# suka
## Albanian
### Noun

suka f
* inflection of sukë:
** definite nominative singular
** indefinite nominative/accusative plural

## Asi
### Noun

suka
* (anatomy) bone

## Azerbaijani
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian сука (suka).

### Noun

suka (definite accusative sukanı, plural sukalar)
* (vulgar, offensive) bitch (contemptible person, usually but not necessarily female)
* (prison slang) snitch, inmate who collaborates with prison administration

#### Declension
### Further reading

* “suka” in Obastan.com.

## Bikol Central
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *suka₂ (“to vomit”). Cognate with Tagalog suka, Cebuano suka, and Tausug suka.

#### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: su‧ka
* IPA: /ˈsuka/ [ˈsu.ka]

#### Noun

súka
* vomit; puke
    Synonyms: digwa, sukalkag

##### Derived terms

* isuka
* magsuka
* pasuka

### Etymology 2

Borrowing ultimately from Sanskrit चुक्रा (cukrā, “tamarind tree”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”). Compare Ilocano suka, Maranao soka' and Tausug suka'.

#### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: su‧ka
* IPA: /ˈsukaʔ/ [ˈsu.kaʔ]

#### Noun

sukà
* vinegar

##### Derived terms

* magsuka
* sukaan

## Cebuano
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Philippine *suka.

#### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: su‧ka
* (Standard Cebuano) IPA: /ˈsuka/ [ˈs̪u.kɐ]
* Rhymes: -a

#### Noun

suka
* vomit

#### Verb

suka
* to vomit; to puke
* (figuratively) to squeal; to reveal a secret

#### Derived terms

* dugso

### Etymology 2

Borrowing ultimately from Sanskrit चुक्रा (cukrā, “tamarind tree”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”).First attested in Antonio Pigafetta's Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo—detailing the first circumnavigation of the world between 1519 and 1522.

#### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: su‧ka
* (Standard Cebuano) IPA: /ˈsukaʔ/ [ˈs̪u.kɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -a

#### Noun

suka
* vinegar; a sour liquid formed by the fermentation of alcohol used as a condiment or preservative; a dilute solution of acetic acid

#### References

* ↑ Jose G. Kuizon (1964) The Sanskrit Loan-Words in the Cebuano-Bisayan Language‎, Cebu City: University of San Carlos, archived from the original on 1 April 2022, page 120

## Estonian
### Noun

suka
* genitive singular of sukk

## Fijian
### Etymology

From English sugar.

### Noun

suka
* sugar

## Finnish
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *suka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *śuka, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?] (compare Sanskrit शूक (śūka, “awn (of grain)”)). Alternative theory suggests more recent borrowing from Baltic (compare Latvian suka). Cognate with Kildin Sami чоагкь (čågk’), Erzya сюва (śuva).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsukɑ/, [ˈs̠ukɑ̝]
* Rhymes: -ukɑ
* Hyphenation: su‧ka

### Noun

suka
* A (coarse) brush, especially one used for brushing animals, such as a currycomb for grooming horses.
* (botany) Synonym of sukanen

#### Declension

Possessive forms of suka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation) :
first-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sukani
sukani
accusative
nom.
sukani
sukani
gen.
sukani
genitive
sukani
sukieni sukaini $^{rare}$
partitive
sukaani
sukiani
inessive
suassani
suissani
elative
suastani
suistani
illative
sukaani
sukiini
adessive
suallani
suillani
ablative
sualtani
suiltani
allative
sualleni
suilleni
essive
sukanani
sukinani
translative
suakseni
suikseni
abessive
suattani
suittani
instructive
comitative
—sukineni
second-person singular possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sukasi
sukasi
accusative
nom.
sukasi
sukasi
gen.
sukasi
genitive
sukasi
sukiesi sukaisi $^{rare}$
partitive
sukaasi
sukiasi
inessive
suassasi
suissasi
elative
suastasi
suistasi
illative
sukaasi
sukiisi
adessive
suallasi
suillasi
ablative
sualtasi
suiltasi
allative
suallesi
suillesi
essive
sukanasi
sukinasi
translative
suaksesi
suiksesi
abessive
suattasi
suittasi
instructive
comitative
—sukinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sukamme
sukamme
accusative
nom.
sukamme
sukamme
gen.
sukamme
genitive
sukamme
sukiemme sukaimme $^{rare}$
partitive
sukaamme
sukiamme
inessive
suassamme
suissamme
elative
suastamme
suistamme
illative
sukaamme
sukiimme
adessive
suallamme
suillamme
ablative
sualtamme
suiltamme
allative
suallemme
suillemme
essive
sukanamme
sukinamme
translative
suaksemme
suiksemme
abessive
suattamme
suittamme
instructive
comitative
—sukinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sukanne
sukanne
accusative
nom.
sukanne
sukanne
gen.
sukanne
genitive
sukanne
sukienne sukainne $^{rare}$
partitive
sukaanne
sukianne
inessive
suassanne
suissanne
elative
suastanne
suistanne
illative
sukaanne
sukiinne
adessive
suallanne
suillanne
ablative
sualtanne
suiltanne
allative
suallenne
suillenne
essive
sukananne
sukinanne
translative
suaksenne
suiksenne
abessive
suattanne
suittanne
instructive
comitative
—sukinenne
third-person possessor
singular
plural
nominative
sukansa
sukansa
accusative
nom.
sukansa
sukansa
gen.
sukansa
genitive
sukansa
sukiensa sukainsa $^{rare}$
partitive
sukaansa
sukiaan sukiansa
inessive
suassaan suassansa
suissaan suissansa
elative
suastaan suastansa
suistaan suistansa
illative
sukaansa
sukiinsa
adessive
suallaan suallansa
suillaan suillansa
ablative
sualtaan sualtansa
suiltaan suiltansa
allative
sualleen suallensa
suilleen suillensa
essive
sukanaan sukanansa
sukinaan sukinansa
translative
suakseen suaksensa
suikseen suiksensa
abessive
suattaan suattansa
suittaan suittansa
instructive
comitative
—sukineen sukinensa :

#### Derived terms

* sukaista
* sukanen
* sukia
* hevossuka
* myötäsukaan
* sukakarva
* sukapää
* sukasauma
* sukaspintainen
* suorasukainen
* vastasukaan
* vastasukainen

### See also

* harja

### Further reading

* “suka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

### Anagrams

* -ksua, Saku, saku

## Fula
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Noun

suka (plural sukaaɓe ɓe)
* young man, young person

#### Usage notes

* Used in Pular.

#### Related terms

* cukalel
* cukalun
* sukalel

#### References

* Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.

## Ilocano
### Etymology

Ultimately borrowed from Sanskrit चुक्रा (cukrā, “tamarind tree”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”). Cognate with Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Tagalog suka, Maranao soka', Pangasinan tuka, and Tausug sukaꞌ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /suˈka/ [suˈka]
* Hyphenation: su‧ka

### Noun

suká
* vinegar

#### Derived terms

* agsuka
* manuka
* suka't Tagalog
* sukaan
* sukaen
* sukasuka

## Indonesian
### Etymology

From Malay suka, from Sanskrit सुख (sukha, “joy”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsuka/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: su‧ka
* Rhymes: -ka, -a

### Noun

suka (plural suka-suka)
* pleasure

### Verb

suka (base-imperative locative suka, active locative menyukai, ordinary passive locative disukai)
* like
    Dia suka memasak. ― She likes to cook.
* love
* (preceding a verb) often
    Di sini suka banjir. ― This area is often flooded.
    Toilet suka macet. ― The toilet often gets clogged.
    Dia suka lupa membawa tasnya. ― He often forgets to take his bag.

#### Synonyms

* (like): senang, gemar
* (love): gemar, cinta

### Derived terms

* bersuka-suka
* bersuka-sukaan
* disukai
* kesukaan
* menyukai
* menyukakan
* penyuka
* sesuka
* sesuka-suka
* sesuka-sukanya
* sesukanya
* suka-suka
* sukaan
* suka duka
* suka tak suka

### Further reading

* “suka” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

## Ingrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *suka. Cognates include Finnish suka and Estonian suga.

### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /ˈsukɑ/, [ˈs̠ukɑ]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /ˈsukɑ/, [ˈʃuɡ̊ɑ]
* Rhymes: -ukɑ
* Hyphenation: su‧ka

### Noun

suka
* comb

#### Derived terms

* pääsuka
* sukkia

### References

* Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 547

## Japanese
### Romanization

suka
* Rōmaji transcription of すか
* Rōmaji transcription of スカ

## Latvian
### Etymology 1

There are competing theories on the origin of this word. The first (and more probable) one assumes that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig”) > derived form *suk- “pig” (masc., fem.), “coarse hair, bristle” (neut.). Originally suka was the neuter plural form, but it became feminine singular after the general loss of the neuter gender, with semantic change “bristles” > “brush” (compare German Bürste (“brush”), Borste (“bristle”)). Borrowings by Finnic languages from Baltic languages support this evolution (e.g., Finnish suka (“pig bristle (archaic), currycomb”)). The second theory considers suka cognate to Lithuanian šùkos (“brush”), Russian щётка (ščótka, “brush”), Sanskrit शूक (śūka, “needle”), all from Proto-Indo-European *ḱū- (“pointed”). A third theory attributes these words to Proto-Indo-European *kes-, *ks- (“to cut, to carve”).

#### Noun

suka f (4th declension)
* brush (instrument made with flexible bristles attached to a handle, used especially for grooming hair)
    drēbju, apavu suka ― clothes, shoe brush
    matu suka ― hairbrush
    zobu suka ― toothbrush
    zirgu suka ― horse brush, currycomb
    saru, tērauda suka ― bristle, steel brush
    tīrīt drēbes ar suku ― to clean (one's) clothes with a brush

##### Derived terms

* zobu suka

##### Related terms

* sukāt

##### See also

* ķemme
* ota
* slota

### Etymology 2

From Russian сука (suka).

#### Noun

suka f (4th declension)
* (vulgar) bitch

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “suka”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

## Malay
### Etymology

From Sanskrit सुख (sukha, “joy”).

### Pronunciation

* Rhymes: -ka
* Rhymes: -a

### Verb

suka (Jawi spelling سوک)
* to like, to love

### Noun

suka (Jawi spelling سوک, plural suka-suka, informal 1st possessive sukaku, 2nd possessive sukamu, 3rd possessive sukanya)
* happiness, joy

#### Derived terms

Regular affixed derivations:
* penyuka [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure] (peN-)
* kesukaan [abstract / locative] (ke-an)
* menyukai [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
* disukai [patient focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (di- + -i)

#### Descendants

* Indonesian: suka
* → Hokkien: 舒合 (su-kah)
* → Teochew: 舒合 (su$^1$ gah$^4$)

### References

* Edi Sedyawati, Ellya Iswati, Kusparyati Boedhijono, Dyah Widjajanti D. (1994) Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, →ISBN, page 336
* Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “سوک soeka”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 38
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “سوک suka”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 421
* Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “suka”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 495
* "suka" in Kamus Dewan, Fourth Edition, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, →ISBN, 2005.

### Further reading

* “suka” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* 𑀲𑀼𑀓 (Brahmi script)
* सुक (Devanagari script)
* সুক (Bengali script)
* සුක (Sinhalese script)
* သုက or သုၵ (Burmese script)
* สุก or สุกะ (Thai script)
* ᩈᩩᨠ (Tai Tham script)
* ສຸກ or ສຸກະ (Lao script)
* សុក (Khmer script)
* 𑄥𑄪𑄇 (Chakma script)

### Etymology

Compare Sanskrit शुक (śuka).

### Noun

suka m
* parrot

#### Synonyms

* suva
* kīra

### References

Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “suka”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead Childers, Robert Caesar, Dictionary of the Päli language, London: Trübner & Company, 1875, page 488.

## Phuthi
### Verb

-suka
* to go away, to leave

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Polish
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sùka. Sense 3 from an association with pies (“dog, slang: cop”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsu.ka/
* (Lesser Poland):
** (Eastern Kraków) IPA: /ˈsu.ka/
** (Przemyśl) IPA: [ˈsu.ka]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -uka
* Syllabification: su‧ka

### Noun

suka f (diminutive suczka, related adjective suczy)
* bitch (female dog)
* (derogatory, vulgar) bitch
* (slang) police van
* (Eastern Kraków) braking wood (piece of wood with a braking groove into which a wheel fits)
* (Przemyśl, weaving) particular component of a weaving workshop

#### Related terms

* suczynka
* sunia

#### Descendants

* → Vilamovian: su̇ka

### Further reading

* suka in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
* suka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
* Aleksander Saloni (1908) “suka”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 341

## Quechua
### Noun

suka
* furrow
* whistle, whistling noise

#### Usage notes

Not to be confused with suk'a, sukha.

#### See also

* sukay

## Slovak
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sùka, further etymology unclear.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsuka]

### Noun

suka f (declension pattern of žena)
* bitch
    Synonyms: fena f, fenka f

#### Derived terms

* sučí
* sučka f

### Further reading

* “suka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-suka (infinitive kusuka)
* to shake
* to braid, weave

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -suka :
| Positive present | -nasuka |
| Subjunctive | -suke |
| Negative | -suki |
| Imperative singular | suka |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kusuka |
| Negative | kutosuka |
Imperatives :
| Singular | suka |
| Plural | sukeni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | husuka |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lisuka |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kusuka |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -tasuka |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -tasuka |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -sisuke |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngesuka |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singesuka |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalisuka |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalisuka |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -mesuka |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshasuka |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jasuka |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kisuka |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -siposuka |
| Consecutive | kasuka / positive subject concord + -kasuka |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kasuke |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

#### Derived terms

* Verbal derivations:
** Applicative: -sukia
** Conversive: -sukua (“loosen, untwist”)
** Passive: -sukwa
** Reduplicative: -sukasuka (“disturb, worry”)
* Nominal derivations:
** masuko (“shaking, excitement”)
** msuka (“braider”)
** msukosuko (“unrest, turmoil”)
** msusi (“braider”)

## Swazi
### Verb

-suka
* to move away

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* suca — obsolete, Spanish-based spelling

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Philippine *suka (“to vomit”). Compare Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Hiligaynon suka, Kapampangan suka, Tausug suka, and Waray-Waray suka.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈsuka/ [ˈsuː.xɐ]
* Rhymes: -uka
* Syllabification: su‧ka

#### Noun

suka (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜓᜃ)
* vomit
    Synonyms: duwal, lungad, (obsolete) alibukay
* vomiting; emesis
    Synonyms: duwal, (obsolete) alibukay

##### Derived terms

* isuka
* magsuka
* makapagpasuka
* makasuka
* mapasuka
* masuka
* nakakasuka
* napapasuka
* pagsuka
* pagsusuka
* pampasuka
* sumuka

##### See also

* lungad

### Etymology 2

Ultimately from Sanskrit चुक्र (cukra, “tamarind tree; vinegar made by acetous fermentation”), possibly through Malay cuka (“soured wine, vinegar”). Compare Bikol Central suka, Cebuano suka, Ilocano suka, Maranao soka', Pangasinan tuka, and Tausug suka'.

#### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /ˈsukaʔ/ [ˈsuː.xɐʔ]
* Rhymes: -ukaʔ
* Syllabification: su‧ka

#### Noun

sukà (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜓᜃ)
* vinegar
* (by extension) sour fruit used for seasoning food (such as tamarind, tomatoes, green mangoes, etc.)

##### Derived terms

* magsuka
* sawsaw-suka
* sukaan

##### See also

* sinigang

### References

* Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016) Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates, Lulu Press, →ISBN, page 156
* Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera (1887) El sanscrito en la lengua tagalog‎ (in Spanish), Paris: Imprimerie de la Faculté de Médecine, A. Davy, page 52
* Noceda, Fr. Juan José de, Sanlucar, Fr. Pedro de (1860) Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves‎ (in Spanish), Manila: Ramirez y Giraudier

### Further reading

* “suka”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2024
* “suka”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

### Anagrams

* kusa

## Ternate
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsu.ka]

#### Verb

suka
* (transitive) to split
* (transitive) to crack
* (transitive) to break

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

From Malay suka, from Sanskrit सुख (sukha). The noun may derive from N- (“nominalizer”) +‎ suka, which produces no change on the initial consonant s.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈsu.ka]

#### Verb

suka
* (transitive) to like

#### Noun

suka
* a like, something that is liked

### References

* Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

## Tsonga
### Verb

suka
* to leave

## Votic
### Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *suka.

### Pronunciation

* (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA: /ˈsukɑ/, [ˈsukɑ]
* Rhymes: -ukɑ
* Hyphenation: su‧ka

### Noun

suka
* comb
* crest (of a horse)

#### Inflection
### References

* Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “suka”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

## Wallisian
### Etymology

Borrowed from English sugar.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /su.ka/
* Hyphenation: su‧ka

### Noun

suka
* sugar

## Waray-Waray
### Noun

sukà
* vinegar

## West Makian
### Etymology

From Malay suka, possibly through Ternate, from Sanskrit सुख (sukha).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈs̪u.ka/

### Verb

suka
* (transitive) to like
* (modal, auxiliary) to very much want to (do something)
* (modal, auxiliary) to like to (do something)
    coba ni suka nidadi puni ― if you would like to become a spirit

#### Usage notes

As a modal verb, it does not appear to be conjugated.

#### Conjugation
### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## Xhosa
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-súka
* (intransitive) to be lost

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Bantu *-tíga (“to leave behind”) with the separative suffix *-ʊka, however the tonal change is unexplained. (Note that although this verb is a low toned verb, it is sometimes treated as high toned in the imperative form.) This would make the term related to -sala and -shiya.

### Verb

-suka
* (intransitive) to go away, to remove oneself
* (intransitive) to leave, to depart, to set off
* (intransitive) to originate

#### Derived terms

* umsuka

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “suka”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “suka (3.9)”
* Khumalo, J. (1982). Zulu tonology. African Studies, 41(1), 3–125. doi:10.1080/00020188208707579. eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020188208707579