# ni-
## Aromanian
### Etymology

From Slavic ne-. Compare Romanian ne-.

### Prefix

ni-
* un-; de- (used to negate)

#### Derived terms
## Cebuano
### Etymology

From ning-, itself from ming-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni/ [n̪ɪ]

### Prefix

ni- (infinitive & future mo-, mu-)
* alternative form of ming-
    Nikaon ko.I ate.

#### Usage notes

* The forms ming- and mi- are only ever used in formal contexts, ning- and ni- are more common in daily conversation.

### See also
## Classical Nahuatl
### Alternative forms

* n- (before vowels)

### Prefix

ni-
* Subject prefix for verbs; indicates that the subject is first person singular: I.

## Garo
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Prefix

ni-
* look at

#### Derived terms

* nibrua
* nichaka
* nicholwia
* nigaka
* nigitchia
* niketchia
* nimikbranga
* niona
* nipaka
* nipila
* nirika
* nisoa
* nitata
* nitima
* niwata

## Kamba
### Alternative forms

* n-

### Prefix

ni-
* I (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

## Mohawk
### Etymology

From Proto-Iroquoian *ijiː.

### Prefix

ni-
* pronominal prefix for
    They both (m) ____

#### Alternative forms

| - | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant |
| Environment | t/s/h/k | n/r/w/’ | a | e/en | o/on | i | y |
| Word-Initial | ni- | ni- | i- | n- | n- | n- | ni- |

### Prefix

ni-
* partitive prefix

### References

* Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 147, 172

## Mokilese
### Prefix

ni-
* used to form the days of the week

#### References

* Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press 1977

## Navajo
### Etymology 1
#### Prefix

ni-
* Marks a noun as being have a second-person singular possessor
    ‎ni- + ‎bijaaʼ (“one's ear”) → ‎nijaaʼ (“your ear”)
* Marks a postposition as having a second-person singular object
    ‎ni- + ‎bikʼi (“upon him/her/it”) → ‎nikʼi (“upon you”)
* Marks a verb as having a second-person singular subject
    ‎ni- + ‎yicha (“he/she is crying”) → ‎nicha (“you're crying”)

##### See also

* á-
* ał-
* ahił-

### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

ni-
* Marks a verb as belonging to the ni-imperfective paradigm, which contains verbs confined to the momentaneous aspect.

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 3
#### Prefix

ni-
* Marks a verb as belonging to the terminative subaspect, marking the cessation or end of an action.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4
#### Prefix

ni-
* Forms neuter imperfective/adjectival verbs
    niłdził ― to be strong, stable, firm (ni-ł-dził)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 5
#### Prefix

ni-
* A thematic prefix

##### Derived terms
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

Same as the word nid, from Old Norse níð.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /niː/

### Prefix

ni-
* uninterrupted, intensely
* very, a lot

#### Derived terms
### References

* “ni-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “ni-” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Doublet of nid. From Old Norse níð, from Proto-Germanic *nīþą.

### Prefix

ni-
* Used as an intensifier, especially in verbs

#### Derived terms
### References

* “ni-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* In, in, ni

## Ojibwe
### Prefix

ni-
* A prefix denoting the first person

#### Usage notes

ni- is the unmarked form, and appears before stems that begin with the consonants p, t, k, h, ch, m, n, s, sh, w, and y. In animate intransitive verbs (vai) and transitive inanimate verbs (vti) conjugations, ni- or one of its alternative forms can act as part of a pair of affixes, with the affix -min (or a variant) to form the first person plural exclusive . In transitive animate verbs (vta) - that is verbs where the subject and the object are both animate - ni- can indicate that either the subject or the object is first-person (singular or plural), according to the rules of topicality hierarchy.

#### Alternative forms

* im-
* in-
* ind-
* indo-
* n-
* nim-
* nin-
* nind-
* nindo-
* niy-
* nd-
* ndo-

#### Related terms

* niin
* niinawind

#### See also

| | | stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| Consonants | Consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | d g ' j z zh | nin- | gi- | o- |
| Consonants | Consonants | b | nim- | gi- | o- |
| Vowels | Vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- |
| Vowels | Vowels | a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | oo | n- | g- | od- |
| Vowels | Vowels | ii | n- | g- | w- |

### Preverb

ni-
* Alternative spelling of ani-

## Old English
### Etymology

From earlier *niwi-, before a regular sound change in which non-word-initial *w was lost before fully unstressed *i. The same sound change occurred to ǣ (“law”) ← *ǣi ← *āwi, sǣ (“sea”) ← *sǣi ← *sāwi, and glī (“joy”) ← *gliwi. It must have also occurred to nīewe (“new”) in the nominative singular, producing *nī ← *niwi, but its *w was restored by analogy with its inflected forms, which had a following *j instead of *i.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /niː/

### Prefix

nī-
* new-, newly

#### Derived terms
## Pipil
### Pronunciation

* (Standard) IPA: /ni/

### Prefix

ni-
* (personal) I, first-person singular subject marker.
    Niaw nimumachtia Nawat
       I'm going to learn Nawat

#### See also

* naja (personal pronoun)
* nech- (object marker)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Prefix

ni- (Cyrillic spelling ни-)
* Prefix prepended to pronouns to denote a negative meaning, synonymous with ne- (“no, not”).
    igdje ili nigdje. ― anywhere or nowhere
    itko ili nitko. ― anyone or no one
    ikad ili nikad. ― anytime or never
* Prefix prepended to copula verb biti in present tense to denote a negative meaning, synonymous with ne- (“not”).
    Bio sam tu ali nisam bio tamo. ― I was here but I was not there.

#### Derived terms
## Swahili

Other scripts :
| Ajami | نِـ |

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Prefix

ni-
* I, 1st person singular subject concord
    Antonym: si-
    ninakupenda ― I like you
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 6:نِيَضِهِرِشِ يَغُ مَقَالِ ، اَبَيُ مُيُوْنِ نِقُصُدِيِNiyaḍihirishe yangu maqali, ambayo moyoni niquṣudiye.Let me set forth the plan which I have in my heart.
* verb-initial form of -ni- (“me, 1st person singular object concord”)

#### See also
## Swazi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *mɪ̀-.

#### Prefix

ni-
* you, you all; second-person plural subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-, via an intermediate form *mɪ́-.

#### Prefix

ni-
* you, you all; second-person plural object concord.

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ni/ [n̪ɪ]
* Syllabification: ni-

### Prefix

ni- (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜒ)
* Alternative form of -in-

#### Usage notes

* Used when ⟨l⟩, ⟨r⟩, or ⟨y⟩, is at the start of the root.

## Ternate
### Etymology 1

Cognate with Tehit n- (“second-person prefix”).

#### Pronoun

ni- (Jawi ني-)
* second-person plural clitic, you all

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

ni- (Jawi ني-)
* second-person singular possessive pronoun, your

#### See also

* unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
* m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
* 1 - for mixed-gender groups
* † - archaic

### References

* Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌniː/, /nɪ/

### Prefix

ni-
* Nasal mutation of di-.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## West Makian
### Etymology 1

Cognate with Ternate ni-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̪i/

#### Pronoun

ni-
* second-person singular possessive prefix, your

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̪i/

#### Pronoun

ni-
* alternative form of na- (“our (inclusive)”) when preceded by a root-initial i

#### See also

V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *mɪ̀-.

#### Prefix

ni-
* you, you all; second-person plural subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-, via an intermediate form *mɪ́-.

#### Prefix

ni-
* you, you all; second-person plural object concord.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ni-]

### Prefix

ni-
* Allomorph of n- (third-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant.

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-, via an intermediate form *mɪ̀-.

#### Prefix

ni-
* you, you all; second-person plural subject concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-, via an intermediate form *mɪ́-.

#### Prefix

ní-
* you, you all; second-person plural object concord.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ni-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ni-”