# ありがとう
## Japanese

* This entry is part of the phrasebook project, which presents criteria for inclusion based on utility, simplicity and commonness.

### Alternative forms

* ありがと (arigato) (informal)
* あんがと (angato) (very colloquial)

### Etymology

* Alternative spellings
* 有り難う 有難う
Phonetic shift: /ariɡataku/ → /ariɡatau/ → /ariɡatoː/.
From ありがたく (arigataku), the adverbial form of Old Japanese and Classical Japanese adjective ありがたし (arigatashi, modern ありがたい arigatai, “grateful, thankful; welcome”), from 有り (ari, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 有る aru, “to exist, to be”) +‎ 難し (katashi, “hard, difficult”, 難い katai in modern Japanese). The katashi changes to gatashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Modern Japanese -i adjectives formerly ended in -ki for the attributive form. This medial /k/ dropped out during the Muromachi period, both for the attributive form (-ki becoming -i) and for the adverbial form (-ku becoming -u). However, the adverbial form reverted back to -ku thereafter for most words, with the -u ending persisting in certain everyday set expressions, such as arigatō, おはよう (ohayō), or おめでとう (omedetō), and in hyper-formal speech.
Arigatashi is first attested in the oldest literature of the 8th century. It originally meant “difficult to exist, hard to be”, shifting to “rare, special”, and then to “welcome, thankful, nice to have” by some time in the 15th century. This sense is still in use:
    この天(てん)気(き)はありがたいね。 ― Kono tenki wa arigatai ne. ― This weather sure is welcome (literally, “This weather sure is hard to come by”)
The similarity to Portuguese obrigado (“thank you”) is purely coincidental; the Portuguese first arrived in Japan in 1543, well over a century after citations expressing gratitude are found.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ありがとー [àríꜜgàtòò] (Nakadaka – [2])
* (Aichi) ありがとー [àrígáꜜtòò] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [a̠ɾʲiɡa̠to̞ː]
* Audio (Tōkyō):(file)
* (Tōkyō) IPA: [a̠˨ɾi˦ɡ̃a̠˨to̞ː˨˨]
* (Nagoya) IPA: [a̠˨ɾi˦ɡ̃a̠˦to̞ː˨˨]
* (Osaka) IPA: [a̠˨ɾi˨ɡ̃a̠˨to̞ː˦˨]
* (Kagoshima) IPA: [a̠˨ɾi˨ɡ̃a̠˨to̞ː˦˦]

### Interjection

ありがとう • (arigatō)
* an expression of thankfulness: thank you

#### Usage notes

* Most often written in hiragana. May occasionally be seen spelled in kanji as 有り難う or 有難う, generally for more formal writing.
* The full form is ありがとうございます (arigatō gozaimasu). May also or alternatively be preceded by intensifier どうも (dōmo, “very”), 大変 (taihen, “very”) or 本当に (hontō ni, “really”). Expressions of thanks are given below in rough order of casual to polite.
* It can be preceded by くれて (“kurete”) to show the action to be thanked.
* It can be preceded by を (o).

#### Coordinate terms

* どうも (dōmo)
* おおきに (ōkini) (chiefly Kansai)
* ありがとう (arigatō)
* どうもありがとう (dōmo arigatō)
* ありがとうございます (arigatō gozaimasu)
* どうもありがとうございます (dōmo arigatō gozaimasu)

#### Descendants

* Chinese:
** → Hakka: 阿里加多 (à-li-ka-tó)
* → English: arigato
* → Italian: arigatò
* → Portuguese: arigatô

### References

* 1 2 3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “Japanese Adjective Usage ― High Formality”
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 4011:; online text at the University of Virginia

### Further reading

* Late Middle Japanese on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* Late Middle Japanese adjectives on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
* ウ音便 (“u” sound shift) on the Japanese Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ja}$
* “Arigatō” from Language Log