OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ferraş
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish فراش (ferraş, “carpet layer”), itself from Arabic فَرَّاش (farrāš, “carpet layer”).

### Noun

ferraş (definite accusative ferraşi, plural ferraşler)
* upholsterer, a craftsman who upholsters furniture
    Synonym: döşemeci
* servant, especially a low-grade one
* person in charge of cleaning and sweeping a mosque

#### Declension

singular
plural
nominative
ferraş
ferraşler
definite accusative
ferraşi
ferraşleri
dative
ferraşe
ferraşlere
locative
ferraşte
ferraşlerde
ablative
ferraşten
ferraşlerden
genitive
ferraşin
ferraşlerin
Possessive forms
nominative
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşim
ferraşlerim
2nd singular
ferraşin
ferraşlerin
3rd singular
ferraşi
ferraşleri
1st plural
ferraşimiz
ferraşlerimiz
2nd plural
ferraşiniz
ferraşleriniz
3rd plural
ferraşleri
ferraşleri
definite accusative
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşimi
ferraşlerimi
2nd singular
ferraşini
ferraşlerini
3rd singular
ferraşini
ferraşlerini
1st plural
ferraşimizi
ferraşlerimizi
2nd plural
ferraşinizi
ferraşlerinizi
3rd plural
ferraşlerini
ferraşlerini
dative
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşime
ferraşlerime
2nd singular
ferraşine
ferraşlerine
3rd singular
ferraşine
ferraşlerine
1st plural
ferraşimize
ferraşlerimize
2nd plural
ferraşinize
ferraşlerinize
3rd plural
ferraşlerine
ferraşlerine
locative
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşimde
ferraşlerimde
2nd singular
ferraşinde
ferraşlerinde
3rd singular
ferraşinde
ferraşlerinde
1st plural
ferraşimizde
ferraşlerimizde
2nd plural
ferraşinizde
ferraşlerinizde
3rd plural
ferraşlerinde
ferraşlerinde
ablative
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşimden
ferraşlerimden
2nd singular
ferraşinden
ferraşlerinden
3rd singular
ferraşinden
ferraşlerinden
1st plural
ferraşimizden
ferraşlerimizden
2nd plural
ferraşinizden
ferraşlerinizden
3rd plural
ferraşlerinden
ferraşlerinden
genitive
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşimin
ferraşlerimin
2nd singular
ferraşinin
ferraşlerinin
3rd singular
ferraşinin
ferraşlerinin
1st plural
ferraşimizin
ferraşlerimizin
2nd plural
ferraşinizin
ferraşlerinizin
3rd plural
ferraşlerinin
ferraşlerinin
Predicative forms
singular
plural
1st singular
ferraşim
ferraşlerim
2nd singular
ferraşsin
ferraşlersin
3rd singular
ferraş ferraştir
ferraşler ferraşlerdir
1st plural
ferraşiz
ferraşleriz
2nd plural
ferraşsiniz
ferraşlersiniz
3rd plural
ferraşler
ferraşlerdir :

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “ferraş”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1566
# اردوگاه
## Persian
### Etymology

From اردو (ordu) +‎ ـگاه (-gâh).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔuɾ.ˈduː.ˈɡɑːh]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔʊɾ.d̪úː.ɡɑ́ːʱ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔʊɾ.d̪úː.ɡɑ́ːʱ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔʊɾ.d̪úː.ɡɑ́ː]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔuɾ.d̪ú.ɡɔ́ː]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔoɹ.d̪úː.ɡɒ́ːʰ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔuɾ.d̪ú.ɡɔ́ʱ]
* Audio (Iran):(file)

### Noun

اُرْدوگاه • (ordugâh) (plural اردوگاه‌ها (ordugâh-hâ))
* camp, campsite
    اُرْدوگاهِ آموزِشی ― ordugâh-e âmuzeši ― boot camp
    اُرْدوگاهِ مَرْگ ― ordugâh-e marg ― death camp
    اُرْدوگاهِ کارِ اِجْباری ― ordugâh-e kâr ejbâri ― concentration camp

### Further reading

* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “اردوگاه”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
# roim
## Estonian
### Etymology

Coined ex nihilo by Estonian philologist and Fennophile Johannes Aavik in 1915, possibly inspired by English crime.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈroi̯m/, [ˈroi̯m]
* Rhymes: -oim
* Hyphenation: roim

### Noun

roim (genitive roima, partitive roima)
* (literary) a violent crime
    Near-synonym: mõrv (“murder”)

#### Derived terms

* roimama
* roimar

#### Compounds

* kõlblusroim
* liiklusroim
* raaliroim
* sõjaroim
* õigusroim
* roimakatse

### References

* roim in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
* “roim”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

## Galician
### Verb

roim
* (reintegrationist norm) first-person singular preterite indicative of roer

## Portuguese
### Adjective

roim m or f (plural roins)
* Obsolete spelling of ruim.
# economies of scale
## English
### Noun

economies of scale pl (normally plural, singular economy of scale)
* (economics) The characteristics of a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit.
    Antonym: diseconomies of scale
** 1963, George Burnet Rogers, Costs and Economies of Scale in Turkey Processing Plants, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, page i:When plant size increased from 400 heavy young hens per hour to about 1,500 per hour average costs per pound declined from 6.6 to 5.4 cents per pound. While these costs suggested the existence of economies of scale in processing, they did not provide a standardized measure of the exact nature and extent of potential cost savings.
** 2025 March 5, “Ayr miles with a 'Spirit of Scotland'”, in RAIL, number 1030, page 43:To exploit travel economies of scale, RAIL buys a four-in-eight-day Rail Rover. This is now known as the 'Spirit of Scotland Travelpass', although older users may remember it as the 'Freedom of Scotland' - arguably a better name.

#### Translations
### See also

* returns to scale

### Further reading

* economies of scale on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
# lightpole
## English
### Etymology

From light +‎ pole.

### Noun

lightpole (plural lightpoles)
* Synonym of streetlight (“any large outdoor light used to illuminate a public area”).
# cilësoj
## Albanian
### Etymology

From cilësim +‎ -oj.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ciləˈsɔj/

### Verb

cilësój (aorist cilësóva, participle cilësúar)
* (transitive, literary) to describe, qualify

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* “cilësoj”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
# грек
## Kazakh
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian грек (grek).

### Noun

грек • (grek)
* Greek (by ethnicity)

#### Synonyms

* юнан (ünan)

## Kyrgyz
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian грек (grek, “Greek”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡrec/

### Adjective

грек • (grek) (comparative [please provide], Arabic spelling گرەك)
* Greek

### Noun

грек • (grek) (Arabic spelling گرەك)
* Greek (by ethnicity)

#### Declension
### Derived terms

* грекче (grekce)
* Грекия (Grekiya)

## Mongolian

| Mongolian | Cyrillic |
| ᠭᠷᠧᠻ (ɣrēk) | грек (grek) |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian грек (grek).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkrʲɵkʰ/
* Syllabification: грек (1 syllable)

### Noun

грек • (grek)
* Greek (person)

#### Declension
### Adjective

грек • (grek)
* Greek (by ethnicity)

#### Related terms

* Грек (Grek)

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* грекъ (grek) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic грькъ (grĭkŭ), from Old Church Slavonic грькъ (grĭkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *grьkъ. By surface analysis, back-formation of гре́цкий (gréckij).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡrʲek]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

грек • (grek) m anim (genitive гре́ка, nominative plural гре́ки, genitive plural гре́ков, feminine греча́нка)
* Greek (by ethnicity)
    Synonyms: (rare, poetic) э́ллин (éllin); (pejorative, now also pejorative for American) пиндо́с (pindós)

#### Related terms

* Гре́ция (Grécija)
* греча́нка (grečánka)
* гре́ческий (gréčeskij)

#### Descendants

* → Kazakh: грек (grek)
* → Kyrgyz: грек (grek)
* → Mongolian: грек (grek)

### References

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “грек”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

## Ukrainian
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Ruthenian грекъ (hrek), from Old East Slavic грькъ (grĭkŭ), from Old Church Slavonic грькъ (grĭkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *grьkъ. By surface analysis, back-formation of гре́цький (hrécʹkyj).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɦrɛk]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

грек • (hrek) m pers (genitive гре́ка, nominative plural гре́ки, genitive plural гре́ків, feminine греки́ня or греча́нка)
* male Greek person
    він грек ― vin hrek ― he is Greek

#### Related terms

* Гре́ція (Hrécija)
* гре́цький (hrécʹkyj)

### Further reading

* “грек”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “грек”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)
* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “грек”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “грек”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)
# copëtoj
## Albanian
### Etymology

From copë (“piece”) +‎ -toj.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡sɔpəˈtɔj]

### Verb

copëtój (aorist copëtova, participle copëtuar) (transitive)
* to shatter, shred
* to tear to pieces
* to chop

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

### Further reading

* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
* “copëtoj”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
# byr
## Albanian
### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *būra, from Proto-Indo-European *bhū (“to grow”), probably a denominative based on an unattested abstract noun *bhūrom > *būra.

### Verb

byr (aorist byra, participle byrur)
* (transitive) to carry out, perform, execute

#### Conjugation

* Show compound tenses:

#### Derived terms

* lëbyr

#### Related terms

* bie
* bar

### References

* ↑ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “byr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 44

### Further reading

* “byr”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
* FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980

## Icelandic
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse byrr.

### Noun

byr m (genitive singular byrjar or byrs, nominative plural byrir)
* tailwind, fair wind

#### Declension
### References

* Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2025), “byr”, in Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
* “byr”, in Íðorðabanki [Terminology Bank] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, 2002–2024

## Norwegian Bokmål
### Verb

byr
* present of by

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Verb

byr
* present of by

## Old Norse
### Noun

byr
* accusative/dative singular of byrr

## Welsh
### Etymology

From Middle Welsh byrr, from Proto-Brythonic *bɨrr, from Proto-Celtic *birros.

### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /bɨ̞r/
* (South Wales) IPA: /bɪr/
* Rhymes: -ɨ̞r

### Adjective

byr (feminine singular ber, plural byrion, equative byrred, comparative byrrach, superlative byrraf)
* short (of a person, of comparatively little height)
* brief, concise

#### Derived terms

* ar fyrder (“urgently, at short notice”)
* byrdra (“brevity”)
* byrfyfyr (“impromptu”)
* oesfyr (“short-lived, ephemeral”)

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “byr”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
# イッカク
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of イッカク – see the following entry. :
| 【一角いっかく】 | [noun] (literal) a point [noun] (literal) one horn [noun] a narwhal |
(This term, イッカク (ikkaku), is the katakana spelling of the above term.) :
# ავიაცია
## Georgian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian авиация (aviacija).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [aviat͡sʰia]

### Noun

ავიაცია • (aviacia) (uncountable)
* aviation

#### Declension

Declension of ავიაცია (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular |
| nominative | ავიაცია (aviacia) |
| ergative | ავიაციამ (aviaciam) |
| dative | ავიაციას(ა) (aviacias(a)) |
| genitive | ავიაციის(ა) (aviaciis(a)) |
| instrumental | ავიაციით(ა) (aviaciit(a)) |
| adverbial | ავიაციად(ა) (aviaciad(a)) |
| vocative | ავიაციავ (aviaciav) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of ავიაცია (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | ავიაციაზე (aviaciaze) | |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | ავიაციასთან (aviaciastan) | |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | ავიაციაში (aviaciaši) | |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | ავიაციასავით (aviaciasavit) | |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | ავიაციისთვის (aviaciistvis) | |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | ავიაციისებრ (aviaciisebr) | |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | ავიაციისკენ (aviaciisḳen) | |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | ავიაციისგან (aviaciisgan) | |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | ავიაციისადმი (aviaciisadmi) | |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | ავიაციიდან (aviaciidan) | |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | ავიაციითურთ (aviaciiturt) | |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | ავიაციამდე (aviaciamde) | |
# λογχιάζω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From λόγχη (lónkhē) +‎ -άζω (-ázō).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /loŋ.kʰi.áz.dɔː/ → /loɲ.çiˈa.zo/ → /loɲ.çiˈa.zo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /loŋ.kʰi.áz.dɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /loŋ.kʰiˈa.zo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /loɲ.çiˈa.zo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /loɲ.çiˈa.zo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /loɲ.çiˈa.zo/

### Verb

λογχιάζω • (lonkhiázō)
* to transfix with a spear
** Apocalypses Apocryphae Ad Acta Thomae:ὡς δὲ προῆλθον τρία στάδια, παρέδωχεν αὐτὸν στρατιώταις τέσσαρσιν χαὶ ἑνὶ τῶν πολεμαρχῶν, προστάεas αὐτοῖς εἰς ὄρος αὐτὸν λογχιάσαι αὐτὸς δὲ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑπέστρεφεν.hōs dè proêlthon tría stádia, parédōkhen autòn stratiṓtais téssarsin khaì henì tôn polemarkhôn, prostáeas autoîs eis óros autòn lonkhiásai autòs dè eis tḕn pólin hupéstrephen.

#### Conjugation
### Related terms

* λογχίον (lonkhíon, “small lance”)
* λόγχιμος (lónkhimos, “belonging to the lance”)
* λογχωτός (lonkhōtós, “provided with a lance”)
* λογχίτης (lonkhítēs, “lance bearer”)
* λογχῖτις (lonkhîtis, “holly fern”)
* λογχεύω (lonkheúō, “to pierce with a lance”)
* λογχάριον (lonkhárion, “a kind of ornament”)
* λογχόω (lonkhóō, “to furnish with a point”)

### References

* λογχιάζω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
# 吐泻症
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 吐泻症 – see 吐瀉症 (“cholera”). (This term is the simplified form of 吐瀉症).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# Unuiĝinta Reĝlando
## Esperanto
### Etymology

Calque of English United Kingdom.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [unuiˈd͡ʒinta red͡ʒˈlando]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ando
* Hyphenation: U‧nu‧i‧ĝin‧ta Reĝ‧lan‧do

### Proper noun

Unuiĝinta Reĝlando (accusative Unuiĝintan Reĝlandon)
* United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)
    Synonyms: Britio, Britujo, Unuiĝinta Regno

#### Holonyms

* Komunumo de Nacioj (“Commonwealth of Nations”)
# 龍利魚
## Chinese

(This form in the hanzi box does not have a page created for it yet: "龙利鱼".)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lónglìyú
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄩˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lónglìyú
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lónglìyú
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^2$-li$^4$-yü$^2$
*** Yale: lúng-lì-yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: longlihyu
*** Palladius: лунлиюй (lunlijuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ³⁵ li⁵¹ y³⁵/

### Noun

龍利魚
* Mandarin and alternative Cantonese written form of 龍脷魚 / 龙脷鱼 (“sole (fish)”).
# съюз
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian сою́з (sojúz), itself borrowed from Old Church Slavonic съѭзъ (sŷjǫzŭ) - an alternative form of Old Church Slavonic съвѫзъ (sŭvǫzŭ). Cognate with the native dialectal terms Bulgarian въз m (vǎz), възе n (vǎze, “binder, fastener”), from Proto-Slavic *ǫzъ (“bond, tie”).
The secondary meaning conjunction is a calque of Latin coniūnctiō.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɐˈju̟s]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

съю́з • (sǎjúz) m (relational adjective съю́зен)
* union, alliance
* (government) association, league
* (grammar) conjunction

#### Derived terms

* Европе́йски съю́з (Evropéjski sǎjúz, “European Union”)
* Съве́тски съю́з (Sǎvétski sǎjúz, “Soviet Union”)
* проф-съю́з (prof-sǎjúz, “trade union”)
* съю́зник m (sǎjúznik), съюзница f (sǎjuznica, “ally”)
* съюзя́ (sǎjuzjá), съюзя́вам (sǎjuzjávam, “to unite”)

#### Related terms

* ве́зя (vézja, “to web, to braid, to tie”)
* въже́ (vǎžé, “rope”)
* въ́зел (vǎ́zel, “knot”)
* узък (uzǎk, “tight”) (dialectal)

### References

* “съюз”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “съюз”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 707
# pickeringita
## Spanish
### Noun

pickeringita f (uncountable)
* pickeringite
# Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta
## Finnish
### Etymology

Calque of English United Kingdom.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈyhdistynyt ˈkuniŋːɑsˌkuntɑ/, [ˈyçdis̠tynyt̪ ˈkuniŋːɑ̝s̠ˌkun̪t̪ɑ̝]

### Proper noun

Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta
* United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)

#### Synonyms

* Britannia (common language)
* Englanti (common language, ambiguous)
* Iso-Britannia (common language, ambiguous)
* Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta (historical)
* Ison-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta (current official full name)
* Ison-Britannian kuningaskunta (historical)

#### See also

* Britteinsaaret
# ავინიონი
## Georgian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [avinioni]

### Noun

ავინიონი • (avinioni) (plural ავინიონები)
* Avignon

#### Declension

Declension of ავინიონი (see Georgian declension) :
| | singular | plural | archaic plural |
| nominative | ავინიონი (avinioni) | ავინიონები (avinionebi) | ავინიონნი (avinionni) |
| ergative | ავინიონმა (avinionma) | ავინიონებმა (avinionebma) | ავინიონთ(ა) (aviniont(a)) |
| dative | ავინიონს(ა) (avinions(a)) | ავინიონებს(ა) (avinionebs(a)) | ავინიონთ(ა) (aviniont(a)) |
| genitive | ავინიონის(ა) (avinionis(a)) | ავინიონების(ა) (avinionebis(a)) | ავინიონთ(ა) (aviniont(a)) |
| instrumental | ავინიონით(ა) (avinionit(a)) | ავინიონებით(ა) (avinionebit(a)) | |
| adverbial | ავინიონად(ა) (avinionad(a)) | ავინიონებად(ა) (avinionebad(a)) | |
| vocative | ავინიონო (aviniono) | ავინიონებო (avinionebo) | ავინიონნო (avinionno) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. ||||
Postpositional inflection of ავინიონი (see Georgian postpositions) :
| postpositions taking the dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | ავინიონზე (avinionze) | ავინიონებზე (avinionebze) |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | ავინიონთან (aviniontan) | ავინიონებთან (avinionebtan) |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | ავინიონში (avinionši) | ავინიონებში (avinionebši) |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | ავინიონივით (avinionivit) | ავინიონებივით (avinionebivit) |
| postpositions taking the genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | ავინიონისთვის (avinionistvis) | ავინიონებისთვის (avinionebistvis) |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | ავინიონისებრ (avinionisebr) | ავინიონებისებრ (avinionebisebr) |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | ავინიონისკენ (avinionisḳen) | ავინიონებისკენ (avinionebisḳen) |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | ავინიონისგან (avinionisgan) | ავინიონებისგან (avinionebisgan) |
| -ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) | ავინიონისადმი (avinionisadmi) | ავინიონებისადმი (avinionebisadmi) |
| postpositions taking the instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | ავინიონიდან (avinionidan) | ავინიონებიდან (avinionebidan) |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | ავინიონითურთ (avinioniturt) | ავინიონებითურთ (avinionebiturt) |
| postpositions taking the adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | ავინიონამდე (avinionamde) | ავინიონებამდე (avinionebamde) |
# สัปทน
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* สับปะทน — archaic, obsolete or dated

### Etymology

Uncertain. Compare Lao ສັບປະທົນ (sap pa thon).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | สัปทน s ạ p d n |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | สับ-ปะ-ทน s ạ ɓ – p a – d n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sàp-bpà-ton |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | sap-pa-thon |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /sap̚˨˩.pa˨˩.tʰon˧/ |

### Noun

สัปทน • (sàp-bpà-ton) (classifier คัน)
* a type of large umbrella with a long handle, formerly used as an insignia of rank by noblemen ranking higher than พระยา (prá-yaa), now used to provide shade to sacred objects, priests, etc
** 1827, จดหมายเหตุเรื่องปราบขบถเวียงจันท์, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร, published 1926, page 32:
    แม่ทัพไทยนั้นข้าพเจ้าเห็นยืนกั้นสัปทน
       mɛ̂ɛ-táp tai nán kâa-pá-jâao hěn yʉʉn gân sàp-bpà-ton
       I saw Thai military commanders standing, shaded [with] sappathon.
** 1915, อมรวงษ์วิจิตร (หม่อมราชวงศ์ปฐม คเนจร), หม่อม, “พงษาวดารหัวเมืองมณฑลอิสาณ”, in ประชุมพงษาวดาร, volume 4, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร, page 99:
    เครื่องยศส่วนเจ้าเมืองคือถาดหมากเงิน ๑ คนโทเงิน ๑ สัปทนแพร ๑...
       krʉ̂ʉang-yót sùuan jâao mʉʉang kʉʉ tàat màak ngən · nʉ̀ng · kon-too ngən · nʉ̀ng · sàp-bpà-ton prɛɛ · nʉ̀ng ...
       The insignia of rank for the town ruler were a silver tray [for containing] paan, a silver ewer, a silk sapphathon […]
# kurzeń
## Polish
### Alternative forms

* kureń

### Etymology

Borrowed from Ukrainian курі́нь (kurínʹ).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈku.ʐɛɲ/
* Rhymes: -uʐɛɲ
* Syllabification: ku‧rzeń

### Noun

kurzeń m inan
* kurin
    Hypernym: stanica
* (historical) simple hut used by the Ukrainian cossacks
* (historical, obsolete) chimneyless shack
    Synonym: kurna chata

#### Derived terms

* kurzeniowy

### References

* ↑ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “kurzeń”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

### Further reading

* kurzeń in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* “kurzeń”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish], 2022
# Mariánko
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmariaːnkɔ]

### Noun

Mariánko m pers
* diminutive of Marián

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “Mariánko”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025
# Ottolenghi
## Italian
### Etymology

Perhaps a habitational surname from the Italianized form of German Ettlingen, the name of a town in Baden-Württemberg. This surname is predominantly found among the Jewish community of Italy.

### Proper noun

Ottolenghi m or f by sense
* a surname from German [in turn transferred from the place name]

### Further reading

* Stefano Ravara, Mappa dei Cognomi, 2015–2025