# 珊瑚
## Chinese

* 珊瑚 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 珊瑚 (Cantonese)
* sân-fù (Hakka)
* dăng-hù (Eastern Min)
* san-ô͘ (Southern Min)

### Etymology

Borrowed from an Iranian language in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty, probably Khotanese sam̥gga- (“stone”). Compare Modern Persian سنگ (sang, “stone”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shānhú
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saan$^1$ wu$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sân-fù
* Eastern Min (BUC): săng-hù / dăng-hù
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-ô͘ / soan-ô͘ / soan-lô͘
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$se-wu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shānhú
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shanhú
*** Wade–Giles: shan$^1$-hu$^2$
*** Yale: shān-hú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanhwu
*** Palladius: шаньху (šanʹxu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saan$^1$ wu$^4$
*** Yale: sāan wùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saan$^1$ wu$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: san$^1$ wu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːn⁵⁵ wuː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sân-fù
*** Hakka Romanization System: san$^ˊ$ fu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: san$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /san²⁴ fu¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: săng-hù / dăng-hù
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋu⁵³/, /taŋ⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋu⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-ô͘
*** Tâi-lô: san-ôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: san'oo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-ô͘
*** Tâi-lô: suan-ôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soan'oo
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-lô͘
*** Tâi-lô: suan-lôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soanloo
*** IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$se-wu
*** MiniDict: se$^平$ wu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$se-hhu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/
* Middle Chinese: san hu
Rime :
| Character | 珊 | 瑚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 蘇干切 | 戸吳切 |
| Baxter | san | hu |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑn/ | /ɦuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑn/ | /ɦuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑn/ | /ɣo/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /san/ | /ɦɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑn/ | /ɣo/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑn/ | /ɣu/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑn/ | /ɣuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sān | hú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saan$^1$ | wu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*slaːn ɡaː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 珊 | 瑚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11064 | 4246 |
| Phonetic component | 删 | 古 |
| Rime group | 元 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𦙽 | 胡 |
| Old Chinese | /*slaːn/ | /*ɡaː/ |

### Noun

珊瑚
* coral
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    (Jìbīn guó) chū fēngniú, shuǐniú, xiàng, dàgǒu, mùhóu, kǒngjué, zhūjī, shānhú, hǔpò, bìliúlí. [Pinyin]
    (The country of Jibin in the Western Regions) produces bison, buffalo, elephants, big dogs (kuchis?), macaques, peacocks, jewels, corals, ambers and cat's eyes.

#### Derived terms

* 八放珊瑚
* 六射珊瑚
* 多放珊瑚
* 床板珊瑚
* 扇珊瑚 (shànshānhú)
* 打碎珊瑚
* 拖鞋珊瑚
* 擊珊瑚碎 / 击珊瑚碎
* 擊碎珊瑚 / 击碎珊瑚
* 日射珊瑚
* 木珊瑚
* 桃葉珊瑚 / 桃叶珊瑚
* 珊瑚化石
* 珊瑚在網 / 珊瑚在网 (shānhú zài wǎng)
* 珊瑚婚
* 珊瑚島 / 珊瑚岛 (shānhúdǎo)
* 珊瑚木難 / 珊瑚木难
* 珊瑚樹 / 珊瑚树
* 珊瑚海 (Shānhúhǎi)
* 珊瑚珠
* 珊瑚礁 (shānhújiāo)
* 珊瑚網 / 珊瑚网
* 珊瑚翹 / 珊瑚翘
* 珊瑚花
* 珊瑚菜
* 珊瑚菌
* 珊瑚藻
* 珊瑚蘭 / 珊瑚兰 (shānhúlán)
* 珊瑚蛇 (shānhúshé)
* 珊瑚蟲 / 珊瑚虫 (shānhúchóng)
* 珊瑚鉤 / 珊瑚钩
* 珊瑚頂 / 珊瑚顶
* 皺紋珊瑚 / 皱纹珊瑚
* 綠珊瑚 / 绿珊瑚
* 草珊瑚 (cǎoshānhú)
* 蜈蚣珊瑚
* 鏈珊瑚 / 链珊瑚
* 鐵網珊瑚 / 铁网珊瑚

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 珊瑚(さんご) (sango)
* → Okinawan: 珊瑚(さんぐ) (sangu)
* → Korean: 산호(珊瑚) (sanho)
* → Vietnamese: san hô (珊瑚)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 珊 | 瑚 |
| さん Jinmeiyō | ご Jinmeiyō |
| goon ||

### Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 珊瑚 (MC san hu). First cited in Japanese in a text from 892.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さんご [sáꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [sã̠ŋɡo̞]

### Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ご) or 珊(サン)瑚(ゴ) • (sango)
* [from 892] coral
** 2022 April 26, 安(あ)倍(べ)晋(しん)三(ぞう) (Abe Shinzō)<t:Shinzō Abe>, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 2022-10-28:
    相(あい)変(か)わらずの朝(あさ)日(ひ)新(しん)聞(ぶん)。珊(さん)瑚(ご)は大(たい)切(せつ)に。
       Aikawarazu no Asahi Shinbun. Sango wa taisetsu ni.
       The Asahi Shimbun has not changed a bit. Value a coral.

#### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サンゴ.

#### Derived terms

* 珊瑚(さんご)アナナス (sango ananasu): the coralberry plant, Aechmea fulgens
* 珊瑚海(さんごかい) (Sango Kai): the Coral Sea
* 珊瑚蟹(さんごがに) (sangogani): coral crab (family Xanthidae)
* 珊瑚砂(さんごしゃ) (sangosha): coral sand
* 珊瑚珠(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): coral beads
* 珊瑚樹(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): a coral formation; Viburnum odoratissimum
* 珊瑚樹茄子(さんごじゅなす) (sangoju nasu): alternate for name トマト (tomato)
* 珊瑚礁(さんごしょう) (sangoshō): a coral reef
* 珊瑚藻(さんごも) (sangomo): a type of seaweed, coralline algae (Corallinales)
* 珊瑚虫(さんごちゅう) (sangochū): a coral polyp
* 珊瑚島(さんごとう) (sangotō): a coral island
* 珊瑚末(さんごまつ) (sangomatsu): coral powder, used as a pigment
* 珊瑚網(さんごあみ) (sango ami): a net used to gather coral

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 珊 | 瑚 |

### Noun

珊瑚 • (sanho) (hangeul 산호)
* hanja form of 산호 (“coral”)

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 珊 | 瑚 |
| さん Jinmeiyō | ぐ Jinmeiyō |

### Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 珊(さん)瑚(ご) (sango).

### Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ぐ) (sangu)
* coral

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 珊 | 瑚 |

### Noun

珊瑚
* chữ Hán form of san hô (“coral”).