do it more openly, but it's not really worth getting arrested over. Shepard: I could help you out. I'm not worried about the authorities. Chorban: I don't even know who you are.
*** 2014 March 3, Zoe Alderton, “‘Snapewives’ and ‘Snapeism’: A Fiction-Based Religion within the Harry Potter Fandom”, in Religions‎, volume 5, number 1, MDPI, →DOI, pages 219–257:Despite personal schisms and differences in spiritual experience, there is a very coherent theology of Snape shared between the wives. To examine this manifestation of religious fandom, I will first discuss the canon scepticism and anti-Rowling sentiment that helps to contextualise the wider belief in Snape as a character who extends beyond book and film.
** (non-formal) With antecedent as object: whom.
    That's the man who I saw earlier. (defining)
    My brother, who you met the other day, is coming to stay for the weekend. (non-defining)
* (fused relative, archaic or marginal) Whoever, he who, they who.
    Who insults my mother insults me.
    Give it to who deserves it. (marginal usage)
** c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:Who steals my purse steals trash.
* (informal, especially non-US) Also used with names of collective nouns that are groups of people, especially singularly-named musical groups or sports teams.
    Who are the Miami Heat?

#### Usage notes

* Who is a subject pronoun. Whom is an object pronoun. To determine whether a particular sentence uses a subject or an object pronoun, rephrase it to use he/she/they or him/her/them instead of who, whom; if you use he, she or they, then you use the subject pronoun who; if you use him, her or them, then you use the object pronoun. The same rule applies to whoever/whosoever/whoso and whomever/whomsoever/whomso. In the case of who(m)(so)ever, which usually plays a role in two phrases at once, it is the role in the internal ("downstairs") clause that determines the case. For example, Sell the sofa to whoever offers the most money for it uses whoever because it is the subject of the verb offers; the fact that it is also the object of to is irrelevant.
* Who can also be used as an object pronoun, especially in informal writing and speech (hence one hears not only whom are you waiting for? but also who are you waiting for?), and whom may be seen as (overly) formal; in some dialects and contexts, it is hardly used, even in the most formal settings. As an exception to this, fronted prepositional phrases almost always use whom, e.g. one usually says with whom did you go?, not *with who did you go?. However, dialects in which whom is rarely used usually avoid fronting prepositional phrases in the first place (for example, using who did you go with?).
* The use of who as an object pronoun is proscribed by many authorities, but is frequent nonetheless. It is usually felt to be much more acceptable than the converse hypercorrection in which whom is misused in place of who, as in *the savage whom spoke to me.
* Instead of what or which, particularly in music and sports journalism, although a solecism in conventional or traditional grammar, who and whom are also used with names of collective nouns that define or describe groups of people, for instance singularly-named musical groups or sports clubs, in addition to teams with plural names of anthromorphic non-human beings or inanimate entities.
* For more information, see "who" and "whom" on Wikipedia.
* When who (or the other relative pronouns that and which) is used as the subject of a relative clause, the verb typically agrees with the antecedent of the pronoun. Thus "I who am...", "He who is...", "You who are...", etc.

#### Translations
### Noun

who (plural whos)
* A person under discussion; a question of which person.
** 2008 March 21, The New York Times, “Movie Guide and Film Series”, in New York Times‎:A wham-bam caper flick, efficiently directed by Roger Donaldson, that fancifully revisits the mysterious whos and speculative hows of a 1971 London bank heist.

### Determiner

who
* (interrogative, dialect, African-American Vernacular) whose
    Who phone just rang?

### Derived terms

* abandon hope all ye who enter here
* all hope abandon ye who enter here
* all things come to those who wait
* anybody who is anybody
* anybody who is anyone
* anyone who is anybody
* anyone who is anyone
* as who should say
* dance with the one who brought ya
* dance with the one who brought you
* dance with the one who brung ya
* dance with the one who brung you
* do you know who I am
* everybody who is anybody
* everybody who is anyone
* everyone who is anybody
* everyone who is anyone
* evil be to him who evil thinks
* God helps them who help themselves
* God helps those who help themselves
* good things come to those who wait
* heaven helps those who help themselves
* he who denied it supplied it
* he who digs a pit for others falls in himself
* he who hesitates is lost
* he who laughs last laughs best
* he who laughs last laughs hardest
* he who pays the piper calls the tune
* he who said the rhyme did the crime
* he who smelt it dealt it
* he who sups with the devil should have a long spoon
* it's not what you know but who you know
* lady who lunches
* leave with the one who brought ya
* leave with the one who brought you
* leave with the one who brung ya
* leave with the one who brung you
* let he who is without sin cast the first stone
* let him who is without sin cast the first stone
* look like who did it and ran
* look who the cat dragged in
* one who hesitates is lost
* people who live in glass houses should not throw stones
* people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones
* raise the flag and see who salutes
* says who
* send it up the flagpole and see who salutes
* the Lord helps those who help themselves
* there are none so blind as those who will not see
* there's none so blind as those who will not see
* those who have get
* those who have get more
* those who live in glass houses should not throw stones
* those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones
* those who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those doing it
* who am I kidding
* who are you
* who are you and what have you done with someone
* who are you telling
* who ate all the pies
* who cares
* who died and gave you the reins
* who died and left you in charge
* who died and made you boss
* who died and made you king
* who died and made you president
* who died and made you queen
* who goes there
* who-hit-John
* who hurt you
* who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl
* who knew?
* who knows?
* who-knows-how-many
* who pays the piper calls the tune
* who put a quarter in you
* who shot John
* who so
* who's who
* who's who in the zoo
* who wants to know
* who was your servant last year
* who watches the watchers
* who whom
* who would have known
* who would have thought it
* who would have thunk it
* who writes this stuff
* with friends like these who needs enemies
* with friends like those who needs enemies
* you-know-who

### References

* ↑ Dobson, E. J. (1957) English pronunciation 1500-1700‎, second edition, volume II: Phonology, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1968, →OCLC, § 153, page 677.

### Anagrams

* How, how

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo
* (northern) qua, wha
* (early) hwa, hwo, hwoa

### Etymology

From Old English hwā, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hwɔː/, /h(w)oː/
* (Early Middle English) IPA: /hwɑː/
* (Northern) IPA: /hwaː/

### Pronoun

who (singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative whom, genitive whos, inanimate what)
* (interrogative) who (nominative)
** c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 26:15, page 107v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:⁊ I seide .· who art þou, loꝛd? / ⁊ þe loꝛd ſeide / I am iheſus whom þou purſueſt.And I asked, "Who are you, Lord?". The Lord replied, "I am Jesus, who you are persecuting".
* (relative) who (nominative)
* (relative) whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)
* (indefinite) anyone, someone (nominative)

#### Usage notes

* The non-relative indefinite sense is rare outside of the expression as who (“as one”).
* In Middle English, use of who as an accusative is rare and restricted to the sense of "whoever".

#### Descendants

* English: who
* Geordie English: whe
* Scots: wha
* Yola: fho, fo, vo

#### References

* “whō, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.