# October
## English
### Alternative forms

* Octobre (obsolete)

### Etymology

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French octobre, from Latin Octōber (“eighth month”), from Latin octō (“eight”), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“twice four”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; October was the eighth month in the Roman calendar.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /ɒkˈtəʊ.bə/
* IPA: /ɑkˈtoʊb.əɹ/
* Audio (US):(file)
* Rhymes: -əʊbə(ɹ)
* Hyphenation: Oc‧to‧ber

### Proper noun

October (plural Octobers)
* The tenth month of the Gregorian calendar, following September and preceding November. Abbreviation: Oct.
* (rare) A female given name transferred from the month name.
** 2002 January, Cincinnati Magazine, volume 35, number 4, page 138:The other one [book] I just read is October Suite by Maxine Clair (Random House, $23.95). It's about a woman named October. She's a young black schoolteacher in the 1950s ...
** 2009, C.S. Graham, The Archangel Project, →ISBN, page 31:From somewhere in the distance came the screaming whine of an emergency vehicle's siren. Lance flipped open his phone. “Get me the address of a woman named October Guinness . . . That's right, October,” he said again, [...]

#### Derived terms

* humming October
* mid-October
* October beer
* October-bird
* October effect
* Octoberfest
* Octoberist, Octobrist
* October Revolution
* October surprise
* October War
* Octobral
* Red October
* Rocktober

#### Descendants

* Bislama: oktoba
* Pitcairn-Norfolk: Oktoeba
* Tok Pisin: Oktoba
* → Bengali: অক্টোবর (okṭōbor)
* → Burmese: အောက်တိုဘာ (auktuibha)
* → Chichewa: Okutobala
* → Dari: اکتوبر (oktôbar)
* → Hausa: Oktoba
* → Hawaiian: ʻOkakopa
* → Hindi: अक्टूबर (akṭūbar), अक्तूबर (aktūbar)
* → Malay: Oktober
* → Maori: Oketopa
* → Marshallese: Oktoba
* → Niuean: Okitopa
* → Serer: Oktoba
* → Shughni: اکتوبر (oktobar)
* → Swahili: Oktoba
* → Tokelauan: Oketopa
* → Tongan: ʻOkatopa
* → Tuvaluan: Okitopa
* → Wallisian: ʻOkitopa
* → Xamtanga: Oktoobar

#### Translations
### Noun

October (uncountable)
* (now historical) A type of ale traditionally brewed in October. [from 18th c.]
** 1751, [Tobias] Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:[T]he gate of a large chateau, of a most noble and venerable appearance […] induced them to alight and view the apartments, contrary to their first intention of drinking a glass of his October at the door.
** 1898, Stanley John Weyman, “III. Tutor and Pupils”, in The Castle Inn:Sir George, borne along in his chair, peered up at this well-known window--well-known, since in the Oxford of 1767 a man's rooms were furnished if he had tables and chairs, store of beef and October, an apple-pie and Common Room port--and seeing the casement brilliantly lighted, smiled a trifle contemptuously.

### Verb

October (third-person singular simple present Octobers, present participle Octobering, simple past and past participle Octobered)
* (historical, transitive) In the early Soviet Union, to give a child a name tinged with Soviet revolutionary thought, as opposed to religious christening.

### See also

* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

### Anagrams

* Octobre

## Latin
### Etymology

By analogy with September, as if from octō and a suffix -ber. In the Roman calendar, the year began with Mārtius (“March”), and Octōber was the eighth month of the year.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /okˈtoː.ber/, [ɔkˈt̪oːbɛr]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /okˈto.ber/, [okˈt̪ɔːber]

### Adjective

Octōber (feminine Octōbris, neuter Octōbre); third-declension three-termination adjective
* of October
** 1st century CE — Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book XII
    Cum eius radicem mense Octobri, quo[d] maxime matura est.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2023, Pope Francis, Est utique fiducia :Datum Romae, Laterani, die XV mensis Octobris, in memoria sanctae Teresiae a Iesu, anno MMXXIII, Pontificatus Nostri undecimo

#### Usage notes

In Classical Latin, month names were regularly used as adjectives, generally modifying a case-form of mēnsis m sg (“month”) or of one of the nouns used in the Roman calendar to refer to specific days of the month from which other days were counted: Calendae f pl (“calends”), Nōnae f pl (“nones”), Īdūs f pl (“ides”). However, the masculine noun mēnsis could be omitted by ellipsis, so the masculine singular forms of month names eventually came to be used as proper nouns.
The accusative plural adjective forms Aprīlīs, Septembrīs, Octōbrīs, Novembrīs, Decembrīs are ambiguous in writing, being spelled identically to the genitive singular forms of the nouns; nevertheless, the use of ablative singular forms in -ī and comparison with the usage of other month names as adjectives supports the interpretation of -is as an accusative plural adjective ending in Classical Latin phrases such as "kalendas Septembris".

#### Declension

Third-declension three-termination adjective.
* In medieval and New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Octōbre.

### Proper noun

Octōber m sg (genitive Octōbris); third declension
* October

#### Declension

Third-declension noun (i-stem, ablative singular in -ī), singular only.
* In medieval and New Latin, the ablative singular can also be found as Octōbre.

### Descendants

* Gallo-Italic
** Emilian: otòber, utòber
** Ligurian: ottobre
** Lombard: utuber, utùer
** Piedmontese: octóber
* Italo-Dalmatian
** Corsican: uttrovi, ottobre
** Italian: ottobre
** Neapolitan: ottómbre, attrufe
    Tarantino: ottommre
** Sicilian: uttùviru
** → Maltese: Ottubru
* Gallo-Romance
** Old Francoprovençal: oitoiro, otoiro, oitembro
** Franco-Provençal: octoiro
** Old French: oitovre, uitovre, oituevre
** Old Occitan: ochoire, oitor, uidor
** Old Catalan: vuitubri, uitubri
*** Catalan: vuitubre (Eivissenc)
* Rhaeto-Romance
** Friulian: Otubar
** Ladin: otober, utober
** Romansch: october, otgover
* Venetan: otobre
** → Cimbrian: otobre
* West Iberian
** Extremaduran: outubri, otubri
** Aragonese: otubre
** Old Leonese:
*** Asturian: ochobre
*** Mirandese: Outubre
** Old Galician-Portuguese: oytubro, oitubro, oytubre, outubro
*** Galician: outubro
*** Portuguese: outubro (see there for further descendants)
** Old Spanish: ochubre
*** Ladino: ochobre

#### Borrowings

* → Ancient Greek: Ὀκτώβριος (Oktṓbrios), Ὀκτώμβριος (Oktṓmbrios) (see there for further descendants)
* → Middle High German: octōber
** Alemannic German: Oktoober
** Bavarian: Oktoba
** Central Franconian:
*** Hunsrik: Oktover
*** Kölsch: Oktoober
*** Luxembourgish: Oktober
** Cimbrian: oktòbar
** German: Oktober, October
*** → Estonian: oktoober
** Pennsylvania German: Oktower
** Yiddish: אָקטאָבער (oktober)
* Romance
** Aragonese: octubre (semi-learned)
** Catalan: octubre
** Ladino: oktubre (semi-learned)
** Occitan: octobre
** Old French: octobre
*** French: octobre
**** Guianese Creole: òktòb
**** Haitian Creole: oktòb
**** → Iranian Persian: اکتبر (oktobr)
**** → South Azerbaijani: اوْکتوْبر (oktobr)
**** → Tunisian Arabic: أكتوبر (oktōbr)
*** Norman:
    Cotentin: octobe
    Jersey: octobre
    Guernsey: octobre
    Sark: oktobr
*** Walloon: octôbe
*** → Middle English: October
**** English: October (see there for further descendants)
**** Scots: October
** Spanish: octubre (semi-learned) (see there for further descendants)
* → Albanian: tetor (calque)
* → Cimbrian: achte maanont (calque)

#### Unsorted borrowings

These borrowings are ultimately but perhaps not directly from Latin. They are organized into geographical and language family groups, not by etymology.
* Africa
** Northern and Horn
*** Amharic: ኦክተውበር (ʾoktäwbär)
*** Kabyle: tuber
*** Somali: Oktoobar
** Subsaharan
*** Ewe: Ɔktober
*** Malagasy: Oktobra
*** Tumbuka: okutobala
*** Wolof: Oktoobar
* Americas
** Greenlandic: oktobari
** Inuktitut: ᐅᒃᑐᐳᕆ (oktopori)
* Asia and Oceania
** Central and Western Asia
*** Arabic: أكتوبر (ʔuktōbir,ʔuktōbar)
*** Hebrew: אוקטובר
** South Asia
*** Dhivehi: އޮކްޓޫބަރު (ok̊ṭūbaru)
*** Kannada: ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ (akṭōbar)
*** Marathi: ऑक्टोबर (ŏkṭobar)
*** Odia: ଅକ୍ଟୋବର (akṭobara)
*** Pashto: اکټوبر (akṭóbár)
*** Sinhalese: ඔක්තෝබර් (oktōbar)
*** Telugu: అక్టోబరు (akṭōbaru)
** Southeast Asia and Oceania
*** Balinese: Oktober
*** Banjarese: Uktubir
*** Fijian: okotova
*** Gilbertese: Okitobwa
*** Gorontalo: Oktober
*** Gujarati: ઓક્ટોબર (okṭobar)
*** Javanese: Oktober
*** Minangkabau: Oktober
*** Samoan: oketopa
*** Sundanese: Oktober
*** Tahitian: ’ātopa
* Europe
** Hungarian: október
** Baltic
*** Latvian: oktobris
*** Livonian: oktōbõr
** Germanic
*** Danish: oktober
*** Dutch: oktober, october (before 1996)
**** Afrikaans: Oktober
**** Negerhollands: october
**** → Caribbean Hindustani: aktobar
**** → Indonesian: Oktober
**** → Papiamentu: òktober
**** → Trió: akëtopë
*** Dutch Low Saxon: oktober
*** Faroese: oktober
*** German Low German: Oktober
*** Icelandic: október
*** Limburgish: óktoeaber
*** North Frisian: oktuuber, uktoober
*** Norwegian: oktober
*** Saterland Frisian: Oktober
*** Swedish: oktober
*** West Flemish: oktober
*** West Frisian: oktober
** Slavic
*** Bulgarian: октомври (oktomvri)
*** Lower Sorbian: oktober
*** Macedonian: октомври (oktomvri)
*** Carpathian Rusyn: октобер (oktober)
*** Serbo-Croatian: oktobar / октобар
*** Slovak: október
*** Slovene: oktober
*** Upper Sorbian: oktober

### See also

* Roman calendar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

### References

* ↑ Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, pages 31, 85
* ↑ Gaeng, Paul A. (1968) An Inquiry into Local Variations in Vulgar Latin: As Reflected in the Vocalism of Christian Inscriptions, page 183
* ↑ Frost, P. (1861) The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, page 161

### Further reading

* “October”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

## Scots
### Etymology

From Latin Octōber (“of the eighth month”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [okˈtobər]

### Proper noun

October
* October

### See also

* Previous: September. Next: November