# 知識
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhīshi, zhīshì
       (Zhuyin): ㄓ ˙ㄕ, ㄓ ㄕˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җышы (žɨšɨ, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^1$ sik$^1$ / zi$^3$ sik$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): dĭ-sék
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tì-sek / tì-siak / tì-sit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zai$^1$ sêg$^4$ / di$^3$ sêg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsy-seq$_7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhīshi
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ ˙ㄕ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhihshi̊h
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$-shih$^5$
*** Yale: jr̄-shr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jy.shy
*** Palladius: чжиши (čžiši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhīshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhihshìh
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: jr̄-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyshyh
*** Palladius: чжиши (čžiši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$知事 知識 / 知识 芝士
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җышы (žɨšɨ, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^1$ sik$^1$ / zi$^3$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: jī sīk / ji sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^1$ sik$^7$ / dzi$^3$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^1$ xig$^1$ / ji$^3$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/, /t͡siː³³ sɪk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$姿色 知悉 知識 / 知识
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: dĭ-sék
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(s-)}$lɛiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tì-sek
*** Tâi-lô: tì-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dieseg
*** IPA (Taipei): /ti¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ti²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Singapore): /ti²¹⁻⁴² sek̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ti²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tì-siak
*** Tâi-lô: tì-siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diesiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tì-sit
*** Tâi-lô: tì-sit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diesid
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ti²¹⁻⁵³ sit̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zai$^1$ sêg$^4$ / di$^3$ sêg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsai sek / tì sek
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sai³³⁻²³ sek̚²/, /ti²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sek̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tsy-seq$_7$
*** MiniDict: tsy$^平$ seh$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tsr-seq$_4$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sz̩⁵⁵ səʔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: trje syik
Rime :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 陟移切 | 賞職切 |
| Baxter | trje | syik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈiᴇ/ | /ɕɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiɛ/ | /ɕɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶjɛ/ | /ɕiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈiə̆/ | /ɕik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶie/ | /ɕiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶǐe/ | /ɕĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶie̯/ | /ɕi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhī | shi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^1$ | sik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tre s-tək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'e tjɯɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhī | shí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trje › | ‹ syik › |
| Old Chinese | /*tre/ | /*s-tək/ |
| English | know | know |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11495 | 17244 |
| Phonetic component | 矢 | 戠 |
| Rime group | 支 | 代 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 志 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔl'e/ | /*tjɯɡs/ |
| Notes | 沈兼士依韻會所引說文從口矢聲 | 戠轉註字 |

#### Noun

知識
* knowledge
    學習知識／学习知识 ― xuéxí zhīshi ― to acquire knowledge
    更新知識／更新知识 ― gēngxīn zhīshi ― to renew one's knowledge
    知識淵博／知识渊博 ― zhīshi yuānbó ― to be knowledgeable
    傳授知識／传授知识 ― chuánshòu zhīshi ― to pass on knowledge
    知識結構／知识结构 ― zhīshi jiégòu ― knowledge structure
    知識爆炸／知识爆炸 ― zhīshi bàozhà ― knowledge explosion
    長知識／长知识 ― zhǎng zhīshi ― to acquire knowledge; to learn something new
       Túshūguǎn shì rénlèi zhīshi de hǎiyáng. [Pinyin]
       Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.
       Zhīshi bù yīdìng wánquán láizì yú xuéxiào de jiàoyù, shèhuì yě shì ge dàxué ma. [Pinyin]
       Knowledge does not come from schooling alone. Society is a kind of university.
* (Can we verify this sense?) intellect; intelligence
    From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century CE
    Jīnrì qiǎn lái de liǎng ge pózi piānshēng shì jí wú zhīshí de, wén dé Bǎoyù yào jiàn, jìnlái zhǐ gāng wèn le hǎo, shuō le méi liǎng jù huà. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)

##### Synonyms

* (knowledge):
* 字目 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 學問 / 学问 (xuéwèn)
* 心得 (xīndé) (knowledge gained)
* 所知 (suǒzhī) (literary)
* 智識 / 智识 (zhìshí) (literary, or Min Nan and Cantonese)
* 聞見 / 闻见 (wénjiàn) (literary)
* 見聞 / 见闻 (jiànwén)
* 見識 / 见识 (jiànshí)
* 認識 / 认识
* 識見 / 识见 (shíjiàn) (literary)
* (intellect): 智力 (zhìlì)

##### Derived terms

* 元知識 / 元知识
* 冷知識 / 冷知识
* 專業知識 / 专业知识
* 知識人 / 知识人
* 知識分子 / 知识分子
* 知識圖譜 / 知识图谱
* 知識就是力量 / 知识就是力量
* 知識工人 / 知识工人
* 知識庫 / 知识库
* 知識產品 / 知识产品
* 知識產業 / 知识产业
* 知識產權 / 知识产权
* 知識界 / 知识界
* 知識經濟 / 知识经济
* 知識論 / 知识论
* 知識青年 / 知识青年
* 知識面 / 知识面
* 知識點 / 知识点
* 零知識證明 / 零知识证明

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 知(ち)識(しき) (chishiki)
* → Korean: 지식(知識) (jisik)
* → Vietnamese: tri thức (知識)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhīshí, zhīshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄓ ㄕˊ, ㄓ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^1$ sik$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhīshí
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ ㄕˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhihshíh
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$-shih$^2$
*** Yale: jr̄-shŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyshyr
*** Palladius: чжиши (čžiši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhīshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄓ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhihshìh
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^1$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: jr̄-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyshyh
*** Palladius: чжиши (čžiši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$知事 知識 / 知识 芝士
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^1$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: jī sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^1$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^1$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$姿色 知悉 知識 / 知识
* Middle Chinese: trje syik
Rime :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (11) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 陟移切 | 賞職切 |
| Baxter | trje | syik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈiᴇ/ | /ɕɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiɛ/ | /ɕɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶjɛ/ | /ɕiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈiə̆/ | /ɕik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶie/ | /ɕiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶǐe/ | /ɕĭək̚/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ȶie̯/ | /ɕi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhī | shi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^1$ | sik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tre s-tək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'e tjɯɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhī | shí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trje › | ‹ syik › |
| Old Chinese | /*tre/ | /*s-tək/ |
| English | know | know |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 知 | 識 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11495 | 17244 |
| Phonetic component | 矢 | 戠 |
| Rime group | 支 | 代 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 志 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔl'e/ | /*tjɯɡs/ |
| Notes | 沈兼士依韻會所引說文從口矢聲 | 戠轉註字 |

#### Verb

知識
* (literary) to know; to be familiar with

##### Synonyms

* 了解 (liǎojiě)
* 佔有 / 占有 (zhànyǒu)
* 分曉 / 分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 參悟 / 参悟 (cānwù)
* 悟 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懂 (dǒng)
* 懂得 (dǒngde)
* 打生 (Wenzhounese)
* 把握 (bǎwò)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 明 (ming$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 明白
* 明瞭 / 明了 (míngliǎo)
* 曉得 / 晓得 (xiǎode)
* 會悟 / 会悟 (huìwù) (literary)
* 洞悉 (dòngxī)
* 清亮 (mainland China)
* 清楚
* 熟似 (Hokkien)
* 熟悉 (shúxī)
* 熟稔 (shúrěn) (literary)
* 熟識 / 熟识 (shúshí)
* 理會 / 理会 (lǐhuì)
* 理解 (lǐjiě)
* 瞭悟 / 了悟 (liǎowù) (literary)
* 知影 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 知悉 (zhīxī) (literary)
* 知曉 / 知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
* 知道 (zhīdào)
* 覺 / 觉
* 覺悟 / 觉悟 (juéwù)
* 覺醒 / 觉醒 (juéxǐng)
* 認識 / 认识
* 諳曉 / 谙晓 (ānxiǎo) (literary)
* 諳達 / 谙达 (āndá) (literary)
* 貫通 / 贯通 (guàntōng)
* 通曉 / 通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
* 通解 (tōngjiě) (literary)
* 通達 / 通达 (tōngdá)
* 達 / 达 (literary, or in compounds)
* 醒悟 (xǐngwù)
* 開悟 / 开悟 (kāiwù) (literary)
* 領悟 / 领悟 (lǐngwù)
* 領會 / 领会 (lǐnghuì)
* 領略 / 领略 (lǐnglüè)

#### Noun

知識
* (literary) acquaintance; friend
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Rén yǒu dà chòu zhě, qí qīnqī xiōngdì qīqiè zhīshí wú néng yǔ jū zhě, zìkǔ ér jū hǎishàng. [Pinyin]
    There was a man who stank obnoxiously. Among his relatives, siblings, wives, and friends, none could bear to live with him. Troubled by himself, he went to dwell on an island in the sea.

##### Synonyms

* 半熟臉兒 / 半熟脸儿 (bànshóuliǎnr) (colloquial)
* 所知 (suǒzhī) (literary)
* 熟人 (shúrén)
* 熟人子 (shou$^6$ ren$^2$ zr) (Xiang)
* 熟似人 (Hokkien)
* 相識 / 相识 (xiāngshí)

##### Derived terms

* 善知識 / 善知识 (shànzhīshí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 知 | 識 |
| ち Grade: 2 | しき Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちしき [chíꜜshìkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [t͡ɕiɕi̥kʲi]

### Noun

知(ち)識(しき) • (chishiki)
* knowledge
    知(ち)識(しき)を得(え)る
       chishiki o eru
       to acquire knowledge

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 知 | 識 |

### Noun

知識 • (jisik) (hangeul 지식)
* hanja form of 지식 (“knowledge”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 知 | 識 |

### Noun

知識
* chữ Hán form of tri thức (“knowledge”).