# काल
## Hindi
### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /kɑːl/, [käːl]

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kālá).

#### Noun

काल • (kāl) m (Urdu spelling کال)
* time (as a concept)
* era, epoch, age, period
** 2020 February 11, विनीत कुमार [vinīt kumār], “आज का पंचांग: राहु काल और शुभ मुहूर्त का आज क्या है समय, पढ़ें 11 फरवरी का पंचांग [āj kā pañcāṅg: rāhu kāl aur śubh muhūrt kā āj kyā hai samay, paṛhẽ 11 pharavrī kā pañcāṅg]”, in Lokmat News Hindi‎:देश की राजधानी नई दिल्ली में राहु काल दोपहर बाद 03.22 बजे से शुरू होगा और ये 04.45 बजे तक रहेगा।deś kī rājdhānī naī dillī mẽ rāhu kāl dophar bād 03.22 baje se śurū hogā aur ye 04.45 baje tak rahegā.In New Delhi, the nation's capital, the Rahu period [an astrologically inauspicious time] will begin at 3:22 in the afternoon and it will remain until 4:45.
* (Hinduism) death (personified as Yama)
** 2020 February 12, “जेल में बंद पुत्र से मिलकर लौट रही मां व भाई काल के गाल में समाए [jel mẽ band putra se milkar lauṭ rahī mā̃ va bhāī kāl ke gāl mẽ samāe]”, in Dainik Jagran‎:[…] तभी रास्ते में काल बन कर आई बस ने इनकी बाइक में पीछे से धक्का मार दिया, जिससे दोनों की मौत घटनास्थल पर हो गई।[…] tabhī rāste mẽ kāl ban kar āī bas ne inkī bāik mẽ pīche se dhakkā mār diyā, jisse donõ kī maut ghaṭnāsthal par ho gaī. […] and just then a bus arrived in the form of Death and rammed their bike from behind, due to which the deaths of both occurred at the site of the accident.
* (grammar) tense

##### Declension
### Etymology 2

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀮 (agāla), from Sanskrit अकाल (akāla, “bad time”).

#### Noun

काल • (kāl) m (Urdu spelling کال)
* famine; bad times

##### Declension
## Konkani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kāla).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kɑːl]

### Adverb

काल • (kāl) (Latin script kal, Kannada script ಕಾಲ್)
* yesterday

## Marathi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kāla)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kal/

### Adverb

काल • (kāl)
* yesterday

### See also

Dates relative to today in Marathi (layout · text) :
| | –3 | –2 | –1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 |
| direct speech | three days ago | two days ago | yesterday | today | tomorrow | in two days | in three days |
| direct speech | तेरवा (tervā) | परवा (parvā) | काल (kāl) | आज (āj̈) | उद्या (udyā) | परवा (parvā) | तेरवा (tervā) |
| reported speech | three days before, three days earlier | two days before, two days earlier | the day before | on that day | the next day | two days later | three days later |
| reported speech | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] |

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “काल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
* Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “काल”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
* Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “काल”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* kāla (Latin script)
* 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* কাল (Bengali script)
* කාල (Sinhalese script)
* ကာလ or ၵႃလ (Burmese script)
* กาล or กาละ (Thai script)
* ᨠᩣᩃ (Tai Tham script)
* ກາລ or ກາລະ (Lao script)
* កាល (Khmer script)
* 𑄇𑄂𑄣 (Chakma script)

### Noun

काल m
* Devanagari script form of kāla (“time”)
** c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎ (overall work in Pali), page 254; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:काले इच्चेतं अस्हिकारत्थं वेदितब्बं॥Kāle iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.Note that time when is the purpose of the section

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কাল (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬵᬮ (Balinese script)
* কাল (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰯𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (Brahmi script)
* ကာလ (Burmese script)
* કાલ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਾਲ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌾𑌲 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦴꦭ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂰𑂪 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಾಲ (Kannada script)
* កាល (Khmer script)
* ກາລ (Lao script)
* കാല (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘰𑘩 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢗᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧑𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐵𑐮 (Newa script)
* କାଲ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢵꢭ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆳𑆬 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖯𑖩 (Siddham script)
* කාල (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑩛𑩽 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚭𑚥 (Takri script)
* கால (Tamil script)
* కాల (Telugu script)
* กาล (Thai script)
* ཀཱ་ལ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒰𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨊𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɑː.lɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /kɑː.l̪ɐ/

### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kār; compare Tamil கார் (kār, “black”), கரு (karu), Kannada ಕಾಡು (kāḍu, “blackness, black”), ಕಪ್ಪು (kappu).

#### Adjective

काल • (kāla) stem
* black, dark blue

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic
* ¹Vedic
* ²Brāhmaṇas
* ¹Vedic

##### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kashmiri: کالہٕ (kālụ)
** Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kāl
* Pali: kāḷa, kāḷaka
* Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla), 𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀬 (kālaya) (see there for further descendants)

#### Noun

काल • (kāla) stem, m
* black, dark blue colour
* pupil (dark part of the eye)

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic

#### See also

Colors in Sanskrit · रङ्ग (raṅga) (layout · text) :
| श्वेत (śvetá), शुक्ल (śuklá), शुभ्र (śubhrá), धवल (dhavalá), कर्पूर (karpū́ra), गौर (gaura), | धूमल (dhūmala), धूसर (dhūsara), पलित (palitá), मलिन (malina), रजत (rajata), कपोतक (kapotaká) | कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa), काल (kāla), श्याम (śyāma), श्याव (śyāva), कज्जल (kajjala) |
| रक्त (rakta), रुधिर (rudhira), सिन्दूर (sindūra), अरुष (aruṣa), ताम्र (tāmra); रोहित (rohita), लोहित (lohita), कार्मिज (kārmija) | नारङ्ग (nāraṅga), कमल (kamala); कद्रु (kadru), बभ्रु (babhru), कपिश (kapiśa) | पीत (pīta), कषाय (kaṣāya), पिङ्गल (piṅgala); पाण्डु (pāṇḍu), हिरण्य (hiraṇya), |
| शादहरित (śā́daharita) | हरित (harita), पलाश (palāśa), शाद्वल (śādvala), मारकत (mārakata) | नील (nī́la) |
| कपोतक (kapotaká) | आकाशवर्ण (ākāśavarṇa) , राजावर्त (rājāvarta), वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya) | नील (nī́la), मेचक (mecaka), कालक (kālaka) |
| धूम्र (dhūmra); तुत्थ (tuttha) | शोण (śoṇa), नीललोहित (nīlalohita), कर्पूरगौर (karpūragaura), | पाटल (pāṭala), अरुण (aruṇa), ब्रध्न (bradhna), ब्रध्न (bradhna) |

#### Noun

काल • (kāla) stem, n
* a black kind of agarwood from Agallochum (now Aquilaria)
* a kind of perfume (कक्कोलक (kakkolaka))
* iron

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic

### Etymology 2

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps an l-form of कार (kāra, “action”), taking "decisive action" as the connotation. Alternatively, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”); compare Proto-Slavic *vermę̀ (“period of time”) for a parallel semantic development from an earlier "turn" meaning (albeit from a different root). Hirt compares this to Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila, “a while”), while Güntert compares this to Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “measure, time, season”), and takes the l-consonant in काल (kāla) as a preservation of a dialectal form in order to distinguish from कार (kāra). Probably not a vṛddhi derivative of the root कल् (kal, “to calculate or enumerate”).

#### Noun

काल • (kālá) stem, m
* a fixed or right point of time, a space of time, time (in general)
* the proper time or season for (+genitive, dative, locative, in compound, infinitive, or subjunctive with यद् (yad)
** c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.42.9:उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले । यो दे॒वका॑मो॒ न धना॑ रुणद्धि॒ समित्तं रा॒या सृ॑जति स्व॒धावा॑न् ॥utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé. yó devákāmo ná dhánā ruṇaddhi sámíttáṃ rāyā́ sṛjati svadhā́vān.Having driven away the assailant, he triumphs; at the time of battle he selects his antagonist as does a gambler. The man who, desirous of gratifying the gods, withholds not his riches, him the powerful Indra associates with wealth.
* occasion, circumstance
* season
* hour
* a period of time, time of the world (युग (yuga))
* measure of time, prosody
* a section, part
* the end
* death by age
* time (as leading to events, the causes of which are imperceptible to the mind of man), destiny, fate
* time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama, regent of the dead, or even identified with him
** c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā Chapter 11.32:कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः । ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः ॥kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ. ṛteʼpi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve yeʼvasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ.I am mighty time, the source of destruction that comes forth to annihilate the worlds. Even without your participation, the warriors arrayed in the opposing army shall cease to exist.
* Kāla, personified is also a देवर्षि (devarṣi) in Indra's court, and a son of Dhruva

##### Declension

* ¹Vedic

##### Derived terms

* कालकूट (kālakū́ṭa, “highest death”)

##### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Dameli: kâl
** Indus Kohistani: kāla, kalaĩ
** Kalami: kāl
** Kalasha: kau, kālūna
** Kashmiri: کال (kāl), کالہٕ (kālụ)
** Khowar: کل (kala)
** Pashayi:
*** Northeast Pashayi: kōl
*** Northwest Pashayi: kāl
** Shina: کال (kāl)
** Shumashti: kāl
** Tirahi: kāl
** Torwali: کال (kāl)
** Wotapuri-Katarqalai: kāl
** → Proto-Nuristani:
*** Ashkun: kal
**** ⇒ Ashkun: awat-kāl
*** ⇒ Kamkata-viri: awte-kāl
*** ⇒ Prasuni: wūt-kal
*** Waigali: kāl
* Pali: kāla
** → Khmer: កាល (kaal)
* Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮 (kala), 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
** Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla) (see there for further descendants)
* → Javanese: ꦏꦭ / kala
* → Malay: kala
** Indonesian: kala
* → Tamil: காலம் (kālam), கால் (kāl)
* → Malayalam: കാലം (kālaṁ)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “काल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 277/1, 278/1.
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 202-203
* Agallochum at Plants of the World Online