# -is
## Czech
### Suffix

-is n (noun-forming suffix, indeclinable)
* indicates a sharp of a note
    Měl zahrát gis, ale omylem zahrál ais.(please add an English translation of this usage example)

## Danish
### Suffix

-is
* indicates the sharp of a note; ♯

#### Antonyms

* -es

## Esperanto
### Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
    This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
The vowel of -is is likely cognate with the Latin perfect, as in amavit "s/he had loved", and the corresponding past infinitive amavisse.

### Suffix

-is
* ending of past tense in verbs, e.g. ami to love, ŝi amis she loved.

## Estonian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare -us and -s.

### Suffix

-is (genitive -ise, partitive -ist)
* Derives nouns.
    ‎petma (“to con, to trick”) + ‎-is → ‎petis (“conman, trickster, cheat, fraud”)
    ‎näitama (“to show”) + ‎-is → ‎näidis (“sample, specimen”)
* Derives forms of nouns used in compounds.
    ‎väli (“field, area”) + ‎-is → ‎välis- (“outside”)
    võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")

#### Declension
## Finnish
### Etymology 1

Probably from Swedish -is and possibly also extracted from slang terms including that suffix.

#### Suffix

-is (colloquial)
* -er, -ie; a suffix used to form nouns and proper nouns from place names, common nouns and adjectives; gives a familiar nuance to the original word; the original word is often truncated in the process.
    ‎kova (“hard, tough”) + ‎-is → ‎kovis (“badass”)
    ‎mestaruus (“championship”) + ‎-is → ‎mestis (“league of champions”)
    ‎paha (“bad”) + ‎-is → ‎pahis (“bad guy”)
    ‎Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) + ‎-is → ‎Roihis

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -is (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ikseni
-ikseni
accusative
nom.
-ikseni
-ikseni
gen.
-ikseni
genitive
-ikseni
-isteni -iksieni
partitive
-istani
-iksiani
inessive
-iksessani
-iksissani
elative
-iksestani
-iksistani
illative
-ikseeni
-iksiini
adessive
-iksellani
-iksillani
ablative
-ikseltani
-iksiltani
allative
-ikselleni
-iksilleni
essive
-iksenani
-iksinani
translative
-iksekseni
-iksikseni
abessive
-iksettani
-iksittani
instructive
comitative
—-iksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksesi
-iksesi
accusative
nom.
-iksesi
-iksesi
gen.
-iksesi
genitive
-iksesi
-istesi -iksiesi
partitive
-istasi
-iksiasi
inessive
-iksessasi
-iksissasi
elative
-iksestasi
-iksistasi
illative
-ikseesi
-iksiisi
adessive
-iksellasi
-iksillasi
ablative
-ikseltasi
-iksiltasi
allative
-iksellesi
-iksillesi
essive
-iksenasi
-iksinasi
translative
-ikseksesi
-iksiksesi
abessive
-iksettasi
-iksittasi
instructive
comitative
—-iksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksemme
-iksemme
accusative
nom.
-iksemme
-iksemme
gen.
-iksemme
genitive
-iksemme
-istemme -iksiemme
partitive
-istamme
-iksiamme
inessive
-iksessamme
-iksissamme
elative
-iksestamme
-iksistamme
illative
-ikseemme
-iksiimme
adessive
-iksellamme
-iksillamme
ablative
-ikseltamme
-iksiltamme
allative
-iksellemme
-iksillemme
essive
-iksenamme
-iksinamme
translative
-ikseksemme
-iksiksemme
abessive
-iksettamme
-iksittamme
instructive
comitative
—-iksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksenne
-iksenne
accusative
nom.
-iksenne
-iksenne
gen.
-iksenne
genitive
-iksenne
-istenne -iksienne
partitive
-istanne
-iksianne
inessive
-iksessanne
-iksissanne
elative
-iksestanne
-iksistanne
illative
-ikseenne
-iksiinne
adessive
-iksellanne
-iksillanne
ablative
-ikseltanne
-iksiltanne
allative
-iksellenne
-iksillenne
essive
-iksenanne
-iksinanne
translative
-ikseksenne
-iksiksenne
abessive
-iksettanne
-iksittanne
instructive
comitative
—-iksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksensa
-iksensa
accusative
nom.
-iksensa
-iksensa
gen.
-iksensa
genitive
-iksensa
-istensa -iksiensa
partitive
-istaan -istansa
-iksiaan -iksiansa
inessive
-iksessaan -iksessansa
-iksissaan -iksissansa
elative
-iksestaan -iksestansa
-iksistaan -iksistansa
illative
-ikseensa
-iksiinsa
adessive
-iksellaan -iksellansa
-iksillaan -iksillansa
ablative
-ikseltaan -ikseltansa
-iksiltaan -iksiltansa
allative
-ikselleen -iksellensa
-iksilleen -iksillensa
essive
-iksenaan -iksenansa
-iksinaan -iksinansa
translative
-iksekseen -ikseksensa
-iksikseen -iksiksensa
abessive
-iksettaan -iksettansa
-iksittaan -iksittansa
instructive
comitative
—-iksineen -iksinensa :
Possessive forms of -is (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-ikseni
-ikseni
accusative
nom.
-ikseni
-ikseni
gen.
-ikseni
genitive
-ikseni
-isteni -iksieni
partitive
-istäni
-iksiäni
inessive
-iksessäni
-iksissäni
elative
-iksestäni
-iksistäni
illative
-ikseeni
-iksiini
adessive
-ikselläni
-iksilläni
ablative
-ikseltäni
-iksiltäni
allative
-ikselleni
-iksilleni
essive
-iksenäni
-iksinäni
translative
-iksekseni
-iksikseni
abessive
-iksettäni
-iksittäni
instructive
comitative
—-iksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksesi
-iksesi
accusative
nom.
-iksesi
-iksesi
gen.
-iksesi
genitive
-iksesi
-istesi -iksiesi
partitive
-istäsi
-iksiäsi
inessive
-iksessäsi
-iksissäsi
elative
-iksestäsi
-iksistäsi
illative
-ikseesi
-iksiisi
adessive
-ikselläsi
-iksilläsi
ablative
-ikseltäsi
-iksiltäsi
allative
-iksellesi
-iksillesi
essive
-iksenäsi
-iksinäsi
translative
-ikseksesi
-iksiksesi
abessive
-iksettäsi
-iksittäsi
instructive
comitative
—-iksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksemme
-iksemme
accusative
nom.
-iksemme
-iksemme
gen.
-iksemme
genitive
-iksemme
-istemme -iksiemme
partitive
-istämme
-iksiämme
inessive
-iksessämme
-iksissämme
elative
-iksestämme
-iksistämme
illative
-ikseemme
-iksiimme
adessive
-iksellämme
-iksillämme
ablative
-ikseltämme
-iksiltämme
allative
-iksellemme
-iksillemme
essive
-iksenämme
-iksinämme
translative
-ikseksemme
-iksiksemme
abessive
-iksettämme
-iksittämme
instructive
comitative
—-iksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksenne
-iksenne
accusative
nom.
-iksenne
-iksenne
gen.
-iksenne
genitive
-iksenne
-istenne -iksienne
partitive
-istänne
-iksiänne
inessive
-iksessänne
-iksissänne
elative
-iksestänne
-iksistänne
illative
-ikseenne
-iksiinne
adessive
-iksellänne
-iksillänne
ablative
-ikseltänne
-iksiltänne
allative
-iksellenne
-iksillenne
essive
-iksenänne
-iksinänne
translative
-ikseksenne
-iksiksenne
abessive
-iksettänne
-iksittänne
instructive
comitative
—-iksinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-iksensä
-iksensä
accusative
nom.
-iksensä
-iksensä
gen.
-iksensä
genitive
-iksensä
-istensä -iksiensä
partitive
-istään -istänsä
-iksiään -iksiänsä
inessive
-iksessään -iksessänsä
-iksissään -iksissänsä
elative
-iksestään -iksestänsä
-iksistään -iksistänsä
illative
-ikseensä
-iksiinsä
adessive
-iksellään -iksellänsä
-iksillään -iksillänsä
ablative
-ikseltään -ikseltänsä
-iksiltään -iksiltänsä
allative
-ikselleen -iksellensä
-iksilleen -iksillensä
essive
-iksenään -iksenänsä
-iksinään -iksinänsä
translative
-iksekseen -ikseksensä
-iksikseen -iksiksensä
abessive
-iksettään -iksettänsä
-iksittään -iksittänsä
instructive
comitative
—-iksineen -iksinensä :

### Etymology 2

From German -is.

#### Suffix

-is
* (music) sharp, ♯
    Antonym: -es
    ‎A + ‎-is → ‎Ais (“A sharp”)
    ‎C + ‎-is → ‎Cis (“C sharp”)
    ‎D + ‎-is → ‎Dis (“D sharp”)
    ‎E + ‎-is → ‎Eis (“E sharp”)
    ‎F + ‎-is → ‎Fis (“F sharp”)
    ‎G + ‎-is → ‎Gis (“G sharp”)
    ‎H + ‎-is → ‎His (“B sharp”)

##### Derived terms

* -isis (“double sharp”)

### Anagrams

* -si

## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /i/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -iō → *-īō, -is → *-īs (sense 1–2); Latin -īvī, and -īvisti (sense 3–4). In the case of regular -ir verbs (like finir), the first singular present suffix was inherited from Old French -is, from Vulgar Latin *-īscō (cf. -iss-), while other first singular suffixes (also when added to irregular -ir verbs) are added erroneously.

#### Suffix

-is
* forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ir verbs
* forms the second-person singular present indicative of -ir verbs
* forms the first-person singular past historic of -ir verbs
* forms the second-person singular past historic of -ir verbs

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-is
* forms the first-person singular past historic of -re verbs
* forms the second-person singular past historic of -re verbs

### Etymology 3

Inherited from Old French -ëiz, from Latin -ātus (past participle ending) + -īcius (adjective-forming suffix).

#### Suffix

-is
* adjective- or noun-forming suffix, generally found attached to verbs

##### Derived terms
## German
### Etymology

Potentially shortened from Diesis.

### Suffix

-is (invariable)
* (music) sharp, ♯
    Antonym: -es
    ‎A + ‎-is → ‎Ais (“A sharp”)
    ‎C + ‎-is → ‎Cis (“C sharp”)
    ‎D + ‎-is → ‎Dis (“D sharp”)
    ‎E + ‎-is → ‎Eis (“E sharp”)
    ‎F + ‎-is → ‎Fis (“F sharp”)
    ‎G + ‎-is → ‎Gis (“G sharp”)
    ‎H + ‎-is → ‎His (“B sharp”)

#### Derived terms

* -isis (“double sharp”)

#### Descendants

* Norwegian Bokmål: -iss

## Hungarian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [iʃ]
* Rhymes: -iʃ

### Suffix

-is
* (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun to form a shortened diminutive name.
    ‎András (“Andrew”) + ‎-is → ‎Andris (“Andy”)

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -us
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Ido
### Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -is, back-formation of -as.

### Suffix

-is
* desinence of the past tense in verbs

### See also

* -as
* -os
* -ar
* -ir
* -or

## Indonesian
### Etymology 1

From Dutch -isch.

#### Suffix

-is
* -ic
    strategis ― strategic
    pragmatis ― pragmatic
* -ical
    praktis ― practical
    psikologis ― psychological

### Etymology 2

From Dutch -ist.

#### Suffix

-is
* -ist
    anarkis ― anarchist
    jurnalis ― journalist

### Further reading

* “-is” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Irish
### Etymology

From the dative form of Old Irish -as (“-ish”).

### Suffix

-is f
* -ish, -ese (used to form language names)

#### Declension

bare forms
case
singular
nominative
-is
vocative
a -is
genitive
-ise
dative
-is
forms with the definite article
case
singular
nominative
an -is
genitive
na -ise
dative
leis an -is don -is :

#### Derived terms
### Suffix

-is
* inflection of -eas:
** vocative/genitive singular
** nominative/dative plural

## Latin
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-is.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈis/, [ˈɪs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈis/, [ˈis]

#### Suffix

-is (neuter -e); third-declension two-termination suffix
* suffixed to the root of nouns in composition, forms adjectives of the third declension
    tri- + annus + -is → triennis
    bi- + penna + -is → bipennis
    ē- + norma + -is → ēnormis
    in- + somnus + -is → insomnis
    pro- + clīvus + -is → proclīvis
    brevi- + tarsus + -is → brevitarsis

##### Declension

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

##### Descendants

* → Swedish: -is (learned)
** → Finnish: -is
** → Norwegian Bokmål: -is
** → Norwegian Nynorsk: -is

#### References

* “-is” on page 970/3 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

### Etymology 2

Declined forms of -us (suffix forming adjectives). Derived from Proto-Italic -ois.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈiːs/, [ˈiːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈis/, [ˈis]

#### Suffix

-īs
* dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -us

### Etymology 3

Declined forms of -a (suffix forming masculine agent nouns).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈiːs/, [ˈiːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈis/, [ˈis]

#### Suffix

-īs m
* dative/ablative plural of -a

### Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-is
* second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (third conjugation)

### Etymology 5

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-īs
* (archaic) second-person singular sigmatic aorist active subjunctive of -ō (third conjugation)

### Etymology 6

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Suffix

-is
* genitive singular of -s

## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-is]
* Hyphenation: -is

### Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Indonesian -is.

#### Alternative forms

* -ikal
* -ik

#### Suffix

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)
* -ical; -ic.
    praktis ― practical
    gramatis ― grammatical

##### Usage notes

* Instances of this suffix are usually found in loanwords borrowed from Indonesian that have a more commonly used English-derived alternative. One example of this is the Malay term for pragmatic which can be expressed with the Indonesian-derived pragmatis that exists alongside the English-derived pragmatik.

### Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from English -ist, from Old French -iste and Latin -ista, from Ancient Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), from -ίζω (-ízō, “-ize, -ise”, verbal suffix) +‎ -τής (-tḗs, agent-noun suffix).

#### Suffix

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)
* -ist.
    anarkis ― anarchist
    sadis ― sadist

### Etymology 3

Borrowed from Portuguese -ês, from Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis.

#### Suffix

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)
* -ese.
    Kantonis ― Cantonese
    Portugis ― Portuguese

### References

* ↑ Omar, A. H. (1971). Standard Language and the Standardization of Malay. Anthropological Linguistics, 13(2), 81–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30029277

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-is
* Alternative form of -yssh

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-is
* Alternative form of -esse

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

From Swedish -is (diminutive suffix), from Latin -is.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɪs/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ɪs
* Hyphenation: -is
* Homophone: -iss

### Suffix

-is m (definite singular -isen, indefinite plural -iser, definite plural -isene)
* Used to form nouns from adjectives, verbs and other nouns

#### Derived terms
### References

* “-is” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “-is” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

### Anagrams

* is, si

## Plains Cree
### Alternative forms

* -sis

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Algonquian *-ehs. Cognate to Ojibwe -s.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ɪs]

### Suffix

-is (Syllabics -ᐃᐢ)
* Used to form diminutives: -ie

#### Derived terms
### References

* Jean L. Okimâsis (2018) Cree: Language of the plains‎, University of Regina Press, →ISBN, page 22

## Swedish
### Etymology

At least since the late 1880s. Originally from the Latin ending -is in words such as basis (“basis”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-ɪs/
* When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

### Suffix

-is c or n
* (colloquial, particularly common in the Stockholm area) Suffix that gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with a word; common with both nouns and adjectives; commonly used for place names, institutions and persons in their professional role, occasionally clipped: Medis, Frälsis, dagis, vaktis; compare English -y, -ie.
    Är du sotis över att hon träffar sina killkompisar på krogen?Are you jealous that she's seeing her male friends at the pub?
    Hämta vaktisen. Någon hade just sönder en fönsterruta.Get the janitor. Someone just broke a window.
* (colloquial) Similar to 1 in ad hoc combinations: pankis, sötis, snuskis; compare -ie.
    Kan vi äta pankisar med sylt och visgrädde idag?Can we eat pancakes with jam and whipped cream today?
    Du får inte hoppa över kontroller på orienteringen, din fuskis!You can't skip orienteering controls, you cheater ("cheatie")!

#### Usage notes

* Nouns ending in -is take either common (en) or neuter (ett) gender, often depending on the original word: ett daghem > ett dagis, en loppmarknad > en loppis, en vaktmästare > en vaktis.

#### Derived terms

* bagis
* bakis
* bebis
* brallis
* brådis
* bundis
* buskis
* dagis
* dekis
* funkis
* godis
* grattis
* kondis
* kådis
* käftis
* kändis
* lantis
* lodis
* loppis
* poppis
* rådis
* skakis
* sotis
* svartis
* vaktis

#### Descendants

* → Finnish: -is
* → Norwegian Bokmål: -is
* → Norwegian Nynorsk: -is