# an
## Translingual
### Symbol

an
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Aragonese.

## English
### Pronunciation

* (stressed form) IPA: /ˈæn/
** (Received Pronunciation, General Australian) IPA: [ˈæn]
*** Audio (UK):(file)
** (Standard Southern British) IPA: [ˈan]
** (US) IPA: [ˈeən], [ˈɛən]
*** Audio (US, æ-tensing):(file)
** (Canada) IPA: [ˈɛən], [ˈæ(ː)n]
* Rhymes: -æn
* (unstressed form) IPA: /ən/
** Audio (US, unstressed form); “an egg”:(file)
* Homophone: in (in some accents)

### Etymology 1

From Middle English an, from Old English ān (“a, an”, literally “one”). More at one.

#### Article

an (indefinite)
* Form of a (all article senses).
** Used before a vowel sound.
    I'll be there in half an hour.
    'E's staying at an 'otel. (compare He's staying at a hotel.)
*** 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.
*** 1971, Lyndon Johnson, “The Beginning”, in The Vantage Point‎, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:I was catapulted without preparation into the most difficult job any mortal man can hold. My duties would not wait a week, or a day, or even an hour.
** (now quite rare) Used before one and words with initial ⟨u⟩, ⟨eu⟩ when pronounced /ju/.
*** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:8:God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.
*** (Can we date this quote?), John Mackay Wilson, Wilson's Tales of the Borders; Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative‎, →OCLC, page 84:My hopes, from my earliest years, have been hopes of celebrity as a writer- not of wealth, or of influence, or of accomplishing any of the thousand aims which furnish the great bulk of mankind with motives. You will laugh at me. There is something so emphatically shadowy and unreal in the object of this ambition, that even the full attainment of its provokes a smile. For who does not know 'How vain that second life in others' breath, The estate which wits inherit after death!' And what can be more fraught with the ludicrous than an union of this shadowy ambition with mediocre parts and attainments! But I digress.
*** 2010 March 22, Paul Taylor, “Greece Debates Revive Old European Fears and Resentments”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-04-03, Inside Europe:President Nicolas Sarkozy of France is open to an European monetary fund but would want it to raise money cheaply on capital markets and lend it to needy euro-zone countries before they faced possible default.
*** 2021 April 13, Neil Vigdor, “Hank Aaron’s Name Will Replace a Confederate General’s on an Atlanta School”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on April 14, 2021, U.S.‎:In an unanimous vote on Monday, the city’s school board approved removing the name of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest from Forrest Hill Academy and calling the alternative school the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy.
*** 2024 February 14, Lawrence O'Donnell, 0:29 from the start, in Lawrence: Jack Smith asks SCOTUS to move fast on Trump. Nixon case is proof they can.‎, MSNBC, archived from the original on February 15, 2024:Having been given seven full days, Jack Smith took exactly one day to file a forty-page response in opposition, to the Supreme Court, making the argument that there was no reason for the Supreme Court to hear Donald Trump's appeal of an unanimous opinion by the second most important court in the country, the Washington, D.C., Federal Court of Appeals, which supported the trial judge's ruling that there is no such thing as immunity from criminal prosecution for former presidents.
*** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:an.
** (nonstandard) Used before /h/ in a stressed or unstressed syllable.
*** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 40:1–2:1 I waited patiently for the Lord, and he inclined vnto me, and heard my crie. 2 He brought me vp also out of an horrible pit, out of the mirie clay, and set my feete vpon a rock, and established my goings.
*** 1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World‎, 3rd edition, →OCLC, page 441:The Province of Nanking, by the Tartars called Kiangnan, is the ſecond in honour, in magnitude and fertility in all China : It is divided into 14 great Territories, having Cities and Towns an hundred and ten; Nanking, or Kiangning being the Metropolis; a City, that if ſhe did not exceed moſt Cities on the Earth in bigneſs and beauty, yet ſhe was inferior to few, for her Pagodes, her Temples, her Porcelane Towers, her Palaces and Triumphal Arches. Fungiang, Sucheu, Sunkiang, Leucheu, Hoaigan, Ganking, Ningue, Hoeicheu, are alſo eminent places, and of great Note and Trade.
*** 1953, Mao Tse-tung, “Mao Tse-tung's Tribute to Stalin”, in Current Soviet Policies‎, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 254:Following the doctrine of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people gained an historic victory a few years ago.
*** 1972 May 28, 3:30 from the start, in President Nixon addresses the Soviet People live from the Kremlin‎, spoken by Richard Nixon, archived from the original on 22 December 2015:We have agreed on joint ventures in space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology. We have agreed on means of preventing incidents at sea. We have established a commission to expand trade between our two nations. Most important, we have taken an historic first step in the limitation of nuclear strategic arms.
*** 2022 June 29, David Pakman, 0:00 from the start, in Trump Assaulted Secret Service Agent, Smeared Ketchup on Wall‎, archived from the original on 30 June 2022:Well yesterday was an historic day. Uh, there was last minute testimony scheduled in the January 6th committee from a former aide to Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows.
** (nonstandard, British, West Country) Used before all consonants.

##### Usage notes

* In standard English, the article an is used before vowel sounds, while a is used before consonant sounds. Alternatively, an can be found before an unstressed syllable beginning with /h/, as in "an historic". The /h/ may then become silent or is at least very weakly articulated. This usage is favoured by only 6% of British speakers, and is only slightly more common in writing.
* Historically, an could also be found before one and before many words with initial ⟨u⟩, ⟨eu⟩ (now pronounced with initial /juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/), such as eunuch, unique, and utility. This is because those initial letters were pronounced as vowels. In writing, an remained usual before such words until the 19th century -- long after these words acquired initial consonant sounds in standard English. This is still occasionally seen.
* In the other direction, a can occur before a vowel in nonstandard (often dialectal) speech and in its written representations. Example: "ain't this a innerestin sitchation" (Moira Young, Blood Red Road).
* The various article senses of a are all senses of an.

##### Derived terms

* another

##### Translations
#### Numeral

an
* (nonstandard, British, West Country) one

#### References

* ↑ Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage (2015, →ISBN, page 2: "Before words beginning with h [...] the standard modern approach is to use a (never an) together with an aspirated h [...], but not to demur if others use an with minimal or nil aspiration given to the following h (an historic /әn (h)ɪsˈtɒrɪk/, an horrific /әn (h)ɒˈrɪfɪk/, etc.)." Fowler's goes on to source the 6% figure to Wells (third edition, 2008).
* ↑ “a, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2008.

### Etymology 2

From Middle English an (“and, if”). Doublet of and.

#### Conjunction

an
* (archaic) If
** c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:[…] An the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him.
** 1885–1888, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume (please specify the volume), [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC:Thereupon, quoth he, "O woman, for sundry days I have seen thee attend the levée sans a word said; so tell me an thou have any requirement I may grant."
* (archaic) So long as.
    An it harm none, do what ye will.
* (archaic) As if; as though.
** 1797–1798 (date written), [Samuel Taylor Coleridge], “The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere”, in Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems, London: […] J[ohn] & A[rthur] Arch, […], published 1798, →OCLC: (original version), lines 61–64:
    At length did cross an Albatross, Thorough the Fog it came; And an it were a Christian Soul, We hail'd it in God's Name.

##### Derived terms

* ifs and ans

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Georgian ან (an).

#### Noun

an (plural ans)
* The first letter of the Georgian alphabet, ა (Mkhedruli), Ⴀ (Asomtavruli) or ⴀ (Nuskhuri).

### Etymology 4

From the Old English an, on (preposition).

#### Preposition

an
* In each; to or for each; per.
    I was only going twenty miles an hour.

##### Usage notes

* This is the same as the word a in such contexts, modified because of preceding a vowel sound (after an unpronounced h). The train was speeding along at a mile a minute.

##### Synonyms

* per

##### Translations
#### References

* “an”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* n.a., NA, -na, N/A, N.A., n/a, Na, na

## Afrikaans
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/

### Preposition

an
* (Western Cape) Alternative form of aan

## Ainu
### Etymology

Similar to Japanese ある (aru).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/

### Verb

an (Kana spelling アン)
* (intransitive, copulative) to exist, be (somewhere); there is
    Aynu an ruwe ne.There is an Ainu.

#### See also

* ne (“to be”)

## Albanian
### Etymology

Possibly a metaphorical use of anë (“vessel”).

### Noun

an m (definite ani)
* (anatomy) womb, caul
    Synonym: mitër
* (anatomy) joint
* (dialectal) room, vessel
* (dialectal, Arbëresh) ship

#### Related terms

* anë

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* “an”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006

## Arin
### Noun

an
* haunch

## Aromanian
### Etymology

From Latin annus. Compare Romanian an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [an]

### Noun

an n (plural anj or enj)
* year

#### Related terms

* antsãrtsu / antserts

## Asturian
### Etymology

From a contraction of the preposition en (“in”) + preposition a (“to”).

### Contraction

an
* (optional) towards inside
    Voi an ca CatuxaI'm going inside Catuxa's house
    Voi p'an ca XepeI'm going to Xepe's house

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

From Arabic آن (ʔān).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑn/
* Audio (Baku):(file)

### Noun

an (definite accusative anı, plural anlar)
* moment

#### Derived terms

* hər anda
* anlıq

## Bambara
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [án]

### Pronoun

an
* we

## Bikol Central
### Alternative forms

* ang

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔan/ [ʔan̪]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Central Philippine *aŋ. Cognate with Cebuano ang, Hiligaynon ang, Tagalog ang, Waray-Waray an.
Further etymology is debated; some have theorized a relationship to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a (“direct marker”), from Proto-Austronesian *a (“direct marker”) with the addition of an unclear nasal suffix. Compare Kapampangan ing.

#### Particle

an (Basahan spelling ᜀᜈ᜔)
* direct marker for all general nouns other than personal proper nouns
    Nagdalagan an lalaki pasiring sa baybayon.The man ran towards the shore.
    Kinakan kan ikos an sira. (Naga) Kinaon kan ikos an sira. (Legazpi)The cat ate the fish.

##### Usage notes

* This particle is analyzed as the definite article (i.e., the) when used alone, and the indefinite article (i.e., a or an) when used with the numeral "saro".
    An saldang. (Naga)
    An aldaw. (Legazpi)The sun.
    An sarong tawo.A person.
* Specific nouns are marked with "si" or "su".
* Direct personal proper nouns (primarily names) are marked with "si".

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

'an (Basahan spelling ᜀᜈ᜔)
* Clipping of iyan.

## Bourguignon
### Etymology 1

From Latin annus.

#### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* year

##### Derived terms

* annaie

### Etymology 2

From Latin in.

#### Preposition

an
* in

##### Synonyms

* an-dians
* dans

### Etymology 3

From Latin inde.

#### Pronoun

an
* used to indicate an indefinite quantity, of it, of them
    J'an veus deus
       I want two of them
    J'an seus seur
       I am sure of it

## Breton
### Alternative forms

* ar
* al

### Article

an
* the

## Chuukese
### Determiner

an
* third person singular possessive; his, hers, its (used with general-class objects)

#### Related terms
### Noun

an
* path, road

## Cimbrian
### Alternative forms

* a (Luserna)

### Etymology

From Middle High German ein, from Old High German ein, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz. Cognate with German ein, Dutch een, English one, Icelandic einn.

### Article

an
* (Sette Comuni) a, an
    an gamègalndar mann ― a married man
* (Luserna) oblique masculine of a
    I hån an pruadar un a sbestar. ― I have a brother and a sister.

#### Derived terms

* vònname
* vònnara

### Conjunction

an
* (Sette Comuni) that (introduces a subordinate clause)
    Khömme an dar sbaighe.Tell him that he needs to shut up.

### References

* “an” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
* Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

## Cornish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *sindos.

### Article

an
* the (definite article)

## Crimean Tatar
### Etymology

Ultimately from Arabic آن (ʔān).

### Noun

an
* moment

#### Declension
### References

* Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎, Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech an. By surface analysis, univerbation of a +‎ on.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈan]

### Pronoun

an
* (relative, archaic) which, who, as
    Synonyms: který, jenž, jak, když
    Bělá se tam, bělá žena, ana malé dítě nese. ― A white form can be seen there, a white woman who is carrying a child.
    Vidíš-li poutníka, an dlouhou lučinou spěchá ku cíli, než červánky pohynou? ― Do you see a traveller hastening ere the twilight passes away across the long meadows towards a destination?

#### Declension
### Conjunction

an
* (archaic) when, while
    An tak mluvili, ruce se jim chvěly. ― As they were speaking, their hands quivered.
* (archaic) because
    Ulehčilo se mi, an jsem byla uspokojena, že sama trpím. ― I was relieved, for it satisfied me that I myself do suffer.

### Further reading

* “an”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “an”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Danish
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Middle Low German an and German an, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), cognate with English on and doublet of Danish å, Danish på.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈan]

#### Adverb

an
* on (only used in lexicalized expressions)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈæˀn]

#### Verb

an
* imperative of ane

## Egyptian
### Romanization

an
* Manuel de Codage transliteration of ꜥn.

## Elfdalian
### Etymology

From Old Norse hann. Cognate with Swedish han.

### Pronoun

an m
* he

## Emilian
### Etymology

From Latin annus.

### Noun

an m
* year

## Fordata
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaən, from Proto-Austronesian *kaən.

### Verb

an
* to eat

### References

* Drabbe, Peter (1932). Woordenboek der Fordaatsche Taal. Bandoeng: A.C. Nix & Co., p. 9.

## Franco-Provençal
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin annus.

### Noun

an m (plural ans) (ORB, broad)
* year

#### Derived terms

* anâ

### References

* an in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
* an in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

## French
### Etymology

From Old French, from Latin annus, from Proto-Italic *atnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, probably from *h₂et- (“to go”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑ̃/
* Audio:(file)
* Homophones: en, ans

### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* year

#### Derived terms

* an de grâce
* bon an mal an
* cent sept ans
* jour de l’an
* se branler comme de l’an quarante de
* se ficher comme de l’an quarante de
* se foutre comme de l’an quarante de
* se moquer comme de l’an quarante de
* se soucier comme de l’an quarante de

#### Related terms

* année

### Further reading

* “an”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

### Anagrams

* n’a

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin annus.

### Noun

an m (plural agns)
* year

## Fula
### Etymology 1
#### Determiner

an (singular)
* (possessive) Alternative form of am (my).

##### Usage notes

* Used in Pular.

### Etymology 2
#### Pronoun

an
* second person singular emphatic pronoun you

##### Usage notes

* Used in Pular.

#### Dialectal variants

* aan (Pulaar)

#### References

* Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
* Ritsuko Miyamoto (1993) “A Study of Fula Dialects : Examining the Continuous/Stative Constructions”, in Senri Ethnological Studies‎, volume 35, →DOI, pages 215-230

## Fuyug
### Noun

an (plural aning)
* man

### References

* Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

## German
### Etymology

From Middle High German an(e), from Old High German ana, from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/, [ʔan]
** Audio:(file)
** Rhymes: -an
* A lengthened form /aːn/ is possible in non-prepositional uses, e.g. in the prefix an- or the adverb daran. This was formerly widespread, but is now chiefly restricted to Austria and Switzerland (where it is optional). Compare similarly the distinction between in and ein-.

### Preposition

an [with dative]
* (local) on; upon; at; in; against
    Das Bild hängt an der Wand. ― The picture hangs on the wall.
* by; near; close to; next to
* (temporal, with days or times of day) on; in; at
    Wir treffen uns am (an dem) Dienstag.We're meeting on Tuesday.
    Ich werde sie am (an dem) Abend sehen.I will see her in the evening.
* (temporal) a; per; only used with the word Tag (“day”), otherwise use in
    zweimal am Tag ― twice a day
an [with accusative]
* on; onto
    Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand. ― I hang the picture on the wall.
* at; against
    Schauen Sie an die Tafel. ― Look at the blackboard.
* to; for
    Ein Brief an Anna. ― A letter for Anna.
an [with dative or accusative]
* (any relation to an object or attribute regardless of time and space) of, on, in, for, about
    an einem Roman schreiben ― to write on a novel
    Mangel an Lebensmitteln ― lack of food
    Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren ― All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
    Er ist schuld an dem Unglück ― He is responsible for the misfortune
    Das mag ich nicht an ihm ― I don't like that about him

#### Usage notes

* Usually used to refer to something being on a vertical surface, as opposed to auf, which usually points to a horizontal surface.
* When followed by the masculine/neuter definite article in the dative case (i.e. dem (“the”)), the two words generally contract to am (“on the”) if not emphasized.
* When followed by the neuter definite article in the accusative case (i.e. das (“the”)), the two words generally contract to ans (“on the”) if not emphasized.

#### Inflection
### Adverb

an
* onward; on
    von heute an ― from today on

### Adjective

an (indeclinable, predicative only)
* (predicative only) on
    Synonyms: angeschaltet, ein, eingeschaltet
    Antonyms: aus, ausgeschaltet
    Ist der Schalter an oder aus? [= Ist der Schalter an- oder ausgeschaltet?]Is the switch on or off. [Is the switch switched on or off.]
    Dein Mikro ist nicht an. ― Your microphone is not on.

#### Declension

Indeclinable, predicative-only.

#### Derived terms

* an- (prefix)
* (an + dem) am
* (an + das) ans
* anhin
* wohlan, wolan

### Anagrams

* na

## Girawa
### Noun

an
* water

### Further reading

* Patricia Lillie, Girawa Dictionary

## Gothic
### Romanization

an
* Romanization of 𐌰𐌽

## Haitian Creole
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ã/

### Etymology 1

From French un.

#### Article

an
* the (definite article)

##### Usage notes

Use this word when:
* It modifies a singular noun, and
* It is preceded by a word that ends with either:
** A nasal vowel, or
** A nasal consonant and an oral (non-nasal) vowel, in that order.

##### See also

* a
* la
* lan
* nan
* yo
* yon

### Etymology 2

From French an (“year”).

#### Noun

an
* year

##### Synonyms

* lane

## Iberian
### Etymology

Compare Basque handi (“big, large”), certinaly connected to Proto-Basque *(h)andi.

### Adjective

an
* big, large
    an beḿs i bems ku tunA large proliferation leads to total slavery
* great
    adin belauŕ an talskarAn excellent daughter and a great mother

### References

* Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from English on, German an. Decision no. 759, Progreso V.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/

### Preposition

an
* at, on (indicates contiguity, juxtaposition)
    Me pendis pikturi an la parieto. ― I hung paintings on the wall.

#### Derived terms

* dorso an dorso (“back to back”)
* an-

### References

* Progreso IV (in Ido), 1911–1912, page 409, 523, 591, 622
* Progreso V (in Ido), 1912–1913, page 659

## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish in, from Proto-Celtic *sindos.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ənˠ/, (between consonants) /ə/, (before a/á, o/ó, u/ú) /ə.n̪ˠ-/, (before e/é, i/í) /ə.n̠ʲ-/

#### Article

an
* the
    an t-uisce ― the water
    an bhean ― the woman
    an pháiste ― of the child
    ag an gcailín/chailín ― at the girl

##### Declension

| Case | Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Plural |
| Nominative | an$^T$ | an$^L$ | na$^H$ |
| Genitive | an$^L$ | na$^H$ | na$^E$ |
| Dative | an$^D$ | an$^D$ | na$^H$ |
| D: Triggers lenition after de, do, and i (except of d, t), no mutation with idir, and eclipsis otherwise (varies by dialect); s lenites to ts; s always lenites with feminine nouns, even with prepositions that normally trigger eclipsis, but does not lenite at all with masculine nouns E: Triggers eclipsis H: Triggers h-prothesis L: Triggers lenition (except of d, t; s lenites to ts) T: Triggers t-prothesis ||||

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish in.

#### Pronunciation

* (preverbal particle): IPA: (before a consonant) /ə/, (before a/á, o/ó, u/ú) /ə.nˠ-/, (before e/é, i/í) /ə.n̠ʲ-/
* (copular particle): IPA: /ənˠ/, (before é, ea, í, iad) /ə.n̠ʲ-/

#### Particle

an (triggers eclipsis; takes the dependent form of irregular verbs if available; not used in the past tense except of some irregular verbs)
* Used to form direct and indirect questions
    An bhfuil tú ag éisteacht? ― Are you listening?
    Níl a fhios agam an bhfuil sé anseo. ― I don’t know if/whether he is here.

##### Related terms

* ar (used with the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

#### Particle

an
* used to introduce copular questions, both direct and indirect, in the present/future tense
    An maith leat bainne? ― Do you like milk?
    Níl a fhios agam an é Conchúr a chonaic mé. ― I don’t know if it’s Connor whom I saw.

##### Related terms

$^v$ Used before vowel sounds

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

an (present analytic anann, future analytic anfaidh, verbal noun anacht, past participle anta)
* (ambitransitive) Alternative form of fan (“stay, wait, remain”)

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | anacht | anacht | anacht | anacht | anacht | anacht | anacht | anacht |
| past participle | anta | anta | anta | anta | anta | anta | anta | anta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | anaim | anann tú; anair$^†$ | anann sé, sí | anaimid | anann sibh | anann siad; anaid$^†$ | a anann; a anas / a n-anann* | antar |
| past | d'an mé; d'anas / an mé‡; anas‡ | d'an tú; d'anais / an tú; anais‡ | d'an sé, sí / an sé, sí‡ | d'anamar; d'an muid / anamar; an muid‡ | d'an sibh; d'anabhair / an sibh; anabhair‡ | d'an siad; d'anadar / an siad; anadar‡ | a d'an / ar an* | anadh; hanadh$^†$ |
| past habitual | d'anainn / anainn‡; n-anainn‡‡ | d'antá / antá‡; n-antá‡‡ | d'anadh sé, sí / anadh sé, sí‡; n-anadh sé, sí‡‡ | d'anaimis; d'anadh muid / anaimis; anadh muid‡; n-anaimis‡‡; n-anadh muid‡‡ | d'anadh sibh / anadh sibh‡; n-anadh sibh‡‡ | d'anaidís; d'anadh siad / anaidís; anadh siad‡; n-anaidís‡‡; n-anadh siad‡‡ | a d'anadh / a n-anadh* | d'antaí / antaí‡; n-antaí‡‡ |
| future | anfaidh mé; anfad | anfaidh tú; anfair$^†$ | anfaidh sé, sí | anfaimid; anfaidh muid | anfaidh sibh | anfaidh siad; anfaid$^†$ | a anfaidh; a anfas / a n-anfaidh* | anfar |
| conditional | d'anfainn / anfainn‡; n-anfainn‡‡ | d'anfá / anfá‡; n-anfá‡‡ | d'anfadh sé, sí / anfadh sé, sí‡; n-anfadh sé, sí‡‡ | d'anfaimis; d'anfadh muid / anfaimis‡; anfadh muid‡; n-anfaimis‡‡; n-anfadh muid‡‡ | d'anfadh sibh / anfadh sibh‡; n-anfadh sibh‡‡ | d'anfaidís; d'anfadh siad / anfaidís‡; anfadh siad‡; n-anfaidís‡‡; n-anfadh siad‡‡ | a d'anfadh / a n-anfadh* | d'anfaí / anfaí‡; n-anfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go n-ana mé; go n-anad$^†$ | go n-ana tú; go n-anair$^†$ | go n-ana sé, sí | go n-anaimid; go n-ana muid | go n-ana sibh | go n-ana siad; go n-anaid$^†$ | — | go n-antar |
| past | dá n-anainn | dá n-antá | dá n-anadh sé, sí | dá n-anaimis; dá n-anadh muid | dá n-anadh sibh | dá n-anaidís; dá n-anadh siad | — | dá n-antaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | anaim | an | anadh sé, sí | anaimis | anaigí; anaidh$^†$ | anaidís | — | antar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡ dependent form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

### Etymology 4
#### Particle

an
* Alternative form of a (used before numbers when counting)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “an”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “in”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “an”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “an”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Jamaican Creole
### Etymology 1

Derived from English hand.

#### Noun

an (plural an dem, quantified an)
* (anatomy) hand
** 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Maak 3:5:So im se tu di man se, “Chrech out yu an.” Di man chrech out im an, an im an get beta.Then he told the man, “Hold out your hand.” The man held out his hand, and his hand was healed.

### Etymology 2

Derived from English and.

#### Conjunction

an
* and
** 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Aks 15:35:Bot Paal an Baanabas tan a Antiyak an tiich an priich Gad wod. An nof muor tiicha an priicha did iina di choch.But Paul and Barnabas stayed in Antioch, and taught and proclaimed the word of God along with many others.

### Further reading

* an at majstro.com

## Japanese
### Romanization

an
* Rōmaji transcription of あん

## Juǀ'hoan
### Pronunciation

* The nasal vowel IPA: /ã/

### Letter

an (upper case An)
* A letter of the Juǀ'hoan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

## Ladin
### Etymology

From Latin annus.

### Noun

an m (plural ani)
* year

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *an, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en. Cognate with Lithuanian angu (“or”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an, “so? now?”). May also be related to Ancient Greek ἄν (án, particle), Sanskrit अना (anā́), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁 (anā), Lithuanian anàs, Albanian a, Proto-Slavic *onъ.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈan/, [ˈän]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈan/, [ˈän]

### Conjunction

an
* or, or whether (A conjunction that introduces the second part of a disjunctive interrogation, or a phrase implying doubt.)
** in disjunctive interrogations
*** direct
**** (introduced by utrum (“whether”))
**** (introduced by -ne (interrogative enclitic))
**** (introduced by nonne (“[is it] not”))
**** (introduced by num (interrogative particle))
**** (without an introductory particle)
*** indirect
**** (introduced by utrum (“whether”))
**** (introduced by -ne, interrogative enclitic)
**** (introduced by an)
**** (without an introductory particle)
*** or rather, or on the contrary (where the opinion of the speaker or the probability inclines to the second interrogative clause, and this is made emphatic, as a corrective of the former)
**** hence, in the comic poets, as an potius
*** or, or rather, or indeed, or perhaps (where, as is frequent, the first part of the interrogation is not expressed, but is to be supplied from the context, an begins the interrogation, but it does not begin an absolute – i.e., non-disjunctive – interrogation)
*** (in the phrase an nōn) or not
**** in direct questions
**** in indirect questions
*** (in the phrase an ne) pleonastic usage for an
**** in direct questions
**** in indirect questions
** (in disjunctive clauses that express doubt) or
*** denoting uncertainty by itself, without a verb of doubting
*** (chiefly in and after the Augustean period) standing for sīve
*** where the first disjunctive clause is to be supplied from the general idea or where an stands for utrum or necne
*** Since in such distributive sentences expressive of doubt, the opinion of the speaker or the probability usually inclines to the second, i.e. to the clause beginning with an, the expressions haud sciō an, nesciō an, and dubitō an incline to an affirmative signification, “I almost know”, “I am inclined to think”, “I almost think”, “I might say”, “I might assert that”, etc., for “perhaps”, “probably”.
*** Sometimes the distributive clause beginning with an designates directly the opposite, the more improbable, the negative; in which case nesciō an, haud sciō an, etc., like the English I know not whether, signify “I think that not”, “I believe that not”, etc.

#### Usage notes

* Used with utrum (“whether”) in the construction utrum...an (“whether...or”):
    Nescio quid intersit, utrum nunc veniam, an ad decem annos.
       I know not what matter it is, whether I come now or after ten years.

#### Derived terms

* albus an āter sit
* annōn
* dubitō an
* haud sciō an
* nesciō an

### References

* ăn in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* an in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to offer a person the alternative of... or..: optionem alicui dare, utrum...an it is a debated point whether... or..: in contentione ponitur, utrum...an it is a difficult point, disputed question: magna quaestio est (followed by an indirect question) to keep, celebrate a festival: diem festum agere (of an individual)
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

## Loniu
### Noun

an
* fresh water

### References

* Malcolm Ross, Andrew Pawley, Meredith Osmond, The Lexicon of Proto-Oceanic →ISBN, 2007)
* Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (as ʔan)

## Low German
### Etymology

From Middle Low German an, from Old Saxon an, ana, from Proto-Germanic *an, *ana.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -an
* IPA: /an/, /aːn/, /ɒːn/, /ɔːn/

### Preposition

an
* on
* to, at

#### Inflection

Neither the spelling nor grammar of these forms applies to all, or even necessarily the majority, of dialects.

### Adverb

an
* on

### See also

* an't

## Luxembourgish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/, [ɑn]
* Rhymes: -ɑn

### Etymology 1

From Old High German indi.

#### Conjunction

an
* and

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *in.

#### Preposition

an
* in

## Mandarin
### Romanization

an
* Nonstandard spelling of ān.
* Nonstandard spelling of án.
* Nonstandard spelling of ǎn.
* Nonstandard spelling of àn.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/

### Preposition

an
* Alternative form of āne

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* a, ane, o, on (see usage notes)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a(n)/ (see usage notes)

### Etymology 1

An unstressed form of on (“one”), from the occasional use of Old English ān (“one”) as an article.

#### Article

an
* a, an (indefinite article):
** p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.
** 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso, lines 438-440:And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen douteleesAnd unless you do, we'll certainly teach you / that it's fair to have a wife in peace; / one of the two of us must without doubt submit.
** Any example or instance of a thing.
** A certain or particular thing.
** Any, every; several or all instances of a thing.
* Used in conjunction with numerals (especially hundred, thousend)

##### Usage notes

* In later non-Northern Middle English, a is usually found before consonants other than /h/, while an is usually found preceding vowels and /h/. However, an often occurs before any consonant in earlier Middle English.
* In early Middle English, the indefinite article is often omitted; occasional omission persists into later Middle English.
* Inflected forms of the indefinite article are sometimes found in early Middle English; see the inflection table below.

##### Descendants

* English: an, a
* Scots: a
* Yola: a, e

##### References

* “a, indef. art.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

### Etymology 2
#### Preposition

an
* Alternative form of in

### Etymology 3
#### Conjunction

an
* Alternative form of and

### Etymology 4
#### Numeral

an
* Alternative form of on (“one”)

### Etymology 5
#### Verb

an
* Alternative form of haven

## Middle French
### Etymology

From Old French an, from Latin annus.

### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* year

#### Descendants

* French: an

## Middle Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

### Determiner

an
* Alternative form of yn

## Mirandese
### Etymology

From Latin in.

### Preposition

an
* in
* on

## Mòcheno
### Article

an
* oblique masculine of a

#### Derived terms

* van

### References

* “an” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French an, from Latin annus.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (Jersey):(file)

### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* (Guernsey, Jersey) year

#### Synonyms

* année

#### Derived terms

* Jour dé l'An (“New Year's Day”)
* Nouvel An (“New Year”)
* tchu d'l'an (“last day of the year”)

## Northern Kurdish
### Etymology

Confer Persian یا (yâ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːn/

### Conjunction

an (Arabic spelling ئان)
* or
    Synonym: (after a word ending in a vowel) yan

### References

* Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “an”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 2), volume 2, London: Transnational Press, page 8

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑːn
* Hyphenation: an

### Verb

an
* imperative of ane

### Anagrams

* Na, na

## Occitan
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Béarn):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Old Occitan an, from Latin annus.

#### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* year

##### Usage notes

* Also used with the verb aver (“to have”) to indicate age

##### Derived terms

* annada

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

an
* third-person plural present indicative of aver

## Old Czech
### Etymology

Univerbation of a +‎ on.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (13th CE) /ˈan/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ˈan/

### Conjunction

an
* connects clauses; and that/he
* connects contrastive clauses; but that/he
* introduces a temporal clause of recency; as he just (was)

#### Derived terms

* ano
* anobrže

### Further reading

* Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “an”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

## Old English
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian ān, Old Saxon ēn, Old High German ein, Old Norse einn, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ūnus, Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Old Irish oen.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑːn/

#### Numeral

ān
* one
** "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 10, verse 30
    Ic and Fæder synt ān.I and Father are one.
** c. 973, Æthelwold's translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict, quoting Galatians 3:28
    Ġe þēo ġe frēo, eall wē sind on Criste ān.Slave or free, we are all one in Christ.
** c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:37
    Þā cōm hē and fand hīe slǣpende, and cwæþ tō Petre, "Simon, slǣpst þū? Ne meahtest þū āne tīd wacian?"Then he came and found them asleep, and said to Peter, "Simon, are you asleep? Couldn't you stay awake for one hour?"
** early 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle, year 1100
    On morgen æfter Hlāfmæssedæġe wearþ sē cyning Willelm on huntoþe fram his ānum menn mid āne flāne ofsċoten.On the morning after Lammas day, King William was out hunting when he was shot with an arrow by one of his servants.

##### Declension
#### Article

ān
* a certain
* (uncommon) a, an (indefinite article)

#### Adjective

ān
* only
    Ne bēoþ wē ġeboren ūs selfum ānum.We aren't born for ourselves alone.
    Mæġ man sprecan be rīmum ġif þing ān sind?Can we speak of numbers if there are only things?
** 11th century, Durham Proverbs, no. 22
    Earg mæġ þæt ān þæt hē him ondrǣde.A coward can only do one thing: fear.
** c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
    Āne twā word sind þǣre fēorðan ġeþīednesse: eō ("iċ gange"), īs ("þū gǣst"); queō ("iċ mæġ"), quīs ("þū meaht").Only two words follow the fourth declension: eo ("I go"), is ("you go"); queo ("I can"), quis ("you can").
** c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 5:18
    Þæs þe mā þā Iudēiscan sōhton hine tō ofslēanne, næs nā for þon āne þe hē þone ræstedæġ bræc, ac for þon þe hē cwæþ þæt God wǣre his fæder, and hine selfne dyde Gode ġelīcne.That made the Jews try even harder to kill him, not just for breaking the Sabbath, but for saying God was his father, and making himself equal to God.
** c. 1000, "The Battle of Maldon", lines 94-95
    God āna wāt hwā þǣre wælstōwe wealdan mōte.Only God knows who is destined to control the battlefield.
** "The Fortunes of Men", lines 8-9
    God āna wāt hwæt him weaxendum wintra bringaþ.God only knows what the years will bring to the growing child.
* alone
    Neart þū ġenōg eald þæt þū āna on sund gā.You're not old enough to go swimming by yourself.
    Iċ slǣpe āna.I sleep alone.
** c. 992, Ælfric, "St. Benedict, Abbot"
    Gang nū tō mynstre ġif þū mæġe, and mē āna forlǣt.Now go to the monastery if you can, and leave me alone.
** c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
    Foresetnessa ne bēoþ nāhwǣr āna, ac bēoþ ǣfre tō sumum ōðrum worde ġefēġeda.Prepositions never occur by themselves: they are always attached to some other word.
** c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
    Petrus āna spræc for ealne þone hēap.Peter by himself spoke for the whole group.

##### Usage notes

In the above senses ("only" and "alone"), this word was often used in the weak declension, often indeclinably as āna.

##### Declension
#### Adverb

ān
* only
** 995. Anglo-Saxon Gospels, Translation, Gospel of Saint Matthew, chapter 8, verse 8.
    Ðā andswarode sē hundredes ealdor and ðus cwæþ, Drihten, ne eom ic wyrðe, ðæt ðū ingange under mīne þecene; ac cweþ ðīn ān word, and mīn cnapa biþ ġehǣled.Then answered the centurion, and said thus, Lord, I am not worthy, that you enter under my roof; but say your word only, and my boy will be healed.

#### Noun

ān n
* one (digit or figure)

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Derived terms

* āngenġa
* ānhaga
* āntīd

##### Descendants

* Middle English: on, oon, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne, an, ane, auen, aune (Northern), auen, aune (north Midland), enne, onen, onenen (Kent), en, an, ane (Early Middle English), won, von, wone (Late Middle English), oon, one, an (Northern), an, ane (Early Middle English)
** English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
** Geordie English: yen
** Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
** Yola: oan, ane, own

##### See also

* for an
* on an
* þæt an

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑn/

#### Preposition

an
* Alternative form of on

### References

* Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “an”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

## Old French
### Etymology

From Latin annus.

### Noun

an oblique singular, m (oblique plural anz, nominative singular anz, nominative plural an)
* year

#### Related terms

* anee

#### Descendants

* French: an, ⇒ année
** ⇒ Antillean Creole: lanné
* ⇒ Gallo: anné
* Norman: aun, an, ⇒ annaée, année, onnaïe
* ⇒ Walloon: anêye

## Old Frisian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈaːn/

### Numeral

ān
* Alternative form of ēn

#### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [an]

### Pronoun

an (triggers eclipsis, takes a leniting relative clause)
* Alternative form of a
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 112$^b$13
    Is demniu liunn a n-ad·chiam hua sulib ol·daas an ro·chluinemmar hua chluasaib.What we see with the eyes is more certain for us than what we hear with the ears.

### Verb

·an
* third-person singular preterite conjunct of anaid

### Verb

an
* second-person singular imperative of anaid

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old Norse
### Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þan, possibly through *þannai, whence cognate with Old English þonne (“than”). For similar loss of þ- compare at from earlier Proto-Norse ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt).

### Conjunction

an
* than

#### Descendants

* ⇒ Old Norse: en
** Icelandic: en
** Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
** Norwegian Bokmål: enn
** Old Swedish: æn
*** Swedish: än
** Danish: end

## Old Occitan
### Etymology

From Latin annus (“year”).

### Noun

an m (oblique plural ans, nominative singular ans, nominative plural an)
* year

#### Descendants

* Occitan: an

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Univerbation of a +‎ on. First attested in 1388.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /an/
* IPA: (15th CE) /an/

### Conjunction

an
* (attested in Greater Poland) connects clauses; and that
** 1888 [1388], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV‎, Greater Poland, page 5:Wlost umouil Swenthoslauem rok, an gi na tem rocze ianl[Włost umówił z Świętosławem rok, an ji na tem roce jął]
* (attested in Greater Poland) connects contrastive clauses; but that
** 1887, 1889 [1391], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume I, number 1014, Poznań:Pani Helska Vøczenczovim ludzem czinila zaplaczena podlug vgednana, ani gey ne chczeli przyøcz[Pani Helżka Więcencowym ludziem czyniła zapłacenia podług ujednania, ani jej nie chcieli przyjąć]
* (attested in Masovia) introduces a temporal clause of recency; as it just (was)
** 1879 [1417], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Księga ziemi czerskiej 1404-1425. Liber terrae Cernensis‎, Masovia, page 178:Wanczlaw wszal voli Yanowi na ych dzedzine, an czski berze[Więcław wziął woły Janowi na ich dziedzinie, an cki bierze]

### References

* ↑ J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “an”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 33
* B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “an”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

## Old Saxon
### Alternative forms

* ana

### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *an.

### Preposition

an
* on, in
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 4455
    ...ja hwō siu an themu endie skal teglīden endi tegangen....and how it must glide away and dissolve in the end.

#### References

Köbler, Gerhard, Altsächsisches Wörterbuch (5th edition 2014)

## Proto-Norse
### Romanization

an
* Romanization of ᚨᚾ

## Romanian
### Etymology

From Latin annus (“year”), from Proto-Italic *atnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, probably from *h₂et- (“to go”). Compare Megleno-Romanian an and Aromanian an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/
* Audio:(file)
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -an

### Noun

an m (plural ani or (obsolete) ai)
* year

#### Derived terms

* anual
* anotimp
* cei șapte ani de acasă

### References

* an in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Romansch
### Alternative forms

* (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Surmiran) onn
* (Sutsilvan, Vallader) on

### Etymology

From Latin annus.

### Noun

an m (plural ans)
* (Puter) year

## Sardinian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/

### Preposition

an
* (Nuorese) Alternative form of a, used before words starting with d-
** 1896, Egidio Bellorini, “Non temere; io torno e ti sposo”, in Canti popolari amorosi raccolti a Nuoro, Bergamo, section 153, page 79, lines 1–4:Sette calonicheḍḍos Falan a Ffiniscole A ffacher ẓibbileu An dommo de una monẓa.Seven priests go down to Siniscola, to have a jubilee at a nun's house.

### References

* Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “a$^2$”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *an. Cognates include West Frisian oan and German an.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/
* Hyphenation: an
* Rhymes: -an

### Preposition

an (neuter or distal adverb deeran, proximal adverb hieran, interrogative adverb wieran)
* on
    Mien Jasse honget an dän Hoake. ― My jacket is hanging on the hook.
* at
    Iek sitte an dän Disk. ― I'm sitting at the table.
* next to
    Iek sitte an mien Suster. ― I'm sitting next to my sister.
* towards, to
    Dät Boot is an Lound kemen. ― The boat came ashore (literally, “The boat has come to land.”)
* of, from
    Mien Bääsje is an Kanker stúurven. ― My grandmother died of cancer.
* about, circa
    Iek häbe an do fjautig Ljudene blouked. ― I have seen about forty people.

### Adjective

an
* on, switched on, burning
    Dät Fjúur is an. ― The fire is burning.
    Ju Laampe is an. ― The lamp is switched on.

### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “an”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Scots
### Etymology 1

From Old English and, ond, end (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, *undi, *unþi (“and, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”).

#### Alternative forms

* an'
* and

#### Pronunciation

* (stressed) IPA: [ɑn]
* (unstressed) IPA: [ən]

#### Conjunction

an
* and

##### Derived terms

* an a'

### Etymology 2

From Middle English oon, from Old English ān (“one”), from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Cognate to English an.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ən]

#### Article

an
* (before a vowel) a, an

##### Usage notes

* In colloquial usage mostly replaced by a. However, still widely used in literature, probably due to English influence.

##### Synonyms

* a

#### References

* “an, indef. art.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.
* ↑ https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/a_indef_art

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish in. Cognates include Irish an and Manx yn.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before a, o, u or a broad consonant) /ən̪ˠ/, (before broad g or k) /əŋ/, (before e, i or a slender consonant) /əɲ/, (colloquial before a consonant) /ə/
* Hyphenation: an

#### Article

an
* the

##### Declension

$^L$ Triggers lenition; $^H$ Triggers H-prothesis; $^T$ Triggers T-prothesis

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish a. Cognates include Irish a.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

#### Determiner

an
* their

##### See also

$^L$ Triggers lenition; $^H$ Triggers H-prothesis; $^N$ Triggers eclipsis $^1$ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

### Etymology 3

From Old Irish i. Cognates include Irish i and Manx ayns.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before a, o, u or a broad consonant) /ən̪ˠ/, (before broad g or k) /əŋ/, (before e, i or a slender consonant) /əɲ/

#### Preposition

an (+ dative, no mutation)
* in

##### Usage notes

* This form is not used before nouns beginning with b, f, m or p, where am and ann am are used instead.

##### Inflection

$^L$ Triggers lenition; $^H$ Triggers H-prothesis; $^N$ Triggers eclipsis; $^{1)}$ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

##### Synonyms

* ann an

##### Derived terms

* an seo
* an sin
* an siud

### Etymology 4

From Old Irish in. Cognates include Irish an.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before a, o, u or a broad consonant) /ən̪ˠ/, (before broad g or k) /əŋ/, (before e, i or a slender consonant) /əɲ/, (colloquial before a consonant) /ə/

#### Particle

an
* Used together with a dependent form of a verb to form the interrogative.

##### Usage notes

* Before verbs beginning with b, f, m or p, the form am is used. Before bheil (“am, is, are”), the form a is also used.

#### Verb

an
* Present interrogative form of is (the copula).

##### Usage notes

* Before words beginning with b, f, m or p, the form am is used.

##### Inflection
### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “an”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 a”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “i”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “in”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Colin Mark (2003) The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 34-35

## Siraya
### Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *-an.

### Noun

an
* place

## Southwestern Dinka
### Pronoun

an
* I

### References

* Dinka-English Dictionary‎, 2005

## Sumerian
### Romanization

an
* Romanization of 𒀭 (an)

## Swedish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German an and German an, and less commonly from English on, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), cognate with English on and doublet of Swedish å, Swedish på.

### Adverb

an
* used as a verb particle, similar to German preposition an (“at, in, on, to”)

#### Related terms

* gå an
* komma an
* lägga an
* ta sig an

### Preposition

an
* (accounting) to

### Anagrams

* -na, na

## Tày
### Pronunciation

* (Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA: [ʔaːn˧˥]
* (Trùng Khánh) IPA: [ʔaːn˦]

### Etymology 1

From Chinese 安 (ān).

#### Adjective

an (安)
* peaceful; undisturbed
    dú bấu an ― to live unpeacefully
    Mí đảy an slắc vằn.I can't have a single peaceful day.

##### Derived terms

* an phận
* Tàng An

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

an
* to manage to do something; to fend for oneself
    An ý ngòi. ― Manage it.

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

an
* saddle; howdah
    an chạng ― howdah
    an năng đây ― good leather saddle

### References

* Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt [Tay-Vietnamese dictionary]‎ (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên
* Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
* Léopold Michel Cadière (1910) Dictionnaire Tày-Annamite-Français [Tày-Vietnamese-French Dictionary]‎ (in French), Hanoi: Impressions d'Extrême-Orient

## Tedim Chin
### Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔan (“vegetables”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *h(y)an.

### Noun

an
* food

### References

* Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

## Torres Strait Creole
### Etymology

From English hand.

### Noun

an
* hand, lower arm
* flipper

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑn/, [ɑn̪]

### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish آن (an), from Arabic آن (ʔān).

#### Noun

an (definite accusative anı, plural anlar)
* moment
** 1939 February 14, “Acaba İspanyada Krallık iade edilecek mi!”, in Aydin, page 1:İnglitere Fransa ile Frankoyu tanımak üzeredir. Bu kararı iki hükümet bir anda ilan edecektir.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
an
anlar
definite accusative
anı
anları
dative
ana
anlara
locative
anda
anlarda
ablative
andan
anlardan
genitive
anın
anların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
anım
anlarım
2nd singular
anın
anların
3rd singular
anı
anları
1st plural
anımız
anlarımız
2nd plural
anınız
anlarınız
3rd plural
anları
anları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
anımı
anlarımı
2nd singular
anını
anlarını
3rd singular
anını
anlarını
1st plural
anımızı
anlarımızı
2nd plural
anınızı
anlarınızı
3rd plural
anlarını
anlarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
anıma
anlarıma
2nd singular
anına
anlarına
3rd singular
anına
anlarına
1st plural
anımıza
anlarımıza
2nd plural
anınıza
anlarınıza
3rd plural
anlarına
anlarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
anımda
anlarımda
2nd singular
anında
anlarında
3rd singular
anında
anlarında
1st plural
anımızda
anlarımızda
2nd plural
anınızda
anlarınızda
3rd plural
anlarında
anlarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
anımdan
anlarımdan
2nd singular
anından
anlarından
3rd singular
anından
anlarından
1st plural
anımızdan
anlarımızdan
2nd plural
anınızdan
anlarınızdan
3rd plural
anlarından
anlarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
anımın
anlarımın
2nd singular
anının
anlarının
3rd singular
anının
anlarının
1st plural
anımızın
anlarımızın
2nd plural
anınızın
anlarınızın
3rd plural
anlarının
anlarının :

##### See also

* şu anda

#### References

* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “آن”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 38
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “an”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

an
* second-person singular imperative of anmak

## Vietnamese
### Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 安 (“tranquil”). The character can also be read as yên, a form of probable Northern origin.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ʔaːn˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʔaːŋ˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʔaːŋ˧˧]

### Romanization

an
* Sino-Vietnamese reading of 安

#### Derived terms

* an bình
* an lành
* an nhàn
* an nhiên
* an ninh
* an sinh
* an toạ
* an toàn
* an vui
* bảo an
* bất an
* bình an
* cầu an
* công an
* trấn an
* trị an

### Adjective

an
* (chiefly in compounds) calm; peaceful; comfortable; at ease

#### Derived terms

* an nghỉ
* an vui

### Anagrams

* na

## Vilamovian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/
* Audio:(file)

### Conjunction

an
* and

#### Related terms

* ana

### Numeral

ān
* one

#### Related terms

* alf

## Waray-Waray
### Etymology

From Proto-Central Philippine *aŋ. Cognate with Cebuano ang, Hiligaynon ang, Tagalog ang, Bikol Central an.
Further etymology is debated; some have theorized a relationship to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a (“direct marker”), from Proto-Austronesian *a (“direct marker”) with the addition of an unclear nasal suffix. Compare Kapampangan ing.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔan/, [ʔan]

### Particle

an
* direct marker for all general nouns other than personal proper nouns
    Midalagan an lalaki paingon ha baybayon.The man ran towards the shore.
    Gikaon han iring an isda.The cat ate the fish.

#### Usage notes

* This particle is analyzed as the definite article (i.e., the) when used alone, and the indefinite article (i.e., a or an) when used with the numeral "usa" plus "ka" that quantifies an object/object that it modifies.
    An adlaw.The sun.
    An usa ka tawo.A person.
* Specific nouns are marked with "si".
* Direct personal proper nouns (primarily names) are marked with "si".

## Yola
### Etymology 1

From Middle English an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi.

#### Alternative forms

* an', and

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /an/, /and/

#### Conjunction

an
* and
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 31:Coardhed an recoardhed.Searched and researched.

### Etymology 2
#### Preposition

an
* Alternative form of on
** 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 84:Lidge w'ouse an a milagh, tis gaay an louthee:Lie with us on the clover, 'tis fair and sheltered:

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867

## Yoruba
### Pronunciation

* (mid-tone): IPA: /ã̄/
* (high-tone): IPA: /ã́/

### Pronoun

an
* him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a high-tone /ã/)

### Pronoun

án
* him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a low- or mid-tone /ã/)