# -ia
## Translingual
### Etymology

From Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia), which form abstract nouns of feminine gender.

### Suffix

-ia f (taxonomy)
* Used to form taxonomic names, especially to form genus names when appended to the name of a person, usually a scientist or a patron.

#### Derived terms
## English
### Etymology 1

From Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia), which form abstract nouns of feminine gender.

#### Suffix

-ia
* Used in forming names of countries, diseases, flowers, and rarely collections of things (such as militaria, deletia).

##### Synonyms

* (collections of things): -ana, -ica

##### See also

* -ian

### Etymology 2

From the endings of corresponding Latin and Ancient Greek plural nouns.

#### Suffix

-ia
* Used in forming plurals of nouns in -ium and -ion.

### Anagrams

* A-I, AI, Ai, a.i., ai

## Catalan
### Suffix

-ia f (noun)
* forms nouns, from adjectives, denoting states, conditions and qualities; -ness; -ity; -y; -hood
    ‎covard (“coward”) + ‎-ia → ‎covardia (“cowardice”)
* forms the names of offices or jobs; -ship
    ‎comptador (“accountant”) + ‎-ia → ‎comptadoria (“accounting”)
* forms placenames; -y; -ia
    ‎occità (“Occitan”) + ‎-ia → ‎Occitània (“Occitanie”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ia”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “-ia” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-idak, from Proto-Uralic *-j-.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-iɑˣ/, [-iɑ̝(ʔ)]

#### Suffix

-ia (front vowel harmony variant -iä, stem -i-, linguistic notation -i- or -iA)
* Forms primarily transitive verbs describing repeating (frequentative) or continuous (continuative) action.

##### Conjugation

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ̝]

#### Suffix

-ia
* (in borrowings) Forms place names.

##### Declension

Usually:
Possessive forms of -ia (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iani
accusative
nom.
-iani
gen.
-iani
genitive
-iani
partitive
-iaani
inessive
-iassani
elative
-iastani
illative
-iaani
adessive
-iallani
ablative
-ialtani
allative
-ialleni
essive
-ianani
translative
-iakseni
abessive
-iattani
instructive
comitative
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iasi
accusative
nom.
-iasi
gen.
-iasi
genitive
-iasi
partitive
-iaasi
inessive
-iassasi
elative
-iastasi
illative
-iaasi
adessive
-iallasi
ablative
-ialtasi
allative
-iallesi
essive
-ianasi
translative
-iaksesi
abessive
-iattasi
instructive
comitative
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iamme
accusative
nom.
-iamme
gen.
-iamme
genitive
-iamme
partitive
-iaamme
inessive
-iassamme
elative
-iastamme
illative
-iaamme
adessive
-iallamme
ablative
-ialtamme
allative
-iallemme
essive
-ianamme
translative
-iaksemme
abessive
-iattamme
instructive
comitative
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ianne
accusative
nom.
-ianne
gen.
-ianne
genitive
-ianne
partitive
-iaanne
inessive
-iassanne
elative
-iastanne
illative
-iaanne
adessive
-iallanne
ablative
-ialtanne
allative
-iallenne
essive
-iananne
translative
-iaksenne
abessive
-iattanne
instructive
comitative
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iansa
accusative
nom.
-iansa
gen.
-iansa
genitive
-iansa
partitive
-iaansa
inessive
-iassaan -iassansa
elative
-iastaan -iastansa
illative
-iaansa
adessive
-iallaan -iallansa
ablative
-ialtaan -ialtansa
allative
-ialleen -iallensa
essive
-ianaan -ianansa
translative
-iakseen -iaksensa
abessive
-iattaan -iattansa
instructive
comitative

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3

From Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ̝]

#### Suffix

-ia
* (in borrowings) -y (forms abstract nouns from Latin or Greek roots)

##### Declension

Usually:
Possessive forms of -ia (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iani
-iani
accusative
nom.
-iani
-iani
gen.
-iani
genitive
-iani
-ioideni -ioitteni -iaini $^{rare}$
partitive
-iaani
-ioitani
inessive
-iassani
-ioissani
elative
-iastani
-ioistani
illative
-iaani
-ioihini
adessive
-iallani
-ioillani
ablative
-ialtani
-ioiltani
allative
-ialleni
-ioilleni
essive
-ianani
-ioinani
translative
-iakseni
-ioikseni
abessive
-iattani
-ioittani
instructive
comitative
—-ioineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iasi
-iasi
accusative
nom.
-iasi
-iasi
gen.
-iasi
genitive
-iasi
-ioidesi -ioittesi -iaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
-iaasi
-ioitasi
inessive
-iassasi
-ioissasi
elative
-iastasi
-ioistasi
illative
-iaasi
-ioihisi
adessive
-iallasi
-ioillasi
ablative
-ialtasi
-ioiltasi
allative
-iallesi
-ioillesi
essive
-ianasi
-ioinasi
translative
-iaksesi
-ioiksesi
abessive
-iattasi
-ioittasi
instructive
comitative
—-ioinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iamme
-iamme
accusative
nom.
-iamme
-iamme
gen.
-iamme
genitive
-iamme
-ioidemme -ioittemme -iaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
-iaamme
-ioitamme
inessive
-iassamme
-ioissamme
elative
-iastamme
-ioistamme
illative
-iaamme
-ioihimme
adessive
-iallamme
-ioillamme
ablative
-ialtamme
-ioiltamme
allative
-iallemme
-ioillemme
essive
-ianamme
-ioinamme
translative
-iaksemme
-ioiksemme
abessive
-iattamme
-ioittamme
instructive
comitative
—-ioinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ianne
-ianne
accusative
nom.
-ianne
-ianne
gen.
-ianne
genitive
-ianne
-ioidenne -ioittenne -iainne $^{rare}$
partitive
-iaanne
-ioitanne
inessive
-iassanne
-ioissanne
elative
-iastanne
-ioistanne
illative
-iaanne
-ioihinne
adessive
-iallanne
-ioillanne
ablative
-ialtanne
-ioiltanne
allative
-iallenne
-ioillenne
essive
-iananne
-ioinanne
translative
-iaksenne
-ioiksenne
abessive
-iattanne
-ioittanne
instructive
comitative
—-ioinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iansa
-iansa
accusative
nom.
-iansa
-iansa
gen.
-iansa
genitive
-iansa
-ioidensa -ioittensa -iainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
-iaansa
-ioitaan -ioitansa
inessive
-iassaan -iassansa
-ioissaan -ioissansa
elative
-iastaan -iastansa
-ioistaan -ioistansa
illative
-iaansa
-ioihinsa
adessive
-iallaan -iallansa
-ioillaan -ioillansa
ablative
-ialtaan -ialtansa
-ioiltaan -ioiltansa
allative
-ialleen -iallensa
-ioilleen -ioillensa
essive
-ianaan -ianansa
-ioinaan -ioinansa
translative
-iakseen -iaksensa
-ioikseen -ioiksensa
abessive
-iattaan -iattansa
-ioittaan -ioittansa
instructive
comitative
—-ioineen -ioinensa :

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4

From Proto-Finnic *-jak, an old *k-lative of *-ja (denominative place name suffix).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-iɑ(ˣ)/, [-iɑ̝(ʔ)]

#### Suffix

-ia (front vowel harmony variant -iä, linguistic notation -iA)
* Forms some adverbs, mainly with a directional meaning.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 5

See -ea.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ̝]

#### Suffix

-ia (front vowel harmony variant -iä, linguistic notation -iA) (dialectal)
* Alternative form of -ea

##### Usage notes

* Used in the same way as the standard -ea: e.g. korkia "high", standard korkea.
* Commonly associated with both Northern and Southern Ostrobothnian dialects, but also the predominant type in Peräpohja and southeastern (aka "Karelian") dialects.
* This form was standard until the 19th century, when it was replaced by the current standard -ea.

### References

* Erkki Savolainen, 1998, compiled for the University of Eastern Finland (archived page)

### Anagrams

* ai

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-idak. Cognates include Finnish -ia.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ]

#### Suffix

-ia (front vowel variant -iä)
* Used to form continuative verbs from other verbs.
    ‎hypätä (“to jump”) + ‎-ia → ‎hyppiä (“to hop”)
* Used to form transitive verbs describing a continuous action with a nominal.
    ‎nokka (“beak”) + ‎-ia → ‎nokkia (“to peck”)
* Used to form intransitive verbs describing the creation of a nominal.
    ‎kukka (“flower”) + ‎-ia → ‎kukkia (“to blossom”)
    ‎poika (“young”) + ‎-ia → ‎poikia (“to calve”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ëda. Cognates include Finnish -ea and Estonian -e.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-iɑ/, [-iɑ]

#### Suffix

-ia (front vowel variant -iä)
* Used to form adjectives from nouns and verbs.
    ‎pöörä (“wheel”) + ‎-ia → ‎pööriä (“round”)

##### Derived terms
## Interlingua
### Etymology

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Portuguese -ia/Spanish -ía, all ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía), -εια (-eia).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈi.a/

### Suffix

-ia
* forms nouns from ethnonyms or personal names, denoting a country, province or region; -ia, -y
    ‎arabe (“Arab”) + ‎-ia → ‎Arabia (“Arabia”)
    ‎scoto (“Scot”) + ‎-ia → ‎Scotia (“Scotland”)
    ‎bulgare (“Buglar(ian)”) + ‎-ia → ‎Bulgaria (“Bulgaria”)
* forms nouns from nouns, denoting a quality, status or jurisdiction; -y, -cy, -ness, -ity, -hood
    ‎coarde (“coward”) + ‎-ia → ‎coardia (“cowardice”)
    ‎infante (“baby, infant”) + ‎-ia → ‎infantia (“childhood, infancy”)
    ‎abbate (“abbot”) + ‎-ia → ‎abbatia (“abbacy”)
    ‎capitano (“captain”) + ‎-ia → ‎capitania (“captaincy”)
* forms nouns from nouns, denoting an art, science, practice or establishment; -y
    ‎geologo (“geologist”) + ‎-ia → ‎geologia (“geology”)
    ‎radiotoxicologo (“radiotoxicologist”) + ‎-ia → ‎radiotoxicologia (“radiotoxicology”)
    ‎idolatra (“idolater”) + ‎-ia → ‎idolatria (“idolatry”)
    ‎bottinero (“cobbler, shoemaker”) + ‎-ia → ‎bottineria (“cobblery, shoemaking; cobbler's, shoemaker's shop”)

#### Usage notes

* Note that the i of the suffix -ia bears the stress.

#### Derived terms
### References

* Alexander Gode, Hugh E. Blair (1955) Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language, →ISBN

## Italian
### Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈi.a/
* Rhymes: -ia
* Hyphenation: -ì‧a

#### Suffix

-ia f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ie)
* derives abstract nouns denoting a state or condition from adjectives or nouns
    ‎allegro (“cheerful”, “happy”) + ‎-ia → ‎allegria (“joy”, “happiness”)
    ‎tiranno (“tyrant”) + ‎-ia → ‎tirannia (“tyranny”)
* derives abstract nouns denoting a collective group or a social condition
    ‎compagno (“companion”) + ‎-ia → ‎compagnia (“company”)
    ‎borghese (“bourgeois”) + ‎-ia → ‎borghesia (“bourgeoisie”)
* added to ethnonyms to derive place names
    ‎andaluso (“Andalusian”) + ‎-ia → ‎Andalusia (“Andalusia”)
* used to derive technical and scientific terms, especially from Ancient Greek terms

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Latin -ia, ultimately from the same source as above.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ja/
** Hyphenation: -ia
* (after palatal consonants) IPA: /a/

#### Suffix

-ia f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ie)
* (no longer productive) derivative suffix (Can we clean up this sense?)

##### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -ìa in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
* -ia in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* -ai, ai, ài

## Latin
### Etymology 1

Partially from Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā), -ία (-ía) and -εια (-eia), and so ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. This suffix may also represent a substantivization of the feminine form of -ius.

#### Suffix

-ia f (genitive -iae); first declension
* Used to form a first declension feminine abstract noun, usually from an adjective ending in -us, or (rarely in later Latin) one ending in -ius, or from a present participle stem, and occasionally from a root noun.
    affixed to participles:
       ‎absēns + ‎-ia → ‎absentia
       ‎dēmēns + ‎-ia → ‎dēmentia
       ‎valēns + ‎-ia → ‎valentia
    affixed to adjectives:
       ‎audāx + ‎-ia → ‎audācia
       ‎angustus + ‎-ia → ‎angustia
       ‎fācundus + ‎-ia → ‎fācundia
       ‎ignāvus + ‎-ia → ‎ignāvia
       ‎opulentus + ‎-ia → ‎opulentia
    affixed to nouns:
       ‎custōs + ‎-ia → ‎custōdia
       ‎mīles + ‎-ia → ‎mīlitia
       ‎victor + ‎-ia → ‎victōria
       ‎gōgrāvius + ‎-ia → ‎gōgrāvia (Medieval Latin)
* Used to form country names
    ‎Graecus + ‎-ia → ‎Graecia
    ‎Gallus + ‎-ia → ‎Gallia
    ‎Dācus + ‎-ia → ‎Dācia
    ‎Thrāx + ‎-ia → ‎Thrācia
    ‎Hispānus + ‎-ia → ‎Hispānia
    ‎Britannus + ‎-ia → ‎Britannia
    ‎Germānus + ‎-ia → ‎Germānia

##### Declension

First-declension noun.

##### Synonyms

* -iēs

##### Descendants

* Old French: -ie
** Middle French: -ie
*** French: -ie
** → Middle High German: -ie
** → Middle English: -ie
*** English: -y, -ie
* Sicilian: -ia

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-ia
* nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of -s

## Maori
### Suffix

-ia
* a passive ending

#### Derived terms
## Polish
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈja/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ia f
* -ia
    ‎akuszer + ‎-ia → ‎akuszeria

#### See also

* -stwo

### Further reading

* -ia in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈi.ɐ/
* Rhymes: -iɐ

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ia f (noun-forming suffix, usually uncountable, plural -ias)
* forms nouns, from adjectives, denoting states, conditions and qualities; -ness; -ity; -y; -hood
    Synonyms: -idade, -ção
    ‎alegre (“joyful”) + ‎-ia → ‎alegria (“joy”)
* (medicine) forms the names of medical conditions; -y; -ia
    ‎acéfalo (“acephalous”) + ‎-ia → ‎acefalia (“acephaly”)
* forms the names of offices or jobs; -ship
    Synonyms: -ado, -ato
    ‎governador (“governor”) + ‎-ia → ‎governadoria (“the job or office of a governor”)
* forms placenames; -y; -ia
    ‎Brasil (“Brazil”) + ‎-ia → ‎Brasília (“Brasilia”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -ia, from Latin -ēbam (first person) and -ēbat (third person). Cognate with Galician and Spanish -ía.

#### Suffix

-ia
* a suffix indicating the first-person singular indicative imperfect of a verb in -er and -ir
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ia → ‎comia (“[I] used to eat”)
    ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-ia → ‎unia (“[I] used to unite”)
* a suffix indicating the third-person singular indicative imperfect of a verb in -er and -ir
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ia → ‎comia (“[he/she/it] used to eat”)
    ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-ia → ‎unia (“[he/she/it] used to unite”)

##### See also

* -ava

### Etymology 3

Reduced form of havia, imperfect of haver.

#### Suffix

-ia
* appended to the infinitive, forms the first-person singular and third-person singular conditional of verbs
    ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ia → ‎comeria (“I/he/she/it would eat”)

## Romanian
### Suffix

-ia
* definite singular of -ie, usually applied to place names.

#### Derived terms
## Spanish
### Suffix

-ia f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ias)
* appears in feminine nouns, generally abstract, mostly inherited from Latin; -y
    ‎eficaz (“efficient”) + ‎-ia → ‎eficacia (“efficiency”)
* forms placenames; -y; -ia
    ‎Brasil (“Brazil”) + ‎-ia → ‎Brasilia (“Brasilia”)

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ia”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Swahili
### Alternative forms

* -lia/-lea

### Suffix

-ia (mid vowel harmony variant -ea)
* for (directed at, intended to belong to), applicative suffix
    ‎-lipa (“to pay”) + ‎-ia → ‎-lipia (“to pay for”)
    ‎-jibu (“to answer”) + ‎-ia → ‎-jibia (“to answer to/for”)
    ‎-soma (“to read”) + ‎-ea → ‎-somea (“to read to/for”)

#### Derived terms

* Swahili applicative verbs