# 纍

| 纍 | U+7E8D, &#32397; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7E8D |
| ← 續 [U+7E8C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 纎 → [U+7E8E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

纍 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+15, 21 strokes, cangjie input 田田田火 (WWWF), four-corner 6090$_3$, composition ⿱畾糸)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 942, character 43
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28039
* Dae Jaweon: page 1382, character 23
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3466, character 8
* Unihan data for U+7E8D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 摞 | *roːl, *roːls |
| 騾 | *roːl |
| 螺 | *roːl |
| 蔂 | *roːl, *rul |
| 虆 | *roːl, *rul |
| 瘰 | *roːlʔ |
| 礌 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 雷 | *ruːl |
| 擂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 攂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
| 礧 | *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
| 儡 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
| 瓃 | *ruːl, *rul, *ruls |
| 櫑 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
| 鑘 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
| 鐳 | *ruːl |
| 畾 | *ruːl |
| 轠 | *ruːl, *rulʔ |
| 罍 | *ruːl |
| 蕾 | *ruːlʔ |
| 癗 | *ruːlʔ |
| 磥 | *ruːlʔ |
| 累 | *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols |
| 儽 | *ruːls, *rul |
| 樏 | *rolʔ, *rul |
| 鸓 | *rul, *rulʔ |
| 嫘 | *rul |
| 纍 | *rul, *ruls |
| 欙 | *rul |
| 纝 | *rul |
| 壘 | *rulʔ |
| 櫐 | *rulʔ |
| 蘽 | *rulʔ |
| 藟 | *rulʔ |
| 讄 | *rulʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rul, *ruls): phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl) + semantic 糸 (“fine silk”). The original meaning is "rope; to bind", hence any reference to being tired after hard work in the fields or after sewing is a folk etymology based on modern meaning.

### Etymology
#### “to bind; rope”

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rej ~ s-rwi(j) (“obscure internal channel; cord; string; creeper; cane; rattan”); cognate with Mizo hrui (“creeper; cane; rope”), Burmese ရိုး (rui:, “kind of creeper; tree (in compounds)”).
    Related to 虆 (OC *roːl, *rul, “creeper; rambler”), 藟 (OC *rulʔ, “to wind; creeper”) (Wang, 1982).
    Proto-Tai *roːjꟲ (“to string together”) (whence Thai ร้อย (rɔ́ɔi)) may be a loan from Chinese (Manomaivibool, 1975).
Also see 累 (OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): léi (lei$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄟˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lùi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lûi
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$le
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: léi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: léi
*** Wade–Giles: lei$^2$
*** Yale: léi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lei
*** Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /leɪ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leoi$^4$
*** Yale: lèuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loey$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵy̯²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lùi
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ui⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lûi
*** Tâi-lô: luî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luii
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lui²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lui²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lui¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lui²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lui²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le
*** MiniDict: le$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/
* Middle Chinese: lwij
Rime :
| Character | 纍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力追切 |
| Baxter | lwij |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liuɪ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lʷi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljuɪ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwi/ |
| Li Rong | /lui/ |
| Wang Li | /lwi/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /lwi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | léi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leoi$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]uj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rul/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 纍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | léi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwij › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]uj/ |
| English | to wind around, bind |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 纍 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 7741 |
| Phonetic component | 畾 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 㶟 |
| Old Chinese | /*rul/ |
| Notes | 見爾雅 |

#### Definitions

纍
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stitch, link or bind together in an orderly fashion
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to twist around; to wind around
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to confine; to impound; to imprison
    alt. forms: 儽
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to be killed despite being innocent; to die of persecution
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) container for armour
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 縲 / 缧 (léi, “rope”)
* (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 㹎 (léi, “bull in mating season”)
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 印纍綬若 / 印累绶若
* 湘纍 / 湘累
* 繫纍 / 系累
* 纍囚 / 累囚
* 纍堆 / 累堆
* 纍牛 / 累牛
* 纍瓦結繩 / 累瓦结绳
* 纍紲 / 累绁 (léixiè)
* 纍纍 / 累累 (léiléi)
* 纍臣 / 累臣

### Pronunciation 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 纍 – see 累 (“to pile up; repeated”). (This character is a variant form of 累).

### Pronunciation 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 纍 – see 累 (“to involve; to implicate”). (This character is a variant form of 累).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 累)
* bind
* wind about
* link
* join

#### Readings

* Go-on: るい (rui)
* Kan-on: るい (rui)
* On: らい (rai)
* Kun: つづる (tsuzuru, 纍る)

## Korean
### Hanja

纍 • (ryu>yu) (hangeul 류>유, revised ryu>yu, McCune–Reischauer ryu>yu, Yale lyu>yu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

纍: Hán Nôm readings: lũy/luỹ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation