# 敦

| 敦 | U+6566, &#25958; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6566 |
| ← 敥 [U+6565] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 敧 → [U+6567] |

## Translingual
### Han character

敦 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜木人大 (YDOK), four-corner 0844$_0$, composition ⿰享攵)

#### Derived characters

* 噋 墩 憞 撴 暾 橔 潡 燉 犜 獤 㻻 礅 㬿 譈(𬤣) 蹾 鐓(镦) 䪃 驐(𮪥) 鷻 䔻 墪 憝 撉 䃦 鐜 𠎄 𡡬 𥋆 𫄃 𬚧 𦪔 𧑒 𧝋 𠓎 𪆝 𡼖 𥂦 𮕁 𧝗 𩞤 𪆃(𬸫) 𣦤

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 473, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13276
* Dae Jaweon: page 826, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1468, character 1
* Unihan data for U+6566

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 敦 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 弴 | *tjuː, *tuːn |
| 敦 | *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns |
| 錞 | *duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun |
| 憝 | *duːls |
| 憞 | *duːls |
| 譈 | *duːls |
| 鐓 | *duːls |
| 鷻 | *doːn |
| 鶉 | *doːn, *djun |
| 惇 | *tuːn, *tjun |
| 墩 | *tuːn |
| 驐 | *tuːn |
| 燉 | *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 焞 | *tʰuːn, *djun |
| 啍 | *tʰuːn, *duːn |
| 暾 | *tʰuːn |
| 噋 | *tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ |
| 諄 | *tjun, *tjuns |
| 埻 | *tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ |
| 稕 | *tjuns |
| 醇 | *djun |
| 淳 | *djun |
| 犉 | *njun |
Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rusen (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.

### Etymology 1
#### “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)ow-n (“thick”).

#### “Tun”

    From Malay Tun.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dūn (dun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deon$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tûn
* Eastern Min (BUC): dŭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dong$^1$ / duong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dung$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ten
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dun
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^1$
*** Yale: dwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duen
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deon$^1$
*** Yale: dēun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doen$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: dun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: dun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tun²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: dong$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: deong
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: duong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tun
*** Tâi-lô: tun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dwn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tung
*** Sinological IPA : /tuŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ten
*** MiniDict: ten$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ten
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tən⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: twon
Rime :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都昆切 |
| Baxter | twon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuən/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuon/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twən/ |
| Li Rong | /tuən/ |
| Wang Li | /tuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敦 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dūn | dūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ twon › | ‹ twon › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁur/ | /*tˁur/ |
| English | solid, thick | 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 3/4 |
| No. | 2597 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敦 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuːn/ |

#### Definitions

敦
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) angry
* to urge
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to advise and encourage
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) diligent
* earnest; honest; generous
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) intimate
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) thick
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) plentiful; rich
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) large
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to attach importance to; to esteem; to revere
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to put something down with great force
* A river in Shanxi
* (Malaysia) Tun (Malay honorific title)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
* 倫敦 / 伦敦 (Lúndūn)
* 倫敦宣言 / 伦敦宣言
* 倫敦影展 / 伦敦影展
* 倫敦鐵塔 / 伦敦铁塔
* 克敦孝行
* 厚厚敦敦
* 可敦
* 可賀敦 / 可贺敦
* 培敦
* 堥敦 (máodūn)
* 摩敦
* 敦世厲俗 / 敦世厉俗
* 敦仁
* 敦促 (dūncù)
* 敦倫 / 敦伦 (dūnlún)
* 敦化 (Dūnhuà)
* 敦厚 (dūnhòu)
* 敦品勵學 / 敦品励学 (dūnpǐnlìxué)
* 敦囑 / 敦嘱
* 敦坐
* 敦實 / 敦实 (dūnshi)
* 敦序
* 敦打
* 敦搠
* 敦敦實實 / 敦敦实实
* 敦樸 / 敦朴
* 敦煌 (Dūnhuáng)
* 敦煌壁畫 / 敦煌壁画
* 敦煌曲子
* 敦煌石室
* 敦煌石窟
* 敦睦 (dūnmù)
* 敦聘 (dūnpìn)
* 敦親睦鄰 / 敦亲睦邻
* 敦請 / 敦请 (dūnqǐng)
* 敦蹄刷腳 / 敦蹄刷脚
* 敦風厲俗 / 敦风厉俗
* 溫柔敦厚 / 温柔敦厚
* 王敦擊壺 / 王敦击壶
* 貝希斯敦 / 贝希斯敦 (Bèixīsīdūn)
* 鄧虜淪敦 / 邓虏沦敦
* 開普敦 / 开普敦 (Kāipǔdūn)
* 陪敦

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duì (dui$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi$^3$ / deoi$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duì
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duèi
*** Wade–Giles: tui$^4$
*** Yale: dwèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duey
*** Palladius: дуй (duj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deoi$^3$ / deoi$^6$
*** Yale: deui / deuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doey$^3$ / doey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dêu$^3$ / dêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵy̯³³/, /tɵy̯²²/

#### Definitions

敦
* (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains

#### Compounds

* 敦槃

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duī (dui$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duī
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: duei
*** Wade–Giles: tui$^1$
*** Yale: dwēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
*** Palladius: дуй (duj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deoi$^1$
*** Yale: dēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵy̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: twoj
Rime :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都回切 |
| Baxter | twoj |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuoi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twəj/ |
| Li Rong | /tuᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /tuɒi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | duī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ twoj › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j) |
| English | manage, direct |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/4 |
| No. | 2587 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 磓 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuːl/ |

#### Definitions

敦
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to administer; to manage
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Duī Shāng zhī lǚ, kè xián jué gōng. [Pinyin]
    [Wu] disposed of the troops of Shang; He and his men shared equally in the achievement.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) solitary
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Duī bǐ dú sù, yì zài chē xià. [Pinyin]
    And quietly and solitarily did we pass the night, Under our carriages.
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to throw
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to force upon
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wángshì duī wǒ, zhèngshì yī pí yí wǒ. [Pinyin]
    The king's business is thrown on me, And the affairs of our government are left to me more and more.

### Etymology 4

See 團 (OC *doːn).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tuán (tuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tyun$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tuán
*** Wade–Giles: tʻuan$^2$
*** Yale: twán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twan
*** Palladius: туань (tuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯än³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tyun$^4$
*** Yale: tyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tün$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰyːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: dwan
Rime :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 3/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 度官切 |
| Baxter | dwan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /duɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dwan/ |
| Li Rong | /duɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /duɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːn/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 2/4 |
| No. | 2594 |
| Phonetic component | 敦 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 團 |
| Old Chinese | /*doːn/ |

#### Definitions

敦
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) clustered
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 團 / 团 (tuán, “round”)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǒu tuán guā kǔ, zhēng zài lì xīn. [Pinyin]
    There were the round bitter gourds hanging, From the branches of the chestnut trees.

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dùn (dun$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^4$
*** Yale: dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: twonH
Rime :
| Character | 敦 |
| Reading # | 4/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 都困切 |
| Baxter | twonH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuon$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tuən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tuən$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tuən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deon$^3$ |

#### Definitions

敦
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to erect
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 墩 (dūn, “mound”)

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dùn (dun$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deon$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
*** Wade–Giles: tun$^4$
*** Yale: dwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
*** Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯ən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deon$^6$
*** Yale: deuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵn²²/

#### Definitions

敦
* Only used in 混敦 and 敦然.

### Etymology 7
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tūn (tun$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tun
*** Wade–Giles: tʻun$^1$
*** Yale: twūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuen
*** Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

敦
* Only used in 敦恨.

### Etymology 8

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 雕 (“to engrave; to inlay; to carve; carving; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 雕).

### Etymology 9

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 燾. (This character is a variant form of 燾).

### Etymology 10

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 淳 (“thick; honest; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 淳).

### Etymology 11

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 屯 (“village; hamlet; military camp; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 屯).

### Etymology 12

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 墩 (“mound; block of stone or wood; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 墩).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 13

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 礅 (“large stone”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 礅).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 14

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 蹾 (“to put down suddenly”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹾).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 15

* For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 撴 (“to hold tight; to seize; to jolt; to thump”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 撴).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### References

* “敦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “敦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* kindness, affinity

#### Readings

* Go-on: とん (ton)、たい (tai)
* Kan-on: とん (ton)、たい (tai)
* Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
* Kun: あつい (atsui, 敦い)
* Nanori: あつし (atsushi)、つとむ (tsutomu)

#### Compounds

* 敦盛(あつもり) (atsumori)
* 敦賀(つるが) (Tsuruga): Tsuruga, Fukui
* 敦厚(とんこう) (tonkō)
* 敦煌(とんこう) (Tonkō); Dunhuang

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 敦
* たい Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 敦 (MC twoj|twon|dwan|twonH).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たい [táꜜì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ta̠i]

#### Noun

敦(たい) • (tai)
* dui (vessel)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 敦
* あつし Jinmeiyō
* nanori
* Kanji in this term
* 敦
* つとむ Jinmeiyō
* nanori

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あつし [áꜜtsùshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [a̠t͡sɨɕi]
* (Tokyo) つとむ [tsùtómú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨto̞mɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

敦(あつし) or 敦(つとむ) • (Atsushi or Tsutomu)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

敦 (eumhun 쪼을 퇴 (jjo'eul toe))
* hanja form of 퇴 (“peck”)
敦 (eumhun 모을 퇴 (mo'eul toe))
* hanja form of 퇴 (“collect, gather”)
敦 (eumhun 다스릴 퇴 (daseuril toe))
* hanja form of 퇴 (“manage, govern, administer”)
敦 (eumhun 끊을 퇴 (kkeuneul toe))
* hanja form of 퇴 (“sever, cut off, put down”)
敦 (eumhun 곱송거릴 퇴 (gopsonggeoril toe))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
敦 (eumhun 성낼 퇴 (seongnael toe))
* hanja form of 퇴 (“angry, furious”)
敦 (eumhun 도타울 돈 (dotaul don))
* hanja form of 돈 (“esteem”)
* hanja form of 돈 (“honest, candid, sincere”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

敦: Hán Việt readings: đôn (都(đô)昆(côn)切(thiết)), dun
敦: Nôm readings: đon, run, xôn, xun, đôn, giun, dun, don, dồn, ton, rủn, gion, chon, trôn, đun, dôn, giôn, đùn, đũn, dún
* chữ Nôm form of run (“to tremble; to shiver”).

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bonet (1899).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Génibrel (1898).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).