# 役

| 役 | U+5F79, &#24441; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F79 |
| ← 彸 [U+5F78] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 彺 → [U+5F7A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

役 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹人竹弓水 (HOHNE), four-corner 2724$_7$, composition ⿰彳殳)

#### Derived characters

* 垼 䓈

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 365, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10057
* Dae Jaweon: page 685, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 814, character 23
* Unihan data for U+5F79

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 役 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 椺 | *ɦmluːʔ, *ɢʷeːɡs, *ɢeːɡ |
| 役 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 疫 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 垼 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 炈 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 鈠 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 豛 | *ɢʷeɡ |
| 坄 | *doː, *leɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): semantic 彳 (“movement; action”) + semantic 殳 (“a weapon, like a spear”). The character originally depicted guarding a border with a weapon in hand, and by extension, it came to represent the idea of performing a duty or task.

### Etymology

From 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to do”) with k-extension (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuo$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jik$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vet$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): yt$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yi̍t
    (Hailu, HRS): rhid$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yid$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ieh$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): ià / ĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): ĭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): yh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ia̍h / e̍k / ia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiah$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$yoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
*** Sinological IPA : /yo²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jik$^6$
*** Yale: yihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪk̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vet$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /vet̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: yt$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /yt̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: id
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /it̚⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)id
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)it̚⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhid$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒit²/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yid$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /it̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ieh$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ià / ĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ia⁴²/, /i²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yh$^7$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ṳ̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /yʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: yh$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /yʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍h
*** Tâi-lô: ia̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iah
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iaʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iaʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iaʔ¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: e̍k
*** Tâi-lô: i̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ek
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: ia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiah$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hia̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /hiaʔ⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$yoq
*** MiniDict: yoh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$hhioq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioʔ¹²/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: y$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /y²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit役 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /i⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /i⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /i⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /i²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /i⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /i⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /i²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ji²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /i¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /i⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /i²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /y²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yo³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /iu²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /i³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐuʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /yəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /yʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /i⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioʔ¹/ /ɦyɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɦyəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɦioʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /jy²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /yʔ²¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /y²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /y²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /yʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /it̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒït̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jek̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jek̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jik̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ik̚⁵/ /iaʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /iʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /i²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hiaʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ia³³/ /zi³⁵/ 俗 |
* Middle Chinese: ywek
Rime :
| Character | 役 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 昔 (124) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 營隻切 |
| Baxter | ywek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jwiᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷiɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iuæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwiajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /iuɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭwɛk̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /i̯wɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢʷek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷeɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 役 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ywek › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷek/ |
| English | war expedition; service |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 役 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15006 |
| Phonetic component | 役 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 役 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷeɡ/ |

### Definitions

役
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to guard the borders
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) soldier
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) matter; event; incident
* war; military campaign
* forced labour
* military service
* labourer
* servant
* to use as a servant
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attract
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) student; disciple
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) duty; responsibility
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) low-ranking official
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to arrange into rows
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to help; to aid
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to be; to act as
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to practise; to act with

### Compounds

* 一身兩役 / 一身两役 (yīshēnliǎngyì)
* 丁役
* 伕役
* 侍役
* 停役
* 備役 / 备役
* 傜役 (yáoyì)
* 僕役 / 仆役 (púyì)
* 僱役 / 雇役
* 免役 (miǎnyì)
* 公役
* 兵役 (bīngyì)
* 兵役節 / 兵役节
* 兵役課 / 兵役课
* 力役
* 勞役 / 劳役 (láoyì)
* 募役
* 君子于役
* 國民兵役 / 国民兵役
* 執役 / 执役
* 外役監獄 / 外役监狱
* 夜役軍牢 / 夜役军牢
* 夫役
* 奴役 (núyì)
* 工役 (gōngyì)
* 差役 (chāiyì)
* 常備兵役 / 常备兵役
* 庚子之役
* 廝役 / 厮役
* 役使 (yìshǐ)
* 役使動物 / 役使动物
* 役別 / 役别
* 役夫
* 役子
* 役屬 / 役属
* 役役
* 役損 / 役损
* 役期
* 役物
* 役男 (yìnán)
* 役畜
* 役種 / 役种
* 役齡 / 役龄 (yìlíng)
* 復役 / 复役
* 徭役 (yáoyì)
* 惠州之役
* 戍役
* 戰役 / 战役 (zhànyì)
* 拘役 (jūyì)
* 捕役 (bǔyì)
* 斗筲役
* 服兵役
* 服役 (fúyì)
* 無能為役 / 无能为役
* 營營役役 / 营营役役 (yíngyíngyìyì)
* 物役
* 現役 / 现役 (xiànyì)
* 現役軍人 / 现役军人
* 甲申之役
* 番役
* 當役 / 当役
* 督役
* 祗役
* 禁役
* 罰役 / 罚役
* 義役 / 义役
* 茶役
* 行役
* 衙役 (yáyì)
* 補充兵役 / 补充兵役
* 課役 / 课役
* 貪官蠹役 / 贪官蠹役
* 賦役 / 赋役 (fùyì)
* 賤役 / 贱役 (jiànyì)
* 轉役 / 转役
* 退役 (tuìyì)
* 退除役
* 采石之役
* 長役夢魂 / 长役梦魂
* 門役 / 门役 (ményì)
* 除役
* 革役
* 預備役 / 预备役 (yùbèiyì)
* 頭役 / 头役

### References

* ↑ Digital Shinjigen 2017
* “役”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* duty, office
* service
* role, part

#### Readings

* Go-on: やく (yaku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: えき (eki, Jōyō)
* Kun: つとめ (tsutome, 役)、えだち (edachi, 役)
* Nanori: え (e)、えん (en)、えんの (enno)、おうこ (ōko)、おうせ (ōse)、おおせ (ōse)、まもり (mamori)、まもる (mamoru)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 役
* やく Grade: 3
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) やく [yàkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ja̠kɯ̟]

#### Noun

役(やく) • (yaku)
* role, service, use
* (card games, mahjong) hand, scoring combination

#### Suffix

役(やく) • (-yaku)
* playing the role of...
    涼(すず)宮(みや)ハルヒ役(やく)の平(ひら)野(の)綾(あや)さん
       Suzumiya Haruhi-yaku no Hirano Aya-san
       Aya Hirano, who voices Haruhi Suzumiya

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 役
* えき Grade: 3
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えき [éꜜkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [e̞kʲi]

#### Noun

役(えき) • (eki)
* war; battle
* (archaic) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Affix

役(えき) • (eki)
* duty; service
* put to work, labor
* war; battle

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 役 (MC ywek).
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄋᆑᆨ〮 (Yale: yuyek) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 역〮 (yék) (Yale: yek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 役 (eumhun 부릴 역 (buril yeok))
* hanja form of 역 (“duty; role”)

#### Compounds

* 고역 (苦役, goyeok)
* 노역 (勞役, noyeok)
* 단역 (端役, danyeok)
* 대역 (代役, daeyeok)
* 병역 (兵役, byeong'yeok)
* 복역 (服役, bogyeok)
* 부역 (賦役, buyeok)
* 악역 (惡役, agyeok)
* 역할 (役割, yeokhal)
* 용역 (用役, yong'yeok)
* 전역 (戰役, jeonyeok)
* 주역 (主役, juyeok)
* 징역 (懲役, jing'yeok)
* 퇴역 (退役, toeyeok)
* 현역 (現役, hyeonyeok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

役: Hán Việt readings: dịch
役: Nôm readings: dịch, việc, diếc
* chữ Hán form of dịch (“service, work”).
* chữ Nôm form of việc (“work, job, business, matter, affair”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).