# 十三
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): shísān
       (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄙㄢ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): si$^2$ san$^1$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шысан (šɨsan, I-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sap$^6$ saam$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sip$^5$ lham$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): siit$^7$ san$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̍p-sâm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): seb$^6$ sam$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): seh$^5$ san$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): sí-sáng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĕk-săng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): cha̍p-saⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zab$^8$ san$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$zeq-se$_1$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr$^6$ san$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shísān
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄙㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shíhsan
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^2$-san$^1$
*** Yale: shŕ-sān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyrsan
*** Palladius: шисань (šisanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: si$^2$ san$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ssan
*** Sinological IPA : /sz̩²¹ san⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шысан (šɨsan, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²⁴ sæ̃²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sap$^6$ saam$^1$
*** Yale: sahp sāam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sap$^9$ saam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seb$^6$ sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐp̚² saːm⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sip$^5$ lham$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sip̚³² ɬam³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: siit$^7$ san$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɨt̚² san⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̍p-sâm
*** Hakka Romanization System: siib sam$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sib$^6$ sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨp̚⁵ sam²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: seb$^6$ sam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /səp̚⁵ sam⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: seh$^5$ san$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴ sæ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sí-sáng
*** Sinological IPA : /si⁵⁴ saŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕk-săng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cha̍p-saⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tsa̍p-sann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zabsvaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sap̚²⁴⁻² sã³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sap̚⁴⁻³² sã⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zab$^8$ san$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsa̍p saⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sap̚⁴⁻² sã³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$zeq-se$_1$
*** MiniDict: zeh$^入$ se$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$zeq-se$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zəʔ¹¹ se²³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: shr$^6$ san$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʂʐ̩²⁴ san³³/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /sz̩²⁴ san³³/
* Middle Chinese: dzyip sam
Rime :
| Character | 十 | 三 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (141) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 是執切 | 蘇甘切 |
| Baxter | dzyip | sam |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiɪp̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑip̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjep̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑip̚/ | /sam/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiəp̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭĕp̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʑi̯əp̚/ | /sɑm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shí | sān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sap$^6$ | saam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*t.[ɡ]əp s.rum/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡjub suːm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 十 | 三 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shí | sān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyip › | ‹ sam › |
| Old Chinese | /*t.[ɡ]əp/ | /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) |
| English | ten | three |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 十 | 三 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11452 | 10963 |
| Phonetic component | 十 | 三 |
| Rime group | 緝 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 十 | 三 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡjub/ | /*suːm/ |

### Numeral

十三
* thirteen; 13

#### Derived terms

* 十三幺 (shísānyāo)
* 十三張 / 十三张 (shísānzhāng)
* 十三恐懼症 / 十三恐惧症 (shísān kǒngjùzhèng)
* 十三經 / 十三经 (Shísānjīng)
* 十三行 (Shísānháng)
* 十三轍 / 十三辙
* 十三陵 (Shísānlíng)
* 十三香 (shísānxiāng)
* 十三點 / 十三点 (shísāndiǎn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 十三(じゅうさん) (jūsan)
* → Korean: 십삼(十三) (sipsam)

### Proper noun

十三
* (～村) Shisan (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 十 | 三 |
| じゅう Grade: 1 | さん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じゅうさん [júꜜùsàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [d͡ʑɨːsã̠ɴ]

#### Numeral

十(じゅう)三(さん) • (jūsan)
* thirteen; 13

##### Coordinate terms

v • d • eJapanese numbers :
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 0 | 零 | れい、ゼロ | rei, zero |
| 1 | 一、壱、弌、壹 | いち | ichi |
| 2 | 二、弐、貳、貮 | に | ni |
| 3 | 三、参 | さん | san |
| 4 | 四、肆 | よん、し | yon, shi |
| 5 | 五、伍 | ご | go |
| 6 | 六、陸 | ろく | roku |
| 7 | 七、漆 | なな、しち | nana, shichi |
| 8 | 八、捌 | はち | hachi |
| 9 | 九、玖 | きゅう、く | kyū, ku |
| 10 | 十、拾 | じゅう | jū |
| 100 | 百、陌、佰 | ひゃく | hyaku |
| 1,000 | 千、阡、仟 | せん | sen |
| 10,000 | 一万、万、一萬、萬 | いちまん、まん | ichiman, man |
| 100,000,000 | 一億、億 | いちおく、おく | ichioku, oku |

##### Derived terms

* 十三回忌(じゅうさんかいき) (jūsan kaiki)
* 十三階段(じゅうさんかいだん) (jūsan kaidan)
* 十三月(じゅうさんがつ) (jūsangatsu)
* 十三経(じゅうさんぎょう) (jūsangyō)
* 十三湖(じゅうさんこ) (Jūsan-ko)
* 十三七(じゅうさんなな)つ (jūsan nanatsu)
* 十三日(じゅうさんにち) (jūsannichi)
* 十三仏(じゅうさんぶつ) (jūsanbutsu)
* 十三参(じゅうさんまい)り (jūsan mairi)
* 十三夜(じゅうさんや) (jūsan'ya)
* 十三里(じゅうさんり) (jūsanri)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 十 | 三 |
| と Grade: 1 | さ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi | nanori |
Possibly from Ainu to sam (literally “lake + side”).
Not attested until the late 900s in reference to 十三湊 (Tosa Minato, “Tosa Harbor”), a natural harbor on the western shore of what is now Aomori Prefecture. This harbor is located in historically Ainu territory and became an important trading port in the 900s.
The use of the kanji characters 十 (to, “ten”, from Old Japanese) and 三 (sa, “three”, from Chinese; irregular pronunciation, truncation of san) is an example of ateji (当て字).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [to̞sa̠]

#### Proper noun

十(と)三(さ) • (Tosa)
* a place name
* a surname

##### Derived terms

* 十三湊(とさみなと) (Tosa Minato)
* 十三(とさ)の砂山(すなやま) (Tosa no Sunayama)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 十 | 三 |
| じゅう Grade: 1 | ぞう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | nanori |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じゅうぞー [jùúzóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑɨːzo̞ː]

#### Proper noun

十(じゅう)三(ぞう) • (Jūzō)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ “よみがえる十三湊（とさみなと）遺跡”, in National Museum of Japanese History‎, (Can we date this quote?)
* ↑ John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎, Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 十 | 三 |

### Numeral

十三 • (sipsam) (hangeul 십삼)
* hanja form of 십삼 (“thirteen”)