# sin
## Translingual
### Symbol

sin
* (mathematics) The trigonometric function sine.
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Sinhala.

## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English sinne, synne, sunne, zen, from Old English synn (“sin”), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth, excuse”) and *sundī, *sundijō (“sin”), from Lua error in Module:links at line 380: The specified language Proto-Indo-European is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed., from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- (“to be”); compare Old English sōþ ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee.
Cognate with Scots syn, sin (“sin”), Saterland Frisian Säände (“sin”), West Frisian sûnde (“sin”), Dutch zonde (“sin”), Low German sunn, sunne (“sin”), German Sünde (“sin”), Danish synd (“sin”), Swedish synd (“sin”), Icelandic synð, synd (“sin”), Latin sont-, sons (“sinful, guilty, criminal”). Doublet of suttee.

#### Alternative forms

* sinne (obsolete)
* synne (obsolete)

#### Pronunciation

* enPR: sĭn, IPA: /sɪn/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪn

#### Noun

sin (countable and uncountable, plural sins)
* (theology) A violation of divine will or religious law.
    As a Christian, I think this is a sin against God.
** 1866, James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion‎, New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:Slavery, according to them, was a grievous sin against God, and therefore no human Constitution could rightfully shield it from destruction. It was sinful to live in a political confederacy which tolerated slavery in any of the States composing it; […]
* Sinfulness, depravity, iniquity.
* A misdeed or wrong.
** 1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 249:The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen. […] The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.
* A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin.
** 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 5:21, column 2:For he hath made him to be ſinne for vs, who knewe no ſinne, […]
* An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person.
** 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 222, column 1:Thy Ambition / (Thou Scarlet ſinne) robb’d this bewailing Land / Of Noble Buckingham, […]
* A flaw or mistake.
    No movie is without sin.
* (sports) sin bin
** 2023 October 28, Leighton Koopman, “YES!!! The Springboks beat the All Blacks to win another Rugby World Cup title”, in Independent Online‎:Winger Cheslin Kolbe, sitting with his jersey over his head in the sin after a yellow card at the death, was probably the sight of millions of South Africans around the country who had their hearts in their mouth as they sat through another nail-biting match.

##### Synonyms

* offence
* adharma (in Hinduism)
* ithm (in Islam)

##### Derived terms

* actual sin
* as sin
* cardinal sin
* deadly sin
* eternal sin
* guilty as sin
* hate the sin but love the sinner
* let he who is without sin cast the first stone
* let him that is without sin cast the first stone
* let him who is without sin cast the first stone
* like sin
* live in sin
* love the sinner but hate the sin
* man of sin
* mortal sin
* original antigenic sin
* original as sin
* original sin
* philosophical sin
* sin bin
* sin-binning
* sin-eater
* sin eater
* sin eating
* sin-free
* sinful
* sinfully
* sinless
* sinlessness
* sinlike
* sin money
* sinning
* sinny
* sin offering
* sin-ridden
* sin tax
* theological sin
* ugly as sin
* unpardonable sin
* venial sin

##### Translations
#### Verb

sin (third-person singular simple present sins, present participle sinning, simple past and past participle sinned)
* (intransitive, theology) To commit a sin.

##### Derived terms

* as much sinning as sinned against
* sinner

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Modification of shin.

#### Alternative forms

* seen, sīn

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪn/, /siːn/

#### Noun

sin (plural sins)
* A letter of the Hebrew alphabet; שׂ
* A letter of the Arabic alphabet; س

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

sin (plural sins)
* Alternative form of sinh (“tube skirt”)

### Anagrams

* INS, Ins, Ins., NIS, NSI, Niš, in's, ins, ins., nis

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsin/ [ˈsɪn]
* Hyphenation: sin

### Pronoun

sín (predicative síini)
* ye, you

#### See also
### Determiner

sín
* your (second person plural)

#### See also
### References

* E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “sin”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

## Afrikaans
### Etymology 1

From Dutch zin, from Middle Dutch sin, from Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sən/

#### Noun

sin (plural sinne, diminutive sinnetjie)
* meaning, sense
* sentence
* sense (means of perceiving reality)
* sense, comprehension
* desire

##### Derived terms

* sinvol

### Etymology 2
#### Particle

sin
* Misspelling of s'n.

## Aromanian
### Alternative forms

* sinu

### Etymology

From Latin sinus. Compare Romanian sân, Spanish seno.

### Noun

sin n (plural sinj)
* breast

#### See also

* tsãtsã

## Asturian
### Preposition

sin
* Alternative form of ensin

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic سِين (sīn).

### Noun

sin (definite accusative sini, plural sinlər)
* the Arabic letter س

#### Further reading

* “sin” in Obastan.com.

## Breton
### Etymology

From Latin signum.

### Noun

sin m
* sign

## Cebuano
### Etymology

From Spanish zinc, from German Zink, related to Zinke (“point, prong”), from Middle High German zinke, from Old High German zinko (“prong, tine”), allied to zint (“a jag, point”), from Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“prong, pinnacle”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth, projection”).

### Noun

sin
* zinc
* galvanized iron sheet

## Cornish
### Etymology

Ultimately from Latin signum.

### Noun

sin m (plural sînys)
* sign

## Danish
### Etymology

From Old Norse sínn.

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -in

### Pronoun

sin c (neuter sit, plural sine)
* (reflexive possessive) third-person sg pronoun, meaning his/her/its (own)
    Han læste sin bog ― He read his (own) book
    Compare: Han læste hans bog ― He read his (somebody else's) book

#### See also

| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | common | neuter | plural |
| Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
| Singular | Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine |
| Singular | Second | formal (uncommon) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Singular | Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | hans | hans |
| Singular | Third | feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | hendes | hendes |
| Singular | Third | common (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | neuter (noun) | det | det | dets | dets | dets |
| Singular | Third | indefinite | man | en | ens | ens | ens |
| Singular | Third | reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine |
| Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | vores | vores |
| Plural | First | archaic / formal | vi | os | vor | vort | vore |
| Plural | Second | – | I | jer | jeres | jeres | jeres |
| Plural | Third | – | de | dem | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Third | reflexive | – | sig | deres | deres | deres |

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Pronoun

sin
* accusative of si

### See also

| | | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive |
| First person | First person | mi | min | mia | ni | nin | nia |
| Second person | Formal | vi | vin | via | vi | vin | via |
| Second person | Familiar$^1$ | ci | cin | cia | vi | vin | via |
| Third person | Masculine | li | lin | lia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Feminine | ŝi | ŝin | ŝia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Neuter | ĝi | ĝin | ĝia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Gender-neutral$^2$ | ri ŝli | rin ŝlin | ria ŝlia | ili iŝi$^3$ | ilin iŝin$^3$ | ilia iŝia$^3$ |
| Third person | Reflexive | si | sin | sia | si | sin | sia |
| Indefinite | Indefinite | oni | onin | onia | oni | onin | onia |
| Notes ||||||||
| $^1$ The second person familiar pronouns are archaic. $^2$ The proposed gender-neutral third-person singular pronouns ri (rin, ria) and ŝli (ŝlin, ŝlia) are not widely used. $^3$ The proposed third-person feminine plural pronoun iŝi (iŝin, iŝia) is not widely used. ||||||||

## Fon
### Etymology

Cognates include Gun sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

### Noun

sìn
* water

### References

* Claire Lefebvre, Anne-Marie Brousseau, A Grammar of Fongbe (2002, →ISBN

## Franco-Provençal
### Alternative forms

* sio, sino

### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *seum. Doublet of son (possessive determiner).

### Pronoun

sin (feminine singular sina, masculine plural sins, feminine plural sines) (ORB, broad)
* his, her, its (third-person singular possessor)

#### See also

| singular | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | jo | mè | mè | mè | min |
| 2nd person | te | tè | tè | tè | tin |
| 3rd person masculine | il | lo / le | lui | lui | sin |
| 3rd person feminine | el | la | lyé | lyé | | sin |
| 3rd person neuter | o | o | y | — | sin |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | sin |
| plural | nominative | accusative | dative | tonic$^1$ | possessive$^2$ |
| 1st person | nos | nos | nos | nos | noutro |
| 2nd person | vos | vos | vos | vos | voutro |
| 3rd person masculine | ils | los / les | lor | lor | lor |
| 3rd person feminine | els | les | lor / lyés | lor / lyés | | lor |
| 3rd person reflexive | — | sè | sè | sè | | | lor |
| $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^1$ Disjunctive or object of a preposition. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. | $^2$ Generally preceded by a definite article. |

## Gun
### Etymology 1

Cognates include Fon sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti. Possibly cognate with Nkonya ntsu.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Noun

sìn (plural sìn lɛ́ or sìn lẹ́)
* water
    Synonym: òsìn

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Particle

sín
* comes after a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's
    Gbẹ̀tọ́ sín àfọ̀ / Gbɛ̀tɔ́ sín àfɔ̀ ― The human's foot

### References

* Aspect and Modality in Kwa Languages (2006, →ISBN)

## Hausa
### Etymology

From Arabic سِين (sīn).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sín/
** (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA: [sɪ́ŋ]

### Noun

sin f
* sin (letter of the Arabic alphabet)

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of sin – see 新 (“new; fresh; new; unused; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 新).

## Hunsrik
### Alternative forms

* sinn (Altenhofen spelling)

### Etymology

From Middle High German sein, sīn, from Old High German sīn (“to be”) (with some parts from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”) and *beuną (“to be, exist, become”)), from Proto-Indo-European *es-, *h₁es- (“to be, exist”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsin/
* Rhymes: -in
* Syllabification: sin

### Verb

sin
* to be
    Ich sin en Mann.I am a man.
    Deer seid zu mied.You are too tired.
    Sie denke, dass-se en Hex is.They think she's a witch.
    All, wo dart waare, sin gestorreb.Everyone who was there died.
* (auxiliary) forms the perfect tense of most intransitive verbs
    Ich sin fortgang.I am gone.

#### Inflection

The present participle is uncommonly used, but can be made with the suffix -end.

#### Derived terms

* do sin

### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse sin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪːn/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪːn

### Noun

sin f (genitive singular sinar, nominative plural sinar)
* sinew, tendon

#### Declension
## Irish
### Alternative forms

* san

### Etymology

From Middle Irish sin, from Old Irish sin.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster, Connacht) IPA: /ʃɪnʲ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /ʃɨ̞nʲ/

### Determiner

sin
* (used with the definite article) that
    an buachaill sin ― that boy

### Pronoun

sin
* that
    Sin é mo dheartháir.That is my brother.
** (Can we date this quote?), “Cad é sin don té sin [What is that to anyone]”‎:Ó cad é sin don té sin nach mbaineann sin dó?Oh what is that to him whom that doesn't concern?

#### Derived terms

* ó shin

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sin”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 67

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsin/
* Rhymes: -in
* Hyphenation: sìn

### Preposition

sin
* Apocopic form of sino

## Itsekiri
### Etymology 1

Cognates include Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba sẹ́n

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* to be long

### Etymology 2

Cognates include Yoruba sín, Olukumi ṣín, Owé Yoruba hín, Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba sẹ́n, Ifè sɛ̃́

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* to sneeze

## Iu Mien
### Etymology

From Chinese 身 (MC syin).

### Noun

sin
* body

## Kabyle
### Etymology

From Proto-Berber.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sin/

### Numeral

sin m (feminine snat)
* two

### References

* Bellahsene, Linda, Hameg, Nadia (2009) “Kabyle numeral system”, in Université Paris 4, CNRS, editor, Numeral Systems of the World's Languages‎, Paris, France

## Kankanaey
### Alternative forms

* hin

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /ˈsin/ [ˈsi̞n]
** IPA: (parts of Bauko, Sabangan, & Tadian) /ˈhin/ [ˈhi̞n]
* Rhymes: -in
* Syllabification: sin

### Article

sin
* oblique argument, specifically a common nominal definite marker

#### See also

* (oblique arguments) sin, si, sis, ed, en, en da

### References

* Janet L. Allen (2014) Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis‎ (overall work in English), →ISBN, page 128

## Ladino
### Etymology

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sin/

### Preposition

sin (Hebrew spelling סין)
* without

#### Antonyms

* kon

## Latin
### Etymology

From sī + nē.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈsiːn/, [ˈs̠iːn]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈsin/, [ˈsin]

### Conjunction

sīn
* if however, if on the contrary, but if
    sin aliter/minus/secus ― otherwise, if not
** Nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit?If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? (Genesis 4:7, God speaking to Cain)

### References

* sin in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2025), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication

## Livonian
### Pronoun

sin
* genitive singular of sinā

## Menien
### Noun

sin
* water

### References

* Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Brasiliens, page 155

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

### Noun

sin m or f
* direction
* attention
* sense, intellect, reason
* feeling, emotion
* sense, perception
* meaning

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Dutch: zin
** Afrikaans: sin
** Negerhollands: sin
* Limburgish: zin

### Further reading

* “sin, sinne (I)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sin (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Conjunction

sin
* Alternative form of sithen

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

sin
* Alternative form of synne

## Middle High German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (before 13th CE) /ˈs̠iːn/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Old High German sīn, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Middle Low German sīn.

#### Alternative forms

* wësen

#### Verb

sīn or wësen (irregular, third-person singular present ist, past tense was, past participle gewësen, past subjunctive wære, auxiliary sīn)
* to be, become

##### Descendants

* German: sein

### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old High German sīn.

#### Determiner

sīn
* his
* its
* one's

##### Descendants

* German: sein

#### References

* Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “sin”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

## Middle Irish
### Alternative forms

* sein

### Etymology

From Old Irish sin.

### Determiner

sin
* (used with the definite article) that
** c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

### Pronoun

sin
* that
** c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 sin”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Middle Low German
### Pronunciation

* (originally) IPA: /siːn/

### Etymology 1

From Old Saxon sīn.

#### Pronoun

sîn
* (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, masculine, genitive) of his
    lohant ret her Zeno hen na Verona to dem vader sin.John rode Sir Zeno to Verona, to the father of his.
* (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, neuter, genitive) of it
* (possessive, third person, in the singular, masculine) his
* (possessive, third person, neuter, masculine) its

##### Declension

Personal pronoun:
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.
Possessive pronoun:
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.

##### Alternative forms

* sîner (for the genitive of the personal pronoun)

### Etymology 2

From Old Saxon sīn.

#### Alternative forms

* wēsen

#### Verb

sîn
* to be

##### Usage notes

* Wēsen is a verb with a suppletive conjugation based on multiple Proto-Germanic stems. For many verb forms, authors freely chose between forms based on the stems wēs- and sî-, without semantic impact. This is also true for modern Low German and Dutch. For the forms based on the sî- stem, see the respective entry at wēsen.

##### Descendants

    German Low German:
       Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: sin (past participle: west, also wesen)
       Westphalian:
          Münsterländisch: syn (past participle: weßt), sien (past participle: west)
          Paderbornisch: seyn, syn (past participle: wiäsen)

## Miskito
### Adverb

sin
* also, too

## Navajo
### Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *xʸən (“shaman's power, medicine, song”). Related to -YĮĮD (“to be holy”), from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸən (“to act as a shaman, to be endowed with supernatural powers”).
Compare Ahtna sen (“spiritual power, medicine”), Koyukon sən (“shaman's spirit”), Gwich'in shan (“shamanism, magic”), Tlingit shí, shī, shi(n) (“sing, song”), Eyak tsį, Dena'ina shen, Galice šan (“song”), Lipan shį̀.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɪ̀n]

### Noun

sin (possessed form biyiin)
* song

#### Inflection
## North Frisian
### Determiner

sin
* (Sylt) his (third-person singular masculine possessive determiner)
* (Sylt) its (third-person singular neuterpossessive determiner)
* (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring) feminine/neuter/plural of san (“his, its”, Föhr-Amrum also “her”)

### Pronoun

sin (plural (Sylt) sinen)
* (Sylt) his (third-person singular masculine possessive pronoun)
* (Sylt) its (third-person singular neuterpossessive pronoun)
* (Föhr-Amrum) feminine/neuter of san (“his, hers, its”)
* (Mooring) feminine/neuter/plural of san (“his, its”)

### See also

* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
* The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
* The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
* Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
* The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
* Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

## Northern Sami
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Pronoun

sin
* accusative/genitive of sii

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Old Norse sinn.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Determiner

sin m (feminine si, neuter sitt, plural sine)
* (reflexive pronoun) her / his / its / their
* indicating possession; 's, of
    Det var skolen sin bil.It was the school's car.

### See also

| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive | Possessive |
| Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | feminine | masculine | neuter | plural |
| Singular | First | – | jeg | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
| Singular | Second | general | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine |
| Singular | Second | formal (rare) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Singular | Third | feminine (person) | hun | henne | hennes | hennes | hennes | hennes |
| Singular | Third | masculine (person) | han | ham / han | hans | hans | hans | hans |
| Singular | Third | feminine (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | masculine (noun) | den | den | dens | dens | dens | dens |
| Singular | Third | neuter (noun) | det | det | dets | dets | dets | dets |
| Singular | Third | reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |
| Plural | First | – | vi | oss | vår | vår | vårt | våre |
| Plural | Second | general | dere | dere | deres | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Second | formal (very rare) | De | Dem | Deres | Deres | Deres | Deres |
| Plural | Third | general | de | dem | deres | deres | deres | deres |
| Plural | Third | reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |

### References

* “sin” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Old Norse sinn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪnː/
* Homophone: sinn

### Determiner

sin (masculine sin, feminine si, neuter sitt, plural sine)
* (reflexive pronoun) her/his/its/their
* indicating possession; 's, of
    Det var skulen sin bil.It was the school’s car.

### References

* “sin” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Dutch
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn.

### Determiner

sīn
* his, its, hers

#### Descendants

* Middle Dutch: sijn
** Dutch: zijn
** Limburgish: zeen

#### Further reading

* “sīn (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

## Old English
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn (“his, her, its, their”, genitive reflexive).
Cognate with Old Frisian sīn (“his, its”), Old Saxon sīn (“his”) (Middle Low German sin), Dutch zijn, Old High German sīn (“his”) (German sein), Old Norse sínn (“one's own”), Old English sē (“that, that one, he”). More at the.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siːn/

### Pronoun

sīn
* (rare, chiefly dialectal, reflexive possessive pronoun) his; her; its; their
** him ġewāt Hrōþgār tō hofe sīnum ― For him Hrothgar went to his courtyard
** þæt wīf tredeð mid sīnum fōtum ― The woman walks with her feet
** þeċ heriað Israhēla, herran sīnne ― Israel plunders you, their lord
** Bær sēo brimwylf hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum ― The sea-wolf carried the Prince of Rings to her lair

#### Usage notes

* Usually occurs in non-West Saxon dialects; rarely occurs in West Saxon prose, where it was replaced early on by the genitive forms: his, hire, and heora.

#### Declension
## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn (“his, her, its, their”, genitive reflexive).
Cognate with Old English sīn (“his, her, its, their”), Old Saxon sīn (“his”) (Middle Low German sin), Dutch zijn, Old High German sīn (“his”) (German sein), Old Norse sínn (“one's own”), Old English sē (“that, that one, he”).

### Determiner

sīn
* his
* its

#### Descendants

* Saterland Frisian: sin
* West Frisian: syn

### Pronoun

sīn
* genitive of hī: his
* genitive of hit: its

#### Declension
## Old High German
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

### Noun

sin m
* sense
* mind
* spirit
* thought
* intention

#### Synonyms

* sens

#### Descendants

* Middle High German: sin
** German: Sinn
** Luxembourgish: Sënn
** Yiddish: זין (zin)

#### References

* Köbler, Gerhard, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, (6. Auflage) 2014

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *sindos (compare Welsh hyn), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“that”); strong doublet of in (“the”).

### Determiner

sin
* that, those (used after the noun, which is preceded by the definite article)
    Synonym: tall
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14$^c$23
    co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib et aní imme·rádin ó chridiuso that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] lips and what I might think with [my] heart might be different
** c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26$^b$7
    De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

#### Derived terms

* ísin

#### Descendants

* Irish: sin
* Scottish Gaelic: sin
* Manx: shen

### Pronoun

sin
* that (as a direct object, used together with a clitic pronoun)
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14$^d$26
    Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

#### Derived terms

* insin

## Old Norse
### Alternative forms

* sina

### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *senawō.

### Noun

sin f (genitive sinar)
* cord, tendon, sinew; nerve

### Further reading

* Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “sin”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

## Old Saxon
### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn.

#### Determiner

sīn m or n
* (dialectal, reflexive possessive pronoun) his, its
** 9th c. Heliand, verse 178:
    uundrodun alla bihuuī he thar sō lango frāon sīnun thionon thorftithey all wondered who he should need for so long to serve his Lords
** verse 3832:
    selliad, that thar sīn ist: that sculun iuuua seolon uuesenBring that which is his, that shall be your souls

##### Descendants

* Low German: sien

#### See also
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be, exist”) (with some parts from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)). Cognate with Old Dutch sīn (“to be”), Old English sēon (“to be”), Old High German sīn. More at sooth.

#### Verb

sīn (irregular)
* to be (more at wesan)

##### Descendants

* Low German: sön, sennen

## Old Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin sine.

### Preposition

sin
* without
** c. 1200, Cantar del Mio Cid:Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cannadosHe saw open doors and gates without locks

#### Antonyms

* con

#### Descendants

* Ladino: sin
* Spanish: sin

## Old Swedish
### Etymology

Old Norse sínn, sinn from Proto-Germanic *sīnaz.

### Determiner

sin
* (Reflexive possessive third person determiner.) his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own)

## Picard
### Pronoun

sin m
* his, hers or its

## Romanian
### Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), from Proto-Slavic *synъ (“son”).

### Noun

sin m (uncountable)
* (dated, regional) son of (in patronymics)

#### Declension
## Saterland Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian sīn, from Proto-West Germanic *sīn. Cognates include West Frisian syn and German sein.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪn/

### Determiner

sin (feminine sien, neuter sien, plural sien, predicative sinnen)
* his

#### See also
### References

* Marron C. Fort (2015) “sin”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

## Scottish Gaelic
### Alternative forms

* (Uist) sineach

### Etymology

From Middle Irish [Term?], from Old Irish sin. Cognates include Irish sin and Manx shen.

### Pronunciation

* (Lewis, much of Skye, Wester Ross) IPA: /ʃĩn/
* (Harris, North Uist) IPA: /ʃɛ̃n/ (as if spelled sean)
* (South Uist, Barra, Islay) IPA: /ʃĩɲ/
* (Sleat) IPA: /ʃʏ̃n/

### Pronoun

sin
* that
    Dè tha sin? ― What is that?

#### Usage notes

* With the definite article, used as a determiner:
    an gille sin ― that boy (literally, “the boy that”)

#### Derived terms

* air a shon sin (“nevertheless”)
* an dèidh sin (“afterwards”)
* an sin (“there”)
* cho math ri sin (“furthermore”)
* iad sin (“those”)
* mar sin

#### See also
### References

* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1941) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. II: The dialects of Skye and Ross-shire, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, page 150
* ↑ Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
* ↑ Seanchas Shlèite

### Further reading

* Colin Mark (2003) “sin”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 526

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *synъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀnus, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sîːn/

#### Noun

sȋn m (Cyrillic spelling си̑н)
* son

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

From Hebrew ש.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sîn/

#### Noun

sȉn m (Cyrillic spelling си̏н)
* sin (letter of various Semitic abjads)

##### Declension
## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *synъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀnus, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /síːn/

### Noun

sȋn m anim
* son

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “sin”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine. Cognate with English sans, French sans, Italian senza, and Portuguese sem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsin/ [ˈsĩn]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -in
* Syllabification: sin

### Preposition

sin
* without
    Antonym: con

#### Derived terms

* barril sin fondo
* sin cuartel
* sin demora
* sin duda
* sin embargo
* sin igual
* sin ir más lejos
* sin más preámbulos
* sin novedad
* sin oficio ni beneficio
* sin otro particular
* sin papeles
* sin pena ni gloria
* sin pies ni cabeza
* sin respiración
* sin ton ni son
* sin un cinco
* tornillo sin fin

### Further reading

* “sin”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Alternative forms

* ſin (obsolete typography)

### Etymology 1

Nominalisation of sina (“run dry”).

#### Noun

sin ?
* Dryness, the state of having run dry.

##### Usage notes

Most commonly used when referring to either milk or funds.

### Etymology 2

From Old Swedish sīn, from Old Norse sínn, from Proto-Germanic *sīnaz. Cognate with Danish sin, Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (seins), German sein, Dutch zijn.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siːn/

#### Pronoun

sin c (neuter sitt, plural sina)
* his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own). (Reflexive possessive third person pronoun).
    Han hämtade sin post för tio minuter sedan.He picked up his (own) mail ten minutes ago.
    Compare: Han hämtade hans post för tio minuter sedan.He picked up his (somebody else’s) mail ten minutes ago.
    Hon samlar sina dikter i en låda.She collects her poems in a box.
    Hunden tycker inte om sitt halsband.The dog doesn’t like its collar.
    De tog sina papper och lämnade mötet.They gathered their papers and left the meeting.

##### Usage notes

* The inflection of the word sin is determined by the gender and number of the object: sin for common singular, sitt for neuter singular, and sina for plural, just like an adjective.

##### Declension
## Tatar
### Pronoun

sin
* you (singular), thou

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Turkic *sï(y)n (“monument, tomb”).

#### Noun

sin (definite accusative sini, plural sinler)
* (dated) grave, burial place

##### Inflection
#### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*sɨ(j)n”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

### Etymology 2

From Arabic سِين (sīn).

#### Noun

sin
* Letter of the Arabic alphabet: س

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic سِين (sīn).

### Noun

sin (plural sinlar)
* the Arabic letter س

#### Declension
## Vietnamese
### Etymology

From translingual sin, from English sine, from Latin sinus.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [sin˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʂin˧˧] ~ [sin˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ʂɨn˧˧] ~ [sɨn˧˧]

### Noun

sin
* (trigonometry) sine
    Sin đi học. Cos không hư. Tang đoàn kết. Cotang kết đoàn.SOH-CAH-TOA(literally, “Sine goes to school. Cosine isn't naughty. Tangent unifies. Cotangent does too.”)

### See also

* cosin

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /siːn/
* Rhymes: -iːn

### Etymology 1

* PIE word
* *(s)ḱeh₃-
From English scene, from Middle French scene, from Latin scaena, scēna, from Ancient Greek σκηνή (skēnḗ, “scene, stage”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”). Doublet of cysgod (“shade, shadow”).

#### Noun

sin f (plural sinau, not mutable)
* scene (social environment)
    y sin bop Gymraeg ― the Welsh-language pop scene

### Etymology 2

From English sine, from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinws (“sinus”).

#### Noun

sin m (plural sinau, not mutable)
* (trigonometry, differential geometry) sine

##### Related terms

* trigonometreg (“trigonometry”)
* cosin (“cosine”)
* tangiad (“tangent”)

### Etymology 3

From Middle English sine, from Old French signe, from Latin signum, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or *sekʷ- (“to follow”); Doublet of sygn (“astrological sign”).

#### Alternative forms

* sein

#### Noun

sin m (plural sinau, not mutable)
* (obsolete) sign
    Synonym: arwydd
* (obsolete) symbol
    Synonym: symbol
* (obsolete) emblem
    Synonym: arwyddlun

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## West Frisian
### Etymology

From Old Frisian sinn, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɪn/

### Noun

sin c (plural sinnen, diminutive sintsje)
* sentence (syntactic unit containing a subject and a predicate)
* sense (means of experiencing the external world)
* meaning, sense, significance

#### Further reading

* “sin”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

### Noun

sin n (plural sinnen, diminutive sintsje)
* mood
* opinion, view

#### Further reading

* “sin”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to worship a deity; to revere
* (transitive) to serve

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ẹ̀sìn (“religion”)
* ìsìn (“religious worship”)

##### Related terms

* bọ (“to worship; to sacrifice to a divinity”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to domesticate an animal or plant

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ọ̀sìn (“domestication”)

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to give a girl away in marriage

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to accompany or escort someone; to keep company of someone; to guide

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìsìn

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to serve, to work for someone

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìsìn (“servitude”)

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̀/

#### Verb

sìn
* (transitive) to demand something from someone to recover it

##### Usage notes

* sin before a direct object

##### Derived terms

* ìsìn

### Etymology 7
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̄/

#### Verb

sin
* (transitive) to bury in soil

##### Derived terms

* sìnkú (“to bury the dead”)
* ìsin (“burial”)

### Etymology 8
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ̄/

#### Verb

sin
* (transitive) to lie hidden, to remain secret
    ọ̀rọ̀ náà sin ― the matter remains secret

### Etymology 9
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* (transitive, usually with gbẹ́rẹ́) to incise the body (usually in the process of traditional rituals)
    Synonym: síngbẹ́rẹ́

##### Derived terms

* ìsíngbẹ́rẹ́ (“scarification”)

### Etymology 10
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* (intransitive) to sneeze

##### Derived terms

* ìsín (“the act of sneezing”)

### Etymology 11
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* (intransitive) to string or piece things together
    Synonym: sò

##### Derived terms

* ìsín

### Etymology 12
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sĩ́/

#### Verb

sín
* (intransitive) to crack a nut (to reach the inner seed or kernel)

##### Derived terms

* ìsín
* sínkùrọ́

## Zhuang
### Etymology

From Chinese 辛 (MC sin).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Zhuang) IPA: /θin˨˦/
* Tone numbers: sin$^1$
* Hyphenation: sin

### Noun

sin (Sawndip form 辛, 1957–1982 spelling sin)
* the eighth of the ten heavenly stems

### See also

* (Chinese heavenly stems) diengan; gyap, iet, bingj, ding, fouh, geij, geng, sin, nyaemz, gveiq