# 兢

| 兢 | U+5162, &#20834; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5162 |
| ← 兡 [U+5161] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 兣 → [U+5163] |

## Translingual
### Han character

兢 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十山十口山 (JUJRU), four-corner 4421$_6$, composition ⿰克克)

#### Derived characters

* 𣋢, 𡕁

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 125, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1395
* Dae Jaweon: page 266, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 274, character 4
* Unihan data for U+5162

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 兢
* Oracle bone scriptj20798Bronze inscriptionsb13505Small seal scripts06206Transcribed ancient scriptsL10633L10634
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 兢 | *kɯŋ |
| 殑 | *ɡɯŋ, *ɡɯŋʔ, *ɡɯŋs |

### Etymology

Possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 謹 (OC *kɯnʔ, “to be careful; to be attentive”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīng (jing$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kêng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$
*** Yale: jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
*** Palladius: цзин (czin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$
*** Yale: gīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ging$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ging
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
*** Tâi-lô: king
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kheng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰeŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: king
Rime :
| Character | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居陵切 |
| Baxter | king |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ king › |
| Old Chinese | /*k(r)əŋ/ |
| English | cautious |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6845 |
| Phonetic component | 兢 |
| Rime group | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 兢 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯŋ/ |

### Definitions

兢
* (ideophonic) fearful; cautious

### Compounds

* 兢兢
* 兢兢乾乾 / 兢兢干干
* 兢兢以強 / 兢兢以强
* 兢兢戰戰 / 兢兢战战
* 兢兢業業 / 兢兢业业 (jīngjīngyèyè)
* 兢兢翼翼
* 兢慎
* 兢業戰兢兢 / 兢业战兢兢
* 凌兢
* 戰兢 / 战兢
* 戰兢兢 / 战兢兢
* 戰戰兢兢 / 战战兢兢 (zhànzhànjīngjīng)
* 朝兢夕惕
* 業業兢兢 / 业业兢兢

### References

* “兢”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “兢”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 112.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
* Kun: おそれる (osoreru)、つつしむ (tsutsushimu)

## Korean
### Hanja

兢 (eum 긍 (geung))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

兢: Hán Nôm readings: cạnh, ganh, căng, giằng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.