# -ni
## Central Nahuatl
### Suffix

-ni
* Marks a verb's habitual or customary present tense.

## Classical Nahuatl
### Suffix

-ni
* Marks a verb's habitual or customary present tense.

#### Derived terms
## Curripaco
### Suffix

-ni
* third person singular masculine patient marker

### References

* Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

## Finnish
### Alternative forms

* -in (poetic)

### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ni, from Proto-Uralic *-ne. Originally *-mi was the first-person singular possessive suffix used in the nominative singular, but -ni has replaced it, and it is now only found in dialects. Compare Erzya -м (-m).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ni/, [-ni]

### Suffix

-ni
* (possessive) First-person singular possessive suffix used with or without minun (the genitive of the personal pronoun minä), corresponds to the English possessive pronoun my
    (minun) kirjani ― my book(s)
    (minun) valaani ― my whale(s) (nominative singular/plural or genitive singular) / my oath (partitive or illative singular)
** (possessive) Appended to a genitive-requiring postposition that is after or without minun (the genitive of the personal pronoun minä), me
    (minun) edessäni ― in front of me
    (minun) takanani ― behind me
** (possessive) Used in a participle structure replacing an että clause, preceded by a verb expressing, e.g., telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "I"; appended to the active present participle in genitive singular when the action is concurrent with the main clause
    Sanoin tekeväni läksyjäni. (similar to the Latin structure accusativus cum infinitivo, e.g. se dicit facere)I said that I was doing my homework.
** (possessive) Used in a participle structure replacing an että clause, preceded by a verb expressing, e.g., telling, claiming, asserting, confirming, thinking, wish, desire, seeming, when the clauses have the same subject "I"; appended to the active past participle in genitive singular when the said/alleged (etc.) action antedates the main clause.
    Väitin tehneeni läksyjäni.I claimed to have been doing my homework.
** (possessive) Used in a shortened sentence expressing concurrent actions when the clauses have the same subject "I", appended to the inessive of the active second infinitive.
    Tehdessäni läksyjäni (minä) kuulin laukauksen ulkoa.(While) doing my homework, I heard a shot from outside.
** (possessive) Used in a shortened sentence expressing subsequent actions when the clauses have the same subject "I", appended to the partitive of the passive past participle singular.
    Tehtyäni läksyni (minä) kuulin laukauksen ulkoa.(After) having done / After doing my homework, I heard a shot from outside.
** (possessive) Used in a final shortened sentence expressing "in order to do" when the clauses have the same subject "I", appended to the long first infinitive.
    Tehdäkseni läksyni hyvin (minä) menin hiljaiseen huoneeseen.(In order) to do my homework well, I went into a quiet room.
** (possessive) Used in some adverbs, when the clause has the subject "I"
    Olen hyvin pahoillani siitä.I am very sorry about it.
** (possessive) Always appended to a noun in the comitative case when the clause has the subject "I".
    Kävelin kirjoineni ovesta ulos.I walked with my books out the door.

#### Usage notes

* The possessive suffix -ni is compulsory in standard Finnish. In standard Finnish, when expressing ownership or before a postposition, the genitive form of the corresponding personal pronoun minä before the main word can be omitted. In colloquial Finnish, the suffix -ni is very rare and only the genitive form minun (or its colloquial or dialectal variants) is used before the main word.
* Appended to the (strong) vowel stem. The final -n of the genitive and illative singular and plural or the -t of the nominative plural are omitted, for example: talo (“house”) > taloon (“into a/the house”) > taloosi (“into your house”).
* The shortened sentences — except for the participle structures — pertain mainly to formal/standard Finnish, not to informal/colloquial Finnish. It is also to be noticed that the shortened clauses are never separated from the main clauses with a comma.

### See also

* -si
* -nsa
* -mme
* -nne
* Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes

### Anagrams

* -in, in

## Garo
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Suffix

-ni
* (inflectional suffix) forms the genitive case

### See also

* -na (“forms dative”)
* -ko (“forms accusative”)
* -chi (“forms instrumental”)
* -no (“forms locative”)

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ni]
* Rhymes: -ni

### Suffix

-ni
* (infinitive suffix) Forms the infinitive.
    ‎ad (“give”) + ‎-ni → ‎adni (“to give”)
* Forms the concessive sense: used to devalue the predicate of the sentence when repeated and followed by a clause that contrasts with or contradicts it. See also -nak/-nek.
    Elindulni elindul, de rögtön le is áll. ― It does start, but it turns off right away.
* (somewhat dated or literary, with the omission of lehet) one can…, it is possible to…
    Innen már látni a falut. ― One can already see the village from here.

#### Usage notes

* (infinitive suffix) Variants:
    -ni is added to most verbs
       ‎ad (“give”) + ‎-ni → ‎adni (“to give”)
    -ani is added to back-vowel verbs ending in -ít or in two consonants
       ‎tanít (“teach”) + ‎-ani → ‎tanítani (“to teach”)
       ‎akaszt (“hang”) + ‎-ani → ‎akasztani (“to hang”)
       ‎bont (“demolish”) + ‎-ani → ‎bontani (“to demolish”)
    -eni is added to front-vowel verbs ending in -ít or in two consonants
       ‎veszít (“lose”) + ‎-eni → ‎veszíteni (“to lose”)
       ‎ijeszt (“frighten”) + ‎-eni → ‎ijeszteni (“to frighten”)
       ‎csökkent (“reduce”) + ‎-eni → ‎csökkenteni (“to reduce”)
    -nni is added to verbs with variant stems
       ‎vesz (“buy”) + ‎-nni → ‎venni (“to buy”)
       ‎eszik (“eat”) + ‎-nni → ‎enni (“to eat”)

### See also

* Category:Hungarian infinitives
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Icelandic
### Suffix

-ni f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -ni, no plural)
* nominalizes a verb or adjective
    ‎ákveða (“to decide”) + ‎-ni → ‎ákveðni (“decisiveness”)
    ‎samkvæmur (“consistent”) + ‎-ni → ‎samkvæmni (“consistency”)

#### Derived terms
## Japanese
### Romanization

-ni
* Rōmaji transcription of に

## Karelian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ni, from Proto-Uralic *-ni. Cognates include Finnish -ni.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni/

### Suffix

-ni
* Used to mark the possession of the first person; my, our
    jalka (“leg”) → jalkani (“my leg, our legs”)

#### Derived terms
### References

* P. M. Zaykov (1999) Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология) [Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)], →ISBN, page 47

## Lakota
### Suffix

-ni
* used to denote a negation.

#### Derived terms
## Maltese
### Etymology

From Arabic ـنِي (-nī).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nɪ/

### Suffix

-ni m or f
* 1st-person singular pronominal suffix, attached to verbs: me
    Synonyms: -i, (only in possessive use) tiegħi
    ‎jinsa (“he forgets”) + ‎-ni → ‎jinsieni (“he forgets me”)

#### Related terms

* jien

## Mecayapan Nahuatl
### Etymology

Cognate with Classical Nahuatl -ni.

### Verb

-ni
* Forms agent nouns from verbs.

#### Derived terms

* paxa̱lohua̱ni
* tacajcaya̱huani
* tachtequini
* tacui̱cani
* tajcuilohua̱ni
* tamachtia̱ni
* tamictia̱ni
* tanamacani
* tapopo̱chhuia̱ni
* te̱cua̱ni
* tzoncalhuihuitani

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* -nai, -sni

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *snīs (“we”) (compare Welsh ni).

### Suffix

-ni
* 1st person plural emphatic suffix

#### Descendants

* Irish: -ne
* Scottish Gaelic: -ne

#### See also
## Old Norse
### Suffix

-ni
* positive degree weak masculine nominative singular of -inn (adjective suffix)
* weak masculine nominative singular of -inn (participle suffix)
* third-person singular/plural present subjunctive of -na (inchoative verb suffix)

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-nь.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /niː/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ni/

### Suffix

-ni
* forms adjectives

#### Derived terms
## Pipil
### Suffix

-ni
* (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun: -er

### Further reading

* Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.49

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -ni.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɲi/
* Rhymes: -i
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
* Homophone: ni

### Suffix

-ni
* forms adjectives
    ‎żyto + ‎-ni → ‎żytni
* forms masculine adjectives relating to place
    ‎wschód + ‎-ni → ‎wschodni

#### Derived terms
## Quechua
### Suffix

-ni
* First-person singular subject.
    rimay (“to speak”) → ñuqa rimani (“I speak”)
* Epenthetic suffix inserted between consonant clusters.
    yachachiq (“teacher”) +‎ -y (“my”) → *yachachiqy → yachachiqniy (“my teacher”)

#### See also

* -y

## Romani
### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit -इनी (-inī). Cognate with Hindi -नी (-nī).

### Suffix

-ni f
* A suffix used to make a female form, similar to -ette or -ess in English
    ‎grast (“horse”) + ‎-ni → ‎grasni (“mare”)
    ‎thagar (“king”) + ‎-ni → ‎thagarni (“queen”)

### Suffix

-ni f
* female equivalent of -no
    ‎siklǒvel (“study”) + ‎-ni → ‎siklǒvni (“female student”)

### References

* Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “-ni”, in ニューエクスプレス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, →ISBN, page 130

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

IPA: /niː/

### Suffix

-nī (Cyrillic spelling -нӣ)
* added to nouns to form a relational adjective
    Synonyms: -skī, -jī
    ‎kȕća + ‎-ni → ‎kȕćnī

#### Derived terms
## Sicilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ni]

### Suffix

-ni
* added to words that are stressed on the final syllable to move stress to the penultimate syllable
    accussì → accussini (“in this way”)
    accuḍḍì → accuḍḍini (“in that other way”)
    appassì → appassini (“in the meanwhile”)
    tu → tuni (“you”)
    cca → ccani (“here”)
    ḍḍà → ḍḍàni (“over there”)
    è → èni (“it is”)
    ḍḍà → ḍḍàni (“over there”)
    pirchì → pirchini (“why/because”)

## Swahili

Other scripts :
| Ajami | ـنِ |

### Suffix

-ni
* Second person plural:
    you, (archaic) ye
* With nouns, indicates location: in/inside, at, on
    nyumbani ― at home, in the house
    mezani ― on the table
** 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 6:نِيَضِهِرِشِ يَغُ مَقَالِ ، اَبَيُ مُيُوْنِ نِقُصُدِيِNiyaḍihirishe yangu maqali, ambayo moyoni niquṣudiye.Let me set forth the plan which I have in my heart.

#### Usage notes

* (second-person plural) Used in conjunction with the direct imperative to form the plural. With native (Bantu)/nativized verbs in -a, vowel changes to -e:
    Kisomeni (Read it!) (from soma)
    Jibuni (Answer!) (from jibu)
* (second-person plural) Used in conjunction with the class 1 (personal) object affix -wa- to disambiguate the second-person plural from the third person plural; verbs in -a change this to -e before the affix:
    Niliwasomeeni (I read to you) vs. Niliwasomea (I read to them)

## Upper Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьnъ.

### Suffix

-ni
* Forms adjectives

#### Derived terms
## Warlpiri
### Suffix

-ni
* non-past marker, applied to verbs of class 5 to indicate non-past tense

## Welsh
### Etymology

Cognate with Cornish -ni.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni/

### Suffix

-ni m
* forming abstract nouns, -ness, -ment
    ‎glas (“blue, green”) + ‎-ni → ‎glesni (“blueness, chlorosis”)
    ‎llwyd (“grey”) + ‎-ni → ‎llwydni (“greyness, mould”)
    ‎moel (“bald”) + ‎-ni → ‎moelni (“baldness”)
    ‎rhwd (“rust”) + ‎-ni → ‎rhydni (“rustiness, rubigo”)

#### Usage notes

-ni causes i-affection of internal vowels.

#### Derived terms
### References

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ni”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

## Zaghawa
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni/ (+ATR)
* IPA: /nɪ/ (-ATR)

### Suffix

-ni
* family (used in compounds)

### References

* Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ní/

#### Pronoun

-ni
* what
    Udlani? ― What are you eating?
    Yini lokhu? ― What is this?

##### Usage notes

Unlike other pronouns, -ni always appears attached to another word. However, it does have a copulative form yini.

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ni/

#### Suffix

-ni
* Forms the plural of the imperative of verbs.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-ni”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ni”