# 外

| 外 | U+5916, &#22806; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916 |
| ← 夕 [U+5915] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 夗 → [U+5917] |

## Translingual
### Han character

外 (Kangxi radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 2320$_0$, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK))

#### Derived characters

* 𠰻, 𢫑, 𣳢, 𫟌, 迯, 𡎢, 䀤, 夞, 𡎥, 𡎦, 㔰

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 246, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
* Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5916

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 外 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), it is also an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意); 月 originally represents a crescent moon (i.e. the moon with part “missing” to the observer). The character is thus interpreted as representing divination based on the partial phase of the moon, implying the remaining visible part of the moon is the moon's ‘outside’. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): wài (wai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wai$^4$ / wei$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): wāi
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): wāi
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngoi$^6$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): wi$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngoi$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): uai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngoi
    (Hailu, HRS): ngoi$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngoi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): vai$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): nguōi / ngṳē
* Eastern Min (BUC): nguôi / ngiê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gua$^5$ / gue$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gōa / gioa / gōe / ngoǎi / goǎi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghua$^7$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): bhua$^1$ / nguai$^7$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): waai$^6$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$nga / $^6$we / $^6$wa / $^6$vae / $^2$wae
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): uai$^5$ / ngai$^5$ / uai$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wài
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wài
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^4$
*** Yale: wài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: way
*** Palladius: вай (vaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: wai$^4$ / wei$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uai / ui
*** Sinological IPA : /uai²¹³/, /uei²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: wāi
*** Sinological IPA : /uæ⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: wāi
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): wai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /uɛ⁴⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /vɛ⁴⁴/, /vi⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$
*** Yale: ngoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²²/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: wi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /vi³²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngoi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡᵘɔi³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: uai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /uai¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngoi$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoi³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋoɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: vai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /vai⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nguōi / ngṳē
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋuɛ⁵⁵/, /ŋyɛ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nguôi / ngiê
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋui²⁴²/, /ŋiɛ²⁴²/
* nguôi - literary;
* ngiê - colloquial.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit外 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /uai⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /uai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /vai⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /vɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /vɛ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /uai³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /uai⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /uɛ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /vɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /vɛ¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /vai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /uai³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /uai¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /uai²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /uæ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /uae⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ue̞⁵³/ /ue⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /vai⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /uæ³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /vɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ŋa²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ŋɑ³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦue̞¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /va²²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /uɛ²²/ /ŋa²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ŋa¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /uai⁵⁵/ /uai¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /uai²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /uai²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋoi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ŋoi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /ŋɔi²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /gue²²/ /gua²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋuɔi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kuɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /gua³¹/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋɔi³³/ /hua²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: ngwajH
Rime :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (26) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 五會切 |
| Baxter | ngwajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwaj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ |
| English | outside |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 外 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12606 |
| Phonetic component | 外 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 外 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːds/ |

### Definitions

外
* out; outside; external
    Antonyms: 裡 / 里 (lǐ), 內 / 内
    窗外 ― chuāng wài ― outside a window
    外表 ― wàibiǎo ― outward appearance
* beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
    此外 ― cǐwài ― in addition (to this)
    十公里外 ― shí gōnglǐ wài ― 10 km beyond (a place)
    From: Song dynasty, poet Fan Gongcheng (范公偁), 《過庭錄》
    Jièmíng jìnchù shì Sūnshān, xiánláng gèngzài Sūnshān wài. [Pinyin]
    I found my name the last of the enrolled; The good master went a step beyond me.
* other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
    外國／外国 ― wàiguó ― foreign country
    外校 ― wài xiào ― other schools
* foreign country
    中外 ― zhōngwài ― China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
    對外貿易／对外贸易 ― duì wài màoyì ― foreign trade
    漢外詞典／汉外词典 ― hàn-wài cídiǎn ― Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
    From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Wài píng bù shū, cǐ héyǐ shū? [Pinyin]
    Peace between foreign states were not recorded in the Annals. Why was this one exceptionally recorded?
* (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
    見外／见外 ― jiànwài ― to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Nèi qí guó ér wài Zhūxià, nèi Zhūxià ér wài Yídí. [Pinyin]
    to deem one's own state "the in" and treat the other Xias as "the other", while allying oneself with the Xias and distancing oneself from the Barbarians.
* relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
    外婆 ― wàipó ― maternal grandmother
    外孫／外孙 ― wàisūn ― daughter's son
    外祖父 ― wàizǔfù ― maternal grandfather
* additional
    外加 ― wàijiā ― plus
    外帶／外带 ― wàidài ― to include (something) as well
* unofficial
    外史 ― wàishǐ ― unofficial history
    外號／外号 ― wàihào ― nickname
* (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
    二十外歲／二十外岁 [Hokkien] ― jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― 20-something years old

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 外面, 外邊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 外面, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外廂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒拉, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 外面, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 外面兒, 外面, 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 外面 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 外面 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 外面 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 外面兒, 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 外面兒, 外頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 外頭, 外面, 外面兒, 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 外頭 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 外邊兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 外頭, 外邊兒, 外面兒, 外先 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 外頭, 外邊兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 外前 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 外些 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭, 外首 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 外面, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 外頭, 外面, 外前 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 外邊兒, 外邊, 外頭, 外面 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 外面, 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 外面, 外邊, 外頭, 外前 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 外頭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 外頭, 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 外頭, 外前, 外先 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 外前 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 外面, 外頭, 外興 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 外頭, 外面, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 外面, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 外面, 外邊, 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 外首 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 外頭, 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 外頭, 外面, 外邊 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 外面 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 外頭, 外邊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 外面, 外頭, 外邊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 外頭, 外面 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 外面, 外沿, 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 外便, 出便, 開便, 外低, 外底, 外出, 外間, 開低, 開底, 開底便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 出便, 出面, 外便, 外面, 開便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 出便, 出茅 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 外底, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 外出 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 出便, 出底 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 出便, 外底, 外便, 外面, 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 二底 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 麻口, 出底, 外便, 出便, 出頭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 外便, 出便 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 外邊 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) | 外面 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 出邊 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 出便, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 出頭, 出底 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 荷頭 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 外出, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 和底 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 出便, 出低, 外便 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 會出 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 外便, 出便 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 出下底 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 外低 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 出那底 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 出邊, 外邊, 外面 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 外底, 外面 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 外低 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 外底 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 外頭 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 外便 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 出便 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 外便 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 外頭 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 外家, 外頭 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 口前, 外前 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 外背 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 外口, 外出, 外便, 出便, 面出 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) | 外出 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 出背, 外背, 外面 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 出背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 門口, 外面 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) | 堤出 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) | 外邊, 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 外背 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 外背 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 門背 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 外背 |
| Hakka | Raoping (Xinfeng) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Changting | 外頭, 外背 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 外背, 外頭背 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Zhongshan) | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 出背 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Wudong) | 壁背 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 外裡 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 外底 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 外高 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 內頭 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 外裡 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 門背, 出邊 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 外低 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 外低 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 外邊 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 下底 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 老背 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 那低 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 外面 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 外頭 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 門背 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 門背, 外背 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Meixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 外背 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 外咧 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Jiexi) | 外背 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 外頭 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 外面, 外面頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 外頭, 外面 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 外面兒, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Datong | 外頭, 外前 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 外頭 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 外面兒, 外頭, 外首兒 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 外面兒, 外邊兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jin | Jining | 外頭 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 外面, 外頭 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 外面, 外邊兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 外面兒, 外頭 |
| Jin | Handan | 外面, 外邊, 外頭 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 外頭 |
| Jin | Suide | 外面兒, 外頭, 外前 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 外前, 外邊 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 外界 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 外邊 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 外首, 外首勢, 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 外首 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 外首 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 外首, 外兜 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 外面 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 外爿 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 外底, 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 外面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 外面, 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 外面, 外口, 口面, 口仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 外口, 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 外爿, 外口, 厝外, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 外口 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 外口, 外面, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 口面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 外口, 外面 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 外面, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 外口, 口面 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 外口, 外面, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 外面, 外頭, 外裹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 外面 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 外面, 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 從皮 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 外爿, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 外面, 外爿, 外口, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 外爿, 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 外爿, 口爿 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 外口, 內口 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 外爿 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 外口 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 口爿, 外口 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 外路 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 外 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 外面, 外 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 外 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 外向 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 前邊 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 前邊 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 屋前 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 出頭, 外頭 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 外頭 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 外頭 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 出去 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 外面 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 門背 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 門前 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 外面, 外頭, 外底頭, 外首 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 外面, 外頭 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 外頭, 外面, 外勢 |
| Wu | Danyang | 外頭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 外頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 外頭, 外向 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 外面, 外轉 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 外面, 外面手, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 外頭 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 外前, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 外前, 外頭 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 外頭 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 外頭 |

### Compounds

* 丁外艱 / 丁外艰
* 不外 (bùwài)
* 不外乎 (bùwàihū)
* 不自外
* 中外 (zhōngwài)
* 之外 (zhīwài)
* 九霄雲外 / 九霄云外 (jiǔxiāoyúnwài)
* 以外 (yǐwài)
* 作外
* 例外 (lìwài)
* 內外 / 内外 (nèiwài)
* 其外 (qíwài)
* 出外 (chūwài)
* 出外景
* 出意外
* 分外 (fènwài)
* 劍外 / 剑外
* 務外 / 务外
* 化外 (huàwài)
* 口外 (kǒuwài)
* 另外 (lìngwài)
* 向外 (xiàngwài)
* 吐外特 (Tǔwàitè)
* 味外味
* 員外 / 员外 (yuánwài)
* 員外郎 / 员外郎
* 國外 / 国外 (guówài)
* 圈外人
* 在外 (zàiwài)
* 城外 (Chéngwài)
* 域外 (yùwài)
* 塞外 (sàiwài)
* 外三關 / 外三关 (Wàisānguān)
* 外丹
* 外丹功
* 外事 (wàishì)
* 外交 (wàijiāo)
* 外交團 / 外交团 (wàijiāotuán)
* 外交官 (wàijiāoguān)
* 外交部 (wàijiāobù)
* 外人 (wàirén)
* 外來 / 外来 (wàilái)
* 外來語 / 外来语 (wàiláiyǔ)
* 外來錢 / 外来钱
* 外侮 (wàiwǔ)
* 外側 / 外侧 (wàicè)
* 外傅
* 外傷 / 外伤 (wàishāng)
* 外債 / 外债 (wàizhài)
* 外傳 / 外传
* 外僑 / 外侨 (wàiqiáo)
* 外像
* 外光派
* 外公 (wàigōng)
* 外典
* 外出 (wàichū)
* 外出服
* 外出血 (wàichūxuè)
* 外力 (wàilì)
* 外加 (wàijiā)
* 外功 (wàigōng)
* 外務 / 外务 (wàiwù)
* 外務員 / 外务员
* 外動詞 / 外动词 (wàidòngcí)
* 外勞 / 外劳 (wàiláo)
* 外勤 (wàiqín)
* 外包 (wàibāo)
* 外匯 / 外汇 (wàihuì)
* 外卡 (wàikǎ)
* 外口 (gōa-kháu) (Min Nan)
* 外史 (wàishǐ)
* 外向 (wàixiàng)
* 外名
* 外呈答
* 外呼吸
* 外商 (wàishāng)
* 外四路
* 外國 / 外国 (wàiguó)
* 外國人 / 外国人 (wàiguórén)
* 外國貨 / 外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
* 外圍 / 外围 (wàiwéi)
* 外在 (wàizài)
* 外地 (wàidì)
* 外在美 (wàizàiměi)
* 外城 (wàichéng)
* 外型 (wàixíng)
* 外埔 (Wàipǔ)
* 外埠 (wàibù)
* 外場 / 外场 (wàichǎng)
* 外場人 / 外场人
* 外外
* 外太空 (wàitàikōng)
* 外套 (wàitào)
* 外姓 (wàixìng)
* 外婆 (wàipó)
* 外婦 / 外妇
* 外子 (wàizǐ)
* 外孫 / 外孙 (wàisūn)
* 外孫女 / 外孙女 (wàisūnnǚ)
* 外宅
* 外官
* 外客
* 外家 (wàijiā)
* 外宿
* 外寇 (wàikòu)
* 外層 / 外层 (wàicéng)
* 外帶 / 外带 (wàidài)
* 外幣 / 外币 (wàibì)
* 外延 (wàiyán)
* 外引
* 外弟
* 外形 (wàixíng)
* 外後日 / 外后日
* 外心 (wàixīn)
* 外快 (wàikuài)
* 外快子
* 外患 (wàihuàn)
* 外感
* 外戚 (wàiqī)
* 外戶 / 外户
* 外才
* 外手
* 外找
* 外技
* 外掛 / 外挂 (wàiguà)
* 外接圓 / 外接圆 (wàijiēyuán)
* 外援 (wàiyuán)
* 外揚 / 外扬 (wàiyáng)
* 外放 (wàifàng)
* 外教 (wàijiào)
* 外敷
* 外敵 / 外敌 (wàidí)
* 外文 (wàiwén)
* 外方 (wàifāng)
* 外族 (wàizú)
* 外日
* 外星人 (wàixīngrén)
* 外景 (wàijǐng)
* 外末
* 外果皮 (wàiguǒpí)
* 外標 / 外标
* 外欠
* 外此
* 外殼 / 外壳 (wàiké)
* 外母 (wàimǔ)
* 外毒素 (wàidúsù)
* 外氏
* 外水 (wàishuǐ)
* 外江 (wàijiāng)
* 外泄 (wàixiè)
* 外流 (wàiliú)
* 外洋 (wàiyáng)
* 外洩 / 外泄 (wàixiè)
* 外流區 / 外流区
* 外流河
* 外海 (wàihǎi)
* 外淨 / 外净
* 外港 (wàigǎng)
* 外焰
* 外煙 / 外烟
* 外燃機 / 外燃机
* 外父 (wàifù)
* 外王內帝 / 外王内帝 (wàiwángnèidì)
* 外生
* 外甥 (wàishēng)
* 外甥女
* 外用 (wàiyòng)
* 外用藥 / 外用药 (wàiyòng yào)
* 外界 (wàijiè)
* 外痔 (wàizhì)
* 外相 (wàixiàng)
* 外省 (wàishěng)
* 外磕腳 / 外磕脚 (Wàikējiǎo)
* 外祖母 (wàizǔmǔ)
* 外祖父 (wàizǔfù)
* 外科 (wàikē)
* 外秧兒 / 外秧儿
* 外稃 (wàifū)
* 外篇
* 外籍 (wàijí)
* 外緣 / 外缘 (wàiyuán)
* 外線 / 外线 (wàixiàn)
* 外縣 / 外县
* 外罩 (wàizhào)
* 外耳 (wài'ěr)
* 外耳道 (wài'ěrdào)
* 外聽道 / 外听道
* 外胎 (wàitāi)
* 外胚層 / 外胚层 (wàipēicéng)
* 外膜
* 外舅
* 外舍
* 外艱 / 外艰
* 外蒙 (Wàiměng)
* 外蒙古
* 外藩
* 外號 / 外号 (wàihào)
* 外行 (wàiháng)
* 外行人 (wàihángrén)
* 外行星 (wàixíngxīng)
* 外行話 / 外行话
* 外衣 (wàiyī)
* 外表 (wàibiǎo)
* 外褂
* 外親 / 外亲
* 外觀 / 外观 (wàiguān)
* 外角 (wàijiǎo)
* 外角球
* 外話 / 外话
* 外語 / 外语 (wàiyǔ)
* 外調 / 外调 (wàidiào)
* 外貌 (wàimào)
* 外財 / 外财 (wàicái)
* 外貨 / 外货 (wàihuò)
* 外貿 / 外贸 (wàimào)
* 外資 / 外资 (wàizī)
* 外賓 / 外宾 (wàibīn)
* 外賣 / 外卖 (wàimài)
* 外路
* 外路人
* 外遇 (wàiyù)
* 外道
* 外道兒 / 外道儿
* 外道話 / 外道话
* 外邊 / 外边 (wàibiān)
* 外郎
* 外部 (wàibù)
* 外鄉 / 外乡 (wàixiāng)
* 外野 (wàiyě)
* 外野手 (wàiyěshǒu)
* 外鈔 / 外钞
* 外銷 / 外销 (wàixiāo)
* 外錯角 / 外错角
* 外長城 / 外长城
* 外間 / 外间 (wàijiān)
* 外附
* 外集
* 外電 / 外电 (wàidiàn)
* 外電路 / 外电路
* 外面
* 外面情
* 外項 / 外项
* 外頭 / 外头 (wàitou)
* 外館 / 外馆
* 天外
* 婚外 (hūnwài)
* 媚外 (mèiwài)
* 室外 (shìwài)
* 局外
* 局外人 (júwàirén)
* 屋外
* 山外
* 崇外
* 度外
* 庭外 (tíngwài)
* 徼外
* 心外膜 (xīnwàimó)
* 意外 (yìwài)
* 意外險 / 意外险
* 戶外 / 户外 (hùwài)
* 打外
* 打野外
* 拍外景
* 排外 (páiwài)
* 援外 (yuánwài)
* 攘外安內 / 攘外安内 (rángwài'ānnèi)
* 方外
* 方外人
* 望外
* 格外 (géwài)
* 此外 (cǐwài)
* 法外 (fǎwài)
* 治外
* 流外
* 海外 (hǎiwài)
* 涉外 (shèwài)
* 海外版
* 濱外 / 滨外
* 牆外漢 / 墙外汉
* 物外
* 界外
* 界外球 (jièwàiqiú)
* 窗外 (chuāngwài)
* 紅外線 / 红外线 (hóngwàixiàn)
* 紫外線 / 紫外线 (zǐwàixiàn)
* 美國本土外小島嶼 / 美国本土外小岛屿 (Měiguó Běntǔ Wài Xiǎodǎoyǔ)
* 老外 (lǎowài)
* 而外 (érwài)
* 膜外
* 自外
* 荒外
* 號外 / 号外 (hàowài)
* 裡外 / 里外 (lǐwài)
* 裡外裡 / 里外里 (lǐwàilǐ)
* 見外 / 见外 (jiànwài)
* 言外 (yánwài)
* 課外 / 课外 (kèwài)
* 象外
* 賺外快 / 赚外快
* 郊外 (jiāowài)
* 野外 (yěwài)
* 門外 / 门外 (ménwài)
* 門外漢 / 门外汉 (ménwàihàn)
* 開外 / 开外 (kāiwài)
* 關外 / 关外 (guānwài)
* 除外 (chúwài)
* 䫄外
* 額外 / 额外 (éwài)
* 題外話 / 题外话 (tíwàihuà)
* 餘外 / 余外
* 騖外 / 骛外

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
* → Korean: 외(外) (oe)
* → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)
* → Old Turkic: term
** → Turkmen: öweý

### References

* “外”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* outside
* foreign
* other
* except

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
* Tō-on: うい (ui)
* Kun: そと (soto, 外, Jōyō)、ほか (hoka, 外, Jōyō)、はずす (hazusu, 外す, Jōyō)、はずれる (hazureru, 外れる, Jōyō)、と (to)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* そと Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
Appears from roughly the Muromachi period, superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 所 (to, “place”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そと [sóꜜtò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [so̞to̞]

#### Noun

外(そと) • (soto)
* (the) outside
    箱(はこ)の外(そと)
       hako no soto
       outside of the box
    外(そと)は雨(あめ)
       soto wa ame
       it is raining outside

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* ほか Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. :
| 【他ほか】3 | [noun] another, other, some other, the rest |
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* よそ Grade: 2
* irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. :
| 【余所よそ】 | [noun] another place [noun] a place outside one's family or group [noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing Alternative spelling 他所 |
(This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* と Grade: 2
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [to̞]

#### Noun

外(と) • (to)
* (the) outside
* toilet

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* がい Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がい [gáꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɡa̠i]

#### Suffix

外(がい) • (-gai)
* outside; external
* except for

##### Derived terms

* 外(がい)骨(こっ)格(かく) (gaikokkaku): an exoskeleton
* 外形(がいけい) (gaikei): external shape/form
* 外(がい)祖母(そぼ) (gaisobo): (rare) maternal grandmother, mother's mother
* 外交(がいこう) (gaikō)
* 外人(がいじん) (gaijin)
* 外傷(がいしょう) (gaishō)
* 外出(がいしゅつ) (gaishutsu)
* 外(がい)務省(むしょう) (gaimushō)
* 外国(がいこく) (gaikoku)
* 外(がい)国(こく)人(じん) (gaikokujin)
* 外(がい)国(こく)語(ご) (gaikokugo)
* 外来(がいらい) (gairai)
* 外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) (gairaigo)
* 外泊(がいはく) (gaihaku)
* 外相(がいしょう) (gaishō)
* 外(がい)耳(じ) (gaiji)
* 外苑(がいえん) (gaien)
* 外(がい)資(し) (gaishi)
* 外(がい)貨(か) (gaika)
* 外装(がいそう) (gaisō)
* 外(がい)部(ぶ) (gaibu)
* 海外(かいがい) (kaigai)
* 室外(しつがい) (shitsugai): outside a room, outdoor

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 外
* げ Grade: 2
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡe̞]

#### Noun

外(げ) • (ge)
* (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
* (in compounds) external

##### Derived terms

* 外(げ)科(か) (geka): surgery (as a field of medicine)
* 外(げ)道(どう) (gedō): any non-Buddhist religion
* 外(げ)法(ほう) (gehō): any non-Buddhist religion; any non-Buddhist teaching

### Usage notes

The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ngwajH).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 밧 (Yale: pàs) | 외〯 (Yale: wǒy) |

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 外 (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))
* hanja form of 외 (“outside; surface”) [affix]

#### Compounds

* 실외 (室外, siroe)
* 야외 (野外, yaoe)
* 외교 (外交, oegyo)
* 외국 (外國, oeguk)
* 외력 (外力, oeryeok)
* 외면 (外面, oemyeon)
* 해외 (海外, hae'oe)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy
* chữ Hán form of ngoại (“outer”).
* chữ Nôm form of ngoài (“outside”).

#### Readings

* Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngòi, ngồi
* Hán: ngoại

#### Compounds

* ngoại quốc (外國)

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville