# 清白
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qīngbái
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥ ㄅㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cing$^1$ baak$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhîn-pha̍k
    (Hailu, HRS): cin$^ˋ$ pag$^ˋ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chheng-pia̍k / chheng-pe̍k / chheng-pe̍h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cêng$^1$ bêh$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$chin-baq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qīngbái
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥ ㄅㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cingbái
*** Wade–Giles: chʻing$^1$-pai$^2$
*** Yale: chīng-bái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chingbair
*** Palladius: цинбай (cinbaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ paɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cing$^1$ baak$^6$
*** Yale: chīng baahk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsing$^1$ baak$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qing$^1$ bag$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ paːk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhîn-pha̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: qin$^ˊ$ pag
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qin$^1$ pag$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰin²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰak̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cin$^ˋ$ pag$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰin⁵³ pʰak²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chheng-pia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tshing-pia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhengpiak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ piak̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chheng-pe̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tshing-pi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhengpek
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chheng-pe̍h
*** Tâi-lô: tshing-pe̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhengpeh
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ peʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² peʔ⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cêng$^1$ bêh$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsheng pe̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ peʔ⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chin-baq
*** MiniDict: chin$^平$ bah
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$qin-baq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ baʔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tshjeng baek
Rime :
| Character | 清 | 白 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 七情切 | 傍陌切 |
| Baxter | tshjeng | baek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiᴇŋ/ | /bˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiɛŋ/ | /bᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰiæŋ/ | /bak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰiajŋ/ | /baɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiɛŋ/ | /bɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭɛŋ/ | /bɐk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯ɛŋ/ | /bʱɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qīng | bó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cing$^1$ | bak$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsʰeŋ bˤrak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰleŋ braːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 清 | 白 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qīng | bái |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjeng › | ‹ bæk › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsʰeŋ/ | /*bˁrak/ |
| English | clear (adj.) | white |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 清 | 白 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11338 | 207 |
| Phonetic component | 生 | 白 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 清 | 白 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰleŋ/ | /*braːɡ/ |

### Adjective

清白
* pure
* innocent
       Nǐ zài bèi wúkě zhìyí dì zhèngmíng yǒuzuì zhīqián, dōu shì qīngbái de. [Pinyin]
       You are innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
* (dialectal) unambiguous

### References

* “清白”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 清 | 白 |
| せい Grade: 4 | はく Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 淸白 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 清白 (MC tshjeng baek).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーはく [sèéhákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːha̠kɯ̟]

#### Adjective

清(せい)白(はく) • (seihaku) -na (adnominal 清(せい)白(はく)な (seihaku na), adverbial 清(せい)白(はく)に (seihaku ni))
* pure and clean

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 清白だろ | せいはくだろ | seihaku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 清白で | せいはくで | seihaku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 清白だ | せいはくだ | seihaku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 清白な | せいはくな | seihaku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 清白なら | せいはくなら | seihaku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 清白であれ | せいはくであれ | seihaku de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 清白ではない 清白じゃない | せいはくではない せいはくじゃない | seihaku de wa nai seihaku ja nai |
| Informal past | 清白だった | せいはくだった | seihaku datta |
| Informal negative past | 清白ではなかった 清白じゃなかった | せいはくではなかった せいはくじゃなかった | seihaku de wa nakatta seihaku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 清白です | せいはくです | seihaku desu |
| Formal negative | 清白ではありません 清白じゃありません | せいはくではありません せいはくじゃありません | seihaku de wa arimasen seihaku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 清白でした | せいはくでした | seihaku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 清白ではありませんでした 清白じゃありませんでした | せいはくではありませんでした せいはくじゃありませんでした | seihaku de wa arimasen deshita seihaku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 清白で | せいはくで | seihaku de |
| Conditional | 清白なら（ば） | せいはくなら（ば） | seihaku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 清白だったら | せいはくだったら | seihaku dattara |
| Volitional | 清白だろう | せいはくだろう | seihaku darō |
| Adverbial | 清白に | せいはくに | seihaku ni |
| Degree | 清白さ | せいはくさ | seihakusa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 清白なら | せいはくなら | seifakunara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 清白に$^{[1]}$ 清白なり$^{[2]}$ | せいはくに せいはくなり | seifakuni seifakunari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 清白なり | せいはくなり | seifakunari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 清白なる | せいはくなる | seifakunaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 清白なれ | せいはくなれ | seifakunare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 清白なれ | せいはくなれ | seifakunare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 清白ならず | せいはくならず | seifakunarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 清白なれど | せいはくなれど | seifakunaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 清白なれば | せいはくなれば | seifakunareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 清白ならば | せいはくならば | seifakunaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 清白なりき | せいはくなりき | seifakunariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 清白なりけり | せいはくなりけり | seifakunarikeri |
| Adverbial | 清白に | せいはくに | seifakuni |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 清 | 白 |
| すず Grade: 4 | しろ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 淸白 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 清白 – see the following entry. :
| 【蘿蔔すずしろ】 | [noun] daikon radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, syn. Raphanus sativus) |
(This term, 清白, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN