# 百姓
## Chinese
### Etymology

Earliest attested in the Zhou dynasty's texts (also written as 百生 (bǎixìng ~ bǎishēng) on some bronze inscriptions); further linked to the expression 多生 (duōshēng) on the oracle bone inscriptions.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): bǎixìng, bóxìng
       (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): быйщин (bɨyxin, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baak$^3$ sing$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'bet$^6$ xin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pak-siang
* Northern Min (KCR): bă-sia̿ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): báh-sáng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): peh-sèⁿ / peh-sìⁿ / peeh-sèⁿ / piēe-sièⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh$^4$ sên$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$paq-shin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǎixìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǎisìng
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^3$-hsing$^4$
*** Yale: bǎi-syìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baeshinq
*** Palladius: байсин (bajsin)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bóxìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bósìng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^2$-hsing$^4$
*** Yale: bwó-syìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: borshinq
*** Palladius: босин (bosin)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: быйщин (bɨyxin, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /pei²⁴ ɕiŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baak$^3$ sing$^3$
*** Yale: baak sing
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baak$^8$ sing$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bag$^3$ xing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːk̚³ sɪŋ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'bet$^6$ xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈpɛt̚⁵ ɕin³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pak-siang
*** Hakka Romanization System: bag$^ˋ$ xiang
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bag$^5$ xiang$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pak̚² si̯aŋ⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bă-sia̿ng
*** Sinological IPA : /pa²⁴ siaŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: báh-sáng
*** Sinological IPA : /paʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ $^{(s-)}$lɑŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh-sèⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: peh-sènn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pehsvex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sẽ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peh-sìⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: peh-sìnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pehsvix
*** IPA (Taipei): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sĩ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /pe(ʔ)⁵ sĩ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sĩ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: peeh-sèⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: peeh-sènn
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɛ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sɛ̃²¹/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piēe-sièⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: piēe-siènn
*** IPA (Longyan): /piɛ⁵⁵⁻³³⁴ siɛ̃²¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bêh$^4$ sên$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: peh sèⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /peʔ²⁻⁴ sẽ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$paq-shin
*** MiniDict: pah$^入$ shin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$paq-xin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /paʔ³³ ɕin⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: paek sjengH
Rime :
| Character | 百 | 姓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 博陌切 | 息正切 |
| Baxter | paek | sjengH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠæk̚/ | /siᴇŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚak̚/ | /siɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pak̚/ | /siæŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /paɨjk̚/ | /siajŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /pɐk̚/ | /siɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pɐk̚/ | /sĭɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pɐk̚/ | /si̯ɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | xìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ | sing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤrak seŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*praːɡ sleŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 百 | 姓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bǎi | xìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pæk › | ‹ sjeng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁrak/ | /*seŋ-s/ |
| English | hundred | surname |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 百 | 姓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 194 | 11359 |
| Phonetic component | 白 | 生 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 伯 | 性 |
| Old Chinese | /*praːɡ/ | /*sleŋs/ |
(Can we verify this pronunciation?) (particularly: Mandarin "bóxìng" (literary varient?))

### Noun

百姓
* the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens
    愚昧百姓 ― yúmèi bǎixìng ― to keep the common people in the dark
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qúnlí bǎixìng, biàn wéi ěr dé. [Pinyin]
    The black-haired populace – the hundred clans – universally practise your virtue.
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yōuxīn rú chéng, shéi bǐng guóchéng? Bù zì wéizhèng, zú láo bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
    My heart grieves, as though drunken; who's presiding over the state's ordering? (The king) himself governs not, and ends up wearing out the hundred clans.
    From: The Firmament of the Pleiades
    Núcái tì tiānxià bǎixìng gǎnjī huángtàihòu ēndiǎn! [Pinyin]
    I, on behalf of the people throughout the world, [hereby] express my gratitude for the kindness of the empress dowager!
* (obsolete, Classical) all kinds of government officials
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Jiǔzú jì mù, píngzhāng bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
    The nine family branches were then close kin; the [nobles officials of the] hundred surnames were made even and distinguished.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Yīrén xíng shàn, bǎixìng xiūhé. Kě bù wù hū? [Pinyin]
    One person took the good as model, and there was calm and harmony among the hundred clans. Can one do anything other than strive for it?

#### Synonyms

* (common people):
* 一般人 (yībānrén)
* 世人 (shìrén)
* 世間人 / 世间人 (Hokkien)
* 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
* 人民 (rénmín)
* 人群 (rénqún)
* 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
* 俗人 (súrén)
* 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
* 𫣆人 (Hakka)
* 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
* 公眾 / 公众 (gōngzhòng)
* 凡人 (fánrén)
* 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
* 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
* 四眾人 / 四众人 (si$^3$ zing$^3$ nang$^5$) (Teochew)
* 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
* 大眾 / 大众 (dàzhòng)
* 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
* 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
* 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
* 常人 (chángrén)
* 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
* 平常人 (píngchángrén)
* 平民 (píngmín)
* 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
* 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
* 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
* 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
* 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
* 民眾 / 民众 (mínzhòng)
* 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
* 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
* 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
* 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
* 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
* 眾人 / 众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
* 萬姓 / 万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
* 群眾 / 群众 (qúnzhòng)
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
* 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
* 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
* 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
* 萌 (literary)
* 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
* 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
* 黎民 (límín) (literary)
* 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔黎 (archaic)
* (all kinds of government officials):
* 庶僚 (shùliáo) (literary)
* 百官 (bǎiguān) (literary)
* 百辟 (bǎibì) (literary)
* 眾官 / 众官 (zhòngguān) (literary)

#### Derived terms

* 備百姓 / 备百姓
* 只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈 / 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯 (zhǐ xǔ zhōuguān fànghuǒ, bùxǔ bǎixìng diǎndēng)
* 小百姓
* 平民百姓 (píngmínbǎixìng)
* 平等百姓
* 平章百姓
* 平頭百姓 / 平头百姓 (píngtóu bǎixìng)
* 百姓之心
* 百姓公
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 黎民百姓

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう) (hyakushō); 百(はく)姓(せい) (hakusei); 百(ひゃく)姓(せい) (hyakusei); 百(ひゃく)姓(そう) (hyakusō)
* → Korean: 백성(百姓) (baekseong)
* → Vietnamese: bá tánh (百姓), bách tính (百姓)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: trăm họ (calque)
* → Zhuang: beksingq

### References

* ↑ Vogt, Nick, “Between Kin and King: Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual” (Ph.D. dissertation: Columbia University, 2012). pp. 44, 52-54 doi: 10.7916/D82231V3
* ↑ Crone, Thomas. (2016). The semantic change of the word min 民 in texts of the Eastern Zhou Period (771–221 BC). Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques. 70. p. 693, fn. 42. doi: 10.5167/uzh-151500

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |
| ひゃく Grade: 1 | しょう Grade: S |
| goon ||
From Middle Chinese compound 百姓 (paek sjeng$^H$, literally “hundred clans”). Compare modern Hakka 百姓 (pak-siang).
The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
First cited to the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) in a portion dated to 701 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひゃくしょー [hyàkúshóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ça̠kɯ̟̊ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう) • (hyakushō)
* [from circa 1120] (historical or derogatory) a farmer; a peasant; the peasantry in general
    Synonyms: 農民, 農家
    きさま、百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)の生(う)まれだな？
       Kisama, hyakushō no umare da na?
       You are from a peasant family, aren't you?
** [1731] (derogatory) country bumpkin
** [from 1759] (historical) in reference to the Edo period, short for 本百姓 (honbyakushō, “the hundred commoner families”, a class of farmers with specific rights and responsibilities)
* [from 701] (archaic) commoners, the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens
    Synonyms: 公民, 民衆

##### Synonyms

* (the people): 大御宝(おおみたから) (ōmitakara) (poetic)
* (bumpkin): 田舎者(いなかもの) (inakamono)

##### Idioms

* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)と楽(たの)しみを同(おな)じゅうす (hyakushō to tanoshimi o onajūsu): “taking one's pleasure the same as a commoner” → a lord must know the joys and pains of the people
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)と油(あぶら)は絞(しぼ)るほど出(で)る (hyakushō to abura wa shiboru hodo deru): “commoners and oil [sources] give more the harder you squeeze” → the more you demand of the people, the more you get. Compare blood from a stone of roughly opposite meaning.
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の泣(な)き言(ご)と医者(といしゃ)の手柄話(てがらばなし) (hyakushō no nakigoto to isha no tegarabanashi): “the complaints of the peasants and the boasting of the doctors” → a contrast between peasants complaining of poor harvests in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities, against the feats of doctors who will do their utmost to treat even a terminal patient: by extension, an exhortation to put in 101% without grumbling about it
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の去年物語(こぞものがたり) (hyakushō no kozo monogatari): “a peasant's tale of last year” → alluding to how peasants would often claim that last year's harvest was better than this year, in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の作(つく)り倒(だお)れ (hyakushō no tsukuridaore): “a peasant's manufactured collapse” → describing how peasants working too hard can result in too much produce on the market, causing a price collapse and sizable losses: to be one's own undoing, to defeat oneself by working too hard
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の秋大名(あきだいみょう) (hyakushō no aki daimyō): “a peasant's autumn lord” → a metaphor for how the autumn season following the harvest is a time of bounty for commoners
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の所務分(しょむわ)けで田分(たわ)け尽(つ)くす (hyakushō no shomuwake de tawake tsukusu): “splitting up a commoner's inheritance amounts to a parceling out of fields / to complete nonsense” → a pun on the reading tawake for both 田分け (“splitting up fields”) and 戯け (“nonsense”), based on how dividing up fields for every generation's inheritance ultimately leads to very small plots and inefficient farming
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の人(ひと)を斬(き)ったよう (hyakushō no hito o kitta yō): “like cutting a commoner” → a big commotion
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の雁(がん)を押(お)さえたよう (hyakushō no gan o osaeta yō): “like holding down a commoner's goose” → a big commotion
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の息(いき)が天(てん)に昇(のぼ)る (hyakushō no iki ga ten ni noboru): “a commoner's breath [i.e. spirit] can reach heaven” → where there's a will, there's a way, no matter how weak
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の不作話(ふさくばなし)と商人(あきんど)の損話(そんばなし) (hyakushō no fusakubanashi to akindo no sonbanashi): “peasants' talk of poor harvests and merchants' talk of business losses” → farmers and businessmen always grumble about how things aren't going well
* 百姓(ひゃくしょう)の万能(ばんのう) (hyakushō no bannō): “a commoner's all-around abilities” → alluding to how a peasant (now farmer) had to be self-reliant and a jack-of-all-trades
* 百姓百色 (ひゃくしょう ひゃく いろ): “a hundred commoners, a hundred colors” → the word "commoners" might be a collective noun, but the people included in that category are various and sundry

##### Derived terms

* 百姓一揆(ひゃくしょういっき) (hyakushō ikki): a peasants' revolt or uprising
* 百姓請け, 百姓請(ひゃくしょううけ) (hyakushō uke): a kind of tax system in the medieval period, whereby local influential families would undertake local tax administration on behalf of the lord
* 百姓往来(ひゃくしょうおうらい) (hyakushō ōrai): educational materials for commoners' children
* 百姓仕事(ひゃくしょうしごと) (hyakushō shigoto): commoners' work, farm work
* 百姓代(ひゃくしょうだい) (hyakushō dai): during the Edo period, the administrative head, advocate, and representative of a village's commoners
* 百姓分(ひゃくしょうぶん) (hyakushō bun): the commoner class, the peasant or agricultural caste
* 百姓家, 百姓屋(ひゃくしょうや) (hyakushō ya): a commoner's house, a farmhouse
* 百姓読み, 百姓読(ひゃくしょうよみ) (hyakushō yomi): reading kanji in one's own way, guessing the reading and/or meaning for each character based on its shape or component elements
* 浦(うら)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (urabyakushō)
* 大(おお)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (ōbyakushō)
* 長(おさ)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (osabyakushō)
* 乙(おと)名(な)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (otonabyakushō)
* 隠(おん)田(でん)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (ondenbyakushō)
* 門(かど)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (kadobyakushō)
* 小(こ)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (kobyakushō)
* 小(こ)前(まえ)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (komaebyakushō)
* 惣(そう)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (sōbyakushō)
* 高(たか)持(もち)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (takamochibyakushō)
* 潰(つぶ)れ百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (tsuburebyakushō)
* 土(ど)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (dobyakushō)
* どん百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (donbyakushō)
* 被(ひ)官(かん)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (hikanbyakushō)
* 本(ほん)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (honbyakushō)
* 水(みず)呑(の)み百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (mizunomibyakushō)
* 脇(わき)百(びゃく)姓(しょう) (wakibyakushō)

#### Verb

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)する • (hyakushō suru) suru (stem 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)し (hyakushō shi), past 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)した (hyakushō shita))
* [from 1906] to farm, to till the fields

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 百姓し | ひゃくしょうし | hyakushō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 百姓し | ひゃくしょうし | hyakushō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 百姓する | ひゃくしょうする | hyakushō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 百姓する | ひゃくしょうする | hyakushō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 百姓すれ | ひゃくしょうすれ | hyakushō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 百姓せよ¹ 百姓しろ² | ひゃくしょうせよ¹ ひゃくしょうしろ² | hyakushō seyo¹ hyakushō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 百姓される | ひゃくしょうされる | hyakushō sareru |
| Causative | 百姓させる 百姓さす | ひゃくしょうさせる ひゃくしょうさす | hyakushō saseru hyakushō sasu |
| Potential | 百姓できる | ひゃくしょうできる | hyakushō dekiru |
| Volitional | 百姓しよう | ひゃくしょうしよう | hyakushō shiyō |
| Negative | 百姓しない | ひゃくしょうしない | hyakushō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 百姓せず | ひゃくしょうせず | hyakushō sezu |
| Formal | 百姓します | ひゃくしょうします | hyakushō shimasu |
| Perfective | 百姓した | ひゃくしょうした | hyakushō shita |
| Conjunctive | 百姓して | ひゃくしょうして | hyakushō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 百姓すれば | ひゃくしょうすれば | hyakushō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |
| はく Grade: 1 | せい Grade: S |
| kan'on ||
Kan'on reading of both characters, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Cited to the mid-Muromachi period, roughly the 1400s.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟se̞ː]

#### Noun

百(はく)姓(せい) • (hakusei)
* [from the 1400s] (rare) See under Etymology 1

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |
| ひゃく Grade: 1 | せい Grade: S |
| goon | kan'on |
Kan'on reading of the second character, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
First cited to a text from 1776.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひゃくせー [hyàkúséé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ça̠kɯ̟se̞ː]

#### Noun

百(ひゃく)姓(せい) • (hyakusei)
* [1776] (rare) See under Etymology 1

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |
| ひゃく Grade: 1 | そう Grade: S |
| goon | kan'on |
Non-palatalized variant of hyakushō reading, commonly found in writings from the Heian period through the Muromachi period.
First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ça̠kɯ̟so̞ː]

#### Noun

百(ひゃく)姓(そう) • (hyakusō)
* [from 999] (obsolete) See under Etymology 1

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |

### Noun

百姓 • (baekseong) (hangeul 백성)
* hanja form of 백성 (“The populace; the common people”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 百 | 姓 |

### Noun

百姓
* chữ Hán form of bá tánh (“the commoners; the common folk; the citizens”).