# -ka
## Basque
### Suffix

-ka
* Used to form adverbs from nouns.
    ‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)
** looking for
    ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)
** divided in, distributed in
    ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

#### Derived terms
## Curripaco
### Suffix

-ka
* progressive tense marker
    nuiraka : I am drinking

### References

* Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

## Czech
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Suffix

-ka f (noun-forming suffix)
* appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
    ‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka

### Suffix

-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)
* appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
    ‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

### Particle

-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)
* functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see eikä)
    ei → eikä
* (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
    saati → saatikka
* (non-productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.
    jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

#### Usage notes

* This particle is no longer productive.
* In some words the particle may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

#### Derived terms

* eikä (the most common usage of this clitic)
* -kalainen

## Gagauz
### Alternative forms

* -yka (after vowels)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Bulgarian -ка (-ka).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɑ/
* Always unstressed

### Suffix

-ka
* forms feminine singular nouns from originally masculine or genderless nouns
    ‎başkan (“president”) + ‎-ka → ‎başkanka (“female president”)

#### Usage notes

* Unlike most suffixes, this suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

### Further reading

* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “-ка”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 622

## Hungarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɒ]
* Rhymes: -kɒ

### Suffix

-ka
* (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
    ‎cukor (“sugar”) + ‎-ka → ‎cukorka (“candy”)
    ‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-ka → ‎asztalka (“small table”)
    jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

#### Usage notes

* (diminutive suffix) Variants:
    -ka is added to back-vowel words
    -ke is added to front-vowel words

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -cska
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ilocano
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Pronoun

-ka
* Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
    Napankan? ― Did you go already?
    Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
* Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
    Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.
    Estudianteka. ― You are my student.

#### See also
## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

#### Particle

-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
* Used to turn a clause interrogative.
* Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not

##### Usage notes

* In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
* In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

#### Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
* (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
    ‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä
    ‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka
* (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-kɑː/, [-kɑː]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-kɑ/, [-kɑ]

#### Suffix

-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
* (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

## Japanese
### Romanization

-ka
* Rōmaji transcription of か

## Kambera
### Pronoun

-ka
* first person singular accusative enclitic

### Particle

-ka
* perfective aspect enclitic
    Na-mutung-ka.It burned down.

#### See also
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Suffix

-ka f
* added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
* added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

#### Derived terms
## Old Norse
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-kōną.

### Suffix

-ka
* turns an adjective into a causative verb
    ‎víð + ‎-ka → ‎víðka
    ‎þurr + ‎-ka → ‎þurka
* turns a noun into a transitive verb
    ‎lit + ‎-ka → ‎litka

#### Descendants

* Icelandic: -ka
* Norwegian Nynorsk: -ka
* Swedish: -ka
* Faroese: -ka

## Old Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (10th–15th CE) /ka/
* IPA: (15th CE) /ka/

### Suffix

-ka f
* feminine noun suffix
    ‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

#### Derived terms
### Suffix

-ka n
* inflection of -ko:
** genitive singular
** nominative/vocative plural

## Pipil
### Suffix

-ka
* Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

### Further reading

* Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Suffix

-ka f
* feminine noun suffix
    Synonym: -na
    ‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka
* diminutive noun suffix
    ‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

#### Derived terms
### Suffix

-ka n
* inflection of -ko:
** genitive singular
** nominative/vocative plural

### Further reading

* -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Suffix

-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
* Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

### See also

* -inka
* -enka
* -ovka

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Suffix

-ka
* denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
    Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)
* sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
    mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

#### Derived terms
## Slovincian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/

### Suffix

-ka f
* forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
    ‎bednorz + ‎-ka → ‎bednorka
    ‎jagôda + ‎-ka → ‎jagódka

#### Derived terms
## Somali
### Article

-ka (feminine -ta)
* The masculine definite article; the

#### Usage notes

* This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
* After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

### References

* Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎, Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

## Swahili
### Suffix

-ka
* Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
    ‎-sikia (“to hear”) + ‎-ka → ‎-sikika (“to audible”)
    ‎-fungua (“to open”) + ‎-ka → ‎-funguka (“to be opened”)
    ‎shughuli (“occupation, trade”) + ‎-ka → ‎-shughulika (“to be busy”)

#### Derived terms

* Swahili causative verbs

## Upper Sorbian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

### Suffix

-ka
* added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
* added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

#### Derived terms
## Votic
### Etymology

From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-kɑː/
* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: [-kɑ]

### Suffix

-ka
* Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

#### Usage notes

This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ka]

### Etymology 1

Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

#### Alternative forms

* -kkwa (allomorphs)

#### Suffix

-ka
* forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-

##### Usage notes

This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

#### Suffix

-ka
* forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3
#### Suffix

-ka
* allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, page 148
* Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36