# normal
## English
### Etymology

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈnɔːml̩/
* (General American) IPA: /ˈnɔɹm(ə)l/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)məl
* Hyphenation: norm‧al

### Adjective

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)
* According to norms or rules or to a regular pattern.
    Organize the data into third normal form.
** 2007, Steven Wilson, "Normal", Porcupine Tree, Nil Recurring.
    Prescription drugs, they help me through the day And that restraining order keeps me well at bay And what's normal now, anyway?
** 2014, Michael Rush, Politics & Society, Routledge, →ISBN, page 210:In other words, although the legal processes were observed, it was not a normal transfer of power within each of the ruling communist parties. […] Demonstrations of the sort that brought about the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe were not normal, and where attempts had previously been made to hold them, they were invariably suppressed by force.
** (mathematics) Adhering to or being what is considered natural or regular in a particular field or context:
*** (number theory, of a real number) In whose representation in a given base b ≥ 2, for every positive integer n, the b$^n$ possible strings of n digits follow a uniform distribution.
    A number whose individual digits in a given base representation follow a uniform distribution is said to be simply normal.
    A number that is normal for every base b ≥ 2 is said to be absolutely normal.
*** (algebra, of a subgroup) With cosets which form a group.
*** (algebra, of a field extension of a field K) Which is the splitting field of a family of polynomials in K.
*** (probability theory, statistics, of a distribution) Which has a very specific bell curve shape; that is or has the qualities of a normal distribution.
*** (probability theory, statistics, of a random variable, etc.) Which has a normal distribution; which is associated with a random variable that has a normal distribution.
*** (complex analysis, of a family of continuous functions) Which is pre-compact.
*** (set theory, of a function from the ordinals to the ordinals) Which is strictly monotonically increasing and continuous with respect to the order topology.
*** (linear algebra, of a matrix) Which commutes with its conjugate transpose.
*** (functional analysis, of a Hilbert space operator) Which commutes with its adjoint.
*** (category theory) Being (as a morphism) or containing (as a category) only normal epimorphism(s) or monomorphism(s), that is, those which are the kernel or cokernel of some morphism, respectively.
*** (topology, of a topology or topological space) In which disjoint closed sets can be separated by disjoint neighborhoods.
*** (commutative algebra, of a domain) Integrally closed: equal its own integral closure in its field of fractions.
*** (commutative algebra, of a ring) Such that all of its localizations at prime ideals are integrally closed domains.
*** (algebraic geometry, of a variety or scheme) Such that the local ring at every point is an integrally closed domain.
* Usual, healthy; not sick or ill or unlike oneself.
    John is feeling normal again.
** (fandom slang, sarcastic, with “about”) Fervently interested in a subject; obsessed.
    I wrote a 30-page analysis of the show’s villain because I’m very normal about them.
* (education, of a school) Teaching teachers how to teach; teaching teachers the norms of education.
    My grandmother attended Mankato State Normal School; my grandfather attended Illinois State Normal University.
** 1928, Western Montana College, Western Montana College of Education, Catalogue of the Montana State Normal College, page 10:PURPOSE AND SCOPE[:] The State Normal College prepares teachers for the public schools of Montana. It accomplishes its work through professional courses, directed observation of expert teaching, and […]
* (chemistry) Of, relating to, or being a solution containing one equivalent weight of solute per litre of solution.
* (organic chemistry) Describing a straight chain isomer of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, or an aliphatic compound in which a substituent is in the 1- position of such a hydrocarbon.
* (physics, of a mode in an oscillating system) In which all parts of an object vibrate at the same frequency (a normal mode).
* (rail transport, of points) In the default position, set for the most frequently used route.
* (geometry) Perpendicular to a tangent of a curve or tangent plane of a surface.
    The interior normal vector of a perfect sphere always point toward the center, and the exterior normal vector directly away, and both are always collinear with the ray whose tip ends at the point of intersection, which is the intersection of all three sets of points.

#### Usage notes

* When used to describe a group of people, normal can be understood as meaning that those not part of the group are strange or freakish. Its usage can therefore be understood as offensive to those it excludes.

#### Synonyms

* (usual): conventional, customary, ordinary, standard, usual, regular, routine, average, expected, natural, typical, everyday, common, commonplace, general
* (healthy): hale, healthy, well
* (perpendicular): at right angles to, perpendicular, orthogonal
* (statistics): Gaussian, standard normal

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “usual”): unconventional, nonstandard, unusual, special
* (antonym(s) of “healthy”): ill, poorly (British), sick, unwell
* (antonym(s) of “perpendicular”): tangential
* (antonym(s) of “rail transport”): reverse

#### Derived terms

* abnormal
* algebraic normal form
* antinormal
* Backus normal form
* binormal
* Boyce-Codd normal form
* canonical conjunctive normal form
* canonical disjunctive normal form
* centinormal
* clausal normal form
* conjunctive normal form
* conormal
* Covid normal
* decanormal
* decinormal
* denormal
* disjunctive normal form
* Earth-normal
* equinormal
* extranormal
* fifth normal form
* first normal form
* fourth normal form
* have a normal one
* heteronormal
* hypernormal
* hyponormal
* immunonormal
* lognormal
* log-normal distribution
* malnormal
* millinormal
* multinormal
* new normal
* nonnormal
* normal basis
* normalcy
* normal depth
* normaldom
* normal extension
* normalfag
* normal fault
* normal force
* normal form
* normal form game
* normal for Norfolk
* normal good
* normal histology
* normalhood
* normal hydrogen
* normal hydrogen electrode
* normalise, normalize
* normalish
* Normal Island
* normalism
* normalist
* normality
* normalization
* normal lens
* normallo
* normally
* normal mode
* normalness
* normaloid
* normal pause
* normalphobia
* normalphobic
* normal potential
* normal profit
* normal random variable
* normal saline
* normal school
* normal space
* normal subgroup
* normal time
* normal vector
* normalwise
* norman
* normie
* normophile
* orthonormal
* paranormal
* perinormal
* polynormal
* postnormal
* prenex normal form
* preternormal
* pronormal
* pseudonormal
* quasinormal
* ring sum normal form
* second normal form
* seminormal
* standard normal distribution
* standard normal random variable
* subnormal
* supernormal
* supranormal
* surface normal
* third normal form
* transnormal
* ultranormal
* unnormal

#### Related terms

* norm

#### Translations
### Noun

normal (countable and uncountable, plural normals)
* (geometry, countable) A line or vector that is perpendicular to another line, surface, or plane.
* (medicine, countable) A person who is healthy, normal, as opposed to one who is morbid.
** 2014, Ahmet Celik, Edibe Saricicek, Vahap Saricicek, Elif Sahin, Gokhan Ozdemir, Metin Kilinc, Ayten Oguz, Relation between the new anthropometric obesity parameters and inflammatory markers in healthy adult men‎, SCIRJ:Subjects were grouped as Group 1 and Group 2 according to VAI, and normals, overweights and obeses according to BMI.
* (slang, countable) A person who is normal, who fits into mainstream society, as opposed to those who live alternative lifestyles.
* (countable, uncountable) The usual state.
    His workload is now back to normal.
    Heavy workload is the new normal.
** 1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, page 269:Still, there was a hitch somewhere in the gathering that threw it out of normal.

#### Synonyms

* (normal person): see Thesaurus:mainstreamer

#### Translations
### References

* 1 2 “normal”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* ↑ “normal”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
* ↑ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “normal”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
* ↑ William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “normal”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
* 1 2 The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories (1991, →ISBN), age 321
* ↑ Brent Davis, Dennis Sumara, Complexity and Education (2014, →ISBN)

### Anagrams

* Morlan, Marlon, Larmon, Molnar

## Asturian
### Adjective

normal (epicene, plural normales)
* normal

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from French normal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [nurˈmal]
* IPA: (Balearic) [norˈmal]
* IPA: (Valencia) [noɾˈmal]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

normal m or f (masculine and feminine plural normals)
* normal
    Antonym: anormal

#### Derived terms

* normalitat
* normalment

### Further reading

* “normal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “normal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “normal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “normal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [nɒˈmæˀl]

### Etymology 1

From French normale, Derived from Latin nōrmālis.

#### Noun

normal c (singular definite normalen, plural indefinite normaler)
* a normal value or quantity (e.g. tempature etc.)
** the usual and ordinary; business as usual
* (mathematics) line or surface that is perpendicular to another line or surface

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

See above

#### Adjective

normal (neuter normalt, plural and definite singular attributive normale)
* ordinary, usual, typical
    Synonyms: typisk, almindelig
** scheduled, planned
    Synonyms: planmæssig, ordinær
** without deficiencies, working as it is should (living beings, organs etc.)
    Synonyms: rask, velfungerende
** average
    Synonym: gennemsnitlig

##### Inflection

$^1$ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite, the corresponding "indefinite" form is used. $^2$ The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

#### Adverb

normal
* usually, for the most part
    Synonyms: sædvanligvis, almindeligvis

### References

* “normal” in Den Danske Ordbog

### References

“normal” in Den Danske Ordbog

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nōrmālis. By surface analysis, norme +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nɔʁ.mal/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

normal (feminine normale, masculine plural normaux, feminine plural normales)
* normal (according to norms, usual)
* (relational) normal (relating to a school to teach teachers how to teach)
* okay, alright
    Antonym: anormal

#### Derived terms

* école normale supérieure
* en temps normal
* heure normale de l’est
* loi normale
* normalement
* normalisation
* normaliser
* normalité
* supernormal
* ultranormal

#### Related terms

* norme

### Further reading

* “normal”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nɔrˈmaːl/, [nɔʁˈmaːl], [nɔɐ̯-], [nɔ-], [no-]
* Rhymes: -aːl
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

normal (strong nominative masculine singular normaler, comparative normaler, superlative am normalsten)
* ordinary, normal
    völlig normal. ― completely normal.

#### Derived terms

* normalerweise
* stinknormal

#### Descendants

* → Silesian: normalny

### Adverb

normal
* (standard) ordinarily, normally, in a normal fashion
    Er hat sich ganz normal benommen.He behaved quite normally.
* (colloquial) Alternative form of normalerweise: usually, normally, in general
    Normal geh ich früh ins Bett.I normally go to bed early.

### Interjection

normal
* (colloquial) sure, of course, obviously; usually implies that something is trivial
    Du hast mit zwölf schon geraucht? ― Normal.You already smoked at twelve? ― Sure.

### Further reading

* “normal” in Duden online
* “normal” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

## Hunsrik
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /norˈmaːl/

### Adjective

normal
* normal

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Online Hunsrik Dictionary

## Indonesian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch normaal, ultimately derived from Latin nōrmālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnɔr.mal/
* Rhymes: -mal
* Hyphenation: nor‧mal

### Adjective

normal (comparative lebih normal, superlative paling normal or ternormal, equative senormal)
* normal
** according to norms or rules or to a regular pattern
** (usually of mental health) usual, healthy; not sick or ill

#### Derived terms

* kenormalan
* normalkan
* penormalan

#### Related terms

* abnormal
* normalisasi
* normalitas

### Further reading

* “normal” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Interlingua
### Adjective

normal (comparative plus normal, superlative le plus normal)
* normal
    Antonym: anormal

## Irish
### Etymology

Borrowing from English normal.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈn̪ˠɔɾˠ(ə)mˠəlˠ/

### Noun

normal m (genitive singular normail, nominative plural normail)
* (geometry, statistics, chemistry) normal

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
normal
normail
vocative
a normail
a normala
genitive
normail
normal
dative
normal
normail
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an normal
na normail
genitive
an normail
na normal
dative
leis an normal don normal
leis na normail :

#### Derived terms

* aonadnormal m (“unit normal”)
* normalach (“normal”, adjective)
* normalacht f (“normality”)

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “normal”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* “normal”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

## Ladin
### Adjective

normal m (feminine singular normala, masculine plural normai, feminine plural normales)
* normal

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Latin normālis.

### Adjective

normal (neuter singular normalt, definite singular and plural normale)
* normal, ordinary
    Antonym: unormal

#### Derived terms

* normalspor, normalsporet
* normaltid

### References

* “normal” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Latin normālis.

### Adjective

normal (neuter singular normalt, definite singular and plural normale)
* normal, ordinary
    Antonym: unormal

#### Derived terms

* normalspor
* normaltid

### References

* “normal” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin normālis. By surface analysis, norma +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /noʁˈmaw/ [noɦˈmaʊ̯]
* (Brazil) IPA: /noʁˈmaw/ [noɦˈmaʊ̯]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /noɾˈmaw/ [noɾˈmaʊ̯]
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /noʁˈmaw/ [noʁˈmaʊ̯]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /noɻˈmaw/ [noɻˈmaʊ̯]
* (Portugal) IPA: /nɔɾˈmal/ [nɔɾˈmaɫ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /nɔɾˈmal/ [nɔɾˈmaɫ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /nɔɾˈma.li/
* (Northeast Brazil) IPA: [nɔɦˈmaw]
* (Rural Central Brazil) IPA: [nuɹˈmaw]
* Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
* Hyphenation: nor‧mal

### Adjective

normal m or f (plural normais)
* normal, standard, regular
* (geometry) normal (perpendicular to a tangent of a curve or derivative of a surface)

#### Derived terms

* normalizar
* normalmente

#### Related terms

* norma
* anormal

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French normal, from Latin normālis. By surface analysis, normă +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /norˈmal/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

normal m or n (feminine singular normală, masculine plural normali, feminine and neuter plural normale)
* normal

#### Related terms

* normalitate

### Adverb

normal
* normally
* of course, obviously
    Synonyms: evident, logic
    Normal că mi-e foame.Of course I'm hungry.

## Spanish
### Etymology

From Latin nōrmālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /noɾˈmal/ [noɾˈmal]
* Audio (Colombia):(file)
* Rhymes: -al
* Syllabification: nor‧mal

### Adjective

normal m or f (masculine and feminine plural normales)
* normal, standard, regular, fine
    Synonyms: regular, común
    Antonyms: anormal, raro, poco común
    A mi me parece normal.It seems fine to me.
* (geometry) perpendicular
    Synonym: perpendicular
    Antonyms: oblicuo, paralelo

#### Derived terms

* distribución normal
* escuela normal
* leche normal
* normal y corriente
* normalidad
* normalista
* refresco normal
* subnormal

#### Related terms

* norma

### Noun

normal f (plural normales)
* (education) a school for becoming a teacher

### Further reading

* “normal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Latin nōrmālis, from nōrma + -ālis, equivalent to norm +‎ -al.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

normal (comparative normalare, superlative normalast)
* normal
    Antonyms: abnorm, onaturlig, onormal, sjuklig

#### Declension

$^1$ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. $^2$ Dated or archaic. $^3$ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

#### Related terms

* normalisera

### Noun

normal c
* (geometry) a normal (a line which is perpendicular to another line or to a surface)
    Antonym: tangent

#### Declension
### References

* normal in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Each pronunciation has a different source:
* Ultimate stress borrowed from Spanish normal.
* Penultimate stress borrowed from English normal.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog)
** IPA: /noɾˈmal/ [n̪oɾˈmal] (Spanish influence)
*** Rhymes: -al
** IPA: /ˈnoɾmal/ [ˈn̪oɾ.mɐl] (English influence)
*** Rhymes: -oɾmal
* Syllabification: nor‧mal

### Adjective

normál or normal (Baybayin spelling ᜈᜓᜇ᜔ᜋᜎ᜔)
* normal
    Synonyms: karaniwan, regular

#### Related terms

* abnormal
* abnormalidad
* normalidad

### Further reading

* “normal”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Turkish
### Etymology

From French normal, from Latin nōrmālis.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /noɾˈmɑl/

### Adjective

normal
* normal
* regular
* usual

#### Declension

For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

### Noun

normal (definite accusative normali, uncountable)
* normal (usual state)
* standard

#### Derived terms

* normalleştirmek
* normalleşmek

## Welsh
### Noun

normal m (plural normalau, not mutable)
* (geometry) normal

### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “normal”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies