# iad
## Irish
### Etymology

From Middle Irish íat (“they, them”), from Old Irish é, ía (“they”) (plural of é (“he”)) with the addition of the 3rd person plural verb ending.
Cognate with Welsh hwy ~ hwynt, Breton i ~ int, with the same addition of the verb ending.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iəd̪ˠ/

### Pronoun

iad (emphatic form iadsan, disjunctive)
* they, them

#### See also

| Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) | Disjunctive (emphatic) | Possessive determiner |
| Singular | First | mé (mise) | mé (mise) | mo $^L$ m' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Second | tú (tusa)$^1$ | thú (thusa) | do $^L$ d' before vowel sounds |
| Singular | Third masculine | sé (seisean) | é (eisean) | a $^L$ |
| Singular | Third feminine | sí (sise) | í (ise) | a $^H$ |
| Singular | Third neuter | — | ea | — |
| Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) | ár $^E$ |
| Plural | Second | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | sibh (sibhse)$^1$ | bhur $^E$ |
| Plural | Third | siad (siadsan) | iad (iadsan) | a $^E$ |
$^L$ Triggers lenition $^E$ Triggers eclipsis $^H$ Triggers h-prothesis
$^1$ Also used as the vocative

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “iad”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “íat”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “iad”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “iad”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic адъ (adŭ), from Ancient Greek ᾍδης (Hā́idēs). Compare Bulgarian ад (ad).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjad/
* Rhymes: -ad
* Hyphenation: iad
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

iad n (plural iaduri)
* hell
    Synonyms: infern, gheenă

#### Declension
## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Middle Irish íat. Cognates include Irish iad and Manx ad.

### Pronunciation

* (Lewis) IPA: /at̪/, (accented) /ˈi.at̪/, /ˈe.at̪/, [ˈɪ.at̪]
* (North Uist) IPA: /at̪/, (accented) /aːt̪/
* (Benbecula, South Uist, Barra) IPA: /at̪/, (accented) /ɛːt̪/
* (Wester Ross) IPA: /atʲ/, (accented) /ɛːtʲ/ (as if spelled aid or èid)

### Pronoun

iad (emphatic iadsan)
* third-person plural pronoun; they, them
    Bha iad a' teagasg Seamus. ― They were teaching James.

#### Derived terms

* iad seo
* iad sin

#### See also

$^1$ Used when following a verb ending in -n, -s or -dh. $^2$ sibh and sibhse also act as the polite singular pronouns. To mark a direct object of a verbal noun, the derivatives of gam are used.

### References

* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh
* ↑ Mac Gill-Fhinnein, Gordon (1966) Gàidhlig Uidhist a Deas, Dublin: Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Roy Wentworth (2003) Gaelic Words and Phrases From Wester Ross / Faclan is Abairtean à Ros an Iar, Inverness: CLÀR, →ISBN

### Further reading

* MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “iad”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎, Stirling, →ISBN

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -aːd

### Noun

iad f (plural iadau)
* Crown of the head, pate; top, summit.

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.