# 係

| 係 | U+4FC2, &#20418; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2 |
| ← 俁 [U+4FC1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 促 → [U+4FC3] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 係 |
| Simplified | 系 |
| Traditional | 係 |

### Han character

係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 2229$_3$, composition ⿰亻系)

#### Derived characters

* 喺, 𦵠, 𨵺

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
* Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4FC2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 係 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Small seal scripts05880Transcribed ancient scriptsL20298L35898L35899L35900L35901 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 係 | *keːɡs |
| 系 | *ɡeːɡs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *keːɡs): semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).
The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xì (xi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hai$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): he
    (Hailu, HRS): he$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hê$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hē
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hi$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shi; $^6$yi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sì
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^4$
*** Yale: syì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hai$^6$
*** Yale: haih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hei$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
*** Hakka Romanization System: he
*** Hagfa Pinyim: he$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: he$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /he¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hê$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /he⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
*** Tâi-lô: hē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: he
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hi$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /hi³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$shi; $^6$yi
*** MiniDict: shi$^去$; yi$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$xi; $^3$hhi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/, /ɦi²³/
* Middle Chinese: kejH
Rime :
| Character | 係 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 古詣切 |
| Baxter | kejH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kei$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kei$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kei$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kiei$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kiei$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 係 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kej$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁek-s/ |
| English | tie (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 係 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13426 |
| Phonetic component | 系 |
| Rime group | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 計 |
| Old Chinese | /*keːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

係
* to relate; to bear on
* to tie; to bind
* (formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
    其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。 ― Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén. ― His mother is a native of Beijing.
       wu$^1$ lung$^{4-2}$ caa$^4$ hai$^6$ caa$^4$ ge$^3$ jat$^1$ zung$^2$. [Jyutping]
       Oolong tea is a type of tea.
* (Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

##### Usage notes

* (Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
* (Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 is used in literary or formal contexts.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 惟, 為, 乃 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 是, 係 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 是 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 是 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 是 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 係 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 係 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 係 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 係 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 係 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Wuchuan (Wuyang) | 是 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 係 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 係 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 係 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 係 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 係 |
| Hakka | Zijin | 係 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 係 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 係 |
| Hakka | Changting | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 係 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 係 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 係 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 係 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 係 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 係 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 係 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 係 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 係 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 係 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 係 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 係 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 係 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 是 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 是 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 是 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 是 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 是 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 是 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 是 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 是 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 是 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 是 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 是 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 是 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 是 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 是 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 是 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 是 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 是 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 是, 正是 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 是 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Wujiang) | 是 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 是 |
| Wu | Changshu | 是 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 是 |
| Wu | Taicang | 是 |
| Wu | Qidong | 是 |
| Wu | Haimen (Sijia) | 是 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 是 |
| Wu | Jiashan | 是 |
| Wu | Pinghu | 是 |
| Wu | Haining (Yanguan) | 是 |
| Wu | Tongxiang | 是 |
| Wu | Haiyan | 是 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Liyang | 是 |
| Wu | Changzhou (Jintan) | 是 |
| Wu | Yixing | 是 |
| Wu | Danyang | 是 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 是 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 是 |
| Wu | Nanjing (Gaochun) | 是 |
| Wu | Huzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Changxing | 是 |
| Wu | Anji | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Lin'an) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Fuyang) | 是 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Xiaoshan) | 是 |
| Wu | Tonglu | 是 |
| Wu | Tonglu (Wusheng) | 是 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 是 |
| Wu | Zhuji | 是 |
| Wu | Shengzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Xinchang | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Zhenhai) | 是 |
| Wu | Ningbo (Fenghua) | 是 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 是 |
| Wu | Cixi | 是 |
| Wu | Xiangshan | 是 |
| Wu | Ninghai | 是 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 是 |
| Wu | Tiantai | 是 |
| Wu | Xianju | 是 |
| Wu | Sanmen | 是 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 是 |
| Wu | Yueqing | 是 |
| Wu | Lishui | 是 |
| Wu | Longquan | 是 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 是 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 是 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 是 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 是 |

#### Compounds

* 人際關係 / 人际关系 (rénjìguānxì)
* 係數 / 系数 (xìshù)
* 係爭 / 系争
* 係爭物 / 系争物
* 係獲 / 系获
* 係累 / 系累
* 係臂 / 系臂
* 係踵 / 系踵
* 係蹄 / 系蹄
* 係頸 / 系颈
* 係頸闕庭 / 系颈阙庭
* 係風捕景 / 系风捕景
* 兩性關係 / 两性关系 (liǎngxìng guānxì)
* 公共關係 / 公共关系
* 利害關係 / 利害关系
* 初級關係 / 初级关系
* 勞資關係 / 劳资关系 (láozī guānxi)
* 因果關係 / 因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)
* 國際關係 / 国际关系 (guójì guānxì)
* 外交關係 / 外交关系 (wàijiāo guānxì)
* 夫妻關係 / 夫妻关系
* 安全係數 / 安全系数 (ānquán xìshù)
* 干係 (gānxì)
* 并列關係 / 并列关系
* 拉關係 / 拉关系
* 接關係 / 接关系
* 擔干係 / 担干系
* 數字係數 / 数字系数
* 楊氏係數 / 杨氏系数
* 水面係數 / 水面系数
* 沒關係 / 没关系
* 相關係數 / 相关系数
* 社會關係 / 社会关系
* 群眾關係 / 群众关系
* 膨脹係數 / 膨胀系数
* 裙帶關係 / 裙带关系 (qúndài guānxì)
* 親子關係 / 亲子关系
* 貝他係數 / 贝他系数
* 連帶關係 / 连带关系
* 關係 / 关系
* 關係人 / 关系人
* 關係企業 / 关系企业 (guānxì qǐyè)
* 關係命題 / 关系命题
* 關係戶 / 关系户
* 關係詞 / 关系词
* 關係調 / 关系调 (guānxìdiào)
* 關係運算 / 关系运算
* 零係數 / 零系数

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: hễ

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sī / sǐ
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
*** Tâi-lô: sī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: si
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /si³³/
*** IPA (Penang): /si²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /si²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐ
*** Tâi-lô: sǐ
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /si³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /si²²/

#### Definitions

係
* (Hokkien) Alternative form of 是 (sī, sǐ, “to be”)
** 2011, 林宗興, “想起昔當時”, in 衝吧！夢想超人英雄, performed by 林宗興:
       it-chhè hi-hoa lóng sī khang-hi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2015, 柯大堡 [KoDaBow], “老厝邊 [Neighborhood]”, performed by 台客電力公司 [TaiKo Electro Company]:
       lāu-pêng-iú lâi tàu-tīn, sī hoaⁿ-hí--ah ê tāi-chì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2019, 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen], “過路人 [Passersby]”, in 但係我袂驚惶 [When I Find My Heart Inside You], performed by 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen]:
       chù-tēng sī kòe-lō͘-lâng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Destined to be passersby

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
* Kun: かかる (kakaru, 係る, Jōyō)、かかり (kakari, 係, Jōyō)、かかわる (kakawaru, 係わる)、つながり (tsunagari)

#### Compounds

* 係(けい)船(せん) (keisen)
* 係(けい)争(そう) (keisō)
* 係(けい)属(ぞく) (keizoku)
* 係(けい)留(りゅう) (keiryū)
* 連(れん)係(けい) (renkei)
* 係(かかり)助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi), 係(かか)り助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi)

### Pronunciation 1

* Kanji in this term
* 係
* かかり Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 掛かり
* (Tokyo) かかり [káꜜkàrì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠ka̠ɾʲi]

#### Noun

係(かかり) • (kakari)
* person in charge, person responsible

### Pronunciation 2

* Kanji in this term
* 係
* かかり > がかり Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 掛 (public office titles)
* (Tokyo) がかり [gàkárí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡa̠ka̠ɾʲi]

#### Suffix

係(がかり) • (-gakari)
* person in charge, person responsible
    カメラ係(がかり)
       kamera-gakari
       cameraman
    撮(さつ)影(えい)係(がかり)
       satsuei-gakari
       photographer

##### Descendants

* → Indonesian: gakari

## Korean
### Hanja

係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))
* hanja form of 계 (“connection”)

#### Compounds

* 관계 (關係, gwan'gye, “relationship”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

係: Hán Nôm readings: hệ, hể, hề, hễ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation