# bos
## Translingual
### Symbol

bos
* (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Bosnian.

## English
### Noun

bos
* plural of bo

### Anagrams

* OSB, SOB, sob, SBO, obs, BSO, obs., Obs, OBs

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

Inherited from Dutch bos, from Middle Dutch bosch, from Old Dutch *busc, from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔs/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bos (plural bosse, diminutive bossie)
* wood, forest
* bush, shrub
* bunch, bundle, sheaf, bouquet
    Hy het vir my 'n bossie blomme gegee.He gave me a bunch/bouquet of flowers.

#### Derived terms

* bosbedryf
* bosbeheer
* bosbestuur
* bosbewaring
* bosbewoner
* boskraai
* bosveld
* boswagter
* boswerker
* kankerbos
* renosterbos

## Aragonese
### Pronoun

bos
* Superseded spelling of vos.

## Cornish
### Alternative forms

* bones

### Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *bod, from Proto-Celtic *butā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”).

### Pronunciation

* (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA: /ˈbɔːz/
* (Revived Late Cornish) IPA: (verbal noun) /ˈboːz/, (long forms, e.g. ero'ma, ere'vy) /ˈɛrɐ/, (preterite) /ˈbiː/

### Verb

bos (irregular)
* to be
* (Revived Late Cornish, future, preterite or conditional tenses) to have; to get
    My a veu own.I was frightened.(literally, “I had fright.”)
    Nei via pris da rag an hern.We would get a good price for the pilchards.
    Termyn aral hwei vedh moy.Another time you will have more.

#### Conjugation

| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Subjunctive | Subjunctive | Imperative |
| | Present (short) | Present (long) | Future- Habitual | Imperfect (short) | Imperfect (long) | Preterite | Conditional | Present- future | Imperfect | Imperative |
| 1s | ov vy, oma | esof vy, eroma | bedhaf vy | en vy | esen vy, eren vy | beuv vy | bien vy | biv vy, byma | ben vy | - |
| 2s | os jy, osta | esos jy, esta | bedhyth jy, bedhys jy | es jy | eses jy, eres jy | beus jy, beusta | bies jy | by jy, bosta | bes jy, besta | bëdh, bÿdh |
| 3s | yw ev, ywa | yma ev, usy ev, eus | bëdh ev, bÿdh ev | o ev | esa ev, eja ev, era ev | beu ev | bia ev | bo ev | be ev | bedhes |
| 1p | on ny | eson ny, eron ny | bedhyn ny | en ny | esen ny, eren ny | beun ny | bien ny | bon ny | ben ny | bedhyn |
| 2p | owgh why | esowgh, erowgh why | bedhowgh why | ewgh why | esewgh why, erewgh why | bewgh why | biewgh why | bowgh why | bewgh why | bedhowgh |
| 3p | yns y | ymowns y, ymôns y, usons y | bedhons y | êns y | esens y, erens y | bowns y | biens y | bowns y | bêns y | bedhens |
| Present participle: ow pos, ow pones |||||||||||
| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Subjunctive | Subjunctive | Imperative |
| | Present (short) | Present (long) | Future- Habitual | Imperfect (short) | Imperfect (long) | Preterite | Conditional | Present- future | Imperfect | Imperative |
| 1s | ov vy, o'ma | esov vy | bydhav vy | en vy | esen vy | beuv vy | bien vy | biv vy, bon vy | ben vy | - |
| 2s | os jy, os ta | esos jy, es ta | bydhydh jy | es jy | eses jy | beus jy | bies jy | bi jy, bos jy | bes jy | bydh |
| 3s | yw ev | yma ev, usi ev, eus | bydh ev | o ev | esa ev | beu ev | bia ev | bo ev | be ev | bedhes |
| 1p | on ni | eson ni | bydhyn ni | en ni | esen ni | beun ni | bien ni | byn ni, bon ni | ben ni | bedhyn |
| 2p | owgh hwi | esowgh hwi | bydhowgh hwi | ewgh hwi | esewgh hwi | bewgh hwi | biewgh hwi | bowgh hwi | bewgh hwi | bedhowgh |
| 3p | yns i | ymons i, usons i | bydhons i | ens i | esens i | bons i | biens i | bons i | bens i | bedhens |
| 0 | or | eder | bedher | os | eses | beus | bies | ber | bes | - |
| Present participle: ow pos Verbal adjective: (not used) |||||||||||
| | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Indicative | Subjunctive | Subjunctive | Imperative |
| | Present (short) | Present (long) | Future- Habitual | Imperfect (short)$^1$ | Imperfect (long)$^1$ | Preterite | Conditional | Present- future | Imperfect$^2$ | Imperative |
| 1s | om, o'ma, o'vy | erom, ero'ma, ero'vy | bedham, bedha'ma, bedha'vy | om, o'ma, o'vy | ere'vy | beu'ma, beu'vy | biem, bie'vy | bon, bo'ma, bo'vy | be'vy | - |
| 2s | os, o'chy, os ta | ero'chy, es'ta | bedhys, bedhys ta | os, o'chy, os ta | ere'chy, es'ta | beus ta, beu'chy | bies, bie'chy | bos, bo'ta, bo'chy | bes, bes ta | bedh |
| 3s | ew, ewa (m.) | ma, eus, uji | bedh, bedha (m.) | o | era | beu | bia | bo | be | bedhes, bedhens |
| 1p | on, o'nei | ero'nei | bedhyn | o'nei | ere'nei | beu'nei | bie'nei | bon, bo'nei | ben, be'nei | bedhyn |
| 2p | o'hwei | ero'hwei | bedho'hwei | o'hwei | ere'hwei | bo'hwei, bew', be'hwei | bie'hwi | bow', bo'hwi | bew', bew'hwei | bedhow', bedhew' |
| 3p | ens, en'jei | mons, mon'jei, ma jei, ujons, ujon'jei | bedhons, bedh anjei | o'njei, o anjei | eren'jei, era anjei | bon'jei, beu anjei | biens, bia anjei | bons, bo anjei | bens, be anjei | bedhens |
| 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Present participle: o pos Verbal adjective: (not used) |||||||||||
$^2$The imperfect subjunctive has been replaced by the present-future subjunctive. Words such as mar (“if”) that trigger the imperfect subjunctive are used with other tenses: • (present): mar th'ew da genow' gosowes "if you like to listen" • (conditional): mar kressa an den gweles "if the man saw"
Orthography note: The apologetic apostrophe is used in Standard Written Form to indicate a contraction or a dropped consonant, but in practice is either dropped or replaced with a space — although usually not after th (“preverbal particle used to mark affirmative verb in a main clause”).

### Mutation
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbos]

### Adjective

bos
* (literary) short masculine singular of bosý
    Synonym: bosky

#### Derived terms

* na boso

#### Related terms

* bosý

### Further reading

* “bos”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “bos”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

## Dalmatian
### Etymology 1

Possibly from Latin buxus (“box tree”).

#### Noun

bos m
* oak tree

### Etymology 2

Unknown.

#### Noun

bos m
* thigh, hind quarters

## Danish
### Noun

bos n
* indefinite genitive singular of bo

## Dutch
### Alternative forms

* bosch (obsolete)

### Etymology

Inherited from Middle Dutch bosch, from Old Dutch *busc, from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɔs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: bos
* Rhymes: -ɔs

### Noun

bos n (plural bossen, diminutive bosje n)
* wood, forest
    Zij ging wandelen in de bossen.She went walking in the woods.
* (Suriname) jungle, tropical rainforest
** 2013, Scrappy W (lyrics and music), “Super Saamaka”:Ik woon in de stad en ik kom uit het bos / Toerisme gestudeerd en ik ben tevens kok / Mensen vinden me tof, grof, onbeschoft / en respect voor mijn buurvrouw want die noemt me osI live in the city and I'm from the jungle / Studied tourism and I am also a cook / People think I am harsh, rude, uncouth / and respect for my neighbour because she calls me an ox

### Noun

bos m (plural bossen, diminutive bosje n)
* bouquet, cluster, bunch
    Hij bracht een bosje bloemen mee.He brought me a bouquet of flowers.

#### Derived terms

* bebossen
* biesbos
* bos hout voor de deur
* bosbedrijf
* bosbeheer
* bosbes
* bosbewaring
* bosbewoner
* bosbouw
* bosbrand
* boshoen
* bosjavaan
* boskalkoen
* boskoe
* boskonijn
* bosland
* bosloos
* bosmarmot
* bosmier
* bosneger
* bospaardenstaart
* bospolitie
* bosrand
* bosrietzanger
* bosruiter
* bosspitsmuis
* bosui
* bosuil
* bosvogel
* boswachter
* boswezen
* dennenbos
* door de bomen het bos niet meer zien
* geriefbos
* herbebossen
* loofbos
* miltvuurbos
* naaldbos
* oerbos
* ontbossen
* ooibos
* pestbos
* rabattenbos
* rooibos
* schaambos
* takkenbos
* Adriaan Tripbos
* Ballastplaatbos
* Bedumerbos
* Beijumerbos
* Bellingwolderbos
* Beusebos
* Bevrijdingsbos
* Blijhamsterbos
* Corversbos
* Diemerbos
* Dingebos
* Donkere Bos
* Dr. Hommesbos
* Drevenbos
* Formerumerbos
* Haarsterbos
* Hollumerbos
* Hoornerbos
* Horstenerbos
* Huisweersterbos
* Kweekbos
* Kwelbos
* Lauwersoogbos
* Marnebos
* Meebos
* Middelstumerbos
* Nanninga's Bos
* Nesserbos
* Nieuwe Schanskerbos
* Noordlaarderbos
* Oostbos
* Pekelder Bos
* Quintusbos
* Roelagerbos
* Scharlakenbos
* Schinkelbos
* Steendamsterbos
* Telegraafbos
* Tempelbos
* Ten Boersterbos
* Vierhuizerbos
* Vledderbos
* Vlinderbalgbos
* W.H. Vliegenbos
* Wagenborgerbos
* Warffumerbos
* Winschoterbos
* Zuidwalbos

#### Descendants

* Afrikaans: bos
* Berbice Creole Dutch: bosi
* Negerhollands: boesch, bosch
* → Aukan: bosu
* → Caribbean Javanese: bos (bunch, bundle)
* → English: bush
** → Dutch: bush, bushbush
* →? Guyanese Creole English: bush
* → Indonesian: bos
* → Papiamentu: bòshi, bosji (from the diminutive)
* → Sranan Tongo: bosu (bunch, bundle)
* → Sranan Tongo: busi (forest)
** → Caribbean Javanese: busi
** → Kwinti: busi
** → Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: busi

## Friulian
### Etymology

From Latin buxus, from Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos).

### Noun

bos m (plural bos)
* box (tree)
* boxwood

## Galician
### Adjective

bos
* masculine plural of bo

## Guinea-Bissau Creole
### Etymology

From Portuguese vos. Cognate with Kabuverdianu bo.

### Pronoun

bos
* you (plural second person)

## Indonesian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbɔs]
* Hyphenation: bos

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Dutch bos, from Middle Dutch bosch, from Old Dutch *busc, from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz.

#### Noun

bos (plural bos-bos)
* cluster, bunch.

### Etymology 2

From English boss, from Dutch baas, from Middle Dutch baes (“master of a household, friend”), from Old Dutch *baso (“uncle, kinsman”), from Proto-Germanic *baswô, masculine form of Proto-Germanic *baswǭ (“father's sister, aunt, cousin”). Cognate with Middle Low German bās (“supervisor, foreman”), Old Frisian bas (“master”) > Saterland Frisian Boas (“boss”), Old High German basa (“father's sister, cousin”) > German Base (“aunt, cousin”). Doublet of bas.

#### Noun

bos (plural)
* boss, leader, head
    Synonyms: bas, mandor, pemborong, pembesar, kepala

### Further reading

* “bos” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* bas

### Etymology

From Old Irish bas, bos (“palm”), from Proto-Celtic *bostā (“palm, fist”) (compare Breton boz (“hollow of the hand”)), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷosto-, *gʷosdʰo- (“branch”).

### Pronunciation

* (Ulster) IPA: /ˈbˠʌsˠ/

### Noun

bos f (genitive singular boise, nominative plural bosa)
* (anatomy) palm of the hand
    Synonym: dearna
* (hurling) the flattened, curved end of a hurley

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
bos
bosa
vocative
a bhos
a bhosa
genitive
boise
bos
dative
bois
bosa
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an bhos
na bosa
genitive
na boise
na mbos
dative
leis an mbois don bhois
leis na bosa :
* Dual: dhá bhois

#### Derived terms

* boiseog

#### Descendants

* → Yola: baush, bash

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 bas”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 350, page 120

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “bos”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Karakalpak
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *boĺ.

### Adjective

bos
* empty

### References

* N. A. Baskakov, editor (1958), “бос”, in Karakalpaksko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Karakalpak-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: Akademija Nauk Uzbekskoj SSR, →ISBN

## Kristang
### Etymology

From Portuguese vós (“ye”), from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs (“ye”).

### Pronoun

bos
* you; thou (second-person singular personal pronoun)

### References

* ↑ 2010, Ladislav Prištic, Kristang - Crioulo de Base Portuguesa, Masaryk University, page 26.

## Ladino
### Noun

bos f (plural bozes)
* Alternative form of boz

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* bovis, bus (rare)

### Etymology

Irregular, for the expected **vōs/**ūs, accusative **vom, oblique stem **vov-, from Proto-Italic *gʷōs, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, which also gave Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Sanskrit गो (go) (nominative singular gaúḥ), and English cow.
Most likely a borrowing from Sabellic (Oscan-Umbrian), attested as Umbrian bum (acc.sg.), bue (abl.sg.), buo (gen.pl.), buf (acc.pl.) all spelling /bō-/. This was likely motivated by the fact that the expected form would have produced an undesirable homonymic clash: with vōs (“you”) in the nominative and with ovis (“sheep”) in the oblique. It's unclear whether the borrowing included the entire paradigm, or just the initial consonant.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈboːs/, [ˈboːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈbos/, [ˈbɔs]

### Noun

bōs m or f (genitive bovis); irregular, third declension
* head of cattle (cow, bull, steer, or ox)
** c. 98 CE, Tacitus, Germania 18:Hoc iuncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant.The yoked oxen, the harnessed steed, the gift of arms, proclaim this fact.

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (irregular).
$^1$Old Latin.
* The medial /w/ is often found spelled ⟨B⟩, normally not spelled in the form boum, and is sometimes lost in the forms bo(v)e and bo(v)ēs.

#### Synonyms

* cornigera n pl
* iūmentum (when used to pull carts); armentum (when used to pull plows)

#### Hypernyms

* iūmenta (when used to pull carts); armenta (when used to pull plows)

#### Hyponyms

* taurus m
* vacca f
* vitulus m

#### Derived terms

* boārius
* bovārius
* bovātim
* bovicīdium
* bovīlla
* bovīllus
* bovīnor
* bovīnus
* būbalus
* būbīle
* Būbōna
* bubsequa
* būbula
* bubulcārius
* bubulcitō
* bubulcus
* būbulīnus
* būbulus
* būcaeda
* būcētum
* būcina
* būcula
* būculus
* Lūca bōs

#### Related terms

* Bosforus
* Bosphorus
* Bosporus

#### Descendants

* Balkan-Romance:
** Aromanian: bou
** Megleno-Romanian: bou
** Romanian: bou
* Dalmatian:
** bu
* Italo-Romance:
** Corsican: boiu
** Italian: bove, bue
** Sicilian: voi
* Padanian:
** Emilian: beu, bò
** Friulian: bo
** Ligurian: beu
** Lombard: beu, bò, (alpine) beuiv
** Piedmontese: beu, bò
** Romagnol: bò, bo
** Romansch: bov
** Venetan: bo
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Bourguignon: beu
** Franco-Provençal: bôf
    Bressan: bœuf
    Savoyard: buef
** Old French: buef
*** French: bœuf
*** → English: beef
**** → Portuguese: bife
**** → Spanish: bife
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Aragonese: bue, uei, buei
** Catalan: bou
** Old Occitan: bou, bueu
*** Auvergnat: beu, bueu
*** Gascon: buèu, bueu, beu, bieu, büu
*** Languedocien: buòu, biòu
*** Provençal: buou, bou
*** Vivaro-Alpine: buou
* Ibero-Romance:
** Old Leonese: buee
*** Asturian: bue, güe, buoi, buei, güei
*** Leonese: bué, boi, buei, güé, güei
*** Mirandese: bui
** Old Galician-Portuguese: boi
*** Fala: boi
*** Galician: boi
*** Portuguese: boi
** Old Spanish: buey
*** Ladino: buey
*** Spanish: buey
* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: boe, foe, voe (Logudorese-Nuorese), boi (Campidanese), boi, boe (Logudorese-Nuorese) (Campidanese)
* Borrowings:
** → Esperanto: bovo

### References

* “bōs” in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bōs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74

### Further reading

* “bos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “bos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "bos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* bos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* “On Latin bōs”, in laohutiger.wordpress.com, 2012 January 2, retrieved 2021-06-16

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* (rubbish): bøss, boss
* (straw): bys

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Compare Swedish boss with the same meaning.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /boːs/

### Noun

bos n (definite singular boset, uncountable)
* (Western and Southern Norway) garbage, rubbish, waste
    Synonyms: avfall, søppel
* straw for or from a strawbed

### Further reading

* “bos” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Old Frisian
### Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *bans, from Proto-Germanic *bansaz (“stall”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”). Cognates include Old English *bōs, Old Saxon *bōs and Old Norse báss.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈboːs/

### Noun

bōs m
* stall, byre

#### Descendants

* Saterland Frisian: Buus
* West Frisian: bús

#### References

* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

## Romanian
### Noun

bos m (plural boși)
* Alternative form of boss

#### Declension
## Sardinian
### Alternative forms

* vos

### Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbos/

### Pronoun

bos (possessive bostru)
* you (plural), ye
    Synonyms: bois, bosateros

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bosъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bôːs/

### Adjective

bȏs (Cyrillic spelling бо̑с, definite bȏsī)
* barefoot

#### Declension
## Slovene
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *bosъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bóːs/, /bɔ́s/

### Adjective

bȍs or bòs (not comparable)
* barefoot

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “bos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

## Swedish
### Noun

bos
* indefinite genitive singular of bo

### Verb

bos
* passive infinitive of bo
* present passive of bo

#### Synonyms

* bebos

### Anagrams

* obs

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* boss

### Etymology

Borrowed from English boss.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
* Rhymes: -os
* Syllabification: bos

### Noun

bos (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜐ᜔) (colloquial)
* boss, chief, head
    Synonyms: hepe, puno
* a male term of address

#### Derived terms

* bosing

### Further reading

* “boss”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English boss.

### Noun

bos
* boss, overseer, master
** 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:26:Bihain God i tok olsem, “Nau yumi wokim ol manmeri bai ol i kamap olsem yumi yet. Bai yumi putim ol i stap bos bilong ol pis na ol pisin na bilong olgeta kain animal na bilong olgeta samting bilong graun.”→New International Version translation

#### Synonyms

* bikpela
* masta

#### Related terms

* bosim

## Volapük
### Pronoun

bos
* something