# casus
## English
### Noun

casus
* (logic, philosophy, obsolete) A possible world, as a starting point for reasoning.

#### Related terms

* casus foederis
* casus fortuitus
* casus omissus
* casus rectus
* rectus casus

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَاسُوس (jāsūs).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʒɑːˈsus], [d͡zɑːˈsus]
* Hyphenation: ca‧sus
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

casus (definite accusative casusu, plural casuslar)
* spy

#### Declension
## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cāsus (“chance, event”), the past participle of cadō (“to fall, happen”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkaː.zʏs/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: ca‧sus

### Noun

casus m (plural casussen or casus, diminutive casusje n)
* (law) a legal case
    Synonyms: rechtzaak, zaak
* a case, occurrence, instance, especially used for a case study, reference or teaching example
    Synonym: geval
* (grammar) a case, (instance of) grammatical case
    Synonym: naamval
* a coincidence
    Synonym: toeval

#### Related terms

* casuïstiek

#### Descendants

* → Dutch: c.q.
* → Indonesian: kasus

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* cassus (regular Republican spelling)

### Etymology

From cāssus with regular degemination after a long vowel, for cadō (“to fall, happen”) +‎ -tus (“action noun suffix”), from Proto-Italic *kadō, Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”). The grammatical sense is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek πτῶσις (ptôsis) (whence also calqued Old Church Slavonic падежь (padežĭ) (Russian паде́ж (padéž)), German Fall).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈkaː.sus/, [ˈkäːs̠ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈka.sus/, [ˈkäːs̬us]

### Noun

cāsus m (genitive cāsūs); fourth declension
* a fall, downwards movement
* accident, chance
* an event, happening, occurrence
* misfortune, disaster, destruction, accident
    Synonyms: plāga, incommodum, dētrīmentum, clādēs, interitus, perniciēs, exitium, vulnus, calamitās, incommoditās, pestis, īnfortūnium, cruciātus, miseria, malum, nūbēs
    Antonyms: commodum, commoditās
** L. Annaeus Seneca, Hercules 328:quem saepe trānsiit cāsus, aliquandō invenit.Misfortune will finds whom it often has spared.
* (grammar) A case, termination

#### Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

#### Hyponyms

* (grammar): [casus] nōminātīvus, genitīvus/genetīvus, datīvus, accūsātīvus, ablātīvus, vocātīvus, locātīvus, īnstrumentālis

#### Derived terms

* cāsuālis
* cāsus bellī

#### Descendants

* Asturian: casu
* Catalan: cas
* → Dutch: casus
** → Dutch: c.q.
** → Indonesian: kasus
* → Finnish: kaasus
* → German: Kasus
* Italian: caso
* Occitan: cas
* Neapolitan: caso
* → Old French: cas
** French: cas
** → Middle English: cas
*** English: case
*** → Irish: cás
* Portuguese: caso, acaso
* → Romanian: caz
* Romansch: cas
* → Russian: ка́зус (kázus)
* Sicilian: casu
* → Spanish: caso
** → Cebuano: kaso
** → Ladino: kavzo
** → Tagalog: kaso
* Swedish: kasus
* Venetan: caxo

### Further reading

* “casus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “casus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "casus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* casus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to foresee the far distant future: futura or casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere by some chance or other: nescio quo casu (with Indic.) the changes and chances of this life: ancipites et varii casus to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice: sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse to experience the ups and downs of life: multis casibus iactari to be prepared for all that may come: ad omnes casus subsidia comparare to prepare oneself for all contingencies: ad omnes casus se comparare to foresee political events long before: longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae (De Amic. 12. 40) (ambiguous) affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties: res ad extremum casum perducta est
* casus in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “casus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

## Polish
### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from Latin cāsus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈka.zus/
* Rhymes: -azus
* Syllabification: ca‧sus

### Noun

casus m inan
* (law) Alternative spelling of kazus

#### Declension
### Further reading

* casus in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* casus in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish جاسوس (casus), from Arabic جَاسُوس (jāsūs).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [dʒaˈsus]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

casus (definite accusative casusu, plural casuslar)
* spy
    Synonym: ajan

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
casus
casuslar
definite accusative
casusu
casusları
dative
casusa
casuslara
locative
casusta
casuslarda
ablative
casustan
casuslardan
genitive
casusun
casusların
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
casusum
casuslarım
2nd singular
casusun
casusların
3rd singular
casusu
casusları
1st plural
casusumuz
casuslarımız
2nd plural
casusunuz
casuslarınız
3rd plural
casusları
casusları
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
casusumu
casuslarımı
2nd singular
casusunu
casuslarını
3rd singular
casusunu
casuslarını
1st plural
casusumuzu
casuslarımızı
2nd plural
casusunuzu
casuslarınızı
3rd plural
casuslarını
casuslarını
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
casusuma
casuslarıma
2nd singular
casusuna
casuslarına
3rd singular
casusuna
casuslarına
1st plural
casusumuza
casuslarımıza
2nd plural
casusunuza
casuslarınıza
3rd plural
casuslarına
casuslarına
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
casusumda
casuslarımda
2nd singular
casusunda
casuslarında
3rd singular
casusunda
casuslarında
1st plural
casusumuzda
casuslarımızda
2nd plural
casusunuzda
casuslarınızda
3rd plural
casuslarında
casuslarında
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
casusumdan
casuslarımdan
2nd singular
casusundan
casuslarından
3rd singular
casusundan
casuslarından
1st plural
casusumuzdan
casuslarımızdan
2nd plural
casusunuzdan
casuslarınızdan
3rd plural
casuslarından
casuslarından
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
casusumun
casuslarımın
2nd singular
casusunun
casuslarının
3rd singular
casusunun
casuslarının
1st plural
casusumuzun
casuslarımızın
2nd plural
casusunuzun
casuslarınızın
3rd plural
casuslarının
casuslarının :

#### Derived terms

* casusluk

#### See also

* ajan
* muhbir
* çaşıt

## Zazaki
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic جَاسُوس (jāsūs).

### Pronunciation

* (Northern Zazaki) IPA: [dzɑˈsus]
* (Southern Zazaki) IPA: [dʒɑˈsus]
* Hyphenation: ca‧sus

### Noun

casus (plural -i)
* spy

#### See also

* casusiye kerdene