# पूर्व
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /puːɾʋ/

### Noun

पूर्व • (pūrv) m (Urdu spelling پورو)
* east

#### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar) | उत्तर (uttar) | पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) | | पूर्व (pūrv) |
| दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv) |

### Adjective

पूर्व • (pūrv) (indeclinable)
* preceding, previous

### Adverb

पूर्व • (pūrv)
* before

#### Derived terms

* दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrv)
* पूर्व- (pūrv-)
* -पूर्वक (-pūrvak)
* पूर्वज (pūrvaj)
* पूर्वता (pūrvatā)
* पूर्वी (pūrvī)
* पूर्वीय (pūrvīya)
* पूर्वोत्तर (pūrvottar)

### References

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पूर्व”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

## Marathi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /puɾ.ʋə/

### Adjective

पूर्व • (pūrva)
* eastern
    Synonym: पौर्वात्य (paurvātya)

### Noun

पूर्व • (pūrva) f
* east

### See also

compass points: दिशा (diśā):
| वायव्य (vāyavya) | उत्तर (uttar) | ईशान्य (īśānya) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) | | पूर्व (pūrva) |
| नैऋत्य (nairutya) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | आग्नेय (āgney) |

## Nepali
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पूर्व (pūrva).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [purbʌ]
* Phonetic Devanagari: पुर्ब

### Noun

पूर्व • (pūrva)
* east

### Adverb

पूर्व • (pūrva)
* before

#### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottar) | उत्तर (uttar) | उत्तर-पूर्व (uttar-pūrva) |
| पश्चिम (paścim) | | पूर्व (pūrva) |
| दक्षिण-पश्चिम (dakṣiṇ-paścim) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇ) | दक्षिण-पूर्व (dakṣiṇ-pūrva) |

### Further reading

* “पूर्व”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
* Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “पूर्ब”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* পূৰ্ব (Assamese script)
* ᬧᬹᬃᬯ (Balinese script)
* পূর্ব (Bengali script)
* 𑰢𑰳𑰨𑰿𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀧𑀽𑀭𑁆𑀯 (Brahmi script)
* ပူရွ (Burmese script)
* પૂર્વ (Gujarati script)
* ਪੂਰ੍ਵ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌪𑍂𑌰𑍍𑌵 (Grantha script)
* ꦥꦹꦂꦮ (Javanese script)
* 𑂣𑂴𑂩𑂹𑂫 (Kaithi script)
* ಪೂರ್ವ (Kannada script)
* បូវ៌ (Khmer script)
* ປູຣ຺ວ (Lao script)
* പൂര്വ (Malayalam script)
* ᢒᡠᡠᡵᠣᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘢𑘴𑘨𑘿𑘪 (Modi script)
* ᢒᠤᠤᠷᢦ (Mongolian script)
* 𑧂𑧕𑧈𑧠𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 (Newa script)
* ପୂର୍ଵ (Odia script)
* ꢦꢹꢬ꣄ꢮ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆥𑆷𑆫𑇀𑆮 (Sharada script)
* 𑖢𑖳𑖨𑖿𑖪 (Siddham script)
* පූර්‍ව (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩰𑩒𑩛𑩼 𑪙𑩾 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚶𑚦 (Takri script)
* பூர்வ (Tamil script)
* పూర్వ (Telugu script)
* ปูรฺว (Thai script)
* པཱུ་རྭ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒣𑒴𑒩𑓂𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨞𑨃𑨊𑨫𑩇𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pr̥Hwás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Hwás, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-wó-s, from *preh₂- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (pa$^u$ruua), Russian пе́рвый (pérvyj), English first and foremost.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /púːɾ.ʋɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /puːɾ.ʋɐ/

### Preposition

पूर्व • (pū́rva)
* before, in front of

### Adjective

पूर्व • (pū́rva) stem
* ancient, old
** c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 7.18.20:न त॑ इन्द्र सुम॒तयो॒ न रायः॑ सं॒चक्षे॒ पूर्वा॑ उ॒षसो॒ न नूत्नाः॑ । देव॑कं चिन्मान्यमा॒नं ज॑घ॒न्थाव॒ त्मना॑ बृह॒तः शम्ब॑रं भेत् ॥ná ta indra sumatáyo ná rā́yaḥ saṃcákṣe pū́rvā uṣáso ná nū́tnāḥ. dévakaṃ cinmānyamānáṃ jaghanthā́va tmánā bṛhatáḥ śámbaraṃ bhet.Your favours, Indra, and your bounties, whether old or new, cannot be counted like the (recurring) dawn; you have slain Devaka, the son of Mānyamāna, and of thine own will, has cast down Śambara from the vast (mountain).
* eastern

#### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

#### Coordinate terms

compass points:
| पश्चिमोत्तर (paścimottara) | उत्तर (uttara) | ईशान (īśāna) |
| पश्चिम (paścima) | | पूर्व (pūrva) |
| दक्षिणपश्चिम (dakṣiṇapaścima) | दक्षिण (dakṣiṇa) | दक्षिणपूर्व (dakṣiṇapūrva) |

#### Borrowed terms

* → Gujarati: પૂર્વ (pūrva)
* → Hindi: पूर्व (pūrv)
* → Bengali: পূর্ব (purbo)
* → Javanese: ꦥꦸꦂꦧ (purba)
* → Kannada: ಪೂರ್ವ (pūrva)
* → Khmer: បូព៌ា (boupiə)
* → Malay: purba
** Indonesian: purba
* → Marathi: पूर्व (pūrva)
* → Nepali: पूर्व (pūrva)
* → Old Javanese: pūrwa
** Javanese: ꦥꦸꦂꦮ (purwa)
*** → Indonesian: purwa, purwa-
** → Balinese: ᬧᬹᬃᬯ᭄ᬯ (purwa)
* → Odia: ପୂର୍ବ (purba)
* → Santali: ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ
* → Tamil: பூர்வ (pūrva)
* → Telugu: పూర్వము (pūrvamu)
* → Thai: บูรพา (buu-rá-paa)

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kashmiri: پوٗر (pūr, “east”)
** Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
** Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
** Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
** Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (puruvāla, “first”)
* Helu Prakrit:
** Sinhalese: පුව (puwa)
* Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
** Bengali: পুব (pubo)
** Bihari: पुर्वे (purve, “second ploughing”)
*** Maithili: पूब (pūb, “east”), पूबा (pūbā, “easterner”)
* Pali: pubba (in compounds)
** → Burmese: ပုဗ္ဗ (pubba.)
* Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯 (puvva), 𑀧𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 (puvvā, “east”)
** Old Hindi: पुब (puba, “former”)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “पूर्व”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 643/1.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 157