# 森

| 森 | U+68EE, &#26862; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68EE |
| ← 棭 [U+68ED] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 棯 → [U+68EF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

森 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木木木 (DDD), four-corner 4099$_4$, composition ⿱木林)

#### Derived characters

* 𠎊, 𢵳, 𣛧, 潹, 𤏗, 𦼚

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 534, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14974
* Dae Jaweon: page 922, character 8
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1226, character 2
* Unihan data for U+68EE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 森 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): Triplication of 木 (“tree”), to suggest a large number (compare 三) of trees such as one would find in a forest. Compare 林 (*ɡ·rɯm).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be an intensive derivation of 林 (*ɡ·rɯm, “forest”), perhaps influenced by parallels in Austroasiatic, such as Old Khmer sarāma, sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), derived from rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”). Alternatively, Mei (2012) suggests that the prefix *s- has a denominative function.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): sēn, shēn (sen$^1$, shen$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄣ, ㄕㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sen$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): sěn
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): sèn
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сын (sɨn, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sam$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): sam$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sem$^1$ / sem$^3$
    (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): sam$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): sen$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sêm
    (Hailu, HRS): sem$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sêm$^1$
    (Changting, Changting Pinyin): seng$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): seng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sáing
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĕng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sieng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sim / serm / sem / som / sam
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siam$^1$ / sim$^1$ / siang$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): sam$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^1$sen / $^1$seen
** (Jinhua): $^1$sen
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): sen$^1$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): senn$^1$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): sen$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sen
*** Wade–Giles: sên$^1$
*** Yale: sēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sen
*** Palladius: сэнь (sɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /sən⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shen
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$
*** Yale: shēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
*** Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: sen$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sen
*** Sinological IPA : /sən⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: sěn
*** Sinological IPA : /sẽ²¹/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: sèn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sə̃³¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сын (sɨn, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /səŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^1$
*** Yale: sām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sem$^1$ / sem$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sem³³/, /sem²²/
** (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
*** Jyutping++: sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʃɐm³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛn⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm
*** Hakka Romanization System: sem$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sem$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sem⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sêm$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɛm⁴⁴/
** (Changting)
*** Changting Pinyin: seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /seŋ³³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /səŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sáing
*** Sinological IPA : /saiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sieng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: siang
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiɛŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim
*** Tâi-lô: sim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sym
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Kinmen): /sim⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Lukang, Klang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm
*** Tâi-lô: serm
*** IPA (Yongchun): /səm⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Lukang, Klang): /səm³³/
** (Hokkien: Hui'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sem
*** Tâi-lô: sem
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sefm
*** IPA (Hui'an): /sem³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Changtai, Taichung, Sanxia, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som
*** Tâi-lô: som
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sofm
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai, Yilan): /sɔm⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /sɔm⁵⁵/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sam
*** Tâi-lô: sam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: safm
*** IPA (Longyan): /sam³³⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siam$^1$ / sim$^1$ / siang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siam / sim / siang
*** Sinological IPA : /siam³³/, /sim³³/, /siaŋ³³/
* siam1 - Shantou, Chaozhou;
* sim1 - Jieyang;
* siang1 - Chenghai.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit森 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /sən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʂən⁴⁴/ /sən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /sən²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʂẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ʂə̃²¹²³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʂən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /sẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /sə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /səŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʂə̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /sɤŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /sən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /sən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /sen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /sə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /sən³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /sən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /səŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /səŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /sə̃ŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /səŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /sən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /sen³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /saŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /sʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /san¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /sən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sɛn⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sem⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /sem²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɐm⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /sɐm⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /sɐm⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sim⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /sɛiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /saiŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /siam³³/ /sim³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /sim²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: srim
Rime :
| Character | 森 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 所今切 |
| Baxter | srim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭĕm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʂi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm/
    (Zhengzhang): /*srɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 森 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sēn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srim › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.rəm/ |
| English | dense trees |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 森 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 11003 |
| Phonetic component | 森 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 森 |
| Old Chinese | /*srɯm/ |

### Definitions

森
* full of trees; densely forested
* in profusion; multitudinous; dense
* dark; gloomy; cold
    陰森／阴森 ― yīnsēn ― gloomy
* orderly
* strict; rigid; rigorous
    森嚴／森严 ― sēnyán ― strict; tight
* An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 森, Mori
* (～町):
** Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)
** Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)
* (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 森美蘭／森美兰 (Sēnměilán, “Negeri Sembilan”).

### Compounds

* 亞松森 / 亚松森 (Yàsōngsēn)
* 冷森森
* 劍戟森森 / 剑戟森森
* 壁壘森嚴 / 壁垒森严 (bìlěisēnyán)
* 寒森森
* 布倫森 / 布伦森
* 林森 (Línsēn)
* 柏格森
* 森冷
* 森嚴 / 森严 (sēnyán)
* 森岑
* 森巴 (sēnbā)
* 森林 (sēnlín)
* 森林學 / 森林学
* 森林法
* 森林浴 (sēnlínyù)
* 森森 (sēnsēn)
* 森然 (sēnrán)
* 森羅殿 / 森罗殿 (Sēnluódiàn)
* 森羅萬象 / 森罗万象 (sēnluó-wànxiàng)
* 森美蘭 / 森美兰 (Sēnměilán)
* 森蚺 (sēnrán)
* 森豎 / 森竖
* 森鬱 / 森郁
* 毛骨森然
* 毛骨森竦
* 毛髮森豎 / 毛发森竖
* 海森堡 (Hǎisēnbǎo)
* 涼森森 / 凉森森
* 班強森 / 班强森
* 白森森 (báisēnsēn)
* 盧森堡 / 卢森堡 (Lúsēnbǎo)
* 萬象森羅 / 万象森罗
* 艾森豪 (Àisēnháo)
* 葉斯沛森 / 叶斯沛森
* 蕭森 / 萧森
* 號令森嚴 / 号令森严
* 詹森
* 警備森嚴 / 警备森严
* 門禁森嚴 / 门禁森严
* 陰森 / 阴森 (yīnsēn)
* 陰森森 / 阴森森
* 麻森 (másēn)
* 黃森森 / 黄森森
* 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín)

### References

* “森”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “森”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 208.

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 杜 (less common; specific to the shrine grove sense)

### Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)
* forest, woods
* objects lined up
* silent

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kun: もり (mori, 森, Jōyō)
* Nanori: しげ (shige)、しげる (shigeru)

#### Compounds

* 森(しん)森(しん), 森(しん)々(しん) (shinshin)
* 森(しん)閑(かん) (shinkan)
* 森(しん)厳(ぜん) (shinzen)
* 森(しん)邃(すい) (shinsui)
* 森(しん)然(ぜん) (shinzen)
* 森(しん)羅(ら) (shinra)
* 森(しん)立(りつ) (shinritsu)
* 森(しん)林(りん) (shinrin)
* 森(しん)列(れつ) (shinretsu)
* 陰(いん)森(しん) (inshin)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 森
* もり Grade: 1
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 杜
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
Probably cognate with 盛り (mori, “heap, pile”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 盛る (moru, “to heap up, to build up into a significant amount”), from the way a forest can look like a heap or mound from a distance.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もり [mòrí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mo̞ɾʲi]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

森(もり) • (mori)
* a forest (dense collection of trees)
    Synonym: 森林 (shinrin)
** 1999 July 22, “トレント [Trent]”, in Vol.4, Konami:
    まだまだ成(せい)長(ちょう)し続(つづ)けている森(もり)の大(たい)木(ぼく)。森(もり)の守(まも)り神(かみ)。
       Madamada seichōshitsuzuketeiru mori no taiboku. Mori no mamori kami.
       A growing forest tree. He is the guardian god of the woods.
* a shrine grove

#### Derived terms

* 森(モリ)青(アオ)蛙(ガエル) (mori aogaeru)
* 森(モリ)薊(アザミ) (mori-azami)
* 森(もり)ガール (mori-gāru)
* 森(もり)陰(かげ) (morikage)
* 森(もり)神(がみ) (morigami)
* 森(もり)川(かわ) (Morikawa)
* 森(もり)下(した) (Morishita)
* 森(もり)島(しま) (Morishima)
* 森(もり)嶋(しま) (Morishima)
* 森(もり)田(た) (Morita)
* 森(もり)派(は) (Mori-ha)
* 森(もり)番(ばん) (moriban)
* 森(もり)本(もと) (Morimoto)
* 森(もり)嫁(よめ) (mori yome, “forest nymph”)
* 青(あお)森(もり) (Aomori, “Aomori Prefecture”, literally "green forest")
* 雨(あめの)森(もり) (Amenomori)
* 生(いく)田(た)の森(もり) (Ikuta no Mori)
* 池(いけ)子(ご)の森(もり) (Ikego no Mori)
* 稲(イナ)森(モリ)草(ソウ) (inamorisō)
* 岩(いわ)瀬(せ)の森(もり) (Iwase no Mori)
* 磐(いわ)手(で)の森(もり) (Iwade no Mori)
* 浮(うき)田(た)の森(もり) (Ukita no Mori)
* 老(おい)蘇(その)森(もり), 老(おい)曽(その)森(もり) (Oiso no Mori)
* 大(おお)森(もり) (Ōmori)
* 笠(かさ)森(もり) (Kasamori)
* 金(かな)森(もり) (Kanamori)
* 気(け)色(しき)の森(もり) (Keshiki no mori)
* 小(こ)森(もり) (Komori)
* 笹(ささ)森(もり) (Sasamori)
* 重(しげ)森(もり) (Shigemori)
* 信(しの)太(だ)の森(もり) (Shinoda no mori)
* 杉(すぎ)森(もり) (Sugimori)
* 鈴(すず)ヶ森(もり) (Suzugamori)
* 高(たか)森(もり) (Takamori)
* 糺(ただす)の森(もり), 糺(ただす)ノ森(もり), 糾(ただす)ノ森(もり) (Tadasu no Mori)
* 鎮(ちん)守(じゅ)の森(もり) (chinju no Mori)
* 成(な)らずの森(もり) (narazu no Mori)
* 羽(は)束(つか)師(し)の森(もり) (Hatsukashi no Mori)
* 花(はな)森(もり) (Hanamori)
* 柞(ははそ)の森(もり) (hahaso no mori)
* 藤(ふじ)森(もり) (Fujimori)
* 丸(まる)森(もり) (Marumori)
* 明(めい)治(じ)の森(もり) (Meiji no Mori)
* 万(ゆる)木(ぎ)の森(もり) (Yurugi no Mori)

#### Proverbs

* 木(き)を見(み)て森(もり)を見(み)ず (ki o mite mori o mizu, “to not see the wood for the trees”)

#### See also

* 林(はやし) (hayashi, “a wood”, generally smaller than a mori)

### Proper noun

森(もり) • (Mori)
* a surname
* 森町:
** Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)
** Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

### References

* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 1850:, text here
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

森 (eumhun 숲 삼 (sup sam))
* forest

## Vietnamese
### Han character

森: Hán Việt readings: sâm, sum
森: Nôm readings: chùm, dâm, dúm, râm, sâm, sum, xum
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation