# -al
## English
### Etymology 1

From Middle English -al, from the Latin adjective suffix -ālis, or French, Middle French and Old French -el, -al.

#### Alternative forms

* -all (obsolete)
* -ual

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əl/, [l̩], [ɫ̩]
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

#### Suffix

-al
* Of or pertaining to. Adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.
    ‎base + ‎-al → ‎basal
    ‎cranium + ‎-al → ‎cranial
* Forming nouns, especially of verbal action.
    ‎propose + ‎-al → ‎proposal
    ‎deny + ‎-al → ‎denial
    ‎bestow + ‎-al → ‎bestowal

##### Usage notes

If the root word contains l, the variant -ar is often used instead (e.g. solar, lunar, columnar, lumbar), unless the root contains r after the l (lateral, plural). Sometimes both forms are found: linear, lineal. One also sees -ial, as in manorial.
As nominalizer, some verbs have two corresponding nouns, one ending in -al and the other in -tion/-sion (more common suffix), with one or the other being more common, sometimes with different nuances. Notable examples: disposition/disposal (dispose), proposition/proposal (propose), submission/submittal (submit), transmission/transmittal (transmit). Some superficial pairs are actually of different origin, notably reversion/reversal (revert/reverse, not both from reverse).

##### Derived terms

* (of or pertaining to): Category:English terms suffixed with -al
* (forming nouns, especially of verbal action.): arousal, arrival, bestowal, betrothal, denial, disposal, proposal, rental, rival, reversal, removal, subdual, submittal, transmittal
* -ical

#### See also

* -an
* -ar
* -ate
* -ese
* -esque
* -ian
* -id
* -ing
* -ish
* -like
* -oid
* -ory
* -ous
* -ship
* -tion (-ion, -sion)
* -ure
* -y

### Etymology 2

Back-formation of aldehyde.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /æl/

#### Suffix

-al
* (organic chemistry) Forms the names of aldehydes.

##### Translations
### Anagrams

* L. A., L.A., LA, La, La-, La., la, lä

## Abenaki
### Suffix

-al
* A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words.
    pessimen (“currant”) → pessimenal (“currants”)
    wôbigen (“it is white”) → wôbigenal (“they are white”)

#### Usage notes

* -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a.
* See the usage notes at -ak.

## Asturian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈal/ [ˈal]

### Suffix

-al (epicene, adjective-forming suffix, plural -als)
* -al (of or pertaining to)

#### Derived terms
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈal]

### Suffix

-al m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -als)
* in adjectives, indicating relation
    ‎estructura (“structure”) + ‎-al → ‎estructural (“structural”)

#### Derived terms
## Danish
### Suffix

-al
* -al, of or pertaining to; forming an adjective from a noun
* (organic chemistry) -al

#### See also

* -ig
* -isk
* -lig
* -som

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑl/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-al
* (organic chemistry) -al

#### Synonyms

* oxo-

#### Derived terms
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-al
* for [...] reason (ending for correlatives of reason)

#### Derived terms

* alial (“for another reason”)
* ĉial (“for every reason”)
* ial (“for any/some reason”)
* kial (“for what reason, why”)
* nenial (“for no reason”)
* tial (“for that reason, therefore”)

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French -al, from Old French -al, borrowed from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -el, which is inherited.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /al/
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-al (feminine -ale, masculine plural -aux, feminine plural -ales)
* -al; appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form; often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also

#### Descendants

* Norwegian Bokmål: -al
* → Turkish: -sal (learned)

## German
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aːl]
* Audio:(file)

### Suffix

-al
* pertaining to, using; adjectival suffix appended to nouns

#### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Etymology

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -l (verb-forming suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɒl]

### Suffix

-al
* (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb.
    ‎szárny (“a wing”) + ‎-al → ‎szárnyal (“to soar”)
* (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role.
    ‎von (“to pull”) + ‎-al → ‎vonal (“line”)
* (organic chemistry) -al (forms the names of aldehydes)
    etanal ― ethanal

#### Usage notes

* (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
    -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.
* (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
    -al is added to back-vowel words
    -el is added to front-vowel words

#### Derived terms
### See also

* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## K'iche'
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːl/

### Suffix

-al
* Forms nouns from adjectives
    ‎tew (“cold”) + ‎-al → ‎tewal (“coldness”)
    ‎k’ak’ (“new”) + ‎-al → ‎k’ak’al (“youngster”)
* Forms nouns from -aj verb suffix
    ‎mujaj (“to shade”) + ‎-al → ‎mujaj (“shadow”)
    ‎q’ebaj (“to go across”) + ‎-al → ‎q’ebal (“large earthen jar”)
* Forms nouns from adverbs
    ‎nojim (“slowly”) + ‎-al → ‎nojimal (“slowness”)
    ‎nabe (“firstly”) + ‎-al → ‎nabeal (“firstborn”)
* Forms nouns from nouns
    ‎k’o’x (“gourd cup”) + ‎-al → ‎k’o’xal (“shell of a dead animal”)
    ‎süb (“tamalito of corn”) + ‎-al → ‎sübal (“pot for making tamales”)

### References

* Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* -āle
* -ar, -āre (when containing /l/)

### Etymology

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āle, the nominative neuter singular ending of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.

### Suffix

-al n (genitive -ālis); third declension
* noun-forming suffix

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

#### Derived terms
## Lepontic
### Suffix

-al
* Romanization of -𐌀𐌋

## Malay
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch -aal and English -al.

### Pronunciation

* (English-based) IPA: [-əl]
* (Baku) IPA: [-al]
* Hyphenation: -al

### Suffix

-al (Jawi spelling ـل)
* -al
    konvensional ― conventional

#### Derived terms
## Manx
### Alternative forms

* -ail

### Etymology 1

Extracted from goaill.

#### Suffix

-al f
* suffix used to form verbal nouns

### Etymology 2

Extracted from goaill.

#### Suffix

-al
* suffix used productively to form denominative verbs and their associated verbal nouns
    ‎yiarn (“iron”) + ‎-al → ‎yiarnal (“to iron”)
    ‎post (“post”) + ‎-al → ‎postal (“to post”)

### Etymology 3

From Middle Irish -amail (compare Irish -úil, Scottish Gaelic -ail, -eil), from Old Irish -amail.

#### Suffix

-al
* An adjectival suffix applied to various words, usually nouns, to make an adjective.

### See also

* -ee

## Middle English
### Alternative forms

* -ale, -all, -alle, -eel, -el, -ele, -ell, -elle

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old French -al, -el and its source Latin -ālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-al/, /-aːl/, /-ɛl/, /-ɛːl/

### Suffix

-al
* (chiefly not productive) Forms adjectives from Latin and Romance vocabulary.

#### Descendants

* English: -al
* Scots: -al

#### References

* “-al, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

## Munsee
### Suffix

-al
* A suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words.
    síipuw (“river”) → siipúwal (“rivers”)
    máxkeew (“it is red”) → maxkéewal (“they are red”)

#### Usage notes

* -al is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words, including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a.

## Norman
### Etymology

From Old French -al, from Latin -ālis.

### Suffix

-al
* -al (of or pertaining to; adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form)

#### Derived terms
## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* -all (pre-1917)

### Etymology

From Old Norse -all in adjectives like þagall and gamall, from Proto-Germanic *-alaz.

### Suffix

-al (neuter -alt, definite singular and plural -ale, comparative -alare, indefinite superlative -alast, definite superlative -alaste)
* Forms adjectives from verbs meaning “doing” or “pertaining to doing” the verb.
    ‎våga (“dare”) + ‎-al → ‎vågal (“daring, risky”)

#### Derived terms

* blåsal
* brekal
* frostal
* grinal
* gråtal
* hatal (“hateful”)
* heftal
* krakal
* lidal
* vågal
* yppal

#### Related terms

* atal (< atall)
* gamal
* kostal
* tagal

### References

* “-al” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
* “*all” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring

## Old French
### Alternative forms

* -el

### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ālis. Compare the inherited -el.

### Suffix

-al
* suffix used to form adjectives from nouns
    mesnal (from mesnee) ― domestic; household

#### Descendants

* Middle French: -al
** French: -al

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-aľь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /al/
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-al m
* forms masculine nouns, usually augmentative in nature
    ‎nos + ‎-al → ‎nochal

#### Declension

Animate/personal:
Inanimate:
Surnames:

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -al in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈaw/ [ˈaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈal/ [ˈaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈal/ [ˈaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ˈa.li/
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw

### Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese -al, from Latin -ālis.

#### Suffix

-al m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -ais)
* appended to noun X, forms adjectives meaning “of or relating to X”
    Synonyms: -ar, -ário, -eal, -eiro, -ial, -ico
    ‎abismo (“abyss”) + ‎-al → ‎abismal (“abyssal; abysmal”)
    ‎indústria (“factory; industry”) + ‎-al → ‎industrial (“industrial”)
* (rarely productive) forms synonyms of adjectives containing the suffix -ico
    ‎angélico (“angelic”) + ‎-al → ‎angelical (“angelical”)

#### Suffix

-al m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, plural -ais)
* appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a collection X” or “a large quantity of X”
    Synonym: -ário
    ‎ninho (“nest”) + ‎-al → ‎ninhal (“a bunch of nests”)
    ‎edito (“edict”) + ‎-al → ‎edital (“notice board”)
* appended to noun X, forms nouns meaning “a place where there is plenty of X” or "field where a plant is cultivated"
    Synonyms: -açal, -egal, -eiro
    ‎trigo (“wheat”) + ‎-al → ‎trigal (“wheatfield”)
    ‎sobreiro (“cork oak”) + ‎-al → ‎sobreiral (“an orchard of cork oaks”)
    ‎pedra (“rock”) + ‎-al → ‎pedregal (“a rocky field”)
    ‎colmeia (“beehive”) + ‎-al → ‎colmeal (“a place with many beehives”)
    ‎cátedra (“clergy”) + ‎-al → ‎catedral (“a large or important church building”)

##### Usage notes

The following ending(s) change(s) in words appended with this suffix:
* ⟨-ção⟩, ⟨-são⟩ (in feminine abstract nouns, incl. plurals) → ⟨-cion⟩, ⟨-sion⟩
* ⟨-ão⟩ (as a non-verb suffix, incl. plurals) → ⟨-on⟩
* ⟨-ã(o)⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-(i)an⟩, ⟨-am⟩, or ⟨-(i)on⟩, depending on the base word's etymology
* ⟨-m⟩ (incl. plurals) → ⟨-n⟩
* ⟨-z⟩ (in some nouns from Latin, incl. plurals) → ⟨-c(i)⟩
* ⟨-vel⟩ (unstressed and adjectival, incl. plurals) → ⟨-bili⟩
* ⟨-z⟩ (adjectival, incl. plurals) → ⟨-ci⟩

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From the first syllable of álcool (“alcohol”) and aldeído (“aldehyde”).

#### Suffix

-al m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ais)
* (chemistry) forms the names of alcohols
* (chemistry) forms the names of aldehydes

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -alis. Compare French -al, Italian -ale.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /al/

### Suffix

-al m or n (feminine singular -ală, masculine plural -ali, feminine and neuter plural -ale)
* -al; of or pertaining to, forms adjectives from nouns.
    ‎săptămână (“week”) + ‎-al → ‎săptămânal (“weekly”)

#### Related terms

* -aie

## Spanish
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ālis.

### Suffix

-al m or f (adjective-forming suffix, masculine and feminine plural -ales)
* indicates relation
    ‎cultura (“culture”) + ‎-al → ‎cultural (“cultural”)

### Suffix

-al m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ales)
* indicates a place where something is grown, or where there is plenty of it
    ‎maíz (“corn”) + ‎-al → ‎maizal (“corn field”)
    ‎naranja (“orange”) + ‎-al → ‎naranjal (“orange grove”)
    ‎escoria (“scoria”) + ‎-al → ‎escorial (“bed of lava”)

#### See also

* -ar
* -ero

### Further reading

* “-al”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Suffix

-al
* -al, of or pertaining to; forming an adjective from a noun

#### See also

* -ell
* -ig
* -isk
* -lig
* -sam

### Anagrams

* l:a, la