# cinn
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* (Waterford, Cork) IPA: /cəiɲ/
* (Kerry) IPA: /ciːnʲ/
* (Galway) IPA: /ciːn̠ʲ/
* (Mayo, Ulster) IPA: /cɪn̠ʲ/

### Etymology 1

From Old Irish cingid, cinnid (“steps, paces, proceeds, goes; overcomes, surpasses, excels, exceeds”).

#### Verb

cinn (present analytic cinneann, future analytic cinnfidh, verbal noun cinneadh, past participle cinnte) (transitive, intransitive)
* (literary) step
* (with ar)
** surpass, overcome
** be too much for
    Chinn orainn aon dul chun cinn a dhéanadh.We failed to make any progress.

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh |
| past participle | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | cinnim | cinneann tú; cinnir$^†$ | cinneann sé, sí | cinnimid | cinneann sibh | cinneann siad; cinnid$^†$ | a chinneann; a chinneas / a gcinneann* | cinntear |
| past | chinn mé; chinneas | chinn tú; chinnis | chinn sé, sí | chinneamar; chinn muid | chinn sibh; chinneabhair | chinn siad; chinneadar | a chinn / ar chinn* | cinneadh |
| past habitual | chinninn / gcinninn‡‡ | chinnteá / gcinnteá‡‡ | chinneadh sé, sí / gcinneadh sé, sí‡‡ | chinnimis; chinneadh muid / gcinnimis‡‡; gcinneadh muid‡‡ | chinneadh sibh / gcinneadh sibh‡‡ | chinnidís; chinneadh siad / gcinnidís‡‡; gcinneadh siad‡‡ | a chinneadh / a gcinneadh* | chinntí / gcinntí‡‡ |
| future | cinnfidh mé; cinnfead | cinnfidh tú; cinnfir$^†$ | cinnfidh sé, sí | cinnfimid; cinnfidh muid | cinnfidh sibh | cinnfidh siad; cinnfid$^†$ | a chinnfidh; a chinnfeas / a gcinnfidh* | cinnfear |
| conditional | chinnfinn / gcinnfinn‡‡ | chinnfeá / gcinnfeá‡‡ | chinnfeadh sé, sí / gcinnfeadh sé, sí‡‡ | chinnfimis; chinnfeadh muid / gcinnfimis‡‡; gcinnfeadh muid‡‡ | chinnfeadh sibh / gcinnfeadh sibh‡‡ | chinnfidís; chinnfeadh siad / gcinnfidís‡‡; gcinnfeadh siad‡‡ | a chinnfeadh / a gcinnfeadh* | chinnfí / gcinnfí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go gcinne mé; go gcinnead$^†$ | go gcinne tú; go gcinnir$^†$ | go gcinne sé, sí | go gcinnimid; go gcinne muid | go gcinne sibh | go gcinne siad; go gcinnid$^†$ | — | go gcinntear |
| past | dá gcinninn | dá gcinnteá | dá gcinneadh sé, sí | dá gcinnimis; dá gcinneadh muid | dá gcinneadh sibh | dá gcinnidís; dá gcinneadh siad | — | dá gcinntí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | cinnim | cinn | cinneadh sé, sí | cinnimis | cinnigí; cinnidh$^†$ | cinnidís | — | cinntear |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### Etymology 2

From Old Irish cinnid (“defines, fixes, settles; completes, finishes; decides (on a course of action), makes a decision”), from cenn (“head”).

#### Verb

cinn (present analytic cinneann, future analytic cinnfidh, verbal noun cinneadh, past participle cinnte)
* (transitive, intransitive) fix, determine, decree, decide

##### Conjugation

| verbal noun | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh | cinneadh |
| past participle | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte | cinnte |
| tense | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| tense | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative |||||||||
| present | cinnim | cinneann tú; cinnir$^†$ | cinneann sé, sí | cinnimid | cinneann sibh | cinneann siad; cinnid$^†$ | a chinneann; a chinneas / a gcinneann* | cinntear |
| past | chinn mé; chinneas | chinn tú; chinnis | chinn sé, sí | chinneamar; chinn muid | chinn sibh; chinneabhair | chinn siad; chinneadar | a chinn / ar chinn* | cinneadh |
| past habitual | chinninn / gcinninn‡‡ | chinnteá / gcinnteá‡‡ | chinneadh sé, sí / gcinneadh sé, sí‡‡ | chinnimis; chinneadh muid / gcinnimis‡‡; gcinneadh muid‡‡ | chinneadh sibh / gcinneadh sibh‡‡ | chinnidís; chinneadh siad / gcinnidís‡‡; gcinneadh siad‡‡ | a chinneadh / a gcinneadh* | chinntí / gcinntí‡‡ |
| future | cinnfidh mé; cinnfead | cinnfidh tú; cinnfir$^†$ | cinnfidh sé, sí | cinnfimid; cinnfidh muid | cinnfidh sibh | cinnfidh siad; cinnfid$^†$ | a chinnfidh; a chinnfeas / a gcinnfidh* | cinnfear |
| conditional | chinnfinn / gcinnfinn‡‡ | chinnfeá / gcinnfeá‡‡ | chinnfeadh sé, sí / gcinnfeadh sé, sí‡‡ | chinnfimis; chinnfeadh muid / gcinnfimis‡‡; gcinnfeadh muid‡‡ | chinnfeadh sibh / gcinnfeadh sibh‡‡ | chinnfidís; chinnfeadh siad / gcinnfidís‡‡; gcinnfeadh siad‡‡ | a chinnfeadh / a gcinnfeadh* | chinnfí / gcinnfí‡‡ |
| subjunctive |||||||||
| present | go gcinne mé; go gcinnead$^†$ | go gcinne tú; go gcinnir$^†$ | go gcinne sé, sí | go gcinnimid; go gcinne muid | go gcinne sibh | go gcinne siad; go gcinnid$^†$ | — | go gcinntear |
| past | dá gcinninn | dá gcinnteá | dá gcinneadh sé, sí | dá gcinnimis; dá gcinneadh muid | dá gcinneadh sibh | dá gcinnidís; dá gcinneadh siad | — | dá gcinntí |
| imperative |||||||||
| – | cinnim | cinn | cinneadh sé, sí | cinnimis | cinnigí; cinnidh$^†$ | cinnidís | — | cinntear |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

##### Related terms

* cinniúint f (“fate”)
* cinnte (“certain”, adjective)

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Alternative forms

* (nominative/dative plural): ceanna (Cois Fharraige)

#### Noun

cinn m
* inflection of ceann (“head”):
** vocative/genitive singular
** nominative/dative plural

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cinn”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cingid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 cinnid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cinn”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “cinn”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025
* Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 24

## Middle Irish
### Noun

cinn
* inflection of cenn:
** genitive singular
** nominative plural

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Old English

Picture dictionary :
cinn
heafodban
brægn
eage
lippa
nosu
muþ
cinn
ceoce
eare
þunwange
heals :

### Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *kinnu (“chin”).
Compare Old Frisian zin, Old Saxon, Old Dutch, and Old High German kinni, Old Norse kinn, Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃 (kinnus) and Latin gena, Ancient Greek γένυς (génus), Welsh gen, Tocharian A śanweṃ, Old Armenian ծնաւտ (cnawt), Lithuanian žandas, Persian چانه (čâne), Sanskrit हनु (hánu).

#### Alternative forms

* ċin, ċyn

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ʃinn/, [t͡ʃin]

#### Noun

ċinn n
* chin

##### Declension

Strong a-stem:

##### Descendants

* Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
** English: chin
** Scots: chin, chyn

### Etymology 2

See cynn.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kinn/, [kin]

#### Noun

cinn n
* Alternative form of cynn

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʲin͈ʲ/

### Noun

cinn
* genitive singular of cenn

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʲʰiːɲ/
* (Lewis) IPA: [kʲʰẽ̠ĩɲ]

### Etymology 1

From the root of cineal (“progeny, offspring”).

#### Verb

cinn (past chinn, future cinnidh, verbal noun cinntinn, past participle cinnte)
* grow
* increase, multiply
* prosper

### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

cinn m
* inflection of ceann:
** genitive singular
** nominative plural

### Mutation

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

### References

* ↑ Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

### Further reading

* Edward Dwelly (1911) “cinn”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN