# -ja
## English
### Suffix

-ja
* (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.

#### Derived terms

* couldja
* didja
* wouldja

#### Related terms

* -cha

### Anagrams

* AJ

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jɐ/

### Pronoun

-ja (personal, nominative case)
* (enclitic) Alternative form of a

#### Related terms

| Number | Person | Gender | Proclitic | Proclitic | Proclitic | Proclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Aphetic | Aphetic | Aphetic | Aphetic |
| Number | Person | Gender | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R |
| Singular | First | — | aj- | m’ | m’ | m’ | -ja | -em | -em | -em | -ja | -m | -m | -m |
| Singular | Second | — | t- | t’ | t’ | t’ | -et | -et | -et | -et | -t | -t | -t | -t |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | l- | l- | g’ | s’ | -el | -el | -eg | -es | -l | -l | -g | -s |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | l’ | l’ | g’ | s’ | -la | -la | -eg | -es | -la | -la | | -g | -s |
| Plural | First | — | aj- | s’ | s’ | s’ | -ja | -es | -es | -es | -ja | -s | -s | -s |
| Plural | Second | — | aj- | v’ | v’ | v’ | -ev | -ev | -ev | -ev | -v | -v | -v | -v |
| Plural | Third | Masculine | j- | j- | g’ | s’ | -i | -i | -eg | -es | -j | -j | -g | -s |
| Plural | Third | Feminine | elj- | elj- | g’ | s’ | -li | -li | -eg | -es | -li | -li | | -g | -s |

## Estonian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.

#### Suffix

-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)
* -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-ja
* derives various adverbs
    sala "secretly" → salaja "secretly"

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-jɑ/, [-jɑ̝]
* IPA: [-(j)ɑ̝] (after -i-)

### Suffix

-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)
* Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er
    ‎katsoa (“to watch”) + ‎-ja → ‎katsoja (“a watcher, spectator”)
    ‎tehdä (“to do”) + ‎-ja → ‎tekijä (“a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor”)
    ‎syyttää (“to blame”) + ‎-ja → ‎syyttäjä (“prosecutor”)

#### Usage notes

* If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.
    ‎juokse- + ‎-ja → ‎juoksija
    ‎näyttele- + ‎-ja → ‎näyttelijä

#### Declension

The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (derivatives of type 62 verbs (voida) are an exception, however).
Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jani
-jani
accusative
nom.
-jani
-jani
gen.
-jani
genitive
-jani
-joideni -joitteni -jaini $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaani
-joitani
inessive
-jassani
-joissani
elative
-jastani
-joistani
illative
-jaani
-joihini
adessive
-jallani
-joillani
ablative
-jaltani
-joiltani
allative
-jalleni
-joilleni
essive
-janani
-joinani
translative
-jakseni
-joikseni
abessive
-jattani
-joittani
instructive
comitative
—-joineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jasi
-jasi
accusative
nom.
-jasi
-jasi
gen.
-jasi
genitive
-jasi
-joidesi -joittesi -jaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaasi
-joitasi
inessive
-jassasi
-joissasi
elative
-jastasi
-joistasi
illative
-jaasi
-joihisi
adessive
-jallasi
-joillasi
ablative
-jaltasi
-joiltasi
allative
-jallesi
-joillesi
essive
-janasi
-joinasi
translative
-jaksesi
-joiksesi
abessive
-jattasi
-joittasi
instructive
comitative
—-joinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jamme
-jamme
accusative
nom.
-jamme
-jamme
gen.
-jamme
genitive
-jamme
-joidemme -joittemme -jaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaamme
-joitamme
inessive
-jassamme
-joissamme
elative
-jastamme
-joistamme
illative
-jaamme
-joihimme
adessive
-jallamme
-joillamme
ablative
-jaltamme
-joiltamme
allative
-jallemme
-joillemme
essive
-janamme
-joinamme
translative
-jaksemme
-joiksemme
abessive
-jattamme
-joittamme
instructive
comitative
—-joinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-janne
-janne
accusative
nom.
-janne
-janne
gen.
-janne
genitive
-janne
-joidenne -joittenne -jainne $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaanne
-joitanne
inessive
-jassanne
-joissanne
elative
-jastanne
-joistanne
illative
-jaanne
-joihinne
adessive
-jallanne
-joillanne
ablative
-jaltanne
-joiltanne
allative
-jallenne
-joillenne
essive
-jananne
-joinanne
translative
-jaksenne
-joiksenne
abessive
-jattanne
-joittanne
instructive
comitative
—-joinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jansa
-jansa
accusative
nom.
-jansa
-jansa
gen.
-jansa
genitive
-jansa
-joidensa -joittensa -jainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaansa
-joitaan -joitansa
inessive
-jassaan -jassansa
-joissaan -joissansa
elative
-jastaan -jastansa
-joistaan -joistansa
illative
-jaansa
-joihinsa
adessive
-jallaan -jallansa
-joillaan -joillansa
ablative
-jaltaan -jaltansa
-joiltaan -joiltansa
allative
-jalleen -jallensa
-joilleen -joillensa
essive
-janaan -janansa
-joinaan -joinansa
translative
-jakseen -jaksensa
-joikseen -joiksensa
abessive
-jattaan -jattansa
-joittaan -joittansa
instructive
comitative
—-joineen -joinensa :
Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira).
Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jani
-jani
accusative
nom.
-jani
-jani
gen.
-jani
genitive
-jani
-jieni -jaini $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaani
-jiani
inessive
-jassani
-jissani
elative
-jastani
-jistani
illative
-jaani
-jiini
adessive
-jallani
-jillani
ablative
-jaltani
-jiltani
allative
-jalleni
-jilleni
essive
-janani
-jinani
translative
-jakseni
-jikseni
abessive
-jattani
-jittani
instructive
comitative
—-jineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jasi
-jasi
accusative
nom.
-jasi
-jasi
gen.
-jasi
genitive
-jasi
-jiesi -jaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaasi
-jiasi
inessive
-jassasi
-jissasi
elative
-jastasi
-jistasi
illative
-jaasi
-jiisi
adessive
-jallasi
-jillasi
ablative
-jaltasi
-jiltasi
allative
-jallesi
-jillesi
essive
-janasi
-jinasi
translative
-jaksesi
-jiksesi
abessive
-jattasi
-jittasi
instructive
comitative
—-jinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jamme
-jamme
accusative
nom.
-jamme
-jamme
gen.
-jamme
genitive
-jamme
-jiemme -jaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaamme
-jiamme
inessive
-jassamme
-jissamme
elative
-jastamme
-jistamme
illative
-jaamme
-jiimme
adessive
-jallamme
-jillamme
ablative
-jaltamme
-jiltamme
allative
-jallemme
-jillemme
essive
-janamme
-jinamme
translative
-jaksemme
-jiksemme
abessive
-jattamme
-jittamme
instructive
comitative
—-jinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-janne
-janne
accusative
nom.
-janne
-janne
gen.
-janne
genitive
-janne
-jienne -jainne $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaanne
-jianne
inessive
-jassanne
-jissanne
elative
-jastanne
-jistanne
illative
-jaanne
-jiinne
adessive
-jallanne
-jillanne
ablative
-jaltanne
-jiltanne
allative
-jallenne
-jillenne
essive
-jananne
-jinanne
translative
-jaksenne
-jiksenne
abessive
-jattanne
-jittanne
instructive
comitative
—-jinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
-jansa
-jansa
accusative
nom.
-jansa
-jansa
gen.
-jansa
genitive
-jansa
-jiensa -jainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
-jaansa
-jiaan -jiansa
inessive
-jassaan -jassansa
-jissaan -jissansa
elative
-jastaan -jastansa
-jistaan -jistansa
illative
-jaansa
-jiinsa
adessive
-jallaan -jallansa
-jillaan -jillansa
ablative
-jaltaan -jaltansa
-jiltaan -jiltansa
allative
-jalleen -jallensa
-jilleen -jillensa
essive
-janaan -janansa
-jinaan -jinansa
translative
-jakseen -jaksensa
-jikseen -jiksensa
abessive
-jattaan -jattansa
-jittaan -jittansa
instructive
comitative
—-jineen -jinensa :

#### Derived terms

* -iainen
* -jain

### See also

* -ari
* -in
* -kko
* -tar
* -uri

## Garo
### Affix

-ja
* Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.

## Gothic
### Romanization

-ja
* Romanization of -𐌾𐌰

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jɒ]
* Rhymes: -jɒ

### Suffix

-ja
* Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
** (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
    ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
** (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
    Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
** (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
    a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
** (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
    Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.
    Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt (e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt)
** (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
    Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
    Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
** (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
    Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
    jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
    legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

#### Usage notes

* (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
    -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
** This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).

#### Declension
### Suffix

-ja
* (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
** in indicative mood
    ‎tud (“to know”) + ‎-ja → ‎tudja (“he/she knows”)
    Tudja, hogy mit akar. ― He/she knows what he/she wants.
    ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)
    ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)
** in subjunctive (imperative) mood
    megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)
    ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)
    ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)

#### Usage notes

* (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Person | Person | Back vowel | unrounded | rounded |
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular | -ja | -i | -i |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | -itek |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural | -ják | -ik | -ik |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |||||
| Person | Person | Back vowel | Front vowel |
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | -d |
| te | long form | -jad | -jed |
| ő maga / ön | 3rd person singular | -ja | -je |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek |
| ők maguk / önök | 3rd person plural | -ják | -jék |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j | Assimilation rules of -j |
| s sz z dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) |
| st szt | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. |
| long vowel + t or consonant + t | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. |
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. |

### See also

* Category:Hungarian noun forms
* Category:Hungarian verb forms
* Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

#### Suffix

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
* Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er
    ‎kirjuttaa (“to write”) + ‎-ja → ‎kirjuttaja (“writer”)

##### Usage notes

* In the Soikkola dialect, bisyllabic verb stems followed by -ja do not get CVCVCV > CVCCVVCV gemination.

##### Declension

After the vowel -i-:

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

#### Suffix

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
* First infinitive marker.
    ‎nai- + ‎-ja → ‎naija
    ‎vee- + ‎-ja → ‎veejä

##### Usage notes

* Used after monosyllabic stems ending in -e- or -i-.

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ja/

### Etymology 1

See the lemma.

#### Suffix

-ja
* Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.

### Etymology 2

From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).

#### Suffix

-ja
* Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.

## Murui Huitoto
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ha]

### Suffix

-ja
* Alternative form of -a

### References

* Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎, Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 134

## Serbo-Croatian
### Suffix

-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)
* Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.

### See also

* -džija
* -edžija
* -ija

## Ye'kwana
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [-ha]

### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-ja
* forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?

##### Usage notes

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ja
* expresses complaint about the term it attaches to

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon
* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon