# 減

| 減 | U+6E1B, &#28187; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E1B |
| ← 渚 [U+6E1A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 渜 → [U+6E1C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

減 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹口 (EIHR), four-corner 3315$_0$, composition ⿰氵咸)

#### Derived characters

* 𠽦, 𱨐, 𣼪, 𦺘, 𤁙, 𥳒, 𭒞, 𣾃, 𣚘, 𬐴

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 633, character 42
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17759
* Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1671, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6E1B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 感 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
| 轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
| 撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 憾 | *ɡɯːms |
| 喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 緘 | *krɯːm |
| 瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
| 黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
| 麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
| 箴 | *kjɯm |
| 葴 | *kjɯm |
| 鱵 | *kjum |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘 / 缄 and also serves as a semantic component.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎn (jian$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaam$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gam$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kám
    (Hailu, HRS): gam$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gēng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gieng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiám / kám
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giam$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ke
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^3$
*** Yale: jyǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jean
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^2$
*** Yale: gáam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kam⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gam$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kam²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gēng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛiŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gieng$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: giâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɛŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gieng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiɛŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiám
*** Tâi-lô: kiám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiarm
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kiam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiam⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kám
*** Tâi-lô: kám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: karm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁵⁵⁴/
* kiám - vernacular;
* kám - literary;
* kiám - literary (Zhangzhou).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit減 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕian²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕiã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕiɛn⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕian⁴²/ /kan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕien²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕiĩ²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕie⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕie⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ke⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ke̞⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiẽ̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ka³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕie³⁵/ /kɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kɔ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kan⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kan⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kan²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kam³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kɑm³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kam³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kam³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kam⁵³/ /kiam⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kɛiŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kiam⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /kiam²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: heamX, keamX
Rime :
| Character | 減 | 減 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 咸 (151) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 下斬切 | 古斬切 |
| Baxter | heamX | keamX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠɛm$^X$/ | /kˠɛm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚæm$^X$/ | /kᵚæm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɐm$^X$/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəɨm$^X$/ | /kəɨm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɐm$^X$/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɐm$^X$/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ɣăm$^X$/ | /kăm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn | jiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haam$^6$ | gaam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤr[ə]mʔ/, /*kˤr[ə]mʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːmʔ/, /*ɡrɯːmʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 減 | 減 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiǎn | jiǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛm$^X$ › | ‹ kɛm$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-kˁr[ə]mʔ/ | /*kˁr[ə]mʔ/ |
| English | abridge | reduce |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 減 | 減 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13509 | 13521 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 | 咸 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鹼 | 豏 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯːmʔ/ | /*ɡrɯːmʔ/ |

#### Definitions

減
* to decrease; to subtract; to diminish
* (arithmetic) to subtract
    Antonym: 加 (jiā)
* 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼)
* (chemistry) basic
    Antonym: 酸 (suān)
* (Cantonese) to sweep (food over to another container)
* (Hokkien) to be short of
    減一箍／减一箍 [Hokkien] ― kiám chi̍t kho͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― short of one dollar

#### Compounds

* 減低 / 减低 (jiǎndī)
* 減俸 / 减俸 (jiǎnfèng)
* 減價 / 减价 (jiǎnjià)
* 減充血劑 / 减充血剂 (jiǎnchōngxuèjì)
* 減免 / 减免 (jiǎnmiǎn)
* 減刑 / 减刑 (jiǎnxíng)
* 減削 / 减削 (jiǎnxuè)
* 減半 / 减半 (jiǎnbàn)
* 減卻 / 减却
* 減去 / 减去
* 減員 / 减员 (jiǎnyuán)
* 減噪 / 减噪
* 減壓 / 减压 (jiǎnyā)
* 減壓時間表 / 减压时间表
* 減壓症 / 减压症
* 減壓病 / 减压病 (jiǎnyābìng)
* 減壓程序 / 减压程序
* 減壓表 / 减压表
* 減妝 / 减妆
* 減實 / 减实
* 減少 / 减少 (jiǎnshǎo)
* 減幅 / 减幅
* 減弱 / 减弱 (jiǎnruò)
* 減息 / 减息 (jiǎnxī)
* 減慢 / 减慢 (jiǎnmàn)
* 減振 / 减振 (jiǎnzhèn)
* 減掉 / 减掉
* 減排 / 减排 (jiǎnpái)
* 減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
* 減搖鰭 / 减摇鳍
* 減摩 / 减摩
* 減數 / 减数 (jiǎnshù)
* 減數分裂 / 减数分裂 (jiǎnshù fēnliè)
* 減核 / 减核
* 減殺 / 减杀 (jiǎnshà)
* 減毒活疫苗 / 减毒活疫苗
* 減法 / 减法 (jiǎnfǎ)
* 減河 / 减河
* 減災 / 减灾
* 減產 / 减产 (jiǎnchǎn)
* 減益 / 减益
* 減碳 / 减碳
* 減租減息 / 减租减息 (jiǎnzūjiǎnxī)
* 減稅 / 减税 (jiǎnshuì)
* 減筆字 / 减笔字 (jiǎnbǐzì)
* 減緩 / 减缓 (jiǎnhuǎn)
* 減縮 / 减缩 (jiǎnsuō)
* 減聲器 / 减声器
* 減肥 / 减肥 (jiǎnféi)
* 減色 / 减色
* 減色法 / 减色法
* 減薪 / 减薪 (jiǎnxīn)
* 減號 / 减号 (jiǎnhào)
* 減計 / 减计
* 減負 / 减负 (jiǎnfù)
* 減輕 / 减轻 (jiǎnqīng)
* 減退 / 减退 (jiǎntuì)
* 減速 / 减速 (jiǎnsù)
* 減速傘 / 减速伞
* 減速副翼 / 减速副翼
* 減速劑 / 减速剂
* 減速器 / 减速器
* 減速度 / 减速度 (jiǎnsùdù)
* 減速火箭 / 减速火箭
* 減速運動 / 减速运动
* 減除 / 减除 (jiǎnchú)
* 減震 / 减震 (jiǎnzhèn)
* 減震器 / 减震器 (jiǎnzhènqì)
* 減震鞋 / 减震鞋
* 減額 / 减额

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 差 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 差 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 差 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 差, 爭 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 減 |

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from etymology 1?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gam$^2$ / gan$^2$ / gaam$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gam$^2$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^2$ / gan$^2$ / gaam$^2$
*** Yale: gám / gán / gáam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^2$ / gan$^2$ / gaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^2$ / gen$^2$ / gam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm³⁵/, /kɐn³⁵/, /kaːm³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kam⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

減
* (Cantonese) Used after a verb or adjective to indicate partial attainment of an amount/degree.
       go$^3$ daan$^6$ gou$^1$ bei$^2$ di$^1$ sai$^3$ lou$^6$ zai$^2$ sik$^6$ gam$^2$ jat$^1$ daai$^6$ gyut$^6$. [Jyutping]
       The kids ate a big section of the cake.
       ci$^3$ ci$^3$ ngaang$^{6-2}$ hai$^6$ siu$^2$ gam$^2$ gei$^2$ go$^3$ jan$^4$. [Jyutping]
       We're missing a few people every single time.
       tau$^4$ sin$^1$ go$^3$ tau$^4$ hou$^2$ tung$^3$, fan$^3$ jyun$^4$ jat$^1$ gaau$^3$, ji$^4$ gaa$^1$ hou$^2$ gam$^2$ di$^1$ laa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       I had a bad headache before. After taking a nap, I feel a bit better.
    From: 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, A Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 159
    cong$^4$ soeng$^6$ ji$^1$ fuk$^6$ do$^1$ dak$^1$ zai$^6$ nim$^1$ gaam$^2$ zoeng$^1$ zin$^1$ heoi$^3$ [Jyutping]
    There are too many clothes on the bed, take off a blanket.
    From: 1957, 謝賢 (actor), in 《鬼夜哭》 [The Nightly Cry of the Ghost], 5:17 from the start
    ne$^2$, nei$^5$ tung$^4$ ngo$^5$ nik$^1$ gam$^2$ di$^1$ je$^5$! [Jyutping]
    Hey, hold some of the stuff for me!

### References

* “減”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)、げん (gen, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: へる (heru, 減る, Jōyō)、へらす (herasu, 減らす, Jōyō)

#### Compounds

* 加減(かげん) (kagen)
* 急減(きゅうげん) (kyūgen)
* 激減(げきげん) (gekigen)
* 減益(げんえき) (gen'eki)
* 減額(げんがく) (gengaku)
* 減刑(げんけい) (genkei)
* 減少(げんしょう) (genshō)
* 減速(げんそく) (gensoku)
* 減退(げんたい) (gentai)
* 減俸(げんぽう) (genpō)
* 減法(げんぽう) (genpō)
* 減量(げんりょう) (genryō)
* 削減(さくげん) (sakugen)
* 低減(ていげん) (teigen)

### Suffix

減(げん) • (-gen)
* reduction

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 減 (MC keamX). Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠(ː)m]
* Phonetic hangul: [감(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 減 (eumhun 덜 감 (deol gam))
* hanja form of 감 (“reduction”)

#### Compounds

* 가감 (加減, gagam)
* 감가 (減價, gamga)
* 감량 (減量, gamnyang)
* 감면 (減免, gammyeon)
* 감봉 (減俸, gambong)
* 감산 (減産, gamsan)
* 감세 (減稅, gamse)
* 감소 (減少, gamso)
* 감속 (減速, gamsok)
* 감식 (減食, gamsik)
* 감액 (減額, gamaek)
* 감원 (減員, gamwon)
* 감자 (減資, gamja)
* 감축 (減縮, gamchuk)
* 감퇴 (減退, gamtoe)
* 감형 (減刑, gamhyeong)
* 격감 (激減, gyeokgam)
* 경감 (輕減, gyeonggam)
* 극감 (極減, geukgam)
* 급감 (急減, geupgam)
* 반감 (半減, ban'gam)
* 삭감 (削減, sakgam)
* 저감 (低減, jeogam)
* 절감 (節減, jeolgam)
* 증감 (增減, jeunggam)
* 차감 (差減, chagam)
* 체감 (遞減, chegam)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

減: Hán Nôm readings: giảm, dởm, xảm
* Decrease, reduce, lessen