# 憫

| 憫 | U+61AB, &#25003; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61AB |
| ← 憪 [U+61AA] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憬 → [U+61AC] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憫 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 心日弓大 (PANK), four-corner 9702$_0$, composition ⿰忄閔)
* pity, sympathize with, grieve for

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 403, character 32
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11252
* Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2357, character 4
* Unihan data for U+61AB

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 憫 | *mrɯnʔ |
| 閔 | *mrɯnʔ |
| 潣 | *mrɯnʔ, *mɯːlʔ |
| 簢 | *mrɯnʔ |
| 燘 | *mɯːlʔ, *hmɯːlʔ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mǐn (min$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): man$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mén / miên
    (Hailu, HRS): men$^ˊ$ / mien$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): mīng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ming$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bín
    (Teochew, Peng'im): miêng$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mǐn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mǐn
*** Wade–Giles: min$^3$
*** Yale: mǐn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miin
*** Palladius: минь (minʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /min²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: man$^5$
*** Yale: máhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: man$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: men$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐn¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén / miên
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˋ$ / mien$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: men$^3$ / mian$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /men³¹/, /mi̯en²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˊ$ / mien$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /men²⁴/, /mien⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mīng
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ming$^3$
*** Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: mîng
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ming$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bín
*** Tâi-lô: bín
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bin⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bin⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bin⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: miêng$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miéng
*** Sinological IPA : /mieŋ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: minX
Rime :
| Character | 憫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 眉殞切 |
| Baxter | minX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠiɪn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚin$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mien$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mjin$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /mjĕn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mǐĕn$^X$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /mi̯ĕn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mǐn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | man$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mrə[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mǐn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ min$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mrə[n]ʔ/ |
| English | grieved |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憫 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9153 |
| Phonetic component | 閔 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愍 |
| Old Chinese | /*mrɯnʔ/ |

### Definitions

憫
* to sympathize; to pity; to feel compassion for
* (literary) depressed; sorrowful

### Compounds

* 其情可憫 / 其情可悯
* 垂憫 / 垂悯
* 悲天憫人 / 悲天悯人 (bēitiānmǐnrén)
* 悲憫 / 悲悯 (bēimǐn)
* 慈憫 / 慈悯
* 憫恤 / 悯恤
* 憫惻 / 悯恻
* 憐憫 / 怜悯 (liánmǐn)
* 憫然 / 悯然
* 矜憫 / 矜悯 (jīnmǐn)

### References

* “憫”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “悯”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 158.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: みん (min)
* Kan-on: びん (bin)
* Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 憫れむ)、うれえる (ureeru, 憫える)

## Korean
### Hanja

憫 (eumhun 민망할 민 (minmanghal min))
* hanja form of 민 (“pity, sympathize with, grieve for”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憫: Hán Nôm readings: mẫn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.