# cros
## English
### Noun

cros
* plural of cro

## Irish
### Alternative forms

* crois

### Etymology

From Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of croch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɾˠɔsˠ/

### Noun

cros f (genitive singular croise, nominative plural crosa)
* cross
* crosspiece
* trial, affliction
* prohibition

#### Declension

bare forms
singular
plural
nominative
cros
crosa
vocative
a chros
a chrosa
genitive
croise
cros
dative
cros crois (archaic, dialectal)
crosa
forms with the definite article
singular
plural
nominative
an chros
na crosa
genitive
na croise
na gcros
dative
leis an gcros leis an gcrois (archaic, dialectal) don chros don chrois (archaic, dialectal)
leis na crosa :

#### Derived terms

* airgead croise
* bata croise
* comhartha na croise
* cosa croise (“stilts”)
* Cros Dhearg (“Red Cross”)
* cros-
* crosach
* crosáil
* crosaire
* crosán
* crosdealbhach
* crosdiabhal
* crosóg
* crúbchrois
* Cumann na Croise Deirge (“the Red Cross Society”)
* fíor na croise (“the sign of the cross”)
* lochta croise (“rood-loft”)
* maide croise (“crutch”)
* píosa croise (“coin engraved with cross; florin”)
* trasna croise (“cross-arm of cross”)
* Turas na Croise (“the Stations of the Cross”)

### Verb

cros (present analytic crosann, future analytic crosfaidh, verbal noun crosadh, past participle crosta)
* cross
* traverse
* prohibit, forbid
* contradict

#### Conjugation

| verbal noun | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh | crosadh |
| past participle | crosta | crosta | crosta | crosta | crosta | crosta | crosta | crosta |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | crosaim | crosann tú; crosair$^†$ | crosann sé, sí | crosaimid | crosann sibh | crosann siad; crosaid$^†$ | a chrosann; a chrosas / a gcrosann* | crostar |
| past | chros mé; chrosas | chros tú; chrosais | chros sé, sí | chrosamar; chros muid | chros sibh; chrosabhair | chros siad; chrosadar | a chros / ar chros* | crosadh |
| past habitual | chrosainn / gcrosainn‡‡ | chrostá / gcrostá‡‡ | chrosadh sé, sí / gcrosadh sé, sí‡‡ | chrosaimis; chrosadh muid / gcrosaimis‡‡; gcrosadh muid‡‡ | chrosadh sibh / gcrosadh sibh‡‡ | chrosaidís; chrosadh siad / gcrosaidís‡‡; gcrosadh siad‡‡ | a chrosadh / a gcrosadh* | chrostaí / gcrostaí‡‡ |
| future | crosfaidh mé; crosfad | crosfaidh tú; crosfair$^†$ | crosfaidh sé, sí | crosfaimid; crosfaidh muid | crosfaidh sibh | crosfaidh siad; crosfaid$^†$ | a chrosfaidh; a chrosfas / a gcrosfaidh* | crosfar |
| conditional | chrosfainn / gcrosfainn‡‡ | chrosfá / gcrosfá‡‡ | chrosfadh sé, sí / gcrosfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chrosfaimis; chrosfadh muid / gcrosfaimis‡‡; gcrosfadh muid‡‡ | chrosfadh sibh / gcrosfadh sibh‡‡ | chrosfaidís; chrosfadh siad / gcrosfaidís‡‡; gcrosfadh siad‡‡ | a chrosfadh / a gcrosfadh* | chrosfaí / gcrosfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go gcrosa mé; go gcrosad$^†$ | go gcrosa tú; go gcrosair$^†$ | go gcrosa sé, sí | go gcrosaimid; go gcrosa muid | go gcrosa sibh | go gcrosa siad; go gcrosaid$^†$ | — | go gcrostar |
| past | dá gcrosainn | dá gcrostá | dá gcrosadh sé, sí | dá gcrosaimis; dá gcrosadh muid | dá gcrosadh sibh | dá gcrosaidís; dá gcrosadh siad | — | dá gcrostaí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | crosaim | cros | crosadh sé, sí | crosaimis | crosaigí; crosaidh$^†$ | crosaidís | — | crostar |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cros”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cros”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “cros”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

## Lombard
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kruːs/ (Milanese)

### Noun

cros f
* cross

## Middle English
### Noun

cros
* Alternative form of cross

## Old English
### Noun

cros ?
* cross

#### Descendants

* Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
** English: cross
*** → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
** Scots: cross, cros

### References

* Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Crossland”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 388.

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* cross

### Etymology

From Latin crux. Doublet of croch.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kros]

### Noun

cros f (genitive croisse or cruisse, nominative plural crossa)
* (geometry) cross (geometrical figure)

#### Declension

* $^H$ = triggers aspiration
* $^L$ = triggers lenition
* $^N$ = triggers nasalization

#### Quotations

* c. 800, anonymous author, “The St. Gall incantations”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 249:do·bir cros dit ṡailiu for óchtar do chinnyou put a cross of your spittle on the top of your head
* c. 800, anonymous author, “The rubrics in the Stowe missal”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 254:is hi tór{r}und cruisse suidigthir huile forsin méisin the form of a cross is all set on the paten

#### Descendants

* Irish: cros, crois
* Manx: crosh
* Scottish Gaelic: crois, cros
* → Old Norse: kross, *kors
** Danish: kors
** Faroese: krossur
** Icelandic: kross
** Norwegian Bokmål: kors
** Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross
** Swedish: kors
** → Old English: cros
*** Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
**** English: cross
***** → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
**** Scots: cross, cros

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cros”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

## Piedmontese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /krus/

### Noun

cros f
* cross

#### Derived terms

* crosié
* crosiera

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French cross.

### Noun

cros n (plural crosuri)
* cross-country