# 立春
## Chinese

* 立春 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 立春 (Cantonese)
* Li̍p-chhûn (Hakka)
* Lĭk-chŭng (Eastern Min)
* Li̍p-chhun (Southern Min)
* 立春 (Wu)
* Lichun (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Lìchūn
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ ㄔㄨㄣ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): Ni$^2$ cun$^1$
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): Li̊qchùn
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lap$^6$ ceon$^1$ / laap$^6$ ceon$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lit$^6$ 'cun$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Li̍p-chhûn
    (Hailu, HRS): lib$^ˋ$ chun$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lib$^6$ cun$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): lieh$^4$ cung$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): Lì-ché̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): Lĭk-chŭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lih$^7$ cong$^1$ / lih$^7$ cuong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Li̍p-chhun
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lib$^8$ cung$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^8$liq-tshen$_1$ / $^8$liq-$^3$tshen$_1$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li$^6$ qyn$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Lìchūn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ ㄔㄨㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Lìchun
*** Wade–Giles: Li$^4$-chʻun$^1$
*** Yale: Lì-chwūn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Lihchuen
*** Palladius: Личунь (Ličunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: Ni$^2$ cun$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Licun
*** Sinological IPA : /ni²¹ t͡sʰuən⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: Li̊qchùn
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): liq$^5$ chun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /liʔ⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰuə̃³¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lap$^6$ ceon$^1$ / laap$^6$ ceon$^1$
*** Yale: lahp chēun / laahp chēun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lap$^9$ tsoen$^1$ / laap$^9$ tsoen$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leb$^6$ cên$^1$ / lab$^6$ cên$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐp̚² t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/, /laːp̚² t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lit$^6$ 'cun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /lit̚⁵ ˈt͡sʰun⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Li̍p-chhûn
*** Hakka Romanization System: lib cun$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lib$^6$ cun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /lip̚⁵ t͡sʰun²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: lib$^ˋ$ chun$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /lip² t͡ʃʰun⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lib$^6$ cun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /lip̚⁵ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lieh$^4$ cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /liəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ t͡sʰuŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Lì-ché̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁴² t͡sʰœyŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Lĭk-chŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lih$^7$ cong$^1$ [Phonetic: lih$^6$ cong$^1$]
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Li̍h-cheong
*** Sinological IPA : /liʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lih$^7$ cuong$^1$ [Phonetic: lih$^6$ cuong$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /liʔ²⁴⁻² t͡sʰuoŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Li̍p-chhun
*** Tâi-lô: Li̍p-tshun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: libzhwn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lip̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lip̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lip̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lip̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lib$^8$ cung$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: li̍p tshung
*** Sinological IPA : /lip̚⁴⁻² t͡sʰuŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq-tshen$_1$
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$ tshen$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$liq-tshen$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sʰən²³/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^8$liq-$^3$tshen$_1$
*** MiniDict: lih$^入$ tshen$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /liɪʔ²² t͡sʰən⁵¹/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: li$^6$ qyn$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /li²⁴ t͡ɕʰyn³³/
* Middle Chinese: lip tsyhwin
Rime :
| Character | 立 | 春 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 昌 (24) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (141) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力入切 | 昌脣切 |
| Baxter | lip | tsyhwin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liɪp̚/ | /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lip̚/ | /t͡ɕʰʷin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljep̚/ | /t͡ɕʰjuen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lip̚/ | /cʰwin/ |
| Li Rong | /liəp̚/ | /t͡ɕʰiuĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭĕp̚/ | /t͡ɕʰĭuĕn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /li̯əp̚/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯uĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lì | chūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lap$^6$ | ceon$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.rəp tʰun/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rɯb tʰjun/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 立 | 春 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lì | chūn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lip › | ‹ tsyhwin › |
| Old Chinese | /*k.rəp/ | /*tʰun/ |
| English | stand (v.) | springtime |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 立 | 春 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7869 | 12573 |
| Phonetic component | 立 | 屯 |
| Rime group | 緝 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 立 | 春 |
| Old Chinese | /*rɯb/ | /*tʰjun/ |
| Notes | | 說文從艸從日屯聲， 實屯繁化轉註字 |

### Proper noun

立春
* The "Beginning of Spring", the first of the twenty-four solar terms, around February 3rd, 4th, or 5th, marking the first day of spring according to the Chinese calendar.
    立春以來／立春以来 ― Lìchūn yǐlái ― since the beginning of spring

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 立春 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 立春, 打春 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 立春 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 立春, 打春 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 立春, 打春 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 打春, 立春 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 立春, 打春 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 打春 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 打春 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 立春 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 立春, 打春 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 打春, 立春 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 立春 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 打春, 立春 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 打春, 立春 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 立春, 打春 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 打春, 立春 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 立春 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 立春, 交春 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 立春 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 打春 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 打春 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 立春 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 立春 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 立春 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 立春 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 立春 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 立春 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 立春, 打春 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 立春 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 立春 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 交春, 立春 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 交春, 立春 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 立春, 交春 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 立春 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 分春 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 立春 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 立春 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 立春, 春 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 立春 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 立春 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 立春 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 立春, 交春, 迎春, 春動 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 立春 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 立春 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 立春, 交春 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 交春 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 立春, 打春 |
| Wu | Danyang | 打春, 立春 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 立春 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 立春, 交春 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 立春 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 立春 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 立春 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 立春, 打春 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 立春 |

#### Coordinate terms

* 二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: 立春 (Lìchūn)、雨水 (yǔshuǐ)、驚蟄／惊蛰 (Jīngzhé)、春分 (Chūnfēn)、清明 (qīngmíng)、穀雨／谷雨 (Gǔyǔ)
** Summer: 立夏 (Lìxià)、小滿／小满 (Xiǎomǎn)、芒種／芒种 (mángzhòng)、夏至 (xiàzhì)、小暑 (Xiǎoshǔ)、大暑 (Dàshǔ)
** Autumn: 立秋 (Lìqiū)、處暑／处暑 (Chǔshǔ)、白露 (báilù)、秋分 (Qiūfēn)、寒露 (Hánlù)、霜降 (Shuāngjiàng)
** Winter: 立冬 (Lìdōng)、小雪 (xiǎoxuě)、大雪 (dàxuě)、冬至 (dōngzhì)、小寒 (Xiǎohán)、大寒 (Dàhán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 立春(りっしゅん) (Risshun)
* → Korean: 립춘(立春) (ripchun), 입춘(立春) (ipchun)
* → Vietnamese: Lập xuân (立春)

### References

* “立春”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
* “Entry #1454”, in 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 立 | 春 |
| りつ > りっ Grade: 1 | しゅん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 立春 (liɪp̚ t͡ɕʰiuɪn) > Japanese /*ɾit̚t͡ʃʰjun/ > /ɾiʃːjun/.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りっしゅん [rìsshúń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾʲiɕːɨ̃ɴ]

### Proper noun

立(りっ)春(しゅん) • (Risshun)
* the first day of spring according to the traditional lunisolar calendar

### See also

* 二(に)十(じゅう)四(し)節(せっ)気(き) (Nijūshi Sekki, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: 立(りっ)春(しゅん) (Risshun), 雨(う)水(すい) (Usui), 啓(けい)蟄(ちつ) (Keichitsu), 春(しゅん)分(ぶん) (Shunbun), 清(せい)明(めい) (Seimei), 穀(こく)雨(う) (Kokuu)
** Summer: 立(りっ)夏(か) (Rikka), 小(しょう)満(まん) (Shōman), 芒(ぼう)種(しゅ) (Bōshu), 夏(げ)至(し) (Geshi), 小(しょう)暑(しょ) (Shōsho), 大(たい)暑(しょ) (Taisho)
** Autumn: 立(りっ)秋(しゅう) (Risshū), 処(しょ)暑(しょ) (Shosho), 白(はく)露(ろ) (Hakuro), 秋(しゅう)分(ぶん) (Shūbun), 寒(かん)露(ろ) (Kanro), 霜(そう)降(こう) (Sōkō)
** Winter: 立(りっ)冬(とう) (Rittō), 小(しょう)雪(せつ) (Shōsetsu), 大雪(たいせつ) (Taisetsu), 冬(とう)至(じ) (Tōji), 小(しょう)寒(かん) (Shōkan), 大寒(だいかん) (Daikan)

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “立春”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 立 | 春 |

### Proper noun

立春 • (Ipchun) (hangeul 입춘)
* hanja form of 입춘 (“the first day of spring according to the traditional lunisolar calendar”)

### Proper noun

立春 • (Ripchun) (hangeul 립춘)
* hanja form of 립춘 (“the first day of spring according to the traditional lunisolar calendar”)

### See also

* 이십사절기(二十四節氣) (Isipsajeolgi, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: 입춘(立春) (Ipchun), 우수(雨水) (Usu), 경칩(驚蟄) (Gyeongchip), 춘분(春分) (Chunbun), 청명(淸明) (Cheongmyeong), 곡우(穀雨) (Gogu)
** Summer: 입하(立夏) (Ipha), 소만(小滿) (Soman), 망종(芒種) (Mangjong), 하지(夏至) (Haji), 소서(小暑) (Soseo), 대서(大暑) (Daeseo)
** Autumn: 입추(立秋) (Ipchu), 처서(處暑) (Cheoseo), 백로(白露) (Baengno), 추분(秋分) (Chubun), 한로(寒露) (Hallo), 상강(霜降) (Sanggang)
** Winter: 입동(立冬) (Ipdong), 소설(小雪) (soseol), 대설(大雪) (Daeseol), 동지(冬至) (Dongji), 소한(小寒) (Sohan), 대한(大寒) (Daehan)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 立 | 春 |

### Proper noun

立春
* chữ Hán form of Lập xuân (“the first day of spring according to the traditional lunisolar calendar”).

### See also

* Hai mươi tư tiết khí (𠄩𨒒四節氣, “The twenty-four solar terms”):
** Spring: Lập xuân (立春)、Vũ thủy (雨水)、Kinh trập (驚蟄)、Xuân phân (春分)、Thanh minh (清明)、Cốc vũ (穀雨)
** Summer: Lập hạ (立夏)、Tiểu mãn (小滿)、Mang chủng (芒種)、Hạ chí (夏至)、Tiểu thử (小暑)、Đại thử (大暑)
** Autumn: Lập thu (立秋)、Xử thử (處暑)、Bạch lộ (白露)、Thu phân (秋分)、Hàn lộ (寒露)、Sương giáng (霜降)
** Winter: Lập đông (立冬)、Tiểu tuyết (小雪)、Đại tuyết (大雪)、Đông chí (冬至)、Tiểu hàn (小寒)、Đại hàn (大寒)