# catena
## English
### Etymology

From Medieval Latin catena, from Latin catēna (“chain”). Doublet of chain.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəˈtiːnə/

### Noun

catena (plural catenas or catenae)
* A series of related items.
** 1873, Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street:And, on the contrary, there is a whole catena of authorities, beginning with Sir Robert Peel and ending with Mr. Lowe, which say that the Banking Department of the Bank of England is only a Bank like any other bank [...]
* (soil science) A series of distinct soils arrayed along a slope.
** 2000, Ewan Anderson, Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics, Routledge, →ISBN, page 55:The changes in soil characteristics from the crest to the foot of a slope are together known as a catena.

#### Derived terms

* catena compound

#### Related terms

* chain
* catenal
* catenary
* catenative
* concatenate
* concatenation

#### Translations
### Anagrams

* acetan

## Interlingua
### Noun

catena (plural catenas)
* chain

## Italian
### Etymology

From Latin catēna.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaˈte.na/
* Rhymes: -ena
* Hyphenation: ca‧té‧na
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

catena f (plural catene)
* chain
* bond, fetter; subordination, repression
* tie, cord, bond
* tether (a rope, cable etc. that holds something in place whilst allowing some movement)

#### Synonyms

* ordito

#### Related terms

* catena alimentare
* catenaccio
* catena da neve
* catenaria
* catenella
* incatenare

### Further reading

* catena in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

### Anagrams

* ancate, catane, cenata

## Latin
### Etymology

From Proto-Italic *katesnā, further etymology unknown. Probably connected with caterva (“crowd”) and cassis (“hunting-net”).
Pokorny derives catēna, caterva, and cassis from Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”), with casa as another possible cognate.
Martirosyan connects cassis and catēna with Old Armenian ցանց (cʻancʻ, “casting-net”) and derives all from a Mediterranean substrate.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaˈteː.na/, [käˈt̪eːnä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈte.na/, [käˈt̪ɛːnä]

### Noun

catēna f (genitive catēnae); first declension
* chain

#### Declension

First-declension noun.

#### Derived terms

* catēlla
* catēnārius
* catēnātus
* catēnō
* catēnōsus
* catēnula

#### Descendants

* Insular Romance:
** Sardinian: cadena, carena, catena
* Balkano-Romance:
** >? Aromanian: cãtinã
** >? Romanian: cătină
* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Corsican: catena
** Dalmatian: cataina
** Italian: catena, cadena (northern)
*** → French: cadène
*** → Aromanian: cadenã, catinã
** Sicilian: catina
** Venetan: cadéna, caéna
* Rhaeto-Romance:
** Romansch: chadaina, chadagna, cadagna
* Gallo-Italic:
** Emilian: cadèna, cadèina
** Friulian: cjadene, čhadene
** Ligurian: caena, chen-a, cheina
** Lombard: cadena, cajena, caena
*** → Ligurian: cadeña
*** → Piedmontese: caden-a
** Piedmontese: chèina, chen-a
** Romagnol: cadèina
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: chêna, cheina, chaena, chana
** Old French: chaeine
*** Middle French: chaisne
**** French: chaîne
*** Norman: caîne
*** Walloon: tchinne
*** → Middle English: cheyne
**** English: chain
**** Scots: cheen, chyne (obsolete chainzie)
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Catalan: cadena
** Old Occitan: cadena, cana
*** Occitan:
    Auvergnat: chadena, chaina
    Gascon: cadea, caina, cadenha
    Languedocien: cadena
    Limousin: chadena
    Provençal: cadena
    Vivaro-Alpine: chadena, chaina, chaena, cheina
* Ibero-Romance:
** Aragonese: cadena
** Asturian: cadena
** Old Galician-Portuguese: cadea, cadẽa
*** Fala: cadea
*** Galician: cadea
*** Portuguese: cadeia
** Old Spanish: cadena
*** Spanish: cadena (see there for further descendants)
* Borrowings:
** → Basque: katea
** → Catalan: catena
** → French: catène
** → Portuguese: catena
** → Proto-Brythonic: *kaduɨn
*** Breton: chadenn
*** Middle Welsh: cadwyn
**** Welsh: cadwyn
** → Proto-West Germanic: *katinnjā (see there for further descendants)
** → Romanian: catenă

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “catēna”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 98
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 534
* ↑ Martirosyan, Hrach (2016) “Mediterranean substrate words in Armenian: two etymologies”, in Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander & Birgit Anette Olsen, editors, Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Copenhagen, 17-22 September 2012‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 294

### Further reading

* “catena”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “catena”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "catena", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* catena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to put some one in irons, chains: in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem
* “catena”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “catena”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin catēna (“chain”). Doublet of cadeia.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /kaˈtẽ.nɐ/
* (Brazil) IPA: /kaˈtẽ.nɐ/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /kaˈte.na/
* (Portugal) IPA: /kɐˈte.nɐ/
* Hyphenation: ca‧te‧na

### Noun

catena f (plural catenas)
* (geology) catena (series of distinct soils along a slope)