# 澗

| 澗 | U+6F97, &#28567; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F97 |
| ← 澖 [U+6F96] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 澘 → [U+6F98] |

## Translingual
### Han character

澗 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 水日弓日 (EANA), four-corner 3712$_0$, composition ⿰氵間)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 652, character 32
* Dae Jaweon: page 1060, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 8 (in addendum), page 24, character 14
* Unihan data for U+6F97

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 間 | *kreːn, *kreːns |
| 簡 | *kreːnʔ |
| 澗 | *kreːns, *kraːns |
| 鐧 | *kreːns, *kraːns |
| 蕑 | *kreːn |
| 覵 | *kreːn, *kreːns, *pkrenʔ |
| 襉 | *kreːnʔ, *kreːns |
| 僩 | *kreːnʔ, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 鬜 | *kʰreːn, *kʰraːn, *kʰreːd |
| 癇 | *ɡreːn |
| 瞯 | *ɡreːn |
| 憪 | *ɡreːn, *ɡraːnʔ |
| 橌 | *ɡraːnʔ |
| 撊 | *ɡraːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kreːns, *kraːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 閒 (OC *ɡreːn)

### Etymology

For the Hokkien sense of "alleyway; alley; narrow street", possibly a semantic loan from Dutch gang (“alleyway, alley, narrow street”) or possibly related to 間 / 间 (kàn, “gap; partition”) or from Malay pekan as a clipping.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiàn (jian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan$^2$ / gaan$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân
    (Hailu, HRS): gien$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gáng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gang$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaan$^2$ / gaan$^3$
*** Yale: gáan / gaan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan$^2$ / gaan$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gan$^2$ / gan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːn³⁵/, /kaːn³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
*** Hakka Romanization System: gian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kien⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gáng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gang$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ga̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàn
*** Tâi-lô: kàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kaxn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kan²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: kaenH
Rime :
| Character | 澗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (69) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古晏切 |
| Baxter | kaenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kan$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤra[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːns/, /*kraːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 澗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁra[n]-s/ (rhymes as if *[k]ˁra[n]) |
| English | stream in a ravine |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 澗 | 澗 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6229 | 6231 |
| Phonetic component | 閒 | 閒 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 襇 | 諫 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːns/ | /*kraːns/ |
| Notes | | 集韻改襉韻 |

### Definitions

澗
* brook between mountains; mountain stream
* a numeral that refers to 10$^{36}$ or others
* (Hokkien, historical) alleyway; alley; narrow street

### Compounds

* 山澗 / 山涧 (shānjiàn)
* 林慚澗愧 / 林惭涧愧
* 桑澗 / 桑涧 (Sāngjiàn)
* 泗澗溝 / 泗涧沟 (Sìjiàngōu, “Sijiangou”)
* 清澗 / 清涧
* 深澗 / 深涧
* 溪澗 / 溪涧 (xījiàn)
* 溝澗 / 沟涧
* 澗口 / 涧口 (Jiànkǒu)
* 澗壑 / 涧壑
* 澗池 / 涧池 (Jiànchí)
* 澗溝 / 涧沟
* 西澗 / 西涧
* 餐松飲澗 / 餐松饮涧

### See also

Chinese numerals :
| 10$^4$ | 10$^8$ | 10$^{12}$ | 10$^{16}$ | 10$^{20}$ | 10$^{24}$ | 10$^{28}$ | 10$^{32}$ | 10$^{36}$ | 10$^{40}$ | 10$^{44}$ | 10$^{48}$ |
| 萬／万 (wàn) | 億／亿 (yì) | 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) | 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝／沟 (gōu) | 澗／涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載／载 (zài) | 極／极 (jí) |
| 萬／万 (wàn) | 億／亿 (yì) | 萬億／万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China) | 億億/亿亿 (Mainland China) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝／沟 (gōu) | 澗／涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載／载 (zài) | 極／极 (jí) |

### References

* ↑ Lo Man Yuk (1898 July) “Chinese Names of Streets in Penang”, in Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society‎, numbers 31-34, Singapore: American Mission Press, page 204

### Further reading

* “澗”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: かん (kan)
* Kun: たに (tani, 澗)、たにみず (tanimizu, 澗)
* Nanori: ま (ma)

### Number

澗(かん) • (kan)
* undecillion, a number of 10$^{36}$ in modern Japanese since 17th century.

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 澗 (MC kaenH). Recorded as Middle Korean 간〯 (kǎn) (Yale: kǎn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠(ː)n]
* Phonetic hangul: [간(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 澗 (eumhun 산골 물 간 (san'gol mul gan))
* hanja form of 간 (“mountain stream”)

#### Compounds

* 계간 (溪澗, gyegan)
* 벽간 (碧澗, byeokgan)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

澗: Hán Nôm readings: giản
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nôm Foundation