# -im
## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* -imë

### Etymology

either a derivation of -më from Proto-Albanian *-mā, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ or from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós, abstract noun suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɪm]

### Article

-im m
* -ism, -ation, -ment; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to form masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action
    ‎ag (“dawn”) + ‎-im → ‎Agim (“id”)
    ‎admiroj (“admire”) + ‎-im → ‎admirim (“admiration”)
    ‎afër (“close”) + ‎-im → ‎afrim (“approach”)
    ‎arsej (“teach”) + ‎-im → ‎arsim (“education”)
    ‎*argë (“amuse”) + ‎-im → ‎argëtim (“entertainment”)

#### Related terms

* (suffixed article, suffix): -ëz, -ukël, -të, -më, -ës, -ët

## Bislama
### Alternative forms

* -em
* -um

### Etymology

From English him, 'em.

### Suffix

-im
* Indicates a transitive verb

#### Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -imen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈim]

### Suffix

-im m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ims)
* diminutive suffix added to nouns
    ‎pols (“dust”) + ‎-im → ‎polsim (“fine dust, spray”)
    ‎pluja (“rain”) + ‎-im → ‎plugim (“drizzle”)
* noun-forming suffix added to verbs
    ‎socarrar (“to burn”) + ‎-im → ‎socarrim (“burnt part of something”)
    ‎fotre (“to fuck; annoy”) + ‎-im → ‎fotim (“whippersnapper”)

#### Derived terms
## Hungarian
### Etymology

-i (possessive plural) +‎ -m (first-person singular personal suffix)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [im]
* Rhymes: -im

### Suffix

-im
* (possessive suffix) my ... -s (first-person singular, multiple possessions)
    kapu (“gate”) → a kapuim (“my gates”)
    palota (“palace”) → a palotáim (“my palaces”)
    érme (“coin”) → az érméim (“my coins”)

#### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -im is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -aim is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -eim is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -jaim is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
    -jeim is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i

#### Declension

For back vowel words:
For front vowel words:

### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* -aim (after a broad consonant)
* -aím, -ím (second conjugation form)

### Etymology

From Old Irish -imm. The m is always broad (velarized) in Ulster, as if the ending were spelled -(e)am. This pronunciation arose by leveling of this ending with the broad m found in first-person singular prepositional pronouns such as agam, asam, chugam etc. Compare Scottish Gaelic -am (first-person singular imperative).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /əmʲ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /əmˠ/

### Suffix

-im
* first-person singular present indicative and imperative ending of verbs

#### Usage notes

* This form is attached to first-conjugation verbs with stems ending in either a slender consonant or a vowel;
* Used in place of the pronoun mé:
    ‎feic + ‎-im → ‎feicim (“I see”)
    ‎súigh + ‎-im → ‎súim (“I suck”) (stem sú-)

### References

* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 292, page 104

## Northern Kurdish
### Suffix

-im
* first-person singular suffix
    dikim ('I do.')
    hatim ('I came.')

#### Alternative forms

* -am (after a vowel)

## Phalura
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-im/

#### Suffix

-im
* Feminine plural agreement suffix

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-im/

#### Suffix

-im
* Feminine plural agreement suffix

#### References

* Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

## Pijin
### Alternative forms

* -em
* -um

### Etymology

From English him, 'em.

### Suffix

-im
* Indicates a transitive verb

#### Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ˈĩ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ˈĩ/
* Rhymes: -ĩ

### Suffix

-im m (plural -ins)
* (uncommon) forms diminutives
* Pronunciation spelling of -inho, representing especially Minas Gerais Portuguese.

#### Related terms

* -in', -in

## Tok Pisin
### Etymology

From English him, 'em.

### Suffix

-im
* Indicates a transitive verb

## Turkish
### Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish م (-m, ım, -im, “first-person singular possessive suffix”), from Old Anatolian Turkish م (-m, um, -üm, “first-person singular possessive suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-im. Cognate to Old Turkic 𐰢 (m /⁠-m, -ım, -im, -um, -üm⁠/, “first-person singular possessive suffix”).

#### Suffix

-im
* First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
    ev (“house”) → evim (“my house”)
    ofis (“office”) → ofisim (“my office”)

##### Usage notes

* Turkish has word-final stress. Usually, when the possessive suffix -im is the last syllable of a word, it takes the stress. See also the first usage note of Etymology 2. However, when suffixed to a word with anomalous stress, the same syllable is stressed as before; for example, İzmir /ˈiz.miɾ/ + -im → İzmir’im /ˈiz.mi.ɾim/ (“my Izmir”).
* If the noun ends in a vowel, the vowel of the possessive suffix is elided, becoming -m:
    kedi (“cat”) + -im → kedim (“my cat”).
* The suffix obeys vowel harmony and is used for words whose last vowel is e or i, and a small number of loan words; for example, saat (“watch”) + -im → saatim (“my watch”). It may change into -ım, -um and -üm according to the last vowel of the word it is suffixed to. Examples:
    kız (“girl”) + -im → kızım (“my girl (daughter)”) (used when the last vowel is “a” or “ı”);
    yol (“road”) + -im → yolum (“my road”) (used when the last vowel is “o” or “u”);
    yüz (“face”) + -im → yüzüm (“my face”) (used when the last vowel is “ö” or “ü”).
* When a stem ends in a voiced consonant, it may become devoiced in syllable-final position. If a word ends in a thus devoiced “p”, “ç”, “t” or “k”, suffixing it with -im changes it back into a voiced “b”, “c”, “d” or “ğ”:
    sebep (“reason”) + -im → sebebim (“my reason”);
    çekiç (“hammer”) + -im → çekicim (“my hammer”);
    senet (“bill”) + -im → senedim (“my bill");
    çiçek (“flower”) + -im → çiçeğim (“my flower”).
* In many words that are originally monosyllables ending in two consonants, an epenthic “i” is inserted between these consonants. When suffixed with -im, the epenthic “i” is dropped:
    beyin (“brain”) + -im → beynim (“my brain”).

##### Related terms

* -miz, -imiz (“first-person plural possessive suffix”)

### Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish ـم, ـن (-im, -ım, -in, -ın, -en, “first-person singular suffix”), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (-ven, “first-person singular suffix”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *-bẹn (see ben (“I”)). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /⁠-men⁠/, “first person singular suffix”), Karakhanid مَنْ (men, “I, first person singular postposition”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (-men, “first person singular suffix”).
The suffix ultimately merged with the first-person singular possessive suffix (see Etymology 1 above) following the road *-bẹn → *-vẹn → *-ẹn → *-ẹm → -im. 11th-century Karakhanid scholar of Turkic languages Kashgari already hints that the Oghuz use *-en dropping /m/ as opposed to the Karakhanid using "-men" Compare Turkmen -in, -än (“first-person singular suffix”), Azerbaijani -əm (“first-person singular suffix”). For a similar case of loss of initial /b/ at the suffix level, compare -iz (“first-person plural suffix”), from Proto-Common Turkic *biz (see biz (“we”)).

#### Suffix

-im
* Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first-person singular, simple present tense.
    güzel (“beautiful”) → güzelim (“I am beautiful”)
* Personal suffix for "ben" ("I" - first person singular)
    gel- (“come”) + -ecek (“future tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → geleceğim (“I will come”)
    sev- (“love”) + -(e)r (“present tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → severim (“I like, enjoy”)

##### Usage notes

* In Turkish, as a word final stress language, when this suffix is at the end of a word it does not take the stress due to not being originally a suffix; therefore a differentiation is realized where the possessive suffix carries the stress. See also the first usage note on Etymology 1.
    bel (“waist”) + -im (“first person suffix for "to be"”) → bélim (“I am (the) waist”), as opposed to bel (“waist”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → belím (“my waist”)
    gel- (“come”) + -(i)r (“present tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → gelírim (“I come”), as opposed to gelir (“income”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → gelirím (“my income”)
    gel- (“come”) + -ecek (“future tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → gelecéğim (“I will come”), as opposed to gelecek (“future”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → geleceğím (“my future”) or also alternatively gelecek (“future”) + -im (“first person suffix for "to be"”) → gelecéğim (“I am (the) future”)
* If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "y" (for the verb to be).
    terli (“sweaty”) → terliyim (“I am sweaty”)
* It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
    Zafer → Zafer'im (“I am Zafer”)
* It's always -um in present continuous tense. And in other tenses, the personal suffix may also be -ım, -um, -üm according to the last vowel of the word.
    ver- (“give”) + -iyor (“present continuous tense marker”) + -um (“personal suffix”) → veriyorum (“I am giving”)
    üzül- (“be sad”) + -(ü)r (“present tense marker”) + -üm (“personal suffix”) → üzülürüm (“I become sad”)
    kal- (“stay”) + -(ı)r (“present tense marker”) + -ım (“personal suffix”) → kalırım (“I stay”)
    bul- (“find”) + -(u)r (“present tense marker”) + -um (“personal suffix”) → bulurum (“I find”)

##### Related terms

* ben (“I”)

### Etymology 3

From Proto-Turkic *-im.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈim/

#### Suffix

-im
* Derives nouns from verbs of an instance of, or a result of performing, the action implied by the verb.
    ‎demek (“to say”) + ‎-im → ‎deyim (“saying”)
    ‎dilmek (“to slice”) + ‎-im → ‎dilim (“slice”)
    ‎giymek (“to wear”) + ‎-im → ‎giyim (“clothing”)
    ‎seçmek (“to choose”) + ‎-im → ‎seçim (“choice, election”)
    ‎yutmak (“to swallow”) + ‎-um → ‎yudum (“sip”)

##### Derived terms
## Unami
### Noun

-im (noun root, final)
* corn, grain, berry

#### Derived terms

* kukhusëwim
* lënxàskwim
* mpiànàxkwim
* màxkim
* opim
* pakim
* pisim
* puhwèsënàkwim
* sakwënakanim
* salaxtèkwim
* shaèim
* shèskwim
* shèxkanim
* shëwanàhkwim
* tëpèkwim
* tùkwim
* wisahkim
* wtehim
* xkànim
* xàskwim
* òkhatim
* ònàxkwim

## Uzbek
### Suffix

| postconsonantal | -im |
| postvocalic | -m |
-im
* first-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant
    Bu kitobim.This is my book.

## Volapük
### Etymology

Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).

### Suffix

-im
* -ism