# 斤

| 斤 | U+65A4, &#26020; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65A4 |
| ← 斣 [U+65A3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 斥 → [U+65A5] |
| ⽄ | U+2F44, &#12100; KANGXI RADICAL AXE |
| ← ⽃ [U+2F43] | Kangxi Radicals | ⽅ → [U+2F45] |

## Translingual
### Han character

斤 (Kangxi radical 69, 斤+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 竹一中 (HML), four-corner 7222$_1$, composition ⿸𠂆丅 or ⿸𠂋丨)
* Kangxi radical #69, ⽄.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese_radical/斤
* 劤, 邤, 欣, 頎(颀), 䖐, 丘, 芹, 庍, 匠, 旂, 蘄(蕲)
* 伒, 听, 圻, 妡, 岓, 㠼, 忻, 折, 沂, 㹞, 近, 所, 昕, 析, 歽, 炘, 㸫, 肵, 祈, 盺, 䉼, 紤, 蚚, 訢(䜣), 赾, 釿(𬬱), 靳, 馸, 鬿, 䰺, 齗(龂)
* 𫥁, 𠦉, 𢏂, 𨸢, 𣁰, 𪯲, 𭭜, 𤤆, 𭅉, 𪿆, 𥝹, 𬔘, 𧘻, 𦕄, 𧣊, 𧯞, 𧵆, 𧿧, 𨠇, 𠒙, 𭯐, 𩐙, 𪷀, 𬸻, 𪌍, 𪏴, 𪛊
* 𫢍, 𢺼, 𣣒, 𠯓, 𢗹, 𡗲, 𡵱, 𪵮, 𣥍, 𥬊, 𩂋, 𤴾, 𢦲, 𨳜

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 479, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13534
* Dae Jaweon: page 837, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2022, character 1
* Unihan data for U+65A4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 斤 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 蘄 | *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn |
| 祈 | *ɡɯl |
| 頎 | *ɡɯl |
| 旂 | *ɡɯl |
| 圻 | *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 蚚 | *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls |
| 岓 | *ɡɯl |
| 玂 | *ɡɯl |
| 沂 | *ŋɡɯl |
| 掀 | *qʰan |
| 釿 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn |
| 齗 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn |
| 听 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ |
| 垽 | *ŋrɯns, *qɯns |
| 斤 | *kɯn, *kɯns |
| 菦 | *kɯnʔ |
| 靳 | *kɯns |
| 劤 | *kɯns |
| 勁 | *kɯns, *keŋs |
| 赾 | *kʰɯnʔ |
| 芹 | *ɡɯn |
| 近 | *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns |
| 斦 | *ŋɡɯn |
| 欣 | *qʰɯn |
| 忻 | *qʰɯn |
| 昕 | *qʰɯn |
| 訢 | *qʰɯn |
| 炘 | *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns |
| 邤 | *qʰɯn |
| 庍 | *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs |
| 焮 | *qʰɯns |
Pictogram (象形) - an axe.

### Etymology
#### ax

    Unclear. Matisoff (2000) relates it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *gyan (“pickax”); possibly also connected to Proto-Hmong-Mien *cwI:m (“axe”), Proto-Tai *xwaːnᴬ (“axe”) and/or Proto-Kam-Sui *kwan (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jīn (jin$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җин (žin, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): jin$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kîn
    (Hailu, HRS): gin$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gin$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jing$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gé̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̆ng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kin / kirn / kun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^1$ / gêng$^1$ / ging$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cin
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jin
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$
*** Yale: jīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җин (žin, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^1$
*** Yale: gān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: jin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gé̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̆ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gyng$^1$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gṳng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kin
*** Tâi-lô: kin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kyn
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Yilan): /kin⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Sanxia)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kirn
*** Tâi-lô: kirn
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Hsinchu, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kun
*** Tâi-lô: kun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kwn
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kinmen, Singapore): /kun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kun³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^1$ / gêng$^1$ / ging$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳng / keng / king
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ³³/, /keŋ³³/, /kiŋ³³/
* geng1 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
* gêng - Jieyang;
* ging1 - Chaoyang.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit斤 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕin²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕin²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕĩn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕin³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕin²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕin³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡ɕaŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕin¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕin³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡ɕin³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕin⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kin⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kin²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐn⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kɐn⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kun⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kyŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kœyŋ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kɯŋ³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /in²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: kj+n
Rime :
| Character | 斤 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 舉欣切 |
| Baxter | kj+n |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /kiən/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ər/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 斤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjɨn › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ər/ |
| English | axe; catty |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 斤 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6649 |
| Phonetic component | 斤 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 斤 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯn/ |

#### Definitions

斤
* catty, a unit of weight
** (Mainland China) catty or jin, a traditional unit of weight, equal to 0.5 kilograms
** (Hong Kong) catty or kan, a traditional unit of weight, legally defined as equal to 0.60478982 kilograms (公斤 or sometimes approximated as 500 grams)
** (Taiwan) catty, a traditional unit of weight, equal to 0.6 kilograms, also equal to 16 taels
* (archaic) axe; hatchet
       From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
       Jiàng Shí yùn jīn chéng fēng, tīng ér zhuó zhī. [Pinyin]
       (The artisan) Shi whirled his axe so as to produce a wind, which immediately carried off the mud entirely.
* keen; shrewd

#### See also

* 擔／担 (dān), 兩／两 (liǎng), 錢／钱 (qián), 分 (fēn), 金衡兩／金衡两, 金衡錢／金衡钱, 金衡分
* 公斤 (gōngjīn), 克 (kè)
* 臺斤／台斤 (táijīn)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīn (jin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jin
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$
*** Yale: jīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
*** Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kj+nH
Rime :
| Character | 斤 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居焮切 |
| Baxter | kj+nH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭən$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ki̯ən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 斤 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 6653 |
| Phonetic component | 斤 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 靳 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯns/ |

#### Definitions

斤
* Only used in 斤斤 (jīnjīn).

### Compounds

* 不識斤兩 / 不识斤两
* 偷斤減兩 / 偷斤减两
* 八兩半斤 / 八两半斤
* 公斤 (gōngjīn)
* 分斤掰兩 / 分斤掰两
* 分斤撥兩 / 分斤拨两
* 分斤較兩 / 分斤较两
* 匠石運斤 / 匠石运斤
* 千斤 (qiānjīn)
* 千斤頂 / 千斤顶 (qiānjīndǐng)
* 半斤八兩 / 半斤八两 (bànjīnbāliǎng)
* 四兩撥千斤 / 四两拨千斤 (sìliǎngbōqiānjīn)
* 宋斤魯削 / 宋斤鲁削
* 市斤 (shìjīn)
* 幾斤幾兩 / 几斤几两 (jǐjīnjǐliǎng)
* 彈斤估兩 / 弹斤估两
* 掂斤估兩 / 掂斤估两
* 掂斤抹兩 / 掂斤抹两
* 掂斤播兩 / 掂斤播两
* 搬斤播兩 / 搬斤播两
* 斤兩 / 斤两 (jīnliǎng)
* 斤斤 (jīnjīn)
* 斤斤計較 / 斤斤计较 (jīnjīnjìjiào)
* 斤斧
* 斤斸 / 斤𣃁
* 斧斤 (fǔjīn)
* 有斤兩 / 有斤两
* 沒眼斤 / 没眼斤
* 短斤缺兩 / 短斤缺两
* 秤斤注兩 / 秤斤注两
* 缺斤少兩 / 缺斤少两 (quējīnshǎoliǎng)
* 缺斤短兩 / 缺斤短两 (quējīnduǎnliǎng)
* 肉重千斤
* 臺斤 / 台斤 (táijīn)
* 論斤估兩 / 论斤估两
* 輟斤 / 辍斤
* 運斤成風 / 运斤成风
* 邀斤
* 郢匠揮斤 / 郢匠挥斤

### Further reading

* “斤”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: こん (kon)
* Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
* Kun: おの (ono, 斤)

#### Compounds

* 斤量(きんりょう) (kinryō): weight

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 斤
* きん Grade: S
* on'yomi
Derived from Middle Chinese 斤 (MC kj+n|kj+nH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きん [kíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲĩɴ]

### Noun

斤(きん) • (kin)
* (historical) catty; kin (weight)
** (chiefly Okinawa) catty, a unit of weight equaling approximately 600 grams, or a unit of volume equaling approximately 600 cubic centimeters

### Counter

斤(きん) • (-kin)
* loaf of bread
    食(しょく)パン1斤(いっきん) ― shokupan ikkin ― 1 loaf of bread

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

斤 (eumhun 근 근 (geun geun))
* hanja form of 근 (“catty”)
* hanja form of 근 (“axe”)
* hanja form of 근 (“keen, shrewd”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

斤: Hán Nôm readings: cân, rìu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.