# ـه
## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [‿a]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [‿ä]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [‿ä]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [‿ä]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [‿ä]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [‿e]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [‿ä]

### Etymology 1

From Middle Persian -k' (-ag), from Proto-Iranian *-akah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-akas . Compare Old Armenian -ակ (-ak).

#### Suffix

ـه • (-e)
* Forms the past participle from the past stem.
    ‎شکست (šekast, past stem of شکستن (šekastan, “to break”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎شکسته (šekaste, “broken”)
    ‎مرد (mord, past stem of مردن (mordan, “to die”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎مرده (morde, “dead”)
    ‎خراب شد (xarâb šod, past stem of خراب شدن (xarâb šodan, “to be ruined”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎خراب شده (xarâb šode, “ruined”)
* Attached to nouns to form another noun with a related meaning, often with a more abstract or less physical sense.
    ‎دامن (dâman, “skirt (of a robe)”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎دامنه (dâmane, “slope (of a mountain); domain, field of study”)
    ‎برگ (barg, “leaf”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎برگه (barge, “sheet of paper; flap of clothing; something thin and wide”)
    ‎دست (dast, “hand”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎دسته (daste, “handle; a handful, bouquet; group”)
    ‎پا (pâ, “foot”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎پایه (pâye, “foundation”)
* Attached to present stems of verbs to form certain agent nouns.
    ‎نمای (nemây, present stem of نمودن (nemudan, “to show”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎نمایه (nemâye, “index”)
    ‎کوب (kub, present stem of کوفتن (kuftan, “to pound, to beat, to strike”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎کوبه (kube, “hammer, mallet, anything that is used to strike something”)
    ‎گزار (gozâr, present stem of گزاردن (gozârdan, “to express, to interpret”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎گزاره (gozâre, “phrase; (grammar) predicate; (logic) proposition”)
    ‎اویز (âviz, present stem of اویختن (âvixtan, “to hang, to suspend”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎اویزه (âvize, “earrings, appendix (medicine)”)
* Attached to present stems of verbs to form certain verbal nouns.
    ‎گری (gery, present stem of گریستن (geristan, “to cry, to sob”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎گریه (gerye, “cry, sobbing”)
    ‎نال (nâl, present stem of نالیدن (nâlidan, “to cry, to bemoan, to lament”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎ناله (nâle, “cry, moan, lament”)
    ‎پوی (puy, present stem of پوییدن (puyidan, “to jog, to trot, to pace”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎پویه (puye, “jog, trot, pace”)
    ‎رنج (ranj, present stem of رنجیدن (ranjidan, “to suffer, to toil”)) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎رنجه (ranje, suffering, toil)
* Attached to number + noun sequences to turn them into adjectives meaning "with; having" (or nouns zero-derived from the adjective).
    ‎سه سال (se sâl, “three years”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎سه ساله (se sâle, “three-year-old”)
    ‎دو چرخ (do čarx, “two wheels”) + ‎ـه (-e) → ‎دوچرخه (dočarxe, “bicycle; two-wheeled”)
    مرد سه زنه ― mard-e se zane ― man with three wives
** c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 22”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:نخفته‌ام ز خیالی که می‌پزد دل من خمار صد شبه دارم شرابخانه کجاستnaxufta'am zi xayālē ki mē-pazad dil-i man xumār-i sad šab-a dāram šarābxāna kujā-stI have not been sleeping because of the fantasies that my heart concocts, I have been having a hangover for a hundred nights; where is the winehouse?(Classical Persian transliteration)
* (colloquial) Marks a definite noun; usually avoided in respectful contexts.
    مرده ― marde ― the man
    اون پسره احمقه. ― un pesare ahmaq-e. ― That guy is stupid.
** 2021, Amir Tataloo (lyrics and music), “من باهات قهرم”:مثلا یه بچه تنها که اسباب بازی هم داره ها ولی کسی نیست که باهاش با همون اسباب بازیه، باهاش بازی کنهmasalan ye bačče-ye tanhâ ke asbâb bâzi ham dâre hâ vali kasi nist ke bâ-hâš bâ hamun asbab bâziye, bâ-hâš bâzi koneFor example, see, a lonely kid who has a toy, But there's nobody to play with him with that very toy.

##### Usage notes

* Nouns formed with this suffix may take the ezafe spelled as such: ـهٔ (-e-ye) or sometimes ـه‌ی (-e-ye).
(Colloquial usage as the definite article)
* The suffix is used when responding to a question that starts with کدام (kodām, “which”, colloquially kodūm), where it functions as an impersonal pronoun that is used to identify and distinguish one instance of a noun from amongst a group of others, similar to the... one in English. e.g.
    کدومو می‌خوای؟ ― آبیه.kodum-o mi-xây? ― âbiye.Which one do you want? ― The blue one.
    کدوم‌شون به نظرت خوشکل‌ترینه؟ ― چشم ابیه.kodûme-šûn be nazar-et xošgil-tarîne? ― češm âbîyeWhich one of them do you think is the hottest? ― The blue-eyed one.
(number + noun sequences)
* If the noun already ends with ـه (-e), the suffix is ـای (-'i) instead.
* Despite not ending in ـه (-e), the word انگشت (angošt, “finger”) is exceptional: "six-fingered" is usually شش انگشتی (šeš angošti) with the ـای (-'i) form of the suffix.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic ـَة (-a).

#### Suffix

ـه • (-e)
* Arabic feminine suffix

##### Usage notes

Same as for Etymology 1.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 3
#### Verb

ـه • (-e)
* Colloquial form of است (ast, “is”, third-person singular indicative of بودن (budan, “to be”))