# 寇

| 寇 | U+5BC7, &#23495; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BC7 |
| ← 密 [U+5BC6] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 寈 → [U+5BC8] |

## Translingual
### Han character

寇 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十一山水 (JMUE), four-corner 3021$_4$, composition ⿱宀⿺元攴 or ⿱丶冦)

#### Derived characters

* 滱, 𢠠, 𫅟, 䳹, 蔻, 簆

### Further reading

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 288, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7209
* Dae Jaweon: page 571, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 936, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5BC7

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 寇 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 滱 | *kʰoː, *kʰoːs |
| 寇 | *kʰoːs |
| 簆 | *kʰoːs |
| 蔻 | *qʰoːs |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) - a person who holds a stick (卜) with his hand (又), about to beat the head (元) of another person, under the other persons own roof (宀). In Oracle bone script, two hands are holding the stick. In modern form, 卜 and 又 have merged into one character (攴), and is partially surrounded by 元.

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kəw ~ hu (“to steal”). Compare Tibetan རྐུ (rku, “to steal”) and Burmese ခိုး (hkui:, “to steal”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kòu (kou$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄡˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kau$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khieu
    (Hailu, HRS): kieu$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kêu$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): kou$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): ke̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): káiu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kieo$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khò͘ / khiò
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kou$^3$ / kao$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kheu
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): kou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kòu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kòu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻou$^4$
*** Yale: kòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kow
*** Palladius: коу (kou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kau$^3$
*** Yale: kau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: keo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐu̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khieu
*** Hakka Romanization System: kieu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kieu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯eu̯⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: kieu$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰieu¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kêu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰeu⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: kou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰəu⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ke̿
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰe³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: káiu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑu²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: kieo$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ka̤̍u
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰieu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khò͘
*** Tâi-lô: khòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qox
*** IPA (Zhangpu): /kʰɔu¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiò
*** Tâi-lô: khiò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qioix
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰio⁴¹/
*** IPA (Nan'an): /kʰio³¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kou$^3$ / kao$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khòu / khàu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰou²¹³/, /kʰau²¹³/
* kou3 - literary;
* kao3 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: khuwH
Rime :
| Character | 寇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦候切 |
| Baxter | khuwH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰəu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰəu$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kʰə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hau$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤ(r)o-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 寇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kòu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khuw$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʰˁ(r)o-s/ |
| English | rob; robber |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 寇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7497 |
| Phonetic component | 寇 |
| Rime group | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𡨥 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰoːs/ |

### Definitions

寇
* bandit; thief; invader
* foe; enemy
* to rob; to plunder
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shān mù zìkòu yě, gāo huǒ zìjiān yě. [Pinyin]
    The mountain, by its trees, plunders itself. The oil, being combustible, evaporates itself.
* to invade
* a surname
    寇準／寇准 ― Kòu Zhǔn ― Kou Zhun (Song Dynasty politician)

### Compounds

* 倭寇 (wōkòu)
* 司寇 (sīkòu)
* 寇亂 / 寇乱 (kòuluàn)
* 寇仇 (kòuchóu)
* 寇劫
* 寇掠
* 寇攘
* 寇敌
* 寇機 / 寇机
* 寇準 / 寇准
* 寇熱 / 寇热
* 寇盗
* 寇脱
* 寇警
* 寇賊 / 寇贼
* 寇鈔 / 寇钞
* 寇雉
* 寇雠 (kòuchóu)
* 寇黨 / 寇党
* 成者為王，敗者為寇 / 成者为王，败者为寇 (chéng zhě wéi wáng, bài zhě wéi kòu)
* 日寇 (rìkòu)
* 流寇 (liúkòu)
* 禦寇 / 御寇
* 窮寇 / 穷寇
* 草寇 (cǎokòu)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* foe, enemy, rival
* resentment, enmity, grudge
* harm, injury

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)
* Kun: あだする (adasuru, 寇する)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 寇 (MC khuwH). Recorded as Middle Korean 𡨥/구〯 (kwǔ) (Yale: kwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 寇 (eumhun 도둑 구 (doduk gu))
* hanja form of 구 (“bandit; thief; invader”)

#### Compounds

* 구적 (寇賊, gujeok)
* 왜구 (倭寇, waegu)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

寇: Hán Việt readings: khấu
寇: Nôm readings: kháu, khấu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* Nom Foundation