# 宇

| 宇 | U+5B87, &#23431; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B87 |
| ← 宆 [U+5B86] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 守 → [U+5B88] |

## Translingual
### Han character

宇 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 十一木 (JMD), four-corner 3040$_1$, composition ⿱宀于)

#### Derived characters

* 𮲠

#### Descendants

* う
* ウ
* 𛀊
* 𛀋

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 282, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7067
* Dae Jaweon: page 551, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 911, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5B87

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 侉 | *qaːls |
| 夸 | *kʰʷraː |
| 姱 | *kʰʷraː |
| 胯 | *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs |
| 跨 | *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs |
| 誇 | *kʰʷraː |
| 垮 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 銙 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 骻 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 咵 | *kʰʷraːʔ |
| 釫 | *ɢʷraː, *qʷaː |
| 摦 | *ɡʷraːs |
| 鮬 | *pɢʷaː, *kʰʷaː |
| 嶀 | *qʰʷl'aː |
| 扝 | *kʰʷaː, *qʷaː |
| 刳 | *kʰʷaː |
| 郀 | *kʰʷaː |
| 挎 | *kʰʷaː |
| 袴 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 絝 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 褲 | *kʰʷaːs |
| 恗 | *qʰaː |
| 洿 | *ɡʷaːʔ, *qʷaː |
| 瓠 | *ɡʷlaː, *ɡʷlaːs |
| 鄠 | *ɢʷlaːʔ |
| 污 | *qʷaː, *qʷaːs |
| 杇 | *qʷaː |
| 圬 | *qʷaː |
| 鴮 | *qʷaː |
| 盓 | *qʷaː |
| 汙 | *qʷaːs, *ɢʷa |
| 樗 | *qʰʷl'a |
| 摴 | *qʰʷl'a |
| 荂 | *pqʰʷa, *qʰʷa |
| 雩 | *qʰʷla, *ɢʷla |
| 吁 | *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas |
| 盱 | *qʰʷa |
| 訏 | *qʰʷa |
| 扜 | *qʰʷa, *qʷa |
| 旴 | *qʰʷa |
| 冔 | *qʰʷaʔ |
| 紆 | *qʷa |
| 陓 | *qʷa |
| 迂 | *qʷa, *qʷaʔ, *ɢʷa |
| 虶 | *qʷa |
| 于 | *ɢʷa |
| 盂 | *ɢʷa |
| 竽 | *ɢʷa |
| 邘 | *ɢʷa |
| 玗 | *ɢʷa |
| 芋 | *ɢʷa, *ɢʷas |
| 杅 | *ɢʷa |
| 釪 | *ɢʷa |
| 骬 | *ɢʷa |
| 謣 | *ɢʷla |
| 宇 | *ɢʷaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷaʔ): semantic 宀 (“house”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa)

### Etymology
#### "eaves" > "abode, estate, territory"

    Unclear: either related to 羽 (OC *ɢʷaʔ, *ɢʷas, “wings”) (i.e. 'wings' of house?) (e.g. as suggested by Shiming) or related to stem *wa under 況 (OC *hwaŋh)

#### "space"

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From "abode" < "eaves"?”)

#### universe

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “From "space" < "abode" < "eaves"”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yǔ (yu$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄩˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yu$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyu$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yi$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): y$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yí / yî
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ú / í
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$yu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǔ
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^3$
*** Yale: yǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeu
*** Palladius: юй (juj)
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yu$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: y
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^5$
*** Yale: yúh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ji²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: y$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /y²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí / yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: i$^ˋ$ / i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$ / yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i³¹/, /i²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí / yî
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i$^ˋ$ / (r)i$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^3$ / yi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i³¹/, /(j)i²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄
*** Sinological IPA : /y³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ú
*** Tâi-lô: ú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /u⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /u⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /u⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í
*** Tâi-lô: í
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ie
*** IPA (Longyan): /i²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ú
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yu
*** MiniDict: yu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhy
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦy²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: y$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /y⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: hjuX
Rime :
| Character | 宇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 王矩切 |
| Baxter | hjuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 宇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ/ |
| English | eaves |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 宇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15719 |
| Phonetic component | 于 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 羽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷaʔ/ |

### Definitions

宇
* eaves
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Guǒluǒ zhī shí, yì shī yú yǔ. [Pinyin]
    The fruit of the heavenly gourd, would be hanging about our eaves.
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shànggǔ xuéjū ér yěchù, hòushì shèngrén yì zhī yǐ gōngshì, shàngdòng xiàyǔ, yǐ dài fēngyǔ. [Pinyin]
    In the highest antiquity they made their homes (in winter) in caves, and (in summer) dwelt in the open country. In subsequent ages, for these the sages substituted houses, with the ridge-beam(s) above and the eave(s) below, as a provision against wind and rain.
* house, chamber, bower; building, structure
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE, translated based on David Hawkes' version
    Gāotáng suìyǔ, kǎn céngxuān xiē. [Pinyin]
    High halls and deep bowers, with railings and tiered balconies
    From: 蘇軾 Su Shi, lyrics to《水調歌頭》"Water Melody", [1076, mid-autumn].
    Wǒ yù chéng fēng guīqù, yòu kǒng qiónglóu yùyǔ, gāochù bùshèng hán. [Pinyin]
    I'd like to ride the wind and return, yet I fear the majestic towers and magnificent mansions, the high places where it's unbearably cold.
* border, frontier, boundary
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Línguó zhī nán, bùkě yú yě. Huò duō nán yǐ gù qí guó, qǐ qí jiāngtǔ; huò wú nán, yǐ sàng qí guó shī qí shǒuyǔ. Ruò hé yú nán? [Pinyin]
    And [the result of] the difficulties of neighbouring States cannot be calculated on. They may have many difficulties, which will issue [only] in strengthening them and the enlargement of their boundaries; or they may have no difficulties, and the result will be their ruin, and their losing the boundaries of which they were in charge. How is it possible to foresee the [issue of such] difficulties?
* universe, cosmos
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Wànwù tóngyǔ ér yìtǐ, wúyí ér yǒuyòng wèirén, shù yě. [Pinyin]
    The myriad things share the same cosmos and have different bodies. They have no intrinsic fittingness but are useful for humans. This is simply the arrangement of the world.

#### Compounds

* 仁宇
* 功濟宇內 / 功济宇内
* 區宇 / 区宇 (qūyǔ)
* 區宇一清 / 区宇一清
* 器宇 (qìyǔ)
* 器宇不凡
* 器宇軒昂 / 器宇轩昂 (qìyǔxuān'áng)
* 土宇
* 壇宇 / 坛宇
* 天宇 (tiānyǔ)
* 威震寰宇
* 宇下
* 宇內 / 宇内 (yǔnèi)
* 宇宙 (yǔzhòu)
* 宇宙塵 / 宇宙尘 (yǔzhòuchén)
* 宇宙射線 / 宇宙射线 (yǔzhòu shèxiàn)
* 宇宙年
* 宇宙火箭
* 宇宙站
* 宇宙線 / 宇宙线 (yǔzhòuxiàn)
* 宇宙觀 / 宇宙观 (yǔzhòuguān)
* 宇宙速度 (yǔzhòu sùdù)
* 宇宙鋒 / 宇宙锋
* 宇宙飛船 / 宇宙飞船 (yǔzhòu fēichuán)
* 宇文 (Yǔwén)
* 宇文化及
* 宇文泰
* 宇文覺 / 宇文觉
* 宇文護 / 宇文护
* 宇航 (yǔháng)
* 宇量
* 宸宇
* 寰宇 (huányǔ)
* 寰宇記 / 寰宇记
* 屋宇 (wūyǔ)
* 峻宇
* 島宇宙 / 岛宇宙
* 庭宇
* 廟宇 / 庙宇 (miàoyǔ)
* 廨宇
* 御宇 (yùyǔ)
* 德宇
* 房宇 (fángyǔ)
* 拓宇
* 握圖臨宇 / 握图临宇
* 故宇
* 敗宇頹垣 / 败宇颓垣
* 望衡對宇 / 望衡对宇
* 杜宇 (dùyǔ)
* 梵宇 (fànyǔ)
* 棟宇 / 栋宇
* 樓宇 / 楼宇 (lóuyǔ)
* 殿宇 (diànyǔ)
* 氣宇 / 气宇 (qìyǔ)
* 氣宇昂昂 / 气宇昂昂
* 氣宇軒昂 / 气宇轩昂 (qìyǔxuān'áng)
* 法宇
* 海宇 (hǎiyǔ)
* 海宇昇平 / 海宇升平
* 牆宇 / 墙宇
* 玉宇 (yùyǔ)
* 琳宮梵宇 / 琳宫梵宇
* 瓊樓玉宇 / 琼楼玉宇 (qiónglóuyùyǔ)
* 瓊臺玉宇 / 琼台玉宇
* 疆宇
* 眉宇 (méiyǔ)
* 真宇
* 神宇 (shényǔ)
* 祠宇
* 穹宇 (qióngyǔ)
* 紺宇 / 绀宇
* 紫芝眉宇
* 胸宇
* 膨脹宇宙 / 膨胀宇宙
* 芝宇
* 衡宇
* 觀宇 / 观宇
* 賓宇 / 宾宇
* 軒宇 / 轩宇
* 軒昂氣宇 / 轩昂气宇
* 邃宇
* 隙宇
* 韻宇 / 韵宇
* 飛宇 / 飞宇
* 黌宇 / 黉宇 (hóngyǔ)

### References

* “宇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “宇”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 59.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: う (u, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: う (u, Jōyō)
* Kun: のき (noki, 宇)、いえ (ie, 宇)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 宇
* う Grade: 6
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 宇 (MC hjuX).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɯ̟]

#### Counter

宇(う) • (-u)
* Counter for buildings, roofs, etc.

#### Affix

宇(う) • (u)
* eaves; roof; house; building
* the whole world; universe (Can we add an example for this sense?)
* Short for ウクライナ (“Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe)”). [2000s?–]

##### Derived terms

* 宇(う)宙(ちゅう) (uchū): universe; cosmos
* 屋(おく)宇(う) (okū): house

### Etymology 2
#### Proper noun

宇(さかい) • (Sakai)
* a female given name

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 宇 (MC hjuX). Recorded as Middle Korean 우〯 (wǔ) (Yale: wǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [u(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 宇 (eumhun 집 우 (jip u))
* hanja form of 우 (“whole world; universe”)
* hanja form of 우 (“house”)

#### Compounds

* 대우주 (大宇宙, dae'uju, “macrocosm”)
* 소우주 (小宇宙, souju, “microcosm”)
* 우주 (宇宙, uju, “space”)
* 우주만물 (宇宙萬物, ujumanmul, “all things”)
* 우주복 (宇宙服, ujubok, “spacesuit”)
* 우주비행사 (宇宙飛行士, ujubihaengsa, “astronaut”)
* 우주선 (宇宙船, ujuseon, “spaceship”)
* 우주왕복선 (宇宙往復船, ujuwangbokseon, “space shuttle”)
* 우주인 (宇宙人, uju'in, “alien; astronaut”)
* 우주진 (宇宙塵, ujujin)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

宇: Hán Nôm readings: vũ, võ, thủy/thuỷ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.