# 證

| 證 | U+8B49, &#35657; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B49 |
| ← 譈 [U+8B48] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 譊 → [U+8B4A] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 證 |
| Shinjitai | 証 |
| Simplified | 证 |

### Han character

證 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+12, 19 strokes, cangjie input 卜口弓人廿 (YRNOT), four-corner 0261$_8$, composition ⿰訁登)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1180, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35946
* Dae Jaweon: page 1643, character 39
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4021, character 11
* Unihan data for U+8B49

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 登 | *tɯːŋ |
| 璒 | *tɯːŋ |
| 燈 | *tɯːŋ |
| 簦 | *tɯːŋ |
| 蹬 | *tɯːŋ, *dɯːŋs |
| 磴 | *tɯːŋ, *tɯːŋs, *tʰɯːŋ |
| 鐙 | *tɯːŋ, *tɯːŋs |
| 嶝 | *tɯːŋs |
| 隥 | *tɯːŋs |
| 橙 | *tɯːŋs, *rdɯːŋ |
| 凳 | *tɯːŋs |
| 墱 | *tɯːŋs |
| 鼟 | *tʰɯːŋ |
| 膯 | *tʰɯːŋ |
| 澄 | *dɯːŋs, *dɯŋ, *rdɯŋ |
| 鄧 | *dɯːŋs |
| 僜 | *dɯːŋs, *tʰɯŋ |
| 覴 | *tʰɯŋs |
| 瞪 | *dɯŋ, *dɯŋs, *rdɯːŋ |
| 憕 | *dɯŋ, *rdɯŋ, *rdɯːŋ |
| 撜 | *tjɯŋʔ |
| 證 | *tjɯŋs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjɯŋs): semantic 言 + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ).

### Etymology

Cognate with 徵 (OC *tɯŋ, “to summon; to testify”).
Related to Khmer ទៀង (tiəng, “true; exact”), Khmer ផ្ទៀង (phtiəng, “to correct; to verify”), but they may be Chinese loans. Perhaps related to 貞 (OC *teŋ, “to test; to verify”) and 真 (OC *ʔljin, “true”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhèng (zheng$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zen$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chṳn
    (Hailu, HRS): zhin$^ˇ$
* Jin (Wiktionary): zeng$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): céng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing$^4$ / zia$^4$ / ziaⁿ$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chèng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhèng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhèng
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^4$
*** Yale: jèng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenq
*** Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: zen$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zen
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sən²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^3$
*** Yale: jing
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ziin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨn⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhin$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃin¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zeng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səŋ⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: céng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛiŋ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zing$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ci̍ng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ⁴²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: zia$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sia⁴²/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ziaⁿ$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sĩã⁴²/
* zing4 - literary;
* zia4/ziaⁿ4 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: tsyingH
Rime :
| Character | 證 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 諸應切 |
| Baxter | tsyingH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕieŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭəŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tәŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjɯŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 證 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhèng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsying$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tәŋ-s/ |
| English | testify, prove |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 證 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2197 |
| Phonetic component | 登 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 證 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjɯŋs/ |

### Definitions

證
* to prove; to testify; to verify
    論證／论证 ― lùnzhèng ― to expound and prove
    證實／证实 ― zhèngshí ― to confirm
    證人／证人 ― zhèngrén ― (law) witness
    證訖／证讫 ― zhèngqì ― QED
    試證此命題。／试证此命题。 ― Shì zhèng cǐ mìngtí. ― Try to prove this proposition.
* proof; evidence
    物證／物证 ― wùzhèng ― (law) material evidence
    鐵證／铁证 ― tiězhèng ― solid evidence
    以此為證／以此为证 ― yǐ cǐ wèi zhèng ― in witness whereof
    From: Mozi, c. 4th century BCE
    Tiān yǐwèi bù cóng qí suǒ ài ér è zhī, bù cóng qí suǒ lì ér zéi zhī, yúshì jiā qí fá yān, shǐ zhī fùzǐ lísàn, guójiā mièwáng, 抎shī shèjì, yōu yǐ jí qí shēn. Shì yǐ tiānxià zhī shùmín shǔ ér huǐ zhī, yè wànshì zǐsūn jìsì, huǐ zhī bēn bù zhī fèi yě, míng zhī yuē shīwáng. Yǐ cǐ zhī qí fá bào zhī zhèng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
** identification; identity document; credential; papers; ID card
    領證／领证 ― lǐngzhèng ― to receive one's certificate (especially a marriage certificate)
    學生證／学生证 ― xuéshēngzhèng ― student's identity card
    駕駛證／驾驶证 ― jiàshǐzhèng ― driving licence
    無證駕駛／无证驾驶 ― wúzhèng jiàshǐ ― to drive without a license
    憑證進入／凭证进入 ― píng zhèng jìnrù ― enter with permission
** (transgender slang) diagnosis of transsexualism, gender identity disorder, or gender dysphoria
    刷證／刷证 ― shuāzhèng ― to get such a diagnosis
    From: 2020 October 12, 凌子卿 (username), 凌子卿 的想法: 我跑了北京、上海和本地的几家医院，路费… - 知乎
    Rán'ér yǒu zhèng bù dàibiǎo yǒu yào, yī wén qù nǎ zhěng, yàome Běijīng Shànghǎi jiàn, yàome jiù zhǎo huīsè. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* Original form of 症 (zhèng).
* a surname, Zheng

#### Synonyms

* (to prove):
* 佐證 / 佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 印證 / 印证 (yìnzhèng)
* 對證 / 对证 (duìzhèng)
* 證實 / 证实 (zhèngshí)
* 證明 / 证明 (zhèngmíng)
* (proof):
* 佐證 / 佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 例證 / 例证 (lìzhèng)
* 信 (literary, or in compounds)
* 信據 / 信据 (xìnjù) (literary, reliable evidence)
* 力證 / 力证 (lìzhèng) (strong evidence)
* 印證 / 印证 (yìnzhèng)
* 實證 / 实证 (shízhèng) (concrete evidence)
* 干證 (Hokkien)
* 憑 / 凭 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 憑信 / 凭信 (píngxìn)
* 憑據 / 凭据 (píngjù)
* 憑條 / 凭条 (Min Nan)
* 憑證 / 凭证 (píngzhèng)
* 據 / 据 (literary, or in compounds)
* 論證 / 论证 (lùnzhèng)
* 證供 / 证供 (zhènggōng) (Hong Kong)
* 證據 / 证据 (zhèngjù)
* 證明 / 证明 (zhèngmíng)
* 證見 / 证见 (Hokkien, literary)
* 鐵證 / 铁证 (tiězhèng) (very strong evidence)

### Compounds

* 三媒六證 / 三媒六证
* 三師七證 / 三师七证
* 中證 / 中证
* 人證 / 人证 (rénzhèng)
* 作證 / 作证 (zuòzhèng)
* 佐證 / 佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 作證費 / 作证费
* 例證 / 例证 (lìzhèng)
* 保證 / 保证 (bǎozhèng)
* 保證人 / 保证人 (bǎozhèngrén)
* 保證價格 / 保证价格
* 保證書 / 保证书 (bǎozhèngshū)
* 保證金 / 保证金 (bǎozhèngjīn)
* 借書證 / 借书证
* 偽證 / 伪证 (wěizhèng)
* 債權憑證 / 债权凭证
* 入境簽證 / 入境签证
* 入境證 / 入境证
* 入山證 / 入山证
* 兩難論證 / 两难论证
* 公正證書 / 公正证书
* 公證 / 公证 (gōngzhèng)
* 公證人 / 公证人 (gōngzhèngrén)
* 公證公司 / 公证公司
* 公證結婚 / 公证结婚
* 公證遺囑 / 公证遗嘱
* 共同保證 / 共同保证
* 准考證 (zhǔnkǎozhèng)
* 出生證明 / 出生证明 (chūshēng zhèngmíng)
* 分證 / 分证
* 到達簽證 / 到达签证
* 加簽證 / 加签证
* 印證 / 印证 (yìnzhèng)
* 反證 / 反证 (fǎnzhèng)
* 反證法 / 反证法 (fǎnzhèngfǎ)
* 受益憑證 / 受益凭证
* 執證 / 执证
* 壞證 / 坏证
* 存證信函 / 存证信函
* 孤證 / 孤证 (gūzhèng)
* 學生證 / 学生证 (xuéshēngzhèng)
* 寒證 / 寒证
* 實證 / 实证 (shízhèng)
* 實證主義 / 实证主义 (shízhèngzhǔyì)
* 專賣憑證 / 专卖凭证
* 對證 / 对证 (duìzhèng)
* 居留證 / 居留证 (jūliúzhèng)
* 工作證 / 工作证 (gōngzuòzhèng)
* 左證 / 左证 (zuǒzhèng)
* 干證
* 干證人
* 廣雅疏證 / 广雅疏证
* 引證 / 引证 (yǐnzhèng)
* 循環論證 / 循环论证 (xúnhuán lùnzhèng)
* 心證 / 心证
* 情況證據 / 情况证据
* 憑證 / 凭证 (píngzhèng)
* 扶同硬證 / 扶同硬证
* 折證 / 折证
* 指證 / 指证 (zhǐzhèng)
* 採證 / 采证
* 援古證今 / 援古证今
* 教師證書 / 教师证书
* 文書認證 / 文书认证
* 旁證 / 旁证 (pángzhèng)
* 明證 / 明证 (míngzhèng)
* 有價證券 / 有价证券 (yǒujià zhèngquàn)
* 有證為憑 / 有证为凭
* 服務證 / 服务证
* 查證 / 查证 (cházhèng)
* 歸真證果 / 归真证果
* 死亡證明 / 死亡证明
* 死無對證 / 死无对证 (sǐwúduìzhèng)
* 求證 / 求证 (qiúzhèng)
* 淋證 / 淋证
* 照證 / 照证
* 牛熊證 / 牛熊证 (niúxióngzhèng)
* 物證 / 物证 (wùzhèng)
* 球證 / 球证 (qiúzhèng)
* 畢業證書 / 毕业证书 (bìyè zhèngshū)
* 疏證 / 疏证
* 登機證 / 登机证 (dēngjīzhèng)
* 目擊證人 / 目击证人 (mùjī zhèngrén)
* 直接證據 / 直接证据
* 直語補證 / 直语补证
* 確證 / 确证 (quèzhèng)
* 祕密證人 / 秘密证人
* 票證 / 票证 (piàozhèng)
* 福證 / 福证
* 簽證 / 签证 (qiānzhèng)
* 結婚證書 / 结婚证书 (jiéhūn zhèngshū)
* 罪證 / 罪证 (zuìzhèng)
* 考證 / 考证 (kǎozhèng)
* 聽證 / 听证 (tīngzhèng)
* 聽證制度 / 听证制度
* 聽證會 / 听证会 (tīngzhènghuì)
* 自由心證 / 自由心证 (zìyóu xīnzhèng)
* 臺胞證 / 台胞证 (táibāozhèng)
* 舉證 / 举证 (jǔzhèng)
* 良民證 / 良民证 (liángmínzhèng)
* 落地簽證 / 落地签证 (luòdì qiānzhèng)
* 蒐證 / 蒐证 (sōuzhèng)
* 表證 / 表证 (biaǒzhèng)
* 補給證 / 补给证
* 要證 / 要证
* 見證 / 见证 (jiànzhèng)
* 見證人 / 见证人 (jiànzhèngrén)
* 觀光簽證 / 观光签证
* 許可證 / 许可证 (xǔkězhèng)
* 詮證 / 诠证
* 認股證 / 认股证 (rèngǔzhèng)
* 認證 / 认证 (rènzhèng)
* 論證 / 论证 (lùnzhèng)
* 證交稅 / 证交税
* 證人 / 证人 (zhèngrén)
* 證件 / 证件 (zhèngjiàn)
* 證信 / 证信
* 證候 / 证候 (zhènghòu)
* 識別證 / 识别证
* 證券 / 证券 (zhèngquàn)
* 證券市場 / 证券市场
* 證婚 / 证婚 (zhènghūn)
* 證婚人 / 证婚人
* 證實 / 证实 (zhèngshí)
* 證左 / 证左
* 證引 / 证引
* 證所稅 / 证所税
* 證據 / 证据 (zhèngjù)
* 證明 / 证明 (zhèngmíng)
* 證明文件 / 证明文件
* 證明書 / 证明书 (zhèngmíngshū)
* 證書 / 证书 (zhèngshū)
* 證果 / 证果
* 證照 / 证照 (zhèngzhào)
* 證物 / 证物 (zhèngwù)
* 證管會 / 证管会
* 證見 / 证见 (zhèngjiàn)
* 證言 / 证言 (zhèngyán)
* 證詞 / 证词 (zhèngcí)
* 證道 / 证道
* 證章 / 证章 (zhèngzhāng)
* 證驗 / 证验 (zhèngyàn)
* 質證 / 质证 (zhìzhèng)
* 贓證 / 赃证
* 身分認證 / 身分认证
* 身分證 / 身分证 (shēnfènzhèng)
* 較證 / 较证
* 辨證 / 辨证 (biànzhèng)
* 辯證 / 辩证 (biànzhèng)
* 辯證法 / 辩证法 (biànzhèngfǎ)
* 辯證邏輯 / 辩证逻辑 (biànzhèng luójí)
* 逆證 / 逆证
* 連帶保證 / 连带保证
* 通行證 / 通行证 (tōngxíngzhèng)
* 鐵證 / 铁证 (tiězhèng)
* 鐵證如山 / 铁证如山 (tiězhèngrúshān)
* 間接證據 / 间接证据
* 雙程證 / 双程证 (shuāngchéngzhèng)
* 順證 / 顺证
* 驗證 / 验证 (yànzhèng)
* 黨證 / 党证 (dǎngzhèng)

### References

* “證”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 証 |
| Kyūjitai | 證 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 証)
* Kyūjitai form of 証

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): しょう (shō)
* Kun: あかし (akashi, 證し)

## Korean
### Hanja

證 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
* certificate, card

#### Derived terms

* 신분증 (sinbunjeung, “identification card”)
* 학생증 (haksaengjeung, “student ID”)
* 면허증 (myeonheojeung, “driver's license”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

證: Hán Việt readings: chứng
證: Hán Nôm readings: chững, chống, chừng

### Noun

證
* chữ Hán form of chứng (“proof”).

### Verb

證
* chữ Hán form of chứng (“to prove; to testify, to verify”).

#### References

* ↑ Génibrel (1898).
* ↑ Bonet (1899).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).