# πάσχω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

The four principal parts of the verb display the e-grade, o-grade, and zero-grade (πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ- (penth-, ponth-, path-)) of a root of uncertain identity.
The root is traditionally taken to be a Proto-Indo-European *kʷendʰ- (“to suffer, endure”), with the principal parts mentioned above reflecting *kʷendʰ-, *kʷondʰ-, *kʷn̥dʰ. In this case, cognate with Old Irish césaid (“to suffer”), Lithuanian kentė́ti (“to suffer”) (1st-person present singular kenčiù (“I suffer”)), pakanta (“patience”). Note, however, that in addition to phonetic issues (the Lithuanian expected form would be *kendė́ti, for example), the structure of the hypothetical root *kʷendʰ- is atypical for Proto-Indo-European.
As an alternative, Beekes and others have connected the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”) with semantic shift “to be bound” > “to suffer”. Cognates would then include Ancient Greek πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”).
The present πάσχω (páskhō), like the aorist ἔπαθον (épathon), comes from the zero-grade παθ- (path-), but with the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō) added *πάθ-σκ-ω (*páth-sk-ō) and subsequent loss of θ (th) before σ (s) and transference of aspiration from θ (th) to κ (k), resulting in χ (kh). The future stem πείσομαι (peísomai) developed from *πενθ-σ-ομαι (*penth-s-omai), from e-grade πενθ- (penth-) with the tense-suffix σ (s), with subsequent cluster simplification νθσ > σ (nths > s) and compensatory lengthening *ε > ει (*e > ei). The future stem πείσω (peísō) of the verb πείθω (peíthō, “persuade”) is identical.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pás.kʰɔː/ → /ˈpas.xo/ → /ˈpas.xo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pás.kʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpas.kʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpas.xo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpas.xo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpas.xo/

### Verb

πᾰ́σχω • (pắskhō)
* to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
* (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
** (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 927–929:Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ’ οἵδ’ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ πάθοιεν ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.Antigónē ei d’ hoíd’ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà páthoien ḕ kaì drôsin ekdíkōs emé.Antigone: But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], let them suffer no worse than they are doing unjustly to me.
** (law) to suffer a punishment
* (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
** to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
** to feel an emotion or impulse
** (in negative sense) suffer
** to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
    Πάσχω τὴν καρδίαν.Páskhō tḕn kardían.I suffer in the [my] heart.
    Κακῶς πάσχειν.Kakôs páskhein.To suffer badly.

#### Synonyms

* (to be in a certain situation): ἔχω (ékhō)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “undergo”): δράω (dráō), ῥέζω (rhézō)

#### Derived terms

* πᾰ́θη (pắthē)
* πάθησις (páthēsis)
* πᾰθητός (păthētós)
* πᾰθητικός (păthētikós)
* πᾰ́θημα (pắthēma)
* πᾰθηματικός (păthēmatikós)
* πᾰ́θος (pắthos)
* πᾰθικός (păthikós)
* πένθος (pénthos)

#### Descendants

* → Greek: πάσχω (páscho) (learned)

### References

* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “*kwent(h)-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πάσχω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1156
* ↑ Holger Pedersen, Zwei Fälle eines irrtümlich als Labiovelar aufgefassten π, p. 192 ff., in: Revue des Études Indo-européennes (Bucarest), 1/1 (1938), pp. 192–199.
* ↑ Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das Indogermanische Erbe Der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 86) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 128

### Further reading

* “πάσχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “πάσχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “πάσχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* πάσχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* πάσχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “πάσχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3958 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

## Greek
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πάσχω (páskhō).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa.sxo/
* Hyphenation: πά‧σχω

### Verb

πάσχω • (páscho) (imperfect έπασχα) found only in the present and imperfect tenses (intransitive)
* to suffer [with από (apó, + accusative) ‘from’] (to feel pain or illness)
* to suffer (to undergo hardship)

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Synonyms

* υποφέρω (ypoféro)

#### Related terms

* παθαίνω (pathaíno)
* πάσχων (páschon)
* συμπάσχω (sympáscho)

### References

* ↑ πάσχω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language