# 遺書
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yíshū
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˊ ㄕㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wai$^4$ syu$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vì-sû
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ûi-su / ûi-chir / ûi-si / î-su / î-si
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yíshū
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˊ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yíshu
*** Wade–Giles: i$^2$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: yí-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yishu
*** Palladius: ишу (išu)
*** Sinological IPA : /i³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wai$^4$ syu$^1$
*** Yale: wàih syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wai$^4$ sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wei$^4$ xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐi̯²¹ syː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vì-sû
*** Hakka Romanization System: vi$^ˇ$ su$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vi$^2$ su$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /vi¹¹ su²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi-su
*** Tâi-lô: uî-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uisw
*** IPA (Taipei): /ui²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ui²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ui²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi-chir
*** Tâi-lô: uî-tsir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ui²⁴⁻²² t͡sɯ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi-si
*** Tâi-lô: uî-si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: uisy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ui¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Yilan): /ui²⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î-su
*** Tâi-lô: î-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: isw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /i²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î-si
*** Tâi-lô: î-si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: isy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ywij syo
Rime :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 以追切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | ywij | syo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuɪ/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷi/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juɪ/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwi/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ui/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /jwi/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /wi/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wéi | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^4$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ](r)uj s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lul hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yí | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ywij › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ](r)uj/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | leave; reject | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4741 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 貴 | 者 |
| Rime group | 微 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 惟 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*lul/ | /*hlja/ |

#### Noun

遺書
* (chiefly in book titles) posthumous papers; writings of an author now dead
* a letter or note left by one immediately before death (which might not be legally effective)
    Coordinate term: 遺囑 / 遗嘱 (yízhǔ)
       1911nián 4yuè 24rì shēnyè, LínJuémín tiǎodēng xiějiù le liǎng fēng gǎnrénzhìshēn de yíshū: “yǔqīshū” hé “bǐngfùshū” [Pinyin]
       Late at night on 24 April 1911, Lin Juemin wrote two deeply touching letters shortly before his death by lamplight—one to his wife and the other to his father.
* (literary) ancient literature that was once lost and scattered
    敦煌遺書／敦煌遗书 ― Dūnhuáng yíshū ― rediscovered Dunhuang manuscripts

##### Synonyms

(posthumous papers):
* 遺著／遗著 (yízhù), 遺作／遗作 (yízuò)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wèishū
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˋ ㄕㄨ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wèishū
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wèishu
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^4$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: wèi-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: weyshu
*** Palladius: вэйшу (vɛjšu)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ywijH syo
Rime :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 以醉切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | ywijH | syo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuɪ$^H$/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷi$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juɪ$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwi$^H$/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ui$^H$/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /jwi$^H$/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /wi$^H$/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wai$^6$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ](r)uj-s s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*luls hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wèi | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ywij$^H$ › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ](r)uj-s/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | to present | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 遺 | 書 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4745 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 貴 | 者 |
| Rime group | 微 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 遺 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*luls/ | /*hlja/ |

#### Verb

遺⫽書 (verb-object)
* (Classical) to send a letter; to write to someone
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zhào Huìwénwáng shí, dé Chǔ Héshìbì. Qín Zhāowáng wén zhī, shǐ rén wèi Zhàowáng shū, yuàn yǐ shíwǔ chéng qǐng yì bì. [Pinyin]
    King Huiwen of Zhao had come into possession of the jade of Bian He, a man of Chu. When King Zhao of Qin knew this, he sent an envoy with a letter to the king of Zhao, offering fifteen cities in exchange for the jade.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 遺 | 書 |
| い Grade: 6 | しょ Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いしょ [íꜜshò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [iɕo̞]

### Noun

遺(い)書(しょ) • (isho)
* a letter or note left by one immediately before death; a suicide note
* (chiefly in book titles) works published posthumously
    『那珂(なか)通世(みちよ)遺書(いしょ)』
       “Naka Michiyo Isho”
       Collected Works by Naka Michiyo

#### See also

* 遺言(ゆいごん) (yuigon), 遺言(いごん) (igon)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.