# 億

| 億 | U+5104, &#20740; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5104 |
| ← 儃 [U+5103] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 儅 → [U+5105] |

## Translingual
### Han character

億 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人卜廿心 (OYTP), four-corner 2023$_6$, composition ⿰亻意)

#### Derived characters

* 𨯑, 𬟆

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1178
* Dae Jaweon: page 252, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 227, character 6
* Unihan data for U+5104

## Chinese

* 億

### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 億 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Bronze inscriptionsb12362b15389Small seal scripts05812s07653Transcribed ancient scriptsL28411L28412L28413 |||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). |||
| | Old Chinese |
| 噫 | *qrɯːɡs, *qɯ |
| 譩 | *qɯ, *qɯʔ, *qɯl |
| 醷 | *qɯʔ, *qɯɡ |
| 意 | *qɯɡs |
| 鷾 | *qɯɡs |
| 憶 | *qɯɡ |
| 億 | *qɯɡ |
| 臆 | *qɯɡ |
| 繶 | *qɯɡ |
| 澺 | *qɯɡ |
| 薏 | *qɯɡ |
| 檍 | *qɯɡ |
| 癔 | *qɯɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯɡ): semantic 人 + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yi$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jik$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yet$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): i$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yi / yit
    (Hailu, HRS): rhi$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yi$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): i$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): i̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): é
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): i$^5$ / i$^4$ / ih$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ek / iak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): êg$^8$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$i / $^6$yi / $^7$iq / $^7$ieoq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yi$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: i
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jik$^1$
*** Yale: yīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪk̚⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yet$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jet̚⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: i$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /i³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi / yit
*** Hakka Romanization System: i / id$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^4$ / yid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /i⁵⁵/, /it̚²/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)i
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: rhi$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʒi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: i$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /i⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
*** Sinological IPA : /i³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: é
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛi²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: i$^5$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ī
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: i$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴²/
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ih
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ih$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /iʔ²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
*** Tâi-lô: ik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: eg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
*** Tâi-lô: iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: êg$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /ek̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$i
*** MiniDict: i$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$i
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /i³⁵/
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /i⁵²³/
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$iq
*** MiniDict: ih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$iq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɪʔ⁵⁵/
** (Northern: Songjiang)
*** Wugniu: $^7$ieoq
*** Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /iʌʔ⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: i$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'ik
Rime :
| Character | 億 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於力切 |
| Baxter | 'ik |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 億 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔik › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔ(r)ək/ |
| English | 100000 |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 億 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15157 |
| Phonetic component | 意 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憶 |
| Old Chinese | /*qɯɡ/ |

### Definitions

億
* hundred million (100,000,000) (sometimes written as 1,0000,0000)
** 2016, Wang Jianlin, A Date With Luyu‎:
       Dànshì ne, zuìhǎo xiān dìng yī ge néng dádào de xiǎo mùbiāo, bǐfāng shuō wǒ xiān zhèng tā yī ge yì. [Pinyin]
       But I think that it's better to set a small goal first. For example, make a hundred million [yuans].
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hundred thousand (100,000)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) peaceful; stable
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) brimming; plentiful; abundant
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “chest”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “to guess; to estimate; to surmise”)
* a surname

#### See also

Chinese numbers :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10$^2$ | 10$^3$ | 10$^4$ | 10$^6$ | 10$^8$ | 10$^{12}$ |
| Normal (小寫 / 小写) | 〇, 零, 空 | 一, 蜀 | 二, 兩 / 两 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | 百 | 千 | 萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) | 百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) | 億 / 亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China) |
| Financial (大寫 / 大写) | 零 | 壹 | 貳 / 贰 | 參 / 叁 | 肆 | 伍 | 陸 / 陆 | 柒 | 捌 | 玖 | 拾 | 佰 | 仟 | 萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) | 百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) | 億 / 亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China) |

### Compounds

* 不億 / 不亿
* 供億 / 供亿
* 億丈 / 亿丈
* 億中 / 亿中
* 億事 / 亿事
* 億仞 / 亿仞
* 億代 / 亿代
* 億億 / 亿亿
* 億兆 / 亿兆 (yìzhào)
* 億出 / 亿出
* 億劫 / 亿劫
* 億千 / 亿千
* 億品 / 亿品
* 億垓 / 亿垓
* 億姓 / 亿姓
* 億寧 / 亿宁
* 億年 / 亿年
* 億度 / 亿度
* 億庶 / 亿庶
* 億康 / 亿康
* 億庾 / 亿庾
* 億廩 / 亿廪
* 億忌 / 亿忌
* 億恨 / 亿恨
* 億探 / 亿探
* 億昌 / 亿昌
* 億測 / 亿测
* 億盈 / 亿盈
* 億眾 / 亿众
* 億祀 / 亿祀
* 億福 / 亿福
* 億萬 / 亿万 (yìwàn)
* 億萬斯年 / 亿万斯年
* 億計 / 亿计
* 億變 / 亿变
* 億負 / 亿负
* 億載 / 亿载
* 億載金城 / 亿载金城
* 億辛萬苦 / 亿辛万苦
* 億逆 / 亿逆
* 億逞 / 亿逞
* 億醜 / 亿丑
* 億類 / 亿类
* 億齡 / 亿龄
* 兆億 / 兆亿
* 八十億劫 / 八十亿劫
* 共億 / 共亿
* 千億 / 千亿 (qiānyì)
* 巨億 / 巨亿
* 庾億 / 庾亿
* 心億 / 心亿
* 愊億 / 愊亿
* 憑億 / 凭亿
* 百億 / 百亿
* 積億 / 积亿
* 綏億 / 绥亿
* 詭億 / 诡亿
* 逆億 / 逆亿
* 鉅億 / 巨亿
* 餉億 / 饷亿
* 麗億 / 丽亿

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)
* conjecture
* hundred million

#### Readings

* Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: よく (yoku)
* Kun: おしはかる (oshihakaru, 億る)、お (o)
* Nanori: かた (kata)

#### Compounds

* 巨(きょ)億(おく) (kyooku)
* 億(おっ)劫(くう) (okkū), 億(おっ)劫(こう) (okkō)
* 億(おく)兆(ちょう) (okuchō)
* 十(じゅう)万(まん)億(おく)土(ど) (jūman'okudo)
* 億(おく)万(まん) (okuman)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 億
* おく Grade: 4
* goon
From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おく [óꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [o̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

億(おく) • (oku)
* a hundred million, 10$^8$

#### Derived terms

* 億(おく)ション (okushon)
* 億(おく)り人(びと) (okuribito)

### See also

v • d • eJapanese numbers :
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 0 | 零 | れい、ゼロ | rei, zero |
| 1 | 一、壱、弌、壹 | いち | ichi |
| 2 | 二、弐、貳、貮 | に | ni |
| 3 | 三、参 | さん | san |
| 4 | 四、肆 | よん、し | yon, shi |
| 5 | 五、伍 | ご | go |
| 6 | 六、陸 | ろく | roku |
| 7 | 七、漆 | なな、しち | nana, shichi |
| 8 | 八、捌 | はち | hachi |
| 9 | 九、玖 | きゅう、く | kyū, ku |
| 10 | 十、拾 | じゅう | jū |
| 100 | 百、陌、佰 | ひゃく | hyaku |
| 1,000 | 千、阡、仟 | せん | sen |
| 10,000 | 一万、万、一萬、萬 | いちまん、まん | ichiman, man |
| 100,000,000 | 一億、億 | いちおく、おく | ichioku, oku |

### References

* ↑ “億”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).
* Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅳᆨ〮 (Yale: qúk) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 억〮 (ék)$^訓$ (Yale: ék) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 억 ( ek)$^訓$ (Yale: ek) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ʌ̹k̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [억]

### Hanja

Wikisource 億 (eumhun 억 억 (eok eok))
* hanja form of 억 (“a hundred million, 10$^8$”)

#### Compounds

* 수억(數億) (sueok)
* 십억(十億) (sibeok)
* 억겁(億劫) (eokgeop)
* 억대(億臺) (eokdae)
* 억만장자(億萬長者) (eongmanjangja)
* 천억(千億) (cheoneok)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

億: Hán Việt readings: ức
億: Nôm readings: tỉ, ức

### Noun

億
* chữ Hán form of ức (“a hundred thousand”).