# 閉

| 閉 | U+9589, &#38281; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9589 |
| ← 閈 [U+9588] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 閊 → [U+958A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

閉 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+3, 11 strokes, cangjie input 日弓木竹 (ANDH), four-corner 7724$_7$, composition ⿵門才)

#### Derived characters

* 𠻻 𡠳 𡮥 𢲾 𰝁 𱢤 𣘥 𤛞 𦟼 𡮤 𡮩 𡮣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1330, character 14
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41222
* Dae Jaweon: page 1835, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4283, character 8
* Unihan data for U+9589

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 閉 | *piːds, *piːd |
| 閇 | *piːds |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 門 (“door”) + abbreviated 材 (“material; timber”).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pi-t (“to close”), which appears to be an areal word. Cognate with Burmese ပိတ် (pit, “to close”), as well as Thai ปิด (bpìt, “to close”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bì (bi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bai$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): bai$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pi
    (Hailu, HRS): bi$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bi$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): bié / biê
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): be$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bi$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$pi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): bei$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bì
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bì
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$
*** Yale: bì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bih
*** Palladius: би (bi)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bai$^3$
*** Yale: bai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐi̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: bai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pai³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pi
*** Hakka Romanization System: bi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bi$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bié / biê
*** Sinological IPA : /piɛ²¹³/, /piɛ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: be$^4$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ba̤̍
*** Sinological IPA : /pe⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pì
*** Tâi-lô: pì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pi²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pi¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bi$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /pi³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$pi
*** MiniDict: pi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$pi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pi³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: bei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pe̞i̯⁴⁵/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit閉 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /pi⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /pi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /pi⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /pi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /pi⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /pi³¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /pi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /pji²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /pi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /pi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /pi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /pi³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /pi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /pi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /pi²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /pi⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /pz̩⁵³/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /pi⁴⁵/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /pi³⁵/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /pi⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /pi³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /pi⁵¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /pi⁴⁴⁵/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /pei⁴²/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /pi³²⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /pi⁴²/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /pei⁵⁵/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /pi⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /pi⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /pi⁵³/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /pi⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /pɐi³³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /pɐi³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /pɐi²²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /pi²¹/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /pɛi²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /pi³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /pi³⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /ʔbi³⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: pejH, pet
Rime :
| Character | 閉 | 閉 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) | 屑 (87) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | IV |
| Fanqie | 博計切 | 方結切 |
| Baxter | pejH | pet |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pei$^H$/ | /pet̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pei$^H$/ | /pet̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pɛi$^H$/ | /pɛt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pɛj$^H$/ | /pɛt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pei$^H$/ | /pet̚/ |
| Wang Li | /piei$^H$/ | /piet̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /piei$^H$/ | /piet̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bì | bie |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bai$^3$ | bit$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤi[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*piːds/, /*piːd/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 閉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁi[t]-s/ |
| English | close (v.); obstruct |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 閉 | 閉 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 658 | 660 |
| Phonetic component | 閉 | 閉 |
| Rime group | 至 | 質 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閉 | 㢼 |
| Old Chinese | /*piːds/ | /*piːd/ |

### Definitions

閉
* to shut; to close
    閉門／闭门 ― bìmén ― to shut the door
* to obstruct; to block up; to stop up
    閉氣／闭气 ― bìqì ― to stop breathing
* to conclude; to end; to stop
    閉會／闭会 ― bìhuì ― to end a meeting
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to keep a secret
    閉步／闭步 [Hokkien] ― pì-pō͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to keep ceratin industry know-hows a secret

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 關, 閉 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 關 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 關 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 關 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 關 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 關 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 關 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 關 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 閂 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 閂 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 閂 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 閂 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 關 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 關 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 關 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 關 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 關 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 關 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 關 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 關 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 關 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 關 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 關 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 關 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 關 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 關 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 關 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 關 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 關 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 關 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 關 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 關 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 崁 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 關 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 關 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 關 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 關 |

### Compounds

* 倒閉 / 倒闭 (dǎobì)
* 停閉 / 停闭
* 全閉音 / 全闭音
* 半閉元音 / 半闭元音
* 吃閉門羹 / 吃闭门羹 (chī bìméngēng)
* 壅閉 / 壅闭
* 夜不閉戶 / 夜不闭户 (yèbùbìhù)
* 家嘈屋閉 / 家嘈屋闭
* 密閉 / 密闭 (mìbì)
* 封閉 / 封闭 (fēngbì)
* 封閉社會 / 封闭社会
* 巴閉 / 巴闭
* 幽閉 / 幽闭 (yōubì)
* 惡性倒閉 / 恶性倒闭
* 掩閉 / 掩闭 (yǎnbì)
* 啟閉 / 启闭
* 月閉花羞 / 月闭花羞
* 死不閉目 / 死不闭目
* 深閉固距 / 深闭固距
* 牙關緊閉 / 牙关紧闭
* 癃閉 / 癃闭
* 禁閉 / 禁闭 (jìnbì)
* 禁閉室 / 禁闭室
* 經閉 / 经闭
* 緊閉 / 紧闭 (jǐnbì)
* 緘舌閉口 / 缄舌闭口
* 羞花閉月 / 羞花闭月 (xiūhuābìyuè)
* 耳閉 / 耳闭
* 自閉 / 自闭 (zìbì)
* 自閉兒 / 自闭儿
* 自閉症 / 自闭症 (zìbìzhèng)
* 花閉月羞 / 花闭月羞
* 閉上 / 闭上 (bìshang)
* 閉十 / 闭十
* 閉卷考 / 闭卷考
* 閉口奪氣 / 闭口夺气
* 閉口無言 / 闭口无言
* 閉口藏舌 / 闭口藏舌
* 閉口韻 / 闭口韵 (bìkǒuyùn)
* 閉嘴 / 闭嘴 (bìzuǐ)
* 閉塞 / 闭塞 (bìsè)
* 閉幕 / 闭幕 (bìmù)
* 閉幕典禮 / 闭幕典礼
* 閉幕式 / 闭幕式 (bìmùshì)
* 閉庭 / 闭庭 (bìtíng)
* 閉心 / 闭心
* 閉戹 / 闭戹
* 閉攏 / 闭拢
* 閉明塞聰 / 闭明塞聪
* 閉會 / 闭会 (bìhuì)
* 閉月羞花 / 闭月羞花 (bìyuèxiūhuā)
* 閉果 / 闭果
* 閉氣 / 闭气 (bìqì)
* 閉目 / 闭目 (bìmù)
* 閉目塞聽 / 闭目塞听 (bìmùsètīng)
* 閉目沉思 / 闭目沉思
* 閉目養神 / 闭目养神
* 閉眉刷眼 / 闭眉刷眼
* 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn)
* 閉結 / 闭结
* 閉經 / 闭经 (bìjīng)
* 閉翳 / 闭翳
* 閉聲 / 闭声
* 閉蟄 / 闭蛰
* 閉路 / 闭路
* 閉路電視 / 闭路电视 (bìlù diànshì)
* 閉鎖 / 闭锁 (bìsuǒ)
* 閉門卻掃 / 闭门却扫
* 閉門塞竇 / 闭门塞窦
* 閉門天子 / 闭门天子
* 閉門思過 / 闭门思过 (bìménsīguò)
* 閉門羹 / 闭门羹 (bìméngēng)
* 閉門覓句 / 闭门觅句
* 閉門謝客 / 闭门谢客 (bìménxièkè)
* 閉門造車 / 闭门造车
* 閉閣思過 / 闭阁思过
* 閉關 / 闭关 (bìguān)
* 閉關卻掃 / 闭关却扫
* 閉關自守 / 闭关自守 (bìguānzìshǒu)
* 閉關鎖國 / 闭关锁国 (bìguānsuǒguó)
* 閉面 / 闭面
* 閉音節 / 闭音节 (bìyīnjié)
* 閉館 / 闭馆 (bìguǎn)
* 開口閉口 / 开口闭口 (kāikǒubìkǒu)
* 關門閉戶 / 关门闭户
* 關閉 / 关闭 (guānbì)
* 黑字倒閉 / 黑字倒闭

### References

* “閉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “闭”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 151.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* close, shut

#### Readings

* Go-on: はい (hai)
* Kan-on: へい (hei, Jōyō)
* On: へつ (hetsu)
* Kun: とじる (tojiru, 閉じる, Jōyō)、とざす (tozasu, 閉ざす, Jōyō)、しめる (shimeru, 閉める, Jōyō)、しまる (shimaru, 閉まる, Jōyō)、たてる (tateru, 閉てる)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to shut, close”): 開

#### Derived terms

* 閉(と)じる (tojiru)
* 閉(し)める (shimeru)

## Korean
### Hanja

閉 • (pye, byeol) (hangeul 폐, 별, revised pye, byeol, McCune–Reischauer p'ye, pyŏl, Yale phyey, pyel)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

閉: Hán Nôm readings: bế, bấy, bé
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.