# 抽象
## Chinese
### Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう) (chūshō)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chōuxiàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄡ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cau$^1$ zoeng$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thiu-siǒng / thiu-siōng / thiu-chhiāng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiu$^1$ siang$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chōuxiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄡ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chousiàng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻou$^1$-hsiang$^4$
*** Yale: chōu-syàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: choushianq
*** Palladius: чоусян (čousjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cau$^1$ zoeng$^6$
*** Yale: chāu jeuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsau$^1$ dzoeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ceo$^1$ zêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-siǒng
*** Tâi-lô: thiu-siǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiu³³ siɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-siōng
*** Tâi-lô: thiu-siōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiusiong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiu-chhiāng
*** Tâi-lô: thiu-tshiāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiuchiang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiu$^1$ siang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiu siăng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiu³³⁻²³ siaŋ³⁵/

### Adjective

抽象
* abstract (not specific)
    抽象事物 ― chōuxiàng shìwù ― abstract thing
    抽象概念 ― chōuxiàng gàiniàn ― abstract concept
    抽象思維／抽象思维 ― chōuxiàng sīwéi ― abstract thought
* (neologism, Internet slang) absurd, crazy, confusing but (meanwhile) a little bit cool

#### Synonyms

* 空洞 (kōngdòng)

#### Antonyms

* 具體／具体 (jùtǐ)

### Verb

抽象
* to form a general idea from particular circumstances; to abstract

### Derived terms

* 抽象主義 / 抽象主义 (chōuxiàngzhǔyì)
* 抽象代數 / 抽象代数 (chōuxiàng dàishù)
* 抽象代數學 / 抽象代数学 (chōuxiàng dàishùxué)
* 抽象勞動 / 抽象劳动 (chōuxiàng láodòng)
* 抽象化 (chōuxiànghuà)
* 抽象名詞 / 抽象名词 (chōuxiàng míngcí)
* 抽象思維 / 抽象思维 (chōuxiàng sīwéi)
* 抽象畫 / 抽象画 (chōuxiànghuà)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 抽 | 象 |
| ちゅう Grade: S | しょう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Etymology

Appeared in the 1881 work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) by Inoue Tetsujirō as a translation of English abstract, as opposed to concrete.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうしょー [chùúshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːɕo̞ː]

### Noun

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう) • (chūshō)
* abstraction
    Antonyms: 具体 (gutai), 具象 (gushō)
** 1927, Kiyoshi Miki, Yuibutshu-shikan to Gendai no Ishiki‎:
    私(わたし)はこのことをマルクスから學(まな)んだ。それは實(じつ)にマルクスが「歴(れき)史(し)的(てき)抽(ちう)象(しやう)」（historische Abstraktion）と呼(よ)んだところの過(くわ)程(てい)である。
       Watashi wa kono koto o Marukusu kara mananda. Sore wa jitsu ni Marukusu ga “rekishiteki chūshō” (historische Abstraktion) to yonda tokoro no katei de aru.
       I learned this from Marx: he called it “historical abstraction” (historische Abstraktion).

#### Derived terms

* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)化(か) (chūshōka)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)画(が) (chūshōga)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)概(がい)念(ねん) (chūshō gainen)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)芸(げい)術(じゅつ) (chūshō geijutsu)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)性(せい) (chūshōsei)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)代(だい)数(すう)学(がく) (chūshō daisūgaku)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)的(てき) (chūshōteki)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)表(ひょう)現(げん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (chūshō hyōgen shugi)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)名(めい)詞(し) (chūshō meishi)
* 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)論(ろん) (chūshōron)

### Verb

抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)する • (chūshō suru) suru (stem 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)し (chūshō shi), past 抽(ちゅう)象(しょう)した (chūshō shita))
* to grasp the abstract points

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 抽象し | ちゅうしょうし | chūshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 抽象し | ちゅうしょうし | chūshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 抽象する | ちゅうしょうする | chūshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 抽象する | ちゅうしょうする | chūshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 抽象すれ | ちゅうしょうすれ | chūshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 抽象せよ¹ 抽象しろ² | ちゅうしょうせよ¹ ちゅうしょうしろ² | chūshō seyo¹ chūshō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 抽象される | ちゅうしょうされる | chūshō sareru |
| Causative | 抽象させる 抽象さす | ちゅうしょうさせる ちゅうしょうさす | chūshō saseru chūshō sasu |
| Potential | 抽象できる | ちゅうしょうできる | chūshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 抽象しよう | ちゅうしょうしよう | chūshō shiyō |
| Negative | 抽象しない | ちゅうしょうしない | chūshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 抽象せず | ちゅうしょうせず | chūshō sezu |
| Formal | 抽象します | ちゅうしょうします | chūshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 抽象した | ちゅうしょうした | chūshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 抽象して | ちゅうしょうして | chūshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 抽象すれば | ちゅうしょうすれば | chūshō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Descendants

* → Chinese: 抽象 (chōuxiàng)
* → Korean: 추상(抽象) (chusang)
* → Vietnamese: trừu tượng

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881) 哲学字彙 [Dictionary of Philosophy]‎, University of Tokyo, page 1
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 抽 | 象 |

### Noun

抽象 • (chusang) (hangeul 추상)
* hanja form of 추상 (“abstraction”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 抽 | 象 |

### Adjective

抽象
* chữ Hán form of trừu tượng (“abstract”).