# 帝

| 帝 | U+5E1D, &#24093; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E1D |
| ← 帜 [U+5E1C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 帞 → [U+5E1E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

帝 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜月中月 (YBLB), four-corner 0022$_7$, composition ⿱⿳亠丷冖巾)

#### Derived characters

* 偙, 啼, 𭏅, 媂, 崹, 揥, 渧, 𭦽, 腣, 楴, 𤧛, 𬊱, 遆, 碲, 禘, 𮇱, 締(缔), 褅, 諦(谛), 𮙫, 蹄, 𮠺, 鍗, 𩋣, 𩤢, 䱱(𬶤), 𪕬, 𪖰, 𪯐, 𢅛, 𢋠, 䫕, 㡣, 鶙, 𨼨, 𪼀, 蒂, 啻, 㛳, 𢝃, 𪪶, 𬃨

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 330, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8865
* Dae Jaweon: page 636, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 738, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5E1D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 帝 :
| Shang | Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Ancient script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 膪 | *rtaːɡs, *rteːɡs |
| 揥 | *tʰeds, *teː |
| 腣 | *teː, *teːɡs |
| 諦 | *teːɡs |
| 偙 | *teːɡs |
| 渧 | *teːɡs |
| 帝 | *teːɡs |
| 楴 | *tʰeːɡs |
| 啼 | *deː |
| 蹄 | *deː |
| 締 | *deː, *deːɡs |
| 崹 | *deː |
| 鶙 | *deː |
| 禘 | *deːɡs |
| 啻 | *hljeɡs |
| 嫡 | *rteɡ, *teːɡ |
| 摘 | *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ |
| 謫 | *rteːɡ |
| 讁 | *rteːɡ |
| 擿 | *deɡ |
| 蹢 | *deɡ, *teːɡ |
| 適 | *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ |
| 啇 | *teːɡ |
| 滴 | *teːɡ |
| 鏑 | *teːɡ |
| 甋 | *teːɡ |
| 樀 | *teːɡ, *deːɡ |
| 敵 | *deːɡ |
Pictogram (象形). Possible interpretations:
* The sepal of a flower; original form of 蒂 (OC *teːds, “stem; peduncle”).
* Tied-up firewood perhaps used as a sacrifice; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs).
* An altar; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs).
* An asterism joining three stars of Ursa Major with three of Ursa Minor, together with Thuban and Kochab. Around 2000 BCE the three top-to-bottom lines would have crossed at the north celestial pole, where the god 帝 dwelt (Pankenier, 2004).
The character's first attested use is for “God of Heaven”; it was later used as a title for emperors. Shuowen erroneously interprets the character to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *teːɡs): semantic 丄 (“up; above”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *teɣ (“God”); compare Tibetan ཐེ (the, “celestial gods of the Bon religion”), Jingpho [script needed] (mə³¹-tai³³, “god of the sky”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *mɯ-Dai⁴ (“spirit; god”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2011). Cognate with 禘 (OC *deːɡs, “a kind of sacrifice”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, Sagart (1999) derives it from a root *tek (“to be master over; to rule over”), whence also 適 (OC *ᵃtek, “to rule; to control”), 嫡 (OC *ᵃtek, “son of principal wife”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): dì (di$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): di$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dai$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ai$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): di$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ti
    (Hailu, HRS): di$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): di$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): di$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): di̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): dá̤
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): de$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tè
    (Teochew, Peng'im): di$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ti
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): di$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dì
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dì
*** Wade–Giles: ti$^4$
*** Yale: dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dih
*** Palladius: ди (di)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: di$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: di
*** Sinological IPA : /ti²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dai$^3$
*** Yale: dai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɐi̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ai³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: di$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ti³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ti
*** Hakka Romanization System: di
*** Hagfa Pinyim: di$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ti⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: di$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /ti¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: di$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ti⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: di$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ti⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: di̿
*** Sinological IPA : /ti³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dá̤
*** Sinological IPA : /tɑ²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: de$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: da̤̍
*** Sinological IPA : /te⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tè
*** Tâi-lô: tè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dex
*** IPA (Xiamen): /te²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /te⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /te²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /te¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /te²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: di$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tì
*** Sinological IPA : /ti²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ti
*** MiniDict: ti$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ti
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ti³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: di$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tejH
Rime :
| Character | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 都計切 |
| Baxter | tejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tiei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /tiei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤek-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*teːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | dì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tˁek-s/ |
| English | God |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 帝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2313 |
| Phonetic component | 帝 |
| Rime group | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 帝 |
| Old Chinese | /*teːɡs/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象根啇非朿聲 |

### Definitions

帝
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) God of Heaven
* emperor; sovereign
* Short for 帝國主義／帝国主义 (dìguózhǔyì, “imperialism”).
    反帝鬥爭／反帝斗争 ― fǎndì dòuzhēng ― anti-imperialism struggle

### Compounds

* 上帝 (Shàngdì)
* 上帝教
* 三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)
* 二帝三王
* 五帝 (Wǔdì)
* 亞述帝國 / 亚述帝国
* 伏魔大帝
* 保生大帝 (Bǎoshēng Dàdì)
* 先帝 (xiāndì)
* 兒皇帝 / 儿皇帝
* 剎帝利 / 刹帝利 (chàdìlì)
* 印加帝國 / 印加帝国
* 反帝 (fǎndì)
* 后帝 (hòudì)
* 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
* 外王內帝 / 外王内帝 (wàiwángnèidì)
* 大帝 (dàdì)
* 大英帝國 / 大英帝国 (Dàyīng Dìguó)
* 天帝 (tiāndì)
* 太帝 (Tàidì)
* 奧匈帝國 / 奥匈帝国 (Ào-Xiōng Dìguó)
* 帝京
* 帝位 (dìwèi)
* 帝俄 (Dì'é)
* 帝制 (dìzhì)
* 帝力 (dìlì)
* 帝后
* 帝君 (dìjūn)
* 帝命
* 帝嚳 / 帝喾 (Dìkù)
* 帝國 / 帝国 (dìguó)
* 帝國主義 / 帝国主义 (dìguózhǔyì)
* 帝國大廈 / 帝国大厦 (Dìguó Dàshà)
* 帝堯 / 帝尧
* 帝女
* 帝妃 (dìfēi)
* 帝室 (dìshì)
* 帝宮 / 帝宫
* 帝居
* 帝師 / 帝师
* 帝庭
* 帝德
* 帝星 (Dìxīng)
* 帝業 / 帝业 (dìyè)
* 帝王 (dìwáng)
* 帝王之道
* 帝王政治
* 帝王條款 / 帝王条款
* 帝皇 (dìhuáng)
* 帝祚
* 帝虎
* 帝號 / 帝号
* 帝道 (dìdào)
* 帝都 (dìdū)
* 帝鄉 / 帝乡
* 帝釋天 / 帝释天 (Dìshìtiān)
* 帝閽 / 帝阍
* 帝闕 / 帝阙
* 帝雉 (dìzhì)
* 平天大帝
* 廢帝 / 废帝 (fèidì)
* 影帝 (yǐngdì)
* 望帝
* 望帝啼鵑 / 望帝啼鹃
* 末代皇帝
* 波斯帝國 / 波斯帝国
* 洪憲帝制 / 洪宪帝制
* 火帝真君
* 炎帝 (Yándì)
* 玄天上帝 (Xuántiān Shàngdì)
* 玉天大帝
* 玉帝 (Yù Dì)
* 玉皇上帝 (Yùhuáng Shàngdì)
* 玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì)
* 白帝 (Báidì)
* 白帝城 (Báidìchéng)
* 皇帝 (huángdì)
* 皇帝豆 (huángdìdòu)
* 真武大帝 (Zhēnwǔ Dàdì)
* 稱帝 / 称帝 (chēngdì)
* 稱王稱帝 / 称王称帝
* 簡在帝心 / 简在帝心
* 羅馬帝國 / 罗马帝国 (Luómǎ Dìguó)
* 義帝 / 义帝 (Yì Dì)
* 肝帝 (gāndì)
* 胡天胡帝
* 蒙古帝國 / 蒙古帝国 (Měnggǔ Dìguó)
* 西臺帝國 / 西台帝国
* 赤帝 (chìdì)
* 赤帝子
* 遼天祚帝 / 辽天祚帝
* 關帝 / 关帝 (Guāndì)
* 關帝廟 / 关帝庙 (Guāndìmiào)
* 關聖帝君 / 关圣帝君 (Guānshèng Dìjūn)
* 雩帝
* 魯魚帝虎 / 鲁鱼帝虎 (lǔyúdìhǔ)
* 黃帝 / 黄帝 (Huángdì)
* 黃帝乘龍 / 黄帝乘龙
* 黑帝
* 龍孫帝子 / 龙孙帝子

### References

* “帝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 676.
* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “帝”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* “Entry #7222”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “帝”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 151.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “帝”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 54.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 帝 |
| Kyūjitai | 帝󠄁 帝+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 帝󠄃 帝+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* sovereign

#### Readings

* Go-on: たい (tai)
* Kan-on: てい (tei, Jōyō)
* Kun: みかど (mikado, 帝)
* Nanori: ただ (tada)、みかど (mikado)

#### Compounds

* 炎(えん)帝(てい) (entei)
* 賢(けん)帝(てい) (kentei)
** 五(ご)賢(けん)帝(てい) (gokentei)
* 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei)
* 女(じょ)帝(てい) (jotei)
* 新(しん)帝(てい) (shintei)
* 先(せん)帝(てい) (sentei)
* 帝(たい)釈(しゃく) (taishaku)
** 帝(たい)釈(しゃく)天(てん) (taishakuten)
* 大(たい)帝(てい) (taitei)
* 帝(てい)位(い) (teī)
* 帝(てい)威(い) (teī)
* 帝(てい)王(おう) (teiō)
* 帝(てい)業(ぎょう) (teigyō)
* 帝(てい)劇(げき) (teigeki)
* 帝(てい)国(こく) (teikoku, “empire”)
* 帝(てい)座(ざ) (teiza)
* 帝(てい)室(しつ) (teishitsu)
* 帝(てい)城(じょう) (teijō)
* 帝(てい)政(せい) (teisei)
* 帝(てい)大(だい) (teidai)
* 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* 女(にょ)帝(たい) (nyotai)
* 皇(おう)帝(だい) (ōdai)
* 幼(よう)帝(てい) (yōtei)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 帝
* みかど Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 御門

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) みかど [mìkádó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲika̠do̞]

### Noun

帝(みかど) • (mikado)
* mikado (emperor of Japan)
* emperor

#### Derived terms

* 帝(ミカド)揚(アゲ)羽(ハ) (mikado ageha, “Graphium doson”)
* 帝雉(ミカドキジ) (mikado kiji)

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 760 (paper), page 430 (digital)
* ↑ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 487 (paper), page 256 (digital)
* ↑ According to Jinnō Shōtōki (神皇正統記) by Kitabatake Chikafusa (北畠親房), 1339, 女帝 is pronounced as によたい (nyotai).
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 帝 (MC tejH). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎨〯 (tyěy) (Yale: tyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 帝 (eumhun 임금 제 (imgeum je))
* hanja form of 제 (“emperor”)

#### Compounds

* 대한 제국 (大韓帝國, Daehan jeguk)
* 제국 (帝國, jeguk)
* 제국주의 (帝國主義, jegukjuui)
* 제궐 (帝闕, jegwol)
* 제명 (帝命, jemyeong)
* 제왕 (帝王, jewang)
* 제왕 절개 (帝王切開, jewang jeolgae)
* 제위 (帝位, jewi)
* 황제 (皇帝, hwangje)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

帝: Hán Nôm readings: đế, đấy, đê, để, đí, đó
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.