# 已

| 已 | U+5DF2, &#24050; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DF2 |
| ← 己 [U+5DF1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 巳 → [U+5DF3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

已 (Kangxi radical 49, 己+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 尸山 (SU) or 難尸山 (XSU), four-corner 1771$_7$, composition ⿱匕𠃍)

#### Usage notes

This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 己 or 巳.

#### Derived characters

* 𠖰, 𡉏, 𡴾, 𢩽, 𨑓, 𤣱, 𥝗, 𫧟, 𬜒, 𧿆, 𩨕, 𩝮, 𬀺, 𥮄
* 𤏁 (Exception: Only for Taiwan character form as Hong Kong character contains 己 instead)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 326, character 11
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8743
* Dae Jaweon: page 630, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 984, character 1
* Unihan data for U+5DF2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

May have originally been the same character as 巳, a pictogram (象形) of either a snake or a fetus. This character cannot be found in the Shuowen Jiezi.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐ (yi$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ji$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): i$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yí
* Eastern Min (BUC): ī
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): í
    (Teochew, Peng'im): in$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$i
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐ
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$
*** Yale: yǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yii
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ji$^5$
*** Yale: yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiː¹³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ī
*** Sinological IPA : /i³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
*** Tâi-lô: í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /i⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /i⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: in$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: íⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ĩ⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$i
*** MiniDict: i$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$i
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yiX, yiH
Rime :
| Character | 已 | 已 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 羊己切 | 羊吏切 |
| Baxter | yiX | yiH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨ$^X$/ | /jɨ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jɨ$^X$/ | /jɨ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ie$^X$/ | /ie$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨ$^X$/ | /jɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iə$^X$/ | /iə$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭə$^X$/ | /jĭə$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ | /i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ | ji$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢ(r)əʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 已 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢ(r)əʔ/ |
| English | cease; already |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 已 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14924 |
| Phonetic component | 已 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 以 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯʔ/ |
| Notes | 巳轉註字 |

### Etymology 1

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). The “already” sense is lexicalized from the verb “to finish; to complete”, and gradually became more common than 既 (OC *kɯds), the older word for “already”, in the mid- to late first millennium BCE (Pulleyblank, 1995).

#### Definitions

已
* to stop; to finish
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Rèn zhòng ér dào yuǎn. Rén yǐwèi jǐ rèn, bù yì zhòng hū? Sǐ érhòu yǐ, bù yì yuǎn hū? [Pinyin]
    [His] duty is heavy and [his] way is far. He takes benevolence to be his duty; is that not heavy indeed? [His duty] is completed [only] when he dies; is that not far indeed?
    From: Song Dynasty, 李之儀, 《卜算子·我住長江頭》
    Cǐ shuǐ jǐshí xiū, cǐ hèn héshí yǐ. [Pinyin]
    When will the river cease to flow? When will this brooding end?
* already; have done something
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Nián yǐ qīshí yǐ. [Pinyin]
    He was already seventy years old.
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Ruò yǐ shí zé tuì, ruò wèi shí zé zuǒ chángzhě shì jù. [Pinyin]
    If they have eaten already, they should retire; if they have not eaten, they will [remain to] assist their elder [brothers and sisters] and see what has been prepared.
    From: 1983, 陳百強, 《偏偏喜歡你》
    cing$^4$ ji$^6$ ji$^5$ sat$^1$ heoi$^3$, jan$^1$ oi$^3$ dou$^1$ sat$^1$ heoi$^3$ [Jyutping]
    Friendship has already gone, and all of the love is gone

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 已, 業, 業已, 既 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 已經, 已, 業經, 業已, 已然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 已經, 已竟, 已就 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 已經 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 已經 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 已經 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 已經 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 可價 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 已經 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 已經 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 已經 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 已經 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 已經 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 已經, 經已 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 已經, 經已 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 經已 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 應 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 已經 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 已經 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 既經 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 既經, 已經 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 已經 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 已經 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 已經 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 已經 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 已經 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 已經 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 已經 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 已經 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 已經 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 現是, 已經 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 已經, 既已經 |

### Etymology 2

Possibly a fusion of 也 (OC *laːlʔ) and 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ), explaining why the latter is never found after the former (Pulleyblank, 1995).

#### Definitions

已
* (Classical) Used after predicates, especially noun predicates, to express a new realization by the speaker. Compare 矣 (yǐ), which is used similarly but only after verbs. Sometimes expanded to 也已 or 也已矣, which are synonymous.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Ránzé wáng zhī suǒ dà yù kě zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
    Then, what your Majesty greatly desires may be known.
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Rù qí jìng, qí tiánchóu huì, dōuyì lù, shì tān zhǔ yǐ. [Pinyin]
    If, upon entering the borders, the fields are in poor condition and the towns are exposed, one can tell that this is the [realm of] a covetous ruler.

### Compounds

* 一夔已足 (yīkuíyǐzú)
* 不已 (bùyǐ)
* 不得已 (bùdéyǐ)
* 不為已甚 / 不为已甚 (bùwéiyǐshèn)
* 不能自已 (bùnéngzìyǐ)
* 低徊不已
* 勢不得已 / 势不得已
* 喋喋不已
* 墓木已拱 (mùmùyǐgǒng)
* 壯心不已 / 壮心不已
* 大勢已去 / 大势已去 (dàshìyǐqù)
* 大勢已定 / 大势已定
* 大局已定
* 已去
* 已婚 (yǐhūn)
* 已定 (yǐdìng)
* 已往 (yǐwǎng)
* 已故 (yǐgù)
* 已決 / 已决 (yǐjué)
* 已然 (yǐrán)
* 已甚 (yǐshèn)
* 已矣
* 已知數 / 已知数
* 已經 / 已经 (yǐjīng)
* 已而 (yǐ'ér)
* 已而不登
* 已還 / 已还
* 必不得已
* 悶悶不已 / 闷闷不已
* 情非得已 (qíngfēidéyǐ)
* 斃而後已 / 毙而后已
* 方寸已亂 / 方寸已乱
* 日已銜山 / 日已衔山
* 早已 (zǎoyǐ)
* 有加無已 / 有加无已
* 木已成舟 (mùyǐchéngzhōu)
* 業已 / 业已 (yèyǐ)
* 死而後已 / 死而后已 (sǐ'érhòuyǐ)
* 為時已晚 / 为时已晚 (wéishíyǐwǎn)
* 無已 / 无已 (wúyǐ)
* 生生不已
* 病已成勢 / 病已成势
* 萬不得已 / 万不得已 (wànbùdéyǐ)
* 米已成炊 (mǐyǐchéngchuī)
* 紛爭不已 / 纷争不已
* 羽翮已就
* 羽翼已成
* 而已 (éryǐ)
* 芳魂已杳
* 誅求無已 / 诛求无已
* 諾已 / 诺已
* 貪求無已 / 贪求无已
* 迫不得已 (pòbùdéyǐ)
* 逼不得已

### References

* “已”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: い (i)
* Kan-on: い (i)
* Kun: すでに (sudeni, 已に)、やむ (yamu, 已む)、のみ (nomi, 已)
* Nanori: み (mi)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 已
* い Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 已 (MC yiX|yiH).

### Affix

已(い) • (i)
* already
* Alternative form of 以 (i)

#### Derived terms

May be replaced with 以 in some compounds, e.g. 已降→以降.
* 已(い)然(ぜん) (izen)
* 已(い)然(ぜん)形(けい) (izenkei)
* 已(い)上(じょう) (ijō)
* 已(い)下(か) (ika)
* 已(い)己(こ)巳(み)己(き) (ikomiki)
* 已(い)前(ぜん) (izen)
* 已(い)降(こう) (ikō)
* 已(い)後(ご) (igo)
* 已(い)来(らい) (irai)
* 生(しょう)滅(めつ)滅(めつ)已(い) (shōmetsumetsui)

## Korean
### Hanja

已 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

已: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ, dãi
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.