# 黎民
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): límín
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lai$^4$ man$^4$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): le$^2$ ming$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lê-bîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: límín
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: límín
*** Wade–Giles: li$^2$-min$^2$
*** Yale: lí-mín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: limin
*** Palladius: лиминь (liminʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li³⁵ min³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lai$^4$ man$^4$
*** Yale: làih màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lai$^4$ man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lei$^4$ men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐi̯²¹ mɐn²¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: le$^2$ ming$^2$ [Phonetic: le$^5$ ming$^2$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lá̤-míng
*** Sinological IPA : /le¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lê-bîn
*** Tâi-lô: lê-bîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: le'biin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /le²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /le²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /le¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /le²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /le²³⁻³³ bin²³/
* Middle Chinese: lej mjin
Rime :
| Character | 黎 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 郎奚切 | 彌鄰切 |
| Baxter | lej | mjin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lei/ | /miɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lei/ | /min/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛi/ | /mjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛj/ | /min/ |
| Li Rong | /lei/ | /miĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /liei/ | /mĭĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /liei/ | /mi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lí | mín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lai$^4$ | man$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤij|[r]ˤij mi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*riːl min/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 黎 | 黎 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lí | lí | mín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lej › | ‹ lej › | ‹ mjin › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁij/ (Cf. 耆 0552l ɡij < *[ɡ]rij ‘old’) | /*[r]ˁij/ | /*mi[ŋ]/ |
| English | old | black | people |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黎 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7880 | 9130 |
| Phonetic component | 利 | 民 |
| Rime group | 脂 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黎 | 民 |
| Old Chinese | /*riːl/ | /*min/ |

### Noun

黎民
* (literary) the common people; commoners; the masses
    From: Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3rd – 4th century CE
    Tàikāng shīwèi, yǐ yìyù miè jué dé, límín xián èr. [Pinyin]
    Tai Kang who held his position without doing anything lived happily and comfortably instead of being moral. All commoners were disloyal.

#### Synonyms

* 一般人 (yībānrén)
* 世人 (shìrén)
* 世間人 / 世间人 (Hokkien)
* 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
* 人民 (rénmín)
* 人群 (rénqún)
* 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
* 俗人 (súrén)
* 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
* 𫣆人 (Hakka)
* 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
* 公眾 / 公众 (gōngzhòng)
* 凡人 (fánrén)
* 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
* 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
* 四眾人 / 四众人 (si$^3$ zing$^3$ nang$^5$) (Teochew)
* 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
* 大眾 / 大众 (dàzhòng)
* 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
* 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
* 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
* 常人 (chángrén)
* 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
* 平常人 (píngchángrén)
* 平民 (píngmín)
* 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
* 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
* 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
* 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
* 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
* 民眾 / 民众 (mínzhòng)
* 烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
* 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
* 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
* 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
* 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
* 百姓
* 眾人 / 众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
* 萬姓 / 万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
* 群眾 / 群众 (qúnzhòng)
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
* 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
* 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
* 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
* 萌 (literary)
* 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
* 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
* 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔黎 (archaic)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 黎民(れいみん) (reimin)
* → Korean: 여민(黎民) (yeomin)
* → Vietnamese: lê dân (黎民)

### References

* 東方孝義 (TŌHŌ Takayoshi) (1931) “黎民”, in 臺日新辭書 [New Taiwanese–Japanese dictionary] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: 臺灣警察協會, page 953
* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “黎民”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
→ Vietnamese: dân đen (calque)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 黎 | 民 |
| れい Jinmeiyō | みん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) れーみん [rèémíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾe̞ːmʲĩɴ]

### Noun

黎(れい)民(みん) • (reimin)
* the common people, commoners, the masses

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 黎 | 民 |

### Noun

黎民 • (yeomin) (hangeul 여민)
* hanja form of 여민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses”)

### Noun

黎民 • (ryeomin) (hangeul 려민)
* hanja form of 려민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses (North Korean)”)