# 杜鵑
## Chinese
### Etymology

Both the bird and flower were named after a mythological figure called Du Yu (杜宇). He was the leader of an ancient kingdom in present-day Sichuan area and became a cuckoo which was always wailing after dying with regret. Later, he was so grieved that he vomited blood which dropped onto an azalea and made it red.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dùjuān
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ ㄐㄩㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dou$^6$ gyun$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu-kiên / thu-kiân
    (Hailu, HRS): tu$^˖$ gien$^ˋ$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tō͘-koan
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$du-cioe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dùjuān
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ ㄐㄩㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dùjyuan
*** Wade–Giles: tu$^4$-chüan$^1$
*** Yale: dù-jywān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duhjiuan
*** Palladius: дуцзюань (duczjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dou$^6$ gyun$^1$
*** Yale: douh gyūn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dou$^6$ gyn$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dou$^6$ gün$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tou̯²² kyːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu-kiên
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu gien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^4$ gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵ ki̯en²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu-kiân
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu gian$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tu$^4$ gian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵ ki̯an²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: tu$^˖$ gien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰu³³ kien⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘-koan
*** Tâi-lô: tōo-kuan
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doxkoafn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kuan³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kuan⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$du-cioe
*** MiniDict: du$^去$ cioe
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$du-jyoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /du²² t͡ɕyø⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: duX kwen
Rime :
| Character | 杜 | 鵑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 先 (86) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 徒古切 | 古玄切 |
| Baxter | duX | kwen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /duo$^X$/ | /kwen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /duo$^X$/ | /kʷen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /do$^X$/ | /kuɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dɔ$^X$/ | /kwɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /do$^X$/ | /kuen/ |
| Wang Li | /du$^X$/ | /kiwen/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /dʱuo$^X$/ | /kiwen/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dù | juān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dou$^6$ | gyun$^1$ |

### Noun

杜鵑
* (～鳥) cuckoo (bird)
* (～花) azalea and rhododendron, especially Rhododendron simsii

#### Synonyms

* (cuckoo):
* 伏鳩仔 / 伏鸠仔 (Hakka)
* 可穀 / 可谷 (dialectal)
* 姑姑蟲 / 姑姑虫 (gu$^1$ gu$^{1-3}$ cung$^1$) (Jin)
* 子規 / 子规 (zǐguī)
* 子規鳥 / 子规鸟 (zǐguīniǎo)
* 布穀 / 布谷 (bùgǔ)
* 布穀鳥 / 布谷鸟 (bùgǔniǎo)
* 杜宇 (dùyǔ) (literary)
* 杜鵑鳥 / 杜鹃鸟 (dùjuānniǎo)
* 種穀蟲兒 / 种谷虫儿 (Jin)
* 穀穀鳥 / 谷谷鸟 (dialectal)
* 豆仔鳥 / 豆仔鸟 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 陽雀子 / 阳雀子 (ian$^2$ cio$^6$ zr) (Xiang)
* 鳲鳩 / 鸤鸠 (shījiū) (literary)
* (azalea and rhododendron): 杜鵑花／杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā), 映山紅／映山红 (yìngshānhóng), 滿山紅／满山红 (mǎnshānhóng), 躑躅／踯躅 (zhízhú)

#### Derived terms

* 杜鵑啼血 / 杜鹃啼血
* 杜鵑窩 / 杜鹃窝
* 杜鵑花 / 杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā)
* 杜鵑鳥 / 杜鹃鸟 (dùjuānniǎo)
* 武鳴杜鵑 / 武鸣杜鹃 (Wǔmíng dùjuān)
* 臺灣杜鵑 / 台湾杜鹃

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 杜(と)鵑(けん) (token)
* → Korean: 두견(杜鵑) (dugyeon)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 鵑 |
| ほととぎす ||
| Jinmeiyō | Hyōgai |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 杜鵑 – see the following entry. :
| 【ほととぎすホトトギス】 | [noun] lesser cuckoo (Cuculus poliocephalus) Alternative spellings 子規, 時鳥, 杜宇, 田鵑, 蜀魂, 郭公, 不如帰, 怨鳥 |
(This term, 杜鵑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 杜 | 鵑 |
| と Jinmeiyō | けん Hyōgai |
| kan'on ||
From Middle Chinese 杜鵑 (MC duX kwen).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とけん [tòkéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞kẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

杜(と)鵑(けん) • (token)
* lesser cuckoo (Cuculus poliocephalus)

##### Derived terms

* 杜鵑花(とけんか) (tokenka)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 杜 | 鵑 |

### Noun

杜鵑 • (dugyeon) (hangeul 두견)
* hanja form of 두견 (“cuckoo, azalea”)