# घन
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit घन (ghana).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ɡʱən/, [ɡʱɐ̃n]

### Noun

घन • (ghan) m
* cube (polyhedron)
* (mathematics) cube (mathematical operation)
    घन करना ― ghan karnā ― to cube
    घन मीटर ― ghan mīṭar ― cubic meter
* hammer

#### Declension
### Adjective

घन • (ghan) (indeclinable)
* Synonym of घना (ghanā, “dense, thick”)

### Derived terms

* घनमूल (ghanmūl, “cube root”)

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* ঘন (Assamese script)
* ᬖᬦ (Balinese script)
* ঘন (Bengali script)
* 𑰑𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀖𑀦 (Brahmi script)
* ဃန (Burmese script)
* ઘન (Gujarati script)
* ਘਨ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌘𑌨 (Grantha script)
* ꦓꦤ (Javanese script)
* 𑂐𑂢 (Kaithi script)
* ಘನ (Kannada script)
* ឃន (Khmer script)
* ຆນ (Lao script)
* ഘന (Malayalam script)
* ᢚᠠᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘑𑘡 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠾᠠᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦱𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐑𑐣 (Newa script)
* ଘନ (Odia script)
* ꢕꢥ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆔𑆤 (Sharada script)
* 𑖑𑖡 (Siddham script)
* ඝන (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩟𑩯 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚍𑚝 (Takri script)
* க⁴ந (Tamil script)
* ఘన (Telugu script)
* ฆน (Thai script)
* གྷ་ན (Tibetan script)
* 𑒒𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨎𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡʱɐ.nɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɡʱɐ.n̪ɐ/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰón-o-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “murder, slaughter”) and Old English bana (“murderer”).

#### Noun

घन • (ghaná) stem, m
* a killer, striker, destroyer
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 3.49.1:शंसा॑ म॒हामिन्द्रं॒ यस्मि॒न्विश्वा॒ आ कृ॒ष्टयः॑ सोम॒पाः काम॒मव्य॑न्। यं सु॒क्रतुं॑ धि॒षणे॑ विभ्वत॒ष्टं घ॒नं वृ॒त्राणां॑ ज॒नय॑न्त दे॒वाः॥śáṃsā mahā́míndraṃ yásminvíśvā ā́ kṛṣṭáyaḥ somapā́ḥ kā́mamávyan. yáṃ sukrátuṃ dhiṣáṇe vibhvataṣṭáṃ ghanáṃ vṛtrā́ṇāṃ janáyanta devā́ḥ.I glorify the mighty Indra, in whom all men, drinking the Soma, obtain their wishes; whom the powerful (heaven and earth) and the gods begot, the doer of great deeds, the slayer of the Vṛtras, who was fashioned by Vibhu (the creator).
* slaying
* an iron club or a mace; a weapon shaped like a hammer

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic

##### Descendants

* Pali: ghana
* Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
** Central:
*** Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
**** Awadhi: घन (ghan)
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Hindustani: ghan
***** Hindi: घन
***** Urdu: گھَن (ghan)
** Eastern:
*** Magadhi Prakrit:
**** Bihari: घन (ghan)
***** Maithili: घन (ghan)
** Northern:
*** Khasa Prakrit:
**** Central Pahari:
***** Kumaoni: घण (ghaṇ)
**** Eastern Pahari:
***** Nepali: घन (ghan)
**** Western Pahari:
***** Bhadrawahi: घण (ghaṇ)
** Northwestern:
*** Paisaci Prakrit:
**** Takka Apabhramsa:
***** Punjabi: ghaṇ
    Gurmukhi script: ਘਣ
    Shahmukhi script: كھَݨ
** Southern:
*** Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
**** Marathi: घण (ghaṇ), घणा (ghaṇā)
** Western:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Gujarati: ઘણ (ghaṇ)

### Etymology 2

Unknown, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian ganėti (“to be enough, be sufficient, suffice”), Persian آگنج (âganj, “full, complete”), Persian آکندن (âgandan, “to fill up”), German ganz (“entire, whole”).

#### Adjective

घन • (ghaná) stem (comparative घनीयस्, superlative घनिष्ठ)
* compact, dense, solid, hard
* viscid, thick

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

#### Noun

घन • (ghaná) stem, m
* any compact mass or substance

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Indus Kohistani: ghō̃
** Kalami: gäṇ, gīṇ
** Kalasha: ghóna
** Kashmiri: گونُ (gōnu)
** Phalura: گھاݨ (ghāṇu), گھیݨ (ghēṇi)
** ⇒ Savi: ghaṇyeṛo
** Shumashti: gō̃
** Tirahi: gana
** Torwali: گن (gan), گین (gen)
** Wotapuri-Katarqalai: gan, gen
** → Proto-Nuristani:
*** Ashkun: gäni
*** Waigali: ganala-štä
* Pali: ghana
* Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
** Central:
*** Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
**** Old Awadhi: घन (ghana)
*** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀖𑀡 (ghaṇa)
**** Hindustani: ghanā
***** Hindi: घना
***** Urdu: گھَنَا (ghanā)
** Eastern:
*** Magadhi Prakrit:
**** Assamese: ঘন (ghon)
***** ⇒ Assamese: ঘনাইব (ghonaibo)
**** Bengali: ঘন (ghono)
**** Bihari: घन (ghan)
***** Old Maithili: घन (ghan)
** Northern:
*** Khasa Prakrit:
**** Central Pahari:
***** Kumaoni: घणो (ghaṇo)
**** Eastern Pahari:
***** Nepali: घनु (ghanu)
** Northwestern:
*** Paisaci Prakrit:
**** Takka Apabhramsa:
***** Lahnda: گھݨا (ghaṇā), گھنے (ghannē)
***** Punjabi: ghaṇā
    Gurmukhi script: ਘਣਾ
    Shahmukhi script: گھَݨَا
**** Vracada Apabhramsa:
***** Sindhi: ghaṇo, ghaṇi
    Arabic script: گھَڻو, گھَڻِ
    Devanagari script: घणो, घणि
** Southern:
*** Helu Prakrit:
**** Dhivehi: ގިނަ (gina)
**** Sinhalese: ගන (gana)
*** Maharastri Prakrit:
**** Marathi: घण (ghaṇ)
** Western:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit:
**** Old Gujarati: घणउं (ghaṇaüṃ)
***** Gujarati: ઘણું (ghaṇũ)
***** Marwari: घणो (ghaṇo)
* → Old Javanese: ghana
** > Javanese: ꦒꦤ (gana) (inherited)
** → Balinese: ᬖᬦ (gana)
* → Tamil: கனம் (kaṉam)
* → Telugu: ఘనము (ghanamu)

### References

* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ghana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 238