# gemma
## English
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin gemma (“bud on a plant”). Doublet of gem and Gemma.

### Noun

gemma (plural gemmas or gemmae)
* (biology) An asexual reproductive structure, as found in animals such as hydra (genus Hydra) and plants such as liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), consisting of a cluster of cells from which new individuals can develop; a bud.
    Synonym: (archaic) gemmule
** 1969, Rudolf Mathias Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume 1, Columbia University Press, page 527:I know of no other genera with such intramarginal formation of true gemmae.
** 1990, Anthony John Edwin Smith, The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, page 2:Gemmae are frequently longer than wide or of irregular shape. According to Degenkolbe, gemmae-bearing leaves are always different in form from normal leaves.
** 2005, R. N. Chopra, Biology of Bryophytes, page 32:In Marchantia polymorpha, high temperature promotes germination of gemmae (Dacknowski, 1907), and heat absorbed by the gemmae accelerates their germination (Fitting, 1942).

#### Derived terms

* gemmaceous
* gemmal
* gemmation
* gemmiform
* gemmiparous
* gemmoid
* spermatogemma

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* Megam

## Bavarian
### Alternative forms

* geh ma

### Etymology

First person plural of geh + ma (unstressed form of first person plural nominative mia). Literally, “go we”.

### Pronunciation

** IPA: /ˈɡ̥ɛmɐ/

### Verb

gemma
* Contraction of geh ma.

### Interjection

gemma
* come on!, let's go!
    Gemma, gemma! Des schåff ma! ― Come on, let's go! We can do this!

## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gemma.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [ˈʒɛm.mə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [ˈd͡ʒem.ma]

### Noun

gemma f (plural gemmes)
* gem, jewel
* (botany) bud
* (biology) gemma

### Further reading

* “gemma” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Interlingua
### Noun

gemma (plural gemmas)
* gem

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈd͡ʒɛm.ma/
* Rhymes: -ɛmma
* Hyphenation: gèm‧ma

### Etymology 1

From Latin gemma.

#### Noun

gemma f (plural gemme)
* (botany) bud
* gem, jewel
* (figurative) gem (precious or highly valued thing or person)

##### Related terms

* gemmare
* ingemmare

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

gemma
* inflection of gemmare:
** third-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

### Further reading

* gemma in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* gamme

## Latin
### Etymology

Unknown. Possibilities include:
* Cognate with Proto-Slavic *zębnǫti and Lithuanian žémbėti, both meaning “to germinate, sprout”, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵemb- or *ǵeb- (“to bud, sprout”), though such a root would be irregular for PIE;
* From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ- (“nail, tooth”), despite the semantic gap. Compare, however, Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux, “claw, nail, hoof, talon, but also onyx (gem)”);
* From Proto-Italic *gen- (“to produce”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-; compare gignō and genus;
* A non-Indo-European substrate source. The unusual form of the word, the lack of clear cognates and the semantic category of the word make this hypothesis likely.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈɡem.ma/, [ˈɡɛmːä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈd͡ʒem.ma/, [ˈd͡ʒɛmːä]

### Noun

gemma f (genitive gemmae); first declension
* A bud or eye of a plant.
* A gem, gemstone, jewel, precious stone.
* A thing made of precious stones.

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* gemmārius
* gemmātus
* gemmeus
* gemmifer
* gemmō
* gemmula

#### Descendants

* Asturian: xema, ema
* Catalan: gemma
* Danish: gemme
* French: gemme
** → Romanian: gemă
* → English: gemma (learned)
* → Interlingua: gemma
* Italian: gemma
* → Russian: гемма (gemma)
* Old Galician-Portuguese: gema
** Galician: xema
** Portuguese: gema
* Old Spanish: yema
** Spanish: yema
*** → Cebuano: yema
*** → Tagalog: yema
* → Spanish: gema (learned)
** → Catalan: gema (dialectal, Castilianism)
* → Proto-West Germanic: *gimmu (see there for further descendants)

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gemma”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257: “PIE *ǵeb-m-”
* ↑ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zębnǫti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 543

### Further reading

* “gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "gemma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* gemma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. the trees are budding: gemmae proveniunt
* “gemma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “gemma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin