# 練

| 練 | U+7DF4, &#32244; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7DF4 |
| ← 緳 [U+7DF3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 緵 → [U+7DF5] |
| 練 | U+F996, &#63894; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F996 |
| ← 秊 [U+F995] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 聯 → [U+F997] |
| 練 | U+FA57, &#64087; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA57 |
| ← 節 [U+FA56] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 縉 → [U+FA58] |
| 練 | U+FAB0, &#64176; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAB0 |
| ← 絛 [U+FAAF] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 缾 → [U+FAB1] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 練 |
| Simplified | 练 |
| Japanese | 練 |
| Korean | 練 |

### Alternative forms

* Note the difference in the right-side component between traditional Chinese (柬) and Japanese shinjitai (東).
* Three CJK compatibility ideographs exists for this code point. Among them, U+FA57 corresponds to the Japanese kyūjitai form of this character.

### Han character

練 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+9 in Chinese and Korean, 糸+8 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 女火木田火 (VFDWF), four-corner 2599$_6$, composition ⿰糹柬 or ⿰糹東)

#### Derived characters

* 𭌈, 𬚎

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 932, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27631
* Dae Jaweon: page 1370, character 16
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3424, character 2
* Unihan data for U+7DF4
* Unihan data for U+F996
* Unihan data for U+FA57
* Unihan data for U+FAB0

## Chinese

* 練姓 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Liān (sèⁿ) (Southern Min)

### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 練
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 蘭 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 攔 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 欄 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 瀾 | *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːns |
| 讕 | *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːnʔ, *ɡ·raːns |
| 闌 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 韊 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 幱 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 籣 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 躝 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 爛 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 爤 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 鑭 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 糷 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 斕 | *ɡ·reːn |
| 揀 | *kreːnʔ, *ɡ·reːns |
| 柬 | *kreːnʔ |
| 暕 | *kreːnʔ |
| 諫 | *kraːns |
| 練 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 鍊 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 煉 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 楝 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 萰 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 堜 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 湅 | *ɡ·reːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·reːns): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liàn (lian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lin$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lien
    (Hailu, HRS): lien$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liên$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): līng
* Eastern Min (BUC): liêng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): loeng$^5$ / lyeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liang$^7$ / liêng$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^4$
*** Yale: lyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lin$^6$
*** Yale: lihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /lien³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /liɛn⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: līng
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: liêng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iɛŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: loeng$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lē̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /lœŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lyeng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyøŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liān
*** Tâi-lô: liān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛn²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɛn³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɛn³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: liang$^7$ / liêng$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liāng / liēng
*** Sinological IPA : /liaŋ¹¹/, /lieŋ¹¹/
* liang7 - Shantou;
* liêng7 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: lenH
Rime :
| Character | 練 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎甸切 |
| Baxter | lenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /len$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /len$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /len$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lien$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lien$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤen-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·reːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 練 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ len$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁen-s/ |
| English | sized white silk |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 練 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6141 |
| Phonetic component | 柬 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 練 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·reːns/ |

### Definitions

練
* (literary) white silk
    From: circa 495, 謝朓 (Xie Tiao),《晚登三山還望京邑》(Ascending the Three Peaks at Dusk and Gazing at the Capital), translated by Xu Yuanchong
    Yú xiá sàn chéng qǐ, chéng jiāng jìng rú liàn. [Pinyin]
    The coloured clouds spread like brocade, The river calm as silver braid.
* (literary) to boil and scour raw silk
* to practice; to drill; to exercise; to train
    練鋼琴／练钢琴 ― liàn gāngqín ― to practise the piano
    練腹肌／练腹肌 ― liàn fùjī ― to train one's rectus abdominis
* experienced; familiar
    老練／老练 ― lǎoliàn ― experienced; seasoned
* a surname

### Compounds

* 人情練達 / 人情练达 (rénqíngliàndá)
* 修練 / 修练 (xiūliàn)
* 光說不練 / 光说不练
* 凝練 / 凝练 (níngliàn)
* 勤練 / 勤练
* 匹練 / 匹练
* 團練 / 团练 (tuánliàn)
* 基本教練 / 基本教练
* 大練 / 大练 (Dàliàn)
* 寒地訓練 / 寒地训练
* 幹練 / 干练 (gànliàn)
* 彩練 / 彩练 (cǎiliàn)
* 拉練 / 拉练 (lāliàn)
* 捵練 / 捵练
* 排練 / 排练 (páiliàn)
* 操練 / 操练 (cāoliàn)
* 教練 / 教练 (jiàoliàn)
* 教練團 / 教练团
* 敏練慈愷 / 敏练慈恺
* 教練機 / 教练机 (jiàoliànjī)
* 教練車 / 教练车
* 新生訓練 / 新生训练
* 晨練 / 晨练 (chénliàn)
* 歷練 / 历练 (lìliàn)
* 歷練之才 / 历练之才
* 歷練老成 / 历练老成
* 洗練 / 洗练 (xǐliàn)
* 演練 / 演练 (yǎnliàn)
* 熟練 / 熟练 (shúliàn)
* 疋練 / 疋练
* 白練 / 白练 (báiliàn)
* 白衣教練 / 白衣教练
* 百鍛千練 / 百锻千练
* 研京練都 / 研京练都
* 磨練 / 磨练 (móliàn)
* 積理練識 / 积理练识
* 簡練 / 简练 (jiǎnliàn)
* 精明幹練 / 精明干练
* 精練 / 精练 (jīngliàn)
* 素練 / 素练
* 組練 / 组练
* 絢練 / 绚练
* 經練 / 经练
* 練兵 / 练兵 (liànbīng)
* 練兵積粟 / 练兵积粟
* 練功 / 练功 (liàngōng)
* 練唱 / 练唱
* 練土 / 练土
* 練字 / 练字 (liànzì)
* 練家子 / 练家子
* 練實 / 练实
* 練就 / 练就 (liànjiù)
* 練師 / 练师
* 練手 / 练手 (liànshǒu)
* 練把式 / 练把式
* 練武 / 练武 (liànwǔ)
* 練球 / 练球 (liànqiú)
* 練祭 / 练祭
* 編練 / 编练
* 練習 / 练习 (liànxí)
* 練習曲 / 练习曲 (liànxíqǔ)
* 練習生 / 练习生 (liànxíshēng)
* 練習簿 / 练习簿 (liànxíbù)
* 練習紙 / 练习纸
* 練聲曲 / 练声曲
* 練裳 / 练裳
* 練要 / 练要
* 練覈 / 练覈
* 練達 / 练达 (liàndá)
* 練達老成 / 练达老成
* 練馬師 / 练马师 (liànmǎshī)
* 總教練 / 总教练
* 老成練達 / 老成练达
* 老練 / 老练 (lǎoliàn)
* 職前訓練 / 职前训练
* 職業訓練 / 职业训练
* 苦練 / 苦练 (kǔliàn)
* 訓練 / 训练 (xùnliàn)
* 訓練有素 / 训练有素 (xùnliànyǒusù)
* 詳練 / 详练
* 諳練 / 谙练 (ānliàn)
* 赤練蛇 / 赤练蛇
* 通才練識 / 通才练识
* 集兵練卒 / 集兵练卒 (jí bīng liàn zú)
* 馬后練服 / 马后练服

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 練 |
| Kyūjitai | 練 &#xFA57; or 練+&#xFE01; |
| Kyūjitai | 練󠄀 練+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 練󠄃 練+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 練)
* to practice, to train, to drill
* to polish, to gloss
* to refine

#### Readings

* Go-on: れん (ren, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: れん (ren, Jōyō)
* Kun: ねる (neru, 練る, Jōyō)、ねり (neri, 練り)、ねりぎぬ (neriginu, 練)
* Nanori: ねり (neri)、よし (yoshi)

#### Compounds

* 訓(くん)練(れん) (kunren, “training; drill; practice”)
* 試(し)練(れん) (shiren, “test; trial; ordeal”)
* 修(しゅう)練(れん) (shūren, “training; drill; practice”)
* 熟(じゅく)練(れん) (jukuren, “skill; proficiency”)
* 洗(せん)練(れん) (senren, “refinement; polish”)
* 未(み)練(れん) (miren, “lingering attachment; regret”)
* 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū, “practice; exercise”)

### References

* ↑ “練”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

## Korean
### Hanja

練 (eumhun 익힐 련 (ikhil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 익힐 연 (ikhil yeon))
* hanja form of 련/연 (“practice”)

#### Compounds

* 훈련 (訓練, hullyeon, “training”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

練: Hán Nôm readings: luyện, lén, lẹn, rén, rịn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.