# 陵

| 陵 | U+9675, &#38517; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9675 |
| ← 陴 [U+9674] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 陶 → [U+9676] |
| 陵 | U+F959, &#63833; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F959 |
| ← 菱 [U+F958] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 讀 → [U+F95A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

陵 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金水 (NLGCE), four-corner 7424$_7$, composition ⿰阝夌)

#### Derived characters

* 𠻱, 𡻴, 𨫭, 𪅋, 𡺿, 䔖, 𢁋, 䉄, 𡏹

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41704
* Dae Jaweon: page 1857, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 6
* Unihan data for U+9675
* Unihan data for U+F959

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 陵
* Warring States
* Bronze inscriptions
| | Old Chinese |
| 棱 | *rɯːŋ |
| 稜 | *rɯːŋ |
| 輘 | *rɯːŋ |
| 倰 | *rɯːŋ |
| 祾 | *rɯːŋ, *rɯŋ |
| 踜 | *rɯːŋs |
| 凌 | *rɯŋ |
| 菱 | *rɯŋ |
| 陵 | *rɯŋ |
| 綾 | *rɯŋ |
| 鯪 | *rɯŋ |
| 淩 | *rɯŋ |
| 夌 | *rɯŋ |
| 蔆 | *rɯŋ |
| 崚 | *rɯŋ |
| 掕 | *rɯŋ |
| 𩜁 | *rɯŋs |
| 庱 | *r̥ʰɯŋ, *r̥ʰɯŋʔ |
| 睖 | *r̥ʰɯŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rɯŋ): semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”). Originally written 夌.

### Etymology 1
#### "mound; hill; gravemound of an emperor"

    Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-raŋ (“high; long”), whence Burmese မြင့် (mrang., “high; tall”) (STEDT). Also compare 嶺 (OC *reŋʔ, “mountain ridge”).

#### "to mount; to transgress; to encroach upon"

    The same word as 凌 (OC *rɯŋ, “to rise high; to transgress”). May be related to the etymology above (Schuessler, 2007). It is probably cognate with 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, “to cross; to mount; to wade”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): líng (ling$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ling$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): len$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lìn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lin$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): lěng
* Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lêng$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: líng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: líng
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^2$
*** Yale: líng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
*** Palladius: лин (lin)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^4$
*** Yale: lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: len$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /len²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: lin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lěng
*** Sinological IPA : /leiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
*** Tâi-lô: lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
*** Sinological IPA : /leŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$lin
*** MiniDict: lin$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$lin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lin²³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit陵 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ləŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /liŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /liŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /liŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /liŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /liŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /liə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /liŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /lĩn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /liŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /nin³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /nin²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /lĩ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /liəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /liŋ¹³/ /li¹³/ 地名 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /lĩŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /lin¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /lin²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /leŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /liʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /lin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lin¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /nin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lin⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lin¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lin¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /leŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /leŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /liŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /liŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /leiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /leŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /leŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ling
Rime :
| Character | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力膺切 |
| Baxter | ling |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /liŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ling$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ling › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]əŋ/ |
| English | mound, hill |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8246 |
| Phonetic component | 夌 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 陵 |
| Old Chinese | /*rɯŋ/ |

#### Definitions

陵
* mound; hill
* royal or imperial tomb (generally restricted to the tombs of emperors, empresses and empress dowagers, but also used as an honorific for the tomb of Sun Yat-sen, the first president of China)
* to go up; to mount; to ascend
    alt. forms: 凌, 淩 / 凌 (líng)
* to surpass; to override
    alt. forms: 凌, 淩 / 凌 (líng)
* to bully and humiliate; to encroach on; to invade
    alt. forms: 凌, 淩 / 凌 (líng)
* to decline; to wane
* to sharpen; to temper
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 下馬陵 / 下马陵
* 丘陵 (qiūlíng)
* 中山陵 (Zhōngshānlíng)
* 乾陵 / 干陵
* 二陵
* 五陵 (wǔlíng)
* 五陵年少 (wǔlíngniánshào)
* 五陵豪氣 / 五陵豪气
* 以強陵弱 / 以强陵弱
* 伯陵
* 侵陵 (qīnlíng)
* 信陵 (Xìnlíng)
* 信陵君
* 十三陵 (Shísānlíng)
* 哭昭陵
* 嘉陵江 (Jiālíng Jiāng)
* 園陵 / 园陵
* 墳陵 / 坟陵
* 壽陵匍匐 / 寿陵匍匐
* 夷陵 (Yílíng)
* 子陵 (Zǐlíng)
* 孝陵
* 季陵溝 / 季陵沟 (Jìlínggōu)
* 守陵
* 安陵 (Ānlíng)
* 山陵 (shānlíng)
* 山陵崩
* 岡陵 / 冈陵 (gānglíng)
* 島狀丘陵 / 岛状丘陵
* 巴陵
* 巴陵山
* 巴陵戲 / 巴陵戏
* 巴陵郡
* 廣陵客 / 广陵客
* 廣陵散 / 广陵散
* 延陵
* 延陵掛劍 / 延陵挂剑
* 張道陵 / 张道陵
* 徐陵
* 憑陵 / 凭陵
* 懷山襄陵 / 怀山襄陵
* 昭陵
* 春陵 (Chūnlíng)
* 昭陵六駿 / 昭陵六骏
* 暴內陵外 / 暴内陵外
* 杜陵 (Dùlíng)
* 李陵
* 李陵碑
* 李陵變文 / 李陵变文
* 東陵瓜 / 东陵瓜
* 格陵蘭 / 格陵兰 (Gélínglán)
* 樂陵 / 乐陵 (Làolíng)
* 欺陵 (qīlíng)
* 歎皇陵 / 叹皇陵
* 武陵 (Wǔlíng)
* 武陵源
* 毗陵
* 江陵 (Jiānglíng)
* 江陵縣 / 江陵县
* 涪陵 (Fúlíng)
* 灞陵呵夜
* 灞陵園 / 灞陵园
* 灞陵夜獵 / 灞陵夜猎
* 灞陵尉
* 灞陵縣 / 灞陵县
* 灞陵醉尉
* 王陵
* 皇陵 (huánglíng)
* 皖南丘陵
* 秦始皇陵
* 秣陵 (Mòlíng)
* 膠東丘陵 / 胶东丘陵
* 舂陵
* 舜陵 (Shùnlíng)
* 茂陵
* 蘭陵 / 兰陵 (Lánlíng)
* 蘭陵溪 / 兰陵溪 (Lánlíngxī)
* 蘭陵酒 / 兰陵酒
* 蝦蟆陵 / 虾蟆陵
* 襄陵
* 西陵 (Xīlíng)
* 西陵峽 / 西陵峡 (Xīlíngxiá)
* 西陵歌舞
* 迦陵頻伽 / 迦陵频伽 (jiālíngpínjiā)
* 違強陵弱 / 违强陵弱
* 鄢陵 (Yānlíng)
* 鄢陵縣 / 鄢陵县
* 金陵 (Jīnlíng)
* 金陵八家
* 銅陵 / 铜陵 (Tónglíng)
* 長陵 / 长陵
* 陵上虐下
* 陵丘
* 陵園 / 陵园 (língyuán)
* 陵土未乾 / 陵土未干
* 陵墓 (língmù)
* 陵壓 / 陵压
* 陵夷 (língyí)
* 陵寢 / 陵寝 (língqǐn)
* 陵廟 / 陵庙
* 陵忽
* 陵折
* 陵暴 (língbào)
* 陵替 (língtì)
* 陵犯
* 陵苕
* 陵虐 (língnüè)
* 陵谷 (línggǔ)
* 陵轢 / 陵轹
* 陵遲 / 陵迟
* 陰陵失道 / 阴陵失道
* 陵雨
* 陵霄
* 陵魚 / 陵鱼
* 陽陵虎符 / 阳陵虎符
* 霸陵呵夜
* 霸陵尉
* 霸陵折柳
* 霸陵縣 / 霸陵县
* 霸陵醉尉
* 竟陵八友
* 竟陵體 / 竟陵体
* 高陵 (Gāolíng)
* 鬱陵 / 郁陵 (Yùlíng)
* 黃陵 / 黄陵
* 黃陵廟 / 黄陵庙 (Huánglíngmiào)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): niā
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niā
*** Tâi-lô: niā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nia
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /niã³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /niã²²/

#### Definitions

陵
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) elevated area of a terrain or water surface
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) back (of a vertebrate)

#### Compounds

* 山陵 (Hokkien)
* 湧陵 / 涌陵
* 牛陵
* 魚陵 / 鱼陵

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04422

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* mausoleum
* imperial tomb
* hill; height
    Synonyms: 丘, 岡
* to stave off
    Synonym: 凌

#### Readings

* Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)
* Kun: おか (oka, 陵)、しのぐ (shinogu, 陵ぐ)、みささぎ (misasagi, 陵, Jōyō)
* Nanori: おか (oka)、たか (taka)

#### Compounds

* 陵(りょう)威(い) (ryōi) (凌(りょう)威(い))
* 陵(りょう)夷(い) (ryōi)
* 陵(りょう)域(いき) (ryōiki)
* 陵(りょう)雨(う) (ryōu)
* 陵(りょう)雲(うん) (ryōun) (凌(りょう)雲(うん))
* 陵(りょう)園(えん) (ryōen)
* 陵(りょう)王(おう) (ryōō)
* 陵(りょう)駕(が) (ryōga) (凌(りょう)駕(が))
* 陵(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku) (凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく))
* 陵(りょう)丘(きゅう) (ryōkyū)
* 陵(りょう)戸(こ) (ryōko)
* 陵(りょう)傲(ごう) (ryōgō) (凌(りょう)傲(ごう))
* 陵(りょう)肆(し) (ryōshi) (凌(りょう)肆(し))
* 陵(りょう)辱(じょく) (ryōjoku) (凌(りょう)辱(じょく))
* 陵(りょう)寝(しん) (ryōshin)
* 陵(りょう)斥(せき) (ryōseki)
* 陵(りょう)替(たい) (ryōtai)
* 陵(りょう)遅(ち) (ryōchi) (凌(りょう)遅(ち))
* 陵(りょう)替(てい) (ryōtei)
* 陵(りょう)土(ど) (ryōdo)
* 陵(りょう)罵(ば) (ryōba) (凌(りょう)罵(ば))
* 陵(りょう)犯(はん) (ryōhan)
* 陵(りょう)陂(ひ) (ryōhi)
* 陵(りょう)廟(びょう) (ryōbyō)
* 陵(りょう)侮(ぶ) (ryōbu) (凌(りょう)侮(ぶ))
* 陵(りょう)墓(ぼ) (ryōbo)
* 陵(りょう)冒(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)冒(ぼう))
* 陵(りょう)暴(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)暴(ぼう))
* 陵(りょう)邑(ゆう) (ryōyū)
* 陵(りょう)陸(りく) (ryōriku)
* 陵(りょう)轢(れき) (ryōreki) (凌(りょう)轢(れき))
* 園(えん)陵(りょう) (enryō)
* 丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) (kyūryō)
* 岡(こう)陵(りょう) (kōryō)
* 古(こ)陵(りょう) (koryō)
* 山(さん)陵(りょう) (sanryō)
* 襄(じょう)陵(りょう) (jōryō)
* 侵(しん)陵(りょう) (shinryō) (侵(しん)凌(りょう))
* 陪(ばい)陵(りょう) (bairyō)
* 馮(ひょう)陵(りょう) (hyōryō) (憑(ひょう)凌(りょう))
* 阜(ふ)陵(りょう) (furyō)
* 墳(ふん)陵(りょう) (funryō)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 陵
* みささぎ Grade: S
* kun'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みささぎ [mìsáságí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲisa̠sa̠ɡʲi]

#### Noun

陵(みささぎ) • (misasagi)
* imperial tomb
    Synonyms: 陵 (ryō), 陵墓 (ryōbo)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 陵
* りょう Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC ling).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾʲo̞ː]

#### Noun

陵(りょう) • (ryō)
* imperial tomb

##### Synonyms

* 陵(みささぎ) (misasagi)
* 陵墓(りょうぼ) (ryōbo)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC ling). Recorded as Middle Korean 르ᇰ (lung) (Yale: lung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 陵 (eumhun 언덕 릉 (eondeok reung), word-initial (South Korea) 언덕 능 (eondeok neung))
* hanja form of 릉/능 (“small hill; mound”)
* hanja form of 릉/능 (“imperial tomb”)

#### Compounds

* 강릉 (江陵, Gangneung)
* 능멸 (凌蔑/陵蔑, neungmyeol)
* 능욕 (凌辱/陵辱, neung'yok)
* 능원 (陵園, neung'won)
* 왕릉 (王陵, wangneung)
* 울릉도 (鬱陵島, Ulleungdo)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Okinawan
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Kun: うどぅん (udun)

#### Compounds

* 玉(たまう)陵(どぅん) (Tamaudun)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

陵: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.