# 忍

| 忍 | U+5FCD, &#24525; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FCD |
| ← 忌 [U+5FCC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 忎 → [U+5FCE] |
| 忍 | U+2F89D, &#194717; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F89D |
| ← 徚 [U+2F89C] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 志 → [U+2F89E] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 忍 |
| Simplified | 忍 |
| Japanese | 忍 |
| Korean | 忍 |

### Han character

忍 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸戈心 (SIP), four-corner 1733$_2$, composition ⿱刃心)

#### Derived characters

* 𠗋, 𠴍, 𡝖, 𢂻, 𢚴, 𢭝, 涊, 𭸑, 梕, 𤉃, 㸾, 䏰, 𥚆, 𥆾, 𫀷, 𪞹, 𪪄, 綛, 𦓖, 𦖆, 𬠍, 𧖷, 認, 躵, 𨧟, 𨲅, 𢠗, 𩈢, 𩊫, 𥊟, 𪐁
* 𫻉, 荵, 𭞂, 𩇻, 𤶝

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 376, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10312
* Dae Jaweon: page 702, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2271, character 3
* Unihan data for U+5FCD
* Unihan data for U+2F89D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 忍 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 涊 | *nɯːnʔ, *njɯnʔ |
| 紉 | *nɯn |
| 忍 | *njɯnʔ |
| 荵 | *njɯnʔ |
| 刃 | *njɯns |
| 認 | *njɯns, *njɯŋs |
| 仞 | *njɯns |
| 軔 | *njɯns |
| 韌 | *njɯns |
| 肕 | *njɯns |
| 牣 | *njɯns |
| 杒 | *njɯns |
| 訒 | *njɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *njɯnʔ): phonetic 刃 (OC *njɯns, “blade”) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Etymology
#### “to bear, to endure, to suffer”

    From Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan ཉན་པ (nyan pa, “to be able”) (Schuessler (2007)). See also perhaps 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ, “able, capable”).

#### “cruel”

    From Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan གཉན་པ (gnyan pa, “cruel, fierce, severe”) (ibid.).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rěn (ren$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): жын (řɨn, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan$^2$ / jan$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyiin$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiûn
    (Hailu, HRS): ngiun$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiun$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): reng$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): něng
* Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄ng / nūng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zing$^3$ / nong$^3$ / nuong$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lím / jím / lún
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lung$^2$ / nung$^2$ / rim$^2$ / rêng$^2$ / ring$^2$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): yieng$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin; $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rěn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rěn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^3$
*** Yale: rěn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reen
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ren$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhen
*** Sinological IPA : /zən⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: жын (řɨn, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐəŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^2$ / jan$^5$
*** Yale: yán / yáhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^2$ / jan$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^2$ / yen$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn³⁵/, /jɐn¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ngin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ᵑɡin²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyiin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲɨn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯un²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiun⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngiun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋiun⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: reng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐəŋ⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: něng
*** Sinological IPA : /neiŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄ng / nūng
*** Sinological IPA : /yŋ³³/, /nˡuŋ³³/
* ṳ̄ng - literary;
* nūng - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit忍 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐən²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʐən²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /in¹³/ /ʐən¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʐẽ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /iə̃⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʐən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʐẽ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʐə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʐəŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʐə̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʐɤŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nən⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /zən⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /zen⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʐə̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʐən²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʐən²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʐəŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ʐə̃ŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ /zəŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zən³¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /zen¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ȵin²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʐən⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /in⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵɨn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiun⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐn³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /jɐn²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jɐn³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lim⁵³/ /lun⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /neiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /zim⁵³/ /luŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /zin²¹³/ /zun²¹³/ /nun²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: nyinX
Rime :
| Character | 忍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 而軫切 |
| Baxter | nyinX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rěn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nə[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 忍 | 忍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rěn | rěn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin$^X$ › | ‹ nyin$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nə[n]ʔ/ | /*nə[n]ʔ/ |
| English | cruel | endure |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 忍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10828 |
| Phonetic component | 刃 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 忍 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯnʔ/ |

### Definitions

忍
* to endure; to bear; to suffer
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Rén jiē yǒu suǒbùrěn, dá zhī yú qí suǒrěn, rén yě. Rén jiē yǒu suǒbùwéi, dá zhī yú qí suǒwéi, yì yě. [Pinyin]
    All men have some things which they cannot bear; extend that feeling to what they can bear, and humaneness will be the result. All men have some things which they will not do; extend that feeling to the things which they do, and righteousness will be the result.
* to forbear
    忍笑 ― rěn xiào ― to stifle a laugh
    忍著眼淚／忍着眼泪 ― rěn zhe yǎnlèi ― to hold back tears
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Zǐyuē: “Qiǎoyán luàn dé, xiǎobùrěn zé luàn dàmóu.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "Crafty words confound virtue. Want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans."
* to have the heart to; to be hardhearted enough to
* (literary) cruel; callous
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wéi cǐ liángrén, fúqiú fúdí. Wéi bǐ rěnxīn, shìgù shìfù. [Pinyin]
    Here is a good man, but he is not sought out nor employed. There is a cruel-hearted man, and he is thought of and promoted once and again.

#### Synonyms

* (to endure):
* 克服 (kèfú)
* 包容 (bāoróng)
* 受
* 含 (literary, or in compounds)
* 容忍 (róngrěn)
* 忍受 (rěnshòu)
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 打限 (Malaysia, Singapore)
* 消受 (xiāoshòu)
* 耐
* (to have the heart to): 忍心 (rěnxīn)
* (cruel):
* 兇惡 / 凶恶 (xiōng'è)
* 兇殘 / 凶残 (xiōngcán)
* 兇狠 / 凶狠 (xiōnghěn)
* 兇猛 / 凶猛 (xiōngměng)
* 兇險 / 凶险 (xiōngxiǎn)
* 凶暴 (xiōngbào)
* 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴酷 / 严酷 (yánkù)
* 強暴 / 强暴 (qiángbào)
* 惡勢 / 恶势 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
* 惡狠狠 / 恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
* 慘 / 惨 (cǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 暴力 (bàolì)
* 暴戾 (bàolì) (literary)
* 暴虐 (bàonüè)
* 暴躁 (bàozào)
* 橫逆 / 横逆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 殘 / 残 (cán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 殘忍 / 残忍 (cánrěn)
* 殘暴 / 残暴 (cánbào)
* 殘酷 / 残酷 (cánkù)
* 毒辣 (dúlà)
* 烏心 / 乌心 (Min Nan)
* 狠心 (hěnxīn)
* 狠毒 (hěndú)
* 狠狠 (hěnhěn)
* 猙獰 / 狰狞 (zhēngníng)
* 粗殘 / 粗残 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 辣 (là)
* 酷烈 (kùliè)
* 野蠻 / 野蛮 (yěmán)
* 陰功 / 阴功 (jam$^1$ gung$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 險惡 / 险恶 (xiǎn'è)
* 黑心 (hēixīn)

### Compounds

* 不忍 (bùrěn)
* 不忍下手
* 不忍人之心 (bù rěn rén zhī xīn)
* 不忍坐視 / 不忍坐视 (bùrěnzuòshì)
* 不忍心
* 不忍言 (bùrěnyán)
* 不忍釋手 / 不忍释手
* 動心忍性 / 动心忍性
* 包羞忍恥 / 包羞忍耻
* 含垢忍恥 / 含垢忍耻
* 含垢忍辱
* 含悲忍淚 / 含悲忍泪
* 含羞忍辱
* 吞聲忍氣 / 吞声忍气
* 吞聲忍讓 / 吞声忍让
* 堅忍 / 坚忍 (jiānrěn)
* 堅忍不拔 / 坚忍不拔
* 容忍 (róngrěn)
* 弘忍
* 強忍 / 强忍 (qiǎngrěn)
* 忍不住 (rěnbùzhù)
* 忍俊不禁 (rěnjùnbùjīn)
* 忍冬 (rěndōng)
* 忍受 (rěnshòu)
* 忍垢
* 忍垢偷生
* 忍尤含詬 / 忍尤含诟
* 忍心 (rěnxīn)
* 忍心害理
* 忍性
* 忍恥偷生 / 忍耻偷生
* 忍恥含垢 / 忍耻含垢
* 忍恥含羞 / 忍耻含羞
* 忍氣吞聲 / 忍气吞声 (rěnqìtūnshēng)
* 忍無可忍 / 忍无可忍 (rěnwúkěrěn)
* 忍田
* 忍痛 (rěntòng)
* 忍石
* 忍者 (rěnzhě)
* 忍者龜 / 忍者龟
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 忍術 / 忍术 (rěnshù)
* 忍讓 / 忍让 (rěnràng)
* 忍辱 (rěnrǔ)
* 忍辱偷生 (rěnrǔtōushēng)
* 忍辱含垢
* 忍辱含羞
* 忍辱求全
* 忍辱負重 / 忍辱负重 (rěnrǔfùzhòng)
* 忍飢挨餓 / 忍饥挨饿
* 忍饑受渴 / 忍饥受渴
* 忍饑受餓 / 忍饥受饿
* 忮忍
* 愛不忍釋 / 爱不忍释
* 慘不忍睹 / 惨不忍睹 (cǎnbùrěndǔ)
* 慘不忍聞 / 惨不忍闻
* 於心不忍 / 于心不忍 (yúxīnbùrěn)
* 於心何忍 / 于心何忍 (yúxīnhérěn)
* 殘忍 / 残忍 (cánrěn)
* 氣忍聲吞 / 气忍声吞
* 濡忍
* 猜忍
* 痛不堪忍
* 百忍
* 目不忍睹
* 目不忍視 / 目不忍视
* 相忍為國 / 相忍为国
* 聲吞氣忍 / 声吞气忍
* 能忍自安
* 落忍
* 隱忍 / 隐忍 (yǐnrěn)
* 難以忍受 / 难以忍受
* 難忍 / 难忍 (nánrěn)

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: nhịn

### References

* “忍”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 忍 |
| Kyūjitai | 忍󠄁 忍+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 忍󠄄 忍+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* patience, endurance, stamina.

#### Readings

* Go-on: にん (nin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: じん (jin)
* Kun: しのぶ (shinobu, 忍ぶ, Jōyō)、しのばせる (shinobaseru, 忍ばせる, Jōyō)
* Nanori: おし (oshi)、しの (shino)、しのぶ (shinobu)、たう (tau)、たふ (tafu)

#### Compounds

* 忍(しの)ばせる (shinobaseru)
* 忍(しの)ぶ (shinobu)
* 忍(しの)び逢(あ)い (shinobiai)
* 忍(しの)び足(あし) (shinobiashi)
* 忍(しの)び入(い)る (shinobiiru)
* 忍(しの)び難(がた)い (shinobigatai)
* 忍(しの)び込(こ)む (shinobikomu)
* 忍(しの)び声(ごえ) (shinobigoe)
* 忍(しの)び泣(な)き (shinobinaki)
* 忍(しの)び泣(な)く (shinobinaku)
* 忍(しの)び音(ね) (shinobine)
* 忍(しの)びやか (shinobiyaka)
* 忍(しの)び寄(よ)る (shinobiyoru)
* 忍(しの)び笑(わら)い (shinobiwarai)
* 忍苦(にんく) (ninku)
* 忍者(にんじゃ) (ninja)
* 忍従(にんじゅう) (ninjū)
* 忍術(にんじゅつ) (ninjutsu)
* 忍耐(にんたい) (nintai)
* 忍耐強(にんたいづよ)い (nintaizuyoi)
* 忍耐力(にんたいりょく) (nintairyoku)
* 忍法(にんぽう) (ninpō)
* 押忍(おす) (osu), 押忍(おっす) (ossu)
* 恋(こ)い忍(しの)ぶ (koishinobu)
* 堪(た)え忍(しの)ぶ (taeshinobu)
* 耐(た)え忍(しの)ぶ (taeshinobu)
* 隠忍(いんにん) (innin)
* 勘忍(かんにん) (kannin)
* 堪忍(かんにん) (kannin)
* 堪忍袋(かんにんぶくろ) (kanninbukuro)
* 堅忍(けんにん) (kennin)
* 堅忍不抜(けんにんふばつ) (kenninfubatsu)
* 残忍(ざんにん) (zannin)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 忍
* しの(ぶ) Grade: S
* kun'yomi

### Noun

忍(しのぶ) or 忍(シノブ) • (shinobu)
* squirrel's foot fern, Davallia mariesii
    Synonym: 忍草 (shinobu-gusa)

#### Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

### Proper noun

忍(しのぶ) • (Shinobu)
* a unisex given name
* a surname

### References

* ↑ “忍”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [in]
* Phonetic hangul: [인]

### Hanja

Wikisource 忍 (eumhun 참다 인 (chamda in))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

忍: Hán Nôm readings: nhẫn, nhịn, những, nhẩn, nhẵn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.