# 坤

| 坤 | U+5764, &#22372; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5764 |
| ← 坣 [U+5763] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 坥 → [U+5765] |

## Translingual
### Han character

坤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土中田中 (GLWL), four-corner 4510$_6$, composition ⿰土申)

#### Derived characters

* 𫒨, 𡸼, 𬀾

#### Related characters

* 堃 (Variant form of 坤)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4969
* Dae Jaweon: page 461, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 431, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5764

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kūn (kun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kwan$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kun$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khûn
    (Hailu, HRS): kun$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kun$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): kó̤ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kung$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khuen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kun
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^1$
*** Yale: kwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuen
*** Palladius: кунь (kunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwan$^1$
*** Yale: kwān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɐn⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰun³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: kun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰun⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kó̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khun
*** Tâi-lô: khun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qwn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khung
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khuen
*** MiniDict: khuen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khun
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰuən⁵³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit坤 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /kʰuən⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /kʰuən²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /kʰuẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /kʰuə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /kʰuən²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /kʰuẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /kʰũn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /kʰuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /kʰuən⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /kʰuen⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /kʰuə⁴⁴̃/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /kʰun³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /kʰuən²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /kʰuŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /kʰũŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰuəŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰuən⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /kʰun³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰaŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰuɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /kʰuən³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /kʰuən³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kʰun⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰun⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰun²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰwɐn⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰʷɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kʰwɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰun⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰuŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xun²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: khwon
Rime :
| Character | 坤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦昆切 |
| Baxter | khwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwən/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuən/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤu[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰuːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 坤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁu[n]/ |
| English | earth (trigram or hexagram) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 坤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7518 |
| Phonetic component | 坤 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 坤 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰuːn/ |

### Definitions

坤
* earth
* feminine, female
* eighth of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☷
* second hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol ䷁
* (Can we verify this sense?) (Internet slang) the equivalent of the character "雞", and even (derivedly) other characters which have the same or similar pronunciation with "雞"
    Origination: Chinese actor Cai Xukun (Chinese: 蔡徐坤) has a song called Only Because You Are Too Beautiful（《只因你太美》） and the first line of the lyrics is "只因你太美" which is misheard by Chinese netizens to "雞你太美" ("Chicken, you are too beautiful"). The mishearing phrase has left a strong impression on Chinese netizens, which resulted in Cai Xukun 's firm relation to chicken in Chinese netizens' mind.

#### Compounds

* 乾坤 (qiánkūn)
* 乾坤一擲 / 乾坤一掷 (qiánkūnyīzhì)
* 乾坤再造
* 坤伶
* 坤儀 / 坤仪
* 坤元
* 坤厚 (Kūnhòu)
* 坤宅
* 坤宮 / 坤宫
* 坤寧宮 / 坤宁宫
* 坤式
* 坤德
* 坤戲 / 坤戏
* 坤書 / 坤书
* 坤書館 / 坤书馆
* 坤極 / 坤极
* 坤範 / 坤范
* 坤維 / 坤维
* 坤角
* 坤軸 / 坤轴
* 坤輿 / 坤舆
* 坤造
* 坤錶 / 坤表
* 坤靈 / 坤灵
* 坤鞋
* 壺裡乾坤 / 壶里乾坤
* 弄乾坤
* 扭轉乾坤 / 扭转乾坤 (niǔzhuǎnqiánkūn)
* 旋乾轉坤 / 旋乾转坤
* 旋轉乾坤 / 旋转乾坤
* 浪蕩乾坤 / 放荡乾坤
* 顛乾倒坤 / 颠乾倒坤
* 顛倒乾坤 / 颠倒乾坤

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* southwest

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: こん (kon)
* Kun: つち (tsuchi, 坤)、ひつじさる (hitsujisaru, 坤)
* Nanori: まもる (mamoru)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 坤
* こん Hyōgai
* on'yomi

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こん [kóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kõ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

坤(こん) • (kon)
* the eighth of the eight trigrams of the I Ching ☷
    Hypernym: 八卦
    Coordinate terms: 乾, 兌, 離, 震, 巽, 坎, 艮, 坤
* the second of the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching ䷁
    Hypernym: 六十四卦

### Etymology 2

未 (hitsuji) +‎ 申 (saru)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひつじさる [hìtsújísáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])
* IPA: [çi̥t͡sɨʑisa̠ɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

坤(ひつじさる) • (hitsujisaru)
* (obsolete) southwest

## Korean
### Hanja

坤 (eumhun 땅 곤 (ttang gon))
* hanja form of 곤 (“earth”)
* (곤괘 곤, gongwae-) ☷ or the eighth of the Eight Trigrams, (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae)) that exactly match with the three-digit binary numbers, counting from 0 to 7. Four (0, 2, 5, 7) out of eight trigrams are placed in the four corners of the flag of South Korea.
* (황후 곤, hwanghu-) queen

#### Antonyms

* 건 (geon) (乾, geon)
* 천 (cheon) (天, cheon)

#### Synonyms

* 지 (ji) (地, ji)

#### Compounds

* 乾坤 (건곤, geongon) heaven and earth, yin and yang
* 坤卦 (곤괘, gongwae) the 8th of the Eight Trigrams
* 坤殿 (곤전, gonjeon) Her Majesty
* 坤極 (곤극, gongeuk) Her Majesty

## Vietnamese
### Han character

坤: Hán Nôm readings: khôn, khuôn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation