# -li
## Alemannic German
### Suffix

-li
* forms diminutives of nouns

#### Derived terms
## Chickasaw
### Suffix

-li (class I first-person singular subject marker)
* I (subject of an active transitive or active intransitive verb)

### Suffix

-li (transitive-forming verb suffix)
* forms or indicates an active transitive verb

## Choctaw
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-li (verb-forming suffix)
* forms or indicates an active transitive verb

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-li (class I first-person singular)
* the subject of an active transitive verb
    I
* the subject of an active intransitive verb
    I

##### Inflection

| | | | class I | class I | class I | class II | class II | class III | class III | class N | class N | imperative | imperative |
| | | | +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V |
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | singular | medial | -li | -li | -li | sa- | si- | -sa- | -sam- | ak- | ak- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | paucal | paucal | ī- | ī- | il- | pi- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| first-person | plural | plural | ī- | ī- | il- | hapi- | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | kī- | kil- | n/a | n/a |
| second-person | singular | singular | is- | ish- | ish- | chi- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | chik- | ∅ | ∅ |
| second-person | plural | plural | has- | hash- | hash- | hachi- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | hachik- | ho- | oh- |
| third-person | third-person | third-person | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ik- | | |

## Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl
### Etymology 1

Cognate to Classical Nahuatl -lin

#### Suffix

-li
* a suffix that makes nouns.

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-li
* Alternative spelling of -lli.

## Fala
### Pronoun

-li
* Clitic form of le (“to him, to her, to them”)

#### See also

Dialects:  $^L$ Lagarteiru   $^M$ Mañegu   $^V$ Valverdeñu

### References

* Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

-la +‎ -i (nominal suffix)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-li/, [-li]

#### Suffix

-li
* Forms diminutive nouns.

##### Usage notes

Preceding -a-, -ä-, -i- usually changes to -e- (compare -ella).

##### Alternative forms

* -eli

##### Derived terms

* -listo

### Etymology 2

-la +‎ -i (i-lative singular)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /-li(ˣ)/, [-li(ʔ)]

#### Suffix

-li
* Forms some terminative adverbs.

##### Derived terms
## German
### Etymology

Cognate with Alemannic German -li.

### Suffix

-li n
* (Southern Germany, Switzerland) suffix used to create a diminutive form
    Synonym: -lein

#### Derived terms

* Mütterli

#### Related terms

* Kantönligeist
* Müsli
* Plätzli
* Rindsplätzli

## Greenlandic
### Pronunciation

* (Nuuk) IPA: /-li/, [-lɪ]

### Suffix

-li (v-v$^?$, additive$^?$)
* (intransitive, with stative verbs) [verb] more
* (transitive, with stative verbs) cause to [verb] more

#### Usage notes

Fusions with three verbs in the following manner:
    angivoq (“be large”) → allivoq (“become larger”), allivaa (“make larger, enlarge”)
    mikivoq (“be small”) → millivoq (“become smaller, shrink”), millivaa (“make smaller”)
    takivoq (“be long”) → tallivoq (“become longer”), tallivaa (“make longer”)

#### Derived terms
### Enclitic

-li
* but
** "Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit
    Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli

### Further reading

* Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 118-119, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014

## Igbo
### Alternative forms

* -ri (Owerri, Umuahia)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -iː

### Suffix

-li
* Used to form simple past tenses of verbs.
    melili (as in Roger Federer melili Yoshihito Nishioka na US Open.)

## Italian
### Pronoun

-li
* (enclitic) Alternative form of li
    dare (“to give”) → darli (“to give them”)
    vendere (“to sell”) → venderli (“to sell them”)
    servire (“to serve”) → servirli (“to serve them”)

#### Usage notes

* Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to accusative dative forms when the object is third plural masculine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :
    -are → -arli
    -ere → -erli
    -ire → -irli
Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:
    introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurli (“to introduce them”)
In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -li.

### Anagrams

* il, il-

## Latin
### Suffix

-lī
* inflection of -lus:
** nominative/vocative masculine plural
** genitive masculine/neuter singular

## Lower Sorbian
### Alternative forms

* -lic

### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-li; cognate with Upper Sorbian -li, Polish -li, Czech -li.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/, [lʲi]

### Particle

-li
* used after a verb form to introduce a polar question
    Spiš-li? ― Are you sleeping?
    Sy-li Bóžy syn? ― Are you the Son of God?
    Wiźiš-li to? ― Do you see that?

### Conjunction

-li
* if
    Synonyms: joli, gaž, gaby
    Coš-li, ga móžoš. ― If you want, then you may.
    Jo-li tam, ga jo derje. ― If he’s there, then it’s all right.
    Zmejoš-li pjeńeze, dosć změjoš pśijaśelow. ― If you have money, you’ll have plenty of friends.
    Maš-li to na mysli, ga cyń. ― If you’re thinking of it, do it.

### Further reading

* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “-li”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

## Maltese
### Etymology

lil +‎ -i

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɪ/

### Suffix

-li
* to me

## Middle English
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

-li
* Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-li
* Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)

## Pennsylvania German
### Suffix

-li
* (diminutive) -ling, -let

#### Derived terms

* Hundli
* Wutzli

## Pitjantjatjara
### Pronoun

-li (first person dual nominative, bound form of ngali)
* we two

#### Usage notes

Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.

#### Related terms

Pitjantjatjara personal pronouns (nominative case) :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| First person | ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa | ngali (we two) Bound form: -li | nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la |
| Second person | nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n | nyupali (you two) | nyura (you, more than two) |
| Third person | paluṟu (he/she/it) | pula (they two) | tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya |

## Polish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -i
* Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

### Particle

-li
* (dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question
    Synonym: czy
* (dated) emphatic particle
    Synonyms: -że, -no, -ci, -to

### Suffix

-li
* virile nominative/vocative plural of -ły

### Further reading

* -li in Polish dictionaries at PWN

## Turkish
### Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـلی (-li), from earlier ـلو (-li), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /li/, /ˈli/

### Suffix

-li
* with, containing; forms adjectives from nouns. This usage is treated as a "case suffix" and is separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe.
    Antonym: -siz
    ‎kafein (“caffeine”) + ‎-li → ‎kafeinli (“caffeinated, containing caffeine”)
* of, from; of a nation or place. This usage is treated as a "word-forming suffix" and is not separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe. The demonym formed this way functions equally as an adjective and as a noun. It is commonly encountered in surnames derived from the names of towns and cities.
    ‎İstanbul (“Istanbul”) + ‎-li → ‎İstanbullu (“[a person] from Istanbul”)
    ‎Tokat (“a city in northern Anatolia”) + ‎-li → ‎Tokatlı (“[a person] from Tokat”)
* Added to sports organizations to form names for their fans.
    ‎Ardahanspor (“a soccer team”) + ‎-li → ‎Ardahansporlu (“a person who supports this team”)

#### Usage notes

* Stress is carried onto the suffix when appended to a word with stress on the last syllable:
    üzüm /yˈzym/ becomes üzümlü /y.zymˈly/; Kars /ˈkaɾs/ becomes Karslı /kaɾsˈɫɯ/
* Stress doesn't shift when appended to a word that is stressed elsewhere:
    çikolata /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta/ becomes çikolatalı /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta.ɫɯ/; Bursa /ˈbuɾ.sa/ becomes Bursalı /ˈbuɾ.sa.ɫɯ/

#### Descendants

* Ladino: -li
* Greek: -λής (-lís)

## Uzbek
### Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

### Suffix

-li
* used to form descriptive adjectives from nouns

#### Derived terms
## Wutunhua
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [li]

### Etymology 1

From Mandarin 裡／里 (“inside”).

#### Suffix

-li
* Marks the locative case:
** in, at (location of an action)
    ggaiggan lhokang-li huaiqa kan-di-li.The teacher is reading a book in the classroom.(Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)
** to (direction of an action; optional for place names)
    ngu rongbo-li qhi-zhe.I am going to Longwu.(Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)

### Etymology 2

Janhunen et al. speculates that this is from Mandarin 來／来 (“to come”).

#### Suffix

-li
* An evidential suffix, marking that the subject has personally experienced the event/situation but that they were not personally responsible for instigating the event/situation, or did not have full control over the experience.

### References

* Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
* Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN