# 長

| 長 | U+9577, &#38263; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577 |
| ← 镶 [U+9576] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 镸 → [U+9578] |
| ⾧ | U+2FA7, &#12199; KANGXI RADICAL LONG |
| ← ⾦ [U+2FA6] | Kangxi Radicals | ⾨ → [U+2FA8] |
| ⻑ | U+2ED1, &#11985; CJK RADICAL LONG ONE |
| ← ⻐ [U+2ED0] | CJK Radicals Supplement | ⻒ → [U+2ED2] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* 镸 (when used as a radical)

### Han character

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 7173$_2$, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸𰀀⿺乀丿(HT))
* Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

#### Derived characters

* Appendix:Chinese radical/長
* 倀, 𫪛, 㙊, 𪥽, 帳, 張, 悵, 掁, 涱, 𤟔, 𪯹, 棖, 𤊞, 𪺑, 脹, 𭀫, 𤬅, 𤲘, 𥇔, 䂻, 𬔡, 𧛇, 粻, 𦁢, 䗅, 𢐘, 䛫, 賬(𧹔), 䠆, 躼, 𮝙, 𮡙, 鋹, 𬼓, 䩨, 韔, 餦, 𮪉, 𩳤, 𩸕, 𮦳
* 𬪆, 𡘷, 萇, 㷃, 𥮲, 𩭨, 鼚, 𪠍, 痮, 𦹥

#### See also

* 𤭖, 髟, 瓺, 肆, 套
* 蕻, 隂, 𨼲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
* Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
* Unihan data for U+9577

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 長 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 張 | *taŋ, *taŋs |
| 餦 | *taŋ |
| 粻 | *taŋ |
| 漲 | *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs |
| 長 | *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs |
| 脹 | *taŋs |
| 痮 | *taŋs |
| 帳 | *taŋs |
| 賬 | *taŋs |
| 倀 | *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs |
| 鼚 | *tʰaŋ |
| 鋹 | *tʰaŋʔ |
| 悵 | *tʰaŋs |
| 韔 | *tʰaŋs |
| 萇 | *daŋ |
| 瓺 | *daŋ, *daŋs |
| 棖 | *rdaːŋ |
| 掁 | *rdaːŋ |
Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).
Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.

### Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): cháng (chang$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cang$^2$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): cháng
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): chán
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чон (čon, I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coeng$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): cong$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhòng
    (Hailu, HRS): chong
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cong$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): con$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): dǒ̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): dòng / diòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tn̂g / tôⁿ / tiô / tiôⁿ / tiông / tiâng / chhiâng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): deng$^5$ / ciang$^5$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): do$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$zan / $^2$zan / $^2$dzan
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhan$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cháng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cháng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^2$
*** Yale: cháng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charng
*** Palladius: чан (čan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: cang$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: cháng
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: chán
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): chan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰã²⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чон (čon, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$
*** Yale: chèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ciang$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: cong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: chong
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰoŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: con$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /tɔŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dòng / diòng
*** Sinological IPA : /touŋ⁵³/, /tuoŋ⁵³/
* dòng - colloquial;
* diòng - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit長 (長短) |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/ /t͡suə¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zã²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /zã¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑi³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /tiɔŋ³⁵/ /tŋ̍³⁵/ /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /touŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /tɔŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/ /tɯŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /siaŋ³¹/ /ʔdo³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: drjang
Rime :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直良切 |
| Baxter | drjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cháng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/ |
| English | long (adj.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 1276 |
| Phonetic component | 長 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 長 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋ/ |

#### Definitions

長
* long (of distance)
    長征／长征 ― chángzhēng ― Long March
* length
    全長／全长 ― quáncháng ― full length (of a river)
* long (in space); far; distant
* long (of time); lasting
* (Northern Wu, of a person) tall
       $^6$ngu $^5$pi $^6$yi $^6$zan $^1$se-zeq$_8$ $^6$li-mi$_6$ [Wugniu]
       I'm taller than him by thirty centimeters.
* everlasting; permanent
* constantly; frequently
    See also: 常
* straight; perfectly straight
* upright; right; good; fine
* strength; advantage; merit
* skill; specialism
* to excel in
* (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
* (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object
       hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       to divide into two segments
* (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
* a surname

#### Synonyms

(tall):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 高 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 高 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 高 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 高 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 高 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 高 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 高 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 高 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 高, 長 † |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 高 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 高 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 高 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 高 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 高 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 高 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 高 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 高, 猛 † |
| Hakka | Meixian | 高 |
| Hakka | Changting | 高 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 高 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 高 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 高 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 高 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 高 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Pingtan | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 懸 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 懸, 躼 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 懸 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 懸 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 懸 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 懸 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 懸 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 高, 長 † |
| Wu | Suzhou | 高, 長 † |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 長, 高 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 高, 長 † |
| Xiang | Changsha | 高, 上 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 高, 長 † |
| Note | † - of a person's height | † - of a person's height |

#### Compounds

* 不氣長 / 不气长
* 久長 / 久长 (jiǔcháng)
* 伸長 / 伸长 (shēncháng)
* 保長 / 保长 (bǎozhǎng)
* 修長 / 修长 (xiūcháng)
* 優長 / 优长
* 內長城 / 内长城
* 全長 / 全长 (quáncháng)
* 外長城 / 外长城
* 天長日久 / 天长日久 (tiānchángrìjiǔ)
* 天長節 / 天长节 (tiānchángjié)
* 子長 / 子长 (Zǐcháng)
* 寸長 / 寸长
* 專長 / 专长 (zhuāncháng)
* 履長 / 履长
* 廣長舌 / 广长舌
* 延長 / 延长 (yáncháng)
* 延長線 / 延长线 (yánchángxiàn)
* 延長賽 / 延长赛
* 悠長 / 悠长 (yōucháng)
* 所長 / 所长
* 手長的 / 手长的
* 扛長活 / 扛长活
* 拉長 / 拉长 (lācháng)
* 拉長線 / 拉长线
* 拉長臉 / 拉长脸
* 揚長 / 扬长
* 擅長 / 擅长 (shàncháng)
* 斜長石 / 斜长石 (xiéchángshí)
* 月長石 / 月长石 (yuèchángshí)
* 波長 / 波长 (bōcháng)
* 深長 / 深长 (shēncháng)
* 漫長 / 漫长 (màncháng)
* 片長 / 片长
* 特長 / 特长 (tècháng)
* 狹長 / 狭长 (xiácháng)
* 瘦長 / 瘦长 (shòucháng)
* 睡長覺 / 睡长觉
* 短長 / 短长
* 等長 / 等长
* 細水長流 / 细水长流 (xìshuǐchángliú)
* 細長 / 细长 (xìcháng)
* 綿長 / 绵长 (miáncháng)
* 說短長 / 说短长 (shuō duǎncháng)
* 說長短 / 说长短
* 賣長舌 / 卖长舌
* 身長 / 身长 (shēncháng)
* 車長 / 车长
* 輝長岩 / 辉长岩
* 長三 / 长三
* 長世 / 长世
* 長久 / 长久 (chángjiǔ)
* 長亭 / 长亭 (chángtíng)
* 長人 / 长人 (chángrén)
* 長休告 / 长休告
* 長休飯 / 长休饭
* 長住 / 长住 (chángzhù)
* 長便 / 长便
* 長信宮 / 长信宫
* 長假 / 长假 (chángjià)
* 長兵 / 长兵
* 長冊 / 长册
* 長刀 / 长刀 (chángdāo)
* 長句 / 长句 (chángjù)
* 長吁
* 長吁短嘆 / 长吁短叹 (chángxūduǎntàn)
* 長吟 / 长吟
* 長吻魚 / 长吻鱼
* 長命 / 长命 (chángmìng)
* 長命縷 / 长命缕
* 長命釘 / 长命钉
* 長命鎖 / 长命锁 (chángmìngsuǒ)
* 長嘆 / 长叹 (chángtàn)
* 長嘯 / 长啸 (chángxiào)
* 長噸 / 长吨 (chángdūn)
* 長圍 / 长围
* 長圓 / 长圆 (chángyuán)
* 長坂 / 长坂
* 長坂坡 / 长坂坡
* 長城 / 长城 (Chángchéng)
* 長埫口 / 长埫口 (Chángtǎngkǒu)
* 長堰 / 长堰 (Chángyàn)
* 長堤 / 长堤
* 長壽 / 长寿 (chángshòu)
* 長壽麵 / 长寿面 (chángshòumiàn)
* 長夏 / 长夏
* 長夜 / 长夜 (chángyè)
* 長夜飲 / 长夜饮
* 長天 / 长天 (chángtiān)
* 長夫 / 长夫
* 長存 / 长存 (chángcún)
* 長安 / 长安 (cháng'ān)
* 長局 / 长局 (chángjú)
* 長尾猴 / 长尾猴
* 長尾雞 / 长尾鸡
* 長尾鮫 / 长尾鲛
* 長居 / 长居
* 長島 / 长岛 (Chángdǎo)
* 長崎 / 长崎 (Chángqí)
* 長嶺 / 长岭 (Chánglǐng)
* 長川 / 长川 (chángchuān)
* 長工 / 长工 (chánggōng)
* 長干巷
* 長干曲
* 長年 / 长年
* 長年菜 / 长年菜
* 長庚 / 长庚 (chánggēng)
* 長度 / 长度 (chángdù)
* 長廊 / 长廊 (chángláng)
* 長征 (chángzhēng)
* 長思 / 长思
* 長性 / 长性 (chángxìng)
* 長恨傳 / 长恨传
* 長恨歌 / 长恨歌
* 長慶集 / 长庆集
* 長慶體 / 长庆体
* 長戳 / 长戳
* 長才 / 长才 (chángcái)
* 長打 / 长打 (chángdǎ)
* 長技 / 长技 (chángjì)
* 長挑 / 长挑
* 長拳 / 长拳
* 長揖 / 长揖
* 長攙攙 / 长搀搀
* 長方 / 长方 (chángfāng)
* 長方形 / 长方形 (chángfāngxíng)
* 長方體 / 长方体 (chángfāngtǐ)
* 長日 / 长日
* 長明燈 / 长明灯 (chángmíngdēng)
* 長春 / 长春 (Chángchūn)
* 長春河 / 长春河 (Chángchūn Hé)
* 長春花 / 长春花 (chángchūnhuā)
* 長曆 / 长历
* 長書 / 长书
* 長期 / 长期 (chángqī)
* 長材 / 长材
* 長林 / 长林
* 長板 / 长板
* 長枷 / 长枷
* 長案 / 长案
* 長梁 (Chángliáng)
* 長條兒 / 长条儿
* 長條圖 / 长条图
* 長楸 / 长楸
* 長楊 / 长杨
* 長槍 / 长枪 (chángqiāng)
* 長樂 / 长乐 (chánglè)
* 長樂宮 / 长乐宫 (Chánglègōng)
* 長歌 / 长歌 (chánggē)
* 長歲錢 / 长岁钱
* 長毛 / 长毛
* 長毛絨 / 长毛绒 (chángmáoróng)
* 長毛象 / 长毛象 (chángmáoxiàng)
* 長江 / 长江 (Cháng Jiāng)
* 長江埠 / 长江埠 (Chángjiāngbù)
* 長泰 / 长泰 (Chángtài)
* 長河 / 长河 (chánghé)
* 長治 / 长治 (Chángzhì)
* 長法 / 长法 (chángfǎ)
* 長波 / 长波 (chángbō)
* 長流 / 长流
* 長湖 / 长湖 (Chánghú)
* 長港 / 长港 (Chánggǎng)
* 長漏 / 长漏
* 長潭河 / 长潭河 (Chángtánhé)
* 長濱 / 长滨 (Chángbīn)
* 長灘 / 长滩 (Chángtān)
* 長班 / 长班
* 長生 / 长生 (chángshēng)
* 長生庫 / 长生库
* 長生果 / 长生果 (chángshēngguǒ)
* 長生殿 / 长生殿 (Chángshēng Diàn)
* 長白山 / 长白山 (Chángbáishān)
* 長相思 / 长相思
* 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián)
* 長短 / 长短 (chángduǎn)
* 長短句 / 长短句 (chángduǎnjù)
* 長石 / 长石 (chángshí)
* 長磧 / 长碛 (Chángqì)
* 長程 / 长程 (chángchéng)
* 長空 / 长空 (chángkōng)
* 長竿 / 长竿
* 長笛 / 长笛 (chángdí)
* 長策 / 长策 (chángcè)
* 長箋 / 长笺
* 長算 / 长算
* 長篇 / 长篇 (chángpiān)
* 長紅 / 长红
* 長統襪 / 长统袜 (chángtǒngwà)
* 長線 / 长线 (chángxiàn)
* 長編 / 长编 (chángbiān)
* 長纓 / 长缨 (chángyīng)
* 長耳公 / 长耳公
* 長耳鴞 / 长耳鸮
* 長腰 / 长腰
* 長腳蜂 / 长脚蜂
* 長臂猿 / 长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
* 長臂蝦 / 长臂虾
* 長至 / 长至
* 長舌 / 长舌 (chángshé)
* 長舌婦 / 长舌妇 (chángshéfù)
* 長舌頭 / 长舌头
* 長著臉 / 长著脸
* 長處 / 长处 (chángchù)
* 長號 / 长号
* 長虹 / 长虹 (chánghóng)
* 長蟲 / 长虫
* 長行 / 长行 (chángxíng)
* 長衫 / 长衫 (chángshān)
* 長袂 / 长袂
* 長袍 / 长袍 (chángpáo)
* 長角果 / 长角果
* 長解 / 长解
* 長話 / 长话 (chánghuà)
* 長談 / 长谈 (chángtán)
* 長調 / 长调 (chángdiào)
* 長豇豆 / 长豇豆
* 長足 / 长足 (chángzú)
* 長跑 / 长跑 (chángpǎo)
* 長路 / 长路 (chánglù)
* 長跪 / 长跪 (chángguì)
* 長車 / 长车
* 長轂 / 长毂
* 長辭 / 长辞 (chángcí)
* 長逝 / 长逝 (chángshì)
* 長途 / 长途 (chángtú)
* 長遠 / 长远 (chángyuǎn)
* 長邁 / 长迈
* 長里崗 / 长里岗
* 長針 / 长针 (chángzhēn)
* 長鋏 / 长铗
* 長鋒筆 / 长锋笔
* 長錢 / 长钱
* 長鎗 / 长枪 (chángqiāng)
* 長鎩 / 长铩
* 長鏡頭 / 长镜头
* 長鑱 / 长镵
* 長門 / 长门
* 長門賦 / 长门赋
* 長關 / 长关
* 長陵 / 长陵
* 長陽 / 长阳 (Chángyáng)
* 長隨 / 长随
* 長離 / 长离
* 長青 / 长青 (chángqīng)
* 長青樹 / 长青树
* 長項 / 长项 (chángxiàng)
* 長頭布 / 长头布
* 長頸鹿 / 长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù)
* 長風 / 长风 (chángfēng)
* 長馬 / 长马
* 長驅 / 长驱 (chángqū)
* 長骨 / 长骨 (chánggǔ)
* 長髮 / 长发 (chángfà)
* 長鬣 / 长鬣
* 長魟 / 长𫚉 (chánghóng)
* 長鯨 / 长鲸
* 長鳴 / 长鸣 (chángmíng)
* 長黑 / 长黑
* 長鼓 / 长鼓 (chánggǔ)
* 長鼻目 / 长鼻目
* 長齋 / 长斋 (chángzhāi)
* 長齡 / 长龄
* 長龍 / 长龙 (chánglóng)
* 鞭長莫及 / 鞭长莫及 (biānchángmòjí)
* 音長 / 音长
* 頎長 / 颀长 (qícháng)
* 馬齒長 / 马齿长

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhǎng (zhang$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җон (žon, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zoeng$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ziang$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chóng
    (Hailu, HRS): zhong$^ˊ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): diōng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tióng / tiáng / tiúⁿ / tióⁿ / tiáuⁿ / chiáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziang$^2$ / dion$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎng
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^3$
*** Yale: jǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaang
*** Palladius: чжан (čžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җон (žon, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoeng$^2$
*** Yale: jéung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœːŋ³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ziang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng
*** Hakka Romanization System: zong$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: zhong$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃoŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diōng
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Changtai)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
*** Tâi-lô: tióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Changtai): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáng
*** Tâi-lô: tiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiaŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiúⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tiúnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dviuo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiũ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /tiũ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiũ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tiónn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dvioir
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiɔ̃⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáuⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tiáunn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dviao
*** IPA (Penang): /tiãu⁴⁴⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng
*** Tâi-lô: tsiáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciarng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siaŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siaŋ⁵³/
* tióng/tiáng - literary;
* tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
* chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
* Middle Chinese: trjangX
Rime :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 知丈切 |
| Baxter | trjangX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶi̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoeng$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*traŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*taŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*traŋʔ/ |
| English | grow; elder |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 1263 |
| Phonetic component | 長 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 長 |
| Old Chinese | /*taŋʔ/ |

#### Definitions

長
* to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    長大／长大 ― zhǎngdà ― to grow old
       Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
       The tree in my house is growing healthily.
* (transitive, with 得 (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear
       Tā zhǎng de hěn xiàng tā bàbà. [Pinyin]
       He looks a lot like his dad.
       Tā zhǎng de yòu gāo yòu shuài. [Pinyin]
       He is tall and handsome.
* (transitive) to increase; to enhance
* (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    See also: 漲
* to nourish
* old (of age)
    年長／年长 ― niánzhǎng ― senior
* senior; elder
    兄長／兄长 ― xiōngzhǎng ― elder brother
* leader; master; chief; head
* eldest; oldest
* to exalt; to honor
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
    They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
* to wield; to be in control of

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 生, 長 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 長 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 長 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 長 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 長 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 生 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 長 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 長 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 生 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 長 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 長 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 生 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 生 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 生 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 生 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 長 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 生 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 生 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 生 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 生 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 生 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 生 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 生 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 長 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 生 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 生 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 生 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 生 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 生 GT |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 生 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 生 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 生 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 生 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 生 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 長 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 生 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 生 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 生 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 生 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |

#### Compounds

* 不學長俊 / 不学长俊
* 不長眼睛 / 不长眼睛
* 不長進 / 不长进
* 亭長 / 亭长 (tíngzhǎng)
* 伍長 / 伍长
* 使長 / 使长
* 停留長智 / 停留长智
* 兄長 / 兄长 (xiōngzhǎng)
* 典獄長 / 典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
* 再長爹娘 / 再长爹娘
* 列車長 / 列车长
* 副會長 / 副会长
* 副議長 / 副议长
* 助長 / 助长 (zhùzhǎng)
* 千夫長 / 千夫长
* 司長 / 司长 (sīzhǎng)
* 名譽校長 / 名誉校长
* 君長 / 君长
* 團長 / 团长 (tuánzhǎng)
* 土生土長 / 土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
* 土長根生 / 土长根生
* 增長 / 增长 (zēngzhǎng)
* 增長見識 / 增长见识
* 大家長 / 大家长
* 大長公主 / 大长公主
* 女長須嫁 / 女长须嫁
* 嫡長子 / 嫡长子 (dízhǎngzǐ)
* 學長 / 学长 (xuézhǎng)
* 官長 / 官长 (guānzhǎng)
* 客長 / 客长
* 家長 / 家长 (jiāzhǎng)
* 家長制 / 家长制
* 審判長 / 审判长 (shěnpànzhǎng)
* 將兵長史 / 将兵长史
* 尊長 / 尊长 (zūnzhǎng)
* 山長 / 山长
* 州長 / 州长 (zhōuzhǎng)
* 市長 / 市长 (shìzhǎng)
* 師長 / 师长 (shīzhǎng)
* 年長 / 年长 (niánzhǎng)
* 店長 / 店长 (diànzhǎng)
* 庭長 / 庭长
* 廠長 / 厂长 (chǎngzhǎng)
* 廳長 / 厅长 (tīngzhǎng)
* 彼長我消 / 彼长我消
* 成長 / 成长 (chéngzhǎng)
* 成長率 / 成长率 (chéngzhǎnglǜ)
* 成長股 / 成长股
* 戶長 / 户长
* 拉名糧長 / 拉名粮长
* 拔苗助長 / 拔苗助长 (bámiáozhùzhǎng)
* 挾長 / 挟长
* 排長 / 排长 (páizhǎng)
* 揠苗助長 / 揠苗助长 (yàmiáozhùzhǎng)
* 敖不可長 / 敖不可长
* 教務長 / 教务长
* 教學相長 / 教学相长 (jiàoxuéxiāngzhǎng)
* 旅長 / 旅长 (lǚzhǎng)
* 族長 / 族长 (zúzhǎng)
* 晶粒生長 / 晶粒生长
* 會長 / 会长 (huìzhǎng)
* 村生泊長 / 村生泊长
* 村長 / 村长 (cūnzhǎng)
* 根生土長 / 根生土长
* 案長 / 案长
* 校長 / 校长 (xiàozhǎng)
* 機長 / 机长 (jīzhǎng)
* 次長 / 次长 (cìzhǎng)
* 水長船高 / 水长船高
* 沒出長 / 没出长
* 沒長眼 / 没长眼
* 沒長進 / 没长进
* 消長 / 消长 (xiāozhǎng)
* 滋長 / 滋长 (zīzhǎng)
* 火長 / 火长
* 王長 / 王长
* 班長 / 班长 (bānzhǎng)
* 理事長 / 理事长 (lǐshìzhǎng)
* 生長 / 生长 (shēngzhǎng)
* 生長期 / 生长期 (shēngzhǎngqī)
* 生長激素 / 生长激素 (shēngzhǎng jīsù)
* 生長素 / 生长素 (shēngzhǎngsù)
* 生長輪 / 生长轮
* 生長點 / 生长点
* 甲長 / 甲长
* 痴長 / 痴长 (chīzhǎng)
* 瘋長 / 疯长
* 百夫長 / 百夫长 (bǎifūzhǎng)
* 盟長 / 盟长 (méngzhǎng)
* 目無尊長 / 目无尊长 (mùwúzūnzhǎng)
* 省長 / 省长 (shěngzhǎng)
* 社長 / 社长 (shèzhǎng)
* 祕書長 / 秘书长 (mìshūzhǎng)
* 科長 / 科长 (kēzhǎng)
* 稍長膽壯 / 稍长胆壮
* 站長 / 站长 (zhànzhǎng)
* 糧長 / 粮长
* 級長 / 级长 (jízhǎng)
* 組長 / 组长 (zǔzhǎng)
* 經濟成長 / 经济成长
* 縣長 / 县长 (xiànzhǎng)
* 署長 / 署长 (shǔzhǎng)
* 翁長 / 翁长
* 老身長子 / 老身长子
* 老道長 / 老道长
* 股長 / 股长 (gǔzhǎng)
* 船長 / 船长 (chuánzhǎng)
* 艦長 / 舰长 (jiànzhǎng)
* 色長 / 色长
* 茁長 / 茁长 (zhuózhǎng)
* 草長鶯飛 / 草长莺飞
* 董事長 / 董事长 (dǒngshìzhǎng)
* 處長 / 处长 (chùzhǎng)
* 見不長 / 见不长
* 見長 / 见长
* 觸類而長 / 触类而长
* 課長 / 课长 (kèzhǎng)
* 議長 / 议长 (yìzhǎng)
* 護士長 / 护士长 (hùshìzhǎng)
* 負成長 / 负成长
* 軍長 / 军长 (jūnzhǎng)
* 連長 / 连长 (liánzhǎng)
* 道長 / 道长 (dàozhǎng)
* 部會首長 / 部会首长
* 部長 / 部长 (bùzhǎng)
* 部隊長 / 部队长
* 鄉長 / 乡长 (xiāngzhǎng)
* 鄰長 / 邻长
* 酋長 / 酋长 (qiúzhǎng)
* 酋長制度 / 酋长制度
* 里長 (lǐzhǎng)
* 鈞長 / 钧长
* 鋪長 / 铺长
* 鎮長 / 镇长 (zhènzhǎng)
* 長上 / 长上 (zhǎngshàng)
* 長俊 / 长俊 (zhǎngjùn)
* 長兄 / 长兄 (zhǎngxiōng)
* 長公主 / 长公主
* 長史 / 长史 (zhǎngshǐ)
* 長吏 / 长吏 (zhǎnglì)
* 長君 / 长君
* 長君之惡 / 长君之恶
* 長大 / 长大 (zhǎngdà)
* 長大成人 / 长大成人
* 長子 / 长子
* 長孫 / 长孙 (zhǎngsūn)
* 長孫媳 / 长孙媳
* 長官 / 长官 (zhǎngguān)
* 長尾巴 / 长尾巴
* 長幼 / 长幼 (zhǎngyòu)
* 長幼尊卑 / 长幼尊卑 (zhǎngyòuzūnbēi)
* 長幼有序 / 长幼有序
* 長成 / 长成 (zhǎngchéng)
* 長房 / 长房 (zhǎngfáng)
* 長機 / 长机 (zhǎngjī)
* 長水 / 长水 (Chángshuǐ)
* 長沙 / 长沙 (Chángshā)
* 長男 / 长男 (zhǎngnán)
* 長相 / 长相
* 長老 / 长老 (zhǎnglǎo)
* 長老教會 / 长老教会 (Zhǎnglǎo Jiàohuì)
* 長老會 / 长老会 (Zhǎnglǎohuì)
* 長者 / 长者 (zhǎngzhě)
* 長脾氣 / 长脾气
* 長親 / 长亲
* 長輩 / 长辈 (zhǎngbèi)
* 長進 / 长进 (zhǎngjìn)
* 院長 / 院长 (yuànzhǎng)
* 陡長 / 陡长
* 隊長 / 队长 (duìzhǎng)
* 雄長 / 雄长
* 靈長目 / 灵长目 (Língzhǎngmù)
* 靈長類 / 灵长类
* 館長 / 馆长 (guǎnzhǎng)
* 首長 / 首长 (shǒuzhǎng)
* 首長制 / 首长制
* 馬齒徒長 / 马齿徒长
* 駕長 / 驾长
* 鶯飛草長 / 莺飞草长
* 齋長 / 斋长

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō)
* → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: trưởng (長)

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhàng (zhang$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˋ
* Eastern Min (BUC): diông
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tióng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhàng
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^4$
*** Yale: jàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: janq
*** Palladius: чжан (čžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: diông
*** Sinological IPA : /tuɔŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
*** Tâi-lô: tióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: drjangH
Rime :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 直亮切 |
| Baxter | drjangH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 1280 |
| Phonetic component | 長 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仗 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋs/ |

#### Definitions

長
* (archaic) length; measure of length
    See also: 丈
* (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
       gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(t-)}$nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
       There is a lot of leftover food today.

#### Compounds

* 一無長物 / 一无长物
* 別無長物 / 别无长物
* 家無長物 / 家无长物
* 身無長物 / 身无长物
* 長物 / 长物

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)
* long, lengthy
* long time
* growing, increasing
* excellent, great
* comfortable, relaxing
* elder, old, senior
* chief, head, leader
* Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)、じょう (jō)
* Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)
* Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō)、おさ (osa, 長)、たける (takeru, 長ける)、つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
* Nanori: いえ (ie)、すすむ (susumu)、たけ (take)、たけし (takeshi)、つね (tsune)、ながし (nagashi)、のぶ (nobu)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、まさ (masa)、まさる (masaru)、ます (masu)、みち (michi)

#### Compounds

* 長(ちょう)歌(か) (chōka)
* 長(ちょう)句(く) (chōku)
* 長(ちょう)躯(く) (chōku)
* 長(ちょう)兄(けい) (chōkei)
* 長(ちょう)子(し) (chōshi)
* 長(ちょう)時(じ)間(かん) (chō-jikan)
* 長(ちょう)州(しゅう) (chōshū)
* 長(ちょう)女(じょ) (chōjo)
* 長(ちょう)上(じょう) (chōjō)
* 長(ちょう)短(たん) (chōtan)
* 長(ちょう)調(ちょう) (chōchō)
* 長(ちょう)刀(とう) (chōtō)
* 長(ちょう)男(なん) (chōnan)
* 長(ちょう)髪(はつ) (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
* 長(ちょう)夜(や) (chōya)
* 長(ちょう)老(ろう) (chōrō)
* 長(ちょう)銘(めい) (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
* 一(いっ)長(ちょう)一(いっ)短(たん) (itchō-ittan)
* 院(いん)長(ちょう) (inchō)
* 延(えん)長(ちょう) (enchō)
* 課(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
* 会(かい)長(ちょう) (kaichō)
* 学(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
* 係(かかり)長(ちょう) (kakarichō)
* 楽(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
* 機(き)長(ちょう) (kichō)
* 組(くみ)長(ちょう) (kumichō)
* 薩(さっ)長(ちょう) (Satchō)
* 市(し)長(ちょう) (shichō)
* 社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (shachō)
* 船(せん)長(ちょう) (senchō)
* 村(そん)長(ちょう) (sonchō)
* 町(ちょう)長(ちょう) (chōchō)
* 店(てん)長(ちょう) (tenchō)
* 班(はん)長(ちょう) (hanchō)
* 番(ばん)長(ちょう) (banchō)
* 部(ぶ)長(ちょう) (buchō)
* 防(ぼう)長(ちょう) (Bōchō)
* 霊(れい)長(ちょう) (reichō)
* 長官(かみ) (kami)
* 長(なぎ)刀(なた), 薙(なぎ)刀(なた), 眉(な)尖(ぎ)刀(なた) (naginata)
* 長押(なげし) (nageshi)
* 長閑(のどか) (nodoka)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* ちょう Grade: 2
* on'yomi
/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょー [chóꜜò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

長(ちょう) • (chō)
* chief, head, leader
    班(はん)長(ちょう)
       han chō
       the group leader
* strong point
    Antonym: 短 (tan)
    長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
       chō o nobasu
       enrich a strong point
* (music) major
    Antonym: 短 (tan)

#### Proper noun

長(ちょう) • (Chō)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* おさ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
/wosa/ → /osa/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Considering the derivation of 幼い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”) as 長 (osa) + 無い (nai, “not, without, lacking”), this osa might have originally included overtones of "senior, elder". Compare English seniority, elderdom for a similar intersection of age and authority.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おさ [óꜜsà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [o̞sa̠]

#### Noun

長(おさ) • (osa)
* [from 720] chief, head, leader
    Synonym: 頭 (kashira)

##### Derived terms

* 幼(おさな)い (osanai, “early childhood, infancy”)
* 治(おさ)める (osameru, “to quell; to govern, to control”, transitive), 収(おさ)まる (osamaru, “to be settled down; to be in place”, intransitive)
* 村(むら)長(おさ) (mura osa, “village chief”)
* 里(さと)長(おさ) (sato osa, “hamlet leader”)

#### Proper noun

長(おさ) • (Osa)
* a place name
* a surname

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* なが Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 永
From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なが [náꜜgà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [na̠ɡa̠]

#### Prefix

長(なが) • (naga-)
* long

##### Derived terms

* 長(なが)雨(あめ) (nagāme), 長雨(ながめ), 霖(ながめ) (nagame)
* 長(なが)岡(おか) (Nagaoka)
* 長(なが)唄(うた) (nagauta)
* 長(なが)刀(がたな) (nagagatana)
* 長(なが)崎(さき) (Nagasaki)
* 長(なが)襦(じゅ)袢(ばん) (naga-juban, “underkimono”)
* 長(なが)門(と) (Nagato)
* 長(なが)野(の) (Nagano)
* 長(なが)話(ばなし) (nagabanashi)
* 長(なが)め, 長(なが)目(め) (nagame)
* 長(なが)銘(めい) (nagamei)
* 面(おも)長(なが) (omonaga)
* 気(き)長(なが) (kinaga)
* 日(ひ)長(なが) (hinaga)
* 夜(よ)長(なが) (yonaga)

#### Proper noun

長(なが) • (Naga)
* a surname

### Etymology 4

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* つかさ Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 官 司 首 宰 省 寮
From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つかさ [tsùkásá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) つかさ [tsùkáꜜsà] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [t͡sɨ̥ka̠sa̠]

#### Noun

長(つかさ) • (tsukasa)
* a manager, a headman, a foreman
* an official
    Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
* government service

#### Proper noun

長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa)
* a surname
* a unisex given name

### Etymology 5

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* たき Grade: 2
* irregular
* Alternative spelling
* 丈
⟨taki$_1$⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/
Possibly a variant of take below. Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ta̠kʲi]

#### Noun

長(たき) • (taki)
* height

### Etymology 6

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* た(け) Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 丈
⟨take$_2$⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/
Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) たけ [tàkéꜜ] (Odaka –)
* IPA: [ta̠ke̞]

#### Noun

長(たけ) • (take)
* height
** 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:言ひ教ふる事もなくておほし立つるに、年にもあはず、丈高く心賢し。His wife, a princess of the blood, bore him a son, who proved to be clever by nature, and grew up into a boy of superior mien and disposition.

#### Proper noun

長(たけ) • (Take)
* a surname

### Etymology 7

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* た(ける) Grade: 2
* kun'yomi
Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ta̠ke̞ɾɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

長(たける) • (Takeru)
* a surname
* a male or female given name

### Etymology 8

* Kanji in this term
* 長
* ひさし Grade: 2
* nanori
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひさし [híꜜsàshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [çisa̠ɕi]

#### Proper noun

長(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
* a surname
* a male or female given name

### References

* Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “長”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC drjang, “long”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng) | 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 긴 (Yale: kin) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [장]

#### Hanja

Wikisource 長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))
* Hanja form of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

#### Compounds

* 연장 (延長, yeonjang)
* 신장 (身長, sinjang)
* 장고 (長考, janggo)
* 장광설 (長廣舌, janggwangseol)
* 장기 (長期, janggi)
* 장단 (長短, jangdan)
* 장문 (長文, jangmun)
* 장발 (長髮, jangbal)
* 장성 (長城, jangseong)
* 장소 (長所, jangso)
* 장수 (長壽, jangsu)
* 장어 (長魚, jang'eo)
* 장음 (長音, jang'eum)
* 장작 (長斫, jangjak)
* 장점 (長點, jangjeom)
* 장화 (長靴, janghwa)
* 최장 (最長, choejang)
* 파장 (波長, pajang)

### Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).
Historical Readings :
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading |||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng) | 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng) |
| Middle Korean |||
| Text | Eumhun | Eumhun |
| Text | Gloss (hun) | Reading |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 길 (Yale: kil) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Hanja

長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))
* Hanja form of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
* Hanja form of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

#### Compounds

* 성장 (成長, seongjang)
* 조장 (助長, jojang)
* 장관 (長官, janggwan)
* 총장 (總長, chongjang)
* 회장 (會長, hoejang)
* 사장 (社長, sajang)
* 과장 (課長, gwajang)
* 의장 (議長, uijang)
* 교장 (校長, gyojang)
* 시장 (市長, sijang)
* 실장 (室長, siljang)
* 부장 (部長, bujang)
* 장남 (長男, jangnam)
* 반장 (班長, banjang)
* 가장 (家長, gajang)
* 수장 (首長, sujang)
* 선장 (船長, seonjang)
* 소장 (所長, sojang)
* 단장 (團長, danjang)
* 대장 (隊長, daejang)
* 계장 (係長, gyejang)
* 청장 (廳長, cheongjang)
* 원장 (院長, wonjang)
* 원장 (園長, wonjang)
* 장로 (長老, jangno)
* 서장 (署長, seojang)
* 학장 (學長, hakjang)
* 병장 (兵長, byeongjang)
* 촌장 (村長, chonjang)
* 기장 (機長, gijang)
* 함장 (艦長, hamjang)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết)), trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết)), tràng
長: Nôm readings: tràng, trường, trưởng, dài, chường, trành, trườn

### Etymology 1

Chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

#### Compounds

* 部長 (bộ trưởng)
* 外長 (ngoại trưởng)
* 省長 (tỉnh trưởng)
* 市長 (thị trưởng)
* 社長 (xã trưởng)
* 校長 (hiệu trưởng)
* 副校長 (phó hiệu trưởng)
* 會長 (hội trưởng)
* 組長 (tổ trưởng)
* 隊長 (đội trưởng)
* 族長 (tộc trưởng)
* 家長 (gia trưởng)
* 酋長 (tù trưởng)
* 兄長 (huynh trưởng)
* 生長 (sinh trưởng)
* 增長 (tăng trưởng)
* 長成 (trưởng thành)
* 長老 (trưởng lão)
* 長房 (trưởng phòng)
* 長孫 (trưởng tôn)
* 長男 (trưởng nam)
* 長女 (trưởng nữ)
* 長村 (trưởng thôn)
* 長者 (trưởng giả)

### Etymology 2

Chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

#### Compounds

* 長期 (trường kỳ)
* 長度 (trường độ)
* 長征 (trường chinh)
* 長壽 (trường thọ)
* 長生 (trường sinh)
* 長江 (Trường Giang)
* 所長 (sở trường)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).