# -en
## English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩]
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.ən/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
** Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain formations that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
** Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping lightening /ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even though they derive from a combination of lighten + -ing.
*** But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because "enlightning" is not a common word.

### Etymology 1

From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

#### Alternative forms

* -n

#### Suffix

-en
* (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
    ‎take + ‎-en → ‎taken
    ‎forgive + ‎-en → ‎forgiven
    ‎prove + ‎-en → ‎proven
* Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.
    ‎fork + ‎-en → ‎forken (“forked”)
    ‎pave + ‎-en → ‎paven (“paved”)
    ‎barefoot + ‎-en → ‎bare-footen (“bare-footed”)
    ‎enslave + ‎-en → ‎enslaven (“enslaved”)

##### Usage notes

Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs. Including ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "cook + -en → cooked".

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.
From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare ‎nama m (“name”) + ‎-en → ‎naman (“names”); ‎hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + ‎-en → ‎hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ‎ēare n (“ear”) + ‎-en → ‎ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).

#### Alternative forms

* -n

#### Suffix

-en
* Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
    Examples in general modern use:
       ‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen
       ‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)
       ‎child + ‎-en → ‎children (cf. childer)
       ‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen
    Archaic or dialectal examples:
       ‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been
       ‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen
       ‎ky (“cows”) + ‎-en → ‎kine
       ‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen
       ‎eyre (“eggs”) + ‎-en → ‎eyren
       ‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen
       ‎feather + ‎-en → ‎feathern
       ‎fox + ‎-en → ‎foxen
       ‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen
       ‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen
       ‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen
       ‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen
       ‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon
       ‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren
       ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen
** 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
    Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
* (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.
    ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen
    ‎VAX + ‎-en → ‎VAXen
** 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.
** 2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.
** 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

##### Usage notes

* Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
* This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

##### Related terms

* -ren

##### See also

* Category:English plurals in -n

### Etymology 3

From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.

#### Suffix

-en
* When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".
    ‎white (adjective) + ‎-en → ‎whiten
    ‎quick + ‎-en → ‎quicken
    ‎strength (noun) + ‎-en → ‎strengthen
    ‎haste + ‎-en → ‎hasten
    ‎night + ‎-en → ‎nighten

##### Usage notes

* Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

##### Translations
### Etymology 4

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.

#### Alternative forms

* -in

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".
    ‎wolf + ‎-en → ‎wolven
    ‎peach + ‎-en → ‎peachen
    ‎goat + ‎-en → ‎goaten
* When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.
    Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:
       ‎wood + ‎-en → ‎wooden
       ‎gold + ‎-en → ‎golden
       ‎wheat + ‎-en → ‎wheaten
       ‎oat + ‎-en → ‎oaten
       ‎silk + ‎-en → ‎silken
       ‎earth + ‎-en → ‎earthen
       ‎flax + ‎-en → ‎flaxen
       ‎lead + ‎-en → ‎leaden
       ‎wool + ‎-en → ‎woollen
       ‎oak + ‎-en → ‎oaken
    Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
       ‎brass + ‎-en → ‎brazen ("shameless")
    Rare or archaic examples:
       ‎ash + ‎-en → ‎ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
       ‎beech + ‎-en → ‎beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")
       ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen ("made of boxwood")
       ‎bronze + ‎-en → ‎bronzen
       ‎silver + ‎-en → ‎silvern
       ‎cedar + ‎-en → ‎cedarn
       ‎leather + ‎-en → ‎leathern
       ‎copper + ‎-en → ‎coppern
       ‎paper + ‎-en → ‎papern
       ‎brick + ‎-en → ‎bricken
       ‎board + ‎-en → ‎boarden
       ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen
       ‎hemp + ‎-en → ‎hempen
    Orphan examples:
       ‎line (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎linen

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 5

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).

#### Suffix

-en
* Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.
    ‎chick + ‎-en → ‎chicken
    ‎maid + ‎-en → ‎maiden
    ‎smitch, smidge + ‎-en → ‎smidgen

##### Derived terms
#### See also

* -ock
* -ling

### Etymology 6

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini.

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes a female form of a few nouns.
    ‎fox + ‎-en → ‎vixen (“female fox”)
    ‎monk + ‎-en → ‎minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)

### Etymology 7

From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.

#### Suffix

-en
* (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
** c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire […]
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]
** c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II]:From others' labours; for though he strive / To killen bad, keep good alive;

##### Usage notes

* Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech; there are no undoubted traces of it in the modern traditional dialects.
* The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.

### Etymology 8

From Middle English -en, from Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.

#### Suffix

-en
* (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:So forth they marchen in this goodly sort, / To take the solace of the open aire,
** c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC,:All periſhen of man, of pelfe, / Ne ought eſcapend but himſelfe; […]
** 1905 May 13, M. E. Francis, “Mrs Gradwell's Piano”, in Country Life‎, volume XVII, number 436, Country Life, Limited, page 678:Hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse.
* (obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.
** 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 32:Her name was Agape whoſe children werne / All three as one, the firſt hight Priamond, / The ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond.
** 1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago‎, volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.
** 1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings‎, volume 1, London: Trübner & Company, page 46:[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.

##### Usage notes

* Though it slightly outlived the homophonous infinitival ending in the standard language, verbal plural -en disappeared from it during the 15th century except as a conscious archaism, despite being maintained in the traditional dialects of England's northwestern Midlands (southern Cheshire, Derbyshire, southern Lancashire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire) and northeastern Wales, though it was lost there in the past tense over the course of the 19th century.

##### Derived terms
### References

* 1 2 3 4 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal (1995, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN), page 200

### Anagrams

* nê, né, Ne., ne, -ne-, NE, ne., -ne

## Basque
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* Used to form the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs.
    ‎handi (“big”) + ‎-en → ‎handien (“biggest”)
    ‎zahar (“old”) + ‎-en → ‎zaharren (“oldest”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-en
* Genitive indefinite suffix.
    Alternative form: -ren (after a vowel)
    ‎txakur (“dog”) + ‎-en → ‎txakurren (“of some dogs, some dogs'”)
* Genitive plural suffix.
    ‎ahizpa (“sister”) + ‎-en → ‎ahizpen (“of the sisters, the sisters'”)
* Used to form fractions; -th
    ‎bost (“five”) + ‎-en → ‎bosten (“fifth”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3
#### Pronoun

-en
* Allomorphic form of -n (“that, which”).

### Further reading

* “adizkiaren forma-aldaketak, aditz laguntzailea + menderagailuak (-(e)n, -(e)la, -(e)lako...) elartzean”, in Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua [Handbook of Standard Basque], Euskaltzaindia, 2023

## Chuukese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-en
* of

#### Synonyms

* -un

## Danish
### Etymology

Number 1 and 2 is derived From Old Norse -an. Number 3 is from French -ène which ultimately comes from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós)

### Suffix

-en
* Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.
* Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.
* (organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.
* (obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by -t.
    hjerteligen, antageligen

#### Usage notes

* If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.

#### Derived terms
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ə(n)/
* In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the /n/ is commonly sounded and may become syllabic [m̩], [n̩], [ŋ̍] (as in German, see below).

### Etymology 1

Primarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).

#### Suffix

-en
* Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.

##### Conjugation

For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:
For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

#### Suffix

-en
* Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

From Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:
* The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
* The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
* The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

#### Suffix

-en
* Ending of the infinitive form of verbs.

### Etymology 4

From Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.

##### Declension
### Etymology 5

From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the plural form of many nouns.
* Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.
    ‎groot + ‎-en → ‎de groten (“the great ones”)
* (archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.
    ‎een + ‎-en → ‎ten enen male
* (archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.
    ‎de hertog + ‎-en → ‎des hertogen, a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch

### Etymology 6

From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.

### Etymology 7

From Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.

#### Suffix

-en
* A suffix present on certain adverbs.
    ‎voor + ‎-en → ‎van voren (“from the front”)

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

### Pronoun

-en (adverbial)
* (enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in
    Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

See -Vn (illative).

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-dën.

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.

### Etymology 3

See -Vn (possessive).

#### Suffix

-en
* (possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.
* (personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs. Appended to the impersonal potential stem, which consists of the first infinitive followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.

##### Usage notes

See the usage notes under -Vn and -nsa.

### Etymology 4

The instructive singular of -e-.

#### Suffix

-en
* Forms the instructive case of the second infinitive of verbs.

### Anagrams

* -ne, -ne-, ne

## German
### Etymology 1

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.

#### Alternative forms

* -n (after -er, -el; in sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn)
* -'n (alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/
** IPA: [ən] (possible in all contexts, but rare in most regions)
** IPA: [m̩] (after labial stops and sometimes labial nasals and fricatives)
** IPA: [ŋ̍] (after velar stops and sometimes velar nasals and fricatives)
** IPA: [l̩n] (with -l- after a full vowel)
** IPA: [ɐn] (with -r- after a full vowel)
** IPA: [n̩] (otherwise)

#### Suffix

-en
* A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.
    Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb).
       ‎Foul + ‎-en → ‎foulen (“to foul”)
       managen ― to manage
* A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).
    wir kommen ― we arrive
    sie kommen ― they arrive
* A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.
    fallen + ge- and -en → gefallen

### Etymology 2

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.

#### Alternative forms

* -n (after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives; in Herrn)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/ (variants as in etymology 1)

#### Suffix

-en
* a suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms; these nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter
* a suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative
* a suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative
* a suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural

##### See also

* (plural suffix): -e, -er, -s

### Etymology 3

From Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -n (after -er, -el)
* -ern

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/ (variants as in etymology 1)

#### Suffix

-en
* A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials
    ‎Gold (“gold”, noun) + ‎-en → ‎golden (“gold, golden”, adjective)

### Etymology 4

From the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈeːn/

#### Suffix

-en
* (chemistry) -ene (alkene suffix)

### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛn]
* Rhymes: -ɛn

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en (superessive case suffix)
* on
    ‎szék (“chair”) + ‎-en → ‎széken (“on [a/the] chair”)
    Az asztal mellett ültem egy széken. ― I sat on a chair next to the table.
    A széken könyvek hevertek. ― There were books on the chair.

##### Usage notes

* (superessive case suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -on is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
$^1$ Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként

#### See also

* Category:Hungarian terms taking -n/-on/-en/-ön
* Category:Hungarian noun forms
$^1$Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise. Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All Hungarian pronouns /

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) -ly. Added to an adjective to create an adverb.
    ‎szép (“beautiful”) + ‎-en → ‎szépen (“beautifully”)
    ‎könnyű (“light, easy”) + ‎-en → ‎könnyen (“easily”)
    ‎bő (“ample”) + ‎-en → ‎bőven (“amply”)
    ‎hű (“faithful”) + ‎-en → ‎híven (“faithfully”), aside from the regular hűen
** In Hungarian, this adverb form is used for certain complements that are adjectives in English.
    Nyersen eszi a répát. ― S/he eats carrots raw.
* (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.
    ‎kettő (“two”) + ‎-en → ‎ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)
    Ketten vannak a szobában. ― There are two people in the room.
    ‎öt (“five”) + ‎-en → ‎öten (“five people, five of us/you/them”)
    ‎hét (“seven”) + ‎-en → ‎heten (“seven people, seven of us/you/them”)
    Heten mentünk moziba. ― Seven of us went to the cinema.
    ‎kevés (“few”) + ‎-en → ‎kevesen (“few people, few of us/you/them”)
    Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak. ― For many are called, but few are chosen.
    ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-en → ‎ezren (“a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them”)

##### Usage notes

* (deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g. bő, hű).
* (denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g. kettő).

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* (verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.
    reccsen (“to crackle, to make one cracking sound”)
    retten (“to be frightened, to recoil, to flinch, to shy away from”)

##### Usage notes

* (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -on is added to some back-vowel words
    -an is added to back-vowel words
    -en is added to front-vowel words

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* (personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
    nincsen (“he/she/it isn't, there is none of it”)
    van/lenni (“to be”) → legyen (“he/she/it should be, there should be”)
    ‎kér (“to ask/request”) + ‎-en → ‎kérjen (“he/she/it should ask for some[thing]”)
    ‎megy (“to go”) + ‎-en → ‎megyen (“he/she/it goes, is going”) (in the standard language: megy)
    ‎vesz (“to take/grab”) + ‎-en → ‎veszen (“he/she/it takes/grabs”) (in the standard language: vesz)
    ‎visz (“to take/carry”) + ‎-en → ‎viszen (“he/she/it takes/carries”) (in the standard language: visz)

##### Usage notes

* (personal suffix) Variants:
    -n is added to certain irregular stems
    -on is added to back-vowel words
    -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words
    -ön is added to rounded front-vowel words

#### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

### Further reading

* László Honti (Q13780671). A magyar nyelv 3. személyeket jelölő morfémái (“Third-person morphemes in Hungarian”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, vol. 116, Budapest, 2020, pp. 7–70.
* László Grétsy (Q1028376). A nincs és a nincsen. In: Magyar Nemzet, January 16, 2003.
* (suffix of the adverb of number): Rounds, Carol. Hungarian: an Essential Grammar. London / New York: Routledge. 2001. →ISBN. Preview at Google Books, p. 189 (p. 204 in the PDF)

## Japanese
### Romanization

-en
* Rōmaji transcription of えん

## Low German
### Etymology 1

From Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ən/

#### Suffix

-en f
* forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing
    ‎bedüden (“to mean”) + ‎-en → ‎de Bedüden (“the meaning”)
    ‎Huus (“house”) + ‎-en → ‎de Hüsen (“the dwelling”)

##### Derived terms

* Aflösen
* Afstimmen
* Anwiesen
* Bedüden
* Bereken
* Beropen
* Beschrieven
* Besinnen
* Besluten
* Bewegen
* Düngen
* Forschen
* Füern
* Gliekstellen
* Globaliseren
* Höpen
* Hüsen
* Levern
* Menen
* Nähren
* Opmuntern
* Regeren
* Reken
* Stiften
* Stärken
* Tehren
* Utdüden
* Uttehren
* Utwiesen
* Verafscheden
* Verfaten
* Verklappen
* Verköhlen
* Verornen
* Verplichten
* Versammeln
* Versöken
* Vertellen
* Verwanneln
* Verwohren
* Verwunnern
* Wickeln
* Överdüngen
* Ümwanneln
* Ümweltbelasten
* Ünnerscheden
* Ünnerstütten

### Etymology 2

From Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.

#### Suffix

-en
* Used to form the infinitive of verbs.

##### Alternative forms

* -'n

## Luxembourgish
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/, [ən]

### Suffix

-en
* Used for some nouns to form plural forms.
* Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.
* A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials

#### Usage notes

The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the Eifeler Regel. For example, Versioune weisen.

## Malay
### Etymology

* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
** From English -ent, from Middle English -ent, also -ant, -aunt, etc., from Old French -ent and its source Latin -ēns (accusative singular -entem), suffix of present participles of verbs in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugations.
* (Indonesia)
** From Dutch -ent.

### Pronunciation

* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
** IPA: [-ən]
* (Indonesia)
** IPA: [-ɛn]
* Hyphenation: -en

### Suffix

-en (Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling ـن, Indonesian Jawi spelling ـين)
* (unproductive) -ent.
    residen ― resident
    presiden ― president
    insiden ― incident

#### Derived terms
## Middle Dutch
### Etymology 1

A merger of various infinitive suffixes:
* The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
* The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
* The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.

##### Descendants

* Dutch: -en

### Etymology 2

From the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.

##### Descendants

* Dutch: -en

### Etymology 3

From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

#### Suffix

-en
* The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.

##### Descendants

* Dutch: -en

### Etymology 4

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

#### Suffix

-en
* Alternative form of -in

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), both from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs).

#### Alternative forms

* -n, -e

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.

##### Usage notes

* In many cases, y- and -en were added together as a circumfix.
* The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in the southern dialects, it was often shortened to -n, weakened to -e, or disappeared altogether.

##### Descendants

* English: -en

##### References

* “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 2

From Old English -an. Originally used with class 1 weak verbs in Old English, it was extended to class 2 weak verbs in many dialects and thus supplanted -ien from Old English -ian.

#### Alternative forms

* -n, -e

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

##### Conjugation

$^1$ Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

##### References

* “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 3

From Old English -on, -en.

#### Alternative forms

* -e

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.
* Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.
* Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.

##### Usage notes

This suffix was increasingly reduced to -e.
The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing -eth, -eþ.

##### Descendants

* English: -en

##### References

* “-en, suf.(7).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 4

From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.

#### Alternative forms

* -n

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.
* Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.
* Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.

##### Usage notes

This suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with -es early.

##### Descendants

* English: -en

##### References

* “-en, suf.(5).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.
* “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 5

From Old English -um.

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes the dative singular and plural of strong adjectives.

##### References

* “-en, suf.(6).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 6

From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

#### Alternative forms

* -ene, -yn, -in, -on, -un, -n

#### Suffix

-en
* Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
* Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.

##### Usage notes

The affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.

##### Derived terms

* almaunden
* aspen
* asshen
* attern
* bechen
* birchen
* brasen
* cleyen
* copren
* elmen
* erden
* erthen
* flaxen
* gilden
* glasen
* golden
* haselen
* holinen
* leden
* letheren
* linden
* lynnen
* mapelyn
* oken
* rochen
* selken
* stenen
* stonen
* strawen
* sylveren
* treen
* wollen

##### Descendants

* English: -en
* Scots: -en, -in

##### References

* “-en, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 7

From Old English -en.

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes a diminutive form of a noun.

##### Descendants

* English: -en

### Etymology 8

From Old English -en.

#### Suffix

-en
* Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.

##### References

* “-en, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

### Etymology 9

From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.

#### Suffix

-en
* Alternative form of -enen.

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek -ηνή (-ēnḗ), feminine form of -ηνός (-ēnós, added to place name to form an adjective), from -νός (-nós), alternative form of -νος (-nos), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (creates verbal adjectives from roots).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /eːn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -eːn
* Hyphenation: -en
* Homophone: en

### Suffix

-en (definite singular neuter -enet, definite singular masculine -enen, indefinite plural -en or -ener, definite plural -enene or -ena)
* (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkynes; -ene
    acetylen, benzen ― acetylene, benzene
* (organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkenes; -ene
    etylen, propylen ― ethylene, propylene

### References

* “-en” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

### Anagrams

* en, ne

## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /en/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.

#### Suffix

-en n
* (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns
    ‎mæġeþ (“girl”) + ‎-en → ‎mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)
    ‎cocc (“rooster”) + ‎-en → ‎ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)
    ‎broþ (“broth, brewing”) + ‎-en → ‎bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

##### Declension
###### Neuter
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

#### Alternative forms

* -in

#### Suffix

-en f
* (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns
    ‎god (“(male) god”) + ‎-en → ‎gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)
    ‎þēow (“(male) servant”) + ‎-en → ‎þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

##### Declension
###### Feminine

Strong ō-stem:

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

#### Suffix

-en
* (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.
    ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-en → ‎gylden (“golden”)
    ‎ātor (“poison”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)
    ‎stān (“stone”) + ‎-en → ‎stǣnen (“stonen”)
    ‎āc (“oak”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣcen (“oaken”)
    ‎trēow (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎triewen (“wooden”)
    ‎līn (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎līnen (“linen”)
    ‎sǣ (“sea”) + ‎-en → ‎sǣn (“marine”)
    ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal”)

##### Descendants

* Middle English: -en
** English: -en
** Scots: -en, -in

### Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

#### Suffix

-en
* (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs
    ġecumen ― come
    ġecorfen ― carved
    ġeswōgen ― swooned

### Etymology 5

Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.

#### Suffix

-en
* (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by
    ‎tungol (“star”) + ‎-en → ‎tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)
    ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)
    ‎hund (“dog, hound”) + ‎-en → ‎hunden (“canine”)

### Etymology 6

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.

#### Suffix

-en f
* (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs
    ‎byrgan (“to bury”) + ‎-en → ‎byrgen (“burying, grave”)
    ‎sellan (“to give, grant”) + ‎-en → ‎selen (“giving, gift”)
    ‎þicgan (“to take, accept”) + ‎-en → ‎þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

##### Declension

Strong ō-stem:

## Polish
### Etymology

Derived from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɛn/
* Rhymes: -ɛn
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-en m inan
* (organic chemistry) -ene (alkene)
    ‎acetyl + ‎-en → ‎acetylen

#### Derived terms
## Romani
### Alternative forms

* -ěn (International Standard)

### Suffix

-en
* Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns
    ‎rrom (“Romani man”) + ‎-en → ‎rromen
    ‎daj (“mother”) + ‎-en → ‎dajen

#### Derived terms

* -en-

## Scots
### Etymology

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).

### Suffix

-en
* Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.
* Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.

#### Derived terms

* aiken

## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ən/

### Suffix

-ən
* Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin -ent and -unt.

### Suffix

-en
* Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.
* Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.
* Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.

#### See also

* -an

## Swedish
### Etymology 1

From forms of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-.

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. ‎fisk (“fish”) + ‎-en → ‎fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.
* Definite plural suffix for certain nouns; see also -na.
** (neuter nouns ending in a consonant) ‎träd (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎träden (“the trees”)
** (common-gender nouns in the fifth declension (with a suffixless plural) except for those ending in -are) ‎gäss (“geese”) + ‎-en → ‎gässen (“the geese”)
** (the irregular neuter plurals ögon ("eyes") and öron ("ears"))

### Etymology 2

From Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs.

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. ‎sjunga (“sing”) + ‎-en → ‎sjungen (“sung”), ‎skjuta (“shoot”) + ‎-en → ‎skjuten (“shot”).

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. ‎huvud (“head”) + ‎-en → ‎huvuden (“heads”).

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-en
* Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. ‎möjlig (“possible”) + ‎-en → ‎möjligen (“possibly”).

##### Derived terms
### Anagrams

* -ne

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɛn/

### Suffix

-en (in words with front vowel harmony)
Form of -an after the vowels E / İ / Ö / Ü.

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛn/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /an/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛn/

### Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.

#### Suffix

-en f (masculine -yn)
* Used to form the singulative of certain words.
    ‎llygod (“mice”) + ‎-en → ‎llygoden (“mouse”)
    ‎sêr (“stars”) + ‎-en → ‎seren (“star”)
    ‎coed (“trees, wood”) + ‎-en → ‎coeden (“tree”)
* Used to form certain singular words.
    llysywen (“eel”)
    matsien (“match”)
    taten (“potato”)
* diminutive suffix
    ‎pêl (“ball”) + ‎-en → ‎pelen (“little ball, pellet”)
    ‎lloer (“moon”) + ‎-en → ‎lloeren (“satellite”)
    ‎gwraig (“woman, wife”) + ‎-en → ‎gwreigen (“little woman, little wife”)
* female or feminine person or creature
    ‎coch (“red”) + ‎-en → ‎cochen (“(female) redhead”)
    ‎clebr (“gossip, chatter”) + ‎-en → ‎clebren (“(female) gossip”)
    ‎gwlith (“dew”) + ‎-en → ‎gwlithen (“slug”)
* suffix indicating an object, item, thing
    ‎cwyr (“wax”) + ‎-en → ‎cwyren (“cake or tablet of wax”)
    ‎calch (“lime, chalk”) + ‎-en → ‎calchen (“limestone”)
    ‎awyr (“sky”) + ‎-en → ‎awyren (“aeroplane”)
    ‎crwm (“curved”) + ‎-en → ‎cromen (“dome”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA: /ɛn/
** (North Wales, colloquial) IPA: /ai̯n/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ɛn/

#### Suffix

-en
* Used to form plural nouns.
    Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -ed, -edd, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys
    ‎ych (“ox”) + ‎-en → ‎ychen (“oxen”)

### Etymology 3
#### Alternative forms

* -sen

#### Suffix

-en
* (colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional
* (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional

##### Derived terms
### References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-en”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Yucatec Maya
### Suffix

-en
* Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives
    Koolnáalen. ― I am a farmer.
    Teen na'en. ― I am a mother.
    Na'ajen. ― I am thirsty.

### Suffix

-en
* Suffix indicating the second-person plural imperative
    Ooken! ― Enter!