# 邪魔
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiémó
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˊ ㄇㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ce$^4$ mo$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiémó
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˊ ㄇㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siémó
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^2$-mo$^2$
*** Yale: syé-mwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyemo
*** Palladius: семо (semo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ce$^4$ mo$^1$
*** Yale: chèh mō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tse$^4$ mo$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cé$^4$ mo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɛː²¹ mɔː⁵⁵/

### Noun

邪魔
* evil spirit; demon; devil

#### Synonyms

* 凶煞 (xiōngshà) (literally or figuratively)
* 凶神 (xiōngshén) (literally or figuratively)
* 妖 (yāo)
* 妖孽 (yāoniè)
* 妖怪 (yāoguài)
* 妖物 (yāowù)
* 妖精 (yāojīng)
* 妖鬼 (yāoguǐ)
* 妖魔 (yāomó)
* 孽 (niè) (literary, or in compounds)
* 怪物 (guàiwu)
* 惡魔 / 恶魔 (èmó) (literally or figuratively)
* 煞 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 煞神 (shàshén) (literary, literally or figuratively)
* 精怪 (jīngguài)
* 精靈 / 精灵 (jīnglíng)
* 魔 (mó) (literary, or in compounds)
* 魔障 (mózhàng) (Buddhism)
* 魔鬼 (móguǐ) (literally or figuratively)

#### Derived terms

* 邪魔外道

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 邪(じゃ)魔(ま) (jama)
* → Korean: 사마(邪魔) (sama)
* → Vietnamese: tà ma (邪魔)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 邪 | 魔 |
| じゃ Grade: S | ま Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Alternative forms

* Including the honorific prefix お (o-): お邪魔(じゃま) (o-jama), 御邪魔(おじゃま) (o-jama)

### Etymology

Originally a Buddhist term, imported into Japanese when Buddhism was introduced to Japan, some time during the Kofun, Asuka, and Nara periods.
From Middle Chinese 邪魔 (*zia mɑ, literally “wrong, evil, perverse” + “devil, demon”). Compare modern Mandarin 邪魔 (xiémó).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じゃま [jàmá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑa̠ma̠]

### Noun

邪(じゃ)魔(ま) • (jama)
* (Buddhism) a demon or devil of perversity, a hindrance to the practice of Buddhism
* (more generally) an obstacle, a hindrance, interference
    箱(はこ)をここに放(ほう)るのは邪魔(じゃま)だよ。
       Hako o koko ni hōru no wa jama da yo.
       Those boxes you threw down here are in the way.
* a nuisance, a bother
    電話(でんわ)の邪魔(じゃま)をしないでください。
       Denwa no jama o shinaide kudasai.
       Please don't be a nuisance when I'm on the phone. → Please don't interrupt my phone calls.
* (figurative, idiomatic, humble) a visit
    Usually prefixed with the honorific お (o-). Said of oneself visiting someone else, never said of others.
    来週(らいしゅう)お邪魔(じゃま)にあがってもよろしいでしょうか。
       Raishū ojama ni agatte mo yoroshii deshō ka.
       Would it be all right to visit you next week?

#### Synonyms

(obstacle):
* 妨害(ぼうがい) (bōgai)
* 障害(しょうがい) (shōgai)
* 障壁(しょうへき) (shōheki)
(hindrance):
* 支障(ししょう) (shishō)
* 妨(さまた)げ (samatage)
(a bother, a trouble):
* 厄介(やっかい) (yakkai)
(visit):
* 訪問(ほうもん) (hōmon) (in general, not humble)

### Verb

邪(じゃ)魔(ま)する • (jama suru) suru (stem 邪(じゃ)魔(ま)し (jama shi), past 邪(じゃ)魔(ま)した (jama shita))
* to impede, to obstruct
    そのパイプが通過(つうか)を邪魔(じゃま)しています。
       Sono paipu ga tsūka o jama shite imasu.
       That pipe is impeding passage.
* to be a bother, obstacle, nuisance, hindrance
    宿題(しゅくだい)しているから邪魔(じゃま)しないでくれ。
       Shukudai shite iru kara jama shinaide kure.
       I'm doing my homework, so don't bother me.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 邪魔し | じゃまし | jama shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 邪魔し | じゃまし | jama shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 邪魔する | じゃまする | jama suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 邪魔する | じゃまする | jama suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 邪魔すれ | じゃますれ | jama sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 邪魔せよ¹ 邪魔しろ² | じゃませよ¹ じゃましろ² | jama seyo¹ jama shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 邪魔される | じゃまされる | jama sareru |
| Causative | 邪魔させる 邪魔さす | じゃまさせる じゃまさす | jama saseru jama sasu |
| Potential | 邪魔できる | じゃまできる | jama dekiru |
| Volitional | 邪魔しよう | じゃましよう | jama shiyō |
| Negative | 邪魔しない | じゃましない | jama shinai |
| Negative continuative | 邪魔せず | じゃませず | jama sezu |
| Formal | 邪魔します | じゃまします | jama shimasu |
| Perfective | 邪魔した | じゃました | jama shita |
| Conjunctive | 邪魔して | じゃまして | jama shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 邪魔すれば | じゃますれば | jama sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Idioms

* お邪魔(じゃま)します (ojama shimasu): literally: “I'm being a bother / I'm bothering you” → said upon arrival when visiting someone's place: “hello, sorry for any trouble”

#### Synonyms

* (impede): 妨(さまた)げる (samatageru)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 邪 | 魔 |

### Noun

邪魔
* chữ Hán form of tà ma (“bad ghost”).