# 雖

| 雖 | U+96D6, &#38614; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96D6 |
| ← 雕 [U+96D5] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 雗 → [U+96D7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

雖 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 口戈人土 (RIOG), four-corner 6011$_4$, composition ⿰虽隹 or ⿹唯虫)

#### Derived characters

* 𡄪, 𥍃, 𧕘

#### Related characters

* 虽 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1368, character 22
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42104
* Dae Jaweon: page 1872, character 39
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4103, character 5
* Unihan data for U+96D6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 雖 :
| Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 匯 | *ɢʷrɯːlʔ, *kʰʷriːl |
| 擓 | *kʰʷriːl |
| 淮 | *ɡʷriːl |
| 睢 | *qʰʷel, *sqʰʷil, *qʰʷi, *qʰʷils |
| 嶉 | *sqʷi |
| 趡 | *skʰʷilʔ |
| 踓 | *skʰʷilʔ, *ɢʷilʔ |
| 雖 | *sqʰʷi |
| 濉 | *sqʰʷi |
| 倠 | *qʰʷi |
| 婎 | *qʰʷil, *qʰʷils |
| 蓶 | *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 維 | *ɢʷi |
| 惟 | *ɢʷi |
| 唯 | *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 濰 | *ɢʷi |
| 琟 | *ɢʷil |
| 鷕 | *ɢʷiʔ, *ɢʷiʔ |
| 帷 | *ɢʷril |
| 鵻 | *sɢʷinʔ, *tjul |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sqʰʷi): semantic 虫 + phonetic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ). Hence, the variant which represents the correct division of component is 𧐌.
Originally meaning "a lizard-like reptile", the character has been phonetically borrowed to represent the sense "although".

### Etymology 1

Jacques (2019) proposes this to be 維 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”) with a converbial *s- prefix, literally "while being".
The pronunciation suí is perhaps a euphemism to avoid the homophony with 尿 (suī, “urine”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): suī, suí (sui$^1$, sui$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟ, ㄙㄨㄟˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xu$^1$ / sui$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): seoi$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhui$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): sui$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sûi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sui$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): sui$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sṳ́
* Eastern Min (BUC): chŭi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sui
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sui$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$soe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sei$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suī
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suei
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^1$
*** Yale: swēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suei
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suí
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suéi
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^2$
*** Yale: swéi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: swei
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xu$^1$ / sui$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xy / sui
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵/, /suei⁵⁵/
* xu1 - vernacular;
* sui1 - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit雖 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /suei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /suei²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /suei⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /suei²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /sue²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /suei²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /suei²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /suɨ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /suei⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /suei³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /suei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /sei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕy⁵⁵/ /suei⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕi⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /suei⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /suəi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /se²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /suei¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /suei¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /suei³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /sø⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /se̞⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /sz̩ʷei³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /sz̩³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕye⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /se¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /sei³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /səi³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /sui⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sui⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /sui²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /søy⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /ɬui⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /søy⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sui⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰuoi⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /sy⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sui³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /tui²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: swij
Rime :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息遺切 |
| Baxter | swij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siuɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sʷi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjuɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /swi/ |
| Li Rong | /sui/ |
| Wang Li | /swi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /swi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | suī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-qʷij/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰʷi/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | suī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ swij › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-qʷij/ |
| English | although; even if |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12844 |
| Phonetic component | 唯 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 綏 |
| Old Chinese | /*sqʰʷi/ |

#### Definitions

雖
* although; even if; despite
       máquè suī xiǎo, wǔzàng jùquán [Pinyin]
       A sparrow may be small, but it has all its vital organs. (proverb)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    zhōu suī jiù bāng, qí mìng wéi xīn [Pinyin]
    Though Zhou is an ancient nation, our mandate is new as ever.
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Suī jiǔ sǐ qí yóu wèi huǐ. [Pinyin]
    Yet I will not regret, in spite of countless deaths.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yì zhī suǒzài, suī sǐ wú suǒ hèn. [Pinyin]
    Wherever yi exists, even in death there are no regrets.
    From: 1983, 鄧麗君 (lyricist 鄭國江), 漫步人生路
    zoi$^6$ nei$^5$ san$^1$ bin$^1$ lou$^6$ seoi$^1$ jyun$^5$ mei$^6$ pei$^4$ gyun$^6$ [Jyutping]
    By your side, although the road is long, I am still not tired
    From: 2008, 游智婷 [Sandy Yu] (lyricist), 《我們愛（讓世界不一樣）》 [We Will Love (We Can Make a Difference)]
    Suī nǐwǒ bùyīyàng, wǒmen yīlù chàng, zǒu wǎng zhùfú de fāngxiàng. [Pinyin]
    God made us not the same, but we're together to sing a song of love. [official translation] Although you and I are not the same, we will sing as we go towards the direction of blessings. [literal translation]

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 雖 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雖然, 雖則, 雖說 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 雖然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雖然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雖說 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 雖然 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雖說 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 雖說 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雖然, 雖說 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雖說 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 雖然 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 雖然 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雖話 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 雖然 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 雖則其然 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 雖然, 雖罔, 雖講 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 雖然, 雖罔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 雖然, 雖罔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 雖呾, 名呾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 雖然 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 雖則 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雖則 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雖然得, 雖然得是 |

#### Compounds

* 然雖 / 然虽
* 話雖如此 / 话虽如此 (huàsuīrúcǐ)
* 雖休勿休 / 虽休勿休
* 雖使 / 虽使
* 雖則 / 虽则 (suīzé)
* 雖復 / 虽复
* 雖恐 / 虽恐
* 雖故 / 虽故
* 雖敗猶榮 / 虽败犹荣 (suībàiyóuróng)
* 雖是 / 虽是
* 雖死猶生 / 虽死犹生
* 雖然 / 虽然 (“although”)
* 雖罔 / 虽罔
* 雖覆能復 / 虽覆能复
* 雖說 / 虽说 (suīshuō, “although”)
* 雖馬 / 虽马

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suī (sui$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suī
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suei
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^1$
*** Yale: swēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suei
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^1$
*** Yale: sēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: swij
Rime :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息遺切 |
| Baxter | swij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siuɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sʷi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjuɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /swi/ |
| Li Rong | /sui/ |
| Wang Li | /swi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /swi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | suī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰʷi/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 12844 |
| Phonetic component | 唯 |
| Rime group | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 綏 |
| Old Chinese | /*sqʰʷi/ |

#### Definitions

雖
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) lizard-like reptile

### Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to 推?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suī (sui$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suī
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suei
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^1$
*** Yale: swēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suei
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^1$
*** Yale: sēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: swij
Rime :
| Character | 雖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 息遺切 |
| Baxter | swij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siuɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sʷi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjuɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /swi/ |
| Li Rong | /sui/ |
| Wang Li | /swi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /swi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | suī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ |

#### Definitions

雖
* (historical dictionaries only) to push

### Etymology 4

From Hokkien 衰 (soe, “unlucky”).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): suī (sui$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suī
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suei
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^1$
*** Yale: swēi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suei
*** Palladius: суй (suj)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

雖
* (chiefly Taiwan, slang) Alternative form of 衰 (“unlucky; unimpressive”)
    太雖了！／太虽了！ ― Tài suī le! ― So unlucky! / So boring!

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: すい (sui)
* Kan-on: すい (sui)
* Kun: いえども (iedomo, 雖も)

## Korean
### Etymology 1
#### Hanja

雖 (eumhun 비록 수 (birok su))
* hanja form of 수 (“although”)

### Etymology 2
#### Hanja

雖 (eumhun 벌레 이름 수 (beolle ireum su))
* hanja form of 수 (“The name of a bug”)

### Etymology 3
#### Hanja

雖 (eumhun 짐승 이름 유 (jimseung ireum yu))
* hanja form of 유 (“The name of a beast”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

雖: Hán Nôm readings: tuy
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.