# 寂寞
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìmò, jímò
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ ㄇㄛˋ, ㄐㄧˊ ㄇㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zik$^6$ mok$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sit-mok
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zih$^7$ borh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): che̍k-bo̍k / chia̍k-bo̍k / chi̍p-bo̍k / siok-bo̍k / chi̍t-bo̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sog$^4$ mog$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìmò
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ ㄇㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìmò
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^4$-mo$^4$
*** Yale: jì-mwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jihmoh
*** Palladius: цзимо (czimo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jímò
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ ㄇㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jímò
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^2$-mo$^4$
*** Yale: jí-mwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyimoh
*** Palladius: цзимо (czimo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi³⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$寂寞 籍沒 / 籍没
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^6$ mok$^6$
*** Yale: jihk mohk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^9$ mok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^6$ mog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚² mɔːk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sit-mok
*** Hakka Romanization System: xid$^ˋ$ mog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xid$^5$ mog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /sit̚² mok̚²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^7$ borh$^7$ [Phonetic: zih$^6$ borh$^7$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ci̍h-bo̤̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ⁴⁻¹ pɒʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zih$^7$ borh$^7$ [Phonetic: zih$^6$ borh$^7$]
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siʔ²⁴⁻² pɒʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: che̍k-bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsi̍k-bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zegbok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪk̚⁴⁻³² bɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡sek̚⁴³⁻²¹ bɔk̚⁴³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍k-bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsia̍k-bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciagbok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚²⁴⁻² bɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chi̍p-bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsi̍p-bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cibbok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sip̚²⁴⁻² bɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sip̚⁴⁻³² bɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siok-bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: siok-bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siokbok
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɔk̚³²⁻⁴ bɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chi̍t-bo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tsi̍t-bo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cidbok
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² bɔk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sog$^4$ mog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sok mo̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /sok̚²⁻⁴ mok̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dzek mak
Rime :
| Character | 寂 | 寞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 錫 (127) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 前歷切 | 慕各切 |
| Baxter | dzek | mak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zek̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zek̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɛk̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zɛjk̚/ | /mak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zek̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ziek̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /d͡zʱiek̚/ | /mɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jí | mò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zik$^6$ | mok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zlɯːwɢ maːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 寂 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzek › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-[d]ˁiwk/ |
| English | quiet |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 寂 | 寞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11734 | 9255 |
| Phonetic component | 尗 | 莫 |
| Rime group | 覺 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 寂 | 莫 |
| Old Chinese | /*zlɯːwɢ/ | /*maːɡ/ |

### Adjective

寂寞
* lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
    孤單寂寞／孤单寂寞 ― gūdān jìmò ― solitary and lonesome
    From: 1999, 江蕙 (Jody Chiang), 落雨聲
    siok-bo̍k ê hō͘-siaⁿ tûi gún sim-koaⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    The lonesome pitter-patter beats my chest.
    From: 2008, 詹雅雯, 真愛等一個人
    chi̍t-lō͘ siok-bo̍k, m̄-goān kè-sio̍k liû-lōng ko͘-toaⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    The whole journey [I] was lonely; [I] am not willing to continue wandering alone.
    From: 2015, 陳百潭 and 曹雅雯 (Olivia Tsao), 相思痕
    chí-ū chioh-tio̍h tui-ek an-ùi siok-bo̍k ê lêng-hûn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    [I can] only use my recollections to comfort my desolate soul.
    From: 2013, 許富凱 (Henry Hsu), 阿里加多
    chí-ū siok-bo̍k pôe gún kui ē-po͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Only loneliness was with me the whole afternoon
    From: 2014, 蕭煌奇 (Hsiao Huang-Chi), 命運點歌 (Destiny Calling)
    thiaⁿ chit tiâu siok-bo̍k siá ê koa, hō͘ sim thàng-thiàⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Listen to this song written by loneliness to feel the pain in your heart
    From: 2016, 王萊, 窗外的雨聲
    siok-bo̍k ê khì-bī í-keng pà-chiàm gún kui-mî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    The smell of loneliness has occupied my whole night
* quiet; still

#### Synonyms

* (lonely):
* 俗 (Hokkien)
* 孤單 / 孤单 (gūdān)
* 孤孑 (gūjié) (literary)
* 孤寂 (gūjì)
* 孤獨 / 孤独 (gūdú)
* 寂寥 (jìliáo)
* 挑另 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
* 落寞 (luòmò)
* (quiet):
* 和平 (hépíng)
* 嗼寂 (mòjì)
* 安恬 (āntián) (literary)
* 安生 (ānshēng)
* 安謐 / 安谧 (ānmì) (literary)
* 安靖 (ānjìng) (literary)
* 安靜 / 安静 (ānjìng)
* 寂寥 (jìliáo)
* 寂然 (jìrán) (literary)
* 寂靜 / 寂静 (jìjìng)
* 寧靜 / 宁静 (níngjìng)
* 平和
* 平靜 / 平静 (píngjìng)
* 幽靜 / 幽静 (yōujìng)
* 恬 (Hakka, literary or Min Nan)
* 恬倓 (tiántán)
* 恬淡 (tiándàn)
* 恬謐 / 恬谧 (tiánmì) (literary)
* 恬靜 / 恬静 (tiánjìng)
* 悄悄 (qiāoqiāo)
* 沉寂 (chénjì)
* 沉靜 / 沉静 (chénjìng)
* 清淨 / 清净 (qīngjìng)
* 清靜 / 清静 (qīngjìng)
* 自靜 / 自静 (zi$^3$ jing$^2$) (Jin)
* 靜寂 / 静寂 (jìngjì)
* 靜寂寂 / 静寂寂 (Hokkien)
* 靜悄悄 / 静悄悄 (jìngqiāoqiāo)
* 靜生生 / 静生生 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)

#### Derived terms

* 不甘寂寞 (bùgānjìmò)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 寂寞(せきばく) (sekibaku)
* → Korean: 적막(寂寞) (jeongmak)
* → Vietnamese: tịch mịch (寂寞)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 寂 | 寞 |
| せき Grade: S | ばく Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せきばく [sèkíbákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞kʲiba̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

寂(せき)寞(ばく) • (sekibaku)
* loneliness, desolation

### Adjective

寂(せき)寞(ばく) • (sekibaku) $^†$-tari (adnominal 寂(せき)寞(ばく)とした (sekibaku to shita) or 寂(せき)寞(ばく)たる (sekibaku taru), adverbial 寂(せき)寞(ばく)と (sekibaku to) or 寂(せき)寞(ばく)として (sekibaku to shite))
* lonely, desolate

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 寂 | 寞 |

### Noun

寂寞 • (jeongmak) (hangeul 적막)
* hanja form of 적막 (“loneliness, desolation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 寂 | 寞 |

### Adjective

寂寞
* chữ Hán form of tịch mịch (“solitary, silent, quiet”).