# 壞

| 壞 | U+58DE, &#22750; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DE |
| ← 壝 [U+58DD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壟 → [U+58DF] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 壞 |
| Shinjitai | 壊 |
| Simplified | 坏 |

### Han character

壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 4413$_2$, composition ⿰土褱)

#### Derived characters

* 蘾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
* Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
* Unihan data for U+58DE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 壞
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 瓌 | *kuːl |
| 櫰 | *kuːl, *ɡruːl |
| 褱 | *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl |
| 懷 | *ɡruːl |
| 瀤 | *ɡruːl |
| 壞 | *ɡruːls |
| 蘾 | *ɡruːls |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡruːls): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). The radical of the earth is used since something that rots eventually becomes earth.

### Etymology 1

Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): huài (huai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huai$^4$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуэй (huey, III)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): waai$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vai$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fuai$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fái
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fai$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): huai$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): huōi
* Eastern Min (BUC): huâi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoāi / hoǎi / hāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huai$^6$
    (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): huai$^7$ / huai$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wa
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): fai$^4$ / fai$^5$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): ghua$^5$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fai$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huài
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huài
*** Wade–Giles: huai$^4$
*** Yale: hwài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
*** Palladius: хуай (xuaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: huai$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuai
*** Sinological IPA : /xuai²¹³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуэй (huey, III)
*** Sinological IPA : /xuɛi⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: waai$^6$
*** Yale: waaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: waai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /waːi̯²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /vai³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fuai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuai¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái
*** Hakka Romanization System: fai$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /fai̯³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /faɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: huai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuai⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
*** Sinological IPA : /xuɛ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huâi
*** Sinological IPA : /huɑi²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoāi
*** Tâi-lô: huāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoai
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Changtai): /huai²²/
*** IPA (Nan'an): /huai³¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /huai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /huai²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huai³³/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎi
*** Tâi-lô: huǎi
*** IPA (Longyan): /huai⁵³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
*** Tâi-lô: hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hai
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huai$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăi
*** Sinological IPA : /huai³⁵/
** (Leizhou)
*** Leizhou Pinyin: huai$^7$ / huai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /huai⁵⁵/, /huai³⁵/
* huai7 - literary;
* huai1 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: kweajH, hweajH
Rime :
| Character | 壞 | 壞 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 皆 (34) | 皆 (34) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 古壞切 | 胡怪切 |
| Baxter | kweajH | hweajH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuɛi$^H$/ | /ɦˠuɛi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚæi$^H$/ | /ɦʷᵚæi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɐi$^H$/ | /ɣuɐi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwəɨj$^H$/ | /ɦwəɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɛi$^H$/ | /ɣuɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kwɐi$^H$/ | /ɣwɐi$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /kwăi$^H$/ | /ɣwăi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guài | huài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaai$^3$ | waai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 壞 | 壞 | 壞 | 壞 | 壞 |
| Reading # | 1/5 | 2/5 | 3/5 | 4/5 | 5/5 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huài | huài | huài | huài | huài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwɛj$^H$ › | ‹ hwɛj$^H$ › | ‹ hwoj$^X$ › | ‹ hwoj$^X$ › | ‹ kwɛj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ | /*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ | /*N-[k]ˁujʔ/ | /*m-[k]ˁujʔ/ | /*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/ |
| English | be destroyed | destroy | be destroyed | destroy | destroy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5344 |
| Phonetic component | 褱 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 壞 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡruːls/ |

#### Definitions

壞
* bad
    壞人／坏人 ― huàirén ― bad person
    壞習慣／坏习惯 ― huài xíguàn ― bad habits
* rotten; spoiled
    壞雞蛋／坏鸡蛋 ― huài jīdàn ― rotten egg
    這蘋果壞了。／这苹果坏了。 ― Zhè píngguǒ huài le. ― This apple is rotten.
    牛奶壞了。／牛奶坏了。 ― Niúnǎi huài le. ― The milk is spoiled.
* to spoil; to ruin
    壞了大事／坏了大事 ― huài le dàshì ― to ruin an important thing
       Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]
       Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).
* to break; to stop working
    鏡子摔壞了／镜子摔坏了 ― jìngzǐ shuāi huài le ― to have smashed a mirror
       Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]
       I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.
       dou$^3$ ji$^4$ gaa$^1$ dou$^1$ zung$^6$ mei$^6$ waai$^6$, zan$^1$ hai$^6$ sai$^1$ lei$^6$. [Jyutping]
       It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
* (Classical) to collapse
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE
    Yàn yuē: “Dù zhòng ér mù zhé, xì dà ér qiáng huài.” [Pinyin]
    The saying runs: 'Many woodworms and the wood snaps, a large fissure and the wall collapses.'
* (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]
    Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.
* bad idea; dirty trick
* extremely; very; highly
    嚇壞了／吓坏了 ― xià huài le ― to be badly scared

##### Synonyms

* (bad):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 惡 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, 賴 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壞, 孬, 賴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 壞, 拐 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 壞 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, 弊, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞, 衰 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 衰 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 衰 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 賴, 壞 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 呆, 否 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Nan'an | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 䆀 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孬, 歹 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 孬 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 㾀 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 壞, 恘 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 歪, 推扳, 嘸做 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 毛 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 壞 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 壞 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 壞 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 歹 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 壞, 嘸做 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
* (to spoil):
* 朽壞 / 朽坏 (xiǔhuài)
* 朽弊 (xiǔbì) (literary)
* 朽敗 / 朽败 (xiǔbài)
* 朽爛 / 朽烂 (xiǔlàn) (literary)
* 朽腐 (xiǔfǔ)
* 糟 (zāo)
* 糟朽 (zāoxiǔ) (literary)
* 腐敗 / 腐败 (fǔbài)
* 腐朽 (fǔxiǔ)
* 腐爛 / 腐烂 (fǔlàn)
* 臭爛 / 臭烂 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 䭞 / 𬲳 (Hokkien)
* (to ruin):
* 亂 / 乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
* 圮毀 / 圮毁 (pǐhuǐ) (literary)
* 打掉 (dǎdiào)
* 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
* 損毀 / 损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)
* 搗砸 / 捣砸 (dau$^2$ zah$^5$) (Jin)
* 摧殘 / 摧残 (cuīcán)
* 摧毀 / 摧毁 (cuīhuǐ)
* 毀 / 毁 (huǐ)
* 毀壞 / 毁坏 (huǐhuài)
* 毀損 / 毁损 (huǐsǔn)
* 決裂 / 决裂 (juéliè) (archaic)
* 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
* 糟 (zāo) (literary, or in compounds)
* 糟蹋 (zāotà)
* 隳 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
* (extremely):
* 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
* 十分 (shífēn)
* 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
* 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 很 (hěn)
* 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
* 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
* 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
* 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
* 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
* 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
* 良
* 超 (chāo)
* 非常 (fēicháng)
* 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
* 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)

##### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)

#### Compounds

* 壞主意 / 坏主意
* 壞事 / 坏事 (huàishì)
* 壞人 / 坏人 (huàirén)
* 壞分子 / 坏分子 (huàifènzǐ)
* 壞包兒 / 坏包儿 (huàibāor)
* 壞小子 / 坏小子 (huàixiǎozi)
* 壞心眼兒 / 坏心眼儿
* 壞東西 / 坏东西
* 壞死 / 坏死 (huàisǐ)
* 壞水 / 坏水 (huàishuǐ)
* 壞腸子 / 坏肠子
* 壞處 / 坏处 (huàichù)
* 壞蛋 / 坏蛋 (huàidàn)
* 壞血病 / 坏血病 (huàixuèbìng)
* 壞話 / 坏话 (huàihuà)
* 壞賬 / 坏账 (huàizhàng)
* 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
* 敗壞 / 败坏 (bàihuài)
* 破壞 / 破坏 (pòhuài)
* 破壞力 / 破坏力 (pòhuàilì)
* 禮崩樂壞 / 礼崩乐坏 (lǐbēngyuèhuài)
* 腐壞 / 腐坏 (fǔhuài)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kwaai$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): kai$^3$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwaai$^4$
*** Yale: kwàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwaai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰaːi̯²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: kai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai²²/

#### Definitions

壞
* (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 調皮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 頑皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 皮, 淘, 猴兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 費 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 調皮 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 調皮, 皮, 淘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 費勁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 皮臉 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 淘氣, 費, 千方兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 神, 調皮, 淘氣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 淘氣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 跳皮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 跳皮 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 調皮, 皮 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 犯厭 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 調皮, 皮, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞, 煞氣, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 懆 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 曳 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 跳皮, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 壞, 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 壞 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 百厭, 壞 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 壞賞, 壞 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 壞鬼 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 曳, 百厭 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 百厭, 跳皮 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 跳皮, 蠻皮 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 韌皮, 百厭, 百跳 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 頑, 牛骨 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 跳皮, 勿乖 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 頑皮 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 韌皮 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 扭計, 曳, 百厭 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 調皮, 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 蠻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 調皮, 綻頭, 懆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 賤 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Changting | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 綻 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 浪綻, 懆 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 綻, 孽 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 綻, 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 蓋牛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤, 真牛 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 跳皮 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 跳皮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 頑皮 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 調皮 |
| Jin | Handan | 費 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 刁皮, 韌皮 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 刁皮, 楞蟶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 調皮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死, 揲, 揲篤, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死, 皮 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 賤 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 賤 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 狡怪 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 作孽, 孽, 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 孽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 狡怪 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 孽, 怪孽, 歹死 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 歹死, 孽, 孽潲 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 頑皮 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 燦頭 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 跳皮 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 跳皮 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 頑皮, 跳皮 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 厭, 調皮, 頑皮 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 皮, 調皮, 厭 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 厭, 皮 |
| Wu | Danyang | 調皮, 皮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 厭, 調皮 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 皮 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 調皮, 皮, 皮面 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 跳皮, 跳夾 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 跳皮, 頑皮 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 頑皮 |

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 壊 |
| Kyūjitai | 壞 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)
* Kyūjitai form of 壊: break

#### Readings

* Go-on: え (e)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kun: こわす (kowasu, 壞す)、こわれる (kowareru, 壞れる)、やぶる (yaburu, 壞る)、やぶれる (yabureru, 壞れる)
* Nanori: つち (tsuchi)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).
* Recorded as Middle Korean 괭〮 (Yale: kwáy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
* Recorded as Middle Korean 괴 (kwoy)$^訓$ (Yale: kwoy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
* Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

### Hanja

Wikisource 壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
* hanja form of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”)

#### Compounds

* 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
* 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
* 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
* 괴란 (壞亂, goeran)
* 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol)
* 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
* 괴사 (壞死, goesa)
* 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
* 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
* 괴저 (壞疽, goejeo)
* 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
* 도괴 (倒壞, dogoe)
* 반괴 (半壞, ban'goe)
* 부괴 (腐壞, bugoe)
* 붕괴 (崩壞, bunggoe)
* 손괴 (損壞, son'goe)
* 자괴 (自壞, jagoe)
* 잔괴 (殘壞, jan'goe)
* 전괴 (全壞, jeon'goe)
* 파괴 (破壞, pagoe)
* 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.