# language
## English
### Pronunciation

* enPR: lăngʹgwĭj, IPA: /ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ/
** (Received Pronunciation, General Australian) IPA: [ˈlæŋɡwɪd͡ʒ]
** (General American) IPA: (see /æ/ raising) [ˈle(ɪ)ŋɡwɪd͡ʒ]
** (Canada) IPA: [ˈlæːŋɡwɪd͡ʒ], [ˈlaŋɡwed͡ʒ]
** (Standard Southern British) IPA: [ˈlaŋɡwɪd͡ʒ], [ˈlaŋɡwed͡ʒ]
* Audio (US):(file)
* Hyphenation: lan‧guage
* Rhymes: -æŋɡwɪdʒ

### Etymology 1

From Middle English langage, language, from Old French language, from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, from Latin lingua (“tongue, speech, language”), from Old Latin dingua (“tongue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue, speech, language”). Doublet of langaj. Displaced native Old English ġeþēode.

#### Noun

language (countable and uncountable, plural languages)
* (countable) A body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication.
    The English and German languages are both members of the West Germanic language family.
    Deaf and mute people communicate using sign language.
** 1867, Report on the Systems of Deaf-Mute Instruction pursued in Europe, quoted in 1983 in History of the College for the Deaf, 1857-1907 →ISBN, page 240:
    Hence the natural language of the mute is, in schools of this class, suppressed as soon and as far as possible, and its existence as a language, capable of being made the reliable and precise vehicle for the widest range of thought, is ignored.
** 1900, William Beckford, The History of the Caliph Vathek, page 50:No language could express his rage and despair.
** 2000, Geary Hobson, The Last of the Ofos, →ISBN, page 113:Mr. Darko, generally acknowledged to be the last surviving member of the Ofo Tribe, was also the last remaining speaker of the tribe's language.
* (uncountable) The ability to communicate using words.
    the gift of language
** 1805 December, Julius Griffiths, “A Journey across the Desert”, in The Monthly Mirror, page 362:It is wholly out of the power of language to convey any idea of the blissful enjoyment of obtaining water, after an almost total want of it, during eight and forty hours, in the scorching regions of an Arabian desert, in the month of July.
** 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 15:Language is the articulation of the limited to express the unlimited; it is the ultimate mystery which is the image of God, for in breaking up infinity to create finite beings, God has found a way to let the limited being yet be a reflection of His unlimited Being.
* (uncountable) A sublanguage: the slang of a particular community or jargon of a particular specialist field.
** 1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.
** 1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, section II, page 24:And ‘blubbing’ . . . Blubbing went out with ‘decent’ and ‘ripping’. Mind you, not a bad new language to start up. 1920s schoolboy slang could be due for a revival.
    legal language; the language of chemistry
* (countable, uncountable, figurative) The expression of thought (the communication of meaning) in a specified way; that which communicates something, as language does.
    body language; the language of the eyes
** 2001, Eugene C. Kennedy, Sara C. Charles, On Becoming a Counselor, →ISBN:A tale about themselves [is] told by people with help from the universal languages of their eyes, their hands, and even their shirting feet.
** 2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 231:Birding had become like that for me. It is a language that, once learnt, I have been unable to unlearn.
* (countable, uncountable) A body of sounds, signs and/or signals by which animals communicate, and by which plants are sometimes also thought to communicate.
** 1983, The Listener, volume 110, page 14:A more likely hypothesis was that the attacked leaves were transmitting some airborne chemical signal to sound the alarm, rather like insects sending out warnings […] But this is the first time that a plant-to-plant language has been detected.
** 2009, Animals in Translation, page 274:Prairie dogs use their language to refer to real dangers in the real world, so it definitely has meaning.
* (computing, countable) A computer language; a machine language.
** 2015, Kent D. Lee, Foundations of Programming Languages, →ISBN, page 94:In fact pointers are called references in these languages to distinguish them from pointers in languages like C and C++.
* (uncountable) Manner of expression.
** 1782, William Cowper, Hope
    Their language simple, as their manners meek, […]
* (uncountable) The particular words used in a speech or a passage of text.
    The language used in the law does not permit any other interpretation.
    The language he used to talk to me was obscene.
* (uncountable) Profanity.
** 1978, James Carroll, Mortal Friends, →ISBN, page 500:"Where the hell is Horace?" ¶ "There he is. He's coming. You shouldn't use language."

##### Synonyms

* (form of communication): see Thesaurus:language
* (vocabulary of a particular field): see Thesaurus:jargon
* (computer language): computer language, programming language, machine language
* (particular words used): see Thesaurus:wording

##### Hypernyms

* medium

##### Hyponyms

* See Category:en:Languages
* artificial language
* auxiliary language
* bad language
* body language
* common language
* computer, computing language
* constructed language
* corpus language
* dead language
* endangered language
* engineered language
* everyday language
* experimental language
* extinct language
* foreign language
* formal language
* foul language
* global language
* hardware description language
* indigenous language
* international language
* link language
* literary language
* living language
* logical language
* machine language
* main language
* mathematical language
* meta language
* metaphorical language
* minority language
* modern language
* multi-paradigm language
* natural language
* object language
* pattern language
* philosophical language
* phonetic language
* planned language
* principal language
* private language
* programming language
* scripting language
* secular language
* sign language
* spoken language
* standard language
* subject-oriented language
* target language
* universal language
* vehicular language
* vernacular language
* working language
* world language
* active-stative language
* agglutinative language
* analytic language
* direct-inverse language
* E-language
* ergative-absolutive language
* I-language
* isolating language
* nominative-accusative language
* oligosynthetic language
* OV language
* polysynthetic language
* synthetic language
* tripartite language
* VO language

##### Derived terms

* AB language
* abstract language
* A language
* a language is a dialect with an army and navy
* altlang
* antilanguage
* artlang
* aspect-oriented language
* aspect-oriented programming language
* assembler language
* assembly language
* Auslan
* auxlang
* bilanguage
* B language
* cache language model
* camouflanguage
* child language
* C language
* class-based language
* classical language
* clean language
* colanguage
* community language
* Community language
* conditional assembly language
* conlang
* contact language
* context-free language
* counterlanguage
* cryptolanguage
* curly-brace language
* curly-braces language
* curly-bracket language
* cyberlanguage
* daughter language
* delegation language
* design language
* domain-specific language
* Dyck language
* dynamic language
* e-language learning
* engelang
* English-language
* epilanguage
* equity language
* esoteric programming language
* expressive language
* first language
* German-language
* ghost language
* good language
* hand language
* heritage language
* high-level language
* home language
* imperative language
* indexing language
* interlanguage
* intermediate language
* international auxiliary language
* Iranian language
* Iranic language
* killer language
* language-agnostic
* language analysis for the determination of origin
* language area
* language arts
* language assessment
* language assimilation
* language assistant
* language barrier
* language border
* language branch
* language change
* language code
* language contact
* language continuum
* language cop
* language cops
* language death
* language delay
* language ecology
* language education
* language exchange
* language extinction
* language family
* language game
* languagehood
* language-independent
* language island
* language isolate
* language lab
* language laboratory
* language learner
* language learning
* languageless
* languagelike
* language model
* language nest
* language of education
* language of flowers
* language organ
* language-oriented
* language planning
* language police
* language pollution
* language processing
* language proficiency
* languager
* language replacement
* language resource
* languagescape
* language school
* language script
* language server
* language shift
* language survey
* language swap
* language technology
* language transfer
* languagey
* languaging
* languagism
* languagist
* languist
* languoid
* large language model
* link-language
* lip language
* liturgical language
* loaded language
* logical language
* loglang
* love language
* low-level language
* macro language
* macrolanguage
* markup language
* matrix language
* metalanguage
* mind one's language
* minilanguage
* mini-language
* mixed language
* moon language
* mother language
* multilanguage
* native language
* native-language identification
* natlang
* natural language processing
* natural language understanding
* nonlanguage
* null-subject language
* object-based language
* object-oriented language
* official language
* Oïl language
* ordinary language
* ordinary language philosophy
* pandanus language
* paralanguage
* parent language
* people-first language
* Polish-language
* prelanguage
* private language argument
* private language problem
* private language thesis
* pro-drop language
* proto-language
* prototype-based language
* prototype-based scripting language
* pseudolanguage
* query language
* receptive language
* reconstructed language
* regular language
* role-oriented language
* Romance language
* Scala
* second language
* second-language acquisition
* semilanguage
* sister language
* slanguage
* sleeping language
* source language
* speak someone's language
* speak the same language
* specific language impairment
* spurious language
* statically-typed language
* static language
* statistical language acquisition
* strong language
* style sheet language
* Sydney language
* symbolic language
* systems language
* third language acquisition
* trade language
* translanguage
* Turkish-language
* twilight language
* unit of language
* unparliamentary language
* urlanguage
* ur-language
* village sign language
* visual language
* visual programming language
* watch one's language
* Western Desert language
* whole language
* wooden language

##### Related terms

* langue
* lingua
* lingua franca
* linguine
* linguistics
* tonguage

##### Translations
#### Verb

language (third-person singular simple present languages, present participle languaging, simple past and past participle languaged)
* (rare, now nonstandard or technical) To communicate by language; to express in language.
** 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense.

#### Interjection

language
* An admonishment said in response to vulgar language.
    You're a pile of shit! Hey! Language!

#### See also

* bilingual
* lexis
* linguistics
* multilingual
* term
* trilingual
* word

### Etymology 2

Alteration of languet.

#### Noun

language (plural languages)
* A languet, a flat plate in or below the flue pipe of an organ.
** 1896, William Horatio Clarke, The Organist's Retrospect, page 79:A flue-pipe is one in which the air passes through the throat, or flue, which is the narrow, longitudinal aperture between the lower lip and the tongue, or language. […] The language is adjusted by slightly elevating or depressing it, […]

### References

* “language”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
* language in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
* William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “language”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

## French
### Noun

language m (plural languages)
* Archaic spelling of langage.

## Middle English
### Noun

language (plural languages)
* Alternative form of langage

## Middle French
### Alternative forms

* langage, langaige, languaige

### Etymology

From Old French language.

### Noun

language m (plural languages)
* language (style of communicating)

#### Related terms

* langue

#### Descendants

* French: langage, language (archaic or misspelling)
** Haitian Creole: langaj
*** → English: langaj
** Mauritian Creole: langaz
** Louisiana Creole: langaj
** → Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* langage
* langaige
* languaige
* lengage
* lengaige
* lenguage
* lenguaige
* lingage
* lingaige
* linguage
* linguaige

### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum. Attested in the Passion. Derivable from langue +‎ -age.

### Pronunciation

* (archaic) IPA: /lenˈɡwad͡ʒə/
* (classical) IPA: /lanˈɡad͡ʒə/
* (late) IPA: /lanˈɡaʒə/

### Noun

language oblique singular, f (oblique plural languages, nominative singular language, nominative plural languages)
* language (style of communicating)

#### Descendants

* Bourguignon: langaige
* Middle French: language, langage, langaige, languaige
** French: langage, language (archaic or misspelling)
*** Haitian Creole: langaj
**** → English: langaj
*** Mauritian Creole: langaz
*** Louisiana Creole: langaj
*** → Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)
Borrowings: (some possibly from O.Occitan lenguatge instead)
* → Middle English: langage, language, langag, langwache
** English: language
* → Friulian: lengaç
* → Ladin: lingaz
* → Medieval Latin: linguāgium
* → Romansch: linguatg, lungatg (Sursilvan, Surmiran), lungaitg (Sutsilvan), linguach (Puter, Vallader)

### References

* ↑ “langage”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.