# flagellum
## English
### Etymology

From Latin flagellum (“whip”), diminutive of flagrum, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlag- (“to strike”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /fləˈd͡ʒɛləm/
* Rhymes: -ɛləm

### Noun

flagellum (plural flagella or flagellums or (proscribed) flagellae)
* (biology) In protists, a long, whiplike membrane-enclosed organelle used for locomotion or feeding.
* (biology) In bacteria, a long, whiplike proteinaceous appendage, used for locomotion.
* A whip

#### Synonyms

* (organelle of protists): cilium
* (whip): whip

#### Derived terms

* basiflagellum
* distiflagellum
* endoflagellum
* flagelliferous
* flagellin

#### Translations
## Dutch
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin flagellum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /flaːˈɣɛ.lʏm/
* Hyphenation: fla‧gel‧lum

### Noun

flagellum m (plural flagella)
* flagellum
    Synonyms: flagel, zweepdraad, zweephaar, zweepstaart

## French
### Noun

flagellum m (plural flagellums)
* flagellum (whip)

## Latin
### Etymology

From flagrum (“scourge, whip”) +‎ -lum.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /flaˈɡel.lum/, [fɫ̪äˈɡɛlːʲʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /flaˈd͡ʒel.lum/, [fläˈd͡ʒɛlːum]

### Noun

flagellum n (genitive flagellī); second declension
* whip, lash, scourge
** c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 25.9–13: […] nē lāneum latusculum manūsque mollicellās inusta turpiter tibī flagella cōnscribillent […] […] so that your soft side and your tender hands burning lashes may not shamefully scribble on […]
* whip for driving animals (riding horses, cattle etc.)
* tentacle
** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.361–372: […] utque sub aequoribus dēprēnsum pōlypus hostem continet ex omnī dīmissīs parte flagellīs. […] and how under the seas the polyp holds fast the captured enemy with tentacles dispatched from every side.
* young branch, shoot
** c. 4th century, Tiberianus, Pervigilium Veneris 5–6:Crās amōrum cōpulātrīx inter umbrās arborum implicat casās virentēs dē flagellō myrteō.Tomorrow the binder of loves amongst the shades of trees weaves green cottages from myrtle branches.

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

#### Synonyms

* scutica
* lorum
* verber

#### Related terms

* flagellō
* flagrum

#### Descendants

* Italo-Dalmatian:
** Dalmatian: frazial
** Italian: fragello, flagello (latinized?)
* Gallo-Italic:
** Lombard: fièl, fiaèl
* Northern Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: flleyél, flél ⇒ eflleyél
** Old French: flaiel, flael, flayau
*** French: fléau
*** Norman: fléel
* Southern Gallo-Romance:
** Occitan:
    Auvergnat: flagèl
    Gascon: hlagèth, lagèth ⇒ eslagèth, ehlagèth
    Languedocien: flagèl
    Limousin: flageu, flagèl, fleu
    Provençal: flagèu, flèu
    Vivaro-Alpine: fleu, flel, flageu
Borrowings:
* → Old Breton: flagell
* → Catalan: flagell, flagel
* → English: flagellum, flagellate
** → Welsh: fflagelwm
* → French: flagelle
* → Galician: flaxelo
* →? Proto-West Germanic: *flagil (see there for further descendants)
* → Byzantine Greek: φραγέλλιον (phragéllion)
** → Aramaic:
*** Jewish Literary Aramaic: פְּרַגְלָא (fragəlā)
*** Classical Syriac: ܦܪܳܓܶܠܳܐ (frāgĕlā)
*** → Arabic: فِرْجَوْن (firjawn), فِرْجَوْل (firjawl) — less often
**** → Classical Syriac: ܦܪܓܘܢܐ
**** → Ottoman Turkish: فرجول (fircevl)
** → Coptic: ⲫⲣⲁⲅⲉⲗⲗⲓⲟⲛ (phragellion)
* → Old Irish: sroigell
** Irish: sroigheall
* → Occitan: flagèl
* → Portuguese: flagelo
* → Romanian: flagel
* → Spanish: flagelo
* → Swedish: flagell
* → Welsh: fflangell, possibly ffrewyll

### References

* “flagellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “flagellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* "flagellum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* flagellum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.