OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# операция
## Bulgarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [opɛˈrat͡sijɐ]
* Rhymes: -at͡sijɐ

### Noun

опера́ция • (operácija) f (relational adjective операцио́нен)
* operation

#### Related terms

* опери́рам (operíram)
* операти́вен (operatíven)

### References

* “операция”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “операция”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Kazakh
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian опера́ция (operácija), from Latin operātiō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐpʲɪˈrat͡sɨɪ̯ə]

### Noun

операция • (operasiä)
* operation

#### Synonyms

* (surgical procedure): ота (ota)

## Russian
### Etymology

Attested since the reign of Peter the Great in the military and surgical sense; from Latin operatio, via Polish operacja or German Operation.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐpʲɪˈrat͡sɨjə]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

опера́ция • (operácija) f inan (genitive опера́ции, nominative plural опера́ции, genitive plural опера́ций)
* operation

#### Related terms

* операти́вный (operatívnyj)
* опера́тор (operátor)
* операцио́нный (operaciónnyj)
* спецопера́ция (specoperácija)

#### References

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “операция”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
# libbra
## English
### Alternative forms

* libra

### Etymology

From Italian libbra. Doublet of arratel, Libra, libra, lira, litra, litre, livre, and rottol.

### Noun

libbra (plural libbre)
* A traditional Italian unit of mass now equated to the pound.
** 1934 February, Ralph W. Smith, “What Is a Fifty-Pound Weight?”, in J[ames] McKeen Cattell, editor, The Scientific Monthly, volume XXXVIII, New York, N.Y.: The Science Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 114, column 2:We find that in modern times the funt of Russia, the libbra of Italy, the libra of Spain, Portugal and various South and Central American countries, the livre of France and Greece, the pfund of Germany, the pond of Java and the Netherlands, and the pund of Denmark and Sweden, correspond to the avoirdupois pound, as we know it, although the exact equivalents in terms of our pound vary from about ¾ to over 2 pounds.
** 1991, Sandra Cavallo, “Patterns of poverty and patterns of relief”, in Stuart Woolf, editor, Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy, 1600–1800, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 2002, →ISBN, chapter 6 (Conceptions of poverty and poor-relief in Turin in the second half of the eighteenth century), page 174:In the first two samples analysed (1743 and 1753), bread remained a grant for young children only, who were recipients of three to four libbre of bread per week.
** 2006, Andrea Palladio, translated by Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks, “On the Treasury, That Is, the Chamber of the Commune, and the Money that People Used in Rome in Those Times”, in Palladio’s Rome: A Translation of Andrea Palladio’s Two Guidebooks to Rome, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, →ISBN, section I (The Antiquities of Rome […]), page 65:From this treasury, Julius Caesar, having broken down the doors, took 4,135 libbre of gold and nine hundred thousand libbre of silver, and in their place he put the same quantity of gilt bronze.

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin lībra.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlib.bra/
* Rhymes: -ibbra
* Hyphenation: lìb‧bra

### Noun

libbra f (plural libbre)
* pound (weight)

### Further reading

* libbra in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
* libbra in garzantilinguistica.it – Garzanti Linguistica, De Agostini Scuola Spa

### Anagrams

* labbri
# chajdou
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈxajdɔu]

### Noun

chajdou
* instrumental singular of chajda
# Krajník
## Czech
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkrajɲiːk]

### Proper noun

Krajník m anim (female equivalent Krajníková)
* a male surname

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Krajník”, in Příjmení.cz (in Czech)
# הצטלם
## Hebrew
### Etymology

From the root צ־ל־ם (ts-l-m), forming words relating to images and photos.

### Verb

הִצְטַלֵּם • (hitztalém) (hitpa'el construction)
* to take a selfie.
    פגשתי מישהו מפורסם, אז ביקשתי להצטלם איתו.pagáshti míshehu mefursám, az biqáshti lehitstalém itó.I met someone famous, so I asked him if I could take a selfie with him
* to be photographed or to pose for a photograph.

#### Conjugation

$^1$ Rare in Modern Hebrew.
# paper-thin
## English
### Adjective

paper-thin (not comparable)
* (literally) Very thin, such as the quality of paper.
    Synonym: razor-thin
    Antonym: paper-thick
* (figuratively) Insubstantial.
** 1959, David P. Morgan, editor, Steam's Finest Hour, Kalmbach Publishing Co., page 41:As late as 1948 NKP, for its part, pitted its Berkshires against borrowed road diesels and declared that the difference in costs was less than paper thin.

#### Translations
### References

* “paper-thin”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
# wireless telegraphy
## English
### Noun

wireless telegraphy (usually uncountable, plural wireless telegraphies)
* (telegraphy, historical) Telegraphy by radio rather than by transmission cables.
    Synonyms: radiotelegraphy, (abbreviation) WT
** 1909 January 26, “The Triumph of Wireless Telegraphy”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:This most conspicuous triumph of Mr. Marconi's invention is peculiarly gratifying to The Times, which has long made liberal use of wireless telegraphy in its European news service.

#### Coordinate terms

* radio telephony

#### Related terms

* wireless telegraph
# автор
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Via German Autor, Russian а́втор (ávtor), and French auteur, ultimately from Latin auctor, agent noun of augeō (“to augment”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaftor]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

а́втор • (ávtor) m (feminine а́вторка, relational adjective а́вторски)
* male author, male originator
    Synonym: творец (tvorec)
* male perpetrator

#### Declension
### Anagrams

* товар (tovar)

## Eastern Mari
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian а́втор (ávtor).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɑv.toɾ/
* Rhymes: -ɑvtoɾ
* Hyphenation: ав‧тор

### Noun

автор • (avtor)
* author
    Synonym: серышоза (seryšoza)

#### Derived terms

* автор права (avtor prava)
* автор права тамга (avtor prava tamga)
* авторын мутшо (avtoryn mutšo)

### References

* J. Bradley et al. (2023) “автор”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

## Kazakh
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian а́втор (ávtor), from Polish autor, from German Autor, from Latin auctor.

### Noun

автор • (avtor)
* author

#### Derived terms

* авторлық (avtorlyq)

## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaftɔr]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

автор • (avtor) m (relational adjective авторски)
* author

#### Declension
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* авторъ (avtor) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Polish autor. Ultimately from Latin auctor.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈaftər]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

а́втор • (ávtor) m anim (genitive а́втора, nominative plural а́вторы, genitive plural а́второв, feminine а́вторша, relational adjective а́вторский, pejorative а́вторишка)
* author
* (criminal slang) the head of a criminal group

#### Derived terms

* а́вторский (ávtorskij)
* а́вторство n (ávtorstvo)

#### Related terms

* авториза́ция f (avtorizácija)
* авторите́т m anim or m inan (avtoritét)

#### Descendants

* → Eastern Mari: автор (avtor)
* → Georgian: ავტორი (avṭori)
* → Ingrian: avtora
* → Kazakh: автор (avtor)
* → Yakut: ааптар (aaptar)

### Anagrams

* втора (vtora), отва́р (otvár), рво́та (rvóta), тавро́ (tavró), това́р (továr)

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈau̯tɔr]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

а́втор • (ávtor) m pers (genitive а́втора, nominative plural автори́, genitive plural авторі́в, feminine а́вторка, relational adjective а́вторський)
* author

#### Derived terms

* а́вторство n (ávtorstvo)
* співа́втор m (spivávtor)

### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “автор”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
# gardhet
## Albanian
### Noun

gardhet
* inflection of gardh:
** definite nominative/accusative plural
** definite dative/ablative singular
# -ara
## Translingual
### Suffix

-ara f sg
* (taxonomy) Used to form the name of nothogenera, in particular for orchids

#### Usage notes

* The suffix is codified by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants in Article H.6. The code specifies that such names must be used when the nothogenus is derived from at least four genera, and may be used when derived from three. The code also specifies that such names should not exceed eight syllables, and must be appended to the name of a person, which, according to the code, "should preferably be a collector, grower, or student of the group."

#### Derived terms

* Aliceara
* Bakerara
* Beallara
* Burrageara
* Christieara
* Colmanara
* Degarmoara
* Forgetara
* Hawkinsara
* Howeara
* Maclellanara
* Monnierara
* Otaara
* Perreiraara
* Potinara
* Vuylstekeara
* Wilsonara

### References

* McNeill et al. 2012, Article H.6 and H.7
* Hybrid name on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

## Italian
### Suffix

-ara f (plural -are, masculine -aro)
* (dialectal, chiefly central Italy) Alternative form of -aia

### Suffix

-ara f (plural -are)
* (dialectal, chiefly central Italy) Alternative form of -aia

#### Derived terms
## Polish
### Etymology

From -arz + -a.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈa.ra/
* Rhymes: -ara
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ara f
* appended to form feminine nouns, often used in slang
    ‎typ + ‎-ara → ‎typiara
    ‎gówniarz + ‎-ara → ‎gówniara
    ‎jesień + ‎-ara → ‎jesieniara

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -ara in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Suffix

-ara (Cyrillic spelling -ара)
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a performer, a woman with large body parts, or a shop or workshop.

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Suffix

-ara
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of -ar
# أستغفر الله
## Arabic

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔas.taɣ.fi.ru‿ɫ.ɫaː.ha/

### Phrase

أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللهَ • (ʔastaḡfiru llāha)
* astaghfirullah, I ask God for forgiveness; to do istighfar.

#### Related terms

* ٱللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ (llāhu ʔakbaru, “God is greater”)
* سُبْحَانَ ٱللّٰهِ (subḥāna llāhi, “glory be to God”)
* اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ (al-ḥamdu lillāhi, “all praise is for God”)
* بِسْمِ ٱللّٰهِ (bi-smi llāhi, “in the name of God”)
** بِسْمِ ٱللّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ (bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi)
* اَللّٰهُمَّ (allāhumma, “God; O God”)
* إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللّٰهُ (ʔin šāʔa llāhu, “if God wills”)
* مَا شَاءَ ٱللّٰهُ (mā šāʔa llāhu, “what God wills”)
* بِإذْنِ ٱللّٰهِ (biʔiḏni llāhi, “by the permission of God”)
* آيَةُ ٱللّٰه (ʔāyatu llāh, “Ayatollah, sign of God”)

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: əstəğfirullah
* Japanese: アスタグフィルッラー (asutagufirurrā)
* → Malay: astaghfirullah, astaga
* → Classical Persian: اَسْتَغْفِرُاللّٰه (astağfiru-l-lāh)
** Iranian Persian: اَسْتَغْفِرُاللّٰه (astağfer-ollâh)
* → Turkish: estağfirullah
* → Uzbek: astagʻfirulloh
# أساسي
## Arabic
### Etymology

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of أَسَاس (ʔasās, “foundation, basis”) +‎ ـِيّ (-iyy).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔa.saː.sijj/

### Adjective

أَسَاسِيّ • (ʔasāsiyy) (feminine أَسَاسِيَّة (ʔasāsiyya), masculine plural أَسَاسِيُّونَ (ʔasāsiyyūna), feminine plural أَسَاسِيَّات (ʔasāsiyyāt))
* fundamental, basic
* elementary
* essential
* main
* fundamentalist

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: əsasi
* → Persian: اساسی (asâsi)
** → Urdu: اساسی (asāsī)
* → Malay: asasi
** → Indonesian: asasi
* → Ottoman Turkish: اساسی (esasî)
** → Turkish: esasî
* → Turkmen: esasy
* → Uyghur: ئاساسىي (asasiy)

### Noun

أَسَاسِيّ • (ʔasāsiyy) m (plural أَسَاسِيُّونَ (ʔasāsiyyūna), feminine أَسَاسِيَّة (ʔasāsiyya))
* fundamentalist

#### References

* Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1965) “أساسي”, in A new Arabic grammar, 2nd edition, London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “أساسي”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “أس”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
# أنتج
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔan.ta.d͡ʒa/

### Verb

أَنْتَجَ • (ʔantaja) IV (non-past يُنْتِجُ (yuntiju), verbal noun إِنْتَاج (ʔintāj))
* to produce, to generate, to bring about
* to produce (a film)
# إصبع
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* أُصْبَع (ʔuṣbaʕ), أَصْبَع (ʔaṣbaʕ), أُصْبِع (ʔuṣbiʕ), أَصْبِع (ʔaṣbiʕ), أُصْبُع (ʔuṣbuʕ), أَصْبُع (ʔaṣbuʕ), أُصْبُوع (ʔuṣbūʕ)

### Etymology

From Proto-Semitic *ʔiṣbaʕ-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔisˤ.baʕ/, /ʔisˤ.biʕ/, /ʔisˤ.buʕ/

### Noun

إِصْبَع or إِصْبِع or إِصْبُع • (ʔiṣbaʕ or ʔiṣbiʕ or ʔiṣbuʕ) f or m (plural أَصَابِع (ʔaṣābiʕ))
* finger, toe
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:19:أَوْ كَصَيِّبٍ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فِيهِ ظُلُمَاتٌ وَرَعْدٌ وَبَرْقٌ يَجْعَلُونَ أَصَابِعَهُمْ فِي آذَانِهِم مِنَ الصَّوَاعِقِ حَذَرَ الْمَوْتِʔaw kaṣayyibin mina s-samāʔi fīhi ẓulumātun waraʕdun wabarqun yajʕalūna ʔaṣābiʕahum fī ʔāḏānihim mina ṣ-ṣawāʕiqi ḥaḏara l-mawtiOr like a rainstorm from the sky, wherein is darkness, thunder and the flash of lightning. They thrust their fingers in their ears by reason of the thunder-claps, for fear of death.
** 2018, وَجْدِيّ الْأَهْدَل, أرض المؤامرات السعيدة, Bayrūt: Nawfal / Hachette Antoine, →ISBN, page 47:كان هناك ولد صغير يتكلّم ويحاول أن يشبّ على أصابعه لينظر من النافذة.There was a small boy talking and trying to rear on his toes to look through the window.
* piano key
* popsicle
* lollipop

#### Usage notes

Generally feminine.

#### Derived terms

* تَصَبَّعَ (taṣabbaʕa, “to digitate, to form finger-like structures or carbuncles”)
* صَبَعَ (ṣabaʕa, “to point with the finger”)
* صَبَّعَ (ṣabbaʕa, “to finger”)
* صَبِيع (ṣabīʕ, “carbuncle”)

#### Descendants

* Cypriot Arabic: ispec
* Egyptian Arabic: صباع (ṣubāʕ), صابع (ṣābiʕ), صوبع (ṣōbaʕ)
* Hijazi Arabic: أصباع (ʔuṣbāʕ)
* Maltese: suba’, seba’, saba’
* Moroccan Arabic: صبع (ṣbuʕ, ṣbaʕ)
* South Levantine Arabic: أصبع (ʔuṣbaʕ)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “صبع”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 815–816
* Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 224
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “صبع”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1646–1647
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “صبع”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 586
# إفريقيا
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* أَفْرِيقِيَا (ʔafrīqiyā), أَفْرِيقِيَة (ʔafrīqiya), إِفْرِيقِيَة (ʔifrīqiya)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔif.riː.qi.jaː/

### Proper noun

إِفْرِيقِيَا • (ʔifrīqiyā) f
* Africa

#### Derived terms

* إِفْرِيقِيّ m (ʔifrīqiyy), إِفْرِيقِيَّة f (ʔifrīqiyya)
# إطار
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔi.tˤaːr/

### Noun

إِطَار • (ʔiṭār) m (plural أُطُر (ʔuṭur) or إِطَارَات (ʔiṭārāt))
* frame, framework (also from doors and eyewear, and about things that are called hoop or tire in English, and likewise figuratively)
* cadre
* (graphical user interface, dated) a window
    Synonym: نَافِذَة (nāfiḏa)

#### References

* Microsoft Terminology Collection and Translations in Localized Microsoft Products‎, (Can we date this quote?)
# اتجاه
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /it.ti.d͡ʒaːh/

### Noun

اِتِّجَاه • (ittijāh) m (plural اِتِّجَاهَات (ittijāhāt))
* verbal noun of اِتَّجَهَ (ittajaha) (form VIII)
* a direction
# ادعاء
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِدَّعَى (iddaʕā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /id.di.ʕaːʔ/

### Noun

اِدِّعَاء • (iddiʕāʔ) m (plural اِدِّعَاءَات (iddiʕāʔāt))
* verbal noun of اِدَّعَى (iddaʕā) (form VIII)
** allegation, claim, contention
*** 2017 November 15, “روسيا تصف اتهامات مدريد لها بالتدخل في كاتالونيا بـ"الهستيريا"”, in Al-Quds‎, archived from the original on 15 November 2017:وقال المتحدث باسم الكرملين ديمتري بيسكوف للصحافيين إن "السلطات الاسبانية وحلف شمال الأطلسي والصحف لم تأت بحجة واحدة ذات قيمة لدعم هذه الادعاءات".The speaker in the name of the Kremlin Dmitri Peskov said to the journalists that “the Spanish authorities and the North Atlantic Treaty and the papers have not come out with a single valuable piece of evidence to support these allegations [that the Russian government has interfered in the Catalonia crisis by spreading disinformation].”
** accusation; prosecution

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: iddia
* → Classical Persian: اِدِّعَاء (iddi'ā'), اِدِّعَا (iddi'ā)
** → Urdu: ادعا
* → Ottoman Turkish: ادعا
** Turkish: iddia
# اقتصاد
## Arabic
### Etymology

Verbal noun of اِقْتَصَدَ (iqtaṣada).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iq.ti.sˤaːd/

### Noun

اِقْتِصَاد • (iqtiṣād) m
* verbal noun of اِقْتَصَدَ (iqtaṣada) (form VIII)
* economy (“frugal use of resources”)
    Antonyms: إِسْرَاف (ʔisrāf), سَرَف (saraf), تَبْذِير (tabḏīr)
** a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, quoting Sahl ibn Hārūn, “رسالة سهل بن هارون”, in Muḥammad Fatḥī ʾAbū Bakr, editor, Al-Buḵalāʾ, 5th edition, Egyptian-Lebanese Publishing House, published 2021, →ISBN, page 48:وَعِبْتُمْ عَلَيَّ قَوْلِي: مَنْ لَمْ يَتَعَرَّفْ مَوَاقِعَ السَّرَفِ فِي الْمَوْجُودِ الرَّخِيصِ، لَمْ يَعْرِفْ مَوَاقِعَ ٱلِٱقْتِصَادِ فِي الْمُمْتَنِعِ الْغَالِيwaʕibtum ʕalayya qawlī: man lam yataʕarraf mawāqiʕa s-sarafi fī l-mawjūdi r-raḵīṣi, lam yaʕrif mawāqiʕa l-iqtiṣādi fī l-mumtaniʕi l-ḡālīYou mocked me for saying that the man who does not know how to economise with inexpensive things will be ignorant of thrift when it comes to items hors de prix.Translated by Jim Colville
* economy (“system of production and distribution”)
* economics

#### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: iqtisad
* → Bashkir: иҡтисад (iqtisad)
* → Chagatai: اقتصاد
** Uyghur: ئىقتىساد (iqtisad)
** Uzbek: iqtisod
* → Crimean Tatar: iqtisat
* → Dhivehi: އިޤްތިޞާދު (iqtişādu)
* → Ottoman Turkish: اقتصاد (iktisâd)
** Turkish: iktisat
* → Pashto: اقتصاد
* → Persian: اقتصاد (eqtesâd)
** Tajik: иқтисод (iqtisod)
* → Punjabi: اِقْتِصاد (īqtiṣād)
* → Sindhi: اقتصاد
* → Swahili: iktisadi
* → Tatar: икътисад (iqtisad)
* → Turkmen: ykdysat
* → Urdu: اقتصاد (iqtisād)

#### References

* Haywood, J.A., Nahmad, H.M. (1965) “اقتصاد”, in A new Arabic grammar, 2nd edition, London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN

## Hijazi Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic اِقْتِصَاد (iqtiṣād).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iɡ.ti.ˈsˤaːd/, [ɪq.tɪ.ˈsˤaːd]

### Noun

اِقْتِصَاد • (iɡtiṣād) m (plural اِقْتِصَادات (iɡtiṣādāt))
* economy
* economics

#### Usage notes

Both [q] and [g] are common pronunciations.

## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِقْتِصَاد (iqtiṣād).

### Noun

اقتصاد • (iktisâd)
* an acting with moderation
* an inditing a poem (قصیده)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: iktisat

### Further reading

* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “اقتصاد”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 163

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِقْتِصَاد (iqtiṣād).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔiq.ti.ˈsɑːð]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.sɑ́ːd̪]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.sɑ́ːd̪]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔɪq.t̪ʰɪ.sɑ́ːd̪]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔiq.t̪ʰi.sɔ́ːd̪̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔex.t̪ʰe.sɒ́ːd̪̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔiq.t̪ʰi.sɔ́d̪]

### Noun

اِقتِصاد • (eqtesâd)
* economy

#### Derived terms

* اقتصاد خرد (eqtesâd-e xord)
* اقتصاد کلان (eqtesâd-e kalân)
* اقتصاددان (eqtesâd-dân)
* اقتصادی (eqtesâdi)
* اقتصادیات (eqtesâdiyyat)
# بدأ
## Arabic
### Etymology

From the root ب د ء (b d ʔ). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew בדא (badā, “to invent”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ba.da.ʔa/

### Verb

بَدَأَ • (badaʔa) I (non-past يَبْدَأُ (yabdaʔu), verbal noun بَدْء (badʔ) or بَدْأَة (badʔa) or بِدَايَة (bidāya) or مَبْدَأ (mabdaʔ) or بُدَاءَة (budāʔa) or بَدَاءَة (badāʔa))
* to begin

#### Conjugation
### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “بدء”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
# برتقال
## Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پورتقال (portokal), or less likely from Greek πορτοκάλι (portokáli). Doublet of الْبُرْتُغَال (al-burtuḡāl, “Portugal”), taken directly from the Portuguese or through a Romance cognate.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bur.tu.qaːl/
** (Kuwaiti) IPA: /bʊrtəqɑːl/

### Noun

بُرْتُقَال • (burtuqāl) m (collective, singulative بُرْتُقَالَة f (burtuqāla))
* orange, oranges
    Alternative form: بُرْتُقَان (burtuqān)

#### Descendants

* → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܦܘܼܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ (purtqālā)

##### via the variant بُرْتُقَان (burtuqān)

* Egyptian Arabic: برتقان (burtuʔān)
* North Levantine Arabic: برتقان (birtʔān)
* South Levantine Arabic: بردقان (burdʔān)
* →? Afar: burtukán
* → Amharic: ብርቱካን (bərtukan)
** →? Afar: burtukán
** → Sidamo: burtukaane

### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “برتقال”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 63

### Further reading

* برتقال on the Arabic Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ar}$
# بستان
## Arabic
### Etymology

From Persian بوستان (bostân).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bus.taːn/

### Noun

بُسْتَان • (bustān) m (plural بَسَاتِين (basātīn))
* garden
* orchard

#### Derived terms

* بُسْتَانِيّ (bustāniyy, “gardener”)
* بَسْتَنَة (bastana, “gardening”)

#### Descendants

* → Shehri: məstún
* → Swahili: bustani

## Malay
### Noun

بستان (Rumi spelling bustan, plural بستان-بستان or بستان٢, informal 1st possessive بستانکو, 2nd possessive بستانمو, 3rd possessive بستانڽ)
* Jawi spelling of bustan‎

### References

* “بستان” in Kamus Dewan Perdana, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2021, →ISBN, page 361.

### Further reading

* “بستان” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Persian
### Noun

بستان • (bostân)
* Alternative form of بوستان (bôstân)
# برهان
## Arabic
### Etymology

* From the root ب ر ه ن (b r h n), interrelated or derived from the roots ب ر ه (b r h) meaning "to make white", "to clear up", "to restore to a state of youth or innocence" and ب ر ء (b r ʔ) meaning "to be free from wrong", "to be absolved from wrongdoing", "to be without blame", "to be innocent".
* From Ge'ez ብርሃን (bərhan, “light, brightness”), from በርሀ (bärhä, “to be bright, to be clear”).
* From Old South Arabian 𐩨𐩧𐩠𐩬 (brhn, “testimony”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bur.haːn/

### Noun

بُرْهَان • (burhān) m (dual بُرْهَانَانِ (burhānāni), plural بَرَاهِين (barāhīn))
* proof, evidence
** 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 2:111:هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَhātū burhānakum ʔin kuntum ṣādiqīnaGive your proof, if you are truthful.
* a demonstration

#### Declension
### Proper noun

بُرْهَان • (burhān) m
* a male given name, Burhan
* an epithet of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

#### Related terms

* بَرْهَنَ (barhana)
* بَرِئَ (bariʔa)

### References

* Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 77–78
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “برهان”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate; pages 196-197 for "بره" & "برهن", pages 178-180 for "برأ".
* Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 103–104
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1910) Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner, pages 58–59