# pa
## Translingual
### Symbol

pa
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Punjabi.

## English
### Etymology 1

Clipping of papa.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɑː/
** Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɑː
* Homophones: pah (Etymology 2); par (non-rhotic); paw (cot–caught merger, father-bother merger)

#### Noun

pa (plural pas)
* (colloquial) Father, papa.
    Synonyms: da (Irish), dad, daddy, papa, pater, pappy, pop, poppy
    Coordinate term: ma
* (colloquial) Grandpa, grandfather.
    Synonyms: grandpapa, grandpappy, grandpop, grandpoppy, pappy, pop, poppy; big daddy (dialectal)

##### Usage notes

* Often capitalized when used to refer to a specific person; see Pa.
    Hey, Pa, I'd like you to meet my friend Jamie.

##### Derived terms

* ma-and-pa

##### Related terms

* grandpa

##### Translations
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Maori pā.

#### Noun

pa (plural pas)
* (New Zealand, now historical) A fortified Maori settlement, especially of pre-European times. [from 19th c.]
** 2020, Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South, William Collins, published 2021, page 68:A pa or Māori defence fortification appears at a height on the hill above the bay.
* (New Zealand) Any Maori village or settlement; a kainga. [from 19th c.]

##### Alternative forms

* pah

### Anagrams

* A&P, AP, Ap, ap, ap.

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

pa (plural pa's)
* dad, father

#### Synonyms

* pappa
* vader

#### Antonyms

* ma

#### Derived terms

* oupa

## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Preposition

pa (+ accusative)
* without, minus
* not counting, even without counting

#### Antonyms

* me

#### Derived terms

* prapë
* pas

### Particle

pa
* (before imperatives) attenuates a command or suggestion
    Pa më thuaj ― Tell me

### References

* ↑ W. B. Lockwood, A Panorama of Indo-European languages, Hutchinson, 1972, p. 185
* ↑ Leonard Newmark's Online Albanian Dictionary

## Anuta
### Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *fa, from Proto-Oceanic *pat, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

### Numeral

pa
* four

## Aragonese
### Alternative forms

* ta (chistavín, benasqués)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pa

### Preposition

pa
* for, to (expressing a recipient)
    La zagala va crompar un regalo de nadal ta yo.The girl bought a Christmas gift for me.
    M'aganaría de fer un truco de machia pa vusaltros.I'd like to perform a magic trick for you all.
* to, in order to, so, for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
    Estudio cada nueit sin descansar pa conseguir un treballo decent.I study every night tirelessly so that I get a decent job.
    Saldré luego pa evitar el trafico.I am going to leave early to avoid traffic.
* by, due, due on, due by (expressing a deadline)
    Necesito la tuya decisión pa esta semana.I need your decision by this week.
    Es vuestros treballos grupals son ta'l viernes.Your group projects are due on Friday.
* for (expressing contrast from what is expected)
    Pa estar un turista estadounidense, él ye prou respetuoso.For an American tourist, he is pretty respectful.
* for, to, in one's opinion, as far as one is concerned (expressing an opinion, perception or perspective)
    Pa yo, las rosas bllancas son més bonicas que las royas.For me, the white roses are more beautiful than the red ones.
    Pa'l mio germano, la suya muller tien tota la razón.As far as my brother is concerned, his wife is totally in the right.
    Vam treballar pa la mesma empresa encara que no al mesmo tiempo.We worked for the same company but not at the same time.
    Ella treballó pa Microsoft muitos anyos, pero agora treballa pa Apple.She worked for Microsoft for many years, but now she works for Apple.

## Arritinngithigh
### Noun

pa
* liver

### References

* Claire Bowern, Harold James Koch, Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method (2004), page 411

## Asturian
### Etymology

Compare Spanish pa, a contracted form of para.

### Preposition

pa
* for

#### Usage notes

* The preposition pa contracts to p' before a word beginning with a- or ha-: p'Asturies (for Asturias), p'haber (for to have)

#### Derived terms

* p'
* pal

## Basque
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

pa inan
* kiss

## Big Nambas
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/
* Rhymes: -a

### Adjective

pa
* small

### References

* Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox

## Breton
### Conjunction

pa
* when, if

## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan pa (attested at least once as pan), from Latin pānis, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to graze, feed”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈpa]
* Audio (Valencia):(file)
* Rhymes: -a

### Noun

pa m (plural pans)
* bread

#### Derived terms

* forn de pa
* pa amb tomàquet
* pa de cada dia
* pa de pessic
* panera
* panet

### References

* “pa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “pa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
* “pa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “pa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## Cebuano
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa/ [ˈpa]

### Adverb

pá (Badlit spelling ᜉ)
* (after an adjective) marks that something is/was still the case when eventually it wouldn't be so; is still
    Antonym: na
    katong puti pa ang balaywhen the house was still colored white
    bag-o pa ni nga teknolohiyathis technology is still brand new
* (after verb in the inchoative aspect) indicates that the action is still ongoing; still (imperfect aspect)
    Synonym: gihapon
    niadto pa siya ― he is still (in the process of) going
** (+ negator "wala") indicates that an action has not yet happened; yet
    wala pa siya nikaon ― he has not yet eaten
* (after verb in the prospective aspect) indicates obligation or requirement to do the action; still have to
    moadto pa siya ― he still has to go
** (+ negator "dili") indicates that an an action will not be performed soon, but much later; will not ... for now
    dili pa siya moinom ― he wouldn't drink (alcohol) for now
* (after an adjective, usually with mas) used in expressing the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er
    Murag (mas) taas pa ang punuan sa balay. ― The tree looks taller than the house.
    Mas gikapoy pa ka nako. ― You are more tired than me.

### Adjective

pa (Badlit spelling ᜉ)
* (after pronouns or names) indicates continuation in the performance of a task by the person as mentioned
    Antonym: na
    ikaw pa ― it's still your turn
    si Tonyo pa ― it's still Tonyo's turn

#### Derived terms

* agad pa
* anha pa
* bason pa
* bisan pa
* daan pa
* diha pa
* gawas pa
* hain pa'y
* hinaot pa
* isa pa
* labaw pa
* labot pa
* lain pa'y ato
* maayo pa
* mao pa diay ato
* mao pa'y
* matod pa
* pa lang
* pa'y
* pa'y ako
* pa'y imo
* sa ato pa
* siya pa
* tayim pa
* unsa pa'y
* usa pa

### References

* ↑ encompasses the complete and progressive aspects: the mi-, nag-, gi- form

## Chut
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː¹/

### Numeral

pa
* three

## Classical Nahuatl
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː/

### Verb

pā
* (transitive) To dye

### References

* Andrews, J. Richard (2003) Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, revised edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, page 244
* Karttunen, Frances (1983) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 182

## Dakota
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

### Noun

pa
* head

### References

* http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ (Lesson Three)

## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -aː

### Noun

pa m (plural pa's, diminutive paatje n)
* pa, dad

#### Descendants

* → Papiamentu: pachi (from the diminutive)

## Esperanto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pa]
* Hyphenation: pa

### Interjection

pa
* pah

## Fala
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese pera.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pa

### Preposition

pa
* to (indicates application of an adjective)
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 3: Radós:A radón mais grandi pa defendela é que é nossa LENGUA MATERNA, a “primeira lengua que un indivíduu aprendi de maneira ínnconscienti duranti a sua infancia” i en ela han aprindiu a idel as primeiras palabras […]The greatest reason to defend it is that it is our NATIVE LANGUAGE, the “first language that an individual learns in an unconscious manner during his infancy” and in it learned how to say his first words […]
* for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 4: ¿Guerras, moas?:Encontramus opiniós pa tos os gustus.We found opinions for every taste.
* to, towards (indicates destination)
** 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme IX, Chapter 4: ¿Fala transerrana?:I nos, inda hoxii, con autonomía i tó siguimus idendu: “Vo pa Castilla”, […]And to this day we, with autonomy and everything, keep on saying: “I’ll go to Castille”, […]

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Galician
### Alternative forms

* pá, paa

### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese paa, from Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈpaː]

### Noun

pa f (plural pas)
* shovel; spade (tool for digging and moving material)
* windmill blade
* the end of a paddle or oar with the blade
* (anatomy, zootomy) incisor

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “paa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “paa”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “pa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “pa”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “pa”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Garo
### Alternative forms

* pagipa (formal)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

pa
* father

## Guaraní
### Adjective

pa
* (cardinal number) ten

#### Derived terms

* paha

## Gun
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* kpá (Benin)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pá/

#### Preposition

pá (Nigeria)
* towards

### Etymology 2

Cognates include Saxwe Gbe kpà, Adja kpa, Fon kpà

#### Alternative forms

* kpà (Benin)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pà/

#### Verb

pà (Nigeria)
* to cut, specifically hair

##### Derived terms

* pà dà (“to cut hair”)
* pà odà (“to cut hair”)

### Etymology 3

Cognates include Saxwe Gbe kpà, Adja kpa, Fon kpà

#### Alternative forms

* kpà (Benin)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pà/

#### Verb

pà (Nigeria)
* to praise

## Haitian Creole
### Etymology

From French pas.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

### Adverb

pa
* not

#### Usage notes

* Double negatives (e.g. pa ... janm or pa ... anyen) are grammatically correct in Haitian Creole.

## Hiw
### Verb

pa
* to finish, (be brought to an) end

### Further reading

* Alexandre François, Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency: On two atypical subordinating strategies in the Lo-Toga and Hiw (Torres, Vanuatu) (2010), in Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy (edited by Isabelle Bril)

## Hokkien

* For pronunciation and definitions of pa – see 吧. (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 吧).

## Japanese
### Romanization

pa
* The hiragana syllable ぱ (pa) or the katakana syllable パ (pa) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kabuverdianu
### Etymology

From Portuguese para.

### Preposition

pa
* for
* to

## K'iche'
### Preposition

pa
* in
* at
* on
* to
* into
* toward
* from
* during

### References

* Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

## Koro (India)
### Noun

pa
* arrow

## Latvian
### Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Balto-Slavic cognates include Lithuanian pa-, Old Prussian pa-, po-, Proto-Slavic *po.

### Preposition

pa (with accusative or dative)
* on
* along
    iet pa ceļu ― to walk along the road
* to
* in
* through
* during
    pa naktīm ― during night
* by
    pa pastu ― by post
* over
    pa radio ― over the radio

## Liangmai Naga
### Pronoun

pa (dual panai, plural paliu)
* he, she

## Louisiana Creole
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/
* Rhymes: -a
* Homophone: Pa

### Etymology 1

Inherited from French pas (“step, pace, footstep”).

#### Noun

pa
* (a) step, (a) pace, (a) footstep

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Probably inherited from French "papa" or similar.”) Compare Louisiana Creole Pa (“Brer”).

#### Noun

pa
* (a) father, (a) dad
    Synonyms: pær, pap, papa, papi, pè, pèr, popa

### Etymology 3

Inherited from French pas (“not”).

#### Adverb

pa
* Most common adverb of negation in Louisiana Creole, typically translating into English as not, don't, doesn't, etc.
    Çé pa jist. ― It's not fair.
    To pa ka trouvé mô shyin? ― You can't find my dog?

##### Derived terms

* (prevocalic) p'
* pa aryin (“nothing”)
* pa ditou (“not at all”)
* pa nil-plas (“nowhere”)
* pa pærsonn (“no one”)
* pa-d-kwa (“you're welcome”)

## Luba-Kasai
### Verb

pa
* to give

## Macanese
### Alternative forms

* pra

### Etymology

From Portuguese para and pra. Compare Kabuverdianu and Papiamentu pa.

### Preposition

pa
* to
    Iou muto querê pa vôs ― I love you very much (literally, “I very much love to you”)
    metê limam pa tirâ amiz ― add lemon to remove the unpleasant flavour
* for
    águ pa banhâ ― bathwater (literally, “water for bathing”)
    sô pa iou ― only for me
    passâ iou pa mentiroso ― to take me for a liar
* towards, into
    dâ ung'a tricada pa águ ― to jump into the water

### References

* https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

## Mandarin
### Romanization

pa
* Nonstandard spelling of pā.
* Nonstandard spelling of pá.
* Nonstandard spelling of pà.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Middle English
### Noun

pa
* Alternative form of po

## Mokilese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa/

### Verb

pa
* to weave

## Mono (California)
### Etymology

From Proto-Numic *pa from Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa.

### Noun

pa
* water

## Muong
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː¹/

### Numeral

pa
* three

## Nguôn
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː¹/

### Numeral

pa
* three

## Occitan
### Adverb

pa
* not (indicates negation)

## Old Prussian
### Etymology

From the Proto-Indo-European root *upo- (“under, up”).

### Preposition

pa
* under

### Adverb

pa
* under

## Old Tupi
### Adverb

pa
* Lamy spelling of pá

## Palu'e
### Etymology

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

### Numeral

pa
* four

## Papiamentu
### Etymology

From Portuguese para and Spanish para and Kabuverdianu pa.

### Preposition

pa
* to
* for
* by

## Polish
### Etymology

Onomatopoeic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pa
* Homophone: pas

### Interjection

pa
* (familiar) bye

#### Derived terms

* pa pa

### Further reading

* pa in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* pa in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Ponosakan
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa (“still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)”). Cognate with Tagalog pa (“yet”), Mongondow -pa (“still”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /pa/

### Adverb

pa
* still;
    Notiyuh pa siya. ― He's still sleeping.
* more
* yet (with a negative)
* first

### Further reading

* J. W. Lobel (2015 December) “Ponosakan: A Dying Language of Northeastern Sulawesi”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 54, number 2, University of Hawai'i Press, pages 396–435

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Syncopic form of para.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /pa/
* (Portugal) IPA: /pɐ/
* Hyphenation: pa

### Preposition

pa
* (colloquial) Syncopic form of para

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Hungarian pá.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pa]
* Rhymes: -a

### Interjection

pa
* bye
    Synonym: la revedere

## Sassarese
### Preposition

pa
* Alternative spelling of pa'

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Common South Slavic; compare Slovene pa, Bulgarian па (pa). See also pa-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

### Conjunction

pa (Cyrillic spelling па)
* (and) then
    Synonym: ȍndā
    prvo ću skočiti ja, pa ti ― I'll jump first, (and) then you
    učenje pa odmor pa zabava ― learning, then rest, then fun
* (and) so, therefore
    Synonym: stȍgā
    Potrošio sam sav novac, pa sam se morao vratiti kući. ― I've spent all of my money, so I had to go back home.
* (with da or màkar) even if, even though, although
* (with ȉpāk) (and, but) yet, still
    bogat je, pa ipak usamljen ― he's rich, but still lonely
* (with da + i) even if

### Particle

pa (Cyrillic spelling па)
* so, so what
    Pa? ― So what?
* (for emphasis) well, so
    Pa dobro! ― All right, then!
    Pa što je s tobom? ― What's with you?
    Pa i ne baš ― Well, not exactly
    Pa što onda? ― So what?
* (regional, for emphasis) even
    Pa i moja baba već zna da to nije istina! ― Even my grandma knows that that is not true!

## Shona
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-páa.

### Verb

-pá (infinitive kupá)
* to give

## Skou
### Noun

pa
* water
    Móenòeng pe tue e tue pa.There are crocodiles in the water.

### References

* Donohue, Mark. Rópu we te máwo pílang te: Skou dictionary draft. s.l. 80pp. (2002).

## Slavomolisano
### Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian pa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

### Particle

pa
* well, so
** 2010, Luigi Peca, La guerre à Acquaviva:Alora pa, ka biša gvera, ka pa je rivala kurta nasa ova gvera, mi, tuna žene aš ljuda, te ljuda veča… ka bihu veča zdrave – nò? mahu sa po hranit.Well then, during the war, when this war came close to us, we, all the women and men, the men (who were) more… who were healthier – you know? had to hide themselves.

### References

* Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).

## Slovene
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/
* Audio:(file)

### Conjunction

pa
* and
    Jaz pa ti. ― Me and you.
* but
    Je dober, ne pa najbolši. ― He is good but not the best.
* so
    Zaspal je, pa je zamudil šolo. ― He overslept, so he was late for school.

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpa/ [ˈpa]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pa

### Noun

pa m (plural pas)
* (Latin America) Clipping of papá: dad; pop; papa

### Preposition

pa
* Alternative form of pa'

#### See also

* de pe a pa

### References

* Among the places this form is used is southern Arizona, per Anita Calneh Post, Southern Arizona Spanish phonology (1934), page 36: "The commonest loss of intervocalic r in southern Arizona is in para, which is always pa ..."

### Further reading

* “pa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

## Sumerian
### Romanization

pa
* Romanization of 𒉺 (pa)

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-páa.

#### Verb

-pa (no plain infinitive)
* to give to (someone)
    Nimewapa kitabu. ― I have given them a book.
    Nijawapa kitabu. ― I have not yet given them a book.

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of -pa (obligatory object concord) :
| Subjunctive | -pe |
| Negative | -pi |
Object concord :
Indicative positive :
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | -nipa | -tupa |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | -kupa | -wapa/-kupeni/-wapeni |
| 3rd person | m-wa$_{(I/II)}$ | -mpa | -wapa |
| 3rd person | other classes | — | — |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -jipa | -jipa |
| Subjunctive ||||
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | -nipe | -tupe |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | -kupe | -wape |
| 3rd person | m-wa$_{(I/II)}$ | -mpe | -wape |
| 3rd person | other classes | — | — |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -jipe | -jipe |
| Indicative negative ||||
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | -nipi | -tupi |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | -kupi | -wapi |
| 3rd person | m-wa$_{(I/II)}$ | -mpi | -wapi |
| 3rd person | other classes | — | — |
| Reflexive | Reflexive | -jipi | -jipi |
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

##### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -pea
** Passive: -pewa
** Reciprocal: -peana
* Nominal derivations:
** kipaji (“donation, gift”)
** mpaji (“giver”)
** upaji (“offering, giving”)

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Particle

pa
* pa class$_{(XVI)}$ inflected form of -a

## Tagalog
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /pa/ [pɐ]
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: pa

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa (“still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)”). Cognate with Cebuano pa (“id”), Malagasy fa (“for, but, therefore, because, that”).

#### Adverb

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)
* yet
    Hindi pa niya binuhay ang sinaing.He hasn't turned the rice cooker on yet.
* still; eventually; in the future
    Buhay pa ang bintilador; bakit hindi mo 'to pinatay?The fan is still on; why didn't you turn it off?
* in addition, too
* in the past
* even

##### Alternative forms

* p — text messaging

##### Derived terms

* pa naman
* pa rin

##### See also

* pa-

### Etymology 2

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜉ (pa).

#### Noun

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)
* the name of the Latin-script letter P/p, in the Abakada alphabet
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) pi, (in the Abecedario) pe

##### See also

* papa

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)
* (informal, familiar, childish) Clipping of papa.
    Synonyms: papa, ama, tatay, itay, tay, tatang
    Coordinate term: ma

### Further reading

* “pa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* AP

## Tho
### Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba, Muong pa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː¹/

### Numeral

pa
* three

## Tshobdun
### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷak.

### Noun

pa
* pig

### Further reading

* Jackson T. S. Sun, Typology of Generic-Person Making in Tshobdun Rgyalrong (2014)

## Walloon
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

### Noun

pa m (plural pas)
* father

#### Coordinate terms

* (gender): mame

## Welsh
### Alternative forms

* py

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid (compare *kʷis); compare Latin quid, Old Irish cid, Modern Irish cad, Cornish py, pe.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /paː/
* Rhymes: -aː

### Pronoun

pa
* (interrogative, archaic) what

### Determiner

pa
* which
    Synonym: pwy

#### Derived terms

* pa beth
* pa bryd
* pa fath o
* pa mor
* pa mor bynnag
* pa un, p'un

### Usage notes

* The usage of pa as an interrogative has been rendered obsolete by the modern word beth, which derives from the phrase pa beth (literally “what thing”).
* pa as a determiner tends to be replaced by pwy in Southern Welsh.

## West Makian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa/

#### Verb

pa
* (transitive, with ta-) to request, ask for
    tapa ampong te ni ― I ask you for forgiveness

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa(ː)/

#### Noun

pa
* Alternative form of papa (“female”)

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics
* James Collins (1982) Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎, Pacific linguistics

## Wutunhua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pʰɑ]

### Noun

pa
* friend

### References

* Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

## Yola
### Preposition

pa
.===Pronunciation===
* /pa/
* Aphetic form of apaa
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 60:Pa ooree; Pa cawl.Upon each other; Upon the horse.
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 69:Pa sthit.Upon the filly.
** 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:A wuf is pa varreen.The gad is on the headland.

### References

* Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 60

## Yoruba
### Etymology 1

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *kpa, possibly a Doublet of kú

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* (transitive) to kill
    Ẹ fẹ́ pa mí ni!?You want to kill me!?
** (transitive) to murder
    Ó pa ìyàwó ẹ̀.He murdered his wife.
** (transitive) to execute
** (transitive) to switch off, to turn off
    Má gbàgbé láti máa pa tẹlifíṣọ̀n.Don't forget to turn off the television.
** (transitive) to extinguish
    A dúpẹ́ pé wọ́n pa iná kó tó jó odindi ilé tán pátá.Thankfully the fire was extinguished before it burnt the whole house down.
** (transitive) to stop, to terminate
    Wọ́n pa ìlù.They stopped the drumming.
* (transitive) to pain, to kill
    Yéè! Ẹsẹ̀ yìí fẹ́ pa mí o!Ouch! My feet are killing me!
** (transitive) to disturb
    Ebi ń pa mí.Hunger is disturbing me.
       (I am hungry)
** (transitive) to intoxicate
    Ọtí ń pa wọ́n.Alchohol is intoxicating them.
       (They are drunk)
* (transitive) to open, to smash open, to thresh
    Ẹ bá mi pa obì yìí.Help me open this kola nut.
    Ó pa ọkà.He threshed the corn.
* (transitive) to hatch
    Adìyẹ mi ti pa ọmọMy hen's hatched chicks

##### Derived terms

* bọ́ pa (“to fatten in order to slaughter”)
* fara pa (“to injure the body”)
* gún pa (“to stab”)
* lù pa (“to strike dead”)
* pakà (“to thresh maize”)
* pamọ (“to hatch chicks”)
* paná (“to extinguish a fire”)
* pẹja (“to fish”)
* pààyàn (“to kill people”)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* (transitive) to tell, to convey
    Irọ́ l'o ń pa o! ― You're telling a lie!

##### Derived terms

* pariwo (“to make noise”)
* parọ́ (“to tell a lie”)
* pidán (“to practice magic”)
* pọfọ̀ (“to recite an incantation”)
* pàlọ́ (“to tell a riddle, to tell a folk story”)
* pàrokò (“to convey an aroko”)
* pàrọwà (“to entreat”)
* pàṣẹ (“to command”)
* pète (“to scheme”)
* pìtàn (“to tell a story, to narrate history”)
* pògèdè (“to recite an incantation”)
* pòṣé (“to kiss teeth”)
* pòwe (“to tell a proverb”)

### Etymology 3

Compare with Igbo kpa

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* (transitive) to rub
    Mo máa ń fi òrí pa ọwọ́ mi ― I use shea butter to moisturize my hands
* (transitive) to scorch, to drench, to beat usually in relation to weather
    Òjò ń pa mí. ― Rain is drenching me.
    Òjò ń pa òrùlé. ― The rain is beating the roof.
    Oòrùn ń pa mí. ― The sun is beating me.

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* to gain, to make
** to earn (money)
    Wọn kì í pa owó látinú iṣẹ́ yìí. ― They don't make money from doing such work.
    Ọbẹ̀ tó dùn, owó ló pa á ― A delicious stew; money is what earnt it
* pagbo (“to gather”)
* pawó (“to make money”)
* pàdánù (“to lose”)
* pàgọ́ (“to set camp”)
* pòfo (“to fail”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* to be in a state, defined by a following adverb
    Òkun pa rọ́rọ́. ― The sea is calm.

##### Derived terms

* pa rọ́rọ́ (“to be tranquil”)
* pirọrọ (“to be calm, to be in a false sleep”)

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pā/

#### Verb

pa
* to be tight
    Mo dè é pa ― I screwed it tight

##### Derived terms

* dè pa (“to screw tight”)
* dé pa (“to cover tightly”)
* dì pa (“to tie”)
* fún pa (“to pull tight”)
* kàn pa (“to hammer tight”)
* lọ́ pa (“to twist”)
* so pa (“to tie”)
* tì pa (“to shut tight, to lock”)
* wé pa (“to fold tight”)
* yí pa (“to turn, to twist”)

### Etymology 7
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k͡pá/

#### Verb

pá
* to be bald
    Ó pá lórí. ― He's bald on the head.
    (He is bald)

##### Derived terms

* apárí (“bald person”)
* párí (“to be bald”)

## Zazaki
### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”), cognates include Sanskrit पद् (pád), Latin pes (French pied), German Fuß, English foot.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔː/

### Noun

pa
* (anatomy) leg, foot

## Zou
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *paa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pa. Cognates include Chinese 爸 (bà) and Tibetan པ་ཕ (pa pha).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa˧˥/

#### Noun

pá
* father
* grandfather

### Etymology 2

Perhaps related to Etymology 1.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa˧/

#### Noun

pa
* cousin

### References

* Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 60