# γράμμα
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrám.ma/ → /ˈɣram.ma/ → /ˈɣra.ma/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ɡrám.ma/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈɡram.ma/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈɣram.ma/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈɣram.ma/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈɣra.ma/

### Etymology 1

From γράφω (gráphō, “I write”) +‎ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).

#### Alternative forms

* γράθμα (gráthma) — Doric

#### Noun

γράμμα • (grámma) n (genitive γράμματος); third declension
* that which is written, that which is drawn, picture
* letter
* (in the plural) alphabet
* writing, book

##### Derived terms

* γραμματείδιον (grammateídion)
* γρᾰμμᾰτῐκός (grămmătĭkós)
* γραμματιστής (grammatistḗs)

##### Descendants

* → Albanian: gërmë
** >? Albanian: gërmoj
* → Belarusian: гра́мата (hrámata)
* → Bulgarian: грамота́ (gramotá)
* → Czech: gramota
* Greek: γράμμα (grámma)
* → Latvian: grāmata
* → Lithuanian: grõmata
* → Polish: gramota
* → Russian: гра́мота (grámota)
* → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: гра̀мата
    Latin script: gràmata
* → Slovak: gramota
* → Ukrainian: гра́мота (hrámota)

### Etymology 2

There are two theories:
* It was taken from Latin scrūpulus, which in its meaning, "smallest division of weight", was more frequently written scrūpulum, scrīpulum, and by some fancied derivation from scrīptum was written scrīptulum, scrīptlum. Hence it was later translated in Ancient Greek as γράμμα from γράφω (gráphō, “to write”), as scrīptulum from scrībō (“to write”).
* It was a Semitic borrowing, with the measure tallied to the stones or pits of small fruits, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גרוֹם (grūm, “kernel”), Classical Syriac ܓܪܽܘܡܳܐ (grūmā, “bone; kernel, stone, pit”), Arabic جَرَام (jarām, “date-stone”), related to the common גַּרְמָא / ܓܰܪܡܳܐ (garmā, “bone; kernel, stone, pit”).

#### Noun

γράμμα • (grámma) n (genitive γράμματος); third declension
* a kind of small weight, 1/24 of an ounce, scruple

##### Inflection
### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γράφω (> DER > γράφημα - γράμμα)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 285-6
* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gërmoj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
* ↑ γράμμα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ↑ “gramme”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
* ↑ “grwm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* ↑ “grm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* ↑ Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 147

### Further reading

* “γράμμα”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “γράμμα”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* γράμμα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* γράμμα in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
* G1121 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* γράμμα in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. article idem, page 42.clause idem, page 136.condition idem, page 157.epitaph idem, page 279.label idem, page 472.picture idem, page 611.proviso idem, page 655.scene idem, page 738.sketch idem, page 780.

## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma). Morphologically γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) +‎ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɣra.ma/
* Hyphenation: γράμ‧μα

### Noun

γράμμα • (grámma) n (plural γράμματα)
* letter (written or printed symbol)
* (computing) character
* (in the plural) literature, letters
    Tα γράμματα και οι τέχνες.Ta grámmata kai oi téchnes.Literature and the arts
* (in the plural, informal) education, literacy
    Ξέρεις γράμματα;Xéreis grámmata;Can you read?(literally, “Do you know letters?”)
* letter (correspondence)
** Στο ’πα και στο ξαναλέω μη μου γράφεις γράμματα γιατί γράμματα δεν ξέρω και με πιάνουν κλάματα.Sto ’pa kai sto xanaléo mi mou gráfeis grámmata giatí grámmata den xéro kai me piánoun klámata.I've told you and I'm telling you again don't write me letters because I can't read (letters) and tears overcome me(traditional Greek song)
* (in the plural) tails (of a coin; mainly used in κορώνα ή γράμματα (koróna í grámmata, “heads or tails”))

#### Synonyms

* (character): χαρακτήρας m (charaktíras)
* (literature): λογοτεχνία f (logotechnía)
* (communication): επιστολή f (epistolí)

#### Related terms

* γραμματική f (grammatikí, “grammar”)
* γραμμένος (gramménos, “written”)
* γραμματέας m or f (grammatéas, “secretary”)
* κορώνα ή γράμματα (koróna í grámmata, “heads or tails”)
* and see: γραμματεία f (grammateía, “secretariat”)

#### Descendants

* → Albanian: gramë

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gërmoj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 115