# 朝鮮
## Chinese

* 朝鮮 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 朝鮮 (稱謂) (Written Standard Chinese)
* 朝鮮 (Cantonese)
* 朝鮮 (Classical)
* 朝鮮 (Gan)
* Chêu-sién (Hakka)
* Dièu-siēng (Eastern Min)
* Tiâu-sián (Southern Min)
* 朝鮮 (Wu)

### Etymology

Attested in Classic of Mountains and Seas, Zhanguo Ce, Records of the Grand Historian, etc. Juha Janhunen tentatively suggests a connection to the ethnonyms Jurchen and Sushen. A common literal interpretation of this term is “morning (朝) calm (鮮)”, and thus Korea is also known as the “Land of the Morning Calm”.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Cháoxiǎn, Cháoxiān, Zhāoxiān
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ, ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ, ㄓㄠ ㄒㄧㄢ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Чощян (Čoxi͡an, I-II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^4$ sin$^1$ / ziu$^1$ sin$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chêu-siên
* Eastern Min (BUC): Dièu-siēng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dieo$^2$ seng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Tiâu-sián
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziou$^1$ siêng$^2$ / ziao$^1$ siang$^2$ / ziao$^1$ siang$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zau-shi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Cháoxiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Cháosiǎn
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻao$^2$-hsien$^3$
*** Yale: Cháu-syǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chaurshean
*** Palladius: Чаосянь (Čaosjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Cháoxiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Cháosian
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻao$^2$-hsien$^1$
*** Yale: Cháu-syān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chaurshian
*** Palladius: Чаосянь (Čaosjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, etymologically correct variant, obsolete and literary)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zhāoxiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄠ ㄒㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jhaosian
*** Wade–Giles: Chao$^1$-hsien$^1$
*** Yale: Jāu-syān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jaushian
*** Palladius: Чжаосянь (Čžaosjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Чощян (Čoxi͡an, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^4$ sin$^1$ / ziu$^1$ sin$^1$
*** Yale: chìuh sīn / jīu sīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^4$ sin$^1$ / dziu$^1$ sin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^4$ xin$^1$ / jiu$^1$ xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/, /t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chêu-siên
*** Hakka Romanization System: zeu$^ˊ$ xien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zeu$^1$ xian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Dièu-siēng
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu⁵³⁻³³ $^{(s-)}$lieŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dieo$^2$ seng$^3$ [Phonetic: dieo$^5$ seng$^3$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dá̤u-sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dieo$^2$ seng$^3$ [Phonetic: dieo$^5$ seng$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /tieu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiâu-sián
*** Tâi-lô: Tiâu-sián
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diausiern
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ziou$^1$ siêng$^2$ / ziao$^1$ siang$^2$ / ziao$^1$ siang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiou siéng / tsiau siáng / tsiau siang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siou³³⁻²³ sieŋ⁵²/, /t͡siau³³⁻²³ siaŋ⁵²/, /t͡siau³³⁻²³ siaŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zau-shi
*** MiniDict: zau$^去$ shi
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zau-xi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zɔ²² ɕi⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: trjew|drjew sjen
Rime :
| Character | 朝 | 朝 | 鮮 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 澄 (11) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) | 宵 (92) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 陟遙切 | 直遙切 | 相然切 |
| Baxter | trjew | drjew | sjen |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈˠiᴇu/ | /ɖˠiᴇu/ | /siᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈᵚiɛu/ | /ɖᵚiɛu/ | /siɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiæu/ | /ȡiæu/ | /sjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈiaw/ | /ɖiaw/ | /sian/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶjɛu/ | /ȡjɛu/ | /siɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭɛu/ | /ȡĭɛu/ | /sĭɛn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯ɛu/ | /ȡʱi̯ɛu/ | /si̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhāo | cháo | xiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ziu$^1$ | ciu$^4$ | sin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t<r>aw [s][a]r/
    (Zhengzhang): /*r'ew sen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 朝 | 鮮 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhāo | xiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjew › | ‹ sjen › |
| Old Chinese | /*t<r>aw/ | /*[s][a]r/ |
| English | morning | fresh; good |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 朝 | 鮮 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| No. | 1309 | 13490 |
| Phonetic component | 朝 | 鮮 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𪓙 | 仙 |
| Old Chinese | /*r'ew/ | /*sen/ |
| Notes | | 說文羴省聲 |

### Proper noun

朝鮮
* Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)
** 2006, 朴英姬, “朝鲜义烈团的成立及抗日斗争”, in 历史档案‎, number 4, →ISSN, pages 96–99:
       1919 nián 3 yuè 1 rì zài Cháoxiǎn bàofā de quán mínzú xìng de fǎnrì àiguó yùndòng biāozhì zhe zhè yī gāocháo de dàolái. Rán'ér “sānyī” yùndòng zāodào le Rìběn dìguózhǔyì de xuèxīng zhènyā zuìzhōng shībài. Qí shībài de yuányīn zhǔyào yǒu...... Qí èr, Cháoxiǎn mínzúzhǔyì zhě huànxiǎng cóng Měiguó hé Bālí héhuì nàlǐ “qǐqiú” Cháoxiǎn dúlì, ér bù yīkào Cháoxiǎn rénmín yòng wǔlì shíxiàn Cháoxiǎn dúlì. “sānyī” yùndòng shībài hòu, Cháoxiǎn àiguó zhìshì wúfǎ zài guónèi zhǎnkāi fǎnrì dǒuzhēng, biàn fēnfēn liúwáng guówài. [Pinyin]
       The nation-wide anti-Japanese patriotic March 1st Movement that erupted in Korea on 1 March, 1919 marked the arrival of this climax. However, the March 1st movement faced brutal suppression by Japanese imperialism and ultimately failed. The main reasons for its failure are…Secondly, Korean nationalists had the illusion of "pleading" for Korean independence from the United States and the Paris Peace Conference, rather than relying on armed resistance by the Korean people to achieve Korean independence. After the failure of the March 1st movement, patriotic Korean activists were unable to engage in domestic anti-Japanese struggles and consequently sought exile abroad.
* (historical) Gojoseon (ancient Korean kingdom)
* (～王朝) (historical) Joseon (ancient Korean dynasty and state)
* (Mainland China) (～民主主義人民共和國) North Korea (a country in East Asia)
* (～半島) Korean Peninsula

#### Synonyms

* (North Korea):
** (full name) 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國／朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 (Cháoxiǎn Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó)
** (uncommon) 北朝鮮／北朝鲜 (Běi Cháoxiǎn)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 朝鮮, 北韓, 北朝鮮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 北韓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 北韓 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 北韓 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 北韓 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 朝鮮 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 朝鮮 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 朝鮮 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 朝鮮 |

#### Derived terms

* 北朝鮮 / 北朝鲜
* 南朝鮮 / 南朝鲜
* 古朝鮮 / 古朝鲜
* 朝鮮半島 / 朝鲜半岛
* 朝鮮將棋 / 朝鲜将棋 (cháoxiān jiāngqí)
* 朝鮮戰爭 / 朝鲜战争
* 朝鮮文 / 朝鲜文
* 朝鮮族 / 朝鲜族
* 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 / 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国
* 朝鮮海峽 / 朝鲜海峡
* 朝鮮笠 / 朝鲜笠
* 朝鮮薊 / 朝鲜蓟
* 朝鮮語 / 朝鲜语
* 朝鮮象棋 / 朝鲜象棋 (cháoxiān xiàngqí)
* 衛滿朝鮮 / 卫满朝鲜
* 西朝鮮 / 西朝鲜 (xīcháoxiǎn)
* 西朝鮮灣 / 西朝鲜湾

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Chōsen)
* → Korean: 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Tiên (朝鮮)
Others:
* → Classical Mongolian: ᠴᠣᠤᠬᠢᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ (Čoukiyan)
* → English: Ch'ao-hsien, Chaoxian
* → Manchu: ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (Coohiyan)
* → Zhuang: Cauzsenh

#### See also

* 韓國／韩国 (Hánguó, “Korea; South Korea”)

#### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “朝鮮”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 朝 | 鮮 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | せん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Chinese 朝鮮 / 朝鲜.
/teusen/ > /tjoːsen/, [tɕoːsen]

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーせん [chòóséꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]
* (Tokyo) Note: The word 朝鮮 is Nakadaka, however, it is a word that becomes flat with の and is then pronounced as:
   * ちょうせんの

### Proper noun

朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) • (Chōsen)
* Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)
* North Korea (a country in East Asia)

#### Derived terms

* 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)語(ご) (Chōsen-go, “Korean language”)
* 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん)人(じん) (Chōsen-jin, “Korean person”)
* 北(きた)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Kita Chōsen, “North Korea”)
* 南(みなみ)朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Minami Chōsen, “South Korea”)

### See also

* 韓(かん)国(こく) (Kankoku)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 朝 | 鮮 |

### Proper noun

朝鮮 • (Joseon) (hangeul 조선)
* hanja form of 조선 (“Joseon; Korea, especially North Korea”)

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 朝 | 鮮 |
| ちょー Grade: 2 | しん Grade: S |

### Proper noun

朝(ちょー)鮮(しん) (Chōshin)
* Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)
* North Korea (a country in East Asia)
    Synonym: 韓国 (Kankuku), 高麗 (Kōrē)

### References

* “ちょーしん【朝鮮】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 朝 | 鮮 |

### Proper noun

朝鮮
* chữ Hán form of Triều Tiên.
** Korea (the peninsula)
    㗂(tiếng)朝(Triều)鮮(Tiên) ― the Korean language
** (colloquial) North Korea, (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK)

#### Synonyms

* 高麗 (Cao Ly/Cao Li/Cao Lệ)
* 共和民主人朝鮮 (Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân Triều Tiên/Cộng hoà Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên)
* 北朝鮮 (Bắc Triều Tiên)