# ius
## Gothic
### Romanization

ius
* Romanization of 𐌹𐌿𐍃

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* jūs

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /i̯uːs/, [i̯uːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /jus/, [jus]

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *jowos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew- (“straight, right”), an extended form of the root *h₂ey- (“vital force, age”) (the source of aevum and iuvenis). Cognate with Sanskrit योस् (yós), Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬲𐬛𐬁 (yaoždā).

#### Noun

iūs n (genitive iūris); third declension
* law, right
** 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos :Ius summum saepe summa est malitia.Supreme law is often supreme malice.
* subjective right, individual right
* court of law

##### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
The genitive plural iūrum does appear rarely, e.g. in Plautus and in Cato as quoted by Charisius.

##### Derived terms

* iniūria
* iniūrius
* iūrgō
* iūrō
* iūs prīmae noctis
* iūs vītae necisque
* iūstitium
* iūstus
* periūrus

##### Descendants

* Italo-Romance:
** Italian: giuro
* Ibero-Romance:
** Asturian: xuru
** Old Galician-Portuguese: jur
*** Portuguese: juro
*** Galician: xuro
** Old Spanish: jur
*** Spanish: juro
* Borrowings:
** → German: Jura, Jus
** → Italian: ius, jus, gius, giure (learned)
** → Portuguese: jus (learned)
** → Sicilian: jussu (learned)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“soup, broth”). Cognate with Sanskrit यूस् (yūs), यूष (yūṣa), Ancient Greek ζύμη (zúmē), Proto-Germanic *justaz, Proto-Slavic *juxa.

#### Noun

iūs n (genitive iūris); third declension
* gravy
* broth, soup
* sauce
* juice

##### Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

##### Derived terms

* iūrulentus
* iūsculum

##### Descendants

* Gallo-Italic:
** Lombard: giusc
** Piedmontese: giuss
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: jus
** Old French: jus, jous
*** Middle French: jus, juz, just
**** French: jus
***** Haitian Creole: ji
***** → Algerian Arabic: جي
***** → Dutch: jus
***** → English: jus
***** → German: Jus, Schü (obsolete)
****** → Danish: sky
****** → Swedish: sky
***** → Luxembourgish: Jus
***** → Norwegian Bokmål: sjy
***** → Norwegian Nynorsk: sjy
***** → West Frisian: sjú
**** Norman: jus
*** → Middle English: jus, juse, juce, juys, juyse, jewse, jeuse, jous, jows, jwisch, juwys
**** English: juice (see there for further descendants)
**** Scots: joice, jice

### References

* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iūs, -ris 'law'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 316-7
* ↑ Lewis & Short, p. 1019.
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iūs, -ris 'broth, sauce'”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 316

### Further reading

* “jūs”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “iūs”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "ius", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* jūs in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to have become independent, be no longer a minor: sui iuris factum esse to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari) to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati to administer justice (said of the praetor): ius dicere to administer justice (said of the praetor): ius reddere (Liv. 3. 33) to assert one's right: ius suum persequi to obtain justice: ius suum adipisci (Liv. 1. 32. 10) to maintain one's right: ius suum tenere, obtinere to waive one's right: de iure suo decedere or cedere to go to law with a person: (ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour: summo iure agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria) to summon some one before the court: in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem a sound judicial system: aequa iuris descriptio (Off. 2. 4. 15) to live with some one on an equal footing: aequo iure vivere cum aliquo to reduce law to a system: ius ad artem redigere absence of justice: ius nullum to trample all law under foot: ius ac fas omne delere against all law, human and divine: contra ius fasque with full right: optimo iure prerogative, privilege: ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum, also immunitas c. Gen. to violate the law of nations: ius gentium violare quite rightly: et recte (iure, merito) quite rightly: et recte (iure) quidem quite rightly: recte, iure id quidem with perfect right: meo (tuo, suo) iure with perfect right: iusto iure legitimately; with the fullest right: optimo iure (cf. summo iure, sect. XV. 1). (ambiguous) to give the state a constitution: civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere (ambiguous) anarchy reigns supreme: omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur (B. C. 1. 6. 8) (ambiguous) to trample all law under foot: omnia iura pervertere
* “ius”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 507