# sine
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), a misidentification of the notation جيب (j-y-b), written without vowel diacritics, standing for Arabic جِيبَ (jība, “sine”), in turn from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through the similar Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinus.

### Pronunciation

* enPR: sīn, IPA: /saɪn/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Audio (US):(file)
* Homophones: sign, syne
* Rhymes: -aɪn

### Noun

sine (plural sines)
* (trigonometry, mathematics) In a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.

#### Usage notes

In various branches of mathematics, the sine of an angle is determined in various ways, including the following:
* The y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle at the given anticlockwise angle from the positive x-axis.
* The sum of the real or complex power series $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{{(-1)^{n-1}} \over {(2n-1)!}}x^{2n-1}=x-{1 \over 6}x^{3}+{1 \over 120}x^{5}-{1 \over 5040}x^{7}+...$ where x is in radians.

#### Synonyms

* Symbol: sin

#### Coordinate terms

* cosine
* cosecant
* cotangent
* secant
* tangent
* trigonometry

#### Derived terms

* arcsine
* cosine
* coversed sine
* Fourier sine series
* hacoversed sine
* haversed sine
* hyperbolic sine
* inverse sine
* sine formula
* sine-Gordon equation
* sine law
* sine ratio
* sine rule
* sine wave
* sinical
* sinusoid
* sinusoidal
* versed sine

#### Related terms

* insinuate
* sinuous
* sinus
* sinusitis

#### See also

* adjournment sine die
* Latino sine Flexione
* nulla poena sine lege
* nulla pœna sine lege
* sine qua non
* sine quâ non
* zoster sine herpete

### Anagrams

* EINs, NIEs, Nies, sein, sien, snie

## Ainu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɕìꜛné/

### Numeral

sine (Kana spelling シネ)
* one

## Bikol Central
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from a clipping of Spanish cinema, a reduction of Spanish cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: si‧ne
* IPA: /ˈsine/ [ˈsi.n̪e]

### Noun

síne
* cinema
* movie, show
    Synonyms: pelikula, pasali

#### Derived terms

* magsine
* pasine
* sinehan
* sinehon

## Cebuano
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from Clipping of Spanish cinema, a reduction of Spanish cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: si‧ne

### Noun

sine
* film; movie
* (dated) cinema; movie theater

#### Quotations

* For quotations using this term, see Citations:sine.

#### Derived terms

* sinehan

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siːnə/, [ˈsiːnə], [ˌsiːnə]

### Pronoun

sine
* plural of sin

#### See also

| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | common | neuter | plural |
| Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
| Singular | Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine |
| Singular | Second | formal (uncommon) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Singular | Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | hans | hans |
| Singular | Third | feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | hendes | hendes |
| Singular | Third | common (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | neuter (noun) | det | det | dets | dets | dets |
| Singular | Third | indefinite | man | en | ens | ens | ens |
| Singular | Third | reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine |
| Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | vores | vores |
| Plural | First | archaic / formal | vi | os | vor | vort | vore |
| Plural | Second | – | I | jer | jeres | jeres | jeres |
| Plural | Third | – | de | dem | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Third | reflexive | – | sig | deres | deres | deres |

## Finnish
### Etymology

sini +‎ -e

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsineˣ/, [ˈs̠ine̞(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ine
* Hyphenation: si‧ne

### Noun

sine
* bluing (blue pigment used for coloring clothes when washing)
* blueprint (paper-based reproduction usually of a technical drawing)

#### Declension

Possessive forms of sine (Kotus type 48/hame, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sineeni
sineeni
accusative
nom.
sineeni
sineeni
gen.
sineeni
genitive
sineeni
sineideni sineitteni
partitive
sinettäni
sineitäni
inessive
sineessäni
sineissäni
elative
sineestäni
sineistäni
illative
sineeseeni
sineisiini sineihini
adessive
sineelläni
sineilläni
ablative
sineeltäni
sineiltäni
allative
sineelleni
sineilleni
essive
sineenäni
sineinäni
translative
sineekseni
sineikseni
abessive
sineettäni
sineittäni
instructive
comitative
—sineineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sineesi
sineesi
accusative
nom.
sineesi
sineesi
gen.
sineesi
genitive
sineesi
sineidesi sineittesi
partitive
sinettäsi
sineitäsi
inessive
sineessäsi
sineissäsi
elative
sineestäsi
sineistäsi
illative
sineeseesi
sineisiisi sineihisi
adessive
sineelläsi
sineilläsi
ablative
sineeltäsi
sineiltäsi
allative
sineellesi
sineillesi
essive
sineenäsi
sineinäsi
translative
sineeksesi
sineiksesi
abessive
sineettäsi
sineittäsi
instructive
comitative
—sineinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sineemme
sineemme
accusative
nom.
sineemme
sineemme
gen.
sineemme
genitive
sineemme
sineidemme sineittemme
partitive
sinettämme
sineitämme
inessive
sineessämme
sineissämme
elative
sineestämme
sineistämme
illative
sineeseemme
sineisiimme sineihimme
adessive
sineellämme
sineillämme
ablative
sineeltämme
sineiltämme
allative
sineellemme
sineillemme
essive
sineenämme
sineinämme
translative
sineeksemme
sineiksemme
abessive
sineettämme
sineittämme
instructive
comitative
—sineinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sineenne
sineenne
accusative
nom.
sineenne
sineenne
gen.
sineenne
genitive
sineenne
sineidenne sineittenne
partitive
sinettänne
sineitänne
inessive
sineessänne
sineissänne
elative
sineestänne
sineistänne
illative
sineeseenne
sineisiinne sineihinne
adessive
sineellänne
sineillänne
ablative
sineeltänne
sineiltänne
allative
sineellenne
sineillenne
essive
sineenänne
sineinänne
translative
sineeksenne
sineiksenne
abessive
sineettänne
sineittänne
instructive
comitative
—sineinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sineensä
sineensä
accusative
nom.
sineensä
sineensä
gen.
sineensä
genitive
sineensä
sineidensä sineittensä
partitive
sinettään sinettänsä
sineitään sineitänsä
inessive
sineessään sineessänsä
sineissään sineissänsä
elative
sineestään sineestänsä
sineistään sineistänsä
illative
sineeseensä
sineisiinsä sineihinsä
adessive
sineellään sineellänsä
sineillään sineillänsä
ablative
sineeltään sineeltänsä
sineiltään sineiltänsä
allative
sineelleen sineellensä
sineilleen sineillensä
essive
sineenään sineenänsä
sineinään sineinänsä
translative
sineekseen sineeksensä
sineikseen sineiksensä
abessive
sineettään sineettänsä
sineittään sineittänsä
instructive
comitative
—sineineen sineinensä :

### Anagrams

* -isen, ensi, ensi-, ines, sein

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ˈʃɪnʲə/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈʃɪn̠ʲə/
* Homophone: sinne (Ulster)

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish sine, siniu, comparative form of sen (“old”).

#### Adjective

sine
* comparative degree of sean: older

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish sine (“teat, dug, pap”), from Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn. Cognate with Old Norse speni (“teat”), English spean (“teat (of a cow)”).

#### Noun

sine f (genitive singular sine, nominative plural siní)
* nipple

##### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
sine
siní
vocative
a shine
a shiní
genitive
sine
siní
dative
sine
siní
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an tsine
na siní
genitive
na sine
na siní
dative
leis an tsine don tsine
leis na siní :

##### Derived terms

* sine siain (“uvula”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 57
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 90
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sine”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Latin
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsi.ne/, [ˈs̠ɪnɛ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈsi.ne/, [ˈsiːne]

### Etymology 1

The function of this preposition was previously done with the use of sē, sēd (see sē-, sed), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), thus meaning "by itself", "without". Some still refer the si- in sine to this root, others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”), whence si (“if”). And as sometimes nesi was also written, with -ne being nē (“not”), sine might literally mean "not this". Compare with nisi.
Yet others refer sine to Proto-Indo-European *sen(H)i (“for oneself, without”), itself possibly related to *swé or more likely a locative of *senH-. Thus cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́νευ (ắneu), ἄτερ (áter, “without”), Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off”), Old English sundor; compare especially Tocharian B snai and Old Irish sain (“separated, different”) (Proto-Celtic *sanis), which may reflect the original PIE adverb.
The ablative is from a PIE ablative of separation or a comitative-instrumental analogous to cum. Compare Sanskrit विना (vinā).

#### Preposition

sine (+ ablative)
* without
    Sum sine rēgnō.I am without a kingdom.
    Mundus sine cæsaribus.A world without Caesars.

##### Derived terms

* decessit sine prole
* injuria sine damno
* sine anno
* sine causā
* sine diē
* sine nōmine
* sine prōle
* sum sine regno

##### Descendants

* Franco-Provençal: sen
* Friulian: cence
* Italian: senza
* Old Catalan:
** Catalan: sense, sens
* Old French: senz, sens, sans, san, saunce
** → Middle English: saunz, sauns, sanz, sans, saunce, san, saun, sawnz, sauncz, sance
*** English: sans
*** Scots: sans (obsolete)
** Middle French: sans
*** French: sans
*** Norman: sans (Jersey)
* Old Galician-Portuguese: sen
** Fala: sin
** Galician: sen
** Portuguese: sem
* Old Spanish: sin
** Ladino: sin
** Spanish: sin
* Sardinian: sine

#### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sine”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 565
* ↑ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “snai”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 779–781
* “sine”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 907

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

sine
* second-person singular present active imperative of sinō

## Middle Dutch
### Determiner

sine
* inflection of sijn:
** feminine nominative/accusative singular
** nominative/accusative plural

## Middle English
### Noun

sine
* Alternative form of synne

## Neapolitan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsinɛ/, /ˈsinɐ/

### Particle

sine
* yes

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse sínir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siːne/

### Determiner

sine pl
* plural of sin

### See also

| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | feminine | masculine | neuter | plural |
| Singular | First | – | jeg | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
| Singular | Second | general | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine |
| Singular | Second | formal (rare) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Singular | Third | feminine (person) | hun | henne | hennes | hennes | hennes | hennes |
| Singular | Third | masculine (person) | han | ham / han | hans | hans | hans | hans |
| Singular | Third | feminine (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | masculine (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | neuter (noun) | det | det | dets | dets | dets | dets |
| Singular | Third | reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |
| Plural | First | – | vi | oss | vår | vår | vårt | våre |
| Plural | Second | general | dere | dere | deres | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Second | formal (very rare) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Plural | Third | general | de | dem | deres | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Third | reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |

### References

* “sin” in The Bokmål Dictionary / The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* isen, isne, neis, nise, sein, si-en, -isen, snei

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse sínir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /²siːnə/

### Determiner

sine pl
* plural of sin

### References

* “sin” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsiː.ne/

### Pronoun

sīne
* inflection of sīn:
** accusative feminine singular
** instrumental masculine/neuter singular
** nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural

## Old French
### Noun

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)
* Alternative form of cisne

### Noun

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)
* Alternative form of signe

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsʲinʲe]

### Noun

sine m
* nipple, teat

#### Inflection

Usual declension:
* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization
A variant dental-stem declension can also be found.
* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Descendants

* Irish: sine
* Manx: sheeiney
* Scottish Gaelic: sine
* ⇒ Middle Irish: triphne (“having three teats”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀲𑀺𑀦𑁂 (Brahmi script)
* सिने (Devanagari script)
* সিনে (Bengali script)
* සිනෙ (Sinhalese script)
* သိနေ or သိၼေ (Burmese script)
* สิเน (Thai script)
* ᩈᩥᨶᩮ (Tai Tham script)
* ສິເນ (Lao script)
* សិនេ (Khmer script)
* 𑄥𑄨𑄚𑄬 (Chakma script)

### Verb

sine
* optative active third-person singular of sinoti (“to bind”)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɕi.nɛ/
* Rhymes: -inɛ
* Syllabification: si‧ne

### Adjective

sine
* inflection of siny:
** neuter nominative/accusative/vocative singular
** nonvirile nominative/accusative/vocative plural

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin sē, as with mine, tine.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsi.ne/
* Rhymes: -ine

### Pronoun

sine (stressed reflexive-accusative form of el, ea, ei, and ele)
* (direct object, preceded by preposition, such as "pe", "cu", "la", or "pentru") himself, herself, itself, themselves
    Synonym: (unstressed form) se

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʃinə/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish sine (“teat, dug, pap”), from Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn. Cognate with Old Norse speni (“teat”), English spean (“teat (of a cow)”).

#### Noun

sine f (genitive singular sine, plural sinean)
* (anatomy) nipple, teat

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from English gin.

#### Noun

sine f
* gin (drink)

### Etymology 3

From Old Irish sine (“old age, seniority, antiquity”), from sen (“old”).

#### Noun

sine f
* oldness
* old age

### Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Adjective

sine
* comparative degree of sean (“old”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “sine”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “3 sine”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

sine (Cyrillic spelling сине)
* inflection of sina:
** genitive singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative plural

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* cine

### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish cine, from a clipping of cinema, a reduction of cinematógrafo, from French cinématographe.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈsine/ [ˈsiː.n̪ɛ]
* Rhymes: -ine
* Syllabification: si‧ne

### Noun

sine (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜈᜒ)
* film; movie
    Synonyms: pelikula, puting-tabing
* (dated) cinema; movie theater
    Synonym: sinehan

#### Derived terms

* sinehan

#### Related terms

* sinematika
* sinematograpiya
* sinematograpo

### Further reading

* “sine”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018