# 樺

| 樺 | U+6A3A, &#27194; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A3A |
| ← 樹 [U+6A39] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 樻 → [U+6A3B] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 樺 |
| Simplified | 桦 |
| Traditional | 樺 |

### Han character

樺 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 木廿一十 (DTMJ), four-corner 4495$_4$, composition ⿰木華)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 552, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15497
* Dae Jaweon: page 940, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1261, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6A3A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 鞾 | *qʰʷa |
| 華 | *qʰʷraː, *ɡʷraː, *ɡʷraːs |
| 譁 | *qʰʷraː |
| 樺 | *ɡʷraː, *ɡʷraːs |
| 嘩 | *ɡʷraː |
| 驊 | *ɡʷraː |
| 鏵 | *ɡʷraː |
| 崋 | *ɡʷraː, *ɡʷraːs |

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ɢʷra (“birch”); cognate with Tibetan གྲོ་ག (gro ga, “bark of birch tree”). The Baxter-Sagart reconstruction given here is tentatively given in this blog post by Sagart.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huà (hua$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): waa$^6$ / waa$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hōa / hôa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hua$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huà
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huà
*** Wade–Giles: hua$^4$
*** Yale: hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huah
*** Palladius: хуа (xua)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: waa$^6$ / waa$^4$
*** Yale: wah / wàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: waa$^6$ / waa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wa$^6$ / wa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /waː²²/, /waː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōa
*** Tâi-lô: huā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoa
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hua²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôa
*** Tâi-lô: huâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoaa
*** IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hua$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâ
*** Sinological IPA : /hua⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: hwae, hwaeH
Rime :
| Character | 樺 | 樺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 戸花切 | 胡化切 |
| Baxter | hwae | hwaeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠua/ | /ɦˠua$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚa/ | /ɦʷᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣua/ | /ɣua$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaɨ/ | /ɦwaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣua/ | /ɣua$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣwa/ | /ɣwa$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣwa/ | /ɣwa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huá | huà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | waa$^4$ | waa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʷʰˤra(-s)/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː/, /*ɡʷraːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 樺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huà |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwae, hwae$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-qʷʰˁra(-s)/ |
| English | birch |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 樺 | 樺 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 5310 | 5317 |
| Phonetic component | 華 | 華 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 華 | 摦 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷraː/ | /*ɡʷraːs/ |

### Definitions

樺
* birch

### Compounds

* 樺太 / 桦太 (Huàtài)
* 樺木 / 桦木 (huàmù)
* 樺燭 / 桦烛
* 樺皮臉 / 桦皮脸
* 白樺 / 白桦 (báihuà)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* birch
* reddish yellow

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: かば (kaba, 樺)、かんば (kanba)、かにわ (kaniwa)

#### Compounds

* 樺太(からふと) (Karafuto)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 樺
* かば Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 椛
A shift from kaniwa below.
First appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かば [káꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠ba̠]

#### Noun

樺(かば) or 樺(カバ) • (kaba)
* a birch (plant of genus Betula)
* Short for 樺色 (kabairo, “reddish yellow”).

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カバ.

##### Derived terms

* 樺色(かばいろ) (kabairo, “reddish yellow”)
* 樺桜(かばざくら) (kabazakura, “a sakura with birch-like bark”)
* 樺(かば)の木(き) (kaba no ki, “a birch tree”)
* 白樺(しらかば) (shirakaba, “Betula platyphylla”)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 樺
* かんば Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
First attested in the mid-19th century.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんば [káꜜǹbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kã̠mba̠]

#### Noun

樺(かんば) or 樺(カンバ) • (kanba)
* a birch (plant of genus Betula)

##### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カンバ.

##### Derived terms

* 白樺(しらかんば) (shirakanba, “Betula platyphylla”)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 樺
* かにわ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 桜皮
⟨kanipa⟩ → /kaniɸa/ → /kaniwa/
From Old Japanese 樺 (kanipa, “sakura, sakura bark”), from Ainu カリンパ (karinpa, “sakura, sakura bark”).
Found in the Man'yōshū (book 6), completed some time after 759 CE, in sense 1. Sense 2 appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.
Compare Sakhalin Ainu カリムバニ (karimba-ni, “cherry tree; Prunus pseudocerasus”) and カリムバタツ (karimba-tat, “Betula Maximowicziana”).

#### Noun

樺(かにわ) • (kaniwa)
* (obsolete) Japanese bird cherry (Prunus grayana) or its bark
* (obsolete) monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) or its bark

### References

* 1 2 3 “樺”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese kanipa”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎
* ↑ Vovin (2020)
* ↑ “かには”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ “樺・桜皮”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎, Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 212

## Korean
### Hanja

樺 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
* birch

#### Synonyms

* 檀, 橽
* 자작나무 (jajangnamu)

#### Compounds

* 백화 (白樺, baekhwa, “Asian white birch”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

樺: Hán Nôm readings: hoa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.