# sap
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sæp/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -æp

### Etymology 1

From Middle English sap, from Old English sæp (“juice, sap”), from Proto-West Germanic *sap (“sap, juice”) (compare Dutch sap, German Saft, Icelandic safi), from Proto-Indo-European *sab-, *sap- (“to taste”) (compare Welsh syb-wydd (“fir”), Latin sapa (“must, new wine”), Russian со́пли (sópli, “snivel”), Old Armenian համ (ham, “taste”), Avestan 𐬬𐬌-𐬱𐬁𐬞𐬀 (vi-šāpa, “having poisonous juices”), Sanskrit सबर् (sabar, “juice, nectar”)). More at sage.
The longstanding practice of sapping trees influenced the sense evolution of the military term as trench warfare receded from public conscience.

#### Noun

sap (countable and uncountable, plural saps)
* (uncountable) The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition.
* (uncountable) The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree.
* Any juice.
* (figurative) Vitality.
* (slang, countable) A naive person; a simpleton.
    Synonyms: milksop, saphead
    Look at the sap mowing our lawn while we pretend our own lawnmower is broken.
** 1997, “Don't Look Down”, in Curtains, performed by Tindersticks:She said I'm such a sap, I'm such a jerk / Can't I ever forget the way that we are / Spend all your time with your eyes on the ground / Looking for the stars

##### Derived terms

* cell sap
* coconut sap
* crude sap
* elaborated sap
* pine sap
* sap ball
* sapful
* sap green
* saphead
* sapless
* sapling
* sap moon
* sap poison
* sappy
* sap rot
* sap shield
* sap stain
* sapsucker
* sap tube
* sapwood
* tree sap

##### Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

#### Verb

sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)
* (transitive) To drain, suck or absorb from (a tree, etc.).
* (transitive, figurative) To exhaust the vitality of.
** 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros‎, London: Jonathan Cape, page 6:Somewhat he knoweth of art magical, yet useth not that art; for it sappeth the life and strength, nor is it held worthy that a Demon should put trust in that art, but rather in his own might and main.
** 2022 April 12, Neil Johnston, “Real Madrid 2-3 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport‎:While Tuchel will be delighted with the way his players responded, there will be concern at how much the energy-sapping 120 minutes has taken out of them.

### Etymology 2

Probably from sapling.

#### Noun

sap (plural saps)
* (countable, US, slang) A short wooden club; a leather-covered hand weapon; a blackjack.
** 1944, William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, The Big Sleep (screenplay)
    I risk my whole future, the hatred of the cops and Eddie Mars' gang. I dodge bullets and eat saps.
* This entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. Please try to find a suitable image on Wikimedia Commons or upload one there yourself!

##### Translations
#### Verb

sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)
* (transitive, slang) To strike with a sap (with a blackjack).
** 1944, William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, The Big Sleep (screenplay)
    [A]s he passes the mouth of a narrow alley two men step out quickly. One of them saps Marlowe expertly — they drag him out of sight.
** 1964, Raymond Chandler, Killer in the Rain:And when he had me up there he would sap me again and I wouldn't remember anything that happened in between the two sappings.

##### Translations
### Etymology 3

From French saper (compare Spanish zapar and Italian zappare) from sape (“sort of scythe”), from Late Latin sappa (“sort of mattock”).

#### Noun

sap (plural saps)
* (military) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc.

##### Derived terms

* sap fagot
* sapper
* sap roller

##### Translations
#### Verb

sap (third-person singular simple present saps, present participle sapping, simple past and past participle sapped)
* (transitive) To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of.
** 1717, John Dryden [et al.], “(please specify |book=I to XV)”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods, / Their houses fell upon their household gods.
* (transitive, military) To pierce with saps.
* (transitive) To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken.
** 1850, Alfred Tennyson, Ring, Out, Wild Bells:Ring out the grief that saps the mind […]
* (transitive) To gradually weaken.
    to sap one’s conscience
    he saps my energy
* (intransitive) To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps.

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* SPA, APS, PAS, Spa, APs, PsA, spa, asp, pas, Pas, PSA, ASP, SpA, PAs, Psa.

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* sapu, tsap, tsapu

### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *sappō, from Latin sappa. Compare Romanian săpa, sap, French saper, Italian zappare, Sicilian zappari, Spanish zapar, Friulian sapâ, Venetan sapar, Latin sappa.

### Verb

sap first-singular present indicative (past participle sãpatã)
* to dig (with a pick)

#### Related terms

* sapã
* sãpari, sãpare
* sãpat
* sãpãtor
* sãpãturã

#### See also

* tãrchescu
* arãm

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *sạp-.

#### Noun

sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)
* thread
    Synonym: ip

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Noun

sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)
* grip, hilt

##### Declension
### Further reading

* “sap” in Obastan.com.

## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈsap]
* Rhymes: -ap

### Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Alternative forms

* sab (obsolete)

### Etymology 2

Back-formation of cepell.

#### Noun

sap m (plural saps)
* common heather
    Synonyms: bruguerola, bronsa

### Etymology 3
#### Verb

sap
* third-person singular present indicative of saber

### Further reading

* “sap” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Dutch
### Etymology

From Middle Dutch sap, from Old Dutch *sap, from Proto-West Germanic *sap.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɑp/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: sap
* Rhymes: -ɑp

### Noun

sap n (plural sappen, diminutive sapje n)
* juice
    Hyponyms: aalbessensap, appelsap, citroensap, druivensap, sinaasappelsap, vruchtensap
* sap (fluid in plants)

#### Derived terms

* aalbessensap
* appelsap
* appelsiensap
* bessensap
* bietensap
* boomsap
* citroensap
* druivensap
* maagsap
* perensap
* sappig
* sinaasappelsap
* vruchtensap
* wortelsap
* zwartebessensap

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: sap
* Negerhollands: sap
* → Indonesian: getah (semantic loan)

### References

* ↑ J. de Vries & F. de Tollenaere, "Etymologisch Woordenboek", Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, Utrecht, 1986 (14de druk)

### Anagrams

* pas

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 圾 (“garbage; rubbish; clod”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 圾).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 屑 (“bits; scraps; crumbs; fragments; trifling; trivial; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 屑).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 雪 (“snow; to snow; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 雪).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 霎 (“instant; moment; short; fleeting; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 霎).
* For pronunciation and definitions of sap – see 歃 (“to drink; to suck; to smear on the mouth; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 歃).

## Kholosi
### Etymology

From Sanskrit सर्प (sarpa).

### Noun

sap ?
* snake

### References

* Eric Anonby, Hassan Mohebi Bahmani (2014) “Shipwrecked and Landlocked: Kholosi, an Indo-Aryan Language in South-west Iran”, in Cahier de Studia Iranica xx‎, pages 13-36

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* saape, saappe, sape, sapp, sappe, zep
* sæp, sæpp (Early Middle English)

### Etymology

From Old English sæp, from Proto-West Germanic *sap, from Proto-Indo-European *sep-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sap/, /saːp/

### Noun

sap (uncountable)
* sap (plant juices)
* sapwood (wood under bark)
* (rare) earwax

#### Derived terms

* sapplyng
* sappy

#### Descendants

* English: sap
* Scots: sap, saup

#### References

* “sā̆p(e, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *saipu, from Proto-Germanic *saipō (“resin”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *seyp- (“to pour, sile, flow, drip”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɑːp/

### Noun

sāp f
* amber, resin
* pomade

#### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

#### Related terms

* sāpe
* sīpian

#### Descendants

* ⇒? Middle English: eresap, eresope (“earwax”)

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsap/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ap
* Syllabification: sap

### Verb

sap
* second-person singular imperative of sapać

## Romani
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧 (sappa), from Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá). Cognate with Punjabi ਸੱਪ (sappa, “snake”).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

sap m (plural sapa)
* snake
    Kana sas anθ-o veś, jekh sap dandardǎs man.While I was in the woods, a snake bit me.

### References

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “sap”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 766
* Yaron Matras (2002) “Historical and linguistic origins”, in Romani: A Linguistic Introduction‎, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 40
* Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “sap, ~a”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 154

## Romanian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sap]

### Verb

sap
* first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive of săpa

## Tausug
### Alternative forms

* sāp

### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay cap.

### Pronunciation

* (Sinūgan Parianun) IPA: /sap/ [ˈsap̚]
* Rhymes: -ap
* Syllabification: sap

### Noun

sap (Sulat Sūg spelling سَفْ)
* seal; stamp
* brand
    Synonym: jinama ( Malaysia)

#### Derived terms

* hipagsap
* hipasap
* magsap
* piyasap
* sapun
* siyap

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish صاپ (sap, “handle; stalk; hair”), from Proto-Turkic *sạp (“handle”). Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (sap).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɑp/

#### Adjective

sap
* (slang) not having a significant other

##### Declension

For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

#### Noun

sap (definite accusative sapı, plural saplar)
* handle
* stem, stalk
* (slang) penis
* (slang) male

##### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
sap
saplar
definite accusative
sapı
sapları
dative
sapa
saplara
locative
sapta
saplarda
ablative
saptan
saplardan
genitive
sapın
sapların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
sapım
saplarım
2nd singular
sapın
sapların
3rd singular
sapı
sapları
1st plural
sapımız
saplarımız
2nd plural
sapınız
saplarınız
3rd plural
sapları
sapları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
sapımı
saplarımı
2nd singular
sapını
saplarını
3rd singular
sapını
saplarını
1st plural
sapımızı
saplarımızı
2nd plural
sapınızı
saplarınızı
3rd plural
saplarını
saplarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
sapıma
saplarıma
2nd singular
sapına
saplarına
3rd singular
sapına
saplarına
1st plural
sapımıza
saplarımıza
2nd plural
sapınıza
saplarınıza
3rd plural
saplarına
saplarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
sapımda
saplarımda
2nd singular
sapında
saplarında
3rd singular
sapında
saplarında
1st plural
sapımızda
saplarımızda
2nd plural
sapınızda
saplarınızda
3rd plural
saplarında
saplarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
sapımdan
saplarımdan
2nd singular
sapından
saplarından
3rd singular
sapından
saplarından
1st plural
sapımızdan
saplarımızdan
2nd plural
sapınızdan
saplarınızdan
3rd plural
saplarından
saplarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
sapımın
saplarımın
2nd singular
sapının
saplarının
3rd singular
sapının
saplarının
1st plural
sapımızın
saplarımızın
2nd plural
sapınızın
saplarınızın
3rd plural
saplarının
saplarının :

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

sap
* second-person singular imperative of sapmak

## Veps
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *sappi.

### Noun

sap
* bile, gall

#### Declension
## Volapük
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sapiō (“I am wise”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɑːp/

### Noun

sap
* wisdom

## Zhuang
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Zhuang) IPA: /θaːp˧˥/
* Tone numbers: sap$^7$
* Hyphenation: sap

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Tai *saːpᴰ (“cockroach”). Cognate with Thai สาบ (sàap), Lao ສາບ (sāp), Shan သၢပ်ႇ (sàap), Bouyei saabt.

#### Noun

sap (Sawndip form 𫊷, 1957–1982 spelling sap)
* cockroach

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

sap (1957–1982 spelling sap)
* to wear shoes with the heels stepping down on the back of the shoes