OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# disavowal
## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK, US) IPA: [dɪsəˈvaʊ(ə)ɫ]
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Rhymes: -aʊəl

### Noun

disavowal (countable and uncountable, plural disavowals)
* A denial of knowledge, relationship, or responsibility towards something or someone.
** 1809, James Madison, First State of the Union address:Whatever pleas may be urged for a disavowal of engagements formed by diplomatic functionaries in cases where by the terms of the engagements a mutual ratification is reserved, or where notice at the time may have been given of a departure from instructions, or in extraordinary cases essentially violating the principles of equity, a disavowal could not have been apprehended in a case where no such notice or violation existed, where no such ratification was reserved, and more especially where, as is now in proof, an engagement to be executed without any such ratification was contemplated by the instructions given, and where it had with good faith been carried into immediate execution on the part of the United nations.

#### Related terms

* disavow
* disavowed
# heslo
## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech heslo (“rank; (conditional) sign; monument”), from Proto-Slavic *gъslo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦɛslo]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: he‧s‧lo

### Noun

heslo n
* password
* headword
* motto, slogan
* entry (article in a dictionary or encyclopedia)

#### Derived terms

* heslář
* heslový

### Further reading

* “heslo”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “heslo”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “heslo”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Slovak
### Etymology

Borrowed from Czech heslo, from Proto-Slavic *gъslo.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɦeslɔ]

### Noun

heslo n
* password
* headword
* motto, slogan
* entry (article in a dictionary or encyclopedia)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “heslo”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# вінницький
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Ві́нниця (Vínnycja) +‎ -ський (-sʹkyj)/-цький (-cʹkyj). Cognates with Belarusian ві́нніцкі (vínnicki), Belarusian ві́ньніцкі (vínʹnicki), Czech vinnycký, Polish winnicki, Russian ви́нницкий (vínnickij).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈʋʲinːet͡sʲkei̯]
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

ві́нницький • (vínnycʹkyj)
* (relational) Vinnytsia (city in Ukraine)

#### Declension
### References

* “вінницький”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# ngó
## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [ŋɔ˧˦]
* (Huế) IPA: [ŋɔ˨˩˦]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ŋɔ˦˥]

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

ngó • (𥄭, 𥘪, 午)
* (Northern Vietnam) to take a peek; to have a quick look
* (Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, colloquial) to see, to look at

##### Derived terms

* dòm ngó
* ngó lơ
* ngó ngàng
* nhòm ngó

### Etymology 2

From Old Chinese 藕 (OC *C.ŋˤ(r)oʔ) (B-S) (SV: ngẫu).

#### Noun

ngó • (𦬶, 藕, 𥾿, 𦲼, 󰓺)
* newly sprang bud (of lotus or water-taro)

### Anagrams

* óng
# გოთი
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ̊otʰi]

### Noun

გოთი • (goti) (plural გოთები)
* Goth

#### Declension

Declension of გოთი (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular | plural | archaic plural |
| nominative | გოთი (goti) | გოთები (gotebi) | გოთნი (gotni) |
| ergative | გოთმა (gotma) | გოთებმა (gotebma) | გოთთ(ა) (gott(a)) |
| dative | გოთს(ა) (gots(a)) | გოთებს(ა) (gotebs(a)) | გოთთ(ა) (gott(a)) |
| genitive | გოთის(ა) (gotis(a)) | გოთების(ა) (gotebis(a)) | გოთთ(ა) (gott(a)) |
| instrumental | გოთით(ა) (gotit(a)) | გოთებით(ა) (gotebit(a)) | |
| adverbial | გოთად(ა) (gotad(a)) | გოთებად(ა) (gotebad(a)) | |
| vocative | გოთო (goto) | გოთებო (gotebo) | გოთნო (gotno) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of გოთი (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | გოთზე (gotze) | გოთებზე (gotebze) |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | გოთთან (gottan) | გოთებთან (gotebtan) |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | გოთში (gotši) | გოთებში (gotebši) |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | გოთივით (gotivit) | გოთებივით (gotebivit) |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | გოთისთვის (gotistvis) | გოთებისთვის (gotebistvis) |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | გოთისებრ (gotisebr) | გოთებისებრ (gotebisebr) |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | გოთისკენ (gotisḳen) | გოთებისკენ (gotebisḳen) |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | გოთისგან (gotisgan) | გოთებისგან (gotebisgan) |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | გოთისადმი (gotisadmi) | გოთებისადმი (gotebisadmi) |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | გოთიდან (gotidan) | გოთებიდან (gotebidan) |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | გოთითურთ (gotiturt) | გოთებითურთ (gotebiturt) |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | გოთამდე (gotamde) | გოთებამდე (gotebamde) |
# punitive
## English
### Etymology

From Middle French punitif, from Medieval Latin pūnitīvus, from pūniō (“I punish”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpju.nɪ.tɪv/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Adjective

punitive (comparative more punitive, superlative most punitive)
* (law, military) Inflicting punishment; punishing.
    Synonym: (archaic) punitory
    Beijing imposed punitive sanctions on Canada.
    The jury awarded $10,000 in punitive damages.

#### Derived terms

* punitive damages
* punitively
* punitive populism

#### Related terms

* punishment

#### Translations
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /py.ni.tiv/
* Homophone: punitives

### Adjective

punitive
* feminine singular of punitif

## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

punitive
* inflection of punitiv:
** strong/mixed nominative/accusative feminine singular
** strong nominative/accusative plural
** weak nominative all-gender singular
** weak accusative feminine/neuter singular

## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pu.niˈti.ve/
* Rhymes: -ive
* Hyphenation: pu‧ni‧tì‧ve

### Adjective

punitive
* feminine plural of punitivo

### Anagrams

* punitevi
# elephant's ear
## English
### Noun

elephant's ear (plural elephant's ears)
* A plant, Enterolobium cyclocarpum
# disavowest
## English
### Verb

disavowest
* (archaic) second-person singular simple present indicative of disavow
# filozofie
## Czech
### Alternative forms

* filosofie f (less common)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech filozofí, filosofie, from Latin philosophia.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈfɪlozofɪjɛ]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

filozofie f (relational adjective filozofický)
* philosophy

#### Related terms

* filozof m
* filozofovat

### Further reading

* “filosofie”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
* “filosofie”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
* “filozofie”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [filozoˈfie]
* Rhymes: -ie
* Hyphenation: fi‧lo‧zo‧fi‧e

### Adverb

filozofie
* philosophically

## Romanian
### Alternative forms

* filosofie

### Etymology

Borrowed from French philosophie, from Latin philosophia, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophía). Compare Aromanian filuzufii, filuzufie.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fi.lo.zoˈfi.e/

### Noun

filozofie f (plural filozofii)
* (uncountable) philosophy (academic discipline)
* (countable) philosophy (set of fundamental concepts and principles underlying a domain)

#### Related terms

* filozof
* filozofard
* filozofeală

#### References

* filozofie in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
# bjergkæde
## Danish
### Etymology

Compound of bjerg (“mountain”) +‎ kæde (“chain”)

### Noun

bjergkæde c (singular definite bjergkæden, plural indefinite bjergkæder)
* mountain range
# infesto
## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [inˈfesto]
* Rhymes: -esto
* Hyphenation: in‧fes‧to

### Noun

infesto (accusative singular infeston, plural infestoj, accusative plural infestojn)
* infestation

## Italian
### Verb

infesto
* first-person singular present indicative of infestare

### Anagrams

* festino, festoni

## Latin
### Etymology

From īnfestus (“hostile, unsafe”) +‎ -ō (denominal verb suffix).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /inˈfes.to/, [ĩːˈfɛs̠t̪ɔ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /inˈfes.to/, [iɱˈfɛst̪o]

### Verb

īnfestō (present infinitive īnfestāre, perfect active īnfestāvī, supine īnfestātum); first conjugation
* to vex (a person) repeatedly, trouble, harass, molest (also used of adverse physical effects, circumstances, Fortune)
    Synonyms: turbō, perturbō, disturbō, percieō, concieō, cieō, fatīgō, sollicitō, agitō, stimulō, agō, peragō, angō, moveō, concitō, concitō, versō, ūrō, ēvertō
* to make (a place) unsafe by repeated attacks; to infest
* to have a bad effect on, to injure, damage, impair
    Synonyms: sauciō, mulcō, noceō, vulnerō, secō, feriō, laedō, dēterō, atterō

#### Derived terms

* īnfestātiō
* īnfestātor

#### Related terms

* īnfestē
* īnfestus

#### Descendants

* Catalan: infestar
* English: infest
* French: infester
* Galician: infestar
* Italian: infestare
* Portuguese: infestar
* Spanish: infestar

### Adjective

īnfestō
* dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of īnfestus

### References

* “infestō” on page 986 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnfestus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 303

### Further reading

* “infesto”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “infesto”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* infesto in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ĩˈfɛs.tu/
* (Brazil) IPA: /ĩˈfɛs.tu/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /ĩˈfɛʃ.tu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /ĩˈfɛs.to/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ĩˈfɛʃ.tu/
* Rhymes: -ɛstu, -ɛʃtu
* Hyphenation: in‧fes‧to

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin īnfestus.

#### Adjective

infesto (feminine infesta, masculine plural infestos, feminine plural infestas)
* hostile

##### Related terms

* infestado

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Verb

infesto
* first-person singular present indicative of infestar

### References

* ↑ “infesto”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025

## Spanish
### Verb

infesto
* first-person singular present indicative of infestar
# გონდოლიერი
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ̊ondolieɾi]

### Noun

გონდოლიერი • (gondolieri) (plural გონდოლიერები)
* gondolier

#### Declension

Declension of გონდოლიერი (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular | plural | archaic plural |
| nominative | გონდოლიერი (gondolieri) | გონდოლიერები (gondolierebi) | გონდოლიერნი (gondolierni) |
| ergative | გონდოლიერმა (gondolierma) | გონდოლიერებმა (gondolierebma) | გონდოლიერთ(ა) (gondoliert(a)) |
| dative | გონდოლიერს(ა) (gondoliers(a)) | გონდოლიერებს(ა) (gondolierebs(a)) | გონდოლიერთ(ა) (gondoliert(a)) |
| genitive | გონდოლიერის(ა) (gondolieris(a)) | გონდოლიერების(ა) (gondolierebis(a)) | გონდოლიერთ(ა) (gondoliert(a)) |
| instrumental | გონდოლიერით(ა) (gondolierit(a)) | გონდოლიერებით(ა) (gondolierebit(a)) | |
| adverbial | გონდოლიერად(ა) (gondolierad(a)) | გონდოლიერებად(ა) (gondolierebad(a)) | |
| vocative | გონდოლიერო (gondoliero) | გონდოლიერებო (gondolierebo) | გონდოლიერნო (gondolierno) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of გონდოლიერი (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | გონდოლიერზე (gondolierze) | გონდოლიერებზე (gondolierebze) |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | გონდოლიერთან (gondoliertan) | გონდოლიერებთან (gondolierebtan) |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | გონდოლიერში (gondolierši) | გონდოლიერებში (gondolierebši) |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | გონდოლიერივით (gondolierivit) | გონდოლიერებივით (gondolierebivit) |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | გონდოლიერისთვის (gondolieristvis) | გონდოლიერებისთვის (gondolierebistvis) |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | გონდოლიერისებრ (gondolierisebr) | გონდოლიერებისებრ (gondolierebisebr) |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | გონდოლიერისკენ (gondolierisḳen) | გონდოლიერებისკენ (gondolierebisḳen) |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | გონდოლიერისგან (gondolierisgan) | გონდოლიერებისგან (gondolierebisgan) |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | გონდოლიერისადმი (gondolierisadmi) | გონდოლიერებისადმი (gondolierebisadmi) |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | გონდოლიერიდან (gondolieridan) | გონდოლიერებიდან (gondolierebidan) |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | გონდოლიერითურთ (gondolieriturt) | გონდოლიერებითურთ (gondolierebiturt) |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | გონდოლიერამდე (gondolieramde) | გონდოლიერებამდე (gondolierebamde) |
# alpabeto
## Bikol Central
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish alfabeto.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔalpaˈbeto/ [ʔal̪.paˈbe.to]
* Hyphenation: al‧pa‧be‧to

### Noun

alpabeto (Basahan spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜉᜊᜒᜆᜓ)
* alphabet
    Synonyms: abakada, katon

## Cebuano
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish alfabeto.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔalpaˈbeto/ [ʔɐl̪.pɐˈbi.t̪o]
* Hyphenation: al‧pa‧be‧to

### Noun

alpabeto (Badlit spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜉᜊᜒᜆᜓ)
* the alphabet

## Kankanaey
### Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog alpabeto.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Kankanaey) IPA: /ʔalpaˈbeto/ [ʔʌl.pʌˈbeː.to]
** IPA: (Sagada & parts of Sabangan) /ʔarpaˈbeto/ [ʔʌr.pʌˈbeː.to]
* Rhymes: -eto
* Syllabification: al‧pa‧be‧to

### Noun

alpabeto
* alphabet

### References

* Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016) Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy [Kankanaey Orthography]‎ (in Kankanaey and Tagalog), →ISBN, page 10

## Tagalog
### Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish alfabeto (“alphabet”), from Latin alphabētum, from Ancient Greek ἀλφάβητος (alphábētos).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ʔalpaˈbeto/ [ʔɐl.pɐˈbɛː.t̪o]
* Rhymes: -eto
* Syllabification: al‧pa‧be‧to

### Noun

alpabeto (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜎ᜔ᜉᜊᜒᜆᜓ)
* alphabet
    Synonyms: abakada, abesedaryo, abese

#### Related terms

* alpa
* alpabetiko
* alpabetisa
* alpabetisado
* alpabetisasyon
* analpabetismo
* analpabeto
* beta

### Further reading

* “alpabeto”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
* Cuadrado Muñiz, Adolfo (1972) Hispanismos en el tagalo: diccionario de vocablos de origen español vigentes en esta lengua filipina, Madrid: Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana, page 24
# sinodais
## Portuguese
### Adjective

sinodais
* masculine/feminine plural of sinodal
# clymog Japan
## Welsh
### Etymology

From clymog (“knotted (plant)”) +‎ Japan (“Japan”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˌkləmɔɡ d͡ʒaˈpan/

### Noun

clymog Japan f (uncountable)
* Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica)
    Synonyms: llysiau'r cythraul, pys saethwr

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
# نذير
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /na.ðiːr/
* Rhymes: -iːr

### Noun

نَذِير • (naḏīr) m (plural نُذُر (nuḏur))
* bringer of bad news, herald, legate, apostle, warner
    Synonym: مُنْذِر (munḏir)
    Antonyms: بَشِير (bašīr), مُبَشِّر (mubaššir)
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 33:45:يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ شَاهِدًا وَمُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًاyā ʔayyuhā n-nabiyyu ʔinnā ʔarsalnāka šāhidan wa-mubašširan wa-naḏīranO Prophet, indeed We have sent you as a witness and a bringer of good tidings and a warner.
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 53:56:هٰذَا نَذِيرٌ مِنَ ٱلنُّذُرِ ٱلْأُولَىhāḏā naḏīrun mina n-nuḏuri l-ʔūlāThis is a warner of the warners of old.
* (by extension) messenger of God
* warning
    نَذِيرُ شُؤْمٍ ― naḏīru šuʔmin ― an ill omen
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 54:5:حِكْمَةٌ بَالِغَةٌ فَمَا تُغْنِ ٱلنُّذُرُḥikmatun bāliḡatun fa-mā tuḡni n-nuḏuruExtensive wisdom – but warning does not avail [them].
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 74:35-36:إِنَّهَا لَإِحْدَى ٱلْكُبَرِ نَذِيرًا لِلْبَشَرِʔinnahā la-ʔiḥdā l-kubari naḏīran li-l-bašariIndeed, it [i.e., the Fire] is of the greatest [afflictions]. As a warning to humanity.

#### Declension
### Proper noun

نَذِير • (naḏīr) m
* a male given name, Nadir
# sasak gantung
## Sundanese
### Etymology

From sasak +‎ gantung.

### Noun

sasak gantung (Sundanese script ᮞᮞᮊ᮪ ᮌᮔ᮪ᮒᮥᮀ)
* suspension bridge
# لهيب
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /la.hiːb/
* Rhymes: -iːb

### Noun

لَهِيب • (lahīb) m
* flame, blaze
    Synonym: لَهَب (lahab)

#### Declension
### References

* Freytag, Georg (1830–1837) “لهيب”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), Halle: C. A. Schwetschke
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “لهيب”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “لهيب”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1960) “لهيب”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition, Ithaca, NY: Otto Harrassowitz
# გრაფიკი
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡ̊ɾapʰikʼi]

### Noun

გრაფიკი • (grapiḳi) (uncountable)
* graph

#### Declension

Declension of გრაფიკი (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular |
| nominative | გრაფიკი (grapiḳi) |
| ergative | გრაფიკმა (grapiḳma) |
| dative | გრაფიკს(ა) (grapiḳs(a)) |
| genitive | გრაფიკის(ა) (grapiḳis(a)) |
| instrumental | გრაფიკით(ა) (grapiḳit(a)) |
| adverbial | გრაფიკად(ა) (grapiḳad(a)) |
| vocative | გრაფიკო (grapiḳo) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of გრაფიკი (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | გრაფიკზე (grapiḳze) | |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | გრაფიკთან (grapiḳtan) | |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | გრაფიკში (grapiḳši) | |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | გრაფიკივით (grapiḳivit) | |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | გრაფიკისთვის (grapiḳistvis) | |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | გრაფიკისებრ (grapiḳisebr) | |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | გრაფიკისკენ (grapiḳisḳen) | |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | გრაფიკისგან (grapiḳisgan) | |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | გრაფიკისადმი (grapiḳisadmi) | |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | გრაფიკიდან (grapiḳidan) | |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | გრაფიკითურთ (grapiḳiturt) | |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | გრაფიკამდე (grapiḳamde) | |
# Malaspina
## English
### Alternative forms

* Malaespina, Malespina

### Etymology

From Italian Malaspina and/or Latin Malaspīna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /maləˈspiːnə/
* Rhymes: -iːnə

### Proper noun

Malaspina
* A surname from Italian or Latin

#### Translations
### Further reading

* Malaspina on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## German
### Alternative forms

* Malespina

### Etymology

From Italian Malaspina and/or Latin Malaspīna.

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Proper noun

Malaspina m or f (proper noun, surname, masculine genitive Malaspinas or (with an article) Malaspina, feminine genitive Malaspina, plural Malaspinas)
* a surname from Italian or Latin, equivalent to English Malaspina

#### Declension

$^1$With an article.

### Further reading

* Malaspina (Begriffsklärung) on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{de}$

## Italian
### Etymology

Either from mala (“bad”) +‎ spina (“thorn”) or from Latin Malaspīna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.laˈspi.na/
* Rhymes: -ina

### Proper noun

Malaspina m or f by sense
* a surname, equivalent to English Malaspina
* a noble family from Massa and Carrara

#### Derived terms

* Cybo-Malaspina

#### Descendants

* → Bulgarian: Маласпи́на (Malaspína) (transliteration)
* → English: Malaspina
* → German: Malaspina
* → Latin: Malaspīna
* → Russian: Маласпи́на (Malaspína) (transliteration)
* → Spanish: Malaspina

### Further reading

* Malaspina on the Italian Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{it}$
* Malaspina on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* Malaëspīna, Malhespīna
* Malasp. (abbreviation)

### Etymology

Either from mala (“bad”) +‎ spīna (“thorn”) or from Italian Malaspina.

### Pronunciation
#### nominative and vocative

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ma.lasˈpiː.na/, [mäɫ̪äs̠ˈpiːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ma.lasˈpi.na/, [mäläsˈpiːnä]

#### ablative

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ma.laːsˈpiː.naː/, [mäɫ̪äːs̠ˈpiːnäː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ma.lasˈpi.na/, [mäläsˈpiːnä]

### Proper noun

Malaspīna m sg or f sg (genitive Malaespīnae); first declension
* a surname, equivalent to English Malaspina

#### Declension

First-declension adjective with a first-declension noun, singular only.

#### Descendants

* → Bulgarian: Маласпи́на (Malaspína) (transliteration)
* → English: Malaspina
* → German: Malaspina
* → Italian: Malaspina
* → Russian: Маласпи́на (Malaspína) (transliteration)
* → Spanish: Malaspina

## Spanish
### Alternative forms

* Malaespina

### Etymology

From Italian Malaspina and/or Latin Malaspīna, in the form Malaespina altered after espina (“thorn”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /malasˈpina/ [ma.lasˈpi.na]
* Rhymes: -ina
* Syllabification: Ma‧las‧pi‧na

### Proper noun

Malaspina m or f by sense
* a surname, Malaspina, from Italian or Latin
** Alejandro Malaspina (1754–1810), Tuscan explorer and officer in the Spanish Armada
# вера
## Belarusian
### Alternative forms

* wiera, viera — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

### Etymology

From Old Belarusian вѣра (věra), from Old East Slavic вѣра (věra), from Proto-Slavic *věra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvʲera]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ве́ра • (vjéra) f inan (genitive ве́ры, uncountable)
* faith, belief, trust

#### Derived terms

* вераго́дны (vjerahódny)

### References

* “вера” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvɛɾa]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛɾa

### Noun

вера • (vera) f (plural вери, relational adjective верски or верен)
* religion
* belief
* trust

#### Declension
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* вѣ́ра (vě́ra) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic вѣра (věra), from Proto-Slavic *věra.
Cognate with Old Church Slavonic вѣра (věra), Ukrainian ві́ра (víra), Bulgarian вя́ра (vjára), Slovene vẹ́ra (tonal orthography), Polish wiara. The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vērus and German wahr.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈvʲerə]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ве́ра • (véra) f inan (genitive ве́ры, nominative plural ве́ры, genitive plural вер)
* belief, faith
    ве́ра в кого́-либо/что́-либо ― véra v kovó-libo/štó-libo ― belief in someone/something
* (colloquial) trust, faith (belief in someone's honesty and reliability)
* (religion) faith, creed (adherence to a religion; a set of religious beliefs)
    христиа́нская ве́ра ― xristiánskaja véra ― Christian faith

#### Related terms

* ве́рить (véritʹ)
* ве́рование (vérovanije)
* ве́ровать (vérovatʹ)
* ве́рный (vérnyj)
* ве́рующий (vérujuščij)
* единове́рец (jedinovérec)
* единове́рие (jedinovérije)
* изуве́р (izuvér)
* неве́рующий (nevérujuščij)
* роднове́р (rodnovér)
* роднове́рие (rodnovérije)
* старове́р (starovér)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věra.

#### Alternative forms

* вје̏ра (Ijekavian)
* vira (Ikavian)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋêra/
* Hyphenation: ве‧ра

#### Noun

ве̏ра f (Latin spelling vȅra)
* belief, faith
* religion

##### Derived terms

* вѐрскӣ

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian vera.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʋêːra/
* Hyphenation: ве‧ра

#### Noun

ве̑ра f (Latin spelling vȇra)
* wedding ring