# 둏다
## Korean
### Adjective

둏다 • (dyota) (infinitive 둏아, sequential 둏으니)
* Yukjin form of 좋다 (jota, “to be good, to be pleasing”)
** 2009, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], “2007년도 국외 집단 이주 한민족의 지역어 조사 보고 [2007nyeondo gugoe jipdan iju hanminjogui jiyeogeo josa bogo]”, in 국립국어원 [gungnipgugeowon], volume 1, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 13:예. 아매는 머리 굉장히 둏습꾸마. (Yukjin)Ye. Amae-neun meori goengjanghi dyo-seupkkuma.Yes. Grandmother was very smart.(literally, “... had a good head.”)

## Middle Korean
### Etymology

Seemingly reanalyzed from earlier 됴〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (tywǒhòtá), cf. 만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (mǎnhòtá) > Korean 많다 (manta), ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (kóthòtá) > ᄀᆞᇀ〮다〮 (kóthtá).
Thus etymologically a compound 됴〯 (tywǒ) +‎ ᄒᆞ다 (hota, light verb deriving adjectives). The first element, 됴〯 (tywǒ), is a cranberry morpheme; it may potentially be a nativized Sino-Korean root, given that this syllable does not occur in any other native Middle Korean word.
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “What are some likely Chinese terms that could have been borrowed as Middle Korean 됴〯 (tywǒ)? Do linguists discuss any candidate source terms?”

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽tjǒhtá⫽

### Verb

둏〯다〮 (tywǒhtá) (infinitive 됴〯하〮, sequential 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮)
* (intransitive) to become (or to be) pleasing; to become (or to be) good
    Antonym: 굿다〮 (kwùstá)
** 14th c.? (pub. late 15th c.), “滿殿春 / 만전춘 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang gasa):올하 올하 아련 비올하 여흘란 어듸 두고 소해 자라 온다 소콧 얼면 여흘도 됴ᄒᆞ니wolh-a wolh-a alyen piwolh-a yehul-lan etuy twukwo swoh-ay cala wonta swoh-kwos elmyen yehul-two tyohoniO duck, o duck, o foolish rain-duck! Where have you left your riffles that you come sleep in the marsh? But once the marsh freezes, the riffles are good as well.
** 1481, 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page 19:33:사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 ᄯᅩ〮 가마괴〮도〮 됴〯토다〮sǎlàm-í tyǒhòlssóy stwó kàmàkwóy-twó tyǒthwòtáThough people are pleasing to me, how the ravens please me as well!
* (intransitive) to become (or to be) of superior quality; to become (or to be) good
    Antonym: 굿다〮 (kwùstá)
** 1517, 飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사, page I.47:ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮 누의님〮하〮mòzòm tyǒhòsín nwùùy-ním-háO my honored good-hearted sister!
* (intransitive) to become (or to be) suitable or good for a specific purpose
    Antonym: 굿다〮 (kwùstá)
** 1466, 救急方諺解 / 구급방언해, page I.50:새〮 약곳〮 업〯거든〮 달힌〮 즈ᅀᅴ도〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮sáy yàk-kwós ěpkètún tàlhín cùzùy-twó tyǒhónìláAs long as one has none of the new medicine, the boiled dregs are also suitable.
* (intransitive) to get better, to be healed, to recover from an illness
** 1489, 救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해, pages 6:39a–b:미친〮 가히〮 믈인〮 독〮이〮 다시〮 나거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 프〮러 두〯 돈〯을〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라mìchín kàhí mùlGín twók-í tàsí nàkètún mòlòn sòyngàng-úl kólà múl-èy púlè twǔ twǒn-úl mèkúmyèn tyǒhòlílàHaving been bitten by a rabid dog, should [the effects of] the poison [i.e. the rabies virus] recur, take two dons of ground dry ginger dissolved in water, and [the symptoms] will get better.
* (uncommon, transitive) to be pleased by, to consider as good
    Synonym: 됴〯히〮 너기〮다〮 (tyǒhí nèkítá)
* (hapax, transitive) to heal, to cure (possibly awkward literal translation from Chinese)
    Synonym: 고티〮다〮 (kwòthítá)

#### Usage notes

Modern learners often confuse this verb with 조타〮 (cwòtá), which means "to be pure".

#### Conjugation

Selected conjugations of 됴〯타〮 (tyǒthá), Accentual class R :
| Note that many forms are unattested/merely hypothetical. ||||||
| Selected plain sentence-final forms ||||||
| | Declarative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Interrogative | Modulated declarative |
| | Declarative | Polar question | Wh-word question | Second-person subject | Modulated declarative |
| Past | 됴〯타〮 (tyǒthá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮 (tyǒhónìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ가〮 (tyǒhònká) 됴〯ᄒᆞ녀〮 (tyǒhònyé) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ고〮 (tyǒhònkwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ뇨〮 (tyǒhònyó) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ다〮 (tyǒhòntá) | 됴〯호라〮 (tyǒhwòlá) |
| Present | 됸〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (tyǒnnòtá) 됸〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (tyǒnnónìlá) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (tyǒnnònká) 됸〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (tyǒnnònyé) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (tyǒnnònkwó) 됸〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (tyǒnnònyó) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (tyǒnnòntá) | 됸〯노라〮 (tyǒnnwòlá) |
| Conjectural | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리라〮 (tyǒhólìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ가〮 (tyǒhòlqká) 됴〯ᄒᆞ려〮 (tyǒhòlyé) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ고〮 (tyǒhòlqkwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ료〮 (tyǒhòlyó) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ다〮 (tyǒhòlqtá) | 됴〯호〮리라〮 (tyǒhwólìlá) |
| Retrospective/ imperfective | 됴〯터라〮 (tyǒthèlá) 됴〯터〮니라〮 (tyǒthénìlá) | 됴〯턴가〮 (tyǒthènká) 됴〯터녀〮 (tyǒthènyé) | 됴〯턴고〮 (tyǒthènkwó) 됴〯터뇨〮 (tyǒthènyó) | 됴〯턴다〮 (tyǒthèntá) | 됴〯타라〮 (tyǒthàlá) |
| -거- (-ke-) form | 됴〯커다〮 (tyǒkhètá) 됴〯커〮니라〮 (tyǒkhénìlá) | 됴〯커녀〮 (tyǒkhènyé) | 됴〯커뇨〮 (tyǒkhènyó) | 됴〯컨다〮 (tyǒkhèntá) | 됴〯콰라〮 (tyǒkhwàlá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | Exclamatory/Emotive |
| 됴〯호마〮 (tyǒhwòmá, promissive) 됴〯쳐〮 (tyǒchyé, hortative) | 됴〯호마〮 (tyǒhwòmá, promissive) 됴〯쳐〮 (tyǒchyé, hortative) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ라〮 (tyǒhlá, order) 됴〯코라〮 (tyǒkhwòlá, request) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ라〮 (tyǒhlá, order) 됴〯코라〮 (tyǒkhwòlá, request) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮 (tyǒhòntyé), 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮 (tyǒhòlssyé) 됴〯토다〮 (tyǒthwòtá), 됴〯톳다〮 (tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해라〮 (tyǒhàylá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮 (tyǒhòntyé), 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮 (tyǒhòlssyé) 됴〯토다〮 (tyǒthwòtá), 됴〯톳다〮 (tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해라〮 (tyǒhàylá) |
| Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms ||||||
| Past | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhóngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhòníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (tyǒhòníngìská) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (tyǒhòníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 됴〯호〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhwóngìtá) |
| Present | 됸〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒnnóngìtá) 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒnnòníngìtá) | 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (tyǒnnòníngìská) | 됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (tyǒnnòníngìskwó) | no separate forms | 됸〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒnnwóngìtá) |
| Conjectural | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhòlíngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (tyǒhòlíngìská) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (tyǒhòlíngìskwó) | no separate forms | 됴〯호리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhwòlíngìtá) |
| Promissive/Hortative | Promissive/Hortative | Imperative | Imperative | Exclamatory/Emotive | Exclamatory/Emotive |
| 됴〯호마〮 (tyǒhwòmá, promissive) 됴〯싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒssángìtá, hortative) | 됴〯호마〮 (tyǒhwòmá, promissive) 됴〯싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒssángìtá, hortative) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (tyǒhósyòsyé, order) 됴〯코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒkhwóngìtá, request) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (tyǒhósyòsyé, order) 됴〯코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒkhwóngìtá, request) | 됴〯토다〮 (tyǒthwòtá), 됴〯톳다〮 (tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒháyngìtá) | 됴〯토다〮 (tyǒthwòtá), 됴〯톳다〮 (tyǒthwòstá) 됴〯해〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒháyngìtá) |
| Selected honorific declarative forms ||||||
| | Past | Present | Conjectural | Retrospective/ imperfective | 거 (-ke-) form |
| Plain subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시다〮 (tyǒhósìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮 (tyǒhòsínìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (tyǒhòsínòtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (tyǒhósìnónìlá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮 (tyǒhòsílìlá) | 됴〯터〮시다〮 (tyǒthésìtá) 됴〯터시〮니라〮 (tyǒthèsínìlá) | 됴〯커〮시다〮 (tyǒkhésìtá) 됴〯커시〮니라〮 (tyǒkhèsínìlá) |
| Deferential subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhòsíngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhósìníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhósìnóngìtá) 됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhòsínòníngìtá) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒhósílíngìtá) | 됴〯터시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒthèsíngìtá) 됴〯터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒthésìníngìtá) | 됴〯커시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒkhèsíngìtá) 됴〯커〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (tyǒkhésìníngìtá) |
| Plain object-honoring | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮 (tyǒssǒptá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (tyǒssòWónìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (tyǒssǒpnòtá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (tyǒssǒpnónìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (tyǒssòWólìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (tyǒssǒptèlá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (tyǒssǒpténìlá) | 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거다〮 (tyǒssǒpkètá) 됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮 (tyǒssǒpkénìlá) |
| Selected connective forms ||||||
| Connective | Causative | Conditional/situating | Contrastive/concessive | Purposive/desiderative | Infinitive |
| 됴〯코〮 (tyǒkhwó) 됴〯ᄒᆞ며〮 (tyǒhòmyé) 됴〯타가〮 (tyǒthàká) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (tyǒhòní) 됴〯커ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (tyǒkhènól) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 (tyǒhòlssóy, only in declarative) 됴〯콴ᄃᆡ〮 (tyǒkhwàntóy, only in interrogative) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ면〮 (tyǒhòmyén) 됴〯커든〮 (tyǒkhètún) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ대〮 (tyǒhòntáy) 됴〯컨댄〮 (tyǒkhèntáyn) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ나〮 (tyǒhòná) 됴〯호ᄃᆡ〮 (tyǒhwòtóy) 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (tyǒhòntól) 됴〯컨〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒkhénmàlón) | 됴〯호려〮 (tyǒhwòlyé) 됴〯코져〮 (tyǒkhwòcyé, desires own action) 됴〯콰뎌〮 (tyǒkhwàtyé, desires other's action) | 됴〯하〮 (tyǒhá) |
| Adnominal/gerundive forms ||||||
| | Past | Present | Present | Conjectural | Conjectural |
| Unmodulated non-honorific | 됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒhón) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒnnón) | 됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒnnón) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮 (tyǒhólq) | 됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮 (tyǒhólq) |
| Modulated non-honorific | 됴〯혼〮 (tyǒhwón) | 됸〯논〮 (tyǒnnwón) | 됸〯논〮 (tyǒnnwón) | 됴〯호ᇙ〮 (tyǒhwólq) | 됴〯호ᇙ〮 (tyǒhwólq) |
| Unmodulated subject-honoring | 됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮 (tyǒhòsín) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒhósìnón) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (tyǒhósìnón) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (tyǒhòsílq) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (tyǒhòsílq) |
| Substantive forms ||||||
| Plain | Plain | Plain | Subject-honoring | Subject-honoring | Subject-honoring |
| 됴〯홈〮 (tyǒhwóm) | 됴〯홈〮 (tyǒhwóm) | 됴〯홈〮 (tyǒhwóm) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮 (tyǒhòsyám) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮 (tyǒhòsyám) | 됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮 (tyǒhòsyám) |

#### Derived terms

* 됴〯쿳다〮 (tywǒkhwùstá, “to be good or bad”)

#### Descendants

* Early Modern Korean: 둏다 (tywohta)
** Korean: 좋다 (jota)
** Pyongan Korean: 돟다 (dota)
** Yukjin Korean: 둏다 (dyota)

### References

* ↑ 李(이)賢(현)熙(희) (1999) “'둏다' 구문에 대한 통시적 연구 [A diachronic study of the tywoh-ta construction]”, in 진단학보 (in Korean), volume 87, pages 71-126