# дух
## Belarusian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dux]
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### Noun

дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хі, genitive plural ду́хаў)
* ghost

#### Declension

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

### Noun

дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)
* spirit
    Баявы́ дух. ― Bajavý dux. ― Fighting spirit.

#### Declension
### References

* “дух” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dux]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

дух • (duh) m
* ghost
* spirit

#### Derived terms

* въ́здух (vǎ́zduh)
* за́дух (záduh)
* про́дух (próduh) (dialectal)
* тръду́ха (trǎdúha) (dialectal)

### References

* “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dux]
* Hyphenation: дух

### Noun

дух • (duh) m (plural ду́хови, relational adjective ду́ховен)
* ghost
* spirit
* (figurative) essence
* soul
    Synonym: ду́ша (dúša)

#### Declension
### References

* “дух” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* духъ (dux) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dux]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

дух • (dux) m anim or m inan (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хов, relational adjective духово́й)
* spirit
    боево́й дух ― bojevój dux ― morale (literally, “fighting spirit”)
    не в ду́хе ― ne v dúxe ― in a bad mood
* mind
* courage
* ghost
* breath
* scent
* rebel (especially in Afghanistan; from душма́н (dušmán))
* (military, slang) new recruit, rookie who is sometimes abused by the longer serving soldiers

#### Related terms

* во́здух (vózdux)
* духи́ (duxí)
* духо́вный (duxóvnyj)
* души́стый (dušístyj)
* ду́шный (dúšnyj)
* душо́к (dušók)

#### Descendants

* → Armenian: դուխ (dux)
* → Azerbaijani: dux
* → Gagauz: duh

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dûx/

### Noun

ду̏х m (Latin spelling dȕh)
* ghost
* spirit
    Исус, пак пун Духа Светог, врати се од Јордана, и одведе Га Дух у пустињу, […]Isus, pak pun Duha Svetog, vrati se od Jordana, i odvede Ga Duh u pustinju, […] Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, left the Jordan and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, […]

#### Related terms

* ду́ша

### Further reading

* “дух”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dux]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)
* spirit

#### Declension
### Noun

дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хів)
* ghost
    Synonym: при́вид m (prývyd)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “дух”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “дух”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN