# 三十
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): sānshí
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄢ ㄕˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): san$^1$ si$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): саншы (sanšɨ, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saam$^1$ sap$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sâm-sṳ̍p
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sam$^1$ seb$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): săng-sĕk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): saⁿ-cha̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): san$^1$ zab$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$se-zeq$_8$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): san$^1$ shr$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sānshí
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄢ ㄕˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sanshíh
*** Wade–Giles: san$^1$-shih$^2$
*** Yale: sān-shŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sanshyr
*** Palladius: саньши (sanʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /sän⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: san$^1$ si$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sans
*** Sinological IPA : /san⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: саншы (sanšɨ, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /sæ̃²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saam$^1$ sap$^6$
*** Yale: sāam sahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saam$^1$ sap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sam$^1$ seb$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːm⁵⁵ sɐp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâm-sṳ̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: sam$^ˊ$ siib
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sam$^1$ sib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sam²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨp̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sam$^1$ seb$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sam⁴⁴ səp̚⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: săng-sĕk
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$nɛiʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: saⁿ-cha̍p
*** Tâi-lô: sann-tsa̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svazap
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sã³³ t͡sap̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sã⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sap̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sap̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sã⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sap̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: san$^1$ zab$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: saⁿ tsa̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /sã³³⁻²³ t͡sap̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$se-zeq$_8$
*** MiniDict: se$^平$ zeh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$se-zeq$_5$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: san$^1$ shr$^6$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /san³³ ʂʐ̩²⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /san³³ sz̩²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sam dzyip
Rime :
| Character | 三 | 十 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 蘇甘切 | 是執切 |
| Baxter | sam | dzyip |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑm/ | /d͡ʑiɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑm/ | /d͡ʑip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑm/ | /d͡ʑjep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sam/ | /d͡ʑip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑm/ | /ʑiəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑm/ | /ʑĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /sɑm/ | /ʑi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sān | shí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saam$^1$ | sap$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rum t.[ɡ]əp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*suːm ɡjub/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 三 | 十 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sān | shí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sam › | ‹ dzyip › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) | /*t.[ɡ]əp/ |
| English | three | ten |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 三 | 十 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10963 | 11452 |
| Phonetic component | 三 | 十 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 三 | 十 |
| Old Chinese | /*suːm/ | /*ɡjub/ |

### Numeral

三十
* thirty; 30
       Wǒ zuótiān shōudào le sānshí duō tiáo lājī duǎnxìn. [Pinyin]
       I received over 30 spam text messages yesterday.

#### Synonyms

* 卅 (sà)
* (Cantonese, colloquial) 卅呀

#### Derived terms

* 三十一 (sānshíyī)
* 三十七 (sānshíqī)
* 三十三 (sānshísān)
* 三十九 (sānshíjiǔ)
* 三十二 (sānshí'èr)
* 三十五 (sānshíwǔ)
* 三十兒 / 三十儿 (sānshír)
* 三十八 (sānshíbā)
* 三十六 (sānshíliù)
* 三十六天罡 (sānshíliù tiāngāng)
* 三十六計 / 三十六计 (Sānshíliù Jì)
* 三十四 (sānshísì)
* 三十年戰爭 / 三十年战争 (Sānshínián Zhànzhēng)
* 三十年河東，三十年河西 / 三十年河东，三十年河西 (sānshí nián hé dōng, sānshí nián hé xī)
* 三十暗晡
* 三十里堡 (Sānshílǐpù)
* 二九三十
* 大年三十 (dànián sānshí)
* 年三十 (niánsānshí)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 三十(さんじゅう) (sanjū)
* → Korean: 삼십(三十) (samsip)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 三 | 十 |
| さん Grade: 1 | じゅう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||
*/sanzipu/ → /sanʑifu/ → /sanʑiu/ → /sand͡ʑuː/
From Middle Chinese 三十 (MC sam dzyip). Analyzable as 三 (san, “three”) + 十 (jū, “ten”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さんじゅう [sáꜜǹjùù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑɨː]

#### Noun

三(さん)十(じゅう) • (sanjū)
* thirty

##### Derived terms

* うかうか三十きょろきょろ四十

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 三 | 十 |
| み Grade: 1 | そ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
⟨mi$_1$so$_1$⟩ → /miso/
From Old Japanese. Compound of 三 (mi, “three”) +‎ 十 (so, “ten”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mʲiso̞]

#### Noun

三(み)十(そ) • (miso)
* thirty

##### Derived terms

* 三十日(みそか) (misoka)
* 大晦日(おおみそか) (ōmisoka)
* みそじ (misoji)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 三 | 十 |
| Grade: 1 | Grade: 1 |
| irregular ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 三十 – see the following entry. :
| 【みそち】 | [noun] (obsolete) thirty [noun] (obsolete) thirty years of age Alternative spellings 三十歳, 三十路 |
(This term, 三十, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 三 | 十 |
| Grade: 1 | Grade: 1 |
| irregular ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 三十 – see the following entry. :
| 【みそじ】 | [noun] (uncommon) thirty [noun] (uncommon) thirty years of age Alternative spellings 三十歳, 三十路 |
(This term, 三十, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 三 | 十 |

### Numeral

三十 • (samsip) (hangeul 삼십)
* hanja form of 삼십 (“thirty”)