# 涅槃
## Chinese

* 涅槃

### Etymology

From Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”) or Pali nibbāna. Compare Thai นิพพาน (níp-paan).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nièpán
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄝˋ ㄆㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nip$^6$ pun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): net-phàn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lia̍t-phoân / liap-phoân / lia̍p-phoân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niab$^4$ puang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nièpán
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄝˋ ㄆㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nièpán
*** Wade–Giles: nieh$^4$-pʻan$^2$
*** Yale: nyè-pán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niehparn
*** Palladius: непань (nepanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛ⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nip$^6$ pun$^4$
*** Yale: nihp pùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nip$^9$ pun$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nib$^6$ pun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːp̚² pʰuːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: net-phàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ned$^ˋ$ pan$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ned$^5$ pan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /net̚² pʰan¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t-phoân
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍t-phuân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liadphoaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɛt̚⁴⁻³² pʰuan²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap-phoân
*** Tâi-lô: liap-phuân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liapphoaan
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liap̚³²⁻⁴ pʰuan²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liap̚³²⁻⁴ pʰuan²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍p-phoân
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍p-phuân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liabphoaan
*** IPA (Taipei): /liap̚⁴⁻³² pʰuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liap̚⁴⁻³² pʰuan²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niab$^4$ puang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niap phuâng
*** Sinological IPA : /niap̚²⁻⁴ pʰuaŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: net ban
Rime :
| Character | 涅 | 槃 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (87) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 奴結切 | 薄官切 |
| Baxter | net | ban |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /net̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /net̚/ | /bʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛt̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛt̚/ | /bwan/ |
| Li Rong | /net̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /niet̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /niet̚/ | /bʱuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | niè | pán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nit$^6$ | pun$^4$ |

### Noun

涅槃
* (Buddhism) nirvana (a state of perfect happiness, harmony and freedom; enlightenment).

#### Synonyms

* 圓寂／圆寂 (yuánjì)
* 寂滅／寂灭
* 滅度／灭度 (mièdù )
* 果果 (guǒguǒ)
* (abbreviation) 涅 (niè)

#### Derived terms

* 一佛出世，二佛涅槃 (yīfóchūshì, èrfónièpán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 涅(ね)槃(はん) (nehan)
* → Korean: 열반(涅槃) (yeolban)
* → Vietnamese: niết bàn (涅槃)

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “涅槃” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 涅 | 槃 |
| ね Hyōgai | はん Hyōgai |
| kan'yōon | kan'on |

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涅槃 (MC net ban), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”) or Pali nibbāna.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ねはん [nèháń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ねはん [néꜜhàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) ねはん [nèháꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ne̞hã̠ɴ]

### Noun

涅(ね)槃(はん) • (nehan)
* (Buddhism) nirvana (enlightened experience)
** 7th century, Prajñāpāramitā Heart Sutra (translation by Xuanzang)
    無(む)罣(け)礙(げ)故(こ)。無(む)有(う)恐(く)怖(ふ)。遠(おん)離(り)一(いっ)切(さい)顛(てん)倒(どう)夢(む)想(そう)。究(く)竟(ぎょう)涅(ね)槃(はん)。
       Mu kege ko, mu ku u fu. Onri issai tendō musō, kukyō nehan...
       Because there are no obstacles, there is no fear. Separating from everything, from all upside-down views and from attaining Nirvana, too.
    Synonyms: 寂滅 (jakumetsu), 泥洹 (naion), ニルバーナ (nirubāna)
* (Buddhism) Short for 仏涅槃 (butsunehan): the death of the Sakyamuni Buddha
* (Buddhism, by extension) death, dying
    Synonyms: 入寂 (nyūjaku), 入涅槃 (nyūnehan), 入滅 (nyūmetsu)
* (Buddhism) Short for 涅槃会 (Nehan-e): an annual Buddhist service held on Parinirvana Day

#### Derived terms

* 涅(ね)槃(はん)会(え) (Nehan-e)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)絵(え) (Nehan-e)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)経(ぎょう) (Nehan-gyō)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)原(げん)則(そく) (nehan gensoku)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)講(‐こう) (Nehan‐kō)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)寂(じゃく)静(じょう) (nehan jakujō)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)宗(しゅう) (Nehan-shū)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)図(ず) (Nehanzu)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)像(ぞう) (nehan-zō)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)西(にし) (nehan nishi)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)西(にし)風(かぜ) (nehan nishikaze)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)門(もん) (nehanmon)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん)雪(ゆき) (nehan yuki)
* 有(う)余(よ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (uyo nehan)
* 究(く)竟(きょう)涅(ね)槃(はん) (kukyō nehan)
* 生(しょう)死(じ)即(そく)涅(ね)槃(はん) (shōji-soku nehan)
* 入(にゅう)涅(ね)槃(はん) (nyūnehan)
* 仏(ぶつ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (butsunehan)
* 法(ほっ)華(け)涅(ね)槃(はん)時(じ) (Hokke Nehan-ji)
* 無(む)余(よ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (muyo nehan)

### Proper noun

涅(ね)槃(はん) • (Nehan)
* Short for 涅槃経 (Nehan-gyō): the Nirvana Sutra

### See also

* 般(はつ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (hatsunehan, “parinirvana”)

### References

* 1 2 “涅槃”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “涅槃”, in 改訂新版 世界大百科事典 (Kaitei Shinpan Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Revised Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 2007, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “涅槃”, in ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 (Buritanika Kokusai Dai Hyakka Jiten: Shō Kōmoku Jiten, “Encyclopædia Britannica International: Micropædia”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Britannica Japan Co., Ltd., 2014
* ↑ Kido Inoue, Doiku Takeda (2012) Reggie Pawle, Ph.D, editor, Record of Traces and Dreams: the Heart Sutra, iUniverse, →ISBN, page vi

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 涅 | 槃 |

### Noun

涅槃 • (yeolban) (hangeul 열반)
* hanja form of 열반 (“(Buddhism) nirvana (a state of perfect happiness, harmony and freedom; enlightenment).”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 涅 | 槃 |

### Noun

涅槃
* chữ Hán form of niết bàn (“(Buddhism) nirvana (a state of perfect happiness, harmony and freedom; enlightenment)”).